Etudes sur l'histoire d'Haiti, suivies de la vie du General J.-M. Borgella

The most comprehensive 19th-century Haitian history, published in 11 volumes between 1853 and 1860, covering the period from 1492 to 1843. Ardouin writes from a mulatto republican perspective that privileges documentary reconstruction of commissioners, assemblies, factions, decrees, and diplomatic turns, making him indispensable for tracking the emancipation sequence of 1793, South Province insurgency, the Declaration of Independence, and the debt politics of 1825. Best read alongside Madiou for complementary nationalist framing and oral memory.