Armand

Fick's Making Haiti places figures like Armand within the enslaved and maroon resistance networks that her subaltern methodology recovers from the colonial court records and plantation testimonies. Armand represents the category of enslaved insurgent whose trajectory — plantation, maroon community, revolutionary army — Fick traces as the social base of the 1791 revolution's most radical current. Her access to the colonial archive allows her to recover these figures from the silence that both colonial administration and later Haitian historiography imposed on the formerly enslaved majority. Fick's Armand is not a named hero but a representative of the structural position — bossale or recently arrived African, plantation laborer with direct experience of slavery's violence — that produced the revolution's most determined fighters.

Armand represents the category of enslaved insurgent — bossale, plantation laborer, maroon — whose trajectory Fick traces as the social base of the revolution's most radical current.

Eddins's Rituals, Runaways, and the Haitian Revolution situates figures like Armand within the ritual and spiritual networks of the South Province's maroon and insurgent communities — placing the revolution's foot soldiers in the context of the counter-plantation practices that made sustained collective action possible. Eddins argues that maroon communities were not just geographical refuges but ritual communities that maintained African-derived spiritual practices and forms of collective authority that colonial society could not contain. Armand's role in the South Province resistance, where Romaine Rivière's messianic movement provided the spiritual infrastructure for armed mobilization, exemplifies the argument that revolutionary resistance was constituted through ritual as much as through military organization.

Figures like Armand operated within ritual networks that maintained African-derived collective authority — maroon communities were ritual communities as much as military ones.