Ferguson Papa Doc, Baby Doc — Chapter Notes Source file: ferguson papa doc baby doc

Ferguson Papa Doc, Baby Doc — Chapter Notes Source file: ferguson papa doc baby doc Papa Doc's Rise and Consolidation François Duvalier won the 1957 election with the backing of the army and the black middle class, deploying the ideology of noirisme to present himself as the authentic representative of Haiti's black majority against a mulatto elite that had historically monopolized economic and political power. His 1957 victory was the culmination of a process that had begun with the Griots movement and the cultural noirisme of the 1930s–40s, of which Duvalier was a founding member. Once in power, Duvalier moved systematically to eliminate every competing power center: The army: Historically the kingmaker of Haitian politics — Dumarsais Estimé had been toppled by army instigation in 1950 and replaced by Magloire.