Charlemagne Péralte Photograph — Occupation Propaganda Turned Martyr Image

A military photograph taken after the assassination of Charlemagne Péralte by U.S. Marines in November 1919, showing his corpse tied upright with arms spread in a cruciform pose, circulated by marines as counterinsurgency propaganda intended to demoralize the Caco insurgency. Analyzed by Mary Renda in Taking Haiti as central to the occupation's moral breakdown — the effort misfired when Haitian and nationalist memory converted the same image into a symbol of martyrdom and anti-imperial indictment. The photograph condenses counterinsurgency, racialized imperial spectatorship, and the conversion of propaganda into resistance memory into a single visual object.