Us Withdrawal Haiti 1934

The U.S. withdrawal from Haiti ended the military phase of the occupation in August 1934 through a negotiated sequence: the August 7, 1933 accord incorporated a Haitianization plan, Franklin Roosevelt accelerated the timeline during his July 1934 Haiti visit, and the last marines departed August 15, 1934. Sténio Vincent cast himself as a liberator in the lineage of Toussaint and Dessalines, and a Festival of the Second Independence followed August 21 — but U.S. fiscal supervision in debt administration continued until 1947. The exit was thus military but not fiscal, closing one era of the occupation while opening the post-occupation political field studied in Red and Black in Haiti.