--- Page 1 --- --- Page 2 --- MAUDEO Babir Carter Broiun filrarg Armnt Hnttrersing --- Page 3 --- --- Page 4 --- --- Page 5 --- --- Page 6 --- --- Page 7 --- --- Page 8 --- DER 2e - E fumm , frut Blaude PronA wn --- Page 9 --- TR A V E L S, THROUGH ASIA, AFRICA, and AMERICA, CONTAINING A Curious account of the Manners, Cuftoms, Ufages, different Languages, Government, Ceremonies, Religion, Hitory, Commerce, Arts, and Sciences, &c. Of thofe Several Nations. By EDWARD HOWARD Efq; 3 VOL, II. LONDON N: Printed for M. COOPER, in PATER-NOSTER-Row. MDCCLV. Price Ten Shillings bound. --- Page 10 --- AOUTIMA bra AOIATA - 12A TAT AD i - 1400003 sotob A nAU 2031 miol lncmy dosutm de - DX 10 otramto wdinM Noast Dolr 10 O2 CANWON AWOS JT IOV --- Page 11 --- - CURIOUS OBSERVATIONS MS ON THE La Manners, A 1b ofwr Cuftoms, 8c Re BU Of the feveral. NATIONS of diri Afa, Africa, and America. e CHAP ne na podit 33 I The origin of tbe Mamalukes, tbe htuation their towns 3 ibéir rebberies, frauds, cruclties. Tbe nature dtbe country inbabited by tbe Manacicas, tbeir genius, religin, ceremonies, and cuftoms, the authority oftbeir caciques, the form ef tbeir governm ni. Tbe manners and a/ages ef tbe Merccotas. ail E 2 àS G e HEN the R Portuguefe made the conqueft of Brafil, they there eftablifhed W feveral colonies; and among the reft one called Piranlininga, or as others call it, the town a of St. Paul. Its ried with the Indian inhabitants, who had no wives, mar women. From this mixture fprung, children who in time degenerated, and whofe inclinations and fentiments were very oppofite to Vor II. E the --- Page 12 --- Obfruations rpon the candour, AstA, Portuguefe nation, generofiry, and other virtues of the difrepute on account They of their gradually fell into fuch that' the adjacent towns profligate manners, their charaéter if they continued, thought they fhould Hofe munication with the town of to have any com-. its inhabitants were St. Paul ; and though ed them originally Porruguefe, . honoured, unworthy to bear a name which they and, called them théy 12 --- Obfruations rpon the candour, AstA, Portuguefe nation, generofiry, and other virtues of the difrepute on account They of their gradually fell into fuch that' the adjacent towns profligate manners, their charaéter if they continued, thought they fhould Hofe munication with the town of to have any com-. its inhabitants were St. Paul ; and though ed them originally Porruguefe, . honoured, unworthy to bear a name which they and, called them théy Their town became the Mamalukes. of a number of robbers, both afylum and rendezvous Spaniards, who in Europe had Italian, Dutch, and from the made their wanted punifhment due to their efcape to lead a licentious life crimes, or who punifhment. The mildnefs of the without dread of fertility of the foil, which climate, and the dities of life, ferved. to produces all the commoall manner augment their of vices, 1 propenfity to town Befides, is it is no cafy tafk to reduce fituated about them; their on a ftecp rock furrounded thirteen leagues from the fea, can only climb to it with precipices, We where a handful by a narrow men cF a numerous could ftop the foot-path, are fome fmall army. At the foor of the progrefs of affiftance towns foll of merchants, mountain they carry on their by whofe Py fituation fupports them in commerce. the This hapdency ; fo that they only love of indepennances of the crown of obey the laws and Ordiwith their interefts; and Portugal, 'tis when they agree neceffity, that they have only in cafes of prefling of the king. recotrie to the protection Thefe robbers, without who conld be reftrained honefty and. law, and likeat torrent over all the by no authority, fpread having only arrows to Semnaonmsorhe.ainase who make bur little refiftance, oppofe their guns, could They carried off an infinire ances of the crown of obey the laws and Ordiwith their interefts; and Portugal, 'tis when they agree neceffity, that they have only in cafes of prefling of the king. recotrie to the protection Thefe robbers, without who conld be reftrained honefty and. law, and likeat torrent over all the by no authority, fpread having only arrows to Semnaonmsorhe.ainase who make bur little refiftance, oppofe their guns, could They carried off an infinire --- Page 13 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. finite number of thefe unfortunate duce them to the harfheft flavery. creatures, "Tis to rein the fpace of a hundred and. thirty faid, that have deftroyed or made flaves of two millions years they Indians, and that they have of parts of the depopulated a thoufand Amazons. country as far as the river of the The terror they have fpread thefe people, has rendered them more favage among than they wére, and forced tbem to hide the caves and hollows of the themfelves in difperfe here and there in the mountains, moft or to gloomy parts of the forefts. remote and The Mamalukes fecing that by this means their prey had efcaped, had recourfe toa diabolical piece of fraud,which flcceeded.Three ofihem felves like dilguis'd themguife, it miflionaries, and by means of this dif dians was eafy for them to draw a crowd of Inabout them. They made fmall prefents to them, and after having gained their confidence, they perfwaded them to quit their miferable retreat, join fome other people, and form a numerous village, where they might live in greater After having affembled a great number of fafety. them, they amufed them till the arrival of their Then they rufhed upon tliefe miferable troops. loaded them with irons, and led them to their creatures, nies. Thus in lels than five years they carried colo-. more than three hundred thoufand Indians off moft the whole of thefe unfortunate ; but alrifhed, either by the fatigues of their creatures. peby the bad treatment of their cruel journeys, or overpowered them either in working the mafters, who tilling the ground, and who mines, or neceffaries of life, while often begrudg'd them the pire under their blows. they This made them ex: lukes has determined the cruelty of the Mamathe Indians, chat king of Portugal to arm they might be able to defend their B 2 country. whole of thefe unfortunate ; but alrifhed, either by the fatigues of their creatures. peby the bad treatment of their cruel journeys, or overpowered them either in working the mafters, who tilling the ground, and who mines, or neceffaries of life, while often begrudg'd them the pire under their blows. they This made them ex: lukes has determined the cruelty of the Mamathe Indians, chat king of Portugal to arm they might be able to defend their B 2 country. --- Page 14 --- Oéfervatiols upon Asta, firft country, order They of are always ready to march the governor, and have on the terrible, that the become fo fore them. Mamalukes.dare hardly appear beNot far from the cicas. This nâtion is Maralukcs divided dwell the Manaof villages fituated towards into a great number Jlarge forefts, which the north among the hardly be feen in them. are fo thick that the fun can eaft to weft, and terminate Thefe woods run from overfowed the greateft in vaft delarts, which are The foil abounds with part of the year. find a vaft number of wild wild fruits, We therc there is one of a fingular kind beafts, among which this animal refembles, called dog in its body, an ape in its hcad; Famacofio; and a the fierceft of all except that it has no tail. - Itis there is animals, and the fwifteft, fo Jf.a' hardly a poffibility of that perfon meets one on the efcaping its claws. into.a tree in order to fhun its road, ând gets up of-call fury, it gives a kind and in immediately, a body on which many others the tree, till it falls dig up the earth abour the appear, root of down. à The Indians have found a animals, A confiderable number way ofdeftroying thefe and: make a kind. of of them affemble themfelves palifadc in which 3 then they begin to they inclofe noife, which brings thele fhout or make a all quarters, and while animals in flocks from order to throw down the they are digging the earth in them with their arrows palifade, the Indians kill any danger. withour being expoled to The whole of that - is rivers, which are full.of fifh, cointry watered with render the harveft fertilize the foil, and are of an olive very, plentiful. Thefe Indians and.of a good flature, complexion, but are well thaped, Sometimes a very extraordinary , which brings thele fhout or make a all quarters, and while animals in flocks from order to throw down the they are digging the earth in them with their arrows palifade, the Indians kill any danger. withour being expoled to The whole of that - is rivers, which are full.of fifh, cointry watered with render the harveft fertilize the foil, and are of an olive very, plentiful. Thefe Indians and.of a good flature, complexion, but are well thaped, Sometimes a very extraordinary --- Page 15 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA) dinaty difeafe reigns among them. It'is a fpecies of leprofy which covers the whole body, and forms a cruft on' it like the icales of fith ; but this difeafe is' neither painful nor difagrecable to them. are They as valiant as the Chiquites. 3 In ancient times they form'd but one' nation, but the troubles and diffenfions rais'd among them, oblig'd them to feparate. * Since that timc, on account of their traffic with othér nations, their language is entirely corrupted, and idolatry unknown to the Chiquites is introduced among them, as well as the barbarous cuftom of cating human flefh. Their towns are dilpofed with great art ; we there fee large ftrects, public placcs, three or four large houfes divided into halls and feveral chambers on a floor. ?; In' thefe the principal cacique and tains lodge. Thefe houfes are alfo deftin'd for caps the public affemblies and feftivals, and ferve for the temples of the gods. The houfes of privaté men are built in a certain order of architeéture peculiar to themfelves. What is furprizing is, that they have no other inftrument but a hatchet of ftone to cut and werk the wood. The women are carefully employ'd in making ftuffs and pieces of houfhold furniture, in which they employ an earth prepar'd with their own hands. The veffels they make of this earth are fo beautiful and fine; that tojudge of them by the found, ftrangers are apt to take them for metals, Their towns are not far diffant from each other which facilitates the frequent vifits théy Pay, and the entertainment they give each other, on which occalions they generally drink Ptill-they are drunk. In thefe public cercmonies - the place of honour is due to.the cacique : the maponos or priefts of the idols have the fecond place ; the phyficians the thirdig after them. come the captains, and poflels then the reft of the nobilty, B 3 The apt to take them for metals, Their towns are not far diffant from each other which facilitates the frequent vifits théy Pay, and the entertainment they give each other, on which occalions they generally drink Ptill-they are drunk. In thefe public cercmonies - the place of honour is due to.the cacique : the maponos or priefts of the idols have the fecond place ; the phyficians the thirdig after them. come the captains, and poflels then the reft of the nobilty, B 3 The --- Page 16 --- The Obforuations upor AsrA, ence to inhabitants their caciquc, of each town pay a ftriét obedi. vate his lands, and furnifh They build his houfès, cultiof what the his table with the beft the whole country affords. He offenders, town, and gives orders commands for in bedience to The the women are bound to the punithing fame have as cacique's principal 0tenth many as he pleafes. wife, for he may part of their fith and They all pay him the go in queft of either without game, neither can they The government is his permiffion, prepare the eldeft fon of hereditary. the They betimes authority this they giverhim over cacique for it, by the IS as it were an the young people, and the art of governing apprenticefhip, well, in which he learns 3PE of maturity, and is When he arrives at the affairs, the father capable of the great ceremony, religns and inftals management his fon with is no lefs lov'd and Norwihflanding his dimillion, he obfequics are perform'd refpedted, and when he dies his fepulchre is placed in a with great pomp. His wall'd, that the moifture fubterraneous vaul well his bones. may not too foon defroy The country of the Manacicas and Pyramid, which extends from forms a kind of In whofe extremities are fouth to the middle are other inhabited by thefe Indians. north, in their people as different barous life language, they as they are like them in from them At the lead. the barfoot of the Pyramid north Quimonocas, and on the weft on the eaft, are the furrounded beyond the Puizocas and theTapacuras. the The with two rivers called Paunacss, is Qununaca, der the into which run many rivulets Potaquifimo and towards adjacent the lands very fertile, which renwards the eaft are thole of the The firft towns weft are thofe of Quirinucas; ; toQuounaaco, and in go, ing the barfoot of the Pyramid north Quimonocas, and on the weft on the eaft, are the furrounded beyond the Puizocas and theTapacuras. the The with two rivers called Paunacss, is Qununaca, der the into which run many rivulets Potaquifimo and towards adjacent the lands very fertile, which renwards the eaft are thole of the The firft towns weft are thofe of Quirinucas; ; toQuounaaco, and in go, ing --- Page 17 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. ing toward the point of the pyramid in the north we meet with the Quinilicas. The Zibacas, who are not far diftant, have always known how to preferve themfelves from the incurfions ofthe Mamalukes, Between the eaft and the north, we find the Parabacas, the Quiziacas, the Naquicas, and the Mapafinas, which, is a very brave nation, but has been in fome meafure deftroyed by a kind of birds call'd Perefincas, which live under ground, and tho' not very large, have got fo much frength and boldnefs, that if they fee an Indian they fly at him and kill him. Oppofite to this are the Mochozuus, who go intirely naked. The women have only a fillet hung about their neck, to which they tie their children. The Tapacuras who extend between the weft and the north, alfo go naked and eat. human flefh. Near to this are the Boures. As to the religion of thefe people, and the ceremonies they obferve in it, there is not a more fuperftitious nation in all the Weft Indies : They appear however to have fome confufed idea of the myltery of the incarnation. 3 "Tis a tradition among them, that in paft ages a lady of great beauty conceiv'd a very beautiful child without the affiftance of a man : thatthis child arriving at a certain age, perform'd the moft furprizing miracles, which ftruck the whole earth with admiration ; that on a certain day he affembled a great crowd of peoplc, afcended into the air, and transform'd himfelf into the fun which we now fee. His bodyis all light, fay the maponos or priefts of the idols, and if there was not fo great a diftance bethe featween him and us, we might diftinguifh tures of his face. It appears very natural that fuch a great fhould be the of their worlhip: repe age object ever, they adore devils, whoare faid fometimes to apB pear great crowd of peoplc, afcended into the air, and transform'd himfelf into the fun which we now fee. His bodyis all light, fay the maponos or priefts of the idols, and if there was not fo great a diftance bethe featween him and us, we might diftinguifh tures of his face. It appears very natural that fuch a great fhould be the of their worlhip: repe age object ever, they adore devils, whoare faid fometimes to apB pear --- Page 18 --- pear to them Olpresatiour in the upon Asta, Kenow/eilne a trinity of moft the terrible forms. They acditingunt from principal gods whom cr. They cail theothers the father who have much lefs they gozorifo, the name of the Omequaturimue or powfpirit is called Urupo. fon is Urufana, and UraQuipoci, is the mother This virgin, whom the Uragozonio. The of Urufana, and the they call difinet voice, the fon father thro' ipeaks with a loud wife of the fpirit is like thunder. hisnofe, and the voice and of juftice, and chaftifés the The father is the of fpirit, as well as the wicked ; the fon god of goddefs, and the mediators, and intercede perform the function ferves "Tis a large hall in the for the guily. hall is as inclos'd a temple to their gods. cacique's One houfe which fanéhuary where by thele a large currain, and part this of the call by the common three divinities, whom is the receive the name of they their oracles. homages This of the people, Tinimaacas, and come to the principal fanétuary is only to publifh fubordinate ones mapono, ia for there are two acceflible to them to approach it each town, but it is or three Tis generally under pain of death. forbidden thele gods repair during to their the public with which the, whole fanctuary. affemblies, A that arrival. The houfe refounds great noife and dancing, people, who pafs the timein procisims their fhouts of to interrupe their drinking cc Tata joy honour the prefence pleafiures, and fend up Fc ready equize, fay they, of their gods. <6 them, come? They hear thatis, a voice father are you al66 continue Panitroques, that is which anfivers Ec beartily, to eat and drink children and have courage, 6c have a you Cannot do me a divert yourfeives 66 cure to you great the concern for you. greater *Tis pleafure, I fc and hunting, advantages you reap from Iwho proFF - goods you Pofft6," *Tis from me you receive all fthing the Aficr ready equize, fay they, of their gods. <6 them, come? They hear thatis, a voice father are you al66 continue Panitroques, that is which anfivers Ec beartily, to eat and drink children and have courage, 6c have a you Cannot do me a divert yourfeives 66 cure to you great the concern for you. greater *Tis pleafure, I fc and hunting, advantages you reap from Iwho proFF - goods you Pofft6," *Tis from me you receive all fthing the Aficr --- Page 19 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA, After this anfiwer, which they receive with filence and refpect, they reçurn to their dances great and their chicha, which is their drink. Soon after their heads being heated by an excefs of this feaft terminates in quarrels, wounds, and liquor, the the of many of them. death The gods are dry in their turn, and afk for fomething to drink. They prepare for them veffels adorned with flowers ; and thofe are the man and woman moft efteem'd prefented in the by The mapono half opens the corner of the town. and receives them to carry them to the gods curtain, for there is none but him admitted to be their confi- ; dent, and who has a right to entertain them. do not forget offcrings of what they had taken They in hunting and fifhing. When they are at the height of their drunkennefs and quarrels, the mapono comes out of the fanctuary, and enjoining Gilence, declares to them thathe has reprefented their wants to the gods that has receiv'd the moft favourable anfwers from ; he that they promife them all kinds of them, when they want it, a good profperity, rain hunting and fifhing, and harveft, a plentiful fire. One every thing they can deday one of the Indians, who had fenfe than his neighbours, faid fmiling, that the more had drunk heartily, and that the chicha had gods them into a good humour ; the mapono put this piece of raillery, forthwith chang'd his hearing cent anfiwers intoas tnanyimprecations, and threaten'd magnifithem with tempefts, thunder, famine and death. It often happens that the mapono relates cruclanfwers from the gods. He orders the whole very town to take up arms, and fall upon the ing towns 3 to pillage every thing they find neighbour- in and to put all to fire and fivord. Heis them, bay'd 5 Ptis this which occafions always Operpetual enmities and raillery, forthwith chang'd his hearing cent anfiwers intoas tnanyimprecations, and threaten'd magnifithem with tempefts, thunder, famine and death. It often happens that the mapono relates cruclanfwers from the gods. He orders the whole very town to take up arms, and fall upon the ing towns 3 to pillage every thing they find neighbour- in and to put all to fire and fivord. Heis them, bay'd 5 Ptis this which occafions always Operpetual enmities and --- Page 20 --- TO Obfarsations and wars upon Asra; deftroy each among other. them, and which induces them Belides thele to an inferior order whom principal gods, they adore others of fies lords of the water. they call Iiituus, which gods is to run thro' the The employment oft figni- thefe them with fith in favour rivers of. and lakes, and fill invoke them when their who CO inftead of incenfe they are fthing, worthipers, and burn hunting and in honour of them. If tobacthe fithing has been the temple, and as a plentiful, they go to offertheie gods a part teltimony of what of their gratitude They call fouls oquipans, they have catch'd, immorcal, and that at their and believe they are they are by their priefts carried departure from the body they enjoy cternal into a place they celebrate his felicity. When any one where dies - folemnity, obfequies with more or The according to the rank he held in the lefs trufted, mapono, to whom they think the town, receives the foul is infifter of the defunét offerings, which the mother and water to purify the foul bring to him. He pours out the mother and the affliéted from its fins. He comforts he hopes he fhall foon have wife, affuring them that them concerning the happy ftate agrecable news to tell defunét, and that he is about of the foul of the heaven. to conduct it to After fome time the ven, calls for the mother mapono and returning from heachearful air, delires the wife wife, and affuming a and lay afide her mourning, to wipe away her tears happily arriv'd in heaven, becaufe her hufband is his happinefs with her. where he expedts to fhare The journey of the tiguing, He muft pals mapono thro' with the foul is faftecp mountains, and defcend thick forefts, go over rivers, lakes and marihes, into valleys full of till at laft after a great many mother mapono and returning from heachearful air, delires the wife wife, and affuming a and lay afide her mourning, to wipe away her tears happily arriv'd in heaven, becaufe her hufband is his happinefs with her. where he expedts to fhare The journey of the tiguing, He muft pals mapono thro' with the foul is faftecp mountains, and defcend thick forefts, go over rivers, lakes and marihes, into valleys full of till at laft after a great many --- Page 21 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA, many toils he arrives at a great II is a wooden bridge, guarded river, over which god call'd Tatulifo who night and day by a fouls, and who prefides over the pallage of heaven. purs the mapono in the road to This god has a pale counténance, a and a vifage which ftrikes horror. bald head, - full of ulcers, and cover'd with His body is He does not go to the temple to miferable receive rags. mages of his votaries. His the hoafford him leifure for this, becaufe employment he does not occupied in giving is continually happens that this paffage to fouls. It fometimes god ftops a foul in its pecially if it is that of a paffage, ef Ifit is not tractable, but relifts young bis man, to purify it. cnrag'd, and throws the foul into the inclinations, river he is it. This, fay they, is the fource of the to drown vents which happen in the world. many fatal eCopious and continual rains had ruin'd vefts in the country of the Jurucare the harbeing inconfolable for this, defir'd the Indians, They afk of the gods what was the caufe offo mapono to fortune, The mapono, after great a mif gods, related their anfwer, which having confulted the fying the foul of a was, that in caralive in the town to young man whofe father was ftill a due heaven, this foul did not refpect to Tatufifo, and would not teflify felfto be purified, which fuffer itoblig'd the rag'd, to throw iti into the river. god, cruelly enUpon this recital, the father, who lov'd the fon tenderly, and thought him already in not be comforted. But the heaven, could expedient in this extreme mapono had a lucky afficted father, that if he misfortune. He told the canoe for him, he would would prepare a good of his fon in the river. go and fearch for the foul ready, and the The canoe was foon got mapono fet out with it on his fhoulders. to throw iti into the river. god, cruelly enUpon this recital, the father, who lov'd the fon tenderly, and thought him already in not be comforted. But the heaven, could expedient in this extreme mapono had a lucky afficted father, that if he misfortune. He told the canoe for him, he would would prepare a good of his fon in the river. go and fearch for the foul ready, and the The canoe was foon got mapono fet out with it on his fhoulders. --- Page 22 --- Obprentich ders. Soon after the upon Asta, coming ferene, he rains kealing, and the ver feen. return'd, but the canoe fky beTheir paradife is was nepleafures enjoy'd in it an are extremely far poor one, and the fatisfying the meaneft from are in it very rational foul. being They capable of which thefe fouls large trees, which diftill a fay there wltich refemble fublift ; that they find in gum it on fome filh in it, andthat Erhiopans, that there is honey apes and flying, concerning which they there fee a large diculous ftories. they tell a great eagle The Marocotis many riofa tall ftature and contigtous to the arrows and fpears ofa robuft make. They Manacicas, make are them wich great very hard wood, and their all the authority, dexterity. Here the can ufe them, but alfo have and their hufbands not women have fices and of the the charge of the only obey two children, domeftic affairs. meaneft of kill them, that and when they have They only keep in shcrinfancy, they may not be troubled any more they tains, yet there is Tho'they have with them religion among no, veflige cither caciques of and capand intirely. furrounded. them. Their country government is dry, or They have no other with mounrains and barren, they find in- abundance aliment but the roots rocks. forefts of palm in the woods, which them with a (pongeous trees, the trunks of which They have prefs fof their drink. marrow, whofe juice fapply their climate is Tho* in winter the they exquent frofts, very cold, and tho' air of fering by the yet they go intirely naked, they have freveral callus fo inclemneticy thickens of the wcather.. without fuf. they are infenfible and hardens their An unito the injurics ofthe air, fkins, that CHAP forefts of palm in the woods, which them with a (pongeous trees, the trunks of which They have prefs fof their drink. marrow, whofe juice fapply their climate is Tho* in winter the they exquent frofts, very cold, and tho' air of fering by the yet they go intirely naked, they have freveral callus fo inclemneticy thickens of the wcather.. without fuf. they are infenfible and hardens their An unito the injurics ofthe air, fkins, that CHAP --- Page 23 --- AFRICA, and AMBRICA, CHAP : II, ail Tbe curious particulars of tbe celedrated caravan ef Mecca, - moft celebrated of the caravans is that which THL every year goes from Damafcus or Aleppo to the tomb of Mahomet. 3 Iti generally fets out in the month of July. About this ) time there daily arrive pilgrims from Perfia, from the mogul's, territories, from Tartary, and from all-the other empires where Mahometifn js profefs'd. 3 Some days before the caravan fets out, the pilgrims make a general proceffion, : which is: call'd the proceffion of-Mahomer ; in order, fay chey, to :obtain a happy journey by the interceflion of their prophet, ( TA 191 ::: On the day of this proceffion, the pilgrims moft diftinguifh'd by birth or, riches, appear drefs'd'in their fineft habits. They are mounted' on horfes fumptuoully caparifon'd,and follow'd by their flaves with led-horfes and camels with all their ornaments. The proceffion begins at fun-rifing, when the ftreets are crowded with an incredible number of ipectators. The' pilgrims who) are called the iffue of the race of Mahomet open the march: Thcy are cloathed with long robes, and wear a green bonnet on their heads; as ptivileges granted only to the pretended relations of the prophet: They walk four ina rank, and are followed by feveral muficians. After them come in ranks the camels, adorned with. their tufts compofed of feathers of all colours, Two kettle drummers march at their head., The noife of the drums, trumpets, and a greatmany infrumentsa infpires thefe animals with fiercenefs, Next the race of Mahomet open the march: Thcy are cloathed with long robes, and wear a green bonnet on their heads; as ptivileges granted only to the pretended relations of the prophet: They walk four ina rank, and are followed by feveral muficians. After them come in ranks the camels, adorned with. their tufts compofed of feathers of all colours, Two kettle drummers march at their head., The noife of the drums, trumpets, and a greatmany infrumentsa infpires thefe animals with fiercenefs, Next --- Page 24 --- Céfrsatiant Next to thefe "pon Asta, the pilgrims, fix in a rank, come followed on horle-back the other prefent children whon the fathers and by carring-s full of rounded to the propher. Thefe mothers intend to a thoufand with crowds of lingers, who carringes in are furlieve they are extraordinary geltures, to finging ufe - Thele are infpir'd. make us becloathed in' bears followed by two hundred ment of fmall fkins, They have the cavaliers, carriages. Thefe pieces of carinon mounted managethe air refounds they difcharge on their people, with fhouts of joy every from hour, and Thefe cannon all the valiers cover'd with are the efcorted by a of a cuirafs. Their fkins of tygers company in the of Cabonnet, and their Jong long moullaches, their form them a very warlike air. fabre hung by their fides, Tartarian Four hundred foot give kind of yellow mitré cloathed in green, march of the mufti. on their heads, wich a The mufti, precede the law and a numerous accompanied crowd by the doctors of the ftandard of Mahomer, of fingers, marches before the ftandard is made of which follows him. This gold. Itis guarded by green fattin embroider'd coats of mail, twelve cavaliers cloath'd with and carrying filver maces in in accompanied with trumpets, and their hands, contintally Next and in concert on men who ftrike the tomb appears of the Pavillion plates to be of filver. mels adorn'd Mahomet. with It is carried prefented by before filver. green feathers and three caThe plates of embroider'd pavilion with is velvet with a crimfon ftones of all colours. gold and enrich'd with ground, counterfeir Hir'd dancers precious in/pir'd and dance, and cxtraordinary men. A Laftly, accompanied with trumpets, and their hands, contintally Next and in concert on men who ftrike the tomb appears of the Pavillion plates to be of filver. mels adorn'd Mahomet. with It is carried prefented by before filver. green feathers and three caThe plates of embroider'd pavilion with is velvet with a crimfon ftones of all colours. gold and enrich'd with ground, counterfeir Hir'd dancers precious in/pir'd and dance, and cxtraordinary men. A Laftly, --- Page 25 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. Laftly, the bafhaw of Jerufalem, preceded by drums, trumpets, and other turkifh inftruments, brings up the rear. When the proceffion is ended evéry pilgrim thinks of nothing but his departure. The city. of Mecca is the end of the pilgrimage." This city is fituated in Arabia Falix, two or three days ney diftant from the red Sea on the river Betius joutnow'called Eda. Tis the opinion ofthe Turks that their prophet was born in thar city, and this opinion infpires them with fo great a veneration for it, that when they peak ofit, they always beftow the epithet Magnificent upon it. - When they pray, which is frequently every day, they never fail to turn their faces to that city whereever théy are. Their mofque isi în the middle of the city. They pretend that it is fituated on the very fpot of ground, where Abraham formerly built his firft houfe. They call this mofque the fquaré houfe, believing fromt tradition alone that Abraham's houfe was of that figure. The mofque is beautiful and large, enrich'd with feveral paintings and gildings, and with all the fents which the followers of Mahomet fend to from a DT principle of refpect. The dome has two turrets, which.at a great diftance difcover the city of Mecca and its Near the mofque is a kind of chapel, which mofque. contains a well much celebrated among the Turks, who call it Temiena : Their hiftorians fay, that the water of this well flows from a fpring which God difcover'd to Agar and Ifmael, when being expell'd by Abraham from his houfe, they were forc'd to' retire into Arabia. le Mahomet took the advantage of this well, to render this city of his nativity refpected by all' his followers. He declared that the water of it had the virtue que is a kind of chapel, which mofque. contains a well much celebrated among the Turks, who call it Temiena : Their hiftorians fay, that the water of this well flows from a fpring which God difcover'd to Agar and Ifmael, when being expell'd by Abraham from his houfe, they were forc'd to' retire into Arabia. le Mahomet took the advantage of this well, to render this city of his nativity refpected by all' his followers. He declared that the water of it had the virtue --- Page 26 --- Oépratisanr virtue not only of upen. AstA, fo of curing all This Purifying fouls fain'd corporeal with the difeafes, but almen, that opinion is fo eftablifh'd blackeft crimes. grims who we, almoft perpetually among fee the mufiol well, and then come firft to drink the crowds of pilThe merchants to wath themfeives with waters of this ftones, expole them, who and deal in all kinds it, of ders to fale near this a great many precious mand for them, which well. They have aromatic a powvirtue of the water of is owing to the great dedraws as many men this well, which chimerical patients labouring under guilty. of various continually The foil about Mecca, all kinds of difeales. crimes, as bundance: this of excellent fruit. tho' bad, yet produces and fertility to the The Turks aher fon, to promife which God made attribute their fubfiftence in give them every to Agar dudted them. the field to which: thing the necellary for The city of angel conall the muffilmen Medina is not much lefs bian hiftorians than that of us thacthe inhabitants give the reafon Mecca, of sepedelby The Aramet appcar'd of Mecca,j this, They fay a great crowd as a legillator jealous becaufe Mahos cle, form'd follow him and among them, and made that Mahomer a plot to banifh him liftento from him as an oraclifciples, was fo being inform'd of their their city; buc vately with two of. cautious as to makc his delign by his a cave which he found chem, and to conccal elcape pri: which is in the himfelf in The fame only a lcague from the imountain of Tor; ing himfelf hiftorians add, that Mahomer city of Mecca, andtook fhelter filiciently fafe in this not thinke venturers, who in Medina with his afylum, two quitted it mafter, were in as grear a fellow ad. terror as their At buc vately with two of. cautious as to makc his delign by his a cave which he found chem, and to conccal elcape pri: which is in the himfelf in The fame only a lcague from the imountain of Tor; ing himfelf hiftorians add, that Mahomer city of Mecca, andtook fhelter filiciently fafe in this not thinke venturers, who in Medina with his afylum, two quitted it mafter, were in as grear a fellow ad. terror as their At --- Page 27 --- AFRICA, and AMÉRICA: Arthattime, according to thefe hiftorians, Mahomet was forty-five years of age, forty of which be had employed in publifhing his ncw law. His from Mecca, and his retreat to Medina, prov'd dight the beginning of the firft egira of the muffulhen. The new legiflator fecing himfelf fafe in this city," began again to broach his doctrines. The tion he acquir'd of a man, infpir'd by God, reputa- and favour'd with the gift of prophecy, together with the commodious morality ofhis new law, in a fhort time procured him a number of followers, not from the adjacent places, but from far diftant coun- only tries. Of this great huimber of difciples, he made fo many fubjects who obey'd him as their fovereign; and at laft was at the head of fo large a that he thought himfelf capable of enterprizing party, thing. every Hist refentment againft his fellow citizens ofMecca, who intended to banifh him from the place of bis nativity, infpir'd him with a defire of being reveng'd upon them. He thought the moft fenfible manner of doing this, was to declare that Medina fhould be his city, and the featof his empire for himn and his fucceflors. He order'd that his fepulchre fhould be built there, and accordingly we at prefent fee his coffin laid in a great molque call'd Kiabi. His coffin, laid in a kind oftow'r, iS fupported three marble pillars, and is cover'd with a by of the richeft ftuff embroider'd with gold, and pavilion fur rounded with a multitude of lamps which burn continually. The walls of this tow'r are cover'd. with plates of filver. To this tomb the caravans come to pay theit homage. That which brings the prefents of the grand fignior is no fooner arriv'd than the dervifes who have the care of the mofque appear to reVoL. II, C ceive ow'r, iS fupported three marble pillars, and is cover'd with a by of the richeft ftuff embroider'd with gold, and pavilion fur rounded with a multitude of lamps which burn continually. The walls of this tow'r are cover'd. with plates of filver. To this tomb the caravans come to pay theit homage. That which brings the prefents of the grand fignior is no fooner arriv'd than the dervifes who have the care of the mofque appear to reVoL. II, C ceive --- Page 28 --- ceive it. The Olporcations upon Asra, with fhouts of pilgrims make the Prophet. joy, and fongs in molque refound a After this there's honour of their rejoicing till the departure of nothing but feafting and The day the the caravan, affemble again, and caravan fet departs, the the alcoran out fome pilgrims relations with a e loud voice. finging verles of of the pilgrims, The friends and the caravan, inform'diofihe ceflary go to meet them and offer paflage them of to fupply petrefhinents, them with every one thinks it an honour neney. But 'tis provifions for the whole van, tlfat the principally on the returnof the jourof all the town pilgrims receive the carahonour them whence they had congratulations fet out. begin to enterinto every where, and from that time They which the turkifh the pofteflion ofall the they vifit the tomb of religion grants to thofe who privileges thofe Mahomet, The moft go to punity privileges for the to many of the neceffary of been crimes for which pilgrims, is imcondemn'd by the ottoman they would have grimage to Mecca fcreens law. Their piland of criminals renders them from all purfuits, Not only the them perfedly guiltlefs. privileges granted pilgrims to Mecca have havehad thel them, but alfo the camels fingular fignior honour to carry the prefents which enjoy theirs, which like a ofthegrand common animal, but is, not to be treated ing the happinels to be to be confider'd as havThis title ever after confecrated to Mahomet, and fervice. They have exempts them from all labour bodes, where they not cottages built for their awell fed and taken Care of only live in cafe, but are CHAP ims to Mecca have havehad thel them, but alfo the camels fingular fignior honour to carry the prefents which enjoy theirs, which like a ofthegrand common animal, but is, not to be treated ing the happinels to be to be confider'd as havThis title ever after confecrated to Mahomet, and fervice. They have exempts them from all labour bodes, where they not cottages built for their awell fed and taken Care of only live in cafe, but are CHAP --- Page 29 --- AFRICA and AMERICA, CHAP: III. Indian literature, religion of tle brachmans, tbeir micrality, poeiry, tbeology, andpbilofpby; the different Jects of tbe Indian pbilo/opbers, expofition oftbeir doctrines. I.. A HE brachmans have in all ages been the only depolitaries of the fciences in the Indies, except perhaps in fome of the moft fouthern provinces, where ainong the Parias, who were probably the firft inhabitants of thefe cantons, we find a clafs 1 call'd Valouvres, who pretend to have been formerly what the brachmans are at prefent. Thefe deal in aftronomy and aftrology, and have wroté fome works very much efteem'd, which contain precepts of morality.. Every where elfe the brachmanshavea always been, and ftill are the only perfons who cultivate the fciences as their heritage who are defcended from feveral illuftrious peniténts. They have multiplied incredibly, and from the northern provinces, fituated between mount Lima and Janfoune (the river of, Dely) and bounded on the fouth by the Ganges, as far as Patna, have fpread themfelves over all the Indies, The fciences are their province, and the brechmanswho would live according to their làws ought. to mind nothing but religion and ftudy: But they have gradually funk into a profound negligence. Thofe of the true clafs 6f Rajas, or Ragepoutres; may be inftrcéted in the fciences by the brachmans. But thefe iciences are inacceffible to all the other claffes, to whom.they can only communicate certain poems, the grammar, the art of poerry, and moral C A refledtions, are their province, and the brechmanswho would live according to their làws ought. to mind nothing but religion and ftudy: But they have gradually funk into a profound negligence. Thofe of the true clafs 6f Rajas, or Ragepoutres; may be inftrcéted in the fciences by the brachmans. But thefe iciences are inacceffible to all the other claffes, to whom.they can only communicate certain poems, the grammar, the art of poerry, and moral C A refledtions, --- Page 30 --- Olpreations reflcdtions. The upon AstA, been cultivated with fciences fo much and liberal arts which have mong the Grecks and glory and fuccefs ain the Indiés ; andall the Romans, have alfo flourifh'd the merit of the ancients have. the acknowiedg'd brachmans, Gymnofophilts, who are the world and become efpecially thofe who have renoune'd evidently faniafi or penitents. The grammar ofthe II. in the rank of the moft brachmans may bejully' were the analytic and beautiful fciences, Never pur ly employ'd, than in fynthetic their methods more happicerning the language Samfkret grammatical works, conand language fo admirable for its or Samfkroutan. This the energy, was formerly the harmony, copioufnefs, country inhabited living language in a great many ages, it by the firft brachmans. After that the langunge of the was ancient infenfibly corrupted, fo dams, is often hardly Richi, or ofthe Vewho only know the Samfkret intelligible by the moft fkilful, Several ages after that of the fixed Richif by chegrammars, lofophers endeavoured to fome great phiit, fuch as it was in their time, preferve the knowledge of ancient poetry: Anoubhiout which was the of a body of grammar. This was the firft that form'd age according to the Indians is is the Sarafvat, which or (peech itfelf. Tho' this the is goddels of fpeech, grammars, yet the merit the fhorteft of all it into the higheft efteem ofits in the antiquity has brought Pania aflifted bySarafvar fchools of Indoftan: containing the rules of the compos'd Samfkret. an immenfe work order'd it to be abridg'd by King Jamour compos'd one more Kramadifvar. are alfo three others proper for thei fciences. Therc Katap but the glory of the compos'd invention by different authors, Anoubhour, is principally due to' "Tis ft of all it into the higheft efteem ofits in the antiquity has brought Pania aflifted bySarafvar fchools of Indoftan: containing the rules of the compos'd Samfkret. an immenfe work order'd it to be abridg'd by King Jamour compos'd one more Kramadifvar. are alfo three others proper for thei fciences. Therc Katap but the glory of the compos'd invention by different authors, Anoubhour, is principally due to' "Tis --- Page 31 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA, 21: "Tis furprizing chat the human mind has'been able to arrive at the perfeétion obfervable in thefe grammars. The authors have in them by analyfis reduc'd the richeft language in the world, to a few primitive clements, which may be looked upon as the caput mortuum of the language. Thefe elements are of themfelves of no ufe, and properly fignify nothing. They have only a relation to an idea; for example, kru implies the idea of aétion. The fecondary elements which affect the primitive, are the terminations which fix it to be a noun or verb, thofe according to : which it ought to be declined or conjugated, a certain number of fyllables to be placed berween the primitive and thele terminations, fore propofitions, &cc. On the approach ofthe fecondary clements, the primitive often changes its figure. Kru, for example, becomes according to what is added to it, kar, ker, kri kir, kir. Synthelis reunites and combines all thefe elements, and forms an infinite variety of common terms of them. The rules of this union or combination of elements, are taught by the grammar; fo that a fcholar who knows only grammar, may by operating according to the rules, on one root or primitive element, draw from it feveral thoufands of true Samfkret words. This art has given the name to the: language, for Samikret lignifies"fynthetic or compound. But as cuftom makes the fignification of terms vary infinitely, tho' they always preferve a certain rclation to the ideaaffix'd to the root, it was neceffary to determine their fenfe by dictionaries. Of thefe they have cightcen compos'd in different methods; That moft in ufe, and compos'd by Amarafimba, is rang'd almoft according to the method follow'd. by the author of the Indiculus univerfalis, C 3 The , for Samikret lignifies"fynthetic or compound. But as cuftom makes the fignification of terms vary infinitely, tho' they always preferve a certain rclation to the ideaaffix'd to the root, it was neceffary to determine their fenfe by dictionaries. Of thefe they have cightcen compos'd in different methods; That moft in ufe, and compos'd by Amarafimba, is rang'd almoft according to the method follow'd. by the author of the Indiculus univerfalis, C 3 The --- Page 32 --- Obferoations The diftionary upon Asra, in alphabetical order, entitul'd Vibabbedhanamy is rang'd words. according to the final letters of Befides thefe its introduction, Eeneraldidionaries, where the every fcience has where. proper to it, which he would fcholar in learns the terms This was vain fearch for elfeences that neceflary to preferve in the fcithat not airofmyftery content. to have Joafieedby the brachmans, uider vulgar, they have dilguis'd the terms unknown to the myferious names, moft common things Their works of III, ry numerous, As poetry for and verlification are vedifferent kinde, nature cpic poetry, or poems of the rules oft them are alfo being every where the of action is' lefs obferv'd nearly fimilar. The fame, ther poems, than it is in in their Pouranam and unity Oare however fome Homer and Virgil., There Farmapuranam, where poems, and among others the ferve the unity of action. they more fcrupulouly obthe Arabians and Perfians The Indian fables, which into their languages, have fo often tranflated poems, Ferfectly are a collection of five fmall of the princes of Patna. regular, compos'd for the education The eloquence of orators us'd in the Indies, and the has never been much been very little cultivated. art of declaining has beanty, and ornaments cf But as for the purity, have a great number of clocution, the brachmans cepts. for them, and which books, which contain iriclf, which they call conftitute a fcience pre: of nifies the fciençe ofornament, Alankarachaftram which figOf all the parts of 'IV. that which the Indians have polite literattire, hiftory is leaft cultivated. They have the Indies, and the has never been much been very little cultivated. art of declaining has beanty, and ornaments cf But as for the purity, have a great number of clocution, the brachmans cepts. for them, and which books, which contain iriclf, which they call conftitute a fcience pre: of nifies the fciençe ofornament, Alankarachaftram which figOf all the parts of 'IV. that which the Indians have polite literattire, hiftory is leaft cultivated. They have --- Page 33 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. have an infatiable tafte for the marvellous ; and the brachmans have for their own intereit conform'd themfelves to it. However it is not to be doubted, but in the palaces of their princes, there are uninterrupted monuments of the hiftory of their anceftors, efpecially at Indoftan, where the princes are more powerful, and Ragepoutres of the clafs. There are in the north feveral books call'd Natack, which, as the brachmans affirm, contain a great many ancient hiftories without any. mixture of fables. As for the Moguls, they love hiftory, and that of their kings has been wrote by feverallcarned men of their rcligion. The gazette of the whole empire compos'd in the palace ofthe great mogul, appears once a month at Dcly. 1 In the Indian poems we find a thoufand precious remains ofvenerable antiquity, a diftinét notion of the terreftrial paradife, of the tree of life, ofthe fource of the four great rivers, of which the Ganges is one, which according to their literati is the Pifon, of the deluge, oft theempire of the Affyrians, of the victories of Alexander under the name of Javana-Raja, king of the Javans or Greeks in certain countries ont the coaft of Malabar. The Gentiles celebrate the deliverance of the Jews under Efther, and give this feftival the name ofluda Tirounal, the feaft of-luda. V. Let us now enter into the fanétuary of the brachmans, which is inpenetrable to. the vulgar. That which, next to the nobility of their clafs, elevates: them infinitely above the vulgar, is the knowledge of religion, mathematics and philofophy. The brachmans have a religion of their own, but - are, at the fame timc, the minifters of that of the people. The four Vedams or Bed, are according to them C 4 of uda Tirounal, the feaft of-luda. V. Let us now enter into the fanétuary of the brachmans, which is inpenetrable to. the vulgar. That which, next to the nobility of their clafs, elevates: them infinitely above the vulgar, is the knowledge of religion, mathematics and philofophy. The brachmans have a religion of their own, but - are, at the fame timc, the minifters of that of the people. The four Vedams or Bed, are according to them C 4 of --- Page 34 --- Obpreationi ofdivine authority. upon AstA, king's library, Thefe are kept in Arabia in the The brachmans are of which has its peciliarlaw. divided into four feêts, each according to the the Konkowvedam, or are Yajourvedam, indotanpremtnomtens moft Revbed, and between thefeas, and the follow'd in the rana Of Brakmavedam in Samavedamand the peninfula Latharcontain the theology of the the north, The Vedams Vedams ranam or poems, of the brachmans, and the pouare only a colleftion popular theology. The ftitions of the ancient ofthe different or hermits. All Richi, or penitents, or. fuperare fubjected to things, even the gods Mouni, of the Mantram, theintrinfic force of themfelves, confécrating, which are facred formulas facrifices, and formulas offering and us'd in we find the invoking. Among thefe fantiti, harih. The Following, omfantiti, the trinity in letter or fyllable om fantiti, of holy, holy, unity : the reft is a literal contains pfGod which holy Lord God, Harib, tranflation is a The Vedams, fignifies ravifher, name Richi and Mouni, befides contain the practices ofthe ancient nature of God, of the their fentiments on the the two foul, ofthe fenfible pular, theologies, the brachmanic world, and that They have compos'd the and the pothe ofvirtuc, call'd holy feience, or practices ofthe difierent Harmachafram, which contains rites, whether fmperftitious, religions, of their facred together witht the religious, or" prophane, The treatifes of nResnen.e an incredible number, Harmachaftran are multiplied ofjuftice, to The brachmans have VI, branch of the mathematics, cultivated almoft every. known to them, Bur that Algebra has not been unafironomy whofe end is aftrology the and the pothe ofvirtuc, call'd holy feience, or practices ofthe difierent Harmachafram, which contains rites, whether fmperftitious, religions, of their facred together witht the religious, or" prophane, The treatifes of nResnen.e an incredible number, Harmachaftran are multiplied ofjuftice, to The brachmans have VI, branch of the mathematics, cultivated almoft every. known to them, Bur that Algebra has not been unafironomy whofe end is aftrology --- Page 35 --- AFRICA, and AMEPICA, aftrology, was always the principal objedt of 25 mathematical ftudies, becaufe the their of the grandees and vulgar, renders fuperftition both tothem. They it moft ufeful a learned Greek havelfeveralfyttems who, like ofaltronomy, and merly into the Indies, Fythagoras, travell'd forfcience of the brachmans, becoming acquainted with the aftronomy, and that his taught them his fyftem of ftery of it to others, he difciples left them might in make a myGreek names of plants, the figns of the his work, the many terms, fuch as hora the zodiac, and a day, kendraa center, 8cc. The twenty moft fourth part of the Indian authors, has plac'd the fun efteem'd of of the motions of mercury and in the center venus, What has render'd the VII. phifts fo. celebrated in name of the Gymnofofrom which we muftat antiquity firft is their philofophy, phy, not that feparate moral philofothis kind, in a they want a very beautiful fyftem of which is moral great many books of the Mitichaftram, tious verfes like fcience, thofe generally of contain'd in fentenpart of philofophy is Caro; but becaufe this or claffes. Several communicated to all the tribes even of the Parias, authors of the Choutres, and this branch of have'acquir'd great reputation in a philofophy. The philofophy which is and excellence call'd chaftram, is fimply by way of ous. Logics, much more myfteriphyfics, conftitute metaphylfics, the and an imperfect fketch of and delign of all the parts ofit: The only end the brachmans, is the philofophical refearches of the captivity and mifcries deliverance ofthis of the foul from felicity, which is in: reality cither life, the by a perfect foul, or its immediate effeét: delivery of the As among the Greeks there were feveral fchools of ply by way of ous. Logics, much more myfteriphyfics, conftitute metaphylfics, the and an imperfect fketch of and delign of all the parts ofit: The only end the brachmans, is the philofophical refearches of the captivity and mifcries deliverance ofthis of the foul from felicity, which is in: reality cither life, the by a perfect foul, or its immediate effeét: delivery of the As among the Greeks there were feveral fchools of --- Page 36 --- Olfreatichs of upon Asra, there philofephy, were as the ionic, the academic, cipal formerly among the &c. So fchools or philofophic feôts, brachmans fix prindiltinguilhed from the each of which on concernig reft, by: fome particular was it. Nyayam, happinefs, Vedantan, and the means of opinijalam, and Bhaffyam Sankiam, Mimanfa, obtaining the fix fciences, which are what they call PatanThere arcalfo feveral are only fix fects or limply and others, as the (chools. in matters Baiddamatharh, of which are fo Agamachaftram machafiram, religion, Véry many herefics which contains oppofite to the Dharpolytheifm. thetniverfally approv'd The followers of condition among Agaman admit no and are accus'd of men, nor any legal difftrenceof of the deteftation the magic. By this we ceremonies, may art. The Baudifts, whofe other Indians bear -to judge that chofis is univerfally opinion ofthe and only admit our recciv'd, fenfes are accus'd metemp6- of knowledge. Boudda as the principles atheifm, people of is the Photo ofhuman fect of the China, and the Baudifts rever'd by the are of the Bonzes fect and the Lamas, as belong to the grand fin, which of the people of the the Mahalin Agamifts the caft beyond Peifia. comprehends all the kingdoms of or The fhock to philofophers the national 'who by their conduét give duce their religion, and who no world, and thcory to practice, want to redon. even their own entirely renounce the All the fchools familics, which they abantain teach, that knowledged of truth, wifdom, or the cermeans by which the foul Thatvaquaram, is the can conduét it can be only this to its deliverance purified, and which happens it only Moukti. Till fery to another in different paffes from one degree of miwildom alone can put an end tranfimigrations, which : to, Thus all. the fchools their own entirely renounce the All the fchools familics, which they abantain teach, that knowledged of truth, wifdom, or the cermeans by which the foul Thatvaquaram, is the can conduét it can be only this to its deliverance purified, and which happens it only Moukti. Till fery to another in different paffes from one degree of miwildom alone can put an end tranfimigrations, which : to, Thus all. the fchools --- Page 37 --- APRICA, and AMERICA: fchools begin the refearch and determination of 27 the principles of true knowledge. Some of them admit four of thefe principles, others others are content with two. three, and From eftablifh'd principles, they teach us draw proper confequences by ratiocination, whofe to. different fpecies are reduc'd to of which are exact. They do fyllogifmns, the ruies from not differ materially ours,. except in this, that according to the brachmans, the perfeét fyllogilm ought to have four members, the fourth of which is the the truth concluded from the application of which renders it indiputably fenfible, premifes to an object ing is a fyllogifm with which their fchools The followwhere refound : Where thereis fmoke, there is every in fuch a mountain there is fmoke, there is fire; fire in ir, as there is in the kitchen. "Tis therefore obferv'd that they do not the to be to fogs, mifts, and other give name of fmoke things of a fimilar nature, VIII. The fchool of Nyayam, which reafon judgment, has got the better in point fignifies of for or fome ages, fince the academy of Noudia in logic, has become the moft famous in the Bengale count of its famous profeffors, whoie Indies, on acfpread every where. Gottam' works have founder of this fchool was formerly the north of at Tirat in Indoftan, on the whereit theGanges, has oppofite to the country of Patna, flaurifh'd many ages. The ancients taught their difciples the whole confequences oftheir philofophic fyltem. mitted, as well as the moderns, four They adfcience 5 the teftimony of the fenfès well principles of pratyakcham, the natural figns, as fmoke explain'd, is that of fire, anoumanam, the application of a known definition to a thing before unknown, oupamanam, and the whereit theGanges, has oppofite to the country of Patna, flaurifh'd many ages. The ancients taught their difciples the whole confequences oftheir philofophic fyltem. mitted, as well as the moderns, four They adfcience 5 the teftimony of the fenfès well principles of pratyakcham, the natural figns, as fmoke explain'd, is that of fire, anoumanam, the application of a known definition to a thing before unknown, oupamanam, and --- Page 38 --- Obpruatiéus and laftly, zpon Asra, tachabdam. theautbority After of an infallible an examination of this logics, they led their word, fcholars apaledge of its author, whofe fenfible world, to the know- by by the anoumanam. In exiftence they cuded his the fame manner concluded materility. intelligence, and from it deduc'd they conTho? God is in his his imder bimfelf fenfibles and nature a fpirit, yet he can he became has done fo. rendivifible Sakara, to form the OFNinakars rcans, aroms, tho' eternal, like world, whole inare yet. withoue life. thofe of the Man is a Epicuthe one fupreme, compound of one body, and two God ; the other paramarma, which is no fouls; ; the fenfitive animal, fivatma, which in otherthan and hatred, &cc. principle of pleafure and man is that itis fome think that it is a pain, defire man ; for matter, they and conftitutes an cleventh ipirit, others stive or paflive diftinguith the active from the fenfe in fenfes. organs, and by this means fenfi0 In what make ten fall into the they call fupreme moft extravagant happincf, they feemto extinguith this fenfitive ftoicilm. We can anly be made by our principle, and this muft This union union with the extinétion yogui yogam or yog, whence the paramatma, proceeds, to which the wifiom name of ditation phiofophers of all feéts alpires, of the Indian and and contemplation of the begins with the meis no serminates in a kind of fupreme being, more fenfation nor volition, identity, in which there plychofes are always Thus the metemthat by the sword foul, continued. 2Tis to be obferv'd At prefent they teach they little only mean one's felf, Nyayam than logic, more in, the fchools of with an infinite number incumber'd of by the brachmans more fubtile. than ufeful. Tis queftions, which are far a chaos of trifles, fuch serminates in a kind of fupreme being, more fenfation nor volition, identity, in which there plychofes are always Thus the metemthat by the sword foul, continued. 2Tis to be obferv'd At prefent they teach they little only mean one's felf, Nyayam than logic, more in, the fchools of with an infinite number incumber'd of by the brachmans more fubtile. than ufeful. Tis queftions, which are far a chaos of trifles, fuch --- Page 39 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA, fuch as the logic of Europe was about two ago. The fludents fpend feveral centuries a thoufand vain fubtilties years in learning of a fyllogifin, and concerning the members genules and fpecies. concerning caufes, negatives, on thefe and feveral other They dilpute with birternefs their fchools without fimilar foolries, and quit This fchool any farther knowledge, adverfaries of formerly the produc'd the moft famous vail'd Baudifts, of whom on the princes to make a horrible they feveral maflacre s tinguifh'd kingdoms. themfelves Oudayanacham and Batta difthat he in this difpute ; and the laft, might purify himfelf from the great tyof blood he had Caus'd to be fhed, burnt quantifelf with great folemnity at himOricha. Iagannath on the coaft of The fchool of IX. of the law, of which Vedantam, which fignifies the end der, has got the Sankracharya was the founfor afcendancy over the other fchools metaphyfics, fo that the brachmans be chought who would learned, are blindly attach'd to its ciples. A faniaffi is not at prinout of that fehool. What prefent to be found reft, is the opinion of the diftinguithes it from the being, which is no more than fimple unity ofan exiftens nothing exifts but this Me theMe or the foul; and The notions which the abettors of this us of this being are ridiculous. In its feat give it is in fome meafure a trinity, in its fimple unity infinite knowiedge, and in its exiftence, in its Every thing in it is immaterial, fupreme felicity: But becaufe the intimate infinite, and eternal. not conformable to this fo beautiful experience of the Me. is another principle purely idea, they admit fequently has no reality negative, of and which conbeing, This is the maya notions which the abettors of this us of this being are ridiculous. In its feat give it is in fome meafure a trinity, in its fimple unity infinite knowiedge, and in its exiftence, in its Every thing in it is immaterial, fupreme felicity: But becaufe the intimate infinite, and eternal. not conformable to this fo beautiful experience of the Me. is another principle purely idea, they admit fequently has no reality negative, of and which conbeing, This is the maya --- Page 40 --- Obfervations upon AsIA, maya of the Me, that is, error. For at prefent that I write toy you example, 1 think tam. Ia am miftaken, Iam indeed concerning the Vedamnot exift, Ido not write to Me, butyou do thought either on Vedamtam you. Nobody ever deceiv'd, that is, all, but or. his fyftem. Iam This is what they continually my error is not a being.. tree appearing above ground, explain which by a root of a pent, but is not really that animal. relembles a ferWe read in a poem (for they have feveral fophical oncs'unknown to the and philotences of the firft mafters vulgar, the fenVaffichta told his difciple are even in verfe) that pond, deeply Rama, that a faniafli in a vifh'd in his foul. contemplating He on the maya, was rainfamous tribe, and thought he was born in an the children ofthat expos'd to all the difgraces of riper years he went condition iato ; that being arriv'd at a foreign on account of his graceful country, where, on the throne ; that alter he had mien, he was placed he was difcover'd bya traveller of reign'd his fome years who made him known to his own country, to death, and in order to purify fubjects, themfelves who put him guilt they had contra@ted by that from the themfelves into a funeral pile, where decd, all threw fumed by the flames. The faniaffi they were conhis extaly, came out of the pond full recovering of his from Hardly had he got home, till a ftrange faniafi vifion, to him, and after the firft civilities, told him came whole hiftory of his life as a certain fact, and the the deplorable cataftrophe which had happened in a neighbouring country, and of which he had been eye-witnefs, The faniaffi then knew, that the hiftory and the vifion, neither of which were only the maya which he wanted to know. were truey Wifdom then confifts in a deliverance from the maya by a conftant application to one's feli, and e being and after the firft civilities, told him came whole hiftory of his life as a certain fact, and the the deplorable cataftrophe which had happened in a neighbouring country, and of which he had been eye-witnefs, The faniaffi then knew, that the hiftory and the vifion, neither of which were only the maya which he wanted to know. were truey Wifdom then confifts in a deliverance from the maya by a conftant application to one's feli, and e being --- Page 41 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA, 3E being perfuaded that one's felf is the only cternal and infinite being, without leaving the attention to this pretended truth to be interrupted by the fhocks of the maya. The key of the deliverance of the foul confifts in thefe words, which the philolophers ought continually to repeat. Aham ava param brachma. Iam the fupreme being. The fpeculative perfuafion of this propofition muft, according to them, produce the experimental conviétion of ir, which muft be accompanied with happinefs. The converfation of the brachmans has communicated thefe ridiculous notions to almoft every, one who pretends to have a fine genius, X. The fchool of Sankiam,which fignifies founded by Kapil, who rejeétsthe oupoumanam numerical, dflogic, appears atfirft more modeft, but in reality moft the fame thing. It admits a fpiritual and a faysalrial nature, both real and eternal. The matenature, by its defire to communicate itfelf piritual out of itfelf, unites in feveral degrecs to the material ture. From the firft union arife certain numbers naof forms and qualities, and thefe numbérs are deter. min'd. Among the forms is the egoity, if we ufe the term, by which every one fays Me I may fuch a one, and not another. A fecond 5 am the foul, already embarrafs'd in the forms union of lities with matter, produces the elements andquathe vifible world 3 and this is the fynthefis ; a of third; whole univerfe. the Wifdom, which produces the deliverance of the foul, is the analyfis of it 5 the. happy fruit of contemplation, by which the foul difengages herfelf, fometimes from one, and fometimes from another form, by means of thefe three truths. Iam not to any thing 5 nothing is to me : the mc myfelf is not : Nafmin, 2E ities with matter, produces the elements andquathe vifible world 3 and this is the fynthefis ; a of third; whole univerfe. the Wifdom, which produces the deliverance of the foul, is the analyfis of it 5 the. happy fruit of contemplation, by which the foul difengages herfelf, fometimes from one, and fometimes from another form, by means of thefe three truths. Iam not to any thing 5 nothing is to me : the mc myfelf is not : Nafmin, 2E --- Page 42 --- Olfiorsations Nafmin, upon Asta, when the name, foul is delivered Maham. At laft the time this is the end of the from all thefe forms, comes return to its primitive world, when every and Kapil teaches, ftate, thing Thali thing but that the religions he knew embarrafs'd, frengtlien inftead the chains in which the did nofays he, the of freeing it from foul is. are only the worthip of the fubordinate them; for, of the foul with productions of the laft and loweft deities, who ftead of matter, uniting us. to its union thefe with feparating which us from it, adds a new. objeét inworlhip ofthe the foul is already loaded. .chain to and Routren, fuperion who divinities, Brahma, The unions of the foul are indeed the cffeéts of Vichnou, obftacle to the with matter, muft the firft Thus much foul's always be an oft the diengagement from the gods religion of the matter. is areonly the principles of Vedams, of which pos'dof compos'd, thefe or even the parts of which the the world As for the principles. world comof the Greeks religion of the vulgar, ftories of the and Romans is full of which the like that to the foul, by poets, the it adds an infinity of new fabulous. viétory over which is paflions which it chains foul one of the firft favours, and the This ought is the to take, if ic afpires after fteps its which the The doctrine ofKapil. deliverance. fchool of that of an invincible Mimamfa, whofe proper ment it pafles on other fate, is more free in opinion the is it examine the opinions. The judgfpeak fentiments of the difciples of micks did pro and con upon them other fchools, and in Athens, almoft as the acadeCHAE one of the firft favours, and the This ought is the to take, if ic afpires after fteps its which the The doctrine ofKapil. deliverance. fchool of that of an invincible Mimamfa, whofe proper ment it pafles on other fate, is more free in opinion the is it examine the opinions. The judgfpeak fentiments of the difciples of micks did pro and con upon them other fchools, and in Athens, almoft as the acadeCHAE --- Page 43 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. CHAP fv. - Fure A defcription of. the celebrated rock called Tima salto; of tbe mould oftbé golden calf's bead; oftbe pyramids; Pompey's illar ; Cleopatra's obelifes, of the palaces andfeudcbre of tbe kings ef Tbebes. celebrated rock which Mofes call'dTenis near the middle ofthe valley THES ofRaphidin, about a hundred paces from mount Horeb. In travelling through a long and pretty open road, we obferve a high rock among feveral fmall ones, which has by a long fucceffion of time been detach'd from the neighbouring mountains. This rock is' a hugemafsofred granate, andi its figure is almoftround on one fide, but tis flat on the fide that looks to Horeb; 'tis twelve feet broad, and as many thicks itsbreadth is greater than its heighr ; 'tis feet about-fifty in circumference, and pierced with twenty-four holes, which are eafily counted ; each hole is a foot long, and an inch broad ; the Alat face of the) rock contains twelve of thefe holes, and the round fide oppofite, as many, which are plac'd horizontally, about two feet from the fuperior edge of the rock, are only fome inches diftant from each other, and alfo ranged very nearly in the fame line, The holes on one fide are fo far from communicating with thofe of the other, that they are not fo much as oppofite to each other. Tis to be obferv'd, that this and the other rocks are in a very dry and barren ground, and that no fpring, nor any, other kind of water, is to be found near them. I. We eafily obferve a perfeét fmoothnels from the inferior lip of each hole to the ground, Vor. II, D 2. This ranged very nearly in the fame line, The holes on one fide are fo far from communicating with thofe of the other, that they are not fo much as oppofite to each other. Tis to be obferv'd, that this and the other rocks are in a very dry and barren ground, and that no fpring, nor any, other kind of water, is to be found near them. I. We eafily obferve a perfeét fmoothnels from the inferior lip of each hole to the ground, Vor. II, D 2. This --- Page 44 --- Obfrcations 2. This Imoothnels upon Ast.a, trench or groove made is in only obferved in a fmall and runs along the whole of the furface of the end to the other. this groove from rock, 3: The edges of the one with a fine flender holes and grooves are lin'd fmalleft herb green mofs, the whole appears on any other though not the furface of part of the holes and which, excépt the rock, Now what grooves, is pure ftone. . edges of the rior lips of the fignifies holes, thefe this fmoothnefs of the infefrom top to bottom, this fine grooves equally polith'd theedges of the holes and mofs which only covers happening for three thoufand grooves, wichoutany nify all thefe years paft ? what change are fo many inconteftable appearances, fo fenfible, if not, that figpious and proofs, that they holes. miraculous water fowed formerly a CONot far from from thefe golden calf's head this which famous rock is a mould of the mould is at the foot of the Ifraclitcs ador'd. This which communicated with mount Horeb, in the "Tis three feet in the field of the road it is formed of a red diameter, and and as many in Hebrews, on examining it white granate marble, height, ofa calf's head withthe nearly, we cafily obferve the and Tis muzzle and figure for probable that Aaron made horns, : others cafting for his golden calf; one for different moulds tain that the the other parts of the body. the head, and their deities, Egyptians and had a calf's head for "Tis cerbrews, after four that after their example the one of calf's head as a hundred years He: the profane diviniry. 9 Let captivity, us now ador'd a The nearer antiquities, beginning with the proceed to agreeable the we come to Grand Cairo, pyramids, the which failing is render'd, more appear one after another. by the Pyramids The firit which ptefents that the the other parts of the body. the head, and their deities, Egyptians and had a calf's head for "Tis cerbrews, after four that after their example the one of calf's head as a hundred years He: the profane diviniry. 9 Let captivity, us now ador'd a The nearer antiquities, beginning with the proceed to agreeable the we come to Grand Cairo, pyramids, the which failing is render'd, more appear one after another. by the Pyramids The firit which ptefents --- Page 45 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. prefents itfelf as we advance to Benifouet, is that of Meidon, and we perceive two others oppofite to Dachom, the firftof which is as large as thofe near Cairo, In the plain of Saccara are three large mids, which, 'tis faid,lwere builcbyan ancient pyraEgypt, whofe name is now unknown. The king of which is on the eaft of the Nile, has other higheft, its fides, one of which is built of whitc, the two other at of black ftones. The inhabitants of the fay, that the fame king who built the higheft country for his fepulchre, ereéted the other two for two of his wives, one of whom was born white, and the other black. At fome diftance we perceive two other ramids, one of which is alfo of white ftone, PY- and larger than the other, which is built of black ftone. The reafons for thefe two different colours are purely conjectural. The pyramids in the plain of Moknam are very numerous, but the moft famous of all for their heighr, circumference, and conftruction, are, the three large pyramids of Gize, which were formerly clafs'd among the feven wonders of the world. The higheft and largeft of thefe is compos'd of two hundred and twenty-feven unequal fteps ; fome fay that it is two hundred fourfccre fathoms and four feet high; that each fide of its bafe is thirteen fathoms and four feet long, and that every face of the pedeftal is two hundred and feventy fathoms and five feet long. Pliny fays, that the expences Jaid out only for lecks and onions for the workmen, amounted to fixteen hundred talents * e Thefe enormous maffes have, at prefent no other beauty than their prodigious height and thicknels; but they might formerly be look'd upcn as wonders of the world, when they were externally adorned with the moft beautiful marbles of Egypt, D 2 and C About 220,0col. Sterling. the pedeftal is two hundred and feventy fathoms and five feet long. Pliny fays, that the expences Jaid out only for lecks and onions for the workmen, amounted to fixteen hundred talents * e Thefe enormous maffes have, at prefent no other beauty than their prodigious height and thicknels; but they might formerly be look'd upcn as wonders of the world, when they were externally adorned with the moft beautiful marbles of Egypt, D 2 and C About 220,0col. Sterling. --- Page 46 --- Olfircations and internally upor Asta; fame ftone. Thefey contained large halls lin'd with -and queen. Thefe were called the halls of the the fuceding marbles were carried off by king the remain fomc kingstoadorne pieces of it their palaces, and there liblemarks of their ancient on the walls, which are only viOn the largeft of the magnificence. near the ancient three pyramids, which are Cairo, there is Memphis, threc leagues This aglacis ten Or twelve feet from a door forty-five Pyramid is open, and toward the iquare. which goes in feet high; ; we enter a north has three fect fix a declivity by paflage inches eighty-five fect this wide, and as long, pallage we find another, many bigh. After alcent, and is which has a inches in height, ninety-fix and feet long, three feet gradual out of this fecond as many in breadth. Ong four well, which is now paffage, towards the right going is a extremity is clos'd up dry; with it goes llanting, and the with this well is an fand. On the famne level feet long, and three feet alley, a hundred and thirteen by a chamber cighteen feet broad, which is terminated chamber twenty-one high to the top long, of the fixteen broad, and all ofthem there are neither tombs vault. In this From have been carried off nor bodies, fince paflage, this we return to the feveral ages ago. hundred where we afcend an top of the fecond are benches and thirty feet long efplanade 3 on Or glacis a with each fide there eight on each. mummies, The to the number of fect, andits height breadth of the e/planade twenty- is fix the top of the vaul. twenty-four from the bottom to On the top of the on a levél with it a elplanade is a platform, andd is rwenty-one feet long, paflage three lin'd with granate, which and threc fect four inches feet cight inches broud, high. From feet long efplanade 3 on Or glacis a with each fide there eight on each. mummies, The to the number of fect, andits height breadth of the e/planade twenty- is fix the top of the vaul. twenty-four from the bottom to On the top of the on a levél with it a elplanade is a platform, andd is rwenty-one feet long, paflage three lin'd with granate, which and threc fect four inches feet cight inches broud, high. From --- Page 47 --- AFRICA and AMERICA. From this paflage we enter into the hall, deftin'd for the fepulchre. It is thirty-two feet long, fixteen broad, and ten high. The floor, walls, and roof, are all covered with granate. On the floor, four feet and four inches from the wall, is the tomb, which is of granate, and of one fingle ftone, without a covering ; it is feven feet long, three broad, halfia foot thick, and three high, and when it is ftruck it founds like a bell. Two leagues from Henifuma, near an old caftle called Tumairaq, which is deftroy'd, and now no. more than a heapof rubbifh, there are twelve caves, where they plac'd the dogs which they embalm'd. We there find feveral dogs dried into mummies, COvered with cloths, and only buried in fand, with-- out any appearance of coffins 3 whereas, at BereiKaffàn nothing is more common than cats and dogs embalm'd, and human mummies, both fhut up in coffins. Pompey's pillar is not. lefs worthy of admiration than the pyramids; 'tis of granate, and of the Corinthian order. It is ninety-nine feet bigh, including its pedeftal and cornice 5, the pedeftal is fourteen feet high, and contains 1828 cubic fect; the chapiter is eleven feet high, and contains 3347 cubic feet 5 fo that the whole makes 3683 feet cubic; the cubic foot of granate weighs 252 pounds; fo that the wcight of.t the whole pillar 1S 14270. hundred weight, and 79 pounds. However, this enormous weight 1S rais'd and fupported by feveral ftones, held together with cramp-irons, and two of. thefe ftones are cover'd with revers'd hieroglyphics. The four faces of the pedeftal are fo placed as. not to anfwer direétly to the four quarters of the heavens, On the north-weft face. there is a Greek infcription in five Jines; but except ten letters, which are disjoin'd, ail the reft is almoft cffac'd, D 3 'Tis this enormous weight 1S rais'd and fupported by feveral ftones, held together with cramp-irons, and two of. thefe ftones are cover'd with revers'd hieroglyphics. The four faces of the pedeftal are fo placed as. not to anfwer direétly to the four quarters of the heavens, On the north-weft face. there is a Greek infcription in five Jines; but except ten letters, which are disjoin'd, ail the reft is almoft cffac'd, D 3 'Tis --- Page 48 --- Ofpruationi 'Tis upon ASTA, have given furprifing us the that none of the ancient this pillar was leaft account of the time authors is teét, and of the ereéted, ule it of the name of the when the moft high and was intended for, fince archiSome moderns have remarkable in the ic it ftill retains this call'd it Pompey's world. bilities that it name, There are pillar, and Euergetus the firft, was built in the time ftrong of probathe Egyptians, and not under the Ptolemy were mafters of nor under the Perfians dynaftics of ftill lefs under the Egypt, nor under when they The two Komans. Alexander, and which obeliflcs call'd the obelifks of king according to Pliny were ereéted of Cleopatra, Mefphes, and by the order Cafar, are of granate; plac'd in the phics, and near each finooth, foll of temple of and the other other ; but the Qne hierogly- is feet cight ftanding. Its breadth fallen, fix feet high inches; and it refts upon a bafe below of is fix three eight fect, or forty-two iquare, which makes granate But 'tis the fame cubits. fixtyit is with Pompey's with refpect to thefe obelifks time, and by whofe pillar; we are as Alexandria orders, ignorant at what 5 'tis probable they were brought to temple of Julius Calar that he who Alesandria, and to be built, order'd the as an embelifhment was willing, that whar found them at alfo adorn his to the Greek had ferved In a word, new temple. monarchs, fhould orders to make king obelifks Michres was the firft who from the quarry of of granate, which was gave narchs, after his Syen. Several taken moft of which cxample, ordered Egyptian mo. with are dedicated to the fome tobe erected, augment hicroglyphics. the They thought fan, and covéred the city in which magnificence of their by this means to wanted to make they delightedl, or palaces, which. and of confiderable. they 'Tis . monarchs, fhould orders to make king obelifks Michres was the firft who from the quarry of of granate, which was gave narchs, after his Syen. Several taken moft of which cxample, ordered Egyptian mo. with are dedicated to the fome tobe erected, augment hicroglyphics. the They thought fan, and covéred the city in which magnificence of their by this means to wanted to make they delightedl, or palaces, which. and of confiderable. they 'Tis --- Page 49 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. "Tis therefore to be prefium'd, that the monarchs conform'd themfelves to this Greek ing nothing fo much at heart, as to render cuftom, the havof Alexandria famous by all means city was even eafy for them tohave thefe kinds imaginable. Ic fince there were already feveral of them of works, befides they were in no want of in Egypt, quarry of Syen was of a vaft granate. The they ignorant that the illes near extent, the laft neither were fpecially the Elephantine, the Philee and the cataraét, epues, are full of that fpecies of precious marble. TacomOn the eaft of theNile we fée fix entire the caftle, which contain'd the gates of ofThebes, Thefe palaces of the kings the moft gates are fo many mafter-pieces of, perfect architeéture. On each gate, we find a long avenue of coming out at e forts of marble ftatues which phinx's, and ali This is nothing in led to the palace. that palace. It is comparifon of the great hall of twelve pillars, each fupported of which % a hundred and high, and twelve feet and an halfin feventy-two feet are all cover'd with figures in diameter. They - The walls and relievo, and painted. the hall in different cicling are alfo painted. Without pillars, four coloffufes periftyles, of we count a thoufand of which two are of marble, and feveral obelifks, nate. porphyry, and four of graA little farther is the caftle and Ofymanduas, mention'd by Diodoras. fepulchre ofking ber of the fepulchre is intire. As for The chamreduc'd to two advanc'd the caftle, itis ofa half moon, parts, almoft in the form on which the combats of that prince are reprefented, and triumphs where find pillars, fome with bas Here we every engrav'd, feveral reliefs, and others ofa library. temples half ruin'd, and the wrecks D 4 That , mention'd by Diodoras. fepulchre ofking ber of the fepulchre is intire. As for The chamreduc'd to two advanc'd the caftle, itis ofa half moon, parts, almoft in the form on which the combats of that prince are reprefented, and triumphs where find pillars, fome with bas Here we every engrav'd, feveral reliefs, and others ofa library. temples half ruin'd, and the wrecks D 4 That --- Page 50 --- Obfreatiott Thit on the weft upon Asta, than that on the eaft, of the Nile is not lefs curious temples of Venus and Without peaking of the Painted with Memnon: of the are fome things hicrogtyphics, which and of the pillars galleries ous in the world; we may'reckon the moft ; there Theban kings, and the namely, the of curiIwO Erft, of which thrée coloffal fepulchres flatues. the iwenty inferiptions, Strabo has Ipoken fo much, The The third is the ftatue fome greck, and others have cording to the tradition of king Metnon, latin. icr'd a found at the of the ancient which, acI: js faid that rifing of the fun. Egyptians, ut-. the kings of Thebes there were forty-leven Prolomeus Lagus, 3 but 'tis evident fepulchres that of Diodorus fays, that in there only remain'd under number of them the time of Julius feventeen. only ten, five intire, was ftill lefs ; at prefent Caelar, the is and five half there are P fufficient to give uIS the idea ruin'd; ; which oductionsfo fingular, and we ought to form of yefi to the which do not in the of Memphis, magnificence that of the tombs of the leaft The is, the Pyramids: kings andofa fepulchres of Thebes are hew'd in furprizing depth. the rocks, opening, which is both wider They enter into them coach door. A and higher than by an or twelve feet wide, long leads fubteraneous any which there is to paffage, ten Above a tomb of thechambersy in one of is a kind' of granate four fect which gives a genuine canopy, which covers high. other ornaments air of it, and The which grandeur to all the halls and chambers accompany it. to bottom. The varicty are all painted from moft as lively as at firft, of colours, which are top feét. There are as many produces an admirable ef alfgures has of animals, and Hieroglyphics, as there are made pcople things reprefented. - This conjedure, that thofe reprefentations kind' of granate four fect which gives a genuine canopy, which covers high. other ornaments air of it, and The which grandeur to all the halls and chambers accompany it. to bottom. The varicty are all painted from moft as lively as at firft, of colours, which are top feét. There are as many produces an admirable ef alfgures has of animals, and Hieroglyphics, as there are made pcople things reprefented. - This conjedure, that thofe reprefentations --- Page 51 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. ons contain the lives, the virtues, and the aétions of the kings interr'd there. But it is the fame with the Egyptian hicoroglyphics, as with the charaéters of fome ancient nations, which it is impoffible for us at prefent to decypher. In fome of thele chambers we fee different divinities reprefented-under human forms, fome having the héads of wolves, others of dogs, of apes, of rams, of crocodiles, and ofhawks. In other parts thefe divinities have the bodies of birds, with the heads of men. In other chambers are painted facrifices, priefts, flaves withtheir hands tied behind their backs, either ftanding or lying, together with all the inftruments us'd at the facrifices. In others arethe inftruments of aftronomy, ofthe arts, of agriculture, of navigation, of veffels which for ftem and ftern have the beaks of the crane and the ibis, and funs and moons for fails. CHAP. V. Defcription of tbe land of fire ; error oftbe ancient and modern maps wwitb refpect to tbe extent of tbat land; cbaratters, cupoms, afages, aliments and babits of the natives; error ef the maps witb refpea to tbe fituation Horn of cape s defcription of the torns of Lima and of tbat calld the Conception. land of fire, fo call'd from the multiof fires which thofe who THF it faw in the night, has not by far fo much firft difcover'd extént in longitude as the ancient and modern maps give it. By very exact calculations it has been found to be no cbaratters, cupoms, afages, aliments and babits of the natives; error ef the maps witb refpea to tbe fituation Horn of cape s defcription of the torns of Lima and of tbat calld the Conception. land of fire, fo call'd from the multiof fires which thofe who THF it faw in the night, has not by far fo much firft difcover'd extént in longitude as the ancient and modern maps give it. By very exact calculations it has been found to be no --- Page 52 --- Obferoation nol more then fixty upon AStA, ftraits of leagues, and extends habited by Magellan, to thofe of Lemaire. from the tives. of favages, ftill lefs known than It is inDon Garcias Magellan. the nade gates from the king Model, of having obtain'd two friftreights, moor'd there in Spain, to obferve thefe veral of chefci iflanders, a bay, where he found new good natural difpofitions. who to him feem'd to be fe- of faces Europeans,b but disfigure They are white like the very shemcivesby the fkins of whimfically. They are half painting cover'd their necklaces of white animals, and abour their neck with bout their and thining wear common food waifts, a girdle mufcie-fhells, of and agrows in the is a: certain bitter leather, herb Their like that of our country, and whofe flower is which arrows, in which tulip. they Their arms are bows almoft and pretty well cut. enchafe ftones, which knife with them. They Their alfo carry a kind of ftone are branches of trees interwoven cottages are made of the terminates in a point, sand in the roof, the free paflage of the they make an which of the bark of fmoke. Their canoes opening for and can only contain large trees, are very neatly form'd they are only twelve feven or cight made, bout two wide: or fifteen feet men, becaufe ofthe gondolas Their figure nearly long, and aThe coaft of Venice. refembles that fect of the of the land of fire is very high trees, but mountains, are full of high. The ver'd with fnow. their fummits, are almoft large and very fafc mooring, where In feveral places we find always a cocommodiouly obtain'd. wood and frefh water can pretty be land Cape offre. Horn forms the moft fouthern Hity-feven. The geographers part of the degrecs an an half: place bur chis cape in it is demonfrated of Venice. refembles that fect of the of the land of fire is very high trees, but mountains, are full of high. The ver'd with fnow. their fummits, are almoft large and very fafc mooring, where In feveral places we find always a cocommodiouly obtain'd. wood and frefh water can pretty be land Cape offre. Horn forms the moft fouthern Hity-feven. The geographers part of the degrecs an an half: place bur chis cape in it is demonfrated --- Page 53 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA, ftrated from the moft exaét obfervations, that its true fituation is in fifty-fix degrees and an half àt moft. After doubling capeHorn, we find the port of the Conception inthe kingdom,of Chili. The Conception is an epifcopal town, very poor and ill peopled, tho' the foil is fertile and rich. The houfes are low and. ill built, without either furniture or ornaments, The churches favour of the poverty of the country, and theftreets refemblethofe in the villagesof France, The harbour is beautiful, large, and fafe, tho' the north wind often blows hard in it, efpccially in autumn and winter. A more celebrated port, at leaft formerly, is that of Arica, the firft port of Peru, whichis in aboue twenty-nine degrees of fouth latitude. This harbour was formerly confiderable, becaufe in it were the immenfe riches drawn from the mines of Potoft, fhip'd to be carried to Lima by fea. But fince the European pyrates have infefted the fefeas, they carry them by land. The port of Pifco is only forty leagues from Arica. There was formerly near this port a celebrated town, fituated on the fça fhore, but it was almoft entirely ruin'd and Jaid defolate, by thefurious earthquake, which happen'd on the gth of Oétober in 1682 5 and which alfo did confiderable damage to Lima ; for the fea overflowing her ufual boundaries, fwallow'd up that unfortunate town, which they have fince endeavour'd to rebuild rather more than a quarter of a league from the fea. The portof Lima, generally call'd Callao,is two leagues diftant from the former, and is a only very good and fafe harbour, capable of containing a thoufand veffels. There are generally twenty or thirty us'd by the merchants, to carry on their trade to Chili, Panama, and other ports of New Spain. The fortrefs able damage to Lima ; for the fea overflowing her ufual boundaries, fwallow'd up that unfortunate town, which they have fince endeavour'd to rebuild rather more than a quarter of a league from the fea. The portof Lima, generally call'd Callao,is two leagues diftant from the former, and is a only very good and fafe harbour, capable of containing a thoufand veffels. There are generally twenty or thirty us'd by the merchants, to carry on their trade to Chili, Panama, and other ports of New Spain. The fortrefs --- Page 54 --- Oéfreations fortrefs commands upon Asra, the ftrong, but alfo furnifh'd harbour, and is not only artillery. with great ftore vèry * Lima, the of brafs dence of the capital of Peru, and the ufual plan of the city viceroy, is is larger than Orleans, refiated on. an even beauriful and regular. Itis The tains, It is walh'd ground at the foot of the fitumer fwells prodigiouly by a fmall river, which in mounthea adjacent by the torrents which fall fumIn the middle mouptains, of when the fnow is from cious iquare; bounded Lima, there is a large and melted. the viceroy, which has on one fide by the palace pa- of other by the cathedral church, nothing magnilicent, on the archibilhop. The two other fides and the palace of the houfes, the and the fhops of merchants. confift of private folation melancholy effeéts of the general We ftill fee thefe produc'd by the ruin and dehoufcs earthquakes are very cartiquake in 1682. As are not built high, and frequent in Peru, the nerally no more than one thofe of Lima.are wood or of carth, and ftory : They are built ge- of which ferves as a terras. cover'd with, a flat mean appearance, But if the houfes roof, parallel, and at the freets are large, have a ler ftreets, for the proper diftances, interfeéted pacious, by fmalof trade. greater facility and convenience The churches of Lima are cording, lent to the rules of art, and magnificent, built acItalian models, The altars upon themoft excelouly adorn'd; and tho' the are neat and rous, yct theyare all churches are fumptu- numevery well fupported. Gold "Tis to be and to be underflood obferv'd, of the ftate that what is here faid of happen'd to it in 1747, in which it was before, Lima, is what fmalof trade. greater facility and convenience The churches of Lima are cording, lent to the rules of art, and magnificent, built acItalian models, The altars upon themoft excelouly adorn'd; and tho' the are neat and rous, yct theyare all churches are fumptu- numevery well fupported. Gold "Tis to be and to be underflood obferv'd, of the ftate that what is here faid of happen'd to it in 1747, in which it was before, Lima, is what --- Page 55 --- AFFRICA and AMERICA. and filver. are not fpar'd on them, but the goodnefs of the work is not equal tô the richnels of the materials. CHAP. VI. The properties eftbefamous plant gin-/engs the manner of preparing it ; the places subere it grows 5 the order and metbod obfero'd by. tbofe rubo gatber it. Thefgure and defcription ef thisplant: moft skilful phylicians of China, have wrote THE whole volumes on the properties of this plant, they make it an ingredient in almoft all- the medicines they prefcribe for the grandecs ; for it is too coftly for the common pcople, They pretend that it is a fovereign remedy for languor and faintnefs, produced by exceflive labour, either of body or mind ; that it refolves phlegmatic humours, and cures the pleurify and weaknefs of the lungs, that it ftops vomitings, ftrengthens the mouth of the ftomach, and procures an appetite, that it diflipates vapours, and carries off a weak and quick refpiration by ftrengthening the breaft ; that it invigorares the vital ipirits, and produces lymph in the blood: ina word, that it is good for vertigos 'and fcintillation of the eyes; and that it prolongs life to extreme old age. : "Tis hardly to be imagined that the Tartars and Chinefe fhould have fo great a regard for this root, ifit did not conftantly produce good effects. Perfons in perfect health, often ufe it to make themfelves ftronger; 'tis probable that this root in the hands of fuch Europeans as underftand pharmacy might it invigorares the vital ipirits, and produces lymph in the blood: ina word, that it is good for vertigos 'and fcintillation of the eyes; and that it prolongs life to extreme old age. : "Tis hardly to be imagined that the Tartars and Chinefe fhould have fo great a regard for this root, ifit did not conftantly produce good effects. Perfons in perfect health, often ufe it to make themfelves ftronger; 'tis probable that this root in the hands of fuch Europeans as underftand pharmacy might --- Page 56 --- might Obfrsations upon prove an excellent Asta, enough of it to examine remedy * if manner, and its nature in they had ing to the prefcribe in a a chymical -beproper nature of the diforder, proper quantity, accordTis for which ic certain that it may rates, its motion, heats attenuates. it the blood, acceleftrengthens from in a fenfible and affifts an incredible manner. This digeftion, and we muft inform number of is evident feets of this the reader, that daily the inftances; and tancous. root are fenfible and marvellous efThe almoft inftanof gin-feng Chinelt,as inftead well as Tartars, often many prefer the former of tea, and like it ufethe fo leaves latter. The colour of to the beft well, that one has drank it is alfo fpecies of the have a it two or three beautifal, and when The very agreeable tafte and times, he finds it to afford root muft be boiled favour. This is a proper time for the a litele more than tea, to it to fick the cuftom of the Chinefe pirits to be extratted. fifth part of people, and then when they give in health, who an ounce of the they root hardly give the take it for ufe it for dried, Perfons to make fome llight prevention, and thofe who they ufe it an ounce ferve inelifpofition, for ten dofes, ought at leaft following every day. It is to be neither muft manner. prepared in the put They in a cut the root in fimnall is a gallon well-varnilhed of earthen llices, which they covereds water. The por, in which there when the they boil the whole pot muft be clofely a little water is reduced to over a a gentle fire, and they fugar into it, and drink cupful, they throw. pour as much water it in.tancly 3 then upon the lees, and boil with finall Some of it has been them eucoungement, brought to Paris, where it has met in a cut the root in fimnall is a gallon well-varnilhed of earthen llices, which they covereds water. The por, in which there when the they boil the whole pot muft be clofely a little water is reduced to over a a gentle fire, and they fugar into it, and drink cupful, they throw. pour as much water it in.tancly 3 then upon the lees, and boil with finall Some of it has been them eucoungement, brought to Paris, where it has met --- Page 57 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA: them in the fame 47: and the remainder manner, of the to extract all the juice, S 1 root. One of thefe dofes fpirituous is parts from the. morning, and the other to be taken in the As for the places where at this night. between the root grows, they lie thirty-ninth and of north Jaticude, and between foay-ieventh.degres the tieth degrce of eaftern tenth and twenthe meridian of Peking. longitude, Here counting from of mountains, which the thick we find a long ridge: they are covered and furrounded, forefts, with which penetrable. *Tis upon the render almoft imtains, in thefe thick declivity of thefe mounvers, round the rocks forefts, upon the edges of riat the roots of among all kinds of herbs, that the trees, and Tis not to be had. in the gin-feng is found. marfhes, and the bottom of plains, hollows, the valleys, the floods, nor in too open places. If the made by the on fire and burnt, this foreft is fec three or four plant does' not appear till years after, which fhews not agree with heat ; befides, it thrives beft that it does places, free from the in a fun. All this makés fhady bable, that if it is to be found in it prothe world, it muft be in Canada, any other part of and mountains have a where theforefts of China. great refemblance to thofe The places where the tant from the province of gin-feng grows are far dif tong in the ancient Chinefe Quantong, called Leaobarrier of wooden ftakes which maps, on account of a province, and near to wbich furround that whole trole, to hinder the Chinefe froin guards continually and fearching for this root. coming out of V all this vigilance, the love of But: notwithlhanding nefe with the fecret of gain-infpires the Chifometimes to the nuinber of ftealing into - - the delarts, at the rifque of lofing their two or three thoufand, liberty, and.the fiuit of cheir aobarrier of wooden ftakes which maps, on account of a province, and near to wbich furround that whole trole, to hinder the Chinefe froin guards continually and fearching for this root. coming out of V all this vigilance, the love of But: notwithlhanding nefe with the fecret of gain-infpires the Chifometimes to the nuinber of ftealing into - - the delarts, at the rifque of lofing their two or three thoufand, liberty, and.the fiuit of cheir --- Page 58 --- their Ogprsation apor labour, if they. are taken Asta, returning thar the to the province. The cither going from or commodiry Tarrars thould have the emperor deliring given orders rather than - the advantage of this ther to ten Chinefe, had in as much thoulandTamtars vided each of gin-feng them as they. poflibly togo and gaof the beft, and that gave his majefty could, two proat a cheap rate. the reft fhould be fold ounces to twenty thoufand By this means the him him little more than.the Chinefe pounds of it, emperorhad: which worth. fourth part. of what it coft This army of botanifts I was: der. After oblèrve the to their flandards, having divided the ground following ortwo hundred, extends every troop, to the number according mark'd place, itlelf in the fame line of every ten men. keeping a certain diftance to la' for this plant, They afterwards carefully berween and in this manner, advancing infenfibly in the fame fearch line days, run over the. they, for a certain number - s foon as the term is fpace mark'd out for themue of their tentsin expired, the mandarins As fend their orders proper places for foraging the lodg'din their horfes, numberi is complere. woeveytroopy andexamine whether frequently hiappens, Ifany arelr or being devoured cither on accountof mifing, which them a day or by wild beafts; they therfraying before. two, and then begin their fearch for Thefe Tartars labour as tion, fince they have fuffer a great deal in this 03? being fulficiencly loaded neither tents nor beds, expedimillet toafted in the with his own every one the. whole of the oven, on which they provifions of to Alcep under fome journey. Thus they are liveduring the trée, obliged find, branches, or with the covering bark of themfclvés with The mandarins now and then trecs fend which they them fome picces fe Tartars labour as tion, fince they have fuffer a great deal in this 03? being fulficiencly loaded neither tents nor beds, expedimillet toafted in the with his own every one the. whole of the oven, on which they provifions of to Alcep under fome journey. Thus they are liveduring the trée, obliged find, branches, or with the covering bark of themfclvés with The mandarins now and then trecs fend which they them fome picces --- Page 59 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. pieces ofb beefor fome fowls, which they devour after having expos'd them a lirtle to the fire, In this mannerthele ten thoufand men pafs fix months ofthe year; nocwithftanding which fatiguc, they are robug, and appcar to be good foldiers. When the root of the gin-feng is wafh'd, it is white and fomewhat rough, as the roots of other plants generally are. The ftalk is even, pretty round, andof a decp reddifh colour, except at the bottom, where' it is white on account of its proximity to the earth ; it has on: it a kind of knot form'd by four branches, which rife out of it as from a center, and which afteiw.rds fpread themfelves from each" other without receding from the cqually fame plane ; the under-parts of thefe branches are of a pale green colour; the fuperior part refembles the ftalk, fince it is of a deep red colour ; the two COlours afterwards unite together on the fides with their natural degradation ; each branch has five leaves, andit isto be obferved,t that thefe branches feparate equally from each other, to fill with their leaves a round fpace nearly parallel to the ground the fibres of the leaves are very and thefe lcaves, towards the tops, have diftinguithable, fome fmali hairs, Jittle whitifh ; the pellicule between the fibres rifes a little tcwards the middlc above the plane of the fibres themfelves : the colour of the leaf: at the top is an obfcure green, and at the bottom a whitifhgreen fomewhat thining ; alitheleaves arevery fincly denticulated. From the center of thefe branches rifes another ftalk, very ftrait, fmooth, and of a whitifh colour from top, to bottom ; on the extremi. ty of this ftalk there is a clufter of fruit, that is round, and of a beautiful red colour 3 each clufter: contains twenty-four berrics; the red fkin which CO-4 vers this fruit is very flender and imcoth, and inclofes a white and foft pulp. As thefe fruits are double, though fome of them are fingle, VoL, II, E tlcy ftalk, very ftrait, fmooth, and of a whitifh colour from top, to bottom ; on the extremi. ty of this ftalk there is a clufter of fruit, that is round, and of a beautiful red colour 3 each clufter: contains twenty-four berrics; the red fkin which CO-4 vers this fruit is very flender and imcoth, and inclofes a white and foft pulp. As thefe fruits are double, though fome of them are fingle, VoL, II, E tlcy --- Page 60 --- Obfaroations upoiz AsIA, E7a have each two rough kernels, of figure of an ordinary lentil, the bulk' othertho' placed on thelame feparated from each not a fharp edge like our lenril, plane. This kernel has wherc equally thick. Each but is almoft every fmooth fmall ftalk ofthe fame berry is fupported by a fmallred cherries. All thele colour with that cofour center, and feparate in all flalksarife from the fame a fphere, and form this red direétions like the radii of This fruit is not clufter. fembles ordinary good to eat. The kernel refeed; it is always kernels, fituated is hard, and includes the ghe ftalk which bears the in the fame plane with that this fruit is' not round, fruit. Hence it comcs fides. If itis double there but a little flat on both in the is a kind of middle, at the union of the two depreffion compofe it. It has alfo a fmall beard parts which oppolite to the ftalk on which is diametrically the fruit js dry, there remains fufpended. When fhriveli'd up and nothing but the fkin cafe it affiimes a dark-red adhering to the kernel, in which This, plant and almoft black colour. We know how decays, and is reftor'd every year. of ftalks it has many years old it is by the number which always remain. aiready fent forth, fome marks of that it is white and As for the flower, fome fay thatithas nonc,and thatno very finall, while others affirm probable that it' is fo fmnall body and everfàwit, Itis more it has not been inconfiderable, that firm this is, that regarded the ; and what feems to congin-feng wanting perfons who fearch for the fejcét the other nothing but its root, delpife and Some of thele parts as ufelefs. ries before mentioned, plants, befides the clufter of ber: tirely fimilar to the have one or two berries inan half below the clufter. others, an inch or an inch and carcfully obferve which In this cafe the gatherers way thefe berries point, becaufe iderable, that firm this is, that regarded the ; and what feems to congin-feng wanting perfons who fearch for the fejcét the other nothing but its root, delpife and Some of thele parts as ufelefs. ries before mentioned, plants, befides the clufter of ber: tirely fimilar to the have one or two berries inan half below the clufter. others, an inch or an inch and carcfully obferve which In this cafe the gatherers way thefe berries point, becaufe --- Page 61 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. 'caufe they generally find fome more of this plant fome paces off, either on the fame line or in the neighbourhood. The colour of the fruit, when thére is any, diftinguifhes this plant from all others, and makes it eafily obfervable: ; but it often happens that there is no fruit even when the root is very old. As they fometimes fow the feed without ever feeing fit fpring up, it is probable that this has given rife to a .fable which is current among the Tartars. They fay, that a certain bird eats it as foon as it is put in the earth ; that not being able to digeft it, the bird purifies itin her ftomach, and that it afterwards fprings up in the place where the bird leaves it with her excrements. Iti is more probable that this kernel remains very long in the earth before it fends forth any root. This fentiment feems to be founded on this, that fome of thefe roots are found which are neither longer nor bigger than a man's little finger, though they have fent out fucceflively more than ten ftalks in as many different years. Though fome of thefe plants have four branches, yet fome have only two, others three, others five, and others feven, and thefe laft are the moft beautiful; however, every branch has always five leaves, unlefs that number is diminifhed by fome accident. The height of thefe is proportion'd to their bulk, and the number of their branches; the plants which have no fruit, are generally fmall and very! low. The roots which are largeft, moft uniform, and freeft from fmall twigs, are always the beft. Tis not eafy to guels why the Chinefe call this piant gin-feng, which fignifies the reprefentation ofa mas. None of them are feen which in the leaft refemble a man, and the perfons whofe bufinefs it is to fearch for them, affure us, that they never found any of them which more refembled man, than they found E 2 among The roots which are largeft, moft uniform, and freeft from fmall twigs, are always the beft. Tis not eafy to guels why the Chinefe call this piant gin-feng, which fignifies the reprefentation ofa mas. None of them are feen which in the leaft refemble a man, and the perfons whofe bufinefs it is to fearch for them, affure us, that they never found any of them which more refembled man, than they found E 2 among --- Page 62 --- Oéferuation among other upon AstA, very whimfical roots, which have fometimes by reafon cali it figures. The Tartars with chance It is not. true orhota, that is, the firft of better father that this plant plants. nefe Martini fays upon the grows at China, as books, which affirm that authority of fome Chiunderthe mountains of it grows at' Peking, eafily fallinto this miftake, Yong-pinfou, becaufe Writers may plant arrivesn when 'tis there that this The perfons who kiabrongitfiom fearch Tartary to China. ferve the roots, and in the for this plant only preground all they can fame place bury in the They carefully wath and gather in ten or fifteen thing extrancous from clean the root, days. they fteep it a it by means of a taking brufh every dry it in the momept in water almoft ; then which finoke of a kind of boiling, and The miller communicares a little of its yellow colour millet, toafted included in a veflel witha to it. fticks over a gentle fire,and the little water is linen over the veffel, are roots laid upon crofs cloth, or under gradually dried, under a them; ; they may be alfo another veflel which covers fire, but tho' by this means dried in the fun Or at the tue, yet they have not the they preferve their vir-. love. They muft be colour which the Chinefe wife they will be in kept in a very dry place, otherdeftroy'd by worms. danger of being putrified og CHAR --- Page 63 --- (AFRICA, and AMERICA, CHAP. VII: The Havers of tbe inbabitants of the kingdors Cariate ; tbe Juperflitions of tbe bra-. mins; tbeir opinions concerning the diferent of tbe sworld; as alfo concerning tbe and motion of tbe hars: kingdom of Carnate is very populous; contains a great number THF of cities and towns, It would be much more fertile if the Moors (Mahometan fubjeéts of the mogul) who have fubdued it, did not harrafs the pcople bytheir continual exactions: The oppreffion under which the Indians of Carnate live, and. the tyranny of their arbitrary mafters, render them extremely miferable; and they hardly reap any fruit from their labours. The of cach ftate has abfolute power; and the king; of the lands. His officers oblige the inhabitants property of cach town to cultivatea certain extent ofland which they mark out to them. When the time of is come, the fame officers order the grain tobe reaping cut downand laid'in a heap, then purting the king's feal upon it, they retire; when they think come and carry off the whole, except a proper fourth they and fometimes lefs, which theyleave to the poor part, labourers, after which they fell it to the people at what price they pleafe, and no one dares to complain. The great mogul generally holds his court near Agra, about five hundred leagues from thel of Carnatc, and this diftance of the kingdom contributes in a great meafure to thé mogul's harth manner court. in which the Indians are treated: The great mogul fendsan officér into this country, who bears the ticle of governor and genera! of the army. He appoints E 3 the the poor part, labourers, after which they fell it to the people at what price they pleafe, and no one dares to complain. The great mogul generally holds his court near Agra, about five hundred leagues from thel of Carnatc, and this diftance of the kingdom contributes in a great meafure to thé mogul's harth manner court. in which the Indians are treated: The great mogul fendsan officér into this country, who bears the ticle of governor and genera! of the army. He appoints E 3 the --- Page 64 --- Obporoations the upon AsIA, fiderable deputy-govemen or licutenants of all the As their places,to colleét the taxes conare government docs not laft impofed on them. generally recalled in long, and as are very induftrious threc or four they perhaps ttill to enrich years, they more greedy themfelves. Others man creatures can hardly be fuccced them, fo that huIndians of that more miferable than the the Indian Or the country, Moorifh There are none rich but particular kings of each ftate. officers, who ferve the pens that they are called to But it often by the an hapfevere lafhes - of accourt, and to deliver up what the chabom (a large forced tortion, fo that after they have amaffed by their whip) much their exbeggars as before. magiftracy they are as The governors dilpenfe juftice mality, The man who offers withour much forly gains his caufe, and moft moncy generalten efcape the chaftifements by this means, criminals of tho' ever fo black. It due to their crimes, that when the two parties even frequently fition to each other, the offer high fums in happens, fides, without Moors take oppothey want. giving cither of them money the on both fatisfaétion der However the great the flavery of the empire of the Indians is, unallowed the liberty of Mogul, they are neverthelefs cuftoms of their tribes or behaving according to the It muft be faid, to the claffes. Carnate, that praife of the born with they are very fober, Indians of a natural averfion and as it were quors. They are very modeft to all intoxicating limen, at leaft in external with relpect to Wonever obferved. to do behaviour, and they are to modefty and decency. any thing in public, contrary regard to their They have an incredible frate before him, gourou and or doétor: They fall ther, There is hardly look upon him as their pro- faany.r nation more charitable to born with they are very fober, Indians of a natural averfion and as it were quors. They are very modeft to all intoxicating limen, at leaft in external with relpect to Wonever obferved. to do behaviour, and they are to modefty and decency. any thing in public, contrary regard to their They have an incredible frate before him, gourou and or doétor: They fall ther, There is hardly look upon him as their pro- faany.r nation more charitable to --- Page 65 --- AFRICA and AMERICA, to the poor. "Tis an inviolable law among relations to affift each other, and to fhare the little which they have with thofe in want. Thefe people are very zealous for their pagods; fo that a tradefimnan who only earns ten fanons a month (a piece of money worth about five-pence) will fometimes give two of them to the idol. As for their religion, 'tis not to be doubted but they have had fome knowledge of the true one, which may be eafily difcovered from the beginning of the book called pantangan; from which the following is a literal tranflation. 66 I adore that fpirit ci who is neither fubjcét to change nor inquietude; ct that being whofe nattire is indivifible, that being Lc whofe fimplicity admits no compofition nof qualities, c that being who is the origin and caule ofall beingss €6 and who furpaffes them alli lin excellence; that being c who is the fupport of the univerfe; and the fource 66 of its threefold power." 3, But thofe fo beautiful. expreflions are afterwards mixed withi the greateft fooleries, The poets of the country have by their fictions effac'd the charaéters of the deity from the minds ofthe people. Moft of the Indian books are works of poetry, of which they are paffionately fond ; and 'tis no doubt from this, that their idolatry derives its origin. The names of their falfe gods Chiven, Ramen, and Vichnou, are certainly the namcsoffome ancient kings, whom the fattery ofthe Indjans, and efpecially of the bramins, has deified, either. by an apothcolis, or by poems compos'd in their honour: The ancient books which contain a purer doétrine; being wrote in a old language, have been gradually neglected, seg the ufe of thatlanguage is now intirely abolifh'd. "Tis certain, with refpeét to the: book of religion call't vedam; that the literati of the country no longer underftand it: They are content with reading it, and getting-lome paffages of it by E 4 heart, , has deified, either. by an apothcolis, or by poems compos'd in their honour: The ancient books which contain a purer doétrine; being wrote in a old language, have been gradually neglected, seg the ufe of thatlanguage is now intirely abolifh'd. "Tis certain, with refpeét to the: book of religion call't vedam; that the literati of the country no longer underftand it: They are content with reading it, and getting-lome paffages of it by E 4 heart, --- Page 66 --- hcart, which Obpreatias uponi Asta, ner, In order to they impofe pronounce in a Befides Vichnou and more eafily mylterious on the manupon as the two Chiven, who arè vulgar. Indians into different principal divinitics, and divide look'd almoftinfinte number feéts, they alfo the Brama is the chief, offibordinate admit ofan the fuperior gods According to deities, their ofwhom him particular have created him in theology, the prérogatives, and honour'd time, given The aper-itendene Indians of all the inferior him with ters from which only obferve the deitiés. place in the horizon. the winds blow, cight which principal quarthele there is a They pretend that like in us they watch over the demi-god, plac'd by cach of one is. the god of general good of the Brama to winds, in a third rain, the in another the univerfe, god of In reft, whom they call the god ef fire, and fo of the diren, who is as it cight guardians. the Brama, commands were the firft minifter Divendicties: The fun, immediately over thefe of They have three millions moon, and planets, are alfo inferior concerning whom of thele fabordinate gods, ftories. they relate a thoufand deities, They believe that ridiculous that the felicity of it confifts there is a paradife, but They alfo belicve that in the plealbires of think imagine that it can latt there is a hell, but fenfe. As for their for ever. don't which they look morality, they admit of micide, or the murder upon as the moft five fins teryo committed of a enormous. Brawhen the thing with the wife pondictoaut ofthcir shekering taken is of confiderable gourou, robbery guiky of any company of thefe with the perfons who valuc; and capital Sins, crimes, They have havebeen or hatred, luxury, wrath, pride, alfo five Tho" they do not. condemn avarice, and envy polygamy yet look morality, they admit of micide, or the murder upon as the moft five fins teryo committed of a enormous. Brawhen the thing with the wife pondictoaut ofthcir shekering taken is of confiderable gourou, robbery guiky of any company of thefe with the perfons who valuc; and capital Sins, crimes, They have havebeen or hatred, luxury, wrath, pride, alfo five Tho" they do not. condemn avarice, and envy polygamy yet --- Page 67 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. yet it is lefs frequent among them, than among the Moors. They have an incredible horror at a cultom as monftrous as whimfical, which reigns in Malidamen. - The' women in that country may marry as many hufbands as they pleafe, and. they oblige each hufband to furnifh them with fome of the things they want 5 one, for inftance, fupplics them, with cloaths, another with rice, and fo of the refl. But we find a cuftom equally ftrange among the Indians of Carnate. The priefts of thé idols every. year feek wives for their gods; when they. fec a: woman to their tafte, whether married or unmarried, they carry her off, or order her to come in to. the pagod, where they perform the ceremony of the marriage, and then debauch the woman, notwithftanding which, fhe is refpected by the vulgar as'the fpoufe of a god. "Tis alfo a cuftom in feveral tribes, clpecially in thofe moft diftinguifh'd, to marry their children in the moft tender age. The young hufband tiesabout the neck of the lady deftin'd for him, a fmall jewel which they call tali, and which diftinguifhes married from unmarried women. If the hufband dies before the confummation of the marriage, theytake off the tali, and fhe is never permitted to marry. As nothing is more delpicable in the opinion of the Indians, than this ftate of widowhood, they were formerly in fome meafure prevail'd upon by this to burn themfelves alive with the bodics of their huf bands. This was the cuftom before the Moors render'd themfelves mafters of the country, and, before the Europeans fettled on thefe coafts; but: . at prefent there are few examples of fo barbarous a praétice. This law does not extend to the men, for a fecond marriage neither difhonours them, nor theit tribe, One , than this ftate of widowhood, they were formerly in fome meafure prevail'd upon by this to burn themfelves alive with the bodics of their huf bands. This was the cuftom before the Moors render'd themfelves mafters of the country, and, before the Europeans fettled on thefe coafts; but: . at prefent there are few examples of fo barbarous a praétice. This law does not extend to the men, for a fecond marriage neither difhonours them, nor theit tribe, One --- Page 68 --- Obferaations One of the apon Asta, that in order to maxims be of the Indian morality mins, and that there happy, they muft enrich the is, thod of 1S no more braalms to them. cffacing a perfon's fins, than effeétual meThe bramins by giving which makes the have introduc'd judicial and the good or bad fortunes or misforcuncs aftrology, of on the conjunétion fuccefs of their affairs, men, birds, and the motion of the planets, the depend they have render'd of the ftars. By this flight of and unlucky themfelves the means are well paid for days, are confulted arbitratorso as oflucky They reckon their refponfes, oracles, and world, the firft, four which ages fince the beginning of the age, lafted they reprefent as the twenty cight according thoufand to them feventcen hundred golden god Brama was crecated, years. It was then that and the bramins, who are and gave rife to the tribe of were of a gigantic fize, defcended their of him. The men cent, the they were cxempt from morals were very innoage of four hundred difeafes, and liv'd to In the fecond years. four-fcore and fixteen age, which lafted twelve hundred kchatrys appear'd, but thoufand tho' years, the rajas or they are yet inferior they are a noble at this time to. pread to the bramins. Sin tribe, liy'd no longer than itelfin the world, and bogan was their ftature fo three hundred ycars, men The third large as in the formera neither thoufand age lafted cight millions and age. tue years. In this, vice fixty-four began to increafed than two hundred difappear, and people liv'd greatly, no virIn the fourth years. longer life of man is age, or that wherein we live, the vice has taken the diminifh'd by three fourths, and banifh'd out of the place world. of virtue, which is almoft They pretend that four million cars, men The third large as in the formera neither thoufand age lafted cight millions and age. tue years. In this, vice fixty-four began to increafed than two hundred difappear, and people liv'd greatly, no virIn the fourth years. longer life of man is age, or that wherein we live, the vice has taken the diminifh'd by three fourths, and banifh'd out of the place world. of virtue, which is almoft They pretend that four million --- Page 69 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. million twenty-feven thoufand two hundred and feventy-five years of this age are elaps'd, and what is (till more cxtravagant, their books determine the duration of this age, and fpecify the time when the world is to end. They arc very well vers'din. the practical branches of arithmetic, which they learn from their infancy, and without the affiftance of the pen, fince by the fingle force of genius, they work all ac-. counts on theirfingers, but have fome mechanical method, which ferves them as a rule for their manner of calculating. As for aftronomy, the bramins have the tables of the ancient aftronomers, for calculating eclipfes, and know how to make ufe of them. Their predictions are juft, except in a few minutes which they feem to beignorant of, becaufe they are not mention'd in their books, which treat of the cclipfes of the fun and moon. When they fpeak of thefe things, they make no mention of minutes, but only a half of a gari, a fourth or an cight ofa gari. Now. a gari is one of their hours, which is much fhorter than ours, fince it is no more than twenty-two minutes, and about forty-three feconds. Tho' they know the ufe of thefe tables, and prediét eclipfes, yet we have no reafon to believe that they are very fkilful in this fcience. The whole confifts merely in mechanical, and fome few arithmetical operations : They are intirely ignorant ofthe theory, and know nothing of the relations and conneétions of thefe things with each other. Thereis always fome bramin, who applies himfelf to know the ufe of thefe tables, and teaches it afterwards to his children 3 fo that by a kind of tradition thefe tables have paîs'd from father to fon, and their ufe has been preferv'd. They look upon the day of an eclipfe, as a day of perfeét indulgences for ome few arithmetical operations : They are intirely ignorant ofthe theory, and know nothing of the relations and conneétions of thefe things with each other. Thereis always fome bramin, who applies himfelf to know the ufe of thefe tables, and teaches it afterwards to his children 3 fo that by a kind of tradition thefe tables have paîs'd from father to fon, and their ufe has been preferv'd. They look upon the day of an eclipfe, as a day of perfeét indulgences for --- Page 70 --- for they believe Oépristions upon Asta; fea On that day, that by wathing As they have they but are purified themfelves from all in thé and planets, they maintain a falle fyftem of the theirfine vagances concerning the the moft terrible heavens is planets. above They affirm, for motion of the fun extrathe fun, and that inftance, the that the and lightened hide our Remifpher, fun after moon nine himfelf behind a gocs in the night having time enplaners, taking the mountain. They to defcenfion to be real two nodes admit of be they call ragou and kedou, planers, which ofalcenfion for char and it any perftraded that the càrth is Befides, they cannot reafon They whimfical however figure they have round, a but afcribe to the zodiac, and in ackhnowiadge the mind. the fame names their own twelve figns of which they divide that we do. language Buc give them compofe it, deferves the zodiac, and the the manner in' They divide that on this occafion to be figns which refponds to the zodiac, part of the heavens which related. lations, cach of which into cord ber of ftars, Qvhich is compofed tweny-Even ofa conftelanimal, or fome like us, they name certain num: thefe conftellations inanimate object. after fome of fome other ftars of the wrecks of They our compole their confkelations adjacent to them. The figns, and Ram, and includes begins at the fign firft of with fome in the one or two of its ftars, Arics or the caufe nini, which in thieir neighbonthood" They call it together Achoanimal. they imagine thatit langunge refembles fignifies a horfe, bethe Ball, and The is fecond is that near the the figure of thac that it is of the called Barany, becaufe fign Taurus or others, figure of an clephants and they pretend Evcry fign fo of the" and the fourth includes two of thefe juft twenty-feven parc of another, contellaions in the whole extent which make of the zodiac, or ini, which in thieir neighbonthood" They call it together Achoanimal. they imagine thatit langunge refembles fignifies a horfe, bethe Ball, and The is fecond is that near the the figure of thac that it is of the called Barany, becaufe fign Taurus or others, figure of an clephants and they pretend Evcry fign fo of the" and the fourth includes two of thefe juft twenty-feven parc of another, contellaions in the whole extent which make of the zodiac, or --- Page 71 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA, or of the twelve figns. They fubdivide each of thefe conftellations into four equal parts, cach of which js denominated by a word of only one fyllable, fo that the whole conftellation is called by a whimfical name of four fyllables, which fignifics nothing, and only expreffes the four cqual parts. They alfo divide each fign into nine fourths ofa conftellations which are fo many of their degrces, and are equivalent to three of ours, and twenty minutes more. In a word, according to chefe principles, they divide the zodiac into a hundred. and eight of their degrees; fo that when they want to determine the place of the fun, they firft name the" fign, then the conftellation, and laftiy the degree or part of the conftellation to which the fun correfponds. If it is the firft part they ufe the firft Glable, if the fecond they ufc the fecond lyllable, and foof the reft. C.HAP. VIII, Oftbe temple Tfis. Defcription oftbe grottos of tbe YUR Tbebaide: of the celebrated city of Antinoe ; of the pillar of Alexander Severus; oftbe lake of Maris or Charenisfe facrifice ofered to tbe fin ; of Spbins, of.tbe cataradts srof tbe labyrintb, of the famous well of Solepb; of tbe palace of Aebemonnain. The temple of Ifis. TN the city of, Bhabeit, which in the Arabic 3 fignifies the houfe ofbeauty,we fee the remains of one of the moft beautiful, large, and ancient temples .of Egypt, all the ftones of which are of an enormous length and thicknefs, The whole of them ifice ofered to tbe fin ; of Spbins, of.tbe cataradts srof tbe labyrintb, of the famous well of Solepb; of tbe palace of Aebemonnain. The temple of Ifis. TN the city of, Bhabeit, which in the Arabic 3 fignifies the houfe ofbeauty,we fee the remains of one of the moft beautiful, large, and ancient temples .of Egypt, all the ftones of which are of an enormous length and thicknefs, The whole of them --- Page 72 --- Obfereations apon themare granate, and adorned Asra, fculptures which in for the moft part with women, and various demi-relievos kinds reprefent men, veral of thefe ftones have of hieroglyphics. Scman ftanding, on them the his head, having a long and figure of a ing them holding a goblet in each pointed bonnet on to three or four hand, and prefentRanding behind each other. women, who are alfojavelin and in one hand, and a fhort The women have a on their heads a bowl baton in the other, flender horns. Other between two long and rious bieroglyphical ftones are adorned with reftrial animals, images of birds, and vahigh and A pillar of beautiful fifhes, terfour faces, maffy; feems with four notches at its granate very arches and vaults to have been built to top in the of the of this vaft edifice. fupport the er than pillar prefents the head of a woman Every face jury cither nature, and thefe heads have cut largHerodotus, from time, the fun, or the fuffered no inbuilt in the and all the ancients, mention Arabians. confecrated middle of Deita, in the a temple much to the goddels Ifis, wife city of Bufiris, than relpeéted by the to Ofiris, fo probable that this Egyptians. It feems more the temple of the goddefs temple at Bhabeit was which Herodotus Ifis, and that the of middle of Delta fpeaks, is Bhabeit, fituated city in This opinion is fo near Sebennythus or the in all the reft of the much the more credible, Sammanoud. becaufe marks, great or fmall, ifand, found there were never any monument, which could ofa ftone or marble nities than the goddefs Ifis. belong to any other diviThe ruins of the abour a thoufand paces in témple of this goddefs are abour a league from circumference, the They are three from Nile, about two or hale towards Sammanoud, the north, and from the grear Mcabout twenty-five or thirty leagues € the more credible, Sammanoud. becaufe marks, great or fmall, ifand, found there were never any monument, which could ofa ftone or marble nities than the goddefs Ifis. belong to any other diviThe ruins of the abour a thoufand paces in témple of this goddefs are abour a league from circumference, the They are three from Nile, about two or hale towards Sammanoud, the north, and from the grear Mcabout twenty-five or thirty leagues € --- Page 73 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA, from Cairo. In thefe ruins we fnd neither leagues bricks nor mortar, nor cèment nor plaifter, nor common ftone, but only large mafles of granate marble. Tbe grottos of the lozer Thebaide, The grottos of the lower Thebaide begin at Soudai. The profpect formed by the arrangement and whimfical apertures of thefe grottos, the immenfe breadth of the Nile, which without interruption joins the two chains of mountains which bound Egypt on the caft and weft, the multitude of veffels with fails or oars, with which this river is COvered, the prodigious multitudes of cities and hamlets which form,different towns, the forefts ofEgyptian thorn, fycamores, and palm-trecs, which fpread their verdure on the water, prefent a charming profpeêt ; fo that it is not furprifing that the Romans had the curiofity to travel into Egypt, to enjoy the pleafure of fecing all thefe pictures, with which nature, more fkilful than the fineft painter in the world, has adorned thefe parts.. on the fame - Thefe grottos extend to Manfelouth fide,thatis,on theeaft of the Nile, where we feer nothing buta fandy field, except in fome places where there are habitations. It is only half a league from the foot of the mountain to the Nile ; but the lands on the weft of this river are very fruitful, and extend five or fix leagues towards the mountains which furround them. take about The grottos of which we fpeak, up fifteen or twenty leagues. They are dug in the mountain, on the caft ofthe Nile, and facing thatriver which walhes the foot of the mountain. e On the firft fight of thefe grottos, we readily perceive, thac they have at Grft been 3 ftony part of thie mountain; of the mountain to the Nile ; but the lands on the weft of this river are very fruitful, and extend five or fix leagues towards the mountains which furround them. take about The grottos of which we fpeak, up fifteen or twenty leagues. They are dug in the mountain, on the caft ofthe Nile, and facing thatriver which walhes the foot of the mountain. e On the firft fight of thefe grottos, we readily perceive, thac they have at Grft been 3 ftony part of thie mountain; --- Page 74 --- Obpreunier tain; thiat upon AStA, ic for people havé afterwards and orher buiding, the adjacent taken ftones fromi thefe quarries, grand echifices. The towns, pyramide, apartments, which have left large ftones dark taken from out any order' of forma kind of and decp decp and unequal Gymmeury, tho' the labyrinth, vaults withdiftances by cavities are of thefe fot that purpof: pillars, which the fapported workmen at proper Nothing more have lefc grottos, which have refembles In a word, Herodotus no doubt quarries, been fuch than thefe phas informs years employed a hundred us, that originally. to, open thoufand king Cleoofit the Nilc, and quarries in the men for ten the other fide of to tranfport the mountain on the eaft quent years, the fame the river ; that ftones' for the of them to employed in hundred thoufand ten fublewhich were white building a Pyramid of men were out of the and tender when thefe ftones, theair, and quarry, but gradually they came firft at In the middle aflimeda of brownilh colour. became hard by adorned cers with hieroglyphaar thefe quarries is a fmall This itvery agrecable to the paintings, which temple renfive fathoms temple is of a iquare cye. ftill lefs in lorig, fomewhat figure, lefs about four or and the height. The roof, the in breadth, and ftriking colours, outfide, are painted with the walls, the infide now preferved and the moft fwect and fearures, and all intire the figures, continoriseesh with almoft have till On the right fide vivacity of all their ftanding with a cane in of the door, colouring. we fee crocodile, and each hand, a man with a cane in her having hand. a young woman fapported by a On: the left fide of near him ftanding and fupported the door, we alfo fee by a crocodile, a man holding a fivord now preferved and the moft fwect and fearures, and all intire the figures, continoriseesh with almoft have till On the right fide vivacity of all their ftanding with a cane in of the door, colouring. we fee crocodile, and each hand, a man with a cane in her having hand. a young woman fapported by a On: the left fide of near him ftanding and fupported the door, we alfo fee by a crocodile, a man holding a fivord --- Page 75 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA, fword in his. right, and a lighted torch in his hand. In the infide of the temple, flowers of left all colours, inftruments of different arts, and other groteique and emblematical figures are painted. On the other fide is a fowling, in which all the birds of the Nile are taken at one hale of the net, and a fihing, in which all the filh of that river are caught in one riet. At the bottom of the temple they have made a pretty decp nich in the wall fix or feven feet four in breadth, and adorned like the reft, high, The hieroglyphical paintings of this temple are a new proof of the antiquity of thefe quarrics ; for the Greeks and Perfians who invaded Egypt and were enemies to all thefe figures, could not have been the authors of them. In thefe quarries we obferve other places deftined for prayer among the ancient Egyptians, and others, for the burial of the dead, Thele are Cavities in the thicknefs of the rock fix feet long and two feet broad, which is precifely the meafure of a coffin. To find thefe coffins we muft fometimes defcend into a pir, which is not very decp, and which has holes on each fide for the conveniency of thofe who defcend into it. The bottom of this pit terminates in a kind of fquare alley made in the rock, and confequently is very dark. We eafily obferve a fcét conformity between the pits of thele perand thofe found in the and quarries, where the mummies Pyramids burying places, - are kept, Twas from thefe quarries opened by the firft Pharaohs to build habitations for the living, and fepulchres for the that the fucceffors of Alexander, and after them dead, the Romans, took the prodigious quantity of ftones neccffary for the eftablifhment of their colonies. Thefe dark caverns, which afterwards ferved as a retreat to an infinite number of devotees, are dividVor. Ii, F ed A the mummies Pyramids burying places, - are kept, Twas from thefe quarries opened by the firft Pharaohs to build habitations for the living, and fepulchres for the that the fucceffors of Alexander, and after them dead, the Romans, took the prodigious quantity of ftones neccffary for the eftablifhment of their colonies. Thefe dark caverns, which afterwards ferved as a retreat to an infinite number of devotees, are dividVor. Ii, F ed A --- Page 76 --- ed into Olforvations npon Asta the body different of the cells, which are very fmall, windows rock, and have their dug te find only a foot iquare. We here doors and croffes, images, and there the picty and devotion oratories, of thefe and other marks of hermits, Of tbe Famous city of Antinot, Towards the north, between mountain which contains the the Nile and the of fand fee the ruins of grottos, we on a other: The two cities plain the one feems to have adjacent to each other, is about two-miles been the fuburbs of only contains the remains of in circumference, and The other, which is twice very common ruins, us with public edifices of as large, at firft they were the work a royal prefents Hiftorians of the emperor magnificence; Adrian. S for which that prince acquaint had us with the foolifh which difcovered for the young paflion that itfelf excellively Antinous, and He died favourite, but fill more than doring the life of in a voyage which Adrian ever after hisdeath. Adrian's grief on this occafion made to Egypt. every thing within his made him invent morcalife thé name of auchority his and power, to imconfecrated témples to Antinous. He built and his honour. The him, and inftituted games in affrm'd, that Antinous Greeks, in order to humour were known had delivered him, himfelf. to be fecretly oracles, which This prince compoled by Adrian monies of his deification afterwards ordered the cerepomp and to be celebrated with he buil a fmall, magnificence, but Not content with great ders of the Nile, magnificent city, on the this, ed that Antinous near the place where itis bortinnd, or Antinopolis, died, and gave it the name pretend- of AnThis , that Antinous Greeks, in order to humour were known had delivered him, himfelf. to be fecretly oracles, which This prince compoled by Adrian monies of his deification afterwards ordered the cerepomp and to be celebrated with he buil a fmall, magnificence, but Not content with great ders of the Nile, magnificent city, on the this, ed that Antinous near the place where itis bortinnd, or Antinopolis, died, and gave it the name pretend- of AnThis --- Page 77 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA, This cityis fquare, and only about two thoufand common paces in diameter. Two large and ftreets, which crofs each otherin the middle, and long from one extremity of the city to the other, make the go figure of it. Thefe two crofs ftreets are cighteen paces broad, or forty-five feet, and lead to the four large gates of the city. Befides thefe two large ftreets, which divide it into four equal parts, there are feveral other crofs ftreets, narrower, but long, all parallel and placed at proper diftances, equaily that the houfes might enjoy the freer air. This may be eafily known by the rémains of this city, The two large ftreets, and the other crofs ones, had on each fide a fmall gallery or portico, five fix feet broad, and as long as the whole ftreet. or Thefe fmall gallerics were arched, and their arches were fapported on one fide by ftone pillars of the corinthian order, very elegantly cut, and on the other by the roofs of the houfes built for that purpole. The arch of the galleries of the two ftreets was fupported by more than a thoufand great in the fame line, which. muft certainly form a pillars lefs agrecable than magnificent. ipectacle no This city was a continued periftyle; whence we may judge, that the emperor Adrian bad the conveniency of the citizens as much in view, as the magnificence of the monument he intended to to pofterity ; for.by means of thefe galleries which leave adorned all the ftreets, a perfon could walk all the quarters of the city, without thro' to the fcorching heat of the being expofed juries of the air. fan, or the other in- - Of all thefe arches, and of the of pillars which fupported prodigious number pieces here and them, there only remain what there, ahich ferve as teftimonies of they formcrly were. F 2 As intended to to pofterity ; for.by means of thefe galleries which leave adorned all the ftreets, a perfon could walk all the quarters of the city, without thro' to the fcorching heat of the being expofed juries of the air. fan, or the other in- - Of all thefe arches, and of the of pillars which fupported prodigious number pieces here and them, there only remain what there, ahich ferve as teftimonies of they formcrly were. F 2 As --- Page 78 --- Oéfervations As for the four upon AStA, ward the north and great eaft gates of the city, thofe todiflinguihed by their forms. are fo ruin'd, as not to be towards the fouth and weft But the two others The gate towards the are entire. umphal arch, which has fouth is a kind of triferve as three paflages: three ports arched, which about twenty-cight feet That in the middle is was fhut by two large beams broad, of and forty high. It iron, which were afterwards wood covered with arch called Bab-Ezzouaile carried to Cairo for an grand provoft. The two near the palace of the large one, are abont gates at the fides of the or twelve broad, twenty-four feet high and ten aperture, finaller than They the have over them a iquare The breadth of this ftruéture gates themfelves. feet, its thicknefs fifteen is about fixty-fix forty-eight. The two fronts OF twenty, and its height corinthian pilafters in bas-relief, are enriched with cight middle to their bafe, The and fluted from the and of their chapiters is fo projection of the angles occafion to the great, that it has Moors to call this given roum, that is, the father of horns. gate Abou-ciqueOppolite to thefe cight feet from them, cight pilafters, and five or fix ftone had been corinthian pillars of white feet long. Every crected, fhaft and their flaafts were four which were fluted from confifted of five equal picees, Time has the bafe to the fpared two of the middle. the city, but the other two pillars which look to ftroyed. As for thofe which are more than half dethe ruins of them are looked to the The not fo much as to be country, feen. fouth, but gate is to the weft is as entire as that to the tafte. It has much alfo more mafly, and in a different fages, That in the three middle ports, or large arched pafabout twenty bigh. is fixteen feet broad, and. The two others are by ane half middle. the city, but the other two pillars which look to ftroyed. As for thofe which are more than half dethe ruins of them are looked to the The not fo much as to be country, feen. fouth, but gate is to the weft is as entire as that to the tafte. It has much alfo more mafly, and in a different fages, That in the three middle ports, or large arched pafabout twenty bigh. is fixteen feet broad, and. The two others are by ane half --- Page 79 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. 69. half lels in breadth and elevation. There are alfo above thefe three arched ports, three large fquare apertures, which form a kind of platform. That in the middle is much larger than the other twQ. Weafcend to them by two flightsof ftairsofabout fiftyfteps, each made inthe thicknefs ofthewalls on each fide. The whole of this monument is about a hundred and fifty feet in front, thirty-five broad, and forty-five high. The inhabitants of the country call it Qualaa, which fignifies a caftlc, becaufe it is 2 folid building. Some paces from this great gate of the city on the weft, we find a fuperb portal, which is the en-. try to a court thirty or forty paces fquare, furrounded with high,ftrong,and notched walls,together with a ftair cutin the wall at the fide of the portal, This portal feems to have been built for a body of guards. The Arabians this and the great tow- - give portal er, the fame name which they give to the palace of Achemounain, which is Melab-elbenat, that is, the houfe of pleafure. for the princeffes. The magnificence of Adrian in behalf of his favourite Antinous, was not confined to thefe four great gates, and all the galleries of the ftreets abovementioned, fincè we alfo fee the ruins of feveral palaces and temples in different quarters of the city. Tis not now poffible to judge what their ftruéture was, fince they are at prefent only piles of ftones and pillars of all forts of marble: A hundred paces from the great on the weft, we ice fourteen pillars of marble ftanding, and ARR a little farther, four other pillars of porphyry. Such of them as time had fpared, have been deftroyed by theTurks, who carried off pillars and large pieces of avell wrought marble to adorn their mofques. F 3 / of the city. Tis not now poffible to judge what their ftruéture was, fince they are at prefent only piles of ftones and pillars of all forts of marble: A hundred paces from the great on the weft, we ice fourteen pillars of marble ftanding, and ARR a little farther, four other pillars of porphyry. Such of them as time had fpared, have been deftroyed by theTurks, who carried off pillars and large pieces of avell wrought marble to adorn their mofques. F 3 / --- Page 80 --- Oéfroatianr upon Asta, The pillar of Alexander Severus, In the great fireet the north oft the city which runs from the fouth to chis great ftreet is crofied: Antinoé, there is a place whera which gocs from by another of - this place, eaft to weft. At the fmaller four one, pillars of the there were formerly four corners now remains bur corinthian order ; of thefe large four ftone others, The one, with the three there in diameter pillar which ftill pedeltals of the firft and ; its fhaft confifts of remains, five is four feet high, and next to the bale is three fcet Pieces. The gives it furrounded with a and a half a foliage of oak, which are furprifing grace. - feven feet each in The four other a fquare ftone length. Above the pieces This fone three feet high, and chapitér is was upon it; ferved the as a fupport to a ftatue, two broad, compoled of cight pedeftal is éleven feet high, which and fifth, and fixth ftones, layers of ftonc. On the thirteen lines, but there is a greek fourth, more chani the titne, Of the infeription of flation half of it, Arabians, have effaced of what remains, The Following is a tranCC For thé 66 Marcus profperity. To the Aurelius empéror Caefar A the Severus sc happy Alexander, the new Grecks Aurelius pious, €s of Antinoé being prefect of the -upon thefe monuments and Appollonius Cajus Chremes, There are four remarks inferiptions. to be made upon thefe The firft is, that the cut on the four pedeftals, fame infeription had been thar thefe four pillars had whence we muft conclude becn ereéted in * honour of Alcxander efar A the Severus sc happy Alexander, the new Grecks Aurelius pious, €s of Antinoé being prefect of the -upon thefe monuments and Appollonius Cajus Chremes, There are four remarks inferiptions. to be made upon thefe The firft is, that the cut on the four pedeftals, fame infeription had been thar thefe four pillars had whence we muft conclude becn ereéted in * honour of Alcxander --- Page 81 --- AFRICA and AMERICA. Alexander Severus, fince his name is upon them. direétly cut The fecond is, that to all the word Tinoeoon has according been appearances we ought to add the two initial mutilated, letters and that make up Antinocoon. An, which. The third is, that the four of the great-ftreets of the pillars, placed in one carried off after one of the victories city Antinoé, have been verus, perhaps after that which he of Alexander Seover Artaxerxes king of the gained in. perfon Chrift 233- The branches Perfians, in the year of the foot of the pillar, feem ofoak, which furround triumph. to bela fymbol of his 1 The names of Aurelius, Appollonius, Chremes, expreffed in' the and Caius of magiftrates of the infeription, and are the names of an officer of the city, cf the architeét, or ed in the conftruction emperor, of chat who were all concernof their mafter. monument in honour The laft refledtion is, that in this inhabitants of Antinoé are called the infcription new the The reafon of this is, that in Greeks: been initiated in the 175, Adrian having Athens, had myfteries of Ceres Elcufine at Greece, brought from it, or fome other of priefts and minifters, to ferve in the city which in his new colony he had confecrated temples memory of Antinous. to the This celebrated city is placed from Cairo, and three from fifty-two leagues ealt, upon the eaft fide of the Medavi, Nile. to the north. Tbe lake of Maris, or of Cbaron. I Diodorus Siculus relates, that the lake of was, formerly dug by the orders of an ancient Mceris of Egypt called Moeris. Thofe of the king who country, F 4 pretend ferve in the city which in his new colony he had confecrated temples memory of Antinous. to the This celebrated city is placed from Cairo, and three from fifty-two leagues ealt, upon the eaft fide of the Medavi, Nile. to the north. Tbe lake of Maris, or of Cbaron. I Diodorus Siculus relates, that the lake of was, formerly dug by the orders of an ancient Mceris of Egypt called Moeris. Thofe of the king who country, F 4 pretend --- Page 82 --- Olforsations pretend to a upon AstA, ancient Egyptians knowiedge carried in antiquity, fay, that the great their dead company ceremony, to the edge of this lake bodies, with the family being made arrived there, one of the 5 that the that after this, the an encomium on the friends of their cries and women paid for deceafed ; being over, they lamentations; ; that wepingsredoublei thefe ed it over the lake, pur the body into a boat, ceremonics cent ground, and went to bury it in an conveyadd, that the boat-men appropriated to that purpofe. adjaron, and that people ofthis boat were called They their pallage. Thefe gave them a little Chahave paffed from are the fabulous money for from the the Egyptians to the ideas which into Italy, Phenicians where to the Grecks, and Phanicians; but even enriched the Italians have not only from them gination. them with new adopted, they did They are however ftrokes of imanot ipeak, as they havef obliged to confefs, that fulphureous lakes, fince done, of their gulfs which which birds durft not fly oftheir fire and fmoke, and vomit up whirling Ovér 5 Jicious of their elyfian ftreams of what the plains of Bayre, till after fields in the deEgyptians faid before they had Jearnt Moeris, of the boat of them of their lake whichare ferried over to Charon, and of the fouls The authors who hell, tradict each other. have fpoke of this and eighty Mr. Boffuet gives it lake, a conhered leagues in hundred to the opinion of cireumference, He has adare in an error. Pliny and Mutianus, who hundred and fix, and Pomponius 'tis Mela gives it a this lake is no more than inconteftably evident only and that fixty or twenty-five leagues has been confirmed thereabouts in circumference. long, the coafts of this by recent obfervations made This dcal of care and lake, and repeated with a on cxactnefs, great Tbe conhered leagues in hundred to the opinion of cireumference, He has adare in an error. Pliny and Mutianus, who hundred and fix, and Pomponius 'tis Mela gives it a this lake is no more than inconteftably evident only and that fixty or twenty-five leagues has been confirmed thereabouts in circumference. long, the coafts of this by recent obfervations made This dcal of care and lake, and repeated with a on cxactnefs, great Tbe --- Page 83 --- AFRICA and AMERICA. The Jacrifice offered to tbe Jun. In the neighbourhood of Touna near the city Babain, which lie to the fouth the ruins of we find a long fandy plain, which leads of Aboufir, fingular monument which to a very attention, ought to be viewed with It is a facrifice offered to the fun, and fented in demi-relief on a large is reprenefs has defended this work from rock, whofe hardnot refift the irons with which the time, but could to deftroy what we fee defeétive in the Arabians ufed tion of this facrifice, reprefentaThe rock which reprefents this of a larger one fituated in the middle facrifice, is part A great deal of time and bard labour muft ofa mounzain. neceflary to make in this rock have béen fix feet deep, about fifty broad, an aperture five or In this vaft nich cut into the and as many high. which rock, all the figures cluded. accompany this facrifice qf the fun are inWe firft fee a fun fifteen or twenty féet in ter, and furrounded with an infinity of diamepriefts of the natural height, rays. Two covered with long pointed having their heads their hands towards this bonnets, ftretch forth The extremities of their objeét of their adoration. ties of the rays of the fun. fingers touch the extremitheir heads covered in the Two little boys, with priefts, ftand at. their fame manner with the them two large fide, and prefent to each of goblets full of finn are three flaughtered lambs laid liquor. Under the piles, each compofed of on three funeral the foot of the funeral ten picces of wood. At handles ; on the other piles, fide of are feven pitchérs with shar where the priefts ftand, the fun, oppofite to there are two women and covered in the Two little boys, with priefts, ftand at. their fame manner with the them two large fide, and prefent to each of goblets full of finn are three flaughtered lambs laid liquor. Under the piles, each compofed of on three funeral the foot of the funeral ten picces of wood. At handles ; on the other piles, fide of are feven pitchérs with shar where the priefts ftand, the fun, oppofite to there are two women and --- Page 84 --- and two girls Oéfruatians uport Asta, by their feet, and in.full relief, only fixed fee the marks a. little by their to the rock their heads. of the hammers which backs, where we kind of frame fuil Behind the two litele have ftruck off are fome of hicroglyphical boys there is a the notch. larger ones engraved pieces, but there on other parts of Tbe Mpibinx, 04 Two or three hundred ramid, and almoft paces from the eaft near the of oppofite to old great Pythe famous edge the Nile, we fee Cairo, on the authors ; the phinx, reft of mentioned by fo the head of fand, To judge of the body is buried many ancient head, iti muft have its bulk by what we under fee the Pliny fays, that the been of an of its fect in head of this monfter enormous fize. dred and cincumferenc, forty fect is twelve head to the feventy-two feet from long, the and a hunthor, that belly. 'Tis adds crown of the / king Amafis thought, the It has been was buried there. fame.aupronounced by fabulounly this reported, that the rural monftrous oracles were were the deity of figure, which was fraudulent sthe-inbabstans inventions 5 but thefe having dugin the carth of their oracles with the belly and a canal which priefts, who, means of head of this communicared chral voice entering into his body, and deity, found the lers who pronouncing mylteriods with ai fepulcame.to confult the oracle, words to travel. The catara8ls ofi tbe Nile, The elpecially Egyprians the laft, have in all ages had Egypt. Each which feparates Nubia cataraÉts, cataractis a heap ofhigh from rocks, over which their oracles with the belly and a canal which priefts, who, means of head of this communicared chral voice entering into his body, and deity, found the lers who pronouncing mylteriods with ai fepulcame.to confult the oracle, words to travel. The catara8ls ofi tbe Nile, The elpecially Egyprians the laft, have in all ages had Egypt. Each which feparates Nubia cataraÉts, cataractis a heap ofhigh from rocks, over which --- Page 85 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA, which the Nile flows in form of cafcades. It would be rafh to attempt to make boats pafs them, fo that the failing the Nile is quite impraéticable, till it reaches Egypt, for there are feven of thefe cataraéts in the road from Egypt to the fource of the Nile. 'Tis not to be doubted, but the Nile difembogues irfelfinto the Mediterranean by feven mouths. The ancients called them Pelufiacum, Taniticum, Menedefium, Pathmeticum, Sebennerycum, Bolbitinicum. and Canopicum. This: is the reafon why Virgil, when. fpeaking of, the river Nile, gives it the epithet Seprem-geminus : c * Et <c feptemgemini turbant e trepida oftia Nili, 29 andOvid that of 66 + Perque papyriferi feptemflua flumina Sepcemfluvius: Nili.". Ptolomy makes other two mouths, one of which he calls Peneplimi, and the other Dioclas. Pliny mentions four without naming them.. Strabo and Diodorus fay in general, that there were feveral of them, None of thele authors however contradiét each other, they only fpeak of the mouths added to the feven. which were natural to the Nile. Ptolomy explains himfelf clearly, fince he calls them falie mouths, to diflinguifh them from the true difemboguements. Thele feven true difemboguements fill fubfift, but their names are chang'd, and in fome of them the water does not flow fo conftantly and copioufly as it did formerly. The mouth called Pelufiacum, is at prefent that of Thiné, at the end of the lake Mantalé. Of this no other procf is necelary, than the terms themfelves, 1 In a word, Peloufion in greck, and Thiné in rarabic, fignify both dirt or clay. But there is another proof of, this, which feems demonftrative, According to Diodorus and Strabo, there were a thoufand * They ruffe the entrance of the feven-mouth'd Nile. Thro' the feven branches of the reed-producing Nile. of Thiné, at the end of the lake Mantalé. Of this no other procf is necelary, than the terms themfelves, 1 In a word, Peloufion in greck, and Thiné in rarabic, fignify both dirt or clay. But there is another proof of, this, which feems demonftrative, According to Diodorus and Strabo, there were a thoufand * They ruffe the entrance of the feven-mouth'd Nile. Thro' the feven branches of the reed-producing Nile. --- Page 86 --- thoufand thtee Olforvations upon Asta, hundred léagues, between the ftadia,that is almoft the Nile. Now Pelufiac and Canopic mouths fifty-four from Madia, Thiné is precifely of ancients: which is thc Canopic fifty-four leagues Thiné is therefore the mouth of the boguement. Pelufiac difemThe Tanic or Tanitic city Tanis, is the mouth, fo called from the which is the ancient Eummeflrege mouth near 6 The city Mendes city of Tanis. San, Mendefian mouth. had alfo given its name to' the of which Themuis, Mendes was in the Capital. at prefent Themei, province was the which fome Confequench, the of people of the diemboguemenit Dibe, quiere, is the Mendes of Mediterranean the call Pef mouth is not far from Themei: ancients ; for this metic There is no dificulty with or Phamitic, which refpeét to the Pathcolic mouth. Herodotus calls the Bumouth of Damiette, Every fince one grants, that this is the gas, in which the Damictte it is certain, that the Bomouth ofthe ancients. is, was the Pathmetic Bolbitic The fame may be faid of the of Brullos mouths, The one is the Sebennytic and a canal which ; at the end of the lake citemboguement Brullos, the ancients communicates with the there is called the fea, and which city of Sebennytic mouth from the other is Sebennythus, the mouth at prefent Samarinoud. city of Bolbitina. of Rofette, that is of the ancient The the diftance from the Strabo has fo dilinétly marked Canopic gate, that it feems Pharos of Alexandria to the emboguement now called Madia. to agree only to the dif author, there were According tothis two thirds of a league, 150 ftadia, Or fix leagues and other. This is the diftance between the one and the tians made between which the modern andria, Belides, the Madia and the Phares of Egyp- AlexCapopic gate had taken its name that is of the ancient The the diftance from the Strabo has fo dilinétly marked Canopic gate, that it feems Pharos of Alexandria to the emboguement now called Madia. to agree only to the dif author, there were According tothis two thirds of a league, 150 ftadia, Or fix leagues and other. This is the diftance between the one and the tians made between which the modern andria, Belides, the Madia and the Phares of Egyp- AlexCapopic gate had taken its name --- Page 87 --- AFRICA and. AMERICA name from the city Canopé, from which it was not far diftant. Now the city Abouquir is the ancient Canopé, and the difemboguement next to Abouquir is certainly Madia. mouths of This knowledge of the feven ancient the Nile, is of great ufe to explain the paflage of Ptolomy, where that author mentions its feven mouths. He fpeaks of the difemboguements of Afchtom-jamaffe, between Brullos and Damiette, and of thar which was to the weft of Afchtom, but which is now entirely filled up with fand. The rocks which form the cataraôts are inhabited by fome Nubians, who are blacks. is the Not far from the cataracts and Syenné, of where thefe curious ftones have quarry been dug, granate, which were the rich ornaments of the palaces and temples of Egypt, and which have been tranfported to Rome, whole principal beauty they conftitute. On the fame road, we read four greek infcriptions; the firft at Elephantine, which is on black marble, in the ruins of the temple Knuplis ; the fecond at Phile, found on an obelifk of granate, at the head of the temple of Ifis ; the third is in the temple of the god Pan, at Panapolis 3 and the fourth is at Ombos, in the temple of Apollo. At.Ombos, Phile, and the greater Apollonopolis, we fee temples ftill entire. The gates of thefe cities are of a furprifing elevation and beauty. They are adorned with gigantic fculptures, fifteen or twenty feet high a and flank'd with large towers, which befpeak a grand and magnificent city. The ftones of thefe edifices are about twenty, and fome of them twenty-feven feet long. Their breadth is proportioned to their length. Thefe ftones have no need of cement, nor any other matter to join them. They are cut with fo much art that they join into. each other, and by their gates of thefe cities are of a furprifing elevation and beauty. They are adorned with gigantic fculptures, fifteen or twenty feet high a and flank'd with large towers, which befpeak a grand and magnificent city. The ftones of thefe edifices are about twenty, and fome of them twenty-feven feet long. Their breadth is proportioned to their length. Thefe ftones have no need of cement, nor any other matter to join them. They are cut with fo much art that they join into. each other, and by their --- Page 88 --- their polirion Olfrontions upon AsrA, them hitherto acyuire a to refift all folidity, the which has enabled injuries of time, Tbe labyrintb, Near the lake of mains of that famous Mceris or Charon, are the admiration of paft ages, labyrinth, and which has been reEgype had been concerned which feveral the pretends, that the in building, kings of thouland years before foundation the of it was Herociotus Jaid Pliny gives a fiege of Troy. two fays mous monument magnificent of the defcription of this veral he, an immenfe pace Egyptians. It faapartments divided by walls included, into It evcry one of which feparated from each fchad more than three contained large other, and low, together with hundred chambers arched halls. various feulptures, feveral porticos, bigh and deities. Thele which adorned with cach vaft reprefented the them. other, by certain buildings paffages communicated Egyptian with Herodorus which run between apartments, which and Pliny add, that this fion, and of which it coimmunicated multitude of or the way out, form'd was difficult to withour find the confulabyrinth. The what they then entry, time has reduced deplorable called the out of our this magnificent condition, to which given by thefe power two to know whether edifice, the puts it illuftrious authors is defemiption genuine. Tbe suell oF yefepb, In. the caftle of called Jofeph's well. Cairo, we find the ofit has taken Tis certain that famous well, as ic were, divided up an incredible time. the building I into two parts, From Its depth 1s, the top to entry, time has reduced deplorable called the out of our this magnificent condition, to which given by thefe power two to know whether edifice, the puts it illuftrious authors is defemiption genuine. Tbe suell oF yefepb, In. the caftle of called Jofeph's well. Cairo, we find the ofit has taken Tis certain that famous well, as ic were, divided up an incredible time. the building I into two parts, From Its depth 1s, the top to --- Page 89 --- AFFRICA and AMERICA. to the middle we defcend by ftairs which go round, the pit, and are cut in the ftone. Thefe ftairs were made for oxen to go down. At the bottom of this firft part, we find a platform, correfponding to the fuperior part. The oxen labour on this platform, to raife water by means of a wheel and, long cords, to which earthen veffels are fixed. Thefe veffels fill and empty themfelves, by turning the wheel about. The water is drawn at two different times, by two wheels one above another, and at fome diftance. The undermoft pours the water into the firft receiver, whence the fuperior wheel raifes it to the top of the well. Four oxen, and often fix, are employ'd in this labour. This water, which is a little brackifh, is on-. ufed for cattle to drink, and for the different ufes families. % Joleph's well is the work of the Babylonians. As they were inur'd to fatigue, and under Ninusand Semiramis, having conceived a particular liking to the marvellous, they were willing to fignalize themfelves by fo bold an attempt, The Palace of Acbemounain. Achemounain, fituated two leagues from Mellavi to the north weft, is at prefent no more than a borough. But the vaft ruins of a great number of palaces, whofe marbles and pillars of granate are-fill to be feen, fufficiently denote its ancient fplendor. We cannot in particular help admiring a fuperb portico, confifting of twelve pillars: The work is magnificent, delicate, and fo intire, that tho'it was built in the reigns of the Pharaohs, and before the conquefts of Cambyfes king of the Perfians, yet it looks as sif the workmen had jut finifh'd it. The pillars are feven feet and an halfin diameter, and about feven or eight times as high, They are not of any of en, fufficiently denote its ancient fplendor. We cannot in particular help admiring a fuperb portico, confifting of twelve pillars: The work is magnificent, delicate, and fo intire, that tho'it was built in the reigns of the Pharaohs, and before the conquefts of Cambyfes king of the Perfians, yet it looks as sif the workmen had jut finifh'd it. The pillars are feven feet and an halfin diameter, and about feven or eight times as high, They are not of any of --- Page 90 --- 8o ofour five orders Oéfersations apon Ast.4, which was pofterior of architedure, the They are propcrly to the bruilding of thefe invention of twelve fupport a long and mafly ftone pillars, pillars, refts on a bate half fimple funk cicling. The firft, which with. engrav'd in thè ground, is cover'd which its cover, near the hieroglyphics. bafe, the Among thele we dif gate open. The fecond figure of a Pyramid with each fluted, and painted red and and third pillars are pillar terminates in a blue. The head of chapiter, and all of them fimple cord withour a der long fquare ftones, one half of together fupport twenty part of the which makes the unmuch thicker and platform. Two of thefe of fquare longer than the reft, form ftones, There frontifpiece in the a kind in are four paces between middle each of the portico. there themiddle between the third column, are fix. The diftance and the except which confift of fix between the fourth,where two fo that taking in the cach, is alfo four rows, interftices of the paces; AmLa between them, the pillars, and long, and ten broad. All portico is forty paces adorn'd with rich bafs-reliefs round it there is a frife birds glyphics. Thefe confift of of mylterious hieroof the Nile, obelifks, terreftrial animals, infects, gravely placed upon pyramids, and a perfon ftands feats. Before each of thefe men which is hardly known. prefenting them with are the "Tis fomething, tions, kings, to whom their probable that they figures There are more than minifters prefent petion'the two fronts of the fifty of thele human every where very frife, The under part of genteel, and well preferved. reliefis The is of a bright thearchteciures and all along the fo beautiful a defign, parkling gold colour. To colonade, crown ment on the cieling, they The have reprefented the firmagrav'd, nor the azure ftars cannot be better appear more frefh and lively. This kings, to whom their probable that they figures There are more than minifters prefent petion'the two fronts of the fifty of thele human every where very frife, The under part of genteel, and well preferved. reliefis The is of a bright thearchteciures and all along the fo beautiful a defign, parkling gold colour. To colonade, crown ment on the cieling, they The have reprefented the firmagrav'd, nor the azure ftars cannot be better appear more frefh and lively. This --- Page 91 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA; This work is very ancient, and pleafes by its magnificent fimplicity. The Greeks and who have poffefs'd Egypt, have not been Romans, the inventors of hicroglyphics, fince they hardly underftood them. Herodotus, who liv'd more than a hundred years before Alexander the great, when his fecond book defcribing his voyage into in fpeaks of thefe myfterious charaéters as invented Egypt, in ages fo remote, that their antiquity had render'd them at that time unintelligible. Cambyles, king of Perfia, and his fucceffors, having conquer'd could not fuffer their new fubjects to adore wâter Egypt, as a deity, while their new mafters ador'd fire. fo far declared againft the divinity and religion They of the Egyptians, and all forts of fymbolical to exterminate from the kingdom the priefts images, who as had the knowledge of thefe images, which were odious to them. Whence we may conclude; with fome probability, that the portico we have defcrib'd, enrich'd with fo many hidroglyphical figures, is more ancient than the Romans, the Greeks, and the ancient Perfians. CHAP IX. Of tbe religion and morality of the of their peyfies and government Cbinefes and genius ef their and ; cbaraèter language, of their ancient books; of the antiguity of tbe Chinefe nation. religion of China is all contain'd in the As for THE king, fundamental doétrines, we there find the principlès of the law of nature, which the anciznt Chineie reccived from the children of.Noah. Vo:.I II. G They . CHAP IX. Of tbe religion and morality of the of their peyfies and government Cbinefes and genius ef their and ; cbaraèter language, of their ancient books; of the antiguity of tbe Chinefe nation. religion of China is all contain'd in the As for THE king, fundamental doétrines, we there find the principlès of the law of nature, which the anciznt Chineie reccived from the children of.Noah. Vo:.I II. G They --- Page 92 --- Sz Obfiruatinis upon AstA, They teach the people to know and to vercign being. The adore a"foprieft, as the patriarchs emperor is at once king and Itis the bufinefs of the were before the written law. for his people at a certain emperor feafon to offer a facrifice alfo his' bufinels to cftablifh the of the year. "Tis judge of the doétrine. ceremonies, and to can be called the religion Properly of fpeaking, this alone feêts fpread up and down the China, All the other as forcign, falle, and empire arelook'd upon are only barely tolerated. pernicious, and for that reafon alone was authorifed The chriftian terwards profcrib'd. by a public cdict, but was religion afTis thereforc falfe that the as an injudicious Critic has Chinefe are athcifts, have no knowledge of the advanced, and that they there is no word in the Chinefe fapreme being. Tho* yet it does not hence follow that language for God, know and adore a fupreme the Chinefe do not that he is Tlee afe yeou being. They fay of him, and that he is tou ens, the being of himfelf; We with the ycou, totns ens, all being. fimple, uncompounded, fcriptures fay, that God is one, good; and merciful unchangeable, that he bas being; ; that he is juft intelligent, and produc'd all things; takes wile; things : that he fees and knows all caré of all punifhes and rewards all rational things ; that he the truth, the life, the beings 5 that he Is mafter who enlightens king, the father, and the thefe attributes are our dark minds. Now all books of China which clearly ipecified in the ancient Tis alfo treat of religion. the Chinefe falfe, as the fame critic advances, that are perfuaded that the foul dies body, and that they grolly with the Confucius, and thofe of their imagine that the fpirit of pole themfelves upon feats or benches, anceftors, come to reHow can it be beings 5 that he Is mafter who enlightens king, the father, and the thefe attributes are our dark minds. Now all books of China which clearly ipecified in the ancient Tis alfo treat of religion. the Chinefe falfe, as the fame critic advances, that are perfuaded that the foul dies body, and that they grolly with the Confucius, and thofe of their imagine that the fpirit of pole themfelves upon feats or benches, anceftors, come to reHow can it be --- Page 93 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA, be that thefe fouls fhould thus come to repofe themfelves, if they do not fublift after death? It belongs to this critic to reconcile thefe contradictions. The fame critic (the abbe R-) is alfo miftaken when he fays, that the religion of China came from the Indies, and that Fohi, who reign'd there more than a thoufand years before Chrift, is the Indian idol Foe, which was not knowa in China till fixty-five years after the coming of Chrift, This critic taking the Chinefe for atheifts, concludes that their morality muft be deteftable. Bur their morality alone is fufficient to prove that they are not atheifts. He who governs himfelf, fays faint Dionyfius, can alfo govern others; he governs his family, and governing his family he governs the city, and at laft the whole nation. The Chinefe text fays the fame thing. It makes the order eftablifhed in a perfon's heart pals to his family, thence to the city, and thence to the whole kingdom. The Chinefe morality propofes no other end than the perfection of the empire, but defires that the individuals would begin with perfecting themfelves. Thus we find the moft pure and refin'd precepts of morality. in all their books. But let us proceed to their phylics. Thefe are not certainly fo bad as the abbe R-- preténds ; for it is as good fenfe to fay that the reafon of fuch an effect is too much of yen, or too much of yang, as the Chinefe fay, as it is to with the famous Decartes, that it prcceeds from too fay much ramous or too much fubtile matter. But where has this critic found his egg of Pouankcu? He cught to have confider'd, that the Egyptians defiring to exprefs that the chief cf their gods calld Knuph, had produc'd the world by bis word, repredente d him with an egg coming out of G'2 his too much of yen, or too much of yang, as the Chinefe fay, as it is to with the famous Decartes, that it prcceeds from too fay much ramous or too much fubtile matter. But where has this critic found his egg of Pouankcu? He cught to have confider'd, that the Egyptians defiring to exprefs that the chief cf their gods calld Knuph, had produc'd the world by bis word, repredente d him with an egg coming out of G'2 his --- Page 94 --- SA Oéfercations his mouth ; he would npon Asta, this emblem find fome ; but in the profound fenfe in: idea. cc Thefe Chinefe it is an c author) favages alfo fay iroquoife that (continues the fame 66 an egg fell formerly, from near the lake of heaven, that in Hurons, broken, and that falling it was. CL produc'd, and fiom from the white, men were indeed read in the Chinefe the yolk, beavers." We refemblesan cgg, that the books, that the univerfe ter, and floats in the yolk, which isin the centhe whole planetary white, is the earth, or rather account of the fun, orb, who whofe colour is yellow on of it; and that the is, as it were, the which reaches from white is the fluid king eock, the the furface of the earth clementy to for the fymbol of the higheft the egg of Pouan-kou, ic is heavens. But as. tionedby any Chinefe author. not fo much as menThe laft criticifms of the abbe Chinefe government. One R-, are uponthe vernment with has fubfifted would think that a gofame form might have fo many years in the proves whae he advarices cfcaped this critic. He rins govern the from this, that the mandathat the laws of people the ill; whence he concludes, for nothing. Confucias Chinefe government are good when he faid, If a man behaves reafon'd much more jultly blam'd for it ? Would ic be ill, is the law to be ehriftianity becaufe there reafonable to condemn wicked lives. are chriftians who lead The Chinefe and requires foablolute government is perfedly monarchical, ferent powers who a dependance between the difwould be govern the ftate, that ncfe, inftead comparable of to fo fine an order, if the nothing Chifions, would conform following the diétates of their pal preferibed by their books. themfelves to the wife laws Thegovernors of the citics , is the law to be ehriftianity becaufe there reafonable to condemn wicked lives. are chriftians who lead The Chinefe and requires foablolute government is perfedly monarchical, ferent powers who a dependance between the difwould be govern the ftate, that ncfe, inftead comparable of to fo fine an order, if the nothing Chifions, would conform following the diétates of their pal preferibed by their books. themfelves to the wife laws Thegovernors of the citics --- Page 95 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA, "cities may indeed be called fince of thefe mandarins is as it kings, the meaneft of his government were king, in the extent ; but his kingthip is firoy'd ; if he behaves well he eafily debut if ill, he lofes all he preferves his dignity, of the fmall towns allift thole pofleffed. The mandarins Thefe whofe power is depend on the general officers of each greater. vince, and thefelaft on-the tribunals of the prociry. The prefidents of the fovercign imperial whom all the mandarins of courts, before themfelves tremble before the the.empire. tremble, do the fupreme power is lodg'd. emperor, in whom But fo ablolute an authority is too by that of the pcople, when he who much-check'd abufes his power, If there is faule governs them nefe government, it feems any in the Chibooks which contain to be this, that the given to-the their doétrines are not to be the kings, in people, order but to remain in the hands of their fubjects, while to.infpire them with the love of them thele have others which teach This is relpect what and obedience to their fovercigns. of the whole Tfinchihoang did when he was mafter empire ; but it was too late, fince people were too well convinced of his the power. ufurped Let' us now confider the ancient books Chinefe. The learned Voffius of the encomium, which the abbe gives them a great < Tis the R- does not like. <c ing of judgment of a man (fays he, when Volfus) who knew fpeak66 nor the books of the neither the language <s tions, of which he could country,, except by tranflanot the abbe R- forefee that not jodge." But could might be turned againft himfelf? the fame reafoning The ancient books, which and other Chinele Confucius, Miencius, philofphers have only incerpreted, G 3 and < Tis the R- does not like. <c ing of judgment of a man (fays he, when Volfus) who knew fpeak66 nor the books of the neither the language <s tions, of which he could country,, except by tranflanot the abbe R- forefee that not jodge." But could might be turned againft himfelf? the fame reafoning The ancient books, which and other Chinele Confucius, Miencius, philofphers have only incerpreted, G 3 and --- Page 96 --- Obfercations and which upon AstA, greateft veneration havealways in been, and ftill are held in the nignifies, a fublime, China, are call'd are principally true, and folid king, which and admir'd three of them of a doctrine. There out by all the Chinefe, fuperior order, The any diftinction of fects in all ages, withfirft is called or particular opinions. fymbolical, and an image Yiking, of which is a work ignorant vuigar fee this vifible world. purely their fenfes, nothing in it but The mals, tho' a heaven, an earth, what ftrikes philofophers planets,, and aniwhich marvellous things in it. The difcover fecond a grear is many other the deleribes the virtues of various call'd chaking, is called great emperors take for their models, heroes, whom dred chiking, which is a colleftion of The third fongs, which are the three hunetry. They all celebrate the images furnifhed by fay there were formerly fame objedts. pobeauty and other two books ofthe They eftablifhed authority ; the one was called fame the other ceremonics for external liking, and was called yoking, and deportment, and procure tranquillity to the treated of mufic to The learned Voflius mind. of thefe three hooks. juftly extoll'd : the has Docs the abbe antiquity €s confuted him 66 by R- think he cient as is printing, whichis 66 too fine faid ; by the Chinefe not foanCE an old to laft long 3 by the paper, which is cc of Confucius woman who pafted againft ridiculous a wall the ftory of €c and by chis and Mencius, then wrote on books 66 the emperor means faved them from the fire bark, The Ching P> of bur before Chinefe the invention never thought of writing upon bark and fhreds of of paper, planks of ; wrote their kings,were bamboo, on which they grav'd wood, and thanthel beftEnropean much moredurable and ftrong parchment. Theyatfirft wrote with of Confucius woman who pafted againft ridiculous a wall the ftory of €c and by chis and Mencius, then wrote on books 66 the emperor means faved them from the fire bark, The Ching P> of bur before Chinefe the invention never thought of writing upon bark and fhreds of of paper, planks of ; wrote their kings,were bamboo, on which they grav'd wood, and thanthel beftEnropean much moredurable and ftrong parchment. Theyatfirft wrote with --- Page 97 --- AFRICA and AMERICA. with an iron pencil On fhreds ofbamboo ; afterwards chey us'd another percil for writingonfattins they alla engrav'd their kings on hard and large ftones. At laft, under the dynafty of Han, they invented their paper, whichis not fo'weak as is commonly believ'd; ; but ifit was much finer than it is, the plates of wood remain intire, and appear as well as ever when brufh'd. Befides, Tfinchihoang, in burning thefe books, had no other view but to maintain himfelf in the tranquil poffeflion of the throne, of which he had rendered himfelf mafter. The literati of that age, not able to fuffer an abfolute king, abus'd the chuking, and every where ftirr'd up the people to a revolt, which induc'd the new monarch to take from the literati. the Chinefe books, which when in their hands created trouble. Lyiking however was fpared, becaufe, being lefs intelligible, it was confequently lefs dangerous than the others. The other books ofmedicine and agriculture were alfo preferved. At this time, many of the literati, willing to preferve the monuments which were dear to them, open'd the walls of their houfes, and buried them there as ina tomb of brick, whence they thought to take them when the ftorm was paft. This accident laid a foundation for the ftory of the old woman who pafted the books of Confucius againft her wall. The abbe R- alfo affirms, that the Chinefe have. no fciences, and that their religion as well as their laws came from the Indians. Int the Chinefe chronology we oughtto diftinguilh, what is manifeftly fabulous, what is dubious and uncertain, and what is evident and inconteftable. The moft celebrated Chinefe hiftorians have made this oblervation. The love of their country has not hinder'd them to retrench, in that long feries of ages, - 4 whatever ft her wall. The abbe R- alfo affirms, that the Chinefe have. no fciences, and that their religion as well as their laws came from the Indians. Int the Chinefe chronology we oughtto diftinguilh, what is manifeftly fabulous, what is dubious and uncertain, and what is evident and inconteftable. The moft celebrated Chinefe hiftorians have made this oblervation. The love of their country has not hinder'd them to retrench, in that long feries of ages, - 4 whatever --- Page 98 --- whatever Olferuations upon does not AstA, able and true, Thefe appear to them intirely that we judicious reafonought not to regard the hiftorians obferve, Hoci-lie-vang and Fohi, times we cannot rank them which are uncertain; between thacis, chronology ; and the according time to an exact and true pafs for mythological. preceding Fohi It is certain that ought to before the birth of China was peopled by an eclipfe of the Chrift, which is 2155 years year. Aftronomical fun which happened demonftrated that Chincfe hiftory, and obfervations others taken from very the been fent into France, of their books, have fkill in aftronomy, and the which prove both their fervations. antiquiry of their obIf to the 2155 years before 1749, which are fince Chrift, we add the tion which has fubfifted claps'd, we have a vaft we call China, for the in that part of the world nahundred and two ycars. pace Is of three thoufand nine ciently venerable ? where not this antiquity fuffiArabians when the were the Perfians the ftars ? what Chinefe obferved the courle and Chaldeans, while the became of the Egyptians of they, ftill fubfift P Chincfe, at leaft as and <6 But it is ancient as 6i reconcile this very dificult (fays the abbe sc antiquity with the Rt to 46 feptuagint. He adds, that we chronology of the 66 means acknowledge the cannot by this C6 luge, and that inventions are univerfality of the deChinefe afcribed to c to others. emperors; 99 which the feripture the firft But what is all this attributes lation of an cclipfe feen againft in an aftronomical calcuChrift. We leave the moft China 2155 years before R, and by adhering to this remoteages to the abbe epocha, all that our critiç adds, that we chronology of the 66 means acknowledge the cannot by this C6 luge, and that inventions are univerfality of the deChinefe afcribed to c to others. emperors; 99 which the feripture the firft But what is all this attributes lation of an cclipfe feen againft in an aftronomical calcuChrift. We leave the moft China 2155 years before R, and by adhering to this remoteages to the abbe epocha, all that our critiç --- Page 99 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. itfelf. As for the inventions critic fays deftroys occur in the mythowhich fhock him, as they only logical ages, they do not affeét the prefent quefhion. letters ufed by the Chinefe The hieroglyphical abhorr'd by this critic, fince he protefts are that greatly it is the moft foolifh manner of writing in the world. that the firft men, after the "Tis highly probable taking their road toconfufion of the languages," wards the eaft, had China for their heritage, brought had thither with them, the books which they received from their fat, hers, and did not 2mule themfelyes in finding out any other letters than thofe of thefe ancient monuments. Tis evident, that the Babylonians, Egyptians, and other ancient nations, had their hieroglyphical letters, but according to all appearances, moft of them were no ; witnefs the more than fimple enigmatic paintings infcription on the porch of the temple of Diofpolis, which confifts of a young child, an old man, a hawk, and a crocodile, all defigned to exprefs this moral fentence. O ye, who are born and die almoft at the fame time, remember that God abhors impudence. in fo oblcure, fo .What the Egyptians expreffed difficult, and fo confined a manner, and without any certain rule, the true hieroglyphics of China univerfal, methodic and reprefent in a, more noble, to write ealy method ; for it is much more eafy thele characters, AT than to make a whole trec, more noble, fince with a few ftrokes we convey the moft fublime ideas; more univerfal, fince it comprehends every thing ; more methodical, fince it cannot be the effect of chance; forthey havebeen made upon ed difficult, and fo confined a manner, and without any certain rule, the true hieroglyphics of China univerfal, methodic and reprefent in a, more noble, to write ealy method ; for it is much more eafy thele characters, AT than to make a whole trec, more noble, fince with a few ftrokes we convey the moft fublime ideas; more univerfal, fince it comprehends every thing ; more methodical, fince it cannot be the effect of chance; forthey havebeen made upon --- Page 100 --- Obfruatiar upon certain rules, upon Asta, duc'd. to which they "Tis certain, can be reare, they think and that the more perfeét human ways more general, communicate their minds united to this material fruitful and thoughts in and words to entertain body, we have fimple, need' While The angels a commerce with of fenfes have no need being of a more exalted cach other. roglyphics hold, fo mean a Piece of order of pirits, fight is not fo as it were, the middle alliftance. Hic. it is quicker, pure, and nor fo light as the rank, The reaches farther mind, but Hlieroglyphics the do not affcét the than the eye that they reach ear, fince hearing, it is minute pictures the mind; and by a clear and lively they prefent to it, it by the only tell imperfecily, manner, what the mouth conceives in many words, with the affiftance of could If then the abbé a great invention of the R- has reafon to alphabet muft twenty-rwo letters of fay, the that the fame thing proceed from divine Hebrew he affirms, ought C6 to be faid of in/piration, the c6 have that it is much more hierogtyphics. But K6 or thirty compofed an infinity of marvelloos, to €c fo lgures, than to words with <E great a number, that multiply the twenty fufficient to the lile fgurcs O 66 Chinefe, know them all. of man is not 66 and with who are fo much This is what the their fixty cr admired, have they ftill want fome cighry-thoufand done, The abbé R- no letters, as R, for charaders, given to cur letters, doubt imagines, that inflance. the Chinefe enters into the effence found that as hicroglyphics, becaufe he of the not of they are not made for the does not know, themfelves any found, and that cars, they have they may be all not 66 and with who are fo much This is what the their fixty cr admired, have they ftill want fome cighry-thoufand done, The abbé R- no letters, as R, for charaders, given to cur letters, doubt imagines, that inflance. the Chinefe enters into the effence found that as hicroglyphics, becaufe he of the not of they are not made for the does not know, themfelves any found, and that cars, they have they may be all --- Page 101 --- a u AFRICA, and AMERICA, all known without the affiftance of any language, by only attending to the ideas, which they prefent to the mind. But when this critic admires how with an alphahave been able to bet of twenty-four letters, they form all the words of the Greck or Arabic languages, if he knew what hieroglyphics are, he would juftly be more furprifed, how with three elements, to wit the fingle point mark'd thus 1 the line with two points - and the whole line which contains three points, they could produce fo aftonifhing a number of different charaéters. Belides, this multitude of charaéters is not fo perplexing as may be imagined,fince byal littleapplication for three or four years, a perfon may learn to read and underftand the Chinele books. When he knows five or fix thoufand letters, there is hardly any book, that he is not mafter of. 'Tis by reading, where the letters continually recur, that they are gradually and infenfibly learned. Tho' a man may be a good grcck fcholar, he is yet fometimes obliged to have recourfe to the lexicon. "Tis the fame with refpeét the Chinefe books, fince there is to underftanding for confulting the diétionaries fometimes a neceffity of that language. this chapter, with the characWe fhall conclude ofwhich.there ter and genius oftheChinefe language, are three kinds, that of the vulgar, that of people of rank, and that of the books. Tho' the firftis not fo ornate as the two others, yet it cannot be faid that ic. is much infericr to the European languages, and it is far from having thofe faults by fome afcribed to it. Some ignorant Europeans find ambiguities in it, where there is not the leaft appearance of them. As they have not at firft taken pains to pronounce the Chinefe - ter and genius oftheChinefe language, are three kinds, that of the vulgar, that of people of rank, and that of the books. Tho' the firftis not fo ornate as the two others, yet it cannot be faid that ic. is much infericr to the European languages, and it is far from having thofe faults by fome afcribed to it. Some ignorant Europeans find ambiguities in it, where there is not the leaft appearance of them. As they have not at firft taken pains to pronounce the Chinefe - --- Page 102 --- Oéfreationi Chinefe words, with ufoni Asra, cents, they only half their proper alpirations and fay, and have a underftand what the acthemfelves underftood. great deal of Chinefe ropeans, and not of This is the dificulty fault to make to ftudy with the language, which ofthe Eumore care: they Superior to this low and ought pronunciation is varied in clownifh which is almoft a hundred language, whofe polite and correét, never written, therc is manners, and ber of varied which is another more very fine or feign'd employ'd in a vaft numnity, and delicate tafte, hiftories, fince which difcover a lively deleriptions, wit, manners, urbaconcur to render them characters, and are read and beauriful. Thefe fmall contrafis, trouble, and underfiond, works chem, but we find no withour a great deal of nefs and are every where ambiguous furprifed expreffions in the beft politenefs, not much with a clearAfter wrote Earopean books, inferior to thofe of for the vulgar, thefe two manners of rangement oftheir who are but negligent expreflion, the one to be thar of the words, and the other about which the arlangunge oft the books, mandarins and literati, ought miliar ftile, and in which are not comes the great many this kind of written in a famajeftic and degrees or writing, there are a called fublime brevity gradations of the to arrive at the but only king. This is not a ancient books derftood, written, and which language would which is poken, and which without the help not be cafily unAtile are read with ofletters before the clear and pleafure $ for we cyes, a delicate ear fowings without find the 3 and the any thing to fhock manag'd, always renders variety of accents fweet. the found harmonious artfully and Volius there are a called fublime brevity gradations of the to arrive at the but only king. This is not a ancient books derftood, written, and which language would which is poken, and which without the help not be cafily unAtile are read with ofletters before the clear and pleafure $ for we cyes, a delicate ear fowings without find the 3 and the any thing to fhock manag'd, always renders variety of accents fweet. the found harmonious artfully and Volius --- Page 103 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA, Voffius had reafon to fay, that the copioufnels of from the multitude of the Chinefe languagé procceds thac thefe chaits charaéters. Tis to be oblerved, raéters have alfo different fenfes and affemblages, according as they are continued in twos, threes, and fometimes fours. There is a dictionary compofed by the order of one of the laft emperors, which did the whole fince thev not comprehend language, were obliged to add a fupplement to.it; of twentyfour volumes, tho' before it confifted of ninty-five, moft of which were vely thick, and wrote in a fmall charaéter. As therc is no other language in the world, which cannot be exhaufted in a much fmaller number of volumes, fo there is none, which. is either more rich, or can boaft of having reign'd more than three or four thoutand years, as it does at prefent. CHAP X. Of the Jalagraman ; explication of this fpecies fint, and wbere it isfound; tbe particu- % "alue tbe Indians fet upon it; dejeription dit; its difirent, /pecies. falagraman, or worm-eaten flint, isfound in TVE Gandica, a river of Indodftan which defcends from the mountains, on the north of Pacna, difembogues itfelfinto the Ganges, near that city, and is not lefs efteemed among the Indians, than the Ganges. Both of them have been the fubjeôts of their poetry, and are the boundaries of thcir pilgrimages. In alue tbe Indians fet upon it; dejeription dit; its difirent, /pecies. falagraman, or worm-eaten flint, isfound in TVE Gandica, a river of Indodftan which defcends from the mountains, on the north of Pacna, difembogues itfelfinto the Ganges, near that city, and is not lefs efteemed among the Indians, than the Ganges. Both of them have been the fubjeôts of their poetry, and are the boundaries of thcir pilgrimages. In --- Page 104 --- Oépreations In Gandica, upon Asia, thofe fints, which hothing is more remarkable which lodges in them, thcy fay are pierced by a than doing forms orbicalar wreathis idelf up, and worm, furprifing. The Indians figures, which are by fo purchale them very hold them in fomething one end of the Indies dear, and traffic with great eitcem, preferve them in boxes to the other. The them from fer a facrifice to them of copper or filver, bramins and natural and the myftical, cvery day. Let us unfold ofmeaning of this ftory, the real and the the ly The pierced flint of the fabulous called rivér Gandica, is a foundation falagraman, and its different generalfor the pecics have given to it. They have number of dhiftrent laid which are hardly fixty different names, and which it would known be except by the fpecies ofit, All thefe names have ufelefs here to virruolos, elpecially to the three a relation to their enumerare. dies. principal divinities fables, of and is a kind Hireirgartan of which is the matrix the Inlorgs ta Brama. falagraman, with gold veins, ofgold, and navel of Chivoudou, Chivanaban, which beThefe two divinities belongs to a god of fignifies the attributed to them. have only four cach, that name. two, all go by the The other which are taunorpholes. names of Vichnou, faingramans, and his except The merally black, falagraman is a flint, hard, of a round Agure, fometimes marbled, of different fmooth, geneon one, and oblong, oval, and flat colours, are formed in fometimes the on both fides, fometimes Gandica, rocks cf the fhores Thele flints breaking Part whence of they are obliged to take or cafcades of They re.ain the the flon: which them, by flatnels on mark of their contains them., one of their files, pofition, and by a fmall grow in the water, a , hard, of a round Agure, fometimes marbled, of different fmooth, geneon one, and oblong, oval, and flat colours, are formed in fometimes the on both fides, fometimes Gandica, rocks cf the fhores Thele flints breaking Part whence of they are obliged to take or cafcades of They re.ain the the flon: which them, by flatnels on mark of their contains them., one of their files, pofition, and by a fmall grow in the water, a --- Page 105 --- RICA, and AMERICA) water, or within its mark. The infect found in them is called a worm, and in the Indian language has three names, fouvarnakiam, the worm of gold, vagirakitam, the worm of diamond, and prac(tarakitam, the worm of ftone. A fable they report in. the north fays, that it.is a metamorphofis of the god Vichnou, which happened in the following manner. Vichnou went to pay a vifit to the wite of a faint, and feduced her from her conjugal vows. The faint enraged at this, revenged himfelf by a malediétion conceived in the following terms. Mayft thou be born a worm, and have nothing to gnaw but ftone, Thus Vichnou was born. They alfo relate the metamorphofis of Vichnou, in another manner. The three divinites, Brama, Vichnou,and Chivoudou,having heard ofa celebrated dancer called Gandica, no,lefs famous for the fweetnefs of her temper, than the graces of. her perfon, went to fee her, and tried her patience by the highelt rudenefs, and every thing which could provoke her. But not able to change her good humour, they were fo charmed with her politenefs, that after having difcovered who they were, each of them pros mifed to be born by her, and for this purpofe, they metamorphofed her into a river, and this is the river Gandica, where thefe three divinities fprang up under the form of the falagraman. Thefe two fables conduce to the fame end, which, Is the deification of the infeét which lodges itfelf or is produced in this ftone. Tis dubious whether this animal is a worm, or a fith; and it feems more proper to call it a fnail, on account of its figure and polition, which we may conjeéture at from the orbs difcernible in the moft diftinét ftones. The tail is in the center, the belly in the moft prominent parts form of the falagraman. Thefe two fables conduce to the fame end, which, Is the deification of the infeét which lodges itfelf or is produced in this ftone. Tis dubious whether this animal is a worm, or a fith; and it feems more proper to call it a fnail, on account of its figure and polition, which we may conjeéture at from the orbs difcernible in the moft diftinét ftones. The tail is in the center, the belly in the moft prominent parts --- Page 106 --- Olprsatisan part, and the head upor AstA, fect receives the near the furface wheré waves. nourtilhment thein In the brought to it by the pies, there pace are which the body of iel and at equal dhiftances, the infeét occuthe center regularly to the traced, as if they deep lincs, paral. one orb to another. creumfrerer, but interfectedl procceded from which the animal adheres Thefe lincs are the fromt pofes, that the inleét to the ftone, parts by the worm Or has feveral which fapcurrent caterpillar. The ringlets as well as which gnaws among the the Indians is, that opinion it is generally nourifhment. ftone, cither for a a worm lodging, or for who Asadmiration; examine is the mother of tural philofophe, things llighrly, and idolatry, know thel Indians, made in this baving oblerved little of Dagence, and nothing ftone, have given lodgings the infect artifically god of it. Some of more was wanting to make intellinorth, place the them, elpecially towards a tances from the god fubordinate deities at the lan, Or the Vichnou. The regular dif: the reft. porters, are at the critry dourapalacon We ; and thus of the cavities cannot of ablolutely certain deny, that the are the work of flints which figure or be different from foie worm, but this appear gnawed, mayalfo the infeét of which worm muft in the account for moft of thefe we fpcak. We clofely united following manner. The irregular cavitics 'tis natural to think with the rock in which falagraman it is being larly into the flint that the points formed, leave thefe cavities which grows with entering them, irreguThere is a when they are broken. fhould ni, flar on both pecies fides, of falagramin called which has charcapaeight or ten fimilar ed, mayalfo the infeét of which worm muft in the account for moft of thefe we fpcak. We clofely united following manner. The irregular cavitics 'tis natural to think with the rock in which falagraman it is being larly into the flint that the points formed, leave thefe cavities which grows with entering them, irreguThere is a when they are broken. fhould ni, flar on both pecies fides, of falagramin called which has charcapaeight or ten fimilar --- Page 107 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA: lar lodges, on one of them at equal diftances, but regular, "Tis not to be doubted, and thefe perfeatly there has been a fmall fifh, but different in thole which are difpofed like a fnail. Thus from muft be a kind of petrefied fhell, tho' charcapani different from marble in colour and it is not therefore fhould not the other hardnefs. Why be Thells in like manner ? DEs falagramans On the rocks of France. we find fhells, which refembling the falagramans may affift us in withiout notion of them. Thele are affemblages forming a in the cavities, or-on the points of of fmall lodges wafhed the waves. Every the rocks which are by form a lodge is a fhell, and the whole The together filh is there. efed kump called the fea nofegay. filtrated thro' on the fat of the fea, or on the water like the fhells a fkin which covers its furface, almoft This affemwhich adhere to the rudder of a fhip. 4ome reblage of fhells forms a body which has enchafed into femblance to the charcapani, and is which muft be broken in order to exthe ftone, whether it petrifies by tract it. We are ignorant make a new fpecics time, but if it does we may of falagraman of it. called anantamourli is The largeft falagraman and has the figure of a fhail fo rare and precious, and internally that it verifies diftinét both externally The the account we have given of it. falagramans and have of the fecond fize are called gopalamourli, The chivanabam is but one lodge and one fnail. by a circular the roundeft fpecies, and diftinguithed We canfigure, which the Chinefe call a navel. defcribe it farther than by faying, that it is a not at the they call the navel, in the flint enchafed the rock in part which it is formed. That cavity of and corroded all part of it which appears unequal round, VoL. II. H of the fecond fize are called gopalamourli, The chivanabam is but one lodge and one fnail. by a circular the roundeft fpecies, and diftinguithed We canfigure, which the Chinefe call a navel. defcribe it farther than by faying, that it is a not at the they call the navel, in the flint enchafed the rock in part which it is formed. That cavity of and corroded all part of it which appears unequal round, VoL. II. H --- Page 108 --- Oéfruatien Found, may be. the zpon Astaj ftone, which cffas of the afperities of to conceive, furrounded that it; for it is the regular, and in a worm fhould form hardly a polible be careful gnawing the ftone front fo tutes the rarity not ofthe to damage the circle, unequally, which fhould of flint.: Another conftifalngraman, has the fmaller graved on its flat fide. figure of a fhail very fpecies would almoft Aperfon who fees this well her honfe on her imagine, back. that the fhail creeps flint, with called cachamourti have The fmalleft by which they communicate two lodges, and flagramans a The facrifice which the with each other, joining lagraman confiftsi sina bramins make to the fawood called landers, applying with which to it the ferapings of the walhing themfelves ; in filling or in they generally adorn it, in pouring rubbing it with oil, in ingir a repaft made Up:of libations upon it; and giv. garand the banana figues, which butter, curds, milk, furoutam, or the ambrofia of five they call panchamaccompany vedam in honour the ceremony. With: the. alments. words They the followinge of Vichnou, among which of the fand cyes, and Deity a thoufand with a thoufand heads, a thou- are rended as an allufion to fect; the perhaps this is' inlodges and lines mulitude of Tis the bulinets of oblervable in fome holes, manner in which this fkcilful naturalifts to flagramans, explain the admirable flint is formed. CHAP --- Page 109 --- AFRICA and AMERICA, CHAP. XI. of the ancient and prefent Bate of Armenia; tbe divifion of it, a defcription of Erzcrum, Erisan, and mount Ararat; tbe manners, genius, cbaraëter, and occupations of tbe Armenians. Rmenia extends from mount Taurus, which A I feparates it from Mefopotamia on the fouth, to Iberia : and from Media on the eaft, to the Pariadres, and Euphrates, which feparates it from the leffer Armenia on the weft. In this extent of country, according to Strabo, there are feveral rivers, which run into three different feas, viz, the Cycus and the Phafe into the Euxine fea; the Araxis into the Cafpian fea ; and the Euphrates.and the Tigris into the Perfian gulph. The Euphrates and the Araxis are both pretty near the mountain formerly called Abos, in 43 or 42 degrees of latitude. The Tigris arifes from mount Nephates about the 33d degree. All thefe mountains are parts of Taurus, which in different places is called by different names. - The ancient geographers, and the Greek and Latin hiftorians, mention fome of the principal cities of Armenia, fuch as Artaxata, Tigranocerta, Carca-thiourta, and Armafata. Artaxata was upon the Araxis. Strabo and Plutarch fay, that Antiochus the great, king of Syria, being obliged to make Hannibal the mortal enemy of the Romans leave his territories, that Carthaginian general, took Thelter with king Artaxes or Arfaces, and that converfing with that prince, he put bim upon.the projeét of building the city of ArtaxaH 2 t2, of Armenia, fuch as Artaxata, Tigranocerta, Carca-thiourta, and Armafata. Artaxata was upon the Araxis. Strabo and Plutarch fay, that Antiochus the great, king of Syria, being obliged to make Hannibal the mortal enemy of the Romans leave his territories, that Carthaginian general, took Thelter with king Artaxes or Arfaces, and that converfing with that prince, he put bim upon.the projeét of building the city of ArtaxaH 2 t2, --- Page 110 --- Obferuation ta, fo called in honour upon ASIA, of its founder the Tigranocra fource of was fituated on a king Artaxes. tween the the Tigris. mountain beyond the former Tigris and the Carcathioura lay befata than to the Euphrates, but was fituated latter. nearer to The at the foot of Armafata mount or ArfamaArmenians Taurus. more reafon than the may boaft of their it is evident, that the Egyptians and antiguity with the firft on which land which they Chaldeans; ; for luge when they men walk'd, after the inhabit, was ing to the fcripture came out of the ark, which general demountains of Armenia, account, ftop'd on fome accord. of ed, that Noah and his But it muft alfo be the fetrlement there, but family did not then grantcither wich a went into the land of make any revifit their native defign to find a milder Sannaar, of the country. It is not climate, or to to it, defendants tho' of Noah known which either Hus according to the common brought back a colony grandfon of or Gather, both the fons opinion, it was Tho' the Shem. of Aram the Chaldeans have Armenians their as well as the do not make fabulous Egyptians and thefe two other them reach beyond antiquities, the yet they nations do. deluge, as Aceording to the ans, Haik their. firft ancient hiftory of the. Armenigon, the granfon of king, was the fon of fon of Gomer, begot Thiras, the Tarand flew Bclus, who by Japhet. He great grancto his empirc, and inexded to vanquifh'd Hail a.e., from him the nation flubject him The Armenian is called that fifty-three kings of hiftorians the fay, that they have had the laft of them, polterity of and fain in a battle called Vahé, was Laick; vanquith'd and againft Alexander the great. They was the fon of fon of Gomer, begot Thiras, the Tarand flew Bclus, who by Japhet. He great grancto his empirc, and inexded to vanquifh'd Hail a.e., from him the nation flubject him The Armenian is called that fifty-three kings of hiftorians the fay, that they have had the laft of them, polterity of and fain in a battle called Vahé, was Laick; vanquith'd and againft Alexander the great. They --- Page 111 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. lôi They alfo reckon twenty-feven kings of the race of. Arfacides; beginning at Vacarfaces. Tis certain that Armenia was not fubjeét to the kings of Affyria fince the two fons of Sennacherib fled thither after the éxecrable parricide, committed on their father ahd their king: This account of fo long a feries of kings, is contradicted by hiftorians of great veracity : neither can it be doubted, that Armenia was a province of the empire of the Medes and Perfians, governed by a fatrape 3 for Strabo, in order to prove that it is a country véry proper for breeding horfes, fays, that the fatrape was obliged every year to fend twen= ty thoufand young horfes to the king of Perfia; and Xenophoni relates, that the ten thoufand Greeks who made fo famous a retreat after the defeat of young Cyrus, marched above the fource of the Euphrates to prevent their being ftop'd by the Perfians in pafling the rivers. Arrian in enumerating the troops of Darius at the battle of Arbela, mentions' the Armenians, and their two chicfs Orontes and Mithruftes. Neither is it to be believed, that Alexander entered into Armenia, fince from Mefopotamia, croffing the Euphrates, he paffed into Affyria, and en-' gaged Darius near Arbela, at the foot of mount Taurus. However Armenia underwent the common fate of the eaft; for Alexander added it to the number of his other conquefts. Either the terror of his arms fubjeéted it to him, or he fent one of his generals to conquer it. After the death of Alexander, whofe ftates were divided among the principal chiefs of his army, Armenia fell to the fhare of Frataphetnes, who affumed the title of king, and tranfmitted it to his fucceffors. Orontes was the laft who bore. that H 3 title: Armenia underwent the common fate of the eaft; for Alexander added it to the number of his other conquefts. Either the terror of his arms fubjeéted it to him, or he fent one of his generals to conquer it. After the death of Alexander, whofe ftates were divided among the principal chiefs of his army, Armenia fell to the fhare of Frataphetnes, who affumed the title of king, and tranfmitted it to his fucceffors. Orontes was the laft who bore. that H 3 title: --- Page 112 --- Oéfreations title. After his death upon AstA, Artaxes and Armenia was divided wars.of Antiochus Quadriades, the who had ferved between in the defcendants of Orontes. great, and were probably the Artaxes, alfo called Arfaces, Arfacides, the kings of Perfia, as was the father.of the origin of the Arfacides, another Arfaces was mafter Tigranes, the fon of kings of the of another Artaxes, rendered Parthians. intirely, Afterwards part of Armenia, and himfelf - divifions which taking the poffefed ic kingdom, fubdued weakened Syria, he advantage of the potamia, and often Cappadecia, bear Galatia, conquered and that Tigranes, the Melonow Parthians. eaft, was however vistorious and formidable and fly before. obliged to yield to the in the ten thoufand infantry, Lucullus, who attacked him Romans, about a thoufand three thoufand with while the army of men armed with bows cavalry, and and and fify-thoufind Tygranes confifted of a hundred arrows, valry, belides infantry, and with lings and tweny-thoutind other fifry-ahoufiand CaHe met with arrows. foldiers, arm'd and favourcd this difgrace for having married, Mithridates, to whofe fifter entertained But he was going to meet Armeniay before and having Pompey joined as foon as he entered laid it him, and taking the him, he fell at the victor's crown' from his proftrate Roman would, not wear it, except feet, protelting that head, he people. by the favour of the by Artavafte Mark his fon and fucceffor, fians, was Anthony feized who waged war being lupectedt where he was and led in againft the Perput to death in triumph to Alexandria, prifon, Since Armeniay before and having Pompey joined as foon as he entered laid it him, and taking the him, he fell at the victor's crown' from his proftrate Roman would, not wear it, except feet, protelting that head, he people. by the favour of the by Artavafte Mark his fon and fucceffor, fians, was Anthony feized who waged war being lupectedt where he was and led in againft the Perput to death in triumph to Alexandria, prifon, Since --- Page 113 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA: Since that time, Armenia makes a véry confideof the Roman hiftory, efpecially when it rable part between the Romans and Partreats of the wars between the Greeks and Perfians. thians, and thofe deal from the invaArmenia alfo fuffered a great and at laft the fions of the Saracens and Tartars : waged war, Turks and Perfians, after having long between them. againft each other, agreed to divideit that this The Armenian hiftory alfo affures us, had kings of the houfe of the Arfacides, kingdom of Ardefciras, who was the laft of thac till the days in the time of the emperor Arrace; and reigned cadius: remains of the ancient and celebrated cities C The have changed their name, and are of Armenia, Affannow called the cities of Erzerum, Terzom; and Zulkala, Beazit, Erivan, Baybout, Nachivan fo that we can only by light conjeéturess pha 5 the prefent ftate of Armenia with that in compare which it was formerly. built like the modern, If the ancient cities that were there fhould be no veftiges it is not furprifing for the prefent towns of Armenia are of them left 5 fome pieces only built of earth, fupported and by dear, fo that of wood, which are rare, fuch they light very few fires in the country, except of ftubble and COWS dung, which they as confift dry.in the fun. and forts of the cities are of a kind of The walls bricks joined with mortar 5 which is no more than kneaded earth. All thefe works are very foon dea ftroyed by the rains and the want of due reparations. Armenia is almoft all furrounded by mount Tauthe Pariades, and Cafpian hills, the Antitaurus, rus, and the Gordian mountains, or the Nephates, Thefe mountains, always covered mount Ararat. with I14 which they as confift dry.in the fun. and forts of the cities are of a kind of The walls bricks joined with mortar 5 which is no more than kneaded earth. All thefe works are very foon dea ftroyed by the rains and the want of due reparations. Armenia is almoft all furrounded by mount Tauthe Pariades, and Cafpian hills, the Antitaurus, rus, and the Gordian mountains, or the Nephates, Thefe mountains, always covered mount Ararat. with I14 --- Page 114 --- with fnow and Obforoations zpon Asra, however docs ice, occafion a continual ficiencly populous, nothinder the country from cold, which The labourers becaufe the foil is being fuf in order to only till the very fertile. September. reap the harveft, about ground in the which They make the the beginning pring, of their obliges them to yoke twelve furrows very ploughs. The vines pair of oxen depy during the winter, and are covered with in wine. produce carth I Armenia but a very forry are is not alike in all heat. expofed to intenfe cold, parts, fince while fome habitants At Erivan the heat is others fuffer an excellive neighbouring are obliged to quit the fo great, that the inbcing fituated mountains for a. cooler city, and go to the of between the air. Armenia latitude, the heat 37th and 41ft was not greatly would be univerfal in degrees the mounrains allayéd by the it, if it Armenia is which furround it. plentiful fnows on andPerfians, fince unequally the divided among the of it, the capital formerp Poflefs the Turks Perfians the other city of which is Erzerum, greateft part Erivan. part, the and the "Tis capital of which is ancient commonly thought that Erzerum Theodofus Theodofiopois the : Procopius is the name, but thac great only honoured pretends, it thac inclofed it in walls, afterwards, the emperor with his fence againtt the Perfians. and put it in a condition Anaftafius of rum is the ancient This opinion, that deciled with the firuation Tieodlofiopols, cannot be Erzethis laft city; for he that Procopius reconabout two leagues fays, that afligns to tes. Now 'tis from the fource Tlenlofspaine of; the was greater diftance; certain, for that Erzerum lies Euphrait is fituated at a much between two rivers fence againtt the Perfians. and put it in a condition Anaftafius of rum is the ancient This opinion, that deciled with the firuation Tieodlofiopols, cannot be Erzethis laft city; for he that Procopius reconabout two leagues fays, that afligns to tes. Now 'tis from the fource Tlenlofspaine of; the was greater diftance; certain, for that Erzerum lies Euphrait is fituated at a much between two rivers --- Page 115 --- AFRICA and AMERICA. 1O5 vers which join at the diftance of three days jourbelow that city, and which by their union form ney, the Euphrates. One of thefe rivers flows to the diftance of a day's journey from Erzerum, anc the other, to that of a day and a half's journey. Some pretend that this city is the ancient Charres, which others çall Charni. But perhaps Charni-or Charno, was the. firft and the ancient name, which was afterwards chang'd into that of Theodofiopolis. Be this as it will, Erzerum is fituated at the foot of a mountain, which gives rife to the two rivers we have mentioned, and to a number of rivulets, which water that country. Before the city there is' and fertile which extends itfelf bea beautiful plain, It tween the two firft arms of. the Euphratés. is inclofed with two walls, which are none of the beft, and on which there are turrets here and there. Its caftle, which is. built on an eminence, is not in a much better condition, and is commanded by a more elevated turret, where the aga of the Janifaries lodges, and governs independently of the bafhaw. In Erzerum there are eighteen thoufand Turks, and about five feven or cight thoufand. Armenians, hundred Greeks. Thefe laft, colleéted in the fuburbs, are cmployed in making plates and other pieces of kitchen furniture. The Armenians follow all kinds of trades, and are very induftrious in traffic. The chriftians are not permitted : to have houfes in the caftle,, and if.. they. go into it either about bulinels, or to work, they are obliged to leave it before night. This city appears fo. much the more populous, becaufe caravans continually arrive at it. As it 15 the beft known paffage from Turky to Perfia, fo 'tis are cmployed in making plates and other pieces of kitchen furniture. The Armenians follow all kinds of trades, and are very induftrious in traffic. The chriftians are not permitted : to have houfes in the caftle,, and if.. they. go into it either about bulinels, or to work, they are obliged to leave it before night. This city appears fo. much the more populous, becaufe caravans continually arrive at it. As it 15 the beft known paffage from Turky to Perfia, fo 'tis --- Page 116 --- 1o6 Oéferoations 'tis alfo che moft upon AsrA, zerum is always full frequented, of for which reafons Era "Tis faid, that the ftrangers, ccives four hundred purfes grand fignior every year refrom Erzcrum dependencies ; and the bafhaw three Erzerum, and its the is abour the 4oth hundred. Tho' winter there is fevere degree of latitude, yet month of June and long, fince in cold which they are hardly free'd the Two returns in September. from the called leagues from Erzerum, continually Elyia, there is a bath of hot near the village ebu'litions, renewed by two fources water, which is cach as which have The bafon is large as the two walls of an o@tagon, and body of a man: frequented. the fame form, and the bath furrounded with From is very much travel fooner Erzerum to Erivan the than in caravan cannot vellers have their choice fourteen or fifteen days, and which is the laft of two roads, one by traArmenia, and another place belonging to the Turks Cars, in Georgia. by Teflis, the capiral of Erivan is the only place king of Perfia ofimportance, which queit of Cha pollefies in Armenia. It is the the the year Sephi, the fon of Cha Abas, conkilled the 1633, made himfelf mafter of who in two thoufand Turkifh garrifon, compofed of it, and Erivan men. twentynine hundred was not then where it is now, but prefent ftands. paces from the place where it about The Perfians have at would be more judg'd, that this new fituation fiecp rock, and advantagcous, fince the caftle is on a is defended inaccellible on the weft. lun. by a triple wall of The reft The caftle is the refidence bricks dried in the of the kan or governor, compofed of it, and Erivan men. twentynine hundred was not then where it is now, but prefent ftands. paces from the place where it about The Perfians have at would be more judg'd, that this new fituation fiecp rock, and advantagcous, fince the caftle is on a is defended inaccellible on the weft. lun. by a triple wall of The reft The caftle is the refidence bricks dried in the of the kan or governor, --- Page 117 --- AFFRICA and AMERICA. I07 nour, and of the other officers of the garrifon. The city is below it, inclofed in a double wall, fuller of gardens and vineyards than of houfes, and contains about four thoufand fouls. Tho' the Armenians make but the fourth part of this number, yet they have four churches. At the foot of the rock on which the caftle is built, there is a river, or rather a torrent called Zengui, which defcends from a great lake twentyfive days journey round, and about two days and a half's journey from the city on the north fide,and this is the lake of Agtamar. Zengui runs into the Araxis three miles below Erivan, where croûs it over a beautiful bridge of three ader ple under which there are apartments made for taking the frefh air. There is alfo on the other fide, a fmall river called Queurboulac. The city is befides watered by feveral rivulets and fountains, which yield but bad water, tho' in recompence the wine is excellent. In going out of Erivan, we enter a very charming plain, fertile in all forts of fruits and grains, abounding in rice and cotton, and adorned with beautiful vineyards, and rich pafturages, while vaft number of villages and country-houfes agrecably fituated, give this city a delightful profpeét. Erivan is placed between the 2oth and the 2gth degree of the elevation of the pole. Ice and fnow reign there in the winter, but in the fummer, the air is fo fultry and unwholefome, that the kan, and moft of the inhabitants, are obliged to abandon the city, and for the fake of a better air, retire to. the mountains, which are then covered with inconccivable multitudes of pcople, who lodge-in tents, the number of which, they fay, amounts,to more than twenty-thoufand : for not only the Curdes, who X are degree of the elevation of the pole. Ice and fnow reign there in the winter, but in the fummer, the air is fo fultry and unwholefome, that the kan, and moft of the inhabitants, are obliged to abandon the city, and for the fake of a better air, retire to. the mountains, which are then covered with inconccivable multitudes of pcople, who lodge-in tents, the number of which, they fay, amounts,to more than twenty-thoufand : for not only the Curdes, who X are --- Page 118 --- Olfroationi are pretty near thefe uponi ASTA, many other people who mountains, live but alfo a greaf dea, bring their flocks thither in the plains of Chal, avoid the exceflive heats. for palturage, andto Erivan is, as well as mon road for the caravans Erzerum, the moft cominto Perfia, and from Perfia which go from on thefe roads the into Turky, becaufe Turky of lifeis to be found. greateft plenty of the neceflaries This province fills the fia with immenfe fums, coffers of the king of Per: nion, that to the kan it is and 'tis the common opithoufand tomans, which worth more than twentythoufand pounds fterling. amount to about forty Mount Noah refted, Ararat, on which 'tis thought tlie fided, is when the waters of ark of ten or twelve the deluge fubfouth-eaft. The Armenians leagucs from Erivan to the ration for it, that as foon have fo great a venefall proftrate to the as they perceive it, call this mountain ground, and kifs it. they of the ark. "Tis Melefoulat, that is the mountain They mountain of the ancient thought that it is, the Gordian is divided into two points geographers, and its. fummit and almoft continually always covered with fnow, fogs, which render them farrounded with clouds and At the foot of the mountain invifible. interrupted by fome barren are moving fands, thepherds tend their flocks, downs, where poor proofs of the badnels of the which are convincing higher are dreadful black pafturage. A little - other, on which, rocks pil'd upon each. find wherewithal however, the tygers and the rocks people to nourifh themfelves. At crows culty, cannot arrive withour the thefe on account of the utmoft diffifteepnefs of the mountain, the mountain invifible. interrupted by fome barren are moving fands, thepherds tend their flocks, downs, where poor proofs of the badnels of the which are convincing higher are dreadful black pafturage. A little - other, on which, rocks pil'd upon each. find wherewithal however, the tygers and the rocks people to nourifh themfelves. At crows culty, cannot arrive withour the thefe on account of the utmoft diffifteepnefs of the mountain, --- Page 119 --- AFRICA aN/-AMERICA tain, the abundance of the fands, and the defeét of water. We fhall now confider the genius and charaéter of the Armenians. They are commended for their fincerity, prudence, fkill in commerce, indefatigable application to labour, which they naturally love, a natural fund of goodnefs, which ealily unites them with ftrangers, and prevents all animofities, where intereft does not interfere. The faults with which they are upbraided, are their being too much addicted to wine, and their attachment to their intereft above all other things. That fpecies of chriftianity which they profefs appears to them very rigorous, fince it enjoins them long and auftere faltings, which they obferve with the moft fcrupulous regularicy. "Tis certain, that Cha Abas the firft, farnamed the great, delpairing of defending Armenia againft the Turks, and only willing to leave them a defart country, carried off twenty-two thoufand Armenian "amilies, and diyided them into feveral colonies, which he difperfed thro' feveral provinces of his ftates : but the greateft part of thele colonies being confounded with the Mahometans, in the remote régions, have forgot thejr origin and the religion of their fathers. This was not the fate of the colony which Cha Abas eftablifh'd a league diftant from Ipahan, and as it were in its fuburbs. This prince, who had great views, perceiving that his ftates could furnifh a rich commerce, but that the Perfians, naturally addiéted to idlenels and prodigality, were incapable of managing and fupporting it, employ'd the Armenians, a pcople of a quite different turn, to put the riches of his ftates to the greateft advantage. Befides, he knew that as the Armenians were chriftians, eftablifh'd a league diftant from Ipahan, and as it were in its fuburbs. This prince, who had great views, perceiving that his ftates could furnifh a rich commerce, but that the Perfians, naturally addiéted to idlenels and prodigality, were incapable of managing and fupporting it, employ'd the Armenians, a pcople of a quite different turn, to put the riches of his ftates to the greateft advantage. Befides, he knew that as the Armenians were chriftians, --- Page 120 --- IIO Olfarvations itians, they would be spon AstA, any other nation that more did welcome in Europe than He fucceeded in his not profefs ceived a love for defigns, the Armenians chriftanity. #pread the commerce trade, and fince that time conOne of the firft of Perfia all over the world. have advantages induftry, was to build they reaped from their which they called it themfelves a city near of a city in their former Sulfa, or Julfa, from the Tpahan, name prefent very confiderable, country, and this city is at cheir own nation, who is has its Ralanther of mayor or judge ofthe police. an officer equivalent to a their Commerce having drawn the own country, they have Armenians from themfelves in colonies, in almoft voluntarily eftablifh'd they have carried it on, in all the parts where bouring provinces, in Perfia, Georgia, and the neightary, Poland, and other Turky, the leffer Tarwhich ravag'd their native places, where the take fhelter. country, obliged them wars, to The Turks and Perfians, exercife a very fevere who are their maffers, taxes on them; and exact empire them over them, lay keeps up in the minds of the whole with violence, which which paffes from fathers to their nation a timidity, They have no nobility children. than the other nations of the among them, any more from honourable caft, and their exclufion ditinctionchan thatof employments, leaves them no other They all learn trades having in their more Or lefs fubftance, follow them when they youth, and ceafe to énough to fupport their begin to traffic, or have A great part of the nation families. is bours of the field, the employ'd in the lacultivation of the vines. tilling of the ground, and the As , They have no nobility children. than the other nations of the among them, any more from honourable caft, and their exclufion ditinctionchan thatof employments, leaves them no other They all learn trades having in their more Or lefs fubftance, follow them when they youth, and ceafe to énough to fupport their begin to traffic, or have A great part of the nation families. is bours of the field, the employ'd in the lacultivation of the vines. tilling of the ground, and the As --- Page 121 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA: III As for the women, they are in the fame condition with all the reft in the eaft, and it may be faid, that they are condemn'd to a perpetual prifon. If they are obliged to go abroad, it is always under a Jong mantle, and . a large white veil, which cover them in fuch a manner as to leave nothing free but their eyes to conduét them, and their noftrils to breath thro'. However, that they may vilit and converfe with each other, they make doors of communication between the neighbouring houfes; but thefe doors, very different from thofe of Janus, are open when the ladies are at peace, and fhut when they, are at war, CHAP XII. Defcrittion ef feveral remarkable trees in Cbinas eftbe tree aubicb yeilds tbe varnilh, and tbat from wvbich oil is obtain'd; of tbe tree wbich bears fexvet, tbat wobicb produces wax, and tbe tree wbich yeilds tbe dragon's blood; ef tbe tree aubich difiufes a more agrecable fmell wobicb bears tbe tea. tban incenfe ; eftbefbrub Tfichu, or the tree of the varnilh, is nciIts bark THET tall, nor bufhy, nor fpreading. is whitifh, its leaves àre pretty like thofe of the wild cherry-tree, and'the gum which flows from it drop by drop, is not unlike turpentine. It yields a deal of this gum when an incifion is made in great ir, but it foon perithes. when drawn, has cer- "Tis faid that this liquor, tain poifonous qualities, whofe bad effects can only be u, or the tree of the varnilh, is nciIts bark THET tall, nor bufhy, nor fpreading. is whitifh, its leaves àre pretty like thofe of the wild cherry-tree, and'the gum which flows from it drop by drop, is not unlike turpentine. It yields a deal of this gum when an incifion is made in great ir, but it foon perithes. when drawn, has cer- "Tis faid that this liquor, tain poifonous qualities, whofe bad effects can only be --- Page 122 --- IIS Obferuation be prevented upon Aéra, either by not fmelling its agitated Or changed vapour when it is ther ; and the fame from one veffel to anoboiling it. precaution is alfo to be The ufed in' with it; varnifh and if it takes is well all the colours we can mix its luftre nor fplendor, either made, it lofes nothing of air, or the oldnefs of the wood by the changes of the But time and Care are on which it is laid, But one or two layers or neceffary beds to make it well, muft go over it feveral are not fufficient, we which has been laid times : wait till the without being on equal and thin, becomes bed, hard; to dry, Jay on is obferve whether that ftronger, or of a deeper we alone try.gradually to obtain a certain colour ; and to renders the work temperament, which and this is what folid, fmooth, and workman. As experience it is alone teaches to the fhining; fkilful work in moif places, fometimes and neceffary to lay the in water, and at laft to turn fometimes it even to dip it pleafure, they rarely. make or difpofe of it at pillars refling upon bafes of large works of it, as Chinefe ftone, with which buildings are the great hall of the fupported, and thefe of the ver'd with a true emperor, all which are not Cocall'd tongycou. varnifh, but with another liquor The tong-chu is a tree from which quor approsching to the they obtain a liit at a dillances, we take it varnifh. for When we look at count of the form and colour of a true nut-tree, on acand fhape of the leaves, and the bark, the breadth tion of the nuts, which the figure and oil, mix'd with are full of a difpofiin an oleous pretty thick order to obtain the pulp, which they prefs quor. Before they ufe it greater quantity of the liand mix the colour with it they if boil ic with litharge, they pleafe, They often at a dillances, we take it varnifh. for When we look at count of the form and colour of a true nut-tree, on acand fhape of the leaves, and the bark, the breadth tion of the nuts, which the figure and oil, mix'd with are full of a difpofiin an oleous pretty thick order to obtain the pulp, which they prefs quor. Before they ufe it greater quantity of the liand mix the colour with it they if boil ic with litharge, they pleafe, They often --- Page 123 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. ten lay it upon wood without any mixture, to defend it againft the rain. They alfo lay it without mixture, on the fquares which form the cielings of rooms, which by that means become fhining, and if carefully wafh'd, retain their luftre. In this manner the apartments of the. emperor, and the grandees of - the nation, are adorned and decorated. But if. they want to, make a finifh'd work, to adorn a room for inftance, or a clofet, they cover the pillars and the wainfcots with lime, linen, or any other' fimilar fubftance prepared in patte., They allow the whole to dry to a certain degree, and having mix'd the colour they want with the oil, they boil it in the common manner, and lay it on with brufhes according to the plan form'd. They fometimes gild mouldings, works of fculpture, and all embofs'd work. But without the affiftance of the gilding, the fplendor and luftre of the works is not much inferior to that of the varnifh which the Chinefe call tfi. The tree which bears the fewet is as tall as a large cherry-tree, and the fruit is included inabark call'd yenkicu, which opens in the middle when it is ripe, like that of the chefnut, and confifts of white feeds like fmall kernels, the fubitance of which has the qualities of fewet, fo that they make candles of them, after having melted them, and mixed a little common oil with them. They alfo make candles of the wax produced by the tree we are about to defcribe. The pe-lachu, or tree which bears the wbite wax, is lower than the fewet-tree, from which jt alfo differs in the colour ofits bark, which is whitifh, and by the figure of its leaves, which are longer than they are broad. Small worms adhere to thefe leaves, and taking fhelter there for fome time, produce VoL. IL, I combs of them, after having melted them, and mixed a little common oil with them. They alfo make candles of the wax produced by the tree we are about to defcribe. The pe-lachu, or tree which bears the wbite wax, is lower than the fewet-tree, from which jt alfo differs in the colour ofits bark, which is whitifh, and by the figure of its leaves, which are longer than they are broad. Small worms adhere to thefe leaves, and taking fhelter there for fome time, produce VoL. IL, I combs --- Page 124 --- Olfreationi combs of wax much upon Asta, This wax is very hard fimaller and than thofe in a bee hive. deal more than bees-wax, thining, and cofts a great leave once accuftomed to the trees of When thefe worms are them except on certain a canton, they do not they have once occafions, and when that others muft be diappear'd, got of they never return, fo in them. the merchants who deal The caffia-trees are found Yunan on the fkirts of the in the province of are pretty tall, and bear Kingdom of Ava. They Europe, Thefe cods are longer cods than thofe in vex hufks, like the ordinary not compofed of two conhollow pipe, divided into pulfes, but of a fort of fiall cells, which contain partitions, in form of and intirely refemble the a medullary In the ifle ofHainan caffia we ufe. fubftance, madrepores of all we find maritime plants and yeild dragon's fpecies, as alfo fome trees forts, which by blood, and feveral others of which when indurated incifion diftil a white juice, different confiftence when affimes a reddifh colour; but which either to the form'd, has no perfedt its put into a gums or the refins, This matter, refemblance odour lefs frying-pan, burns llowly, and when incenfe, frong, but more agrecable diffufes an than that of There are four different forts of namely, the the tea cul-tcha, and fong-lo-tcha, the the vou-y-tcha, the fhrub, They plant the fo-ngan-tcha. fhrubs pouwe call green tea, of the tea fong-lo, which linder them from nearly as we do our vines, and would run fix Or feven growing, without which renew'd in four feet high. they or five They muft be grows ugly, hard, and years, otherwife the leaf rough : the flower is white, and namely, the the tea cul-tcha, and fong-lo-tcha, the the vou-y-tcha, the fhrub, They plant the fo-ngan-tcha. fhrubs pouwe call green tea, of the tea fong-lo, which linder them from nearly as we do our vines, and would run fix Or feven growing, without which renew'd in four feet high. they or five They muft be grows ugly, hard, and years, otherwife the leaf rough : the flower is white, and --- Page 125 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA: and of the form of a rofe, compos'd of five leaves, and when the flower is gone in the latter end of the feafon, we find on the fhrub a berry in form of a fmall nut, not very juicy, and without any bad tafte. What we have faid of the height of thefe fhrubs regards only fuchof them as grow in the province of Kiang-non; for elfewhere they allow them to natural which is ten or twelve : Ro to their when height, the tree is young they make the for this reafon, branches ftrait, that they may the more eafily ftrip off the leaves. The fong-lo-tcha, when long kept, feveral diforders. is an excellent remedy againft of FoThe vou-y-tchu grows in the province kien, and derives its name from the famous mountain Vou-y-chan. The height, bulk, and culture of the fhrubs vou-y-chan are the fame with thefe of the fong-lo-tchu 5 the only difference is, that the leaves of the fong-lo are longer and fharper pointed 1; that their decoction renders the water green, and that from experience we cafily perceive it to be corrofive. On the contrary, the leaves of the vouy-tcha are fhort, rounder, a little blackifh, and give the water a yellow colour, without any acrior other fenfible quality that can injure the mony, weakeft ftomach, for which reafon the vou-y-tcha is generally the tea made moit ufe of thro' all the empire. The more yellow, tender and fine the Jeaves of the vou-y-tcha as well as thofe of. the fong-lo are, the more they are efteemed, and where where they grow there are three forts of them. The firft Lis that gathered from the laft planted fhrubs, which is ràrely us'd, except for preients.or gifts to the emperors and grandees. the The fecond confifts of thofe Jeaves, growth of whichis fenfible, and this is fold for good vouI 2 y-tcha 3 the Jeaves of the vou-y-tcha as well as thofe of. the fong-lo are, the more they are efteemed, and where where they grow there are three forts of them. The firft Lis that gathered from the laft planted fhrubs, which is ràrely us'd, except for preients.or gifts to the emperors and grandees. the The fecond confifts of thofe Jeaves, growth of whichis fenfible, and this is fold for good vouI 2 y-tcha 3 --- Page 126 --- T16 Obfereationi upon y-tcha; ; and the leaves ASIA, larger make the third left on the fhrubs to cheap. pecies, which is fold grow They alfo make another pretty felf, but it muft be fpecies of the flower itgiven for it. The befpoke, and a very high Chinefe call mao-tcha, imperial tea is that which price adjacent tothe and is to be fold in the the or fifty pence a mountains pound. Song-lo and Vou-y for places The third forty call'd pou-cul-rcha, (pecies of tea is that which lage Pou-cul, which which fignifies tea of we have Tho* is in the province of the vilder'd ftrangers from are by the natives ofthe Yun-nan. come to the entering foot of it, yet they permic country hinquantity of tea they the mountains to fome to The trees of this have agreed for, receive the without order, and tea are tall and buthy, leaves are grow withour culture." planted fong-lo-tcha, longer and thicker than The thefe leaves and of the thofe of the This into a mafs, vou-y-tcha ; they roll téa has nothing and fell them up nothing agreeable harth, but at the cheap, to the fame into flices, and throw tafte, : They cut this time of tea, into boiling it, as they do the mals it. The Chinefe water, which is render'd otherforts IS falutary, and phylicians affirm that this red by lics, flopping Auxes, erpecially proper for drink but the dofe and rettoring the appeafing COof ought to be as appetite ; ordinary tea. ftrong again as thac There is another tree which they obtain an oil which bears a fruit from when frelh, is they call by the thape of perhaps the the beft in tcha-yeou, China, which and fome other fenfible keaves, the colour ofthe though thrubs of the qualities, it approaches wood, vou-y-tcha, It is neverchelfs to the differene from dofe and rettoring the appeafing COof ought to be as appetite ; ordinary tea. ftrong again as thac There is another tree which they obtain an oil which bears a fruit from when frelh, is they call by the thape of perhaps the the beft in tcha-yeou, China, which and fome other fenfible keaves, the colour ofthe though thrubs of the qualities, it approaches wood, vou-y-tcha, It is neverchelfs to the differene from --- Page 127 --- APRICA, and AMERICA. from them, not only in it's height, bulk, and ftrucbut'alfo in its flowers and fruits, which are ture, oleous, and become more fo when they are naturally kept after the harveft. moderate and grow Thele trees are of a licight, the without any culture on the fides of mountains, and even in the rocky valleys. They bear gréen berries, of an irregular figure, full of kerne's, moderately hard, and rather cartilaginous than bony. CHA P. XIII: and tbè Defeription of mount Caucafus, tbe manners and religion % tbree Tbibets, Tbibetians: is à long ridge of very high and fteep (Aweatis mountzins, fince after having paffed one; we come to a fecond higher than the former, which is fucceeded by a thirds and the higher we go, the more difficult it is to climb; till we come to the. higheft of all, whichis called Pir-pangial. veneration for this The gentilcs have a great ând a wormountain, bring offerings to it, pay thip full of fuperftition to a venerable old man; to whom they pretend the proteétion of this mountain is entrufted. This is no doubt a faint remembrance they ftill retain. of the fabulous ftory of: Prometheus, whb, according to the fiction of the poets, was chain'd to Caucafus: The fammits of this mountain are always COver'd with.ice and fnow. Almoft twelve days are requifite to reach them on foot, and thofe who make the attempt muft wade through torrents which I 3 are uperftition to a venerable old man; to whom they pretend the proteétion of this mountain is entrufted. This is no doubt a faint remembrance they ftill retain. of the fabulous ftory of: Prometheus, whb, according to the fiction of the poets, was chain'd to Caucafus: The fammits of this mountain are always COver'd with.ice and fnow. Almoft twelve days are requifite to reach them on foot, and thofe who make the attempt muft wade through torrents which I 3 are --- Page 128 --- Oéfroation are form'd by the zpor Asta; force their way with melting of the fhow, rocks. rapidity among the ftones and This mountainous and ful, is yet agrecable country,tho' in otherwife fof tude and variety of the feveral parts, by che frightfoil, and the feveral trecs, by the fertility of multiparts adjoining, there villages we find there. In the princes are are fome petey the The firft dependent of on the mogul. ftates, whole from Kafehemire, the Thibets is a few and is called the runs from the eaft days to the journey inhabitants and fmalleft Thibet, or Baltiftan. weft, faries to. the princes are Its The mogul, . mahometans, and cribuButan, fecond extends Thibet, calPd the a little further from the north to grand the Thibet, OF to itis diftant from Kafehemire. caft, and is every freguented by the caravans The road at the year for wools: The which go to it top of a frightful grand Thibet fhow, call'd mountain all covered begins dominion of Kaniel, one fide of which is with Thibet. The Kalthemitre, road and the other under the Ladak, which is the as far as Lek, otherwife belongs to lies between two fortrefs where the call'd of fadnefs, hotror, mounrains, which are' a king true relices, ated fo neareach and death. They, image by the torrents other, that they are are fituperuofity which precipitate hardly feparated which break from the tops off the themfelvcs withimthat: the with f much noife againft mountains, and - at thern, mofthardy and daring the rocks, are The tops and bottoms trafellers of are frighted equally thefe to walk in impervious, the middle fo that pcople are mountains road is of the obliged generally fo declivity, where room to fet his feet.down, narrow that a man has hardly the If are fituperuofity which precipitate hardly feparated which break from the tops off the themfelvcs withimthat: the with f much noife againft mountains, and - at thern, mofthardy and daring the rocks, are The tops and bottoms trafellers of are frighted equally thefe to walk in impervious, the middle fo that pcople are mountains road is of the obliged generally fo declivity, where room to fet his feet.down, narrow that a man has hardly the If --- Page 129 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA: iig Yf there is a neceffity of paffing from, one mounthe muft crofs the impetuous tain to other, travellers torrents which feparate them, over narrow planks, or fome cords ftretched and interwoven with greeri branches. we find no large In thefe mountainous provinces fince towns; neither is there any particular money, the inhabitants ufe thatof the mogul's; and commerce is moft generally. carried on by the exchange of commodities: takes forty days to travel from KafIt generally the the fecond Thibet: chemire to Ladak, capitalof This kingdom; as we have already obferv'd, begins and runs from the north to the at mount Kaniel; eaft. There is only one chiampo or abfolute king, under him. The firft who has a tributary prince mahometans, villages we come to are inhabited by than thofe and the reft by gentiles; lefs fuiperftitious found in other idolatrous countries. and feem to The Thibetians call God Koniok, have fome idea of the trinity ; for fometimes they ftile him Koniok chek, God one, and at other fum, God three. They ufe times times Koniok of or beads, over which they pro: a kind chaplet ha, hum 5 and when they nounce thefe words, om, anfwer, that are aik'd the meaning of them, they or arm, that is to fay, om fignifies intelligence, is the word ; that hum is the power; that ha that thefe three words fignify God. heart or love, and who accord: They alfo adore one called Urghien, feven hundred ing to them was born more than afk'd whether he is years ago, and when they are that he is both; God or. man; fome of them anfwer, but and that he had neither father nor mother, refprang from a flower : but their ftatues whos a woman with aflower in her hand, prefent I 4 they the word ; that hum is the power; that ha that thefe three words fignify God. heart or love, and who accord: They alfo adore one called Urghien, feven hundred ing to them was born more than afk'd whether he is years ago, and when they are that he is both; God or. man; fome of them anfwer, but and that he had neither father nor mother, refprang from a flower : but their ftatues whos a woman with aflower in her hand, prefent I 4 they --- Page 130 --- Izo Oéfroatisn they fay, is the mother upon Asta, feveral other perfons, of Urghien. adore faints. In their churches whom they look They a cloth, and other therei isanaltar cover'd upon as of thealar is a kind ornaments, of and in the middle: with ing tothem Urghien, tabernacle, where, accordthey The affure us that he is refides, in heaven, tho' at the fame time Jamas, Thibetians who have different from are cloath'd clergymen, with a whom they call ployments; thofe wore by men particular of habic, they do not fecular emcar-rings fane as the others plait their hair nor and are obliged to do, bat they have a bon- wear employment is to perperual are wrote in ftudy the books of clibacy. Their from that a language and charaéter the law, which tain prayers commonly in the ufed, They recire differene the ceremonies, manner of a chorus, cerple, kecp the prefent the offerings in the perform offer to God corn, lamps continually tembut very elegant barley, pafte, and burning, and been thus difhes. The water, in fimnall held in offered, as a holy people eat what has ty, and great veneration, generally thing. live The lamas. are have local feparate from all worldly in communithe king himlelf furperiors and a general commerce 5 they The Thibetians treats with great refpect, fuperior, whom tractable are naturally of a they have difpofition, neither but clownifh and fweet and are not defeétive in arts nor Iciences, and unciviliz'd, tho' no communication point of genius, yet they of foods are with forcign nations, No they have doctrine of prohibited to them. They forts us'd amongft tranfmigration, them. and rejeét the As for the climate polygamy is not ter is almoft the only it is very harfh, fince the winfeafon which reigns there through a they have difpofition, neither but clownifh and fweet and are not defeétive in arts nor Iciences, and unciviliz'd, tho' no communication point of genius, yet they of foods are with forcign nations, No they have doctrine of prohibited to them. They forts us'd amongft tranfmigration, them. and rejeét the As for the climate polygamy is not ter is almoft the only it is very harfh, fince the winfeafon which reigns there through --- Page 131 --- AFRICA, and AMERICAI throughthe whole year, fo that the topsofthe mouncovered with fnow. The earth tains are perpetually and and we fee but very only produces corn barley, The houfes are few trees, fruics, or pot-herbs. and built of ftones laid confuledly, fmall, narrow, over each other. They only ufe and without art, woollen ftuffs for their cloaths. is There is alfo a third Thibet, whofe capital Raffa, which is more expos'd to the incurfions of who are contiguous toit, than the other the Tartars, far from China. two, and is not very CHAP XIV. Dodtrine and fuperflition of tbe bonzer; tbeir tbe means tbey employ to manner of Troing; bow bold tbeir afemblies 5 get money ; tbey and artifices to their bypocrip, debaucbery, and debaucb girls and married women. feduce bonzes fay, that after death there are reTHEN for thofe who practife virtue, and thofe who have done evil; that atee nifhments deftin'd for for the fouls of both, where they are places of according to their merit ; that the are difpofed Fo is born to fave men, and put thole into the god road of falvation who deviate from it; that 'tis he who expiates their fins, and procures to thein a hapentrance into the other world; that there are Py five precepts to be oblerved, the firt ofwhich forbids kill creature; the fecond, to take the to of any another living ; the third, to defile ourfelves by goods the fourth to lie; and the fifth, to impurity ; drink wine. But difpofed Fo is born to fave men, and put thole into the god road of falvation who deviate from it; that 'tis he who expiates their fins, and procures to thein a hapentrance into the other world; that there are Py five precepts to be oblerved, the firt ofwhich forbids kill creature; the fecond, to take the to of any another living ; the third, to defile ourfelves by goods the fourth to lie; and the fifth, to impurity ; drink wine. But --- Page 132 --- Oéferuation upore But above all 'tis Asra, works of mercy which neceffary toi practife fomé bonzes well fay they, and they prefcribe: Treat the thing neceffary for their furnifh them with tries and fubliftance; every the penances temples to them, that by their Build monafthey prayers and piation of your fins, voluntarily they undergo for the expunifhments due to you. may At the deliver you from the relations and burn gilt and filverized oblequics of your Ruffs-of fik ; for in paper, and are changed into the other world, all habits, thele By this mcans, your deceas'd gold, filver and real habits, thing, and have relations will want nofelves to the eighteen wherewithal to reconcile themthis would be guardians of hell, who without inlupporrable weight inexorable, of and make them feel if ye neglect thele an inflexible rigour. But the long feries of precepts, your fouls will a of the vileft animals, tranfmnigrations, pafs into the by the forms of mules,. and ye will be born bodies This ridiculous horfes, dogs and rats. again in all the artifices doétrine furprifingly alms'and increafe which the bonzes ufe conduces to to their obtain judge by the following revenucs, as we may cafily One day two bonzes ftory. ducks in the yard of a fecing two or three his door, and farmer, fell proftrate large fat the miftrefs of began the to weep bitterly, upon before which apartnient, came out family to perceiving them from her grief; < We learn the occafion of s fathers have know, faid they, that the fouls their Ce mals pafled into the bodies of our ce 5 and our dread left of thefe aniC6 then, will infallibly you fhould kill the farmers deftroy us. Tis 66 but fince they wife, we had refolved to feil true, faid 66 - keep them." are your fathers, I promife them, you fo This ient, came out family to perceiving them from her grief; < We learn the occafion of s fathers have know, faid they, that the fouls their Ce mals pafled into the bodies of our ce 5 and our dread left of thefe aniC6 then, will infallibly you fhould kill the farmers deftroy us. Tis 66 but fince they wife, we had refolved to feil true, faid 66 - keep them." are your fathers, I promife them, you fo This --- Page 133 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA, 123 a This was not what the bonzes wanted. C Perhufband will not have the s6 haps, faid they, your be fure that we 66 fame compaffion, and you may. fhould fhall lofe our lives if any accident happen 66 to them. 33 converfation, the woman was At laft, after a long that fhe gave fo touched with their apparent grief, them the ducks to feed for their confolation. They took them with refpeét, after having twenty times faller proftrate before them; but that fame evening they made a feaft of them for their fmall fraternity, and regaled themfelves with them. Thefe bonzes are fpread thro' all the empire, and are people of. the country who are brought up that from their moft tender youth. to profeflions villians their fect, buy Thefe execrable to.perpetuate children feven or cight years old, of whom chey and inftruct them for fifteen make young bonzes, how to fucceed them. - They.are or twenty years, and very few of them almoft univerfally ignorant, of the doétrine of their fect. a know the principles famous 5 fince All the bonzes are not equally they confift of-different ranks. Some ofthem beg; a few of the reft; who have acquired a knowledge vifit the literati, of letters, and can fpeak into politely, the favour of the manand infinuate themfelves darins. There are alfo venerable old men among who over the affemblics - of the them, prefide R9 women. Tho' the bonzes have not a perfedt hierarchy, yet they have fuperiors called the grand bonzes; and this rank to which they are elevated, adds a great deal the which their age, their grave and to reputation, and their had acquirmodeft appearance, hypocrify, thefe bonzes are ed them, : The monafteries of found uate themfelves darins. There are alfo venerable old men among who over the affemblics - of the them, prefide R9 women. Tho' the bonzes have not a perfedt hierarchy, yet they have fuperiors called the grand bonzes; and this rank to which they are elevated, adds a great deal the which their age, their grave and to reputation, and their had acquirmodeft appearance, hypocrify, thefe bonzes are ed them, : The monafteries of found --- Page 134 --- found almoft Oéfrtationr afci Asta, ly frequented by every a where, but are not all In every concourfe of people. cqualon which there province are fomet there are - certain lebrated than the temples of idols, mountains, ry long reft, to which more ceare at the pilgrimages, foot of the and when people the go - veknees, and proftrate mountain, they fall pilgrims on they afeend; thofe who themleives very their mage themielves, defire cannot perform freguenrly the as purchaf for them fome of their pilgria certain corner fome leaf ftamped and friends to the leaf is the by the bonzes, In the marked in and all round, figure of the god Fo, middle of votaries of the are an infinity of fmall on whole habit, a kind of beads, god Fo, both men and circles, The eight larger ones, compoled of a hundred women, have arms. In hung about their necks fmall, and" thefe mylterious counting thefe beads, or on their which they themfelves words, o-mi-to-fo, they the pronounce than a hundred do not know. meaning After of circles with which genufexions, the they mark more red ftroak. figure is all one of the Now and then, covered, with a houfes, to fay they invite the bonzes rous circles which prayers, and authenticate the to their ty them in they have filled up. nume, fealed by the proceffion at funerals, in a They carfafe journey bonzes; from and this is a. fimall coffer pafr port is not this to another paff-port world. fora they fay, granted without fome This means oughe not to be fees, which Thele people bonzes are fecured of grudged, a happy fince by this a modefty, and a affcét a fiectnels, a voyage. eycs of the vu'gar. humility, which at complaifne, firtt To this impofing ftrike the behaviour, shey zes; from and this is a. fimall coffer pafr port is not this to another paff-port world. fora they fay, granted without fome This means oughe not to be fees, which Thele people bonzes are fecured of grudged, a happy fince by this a modefty, and a affcét a fiectnels, a voyage. eycs of the vu'gar. humility, which at complaifne, firtt To this impofing ftrike the behaviour, shey --- Page 135 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA: and rife feveral times thcy add a rigorous fafting, and fevere in the night to adore Fo, perform They in the ftreets and public places. penances long chains heavier than themfelves, or either drag their heads with large ftones, till they are ftrike covered,over with blood, The affemblies of the ladies bring a confiderable revenue to the bonzes, fince there are in every city feveral focieties of ten, fifteen, or twenty wo: are compofed of elderly pcomen. They generally who have mople of good families, or of widows, make them by turns ney at their difpofal. They for a year, and the affuperiors of the community held in the houfe of the fupcfembly is generally bonze advanced in ycars, prefides in it, rior. A the anthems of Fo. The ladies join the and fings often o-mi-to-fo, chorus, and after having repeated and loudly beat on fmall kettles, they fit down at and regale themfelves. * But this is only the rable, ordinary their ceremony. folemn days they adorn the houfe with On idols, which the bonzes place in a particular order many ; and with feveral grotefque paintings, which in a variety of manners reprefent the torments of hell. The prayers and feallings laft feven days, and the great bonze is afifted by feveral bonzes, who accompany the chorus. During thefe feven days, their principal care is, and confecrate treafures for the other to prepare For this they form lodges of world. purpofe, and fill this papainted and gilded paper, with a vaft number of paft-board varReY lace, nifhed and painted, In thele boxes, are the ingots of gold and filver, that is, of gilded and filverized Several hundreds of thele are neceffary to paper. rerieem the foul from the terrible punifhments which fe feven days, their principal care is, and confecrate treafures for the other to prepare For this they form lodges of world. purpofe, and fill this papainted and gilded paper, with a vaft number of paft-board varReY lace, nifhed and painted, In thele boxes, are the ingots of gold and filver, that is, of gilded and filverized Several hundreds of thele are neceffary to paper. rerieem the foul from the terrible punifhments which --- Page 136 --- which Olfercation upon Asra; who have Genvang, the king of hell, infliéts are alloted nothing to give him. on thofe The to bribe the tribunal Twenty of thefe reft of the ofthis king of figned for trifles, as well as the fhades. and procuring the houle, are dea place or office in the deceafed other a lodging, victuals, ing fecured thefe boxes with world. After havand fhut up the padlocks of paper, keys with the greateft lodging, or houfe, they the When the care, keep comes to die, perfon who has been at all this they burn the expence lemnity, after which they whole, with great fohoufe and coffers, that the burn the keys of the open them, and take out his deceafed may be able to are not then fimple goldiand filver, which the pureft gold. paper, but the fineft filver, and alluring metals, and Genvangi is not proofagainft thefe corrupt him, nothing is more 9 As caly than to there are female zes prefide, fo there affemblies in which the bonwhom they call the fafters. are allo aflemblies of men, and fuperior, who is, as it were, the Each affembly has its has a confiderable mafter of the reft, ciples. number of inferiors, his dif 3i Ont the days when the the difeiples are aflemblies are tobe held, all muft be abfent. fummoned When to be prefent, and none middle of.t the hall, the fuperior is feated in the before him, aftér they all come and fall profirate themfelves in two whieh, they modeftly dipole of chey. repeat fecret, rows, and on the right and left. Then prayers, fit down at at the fame time, impious an. excefs of table, and finifh the day, by very fingular debauchery in ; for the fafters of China are dy abftain from Aefh, their way, L They indeed conftant-. a0mAie I 79 fifh, wine, onions, and - milk, every --- Page 137 --- ArRiCA, and AMERICA: other food of a hot quality ; but they indemevery themfelves in this relpeÉt, by other difhes nify which they procure, and eipecially by the liberty they take,of eating during the whole day. The women and girls, who are the grand votaries of Fo, are eafily feduced by the bonzes, who are very dexterous in carrying on love intrigues. They teil them, that this prefent body is no more than a heap of vile rubbifh, not worth the minding, and infinuate, that feveral of their fex, by granting favours, have had commerce with Fo himfelf, bewithout knowing it. At prefent, fay they, ye long to the weak ând fubmiffive fex, but by complying, ye will at your fecond birth become. men and : and thus it very often happens, that women, fayoung ladies of good fortune and diftinguithed milies, are debauched by thefe impoftors, and come under the management of mafters, who make them renounce all modefty: CHAP of their fex, by granting favours, have had commerce with Fo himfelf, bewithout knowing it. At prefent, fay they, ye long to the weak ând fubmiffive fex, but by complying, ye will at your fecond birth become. men and : and thus it very often happens, that women, fayoung ladies of good fortune and diftinguithed milies, are debauched by thefe impoftors, and come under the management of mafters, who make them renounce all modefty: CHAP --- Page 138 --- Obfruations upon AstA, CHAP XV. An enguiry into tbe all ages in Cbina, dfovry and ofiron, Amorun in wubetber tbere are unénorun born in Clina; more males, dpubores tbefe rubo ; the Faltood oft the tban females attribute tbe opinion gf Egyplians in China, and Cbimef; tbe Jame origin to tbe tbe extent zubom Cbina origin efidolatry 2r beanty began to be propled; of Chinas tbe falje of the rivers and lakes refpedt to tbe commerce opinion of. Mr. Huct, witb 9, %f Cbina. T IS certain, that the ancient in knowledge of was known by the China, and 'tis iron is very fince mention firft probable, that it where 'tis is made governors of it in of the Chinele, of faid, that iron comes the that Leangechecod, "Tis not from the province chukings but becaufe people had the firft faid, that it was there on the weft China evidently knowledge of iron 5 that the of Peking, it began Was to be peopled founding Chinefe iron. chiefs found the earth at Leangroleon this metal with Parhaps they had fome proper for from thofe who had them, or had learnt to piece of ly probable, that this liv'd with Noah; for know it, out the afliftance of iron patriarch built the ark 'tis hardBut it may be inftruments, within the ark, without faid, could not Noah was obtained? this knowing from have iron But granting this to me appears what earth it ealy for his deiendants to be true, it very was improbable. to know this much more carch, than for angroleon this metal with Parhaps they had fome proper for from thofe who had them, or had learnt to piece of ly probable, that this liv'd with Noah; for know it, out the afliftance of iron patriarch built the ark 'tis hardBut it may be inftruments, within the ark, without faid, could not Noah was obtained? this knowing from have iron But granting this to me appears what earth it ealy for his deiendants to be true, it very was improbable. to know this much more carch, than for --- Page 139 --- AFRICA; and AMERICA. for thofe who had never feen iron, and who having no idea of that metal, and not fo much as knowing whether ic exifted, could not think of fearching for it. If men had any knowledge of iron in the time of Noah, or even before Tubal-Cain, how could it happen that fome nations, even after the difperfion, went to. inhabit the country where Tubal-Cain worked in it, fo forgot what iron was, and how it was made, that in order to fupply this fo neceffary metal, they were obliged to ufe the ftones commonly called thunder-bolts; fo that a man was obliged to fpend a confiderable part of his life in piercing, fharping, and hewing out one ofthefe ftones in form of hatchets, or other fimilar utenfils, which proves that the world was long unacquainted with iron ? It muft be granted, that it is not cafy to conceive how this knowledge was loft among théfe ancient nations, as well as thofe who went to inhabit America, while it is evident, that ît wias always preferved among the Chinefe, tho' neither by their books, nor any other manner, they can determine at what time it began to be known. Perhaps it may be faid, that at the time of the difperfion, thofe who went to China; more attentive than the reft, carried with them the fhovels, pick-axés, trowels, and other utenfils, which ferved to build the tower of Babel ; or pérhaps it may be fuggefted that the Chinefe, who defcended immediately from Shem, the eldeft fon of Noah, received from that privilèged father, fome pieces of knowledge, which were not fo common among the defcendants of Ham and Japhet, and which were everr forgot by fome of the branchés of Shem, cfpecially fuch as did not come towards the eaft. Be this as IE will, we eannot in China find any marks of the igVoi. n. 4 K norance haps it may be fuggefted that the Chinefe, who defcended immediately from Shem, the eldeft fon of Noah, received from that privilèged father, fome pieces of knowledge, which were not fo common among the defcendants of Ham and Japhet, and which were everr forgot by fome of the branchés of Shem, cfpecially fuch as did not come towards the eaft. Be this as IE will, we eannot in China find any marks of the igVoi. n. 4 K norance --- Page 140 --- Obfervations zpon Asta, its Porance of.iron, fuch as thefe ftones cut to place;. at Jeaft the Chinefe literati have fupply heard ofthem. "Tis alfo tobe never grand Yu had wanted iron obferved, that if the never have cut the inftruments, he could canals in order to mountains, nor dug thofe great which overflow'd give a free courfe to the waters, the land. S The fecond queftion is, whether in are more males than females born, tho' China tis there that the number is nearly But certain, thelis is it not equal. on this hypofeemingly a picte of to more wives than one, withouz injuftice, take who want to marry ? to this leaving the Chinefe any for thofe that there are among them vaft numbers of reply, and poor men, who renounce for eunuchs of the means of fupporting wives. marriage, want "Tis to be obferved, that under the dynafty, the palace of the emperor, and the preceding houfes of the grandees were full of eunuchs of good families, becaufe feveral of them obtained the firft fices. of the empire, and becaufe it ofto entruft all domeftic cares to them. was cuftomary at prefent, fince the Tartars allow Tis not fo the eunuchs, becaufe no authority to truft, and occafioned they formerly abufed their pire, fo that there are great commotions in the emamong the dregs of the now no eunuchs, except men, who cannot afford to people and poor country- "Tho' tis true, that among marry. the children born in Pcking, there-are no more males, than yet 'tis certain, that if at the end of females, fhould count the live children born every that year we fhould find many more boys than girls, year, becaufe we among the great number of expoled find almoft none elfe but girls, fo that children, we hundred, We hardly find three boys. The among cafe is a nearly , except men, who cannot afford to people and poor country- "Tho' tis true, that among marry. the children born in Pcking, there-are no more males, than yet 'tis certain, that if at the end of females, fhould count the live children born every that year we fhould find many more boys than girls, year, becaufe we among the great number of expoled find almoft none elfe but girls, fo that children, we hundred, We hardly find three boys. The among cafe is a nearly --- Page 141 --- AERICA and AMERICA, nearly the fame in all the great citics, where there are vaft numbers of flaves ; for in the fimall towns inhabited by the common people or laor villages children and botrers, there are very few expofed, thefe are fuch as are ready to die, while thofe in good health cafily find people to adopt and bring them up. than born in As there are not more boys girls China, it is evident that polygamy muft be an obftacle to multiplication. between the Let us now run the parallel Egyptians and Chinefe. From the refemblance between the manners and cuftoms of thefe two nations; we that they have drawn their ufages, fcimay judge, from the fame fource, without the ences, and arts, from the other. one's being a detachment or colony In China, every thing befpeaks antiquity, and an antiquity fo well eftablifhed, that it is not conceivable that the Egyptians fhould in their infancy be in a condition to raife great armies, traverfe immenfe countries, and level and people an extenfive kingdom. What Diodorus Siculus relates, feems to prove, that in the latter ages, Ofiris tranfported himfelf to Bengal from China before peopled, and here is the eaftern ocean, which Diodorus, little acquainted with geography, perhaps took for the end of the world, fuppoling he imagined the earth to be flat, which was long believed. When it is faid that Ofiris travelled linto Afia, asit is not determined into what part of it he went, foit was not neceffary he fhould go far in order to difcover whether this was true or falfe. To return to the Chinefe antiquity, the following are fome proofs of it, which hardly admit of a reply. "Tis faid, that the Egyptians formerly knew, that Venus and Merchry revolved round.t the fun, K 2 leaving poling he imagined the earth to be flat, which was long believed. When it is faid that Ofiris travelled linto Afia, asit is not determined into what part of it he went, foit was not neceffary he fhould go far in order to difcover whether this was true or falfe. To return to the Chinefe antiquity, the following are fome proofs of it, which hardly admit of a reply. "Tis faid, that the Egyptians formerly knew, that Venus and Merchry revolved round.t the fun, K 2 leaving --- Page 142 --- Olferuationi upon ASIA, leaving the earth immoveable in the world, with the other planets center of the Granting that this piece of revolving round it. attelted, yet it is certain, that it knowledge was well perhaps more fo, in China, than in was as ancient, and difference, that the Egypt, with this lomey himfelf in the Egyptians midf of loft it, and that Ptothis motion of Mercury and Venus Alexandria, rejedted whereas the Chinefe have round the fun, age. Preferved it to the prefenz We have the catalogue of the ftars ancient Chinefe, togerher with their known to the ferving them, their armillary manner of obw cles divided into 360 degrees, pheres, and their cirfented the equator, and one of which repretermine the courfe of the another a meridian, to deif we compare this ftars, their latitude, &cc, and mains of the catalogue with that which reChinefe are not Egyptians, inferior we fhall find, that the quity, and to them, in. point of antifrom them. confequently cannot be a branch prung Among the Chinefe, the has been fo long known, that right-angled triangle mony of the emperor according to the tefticannot be determined, Changi, fince the beginning of it deceffor of the famous we read, that the precleven ages before Theucong, who liv'd abour with this, inftrument Yu, faid to his difciple, that made, and that Yu many obfervations might be ufer of it. was not the inventor, but the How did this piece of thagoras, to whom it did fo knowledge much come to Pyinvencit, for it'is not impoffible honour ? did he fhould make the fame that different perfons the Indians, and thofe difovery ? or had he it from points of which from the Chinefe? thefe we cannot be certain, 'till are we find other to his difciple, that made, and that Yu many obfervations might be ufer of it. was not the inventor, but the How did this piece of thagoras, to whom it did fo knowledge much come to Pyinvencit, for it'is not impoffible honour ? did he fhould make the fame that different perfons the Indians, and thofe difovery ? or had he it from points of which from the Chinefe? thefe we cannot be certain, 'till are we find other --- Page 143 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. other monuments which diffule more, light in this particular. We need not be furprifed at the marks of refemblance, obfervable between the two nations, fince it'is ordinary for fo ancient and polite kingdoms to refemble very each other in fome refpects, tho' they have not the fame origin. But what is more aftonifhing is, that there are Kach palpable differences between the two nations, that it 1S hardly poflible to conceive how they fhould fpring from the fame common ftem. In Egypt it is lawful for a brother to marry his fifter, which in China would be look'd upon as of which there never was an a monftrous thing, foon fell into the mof example. The Egyptians ftupid idolatry, and adored not only their heroes, but.alfo the water, the air and the carth, and afterwards crocodiles, rats, and the vileft ofinftéts. Some of them even made choice of turnips and onions, as the objeéts of their worfhip, finding, as their enemies have reptoach'd them, frefh deities in their kitchen gardens, every morning. If the origin of thé Chinefe and Egyptians was the fame, the former from the beginning of their eftablifhment, would have. been infeéted with the fame contagion, tho' we need only read their claffical books to be convinced, that there were no traces of idolatry among them, for feveral ages. It was Laokiun, who firft put a ftop to the a Chinefe philofopher, afterwards worfhip of the fupreme being, andidolatry fprcad under the reign of Ming-ti, the fifteenth emof the dynafty of Han, by whofe orders the E of Fo was brought from the Indies, but it refuted and ahathematifed by was always oppofed, who filled the cmpire with their books the literati, againft this new fect, which had and ftill has a confiderable reputation among the vulgar. "Tic K3 top to the a Chinefe philofopher, afterwards worfhip of the fupreme being, andidolatry fprcad under the reign of Ming-ti, the fifteenth emof the dynafty of Han, by whofe orders the E of Fo was brought from the Indies, but it refuted and ahathematifed by was always oppofed, who filled the cmpire with their books the literati, againft this new fect, which had and ftill has a confiderable reputation among the vulgar. "Tic K3 --- Page 144 --- Obfreations upon AstA, difcovers "Tis thought that anatomy, which the parts of the human by difeétion practifed in Egypt, whence" it body, was firft mitted into Greece, But this was afterwards tranfknown to the Chinefe, till fcience was always unthey have heard'the thefe latter ages, that ever ufeful it is to the Europeans (peak ofit, and howlith it, 'and are fhock'd living, they could never reopening a human carcals, at the very propofal of But at what time could the into China, in order to Egyptians penetrate gone thither very early, pcople it ? they muft have tound it peopled to their otherwife they would have have conquered ir, inftead hands, of fo that they muft Was it Scloftris that fettling colonies in it. fhould by this means conquered China? we hero, who in ten give is too much work to this Medes, the Scythians, years faid to have fubdued the the leffer Afia; and in Pheenicia, thefe Aflyria, and all thors not knowing to whom latter ages, fome aupeopling Afia, have fent Sefoftris to have recourfe for credit of this thither, upon the $6 fum, mundiq; paffage of Lucan, 66 Venit ad Occacome to the weft, extrema and Sefoftris." Sefoftris has world. to the extremitics of the, Tho' authors have had he is a dubious perfon, fince recourfe to Scfoftris, yet a Grecian, and others fome fay, that he was cafe, being fo careful an Egyptian. In the former did not think it to prelerve his conquefts, he far in order to proper to fend detachments gain frefh victorics. very Egyptian, as others have If he was an chief of a nation foft, imagined, and become the to the pleafirres of fenfe, effeminate, and addiéted furnifhed by the abundance of which were he have quitted fo country where he reigned, would deliciousa country, in order ta rifque being fo careful an Egyptian. In the former did not think it to prelerve his conquefts, he far in order to proper to fend detachments gain frefh victorics. very Egyptian, as others have If he was an chief of a nation foft, imagined, and become the to the pleafirres of fenfe, effeminate, and addiéted furnifhed by the abundance of which were he have quitted fo country where he reigned, would deliciousa country, in order ta rifque --- Page 145 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA, the fortunes of war in climates fo diftant, sifque he could find nothing better, than what he where poffefed ? befides, the people over whom already he reign'd, were very different from the Kalmouks, andinnur'd to labour. who were extremely poor, be faid, that Menes or MiIt cannot certainly came into China, fince this raifm, the fon of Cham, could only be done by his children. But at this time, Egypt was divided into feveral kingdoms, fo that we read of the king of the Thebans, the" king of the Tanites, and the king of Memphis : now would thefe princes wha watch'd each others motions, have difperfed in order to make eftablilhments in.countries unknown to them? Beit as it will with the kings of Egypt, who are faid to have gone, or to have fent men into China, either in form of an army, or in caravans, they muft have croffed the whole weft Indies, before they could arrive at the eaft. Now Iafk, ifat that time the Indies were inhabited or not ? ifit fhould be anfwered, that they were not, in this cafc, we can only find the diforders caufed by the deluge in them, fo that this army wouid have been deftitute of every thing requifice for its'fubliftence, and muft have till'd the ground, fown grain, and reaped their harveft in proportion as they advanced, which can hardly be conceived. that the Indies were before inhabitIf we- fuppofe .ed by Shem, and his children or grand-childfen, we muft at the fame time fay, either that thefe people were fo weak or void of fenfe, as to allow the Egyptians to pafs thro' them, without ever ftriking a ftroke, and that they calmly beheld them going to take poffeffion of the territories to the caft of them, which confined and as it were kept them be: tween two fires.. Tis K 4 , which can hardly be conceived. that the Indies were before inhabitIf we- fuppofe .ed by Shem, and his children or grand-childfen, we muft at the fame time fay, either that thefe people were fo weak or void of fenfe, as to allow the Egyptians to pafs thro' them, without ever ftriking a ftroke, and that they calmly beheld them going to take poffeffion of the territories to the caft of them, which confined and as it were kept them be: tween two fires.. Tis K 4 --- Page 146 --- Olfiorcations 'Tis perhaps upon Asrâ, caravan of the defcendants more reafonable to fuppofe, that a tians, and went in concert ofShem joined the ing it was fo, the Chinefe to people China, but Egyp- grantmungrels, a race of Shem, would and be what we call fome good and others bad, of another of Cham, difpolitions and cuftoms, different have which languages, difimilar produced a kind of molaic mixture would pieces. work, formed of Chinefe Now in nothing was ever more all ages, fince from their uniform than the they have the fame origin till-now, fame genius, the fame language, the fame laws, the fame figure, with countenance, and even the there is no other difference refpect to which laft article, obferved between thofe. born among in them, chan that inhabitants of. the fouth, the the north, and the ly more white and robuft, while former being gencralbrown and of a weaker the latter are more Is it not more naturai complexion, to by the defcendants of Shem fappole China pcopled emies to oppole them, who alone, who had no enby little and little, and might clear the grounds inhabitcd part of that enter into Chenfi, the firft agree ? country, as all the Chincfe with Let us now compare the thofe ofEgypt. Whatis public works of China, great wall, either for its more admirable chanthe fo many ages have not been ufefulnefs or ftrengeh, fince there are no other apertures able to deftroy it,. fince and fince all the in it but artificial mountains, has food reft, to the very tops of the higheft ones, and the fhocks of againft the injuries of its length, its. earzhquakes ? every one knows time, fo many bricks height, and ftones and its thicknefs, and we fee firmly cemented, that it feems fo well arranged, and fo riofty than' the monurents of to be a' greater CUEgypt: I there are no other apertures able to deftroy it,. fince and fince all the in it but artificial mountains, has food reft, to the very tops of the higheft ones, and the fhocks of againft the injuries of its length, its. earzhquakes ? every one knows time, fo many bricks height, and ftones and its thicknefs, and we fee firmly cemented, that it feems fo well arranged, and fo riofty than' the monurents of to be a' greater CUEgypt: I --- Page 147 --- AFRICA and AMERICA, be faid, that it is not the bricks, It may perhaps and the mafonry, which we admire in the ftones, fince we there fee figures of men, animals, Egypt, birds, bafs-reliefs, inferiptions, and quadrupeds, hieroglyphics, which for their antiquity can hardly be underftood ; and tis precifely for this, that we admire them ; for if we underftood them well, we fhould perhaps find nothing myfterious in them. China has the misfortune as yet, not to have been travelled to by the literati of Europe, who would find infcriptions and charaéters on the great wall, with this difference, that the Chinefe to this day know their ancient characters, whereas the Egyptians cannot read the writing of their anceftors. As for the cut figures of men, animals, and birds, the Chinefe fculptures and their triumphal arches are all covered withthem, and we there fee coloffal ftatues breathing real life, and dignified with attitudes agrecable to the paffions the workmen intended to reprefent, If there are no pyramids in China, as in Egypt, yet are not the Chinefe more to be commended for having built bridges fo magnificent as thofe in fome of their provinces, and fo remarkable ias that called the bridge of iron, which goes from one mountain to another over different precipices ? numerous armies have, formerly marced over this bridge which fltill fubfifts. it may be faid, that China has noBut perhaps that famous river, its thing comparable to the Nile, fource, its cataracts, its regular and fertile inundations. The famous Nile will appear no more than a rivulet when compared with the vaft river Yang-tfehiang, which runs thro' all China, fo that ifwe view thc mapof this cmpire, and çonfider this fon pfthe fea, from one mountain to another over different precipices ? numerous armies have, formerly marced over this bridge which fltill fubfifts. it may be faid, that China has noBut perhaps that famous river, its thing comparable to the Nile, fource, its cataracts, its regular and fertile inundations. The famous Nile will appear no more than a rivulet when compared with the vaft river Yang-tfehiang, which runs thro' all China, fo that ifwe view thc mapof this cmpire, and çonfider this fon pfthe fea, --- Page 148 --- Offorcation fea, as the Chinefe call tpor AstA, emboguement for it, from its fource to its dif breadth and depth, 7C0 and leagues; if we attend to its or croffes, one of which, the lakes which it forms lcagues in circumference among orhers, is and beautiful cities which 5 if we confider the cighty of the veffels and fhips it enrichess the mulitude large fo many floating cities full which of cover it, and are like ple who live by that river, merchants, and ing like the Nile, which without pcoa vaft number of canals furnifhes on the right and cverflow- the left ing ficlds, as much as the which water the neighbourwhich is far more inhabitants think than an uncértain commodious and proper, dated, but comes fometimes inundation which cannot advantagcous be regutoolare, of according to the rain too foon and at others the Nile. which falls at the fource If the literati of Europe how China, and only confider the could face travel over all many curious of the have not been mentioned things could they find, country, which would they difcover if by any author ? what the land in the north and they were permitted to till to dig into the carth and fouth, the eaft and weft, they have done in Egypt? fearch for its ftores, as might they not find, on how many cient montiments, butied ftones, marbles, infcriptions or anChina have been fo by earthquakes, which in level frequent and fo we are mountains, informed and fwvallow up whole violent, as to Befides the. by hiftory. cities, as others might mines. already known, how gacity? this would they not difcover by the many would be a quite new European famore than employ the refearches of the fubject, which be regardlefs. one agc, during which time learned for of the, they would Phoenicians, the Egyptians, the , infcriptions or anChina have been fo by earthquakes, which in level frequent and fo we are mountains, informed and fwvallow up whole violent, as to Befides the. by hiftory. cities, as others might mines. already known, how gacity? this would they not difcover by the many would be a quite new European famore than employ the refearches of the fubject, which be regardlefs. one agc, during which time learned for of the, they would Phoenicians, the Egyptians, the --- Page 149 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. the Chaldeans, the Greeks, and other nations, which have formerly been fo confiderable, but now make no figure at all. what Mr. Huet We fhall conclude by examining hasadrancel.cosceming the commerce ofChina, who fays, that if we may believe the Chinefe, they have extenced their empire to the cape of Good Hope. This affertion is not- certainly to be found'in any of their ftandard books ; but the following circumftances may have given rife to this error. The firft Europeans who doubled this famous' cape to go to China, found that it was call'd TaJanchan, that is, the mountain near the great waves. Now from Europe to China there is no part which better deferves the name than this cape, which at firft was called the Cape of Torments, the Lion of the fea, and at prefent the Cape of Good Hope; and in order to denominate it in Chinefe, they us'd the words Ta-lanchan, without refleéting that the Chinefe might have given this name to fome other place in the neighbourhood. Their veffels were abfolutcly incapable of refifting the tempeft of the bank ofHom-backs,and if a Chinefe flect ventur'd to thither, a fingle veffel could not return to tell go the thipwreck of the reft. The ancient Chinefe fhips or barks were not much ftronger than thefe at prefent, but perhaps much weaker : for in navigation, as well as in other arts, people gradually advance to perfection. The Chinefe have always fail'd near the land without lofing fight of it, except for a few days 5 and becaufe their large veffels are flat bottom'd and draw but little water, they can in ftormy weather fhelter themfelves in the bays, where the European fhips wanting water would infallibly be fhipwreck'd. "Tis not to be doubted but the Chinefe going thus to but perhaps much weaker : for in navigation, as well as in other arts, people gradually advance to perfection. The Chinefe have always fail'd near the land without lofing fight of it, except for a few days 5 and becaufe their large veffels are flat bottom'd and draw but little water, they can in ftormy weather fhelter themfelves in the bays, where the European fhips wanting water would infallibly be fhipwreck'd. "Tis not to be doubted but the Chinefe going thus to --- Page 150 --- Obferuations to Batavia, Malacca, upon AsIA, places where the fea was and Siam, have met with others, or fome points difficult more tempefluous thanin they have given the name of the to pafs, to which great waves, and the Mountain near the this name to the Cape Europeans of Good muft have applied ing any other part which deferv'd Hope, not know-- This however is it better. one is at liberty to purely a conjedture, which As for the annals cipoufe or reject as he pleafes. every Perfian gulph there have ofOrmus, been which fay, that in the fhips feen at once loading and four hundred Chinefe Dhalablcommeditiens Chinefe 'tis not unloading tobe denied a great maretrench veffels might have gone fo far; thatfome a cypher from this but we muft thips muft have been more than number, fince forty things of which China ftood in fufficient for the ries, cloves, mufk, need, that is, as for cinamon, pepper, incenfe, and fanders, picein China, which is chey are content with what fince Ceylan. As for far inferior to thar produc'd grows in plenty of it, and every if they thing elfe they have grear view to export than to fail, it is rather wich a which the import any thing but from Europeanse who come to Canton, money, curiofitics, experience. 'tis If at any time the Chinefe know throne who is when there is an emperor on buy the this, they cannot delighted be the with , them ; but befides merce: objeéts of a conftant comWith refpect to the Indian ficians and furgeons make gums, the Chinefe phylince at Peking, in the almof of no ufe of them, do not ufe halfa a pound of pace a whole year they pien,bur they fupply its opium, with which they call yaBefides, Mr. Huet place docs the white poppy. feen thefe annals of not fay that he has Ormus, nor tells us abour what time but befides merce: objeéts of a conftant comWith refpect to the Indian ficians and furgeons make gums, the Chinefe phylince at Peking, in the almof of no ufe of them, do not ufe halfa a pound of pace a whole year they pien,bur they fupply its opium, with which they call yaBefides, Mr. Huet place docs the white poppy. feen thefe annals of not fay that he has Ormus, nor tells us abour what time --- Page 151 --- AFRICA and AMERICA. time thefe four hundred Chinefe veffels appeared in If it was about the middle of the Perfian gulph. the cighthage after Yu, under the dynafty ofTang, this will confirm what is written in the Nienifle (a Jarge colleétion of the Chinefe hiftorians) that the troops of the calif being come to the affiftance of the emperor againft a rebel, they conquered him ; that a great many of thefe troops being ill paid for their fervices, or not being able to return by the fame road, they defcended to the fouth as far as Canton : that having befieged the city, they took it either by forcc, or by the treachery of the governor, fince every thing there was in a tumult ; and that they pillaged it, and embark'd to return into their own country, without being heard of ever fince. CHA P. XVI. Tbe manners, cuftoms, and ufages of tbe fa3 wvage Miao-fes; tbeir origin; tbe fituation of tbeir country; their babitation, commerce, cloatbing, mufical inftruments, and thbeir dances. Miao-fles are fpread through the proTHEM of Setchuen, Koei-tcheou, Houquang, Quangfi, and all the irontiers of the province of Quang-tong, Under this name are comprehended various bodies of people, moft of whom only differ from the reft in certain ufages, and fome fmall diverfity of language. built In order to contain them, large places are in forry fpots of ground, but at an incredible expence, by which means their reciprocal communication thbeir dances. Miao-fles are fpread through the proTHEM of Setchuen, Koei-tcheou, Houquang, Quangfi, and all the irontiers of the province of Quang-tong, Under this name are comprehended various bodies of people, moft of whom only differ from the reft in certain ufages, and fome fmall diverfity of language. built In order to contain them, large places are in forry fpots of ground, but at an incredible expence, by which means their reciprocal communication --- Page 152 --- Oéfireations tion is cut off, fo that apon AstA, Miao-fles are almoft block'd the moft powerful of thefe which fecure the up by forts and towns, They are thought tranquillity of the ftate. continue in to be in fubjection when either repofe, but if they they to be revenged of the perform acts ofhoftility troublelome Chinele, who are Jour, of which enemies, or to give proofs of their often ter foldiers they boaft, vaon horfeback than thinking themfelves betChinefe drive them back into any other nation, the any further the mountains attempt to without or even the deftroy them. The fummons them procurator of a province, to no viceroy, what they themfelves to appear, fince they will only purpole do The great lords pleafe, have their officers, but among the Mino-fes not only though mafters of their petty lords under them, feudatories, and vaflals, are yet as it whod were when they have orders obliged to draw forth their troops lords are as forit, and the houfes good as the beft of the of thefe ordinary arms are the bow and the Chinefe, Their faddles of their horfes are well half pike. The from thofe of the Chinele, made, and different rower, higher, and bave becaufe they are narTheir horfes are ftirrups of painted wood, account of thee expedition very with much efteem'd, both on the higheft mountains, and which they climb a full gallop, as allo defcend from them up jumping over on account of their dexterity in in When the large ditches. officers of the require the candidates troops are chofen, over a ditch of a on the horfe they mount they to it clear fire in its bottom, certain breadth, with a ftrong diers to defeend the higheft and alfo oblige the folwith the reins lying on the horfe's mouhtains at full fpecd, neck, The igheft mountains, and which they climb a full gallop, as allo defcend from them up jumping over on account of their dexterity in in When the large ditches. officers of the require the candidates troops are chofen, over a ditch of a on the horfe they mount they to it clear fire in its bottom, certain breadth, with a ftrong diers to defeend the higheft and alfo oblige the folwith the reins lying on the horfe's mouhtains at full fpecd, neck, The --- Page 153 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. The Miao-fles in the middle and fouth of the ofKoci-tcheou, may' be divided into fuch as province are fubjeéted, and fuch as are not. of whom The former are alfo oft two kinds, fome obey the Chinefe magiftrates, and form a part of the Chinefe people, from whom they diftinguifh themfelves by a kind of hood, which they wear inftead of the common bonnet us'd among the other Chinefe. The others have their hereditary mandarins, who officers, who for their military were originally been petty conftituted mafters; fome of fix, fervices have others of ten, and perhaps more Miao-fles conquer'd towns. are the firft judges of the caufes Thefe mandarins but of their fubjects, and have a right to punifh, not to put them to death. their heads in The fubjeéted Miao-fles wrap up a picce of ftuff, and only wear a kind of doublet and breeches ; but their mandarins and fervants cloath'd like the other mandarins and Chinefe of. are the country. Miao-ffes have houfes The favage or unfubjeéted of but one ftory, built with bricks, in the lower parts of which they put the oxen, fheep, COWS, and hogs, which is a very good reafon why their houfes fhould be dirty and ftinking. Thefe Miao-fles are feparated into villages, and live in great union, though they are only govern'd by the oldeft man in each village. They cultivate the ground, make ftuffs, and prepare a kind of tapeftry which ferves to cover them in the night. This fuffis not extremely good, but the tapeftry is well wove; ; fome of them are of filk of different colours, as green and yellow, others of them are made of large hempen threads, which they alfo take care to dyc 5 they fe Miao-fles are feparated into villages, and live in great union, though they are only govern'd by the oldeft man in each village. They cultivate the ground, make ftuffs, and prepare a kind of tapeftry which ferves to cover them in the night. This fuffis not extremely good, but the tapeftry is well wove; ; fome of them are of filk of different colours, as green and yellow, others of them are made of large hempen threads, which they alfo take care to dyc 5 they --- Page 154 --- Cifioruatiche they wear no other habit zpon Asra, kind of caffock, which but a pair of drawers and a The Miao-ftes whom they fold over their breafts. that is, rats of the Chinefe call form of their thewood, are better Mou-las, and wide at the garment is that of a fack, cloath'd, with the elbow, below ends, which and cut in two Pieces above leeves, the another colour, while they the have a kind of caffock of fmalleft fhells feams are adorn'd with or in the lakes they of can find in the feas of the parts of the drefs the country 5 the bonnet Yvernamy the other are nearly the fame with andother natives, and thefe thofe of grofs twifted threads of a garments kind are made of the herbs unknown to the Chinefe of hemp and fome Among their themfelves. poled of feveral mulicalintruments flutes, inferted thereis one comwith a hole or kind of reed, into a large pipe, harmonious than that of the whofe found is more kind of hand organ which muf Chinefe chin, which is a They can dance in timé, be blown into. ry well humour the and in dancing they veSometimes they play grave and gay tunes, 8cc. at others they beat upon a kind of an inftrument guitarre, and drums, after which they compos'd of fmall wanted to throw it overturn it, as if The Miao-fies away or break in they who arein pieces. next to the province of the part of and Hou-quaing, by ruaning on. the Quang-tong, go bare-foor, their fcet to fuch a mountains have hardened fteepeft rocks, and with degree, the that they climb up the nefs walk on the moft moft incredible fwiftinconveniency. ftony grounds without any The head-drefs of the tcfque and whimfical in it, women fince has fomething grohead a piece of board they put upon cheir more than a foot long, and: five of and Hou-quaing, by ruaning on. the Quang-tong, go bare-foor, their fcet to fuch a mountains have hardened fteepeft rocks, and with degree, the that they climb up the nefs walk on the moft moft incredible fwiftinconveniency. ftony grounds without any The head-drefs of the tcfque and whimfical in it, women fince has fomething grohead a piece of board they put upon cheir more than a foot long, and: five --- Page 155 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA) 145. five or fix inches broad, which they cover, with their hair, fixing the latter to the formier with wax, fo that they feem to have a hat of hair. The can neither rife up nor Gt down without fupporting themfelves by the neck, and are continually oblig'd to turn their heads to the right and left, when travelling on the roads, which in that country are full of woods and thickets. The hardfhip is ftill greater when they want to paint themfelves, fince they muft be feveral hours before the fire to melt the wax, and after having e clean'd their hair, which they do three or four times a year, they again drefs their heads in the fame manner. The Miao-fles think that this head-drels is charming, and particularly proper for young women, but thofeadvanced in years are not atfo much pains, and only tie up their hair in knotted treffes. We fhall not here fpeak of a great many communities comprehended under the general name of Miao-fles. What is moft deftruétive to them is, that they are almoft continually at war together, fince rexoehpeppusdimeadhkes anddefcendstotheir polterity, fo that the great grandfon will attempt to avenge the death of his great grandfather, if he does not think it fufficiently done before. The Chinefe mandarins are not difpos'd to venture their perfons in re-eftablifhing peace among this people, fince they ealily overlook what they cannot hinder but by rifking, the ives of the Chinefe foldiery. VoL. II. L CHAP. --- Page 156 --- * 15 Obfereatios spone Ast4, CHAP XVII. The manner %f making refemble tbe natural, artifcial pearls, tbeir original tbe metbed ef wubich mending broken beauty, wben lofe ; reftoring painting porcelain porcelain wefels ; mianmer mamer-er tbe calbour tà old already bobd; of renewing old clouded canes 5 of Broforins air of prints or Hampis of seaphing or ef antiguity to copper giving an esluring tbem sefides the qoith a beaxtifal sallne, or tinging Jecret tbem green, Chinefe THS pearis, pretend which to have found the art nartral. The Chinefe are in one fenfe of value upon true ladies of almoft as ornaments in pearls, which they quality fet a great caftern Tartary furnith their drels, The rivers generally of ufe however are lefs them with the the Indies, but the beauniful than thofe pearls, which a proportion to their value of the artificial brought from tural. refemblance to fuch pearls bears The fmall as are nacounterfeir efteem the Chihefe they think pearls them of Europe, fulficiently haye for the makc, and the inferior. to fich as chey fhews that that thefe pearis advantage they find in themfelves fected under are form'd, this mehtod is, them in the bofomi their infpection, augmented, and that and peris of the fifh, they catch of form'din the fame where this fubllance Take, pearl. The fecret is mannet as follows: as the true mother Can find in fay they, one of the largeft pure, water, put it into a bafon oyfters half you full of to fich as chey fhews that that thefe pearis advantage they find in themfelves fected under are form'd, this mehtod is, them in the bofomi their infpection, augmented, and that and peris of the fifh, they catch of form'din the fame where this fubllance Take, pearl. The fecret is mannet as follows: as the true mother Can find in fay they, one of the largeft pure, water, put it into a bafon oyfters half you full of --- Page 157 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA: this bafon in a retir'd of limpid water 3 place however as that it may place, in fuch a manner of heaven : take care that no cafily receive the dew let the barking of dogs, woman approach it, nor the of hens be the crowing of cocks, nor take cackling fome of the feed of heard in the place; then medicine, and reduce it pearls call'd yotchus us'din thenafter gathering fome to an impalpable powder ; (a kind of the leaves of the tree call'd cheta-kong-lao theirjuice, and of holy oak) wafh them well, exprefs Of this mais with it unite the feed of the pearls. which you muft form fmall balls as large as a pea, of the thining, pelcover intirely with a fine the powder infide of the mother of licule which is found in thefe balls intirely round, pcarl. In order to make till there remain roll them on a varnifh'd platé and till they are dry no more inequalities in them, after which enough not to ftick to the fingers, heat of the fun. dry them.altogether in a moderate the mouth When your matter is.thus prepar'd, form'd open pearl into it, of your oyfter, and put the hundred new days in the manner and feed the oyfter for a but take care to give itits food I am about to defcribe, time without varying every day at the fame when precifely, the hundred days are even a few minutes, and of a beautiful water, expir'd, you will find a pearl "which you may bore when you pleafe. the materials The author doesnot forget to fpecify the of which this food is compos'd, and particularizes and the pethe china or white efquine, than the mouthwhich is a root more glutinous medicinal root. We another Ra glue, and the pecho, take of each of thefe a muft, according to him, fine of dram, and reducc them to a very the fire, powder, we form which, with honey divide purified the over whole into a huntred long paftils; and portions for the hundred days. This L 2 doesnot forget to fpecify the of which this food is compos'd, and particularizes and the pethe china or white efquine, than the mouthwhich is a root more glutinous medicinal root. We another Ra glue, and the pecho, take of each of thefe a muft, according to him, fine of dram, and reducc them to a very the fire, powder, we form which, with honey divide purified the over whole into a huntred long paftils; and portions for the hundred days. This L 2 --- Page 158 --- Olfarsations zpon AstA, This reccipt is not feemingly without which require illuftration from the author difficulcies, could be confulted; for how fhall if he oyfter without it? we open the oyfter opens itfelf? hurting how or muft we wait till the of the oyfter to put the muft we open the mouth fufficient to put it into the prepar'd thell? In pearl into it, or is it refpcét to the diftribution of the like manner with put into the water, whence the food, is it only to be to draw it into its mouth P All oyfter thele will not fail to require illuftration, points feem "Tis certain that in China there ploy'd in making thefe pearls, who are people emnot ufe the fced of pearls fo much certainly would dicine, if they were not efteem'd in meable profit from it. certain to reap a confiderfound from Perhaps alfo, the Chinefe have they give the experience, that by the nourifhment pearls form'd, which oyfter, there are feveral fmall. pences they have been at indemnify in them for the exone. producing the principal Be this as it will, 'tis certain that the have had a good deal Chinefe true pearls. The choice ofknowledge of the origin af of pearl, of a retir'd they make of the mother and harfh piercing founds, place, diftant from noife air, and- expos'd to the dew, accompanied the with a pure require for the formation of the long time they they furnifh, and by which pearl, the aliments drawn from plants, which the they fupply the juices larg'd the rivers, rains, after having encarry into the pearl which, as they affure us, render them fitheries, and are circumftances which all fertile, of art, the Chinefe have evince, that by the affiftance turein heroperations, endeavour'd to imitate naTo air, and- expos'd to the dew, accompanied the with a pure require for the formation of the long time they they furnifh, and by which pearl, the aliments drawn from plants, which the they fupply the juices larg'd the rivers, rains, after having encarry into the pearl which, as they affure us, render them fitheries, and are circumftances which all fertile, of art, the Chinefe have evince, that by the affiftance turein heroperations, endeavour'd to imitate naTo --- Page 159 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. To the fecret of forming pearls in fome meafuré hatural, the fame author adds fome other fecrets for reftoring their primitive beauty when loft. When pearls lofe their beauty, there is a method of removing the impurities adhering to them, and reftoring them to their primitive fplendor. For this purpofe, let them fteep a night in woman's milk, then take the herb y-mont-fao, reduc'd to afhes, make a lye ofit, and receive thewater which drops from it throtigh a coarfe linen cloth 5 add a little fine wheat flour; put your pearls into a filken bag tied at the mouth, and after having plung'd the pearls into this liquor, rub them gently with your hand. If pearls are tarnifh'd or fpoil'd with any unétuand ducks dried in the ous matter, take gecle dung fun and reduc'd to afhes; ; make a decoction of thefe, and when the water is fettled, put the pearls in a filken bag, and wafh them in the manner above directed, in this decoction. The approach of the fire fometimes renders pearls reddifh. In this cafe, take the fkin of the hoannan-tfe (a forcign fruit of wbich the bonzes make their beads) boil it in water, into which put the pearls and wafh them ; or beat turnips or raddithes, and after having exprels'd the juice of them, put the pearls a whole night into it, and they will come out very white. waih If the pearls become red of themfelves, them in the juice exprels'd from the root ofthe Indian banana tree, leave themn in that juice fora night, and the next morning they will have their firft fplendor and natural whitenefs. Pearls are fometimes damag'd when without refection they are brought near a dead body. In this cafc they are reftor'd to their primitive luftre by L 3 wathing 'd the juice of them, put the pearls a whole night into it, and they will come out very white. waih If the pearls become red of themfelves, them in the juice exprels'd from the root ofthe Indian banana tree, leave themn in that juice fora night, and the next morning they will have their firft fplendor and natural whitenefs. Pearls are fometimes damag'd when without refection they are brought near a dead body. In this cafc they are reftor'd to their primitive luftre by L 3 wathing --- Page 160 --- I5o Obfervations upon AstA, wathing and rubbing them in the lie of the ymnot-fao, with which a little meal plant to be mix'd. and lime are The author alfo advifes us not to leave places fcented with mufk, pearls in are fo tarnifh'd as to lofe a by means of which they value. confiderable part of their The neatnefs and elegance of the ture has been relifh'd in Chinefe furnitime paft their Europe, fo that for a long been the porcelains and varnifh'd works have porcelain is ornaments of our cabinets; but as the plates, brittle, and whatever care we take of the cups, urns which are brought from China, they are eafily broken, and we upon broken porcelain as loft, but this generally lofs is look reparable-among the Chinefe, When not iris not intirely bruis'd, and when the porcelain reunited, they have the fecret of the picces can be neatly that it can't be perceiv'd, and joining the them fo as good as ever. veflels are the For this purpofe theyufea glue made of the root of fine peki abovementioned; They reduce it to a powder, which they mix with the white very new-laid egg 3 when the whole is of a rub the edges of the broken duly mix'd, they them to each other, fecure them picces with it, apply fet the veflel before a moderate fire by a thread, and is dry they remove the thread, and ; when the glue good as if it had not been broken the veffel is as not put the warm broth of fowls into : but they muft becaufe it would deftroy the fuch veflels, the pieces are united, cement with which The fame author fays, that a mixture certain ingredients 'tis by of havea a mind on cafy to paint whatever we the porcelain after it is bak'd, and that figures made upon it will laft as. and pear as, natural as thofc which. ic long, receives in ap- the furtnce, Fe as not put the warm broth of fowls into : but they muft becaufe it would deftroy the fuch veflels, the pieces are united, cement with which The fame author fays, that a mixture certain ingredients 'tis by of havea a mind on cafy to paint whatever we the porcelain after it is bak'd, and that figures made upon it will laft as. and pear as, natural as thofc which. ic long, receives in ap- the furtnce, Fe --- Page 161 --- AFRICA, and AMERICAI 15i For this purpofe, fays he, take fivé drams of haocha (fal ammoniac) two drams of low-fan (RoGerman, or Englith vitriol) three drains of man; tan-fan (vitriol of Cyprus) and five drams of lime 3 pound the whole finely, and mix it with a ftrong and thick lixivium of pot-afh 5 with this mixture yoli may make any figures on porcelain; and when they muft wafh and rub the veffel. This are dry you the fame effect on bamboo, and mixture produces cane. Armed chairs and others, the feats arid backs of which are made ofwove cane, are now very common in Europe. The fhreds of cane in time lofe their hatural colour, but in order to reftore it we need only fill fome pieces of paper with flour of fulphur; and lay them on a flow fire in fuch a manner that the fmoke may reach the cane 5 by this means, however old or. tarnifh'd it may be, it will forthwith be render'd as beautiful as when the work was new: Among the ornaments ofthe Chinefe cabinets, we find mufical inftruments, fch as futes of feveral kinds; harps; and guitars, on which they play by touching the ftrings delicately. The Chinefe literati and ladies think it a great accomriplithment to play well on thefe inftruments: According of to the fame author; if the nail is weak, the found the inftrument is neither fine, fweet, nor fuli: He alfo fays, that the means of ftrengthening the rails is to perfume them, and expole them to the fmoke of filk-worms dried and burnt; when they have died in their cods. halls and chambers of in In China the people eafy circumftanices are adorn'd with tapeftries fuil of moral fentences and landikips, either painted or ftamp'd. Tho' we have in Europe abundance of L4 iecrets is neither fine, fweet, nor fuli: He alfo fays, that the means of ftrengthening the rails is to perfume them, and expole them to the fmoke of filk-worms dried and burnt; when they have died in their cods. halls and chambers of in In China the people eafy circumftanices are adorn'd with tapeftries fuil of moral fentences and landikips, either painted or ftamp'd. Tho' we have in Europe abundance of L4 iecrets --- Page 162 --- Olfervations zpon fecrets to renew old Asra, caly and expeditious, paintings, as that ufed yet we have none fo water alone producing this effeét. bytheChinel, lime apply this water to the They ufe apencil to are thus walh'd gently three paintings, and when they refume their luftre and or four times, they In order to waih, and vivacity. in fome old ftamp'd piece, they fpread it meafure renew, an ble, and fix it fecurely at the fides on a fmooth tathey fprinkle it uniformly with and ends: Then fine fieve of horfe-hair, ftrew water, and with a powder of honchouviché upon it a bed of the fouthern provinccs) about (a fione found in the thing, Then they moiften the thicknefs of a farand lay upon it a bed the fluff a fecond time, of tchinkia-hoci, (the fhell equally of thick of the afhes and leave it in this condition for a kind of mufcle) ter which, floping the table, a whole hour, aflarge quantity of tepid they pour upon it a in good order. water, and find the ftamp Among the forniture of the Chinefe, particular value upon the pots Or they fet a they burn perfumes and odoriferous vafes, in which cabinet would not be well adorned fubftances. A furniture was cither if this piece of a tafte, as to attract wanting, the attention or not made in fuch vafès are made in a whimfical of vifitors. Thefc prietors make it their principal form, and the proan air of antiquity. ftudy to give them They are copper, but they give them generally made of by certain materials laid any colour they pleafe, hardened by the action of upon the them, and gradually Take, fays the fame Chinefe firç. of verdigrcafe, two drams of fal author, two drams drams of yetfouitan-fan (a mineral of aminoniac, five bably the. Arm.enian ftone, or Thibet, pro1 green azure) and five drams an air of antiquity. ftudy to give them They are copper, but they give them generally made of by certain materials laid any colour they pleafe, hardened by the action of upon the them, and gradually Take, fays the fame Chinefe firç. of verdigrcafe, two drams of fal author, two drams drams of yetfouitan-fan (a mineral of aminoniac, five bably the. Arm.enian ftone, or Thibet, pro1 green azure) and five drams --- Page 163 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. drams of tchucha (cinnabar). Reduce the whole to and mix it with vinegar. But bea fine powder, is the muft fore this- mixture applied, copper be rendered fmooth and fhining, with the afhes of fome folid wood, in order to remove all unétuofity or dirt adhering to its furface. After thefe preparations, wafh the copper vcffel well with pure water, fuffer it to dry, and with a pencil apply the mixture to it. Soon after put live coals into the veflel, and a brifk fire will foon make it change its colour. When the coals are confumed and the veffel cold, wafh it. again to remove the redundant part of the colouring which has not penctrated it, that the new colour you are to appiy, may infinuate itfelf the more calily; for this operation muft be repeated ten times, after which you have a picce in the antique tafte, and if the veffel is interfperled with fmall black fpots, it is thought the more valuable. If you want to give the copper a chefnut COlour, add to this mixture a dram of the vitriol of Cyprus, and after having applied it, expofe it to the fire, which operation you. muft repeat when you fee the colour fail. To give the copper an orange colour, add to the mixture, two drams of pong-cha (borax re-. duced to powder) but after applying it, the, vcffel muft be carefully wafh'd. : When veffels prepared in this manner are tar-- nifhed, cither by the fweat of the hands, or any other means, nothing elle is requifite to reftore them to their luftre, but to leave them for a night in fnow water. Another Chinefe author gives US the mcthod of colouring copper veffels with a beautiful green. Take, fays he, the firft water drawn in the morning -. duced to powder) but after applying it, the, vcffel muft be carefully wafh'd. : When veffels prepared in this manner are tar-- nifhed, cither by the fweat of the hands, or any other means, nothing elle is requifite to reftore them to their luftre, but to leave them for a night in fnow water. Another Chinefe author gives US the mcthod of colouring copper veffels with a beautiful green. Take, fays he, the firft water drawn in the morning --- Page 164 --- Olfarcations ing from a well, mix upon Asta; man vitriol, and yellow with it Cyprus vitriol, Ro: infpifated as to form a kind earth, till the whole is fo Jeave your veffel in this of pafte called nifans hour, after which warm infpiffared it in matter for an direéted. Apply three layers of the manner above whon the laft of them is this mixture, and ciffolved and melted in dry, take fal ammoniac pencil lay two or three beds water, of then with a new veftei; after a day or a little this liquor over the lct ic dry, and wafh it more, wafh the veffel, peated three, four, or five again, which is to be refucceding in this is, times. The means of the colour applied, and duly to regulate the force of walhings with care, If the to manage the feveral time under ground, veffel is hid for fome bar will be formed pots of the colour of cinna- . colours deeper, burn on it, and if you would have the and fumigate the veffel the leaves of the In order to take with the fmoke of them. bamboo, gives this colour to the the nifan, or mixture which fal ammoniac, fix drams veflel, take three drams of one dram of verdigreafe, and of Cyprus vitriol, and pounded, and every when the wholei IS finely zhro' a clofe ficve, it ingredient is to be paffed feparately fpoon half full of water. diluted in a fimall polithed, dip cotton in After the veffel is well the veffel with it, becaufe this-water, the and gently rub this liquor fo fal ammoniac renders corrode the penetrating, that it might the veffel is copper, For this purpole, as otherwife foon ter to remove rubb'd, the it is to be plunged in the as hold the mouth of the mixture. Then for fome time Wathe heat infinuaring itfelf veflel over a Qow firc, thac ternal furface the colour into it, may give its exis to be repeated eill the wanted, This operation defired effect is produced. Perhaps , the and gently rub this liquor fo fal ammoniac renders corrode the penetrating, that it might the veffel is copper, For this purpole, as otherwife foon ter to remove rubb'd, the it is to be plunged in the as hold the mouth of the mixture. Then for fome time Wathe heat infinuaring itfelf veflel over a Qow firc, thac ternal furface the colour into it, may give its exis to be repeated eill the wanted, This operation defired effect is produced. Perhaps --- Page 165 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. Perhaps this method is more certain than the forbut the fuccefs often depends on the addition mer, of a fmall quantity of fome of the or retrenchment and different trials are alone capable ofafmaterials, certaining the due proportions. CHAP. XVHI. Of the borfe-bart, tbe borfe-tyger, tbe odoriferous deer, tbe bait-fing, the blue CronUs, and Fieeral otber animals peculiar to China, and and tbe Cbinefe Tartary; tbe bunting of barts, tygers, and tbe tael-pi. horfe-hart is a kind of hart little lower THE than the fmnall horfes of Yvenan. In this province there are alfo harts not to be found elfewhere, and whofe difference from the other fpecies confifts in this, that they are never bigger nor higher than ordinary dogs. The princes and grandecs bring them up.in their gardens. Chinefe books But the defcription which fome give us of the horfe-tyger is to be looked on as a fable. It does not, fay they, differ from an ordinary horfc, but in this, that it is covered with fcaless and inftead of hoofs, has the claws of a tyger, and efpecially the fiercenefs of that creature, which m the fpring makes it quit the water, and attack men - and animals, but this fpecies of animal is no where to be What found. is faid of the odoriferous deer is very certain, and this animal is not very rare, fince there are fome of them, not oaly. in the fouthern provinces, but ay they, differ from an ordinary horfc, but in this, that it is covered with fcaless and inftead of hoofs, has the claws of a tyger, and efpecially the fiercenefs of that creature, which m the fpring makes it quit the water, and attack men - and animals, but this fpecies of animal is no where to be What found. is faid of the odoriferous deer is very certain, and this animal is not very rare, fince there are fome of them, not oaly. in the fouthern provinces, but --- Page 166 --- Olforvations but alfo four OF five upon Asta, It is a kind of deer leagues to the weft of a blackifh colour. withott horns, and has Pcking, ofavery fine Its bag of mufl is hair of lts flefh is fo pellicle, and covered with compofed tables. good food, that it'is ufed foft hair. rip The at the beft beautiful hait-feng is juftly accounted them of birds, but it is one of the moft are caught, except in very the rare, and noneof tchong-fou, in the of diftrict of hancantons of Tartary. province It Chenfi, and in fome moft beautiful falcons, but may be compared to our larger, and it may be is much and Tartarian called the king ofthe ftronger and - the moft birds; for it is the moft Chinefe. fo thac when lively and courageous of beautifil, one is taken it muft any of them; court, prefented to the be carried to the the officers of the' emperor, and In delivered.to the ife of Hinan, falconry. blue colour, which have there are crows of a halfan inch long, and which two yellow ears, abour decp reétly well. There are alfo fpeak and whiftle abour their necks, ravens with white peruncommon fhape, birds flarlings with beaks of a rings beautiful a red colour as large as a linnet, of very. othèrs whole as can be as low plumageis of a imagined, and colour, and tho* thefe parkling gold or yelyet they are generally found two fpecies are differents The yellow goats almoft together. except in very numerous never gointo the plains, indecd yellow, yet it is not troops, fo fine and tho' their hairis goats, bur the animals, in bulk as that of ordinary refemble each other. Their and fhapc, their fiviftnefs, which defence confifts perfedtly in cfany other animal. can hardly be equalled by that The a imagined, and colour, and tho* thefe parkling gold or yelyet they are generally found two fpecies are differents The yellow goats almoft together. except in very numerous never gointo the plains, indecd yellow, yet it is not troops, fo fine and tho' their hairis goats, bur the animals, in bulk as that of ordinary refemble each other. Their and fhapc, their fiviftnefs, which defence confifts perfedtly in cfany other animal. can hardly be equalled by that The --- Page 167 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. The wild mules alfo go in fmall troops, and tho' I mules, becaule this is the fenfe of the Chicall them if we confider this aninefe name ye-lo-tfe, find yet that it is different from the mal exaétly, we Its flefh is tame mules, even in its external figure. tafte, fo that alfo different, fince it has a very good It is allo as the Tartars eat frequently of it. wild boars. wholefome and nourifhing as that ofthe Thefe mules can never by any means be brought to carry loads. camels and horfes are of the fame The wild and the camels are fo fwift, fhape with the tame ones, well mounted, rarely that the huntfmen, however 'of them. The horfes go come within arrow-fhot and when they mect with tame in great troops, them off, by enclofing them on horfes, they carry all fides. which infeft China, as The lao-hous, or tygers, the moft favage of much as they do Tartary, are a fecret horall animals, and their cry alone inipires it. In the caftern ror into perfons unaccuftomed to render them part of Tartary, their bulk and agility terrible. Their fkin is almoft always of a reddifh colour, variegated with large black ftreaks. yellow however fome ofthem in the palace, whofe There are black, and even greyith, ftreaks, are upon a pretty white ground. Fierce as thefeanimals are, they may ybeinclos'din which the emperor orders to be form'd by a circle, who drive before them all the wild his huntfmen, to find themfelves among beafts, which are farprifed fo many men armed, divided into platoons, with their fpears ereéted. and down, from one fide to The harts run up make their efcape thro' the other, attempting to ftands ftill in the place the men 5 but the tyger where ground. Fierce as thefeanimals are, they may ybeinclos'din which the emperor orders to be form'd by a circle, who drive before them all the wild his huntfmen, to find themfelves among beafts, which are farprifed fo many men armed, divided into platoons, with their fpears ereéted. and down, from one fide to The harts run up make their efcape thro' the other, attempting to ftands ftill in the place the men 5 but the tyger where --- Page 168 --- where he firft Obberoations fees apoie Asta, pretty long time. the his enemics, and even, they fet upon him, barking of the fuffers a tharp arrows levelled as well as the dogs which by an excels of at him. But, blows at of fome him/eif, he prings rage, or the laft,. urged runs diredtly with an incredible neceflity of laving on the points upon of the huntfmen, who rapidity, and plunge in his belly their (pears, which receive him of them. when he offers to atrack they again The fag-hunting is any Tartars take the horns of quite diverting, fince cry by which they call their ftags, and counterfeit fome lieving that the females dams. The the the road, generally are already males beThen they advance to a come, or on hinds are come ftop, as it were to certain diftance. ftag's heads, and to the place where cxamine whether left with a kind of move the horns from they fee the dig theg ground with their inquietude If right to are advancings and horns, it is a fign they thar begin to rufh thro? the copfe, accordlingly wich foon they almoft covered. But which the after, they their road, by thefe pare them huntfmen a are are within their fhooting reach. at them, as foon as part of The hunting of the they The-aslpis are as fmall tael-pi is alfo very themfelves under as an ermine. amulfing. fmail burrows ground, where they They keep are males in their contiguous to each dig as many ways above ground troop; and one other, oF them as there away and plunges into ftanding centinel, bur is alfon comes near him. the ground, when he runs from falling into the This does not hinder any as foon'as they diléover hands of the oon as part of The hunting of the they The-aslpis are as fmall tael-pi is alfo very themfelves under as an ermine. amulfing. fmail burrows ground, where they They keep are males in their contiguous to each dig as many ways above ground troop; and one other, oF them as there away and plunges into ftanding centinel, bur is alfon comes near him. the ground, when he runs from falling into the This does not hinder any as foon'as they diléover hands of the or two places, into which the ground, huntfmen, open it in who I they put kindled ftraw, one or --- Page 169 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. or any other thing capable of frightening thefe animals, which obliges them to come out of their holes, on which occalion great numbers of them are taken, CHAP. XIX, Oftbe ifland efSt. Domingo ; bory populouis it wwas, wben tbe Cafilians firp landed in its charabier of Chripopber Calumbus; bis departure for Spain ; diferders efthe Caftilians 172 bis abfences infurrection of tbe Indians 3 return ofColumbus to St. Domingo 5 tbe long and cruel soar made 022 tbe Indians ; their Ravery, deftruction, and apology. THEN admiral Columbus firft arrived in W the i0and of Haiti, the Indian name for St. Domingo, he was no lefs furprifed at its largenefs, than at the prodigious number of its inhabitants. This tract of land, two hundred leagues long, and about fixty, or in fome places cighty broad, appeared to him inhabited in all parts, not only in the plains, which extend from the fea coafts to the mountains, which run along the whole ifland from eaft to weft, but alfo on the mountains, which tho? fteep, neverthelefs formed confiderable ftates. believe the there If we may Spanifh hiftorian, were no fewer than a million of Indians in it, when Columbus difcovered it. In defcribing the wars which that conqueror of the new world carried on, he reprefents him as fighting againft armies of a hun- the plains, which extend from the fea coafts to the mountains, which run along the whole ifland from eaft to weft, but alfo on the mountains, which tho? fteep, neverthelefs formed confiderable ftates. believe the there If we may Spanifh hiftorian, were no fewer than a million of Indians in it, when Columbus difcovered it. In defcribing the wars which that conqueror of the new world carried on, he reprefents him as fighting againft armies of a hun- --- Page 170 --- Olfrcations hundred thoufand upon Asra, ftandards of one men, who marched under the had five or fix cacique. They are faid to have could only be fubdued caciques of equal power, and who Of this multitude of one after another. at leaft in the French Indians there is not one left, is not the fialleft part of the ifland, where there Neither are there veflige of its ancient inhabitants. except in a fmall any of them in the Spanifh known ; and wherc canton, fome which has been Jong part, unof miracle, liv'd in the midf of them have, by a kind Ferdinand and lfabella of their encmies. taking the wifeft are to be commended for quillity of their precautions new for fecuring the tranhave them allured by fubjeéts, They wanted to amples, rather than mildnefs, reafon, and good exJence. If their orders compelled by force and viofault is not to be laid were not executed, the fince he was far from on Chriltopher Columbus, ferved, The troops of being feconded as he dcthat modern Jafon new Argonaurs, whom all compofed ofheroes conducted, was far from lour, very few of them ; for if fome ofthem had being varation. They were had wildom, and modeimpunity, for the crimes moftly of men, whom defpair of guilty, had obliged to a which they had been native country, and who voluntary exile from their which they thought at the rifque of a death menfe riches of this honourable, afpired to the imconqueft, of Every December, one knows, that it was in the after a long 1497, that Chriftopher beginning rived in this voyage, and great fatigue, Columbusy at laft he called inand, which on account of its artill fome time Hlilpaniola, after or Little Spain, It Was bulk, not that, it got the name of St. Do- . mingo country, and who voluntary exile from their which they thought at the rifque of a death menfe riches of this honourable, afpired to the imconqueft, of Every December, one knows, that it was in the after a long 1497, that Chriftopher beginning rived in this voyage, and great fatigue, Columbusy at laft he called inand, which on account of its artill fome time Hlilpaniola, after or Little Spain, It Was bulk, not that, it got the name of St. Do- . mingo --- Page 171 --- and AMERICA: AFRICA which being the capital, infenfibly gave mingo its name : to all the ifand. point; that he difIt was by the moft weftern traverfed all the northera covered it. He firft with difficulty, from the coaft, and remounting anchor'd in a port of the province weft to the eaft, Mancenil, and Mount-chrift 5 of Mariaris between This cantori and this port he called Port-royal. of one of the principal was under the dominion called Guacanariq. caciques of the ifland, barbarous in the manners of There was nothing were very foon reconthis prince, and his fubjeéts the fight of whom had at ciled to thefe ftrangers, received them with firft furprifed them. They who fhould outdo each chearfulnefs, and ftrove other in aêts of kindnefs to thôfe new guefts. the Thefe laft foon intimated that gold was forthwith principal objeêt they wanted, and the their Indians rich necklaces, took pleafure in pulling off make of to the and other ornaments, to other prefents bauble of glais ftrangers. A little bell or any them much betgiven them in exchange, pleafed drew from their mines. ter than all the riches they the admiral fail'd was moor'd The veffel in which and the anchors yielding, fhe in a bad anchorage, the rocks, which difwas forthwith dafh'd againft and put him as it were at concerted his meafures, the mercy of the Indians. nothing The hofpitable king Guacanariq but forthwith forgot ordered a to folace him for this lols, to to the affiftnumerous fquadron of canoes and left go the profpeêt of ance of the ftrange fhips his fubjeêts, he went along booty fhould tempt them in awe by his prefence, with them to keep the effeêts of the veffel to be: He fpeedily ordered on the fhores taken out and laid in a magazine where Vor.II. M The hofpitable king Guacanariq but forthwith forgot ordered a to folace him for this lols, to to the affiftnumerous fquadron of canoes and left go the profpeêt of ance of the ftrange fhips his fubjeêts, he went along booty fhould tempt them in awe by his prefence, with them to keep the effeêts of the veffel to be: He fpeedily ordered on the fhores taken out and laid in a magazine where Vor.II. M --- Page 172 --- Obferoations where apon AStA, touch'd they with were guarded with care, At the afliction of Columbus, laft,, prince wept, and to the good poflible, he offered him recompenfe him as much as extent of his ftates, and every thing in the whole fidence there. beg'd him to fix his reThe admiral, who had a fwift bark obliged to go to Spain to left, being diftovery, anfwered this give an account of his could not ftay long wich him, cacique but general, that he turn, which would be foon, he that till his reof his men with him. The would leave a part dered a firm and commodious cacique forthwith orfor his new guefts, who with habitation to be built fhattered veflels raifed the wrecks of the Columbus the a kind of fort, to which had entered gave that name of Navidad, becaufe he nativity. bay, on the day of our Saviour's ditch 5 and Externally it was alfo they fortified it by a good der the conduét of a defended brave by forty men, unDiegue Daraffia, who was left Cordouan, with called gineer, fome pieces of an expert engeon, and ftores of cannon, a carpenter, a furThe abfence of Columbus every kind, for a year. irregularities in this infant was the fource of the fooner loft fight of him, colony, than fince they had no fons of wifdom and moderation, they forgot the lef en them, for divifion introduced which he had givtiouineis crown'd it. diforder, and licenrice and intemperance, Equally prompted by avaran, over all the adjacent they like ravencus wolves and womnen of the Indians- places, feizing the gold to violence, and fo prevoked They joined cruelty inftead of their fincere their patience, chat irreconcilable enemies, friends, they became their All than fince they had no fons of wifdom and moderation, they forgot the lef en them, for divifion introduced which he had givtiouineis crown'd it. diforder, and licenrice and intemperance, Equally prompted by avaran, over all the adjacent they like ravencus wolves and womnen of the Indians- places, feizing the gold to violence, and fo prevoked They joined cruelty inftead of their fincere their patience, chat irreconcilable enemies, friends, they became their All --- Page 173 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA: made by Guacanariq All the remonftrances fince they ftill continued their were to no purpofe, Befides, they left the fortrefs, and plunderings. the nations, left every having entered neighbouring of their wickedwhere the moft fatal impreffions crimes were not long unnefs, but fo many flagrant Indians, who only knew the punilhed, fince thele laid ambufhes for Spaniards by their violences, of the caciques of the ifland, them. Caunabo, of one them when they were carrying furprifed fome and maffacred all thofe he caught. off his wives, was as it were, the fignal for the This circumftance, and there was no more quargeneral infurrection, fuch of the as could . be ter given to Spaniards found. at the head of fuch of his vaffals as he Canaubo, to fort Navidad, where could - colleét, advanced who faithful to the there were only five foldiers, it. At laft the orders of Arafia would never quit the affiftance and zealous Guacanariq few to trufty but being furprifed at fo fudden an of his friends, fufficient time to him forit. attack had not far fuperior prepare to the other, The army of Canaubo, being woundeafily gained the day, and Guacanariq his new allies to their ed, was obliged to abandon indeed defended themfelves unhappy fate. They that the Indians durit not with fo much valour, but thefe laft having in the approach them by themfelves day, into the ditches, fet fire night conveyed foon confumed. to the fort, which was of véry the admiral, who arrived The fpeedy return feet'in Port Royal, might have with a numerous but as he had cftablifhed the common tranquility, the and robbers of only brought with him dregs of that Spain, and emptied the prifons ; people the diforder. 'charaéter were only fit for augmenting Belides, M 2 laft having in the approach them by themfelves day, into the ditches, fet fire night conveyed foon confumed. to the fort, which was of véry the admiral, who arrived The fpeedy return feet'in Port Royal, might have with a numerous but as he had cftablifhed the common tranquility, the and robbers of only brought with him dregs of that Spain, and emptied the prifons ; people the diforder. 'charaéter were only fit for augmenting Belides, M 2 --- Page 174 --- Obfervations upon AsIA, Befides, moft of the captains who der him, jealous of his commanded unwife meafures, which authority, took none of the of the growing were requifite for the intereft and cruel war broke colony, and for this reafon, a long The out every where. Spaniards but gave no quarter to their new fubjeds, exercifed the moft ties on them. However, terrible cruelfubduing thefe miferable they were threc years in ftates were creatures. Six kings, whofe force very. populous, in vain exerted their againft the common enemy, [and arms had if the fate of depended on the multitude of they would have foldiers, But the fwvords better defended * their libertics. againft naked and fire arms of their enemies, and unarmed ble a flaughter bodies, made fo terriIndians perifhed among in them, that the half of the that war. ed Thefe to the unfortunate fevereft creatures were at laft fubjedtand laws, and for fomc time lived in tranquility, the power and credit of contributed a great deal to this peace ; Guacanariq for this cique, always a friend to the caried his zeal fo far, as to Spaniards, had Carexpeditions. ; and by his accompany them in their were pacified. mediation, both parties The flame, however, being but ill freth cruelties foon broke extinguifhed, themfelves from fo out, and the Indians, to free the culture of the infupportable lands, a yoke, forfook woods and mountains imagining that in the to which game and wild fruits would afford they retired, the fubliflance, and that their enemies them a fufficient to quit their lands thro' would be obliged were fupported with famine; but the Spaniards were for this reafon ftill provifions from Europe, and more animated to purfie the elties foon broke extinguifhed, themfelves from fo out, and the Indians, to free the culture of the infupportable lands, a yoke, forfook woods and mountains imagining that in the to which game and wild fruits would afford they retired, the fubliflance, and that their enemies them a fufficient to quit their lands thro' would be obliged were fupported with famine; but the Spaniards were for this reafon ftill provifions from Europe, and more animated to purfie the --- Page 175 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. the Indians into the places, which they though: inaceffible. thus harraffed, Thefe poor creatures, continually fled from mountain to mountain, fo that the mifery, fatigue, and continual fright in which they were, deftroyed more ofthem than the fword, and thofe who efcaped fo great calamities, were at laft obliged to deliver themfelves up to the difcretion of the conqueror, who ufed his power with the utmoft rigour. Some miffionaries having gone into the Indics, preached the golpel there, and fome intervals of moderation and fweetnefs ufed by the reiterated orders of the court, began to efface the terrible which thefe Indians had againft the SS judices, niards. But the death of queen Mfabel, who had always proteéed the Indians, and that of Chriftopher Columbus, who died foon after, rendered them entirely They defperate. had begun to enjoy a kind of liberty, exfome tributes and hard labours, and were alcept lowed to livein their villages according to their own cuftoms, and under the government of their own chicfs. The avarice of the principal officers attempted to ftrip them ofthofe remains of liberty,and it was propofed to the council of Ferdinand to fubject thefe favages entirely, and diftribute them again among the inhabitants to be employed by their orders to work in the mines, and fuch other labour as they fhould think proper. This is the date of the entire ruin of the Indians ; for Michael Paffamonte, then treafurer of the king's rights, was fent to dividethefe poor fouls, and upon numbering them, there were only fixty thoufand left, whofe mafters made all the profit they could, from their acquifition. They impofed the moft M 3 terri- and diftribute them again among the inhabitants to be employed by their orders to work in the mines, and fuch other labour as they fhould think proper. This is the date of the entire ruin of the Indians ; for Michael Paffamonte, then treafurer of the king's rights, was fent to dividethefe poor fouls, and upon numbering them, there were only fixty thoufand left, whofe mafters made all the profit they could, from their acquifition. They impofed the moft M 3 terri- --- Page 176 --- - Olfrvations terrible Jabours zpon Asra, from the king ufed on them, and wichour any reftraint tion and them as beafts of burden. when mifery ftill diminifhed their Vexafive years after Roderic number, and ed Palliamonte in the office Albuquerque of fucceedbutor of the Indians, there commiffary diftrifand ofthem left. were only fourteen thouThe celebrated Barthelemi de las and virtuous clergyman, undertook Cafas, a zealous thefe poor Indians cruelly the defence of purpofe made feveral oppreffed, and for this Cardinal Ximenes, voyages into Spain. Ferdinand was declared who after the death of king touched with the pathetic regent of the kingdom, was gave of the deplorable ftate account which las Calas and cruclty of the in which the avarice Four Spaniards kept the Indians. full hieronymites were fent to St. power to reform the Domingo, with annul the divifions made abufes, and elpecially to ries, if they judg'd it by the former commiffareligion. But thefe neceffary for the intereft of matters, and only took new the Indians commiffaries alleviated fons, not daring to meddle with from private perful fort, who were at the fame time the the more powerters, Las Calas began his complaints worft maf ronymites, and thefe renewed againft the hietions againft las Calas, As this their ancient accufalike to come to an cnd, las Cafàs affair was never more into Spain, but cardinal came once and the coubcil for the Indies Ximenes Was dead, ry much prepoffefed againft being las bribed,, was vefore thought Cafas, He thereCharles, who proper to apply diredily to prince ing the ficknels, governed of under the name, and dur. Flemifh minifters qucen Joan his mother. The the Spanifh promifed to protect him 5 but oppofed to him the bifhop of Darian, who nd, las Cafàs affair was never more into Spain, but cardinal came once and the coubcil for the Indies Ximenes Was dead, ry much prepoffefed againft being las bribed,, was vefore thought Cafas, He thereCharles, who proper to apply diredily to prince ing the ficknels, governed of under the name, and dur. Flemifh minifters qucen Joan his mother. The the Spanifh promifed to protect him 5 but oppofed to him the bifhop of Darian, who --- Page 177 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. who more attentive to his own interefts, than to the good of his flock, had a hand in -the diftribution of the Indians, and who only came to Europe to fruftrate the defigns of las Cafas. The controverly between thele two men, divided the court, and excited the curiofity of the king, who refolved to call an affembly, in which the contencing parties fhould produce their refpedivereafons, and the bilhop, of Darian having orders to explain himfelf concerning the divifion of the Indians, fpoke thus. Cc Tis very extraordinary, faid this prelate, that C6 there fhould be farther deliberations on an affair, in the counfels CG which has been fo often decided C6 of the catholic kings. Tis, no doubt, from a due 66 reflexion on the difpofition and manners of the <c Indians, that they have been treated with fo c much feverity. Is it neceffary here to recount c6 the revolts and treacheries of this worthlefs naLC tion ? could they ever be fubdued but by vioC lence ? have they not attempted methods to exCC terminate their mafters, and abolilh their new G dominion? let us not Aatter ourfelves 2. we muft 6c for ever renounce, the conqueft of the Indies, and C6 the advantages of the new world, if we leave Cc thefe barbarians in the poffeffion of a liberty, 66 which would prove fatal to us. $6 Befides, what fault is to be found with the C6 Mlavery to which they are reduced P is it not the $6 privilege of viétorious nations, and the deftiny 6c of vanquifhed barbarians P did the Greeks and 66 Romans ufe any other conduct to the ftubborn 6 nations they had fubdued by force of arms ? if (6 cver a people deferved to be treated with harfh66 nefs, tis our Indians, who refemble wild beafts C6 more than rational creatures. What Thall I fay c of their crimes arid debaucheries, which make M 4 6 na- P is it not the $6 privilege of viétorious nations, and the deftiny 6c of vanquifhed barbarians P did the Greeks and 66 Romans ufe any other conduct to the ftubborn 6 nations they had fubdued by force of arms ? if (6 cver a people deferved to be treated with harfh66 nefs, tis our Indians, who refemble wild beafts C6 more than rational creatures. What Thall I fay c of their crimes arid debaucheries, which make M 4 6 na- --- Page 178 --- Oiftrvations SC nature upon AstA, blufh P do c6 than thofe of their they follow any other laws, se may be moft brutal paflions P but C6 objedted, that it i from cmbracing the this feverity hinders them 6 what does it lofe chriftian religion. Alas ! Fc want to make by lofing fuch vorarics ? we 66 hardly men. Let chriftians of them, while are gc the fruit of their our miffionaries tell us, they 6C labours has what ny fincere profelytes been, and how ma- <6 Ignorant, they have made. $f we fupid and vicious as imprint the they are, EG upon their minds, neceffary knowledge of can €S withour religion proper reftraints ? keeping them G6 embrace as indifferent to renounce under 6€ don themfelves chriftianity, we often fee them as Sc to their ancient abanmediately after their baptifin. fuperftitions imWhen the prelàte had ended, the dreffed himfelf to las Cafas, and chancellor adking's name to reply, which he ordered him in the following purpofe, did nearly to the <6 I was one of the 66 dies, after firft, who went into the Ec they were difcovered. Ic was Incuriofity nor neither Sc fo intereft, which made me <6 long a voyage. The undertake dels was mny falvation of the infi- - <c only view. Why have able, at the of I not been E6 preferve fo rifque évery drop of my blood, to G5 facrificed either many thoufand fouls, who have <c to avarice Or cruelty ! been cc Attempts are made to perfuade barbarous exccutions us, that thefe Ec punifh the were neceflary, either to 66 Where, let Indians, or to prevent their s: the me afk, did the revolt P revolt. Indians receive our begin did not $4 firft humanity and Spaniards with hu56 fure in mildnefs? had they not more beftowing their treafures niards, than the Spaniards had upon the L avarice to re6 ceive Attempts are made to perfuade barbarous exccutions us, that thefe Ec punifh the were neceflary, either to 66 Where, let Indians, or to prevent their s: the me afk, did the revolt P revolt. Indians receive our begin did not $4 firft humanity and Spaniards with hu56 fure in mildnefs? had they not more beftowing their treafures niards, than the Spaniards had upon the L avarice to re6 ceive --- Page 179 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. 4 ceive them ? but our defires were not fatisfied. $c They abandoned their lands, their habitations, €c and their riches to us, and we have torn their chil- <6 dren, their wives, and their liberty from them. fhould fufK6 Can we reafonably fuppofe, that they < fer themfelves to be enraged in fo fenfible a man- < ner, that they fhould allow themfelves to be mafCc facred, hanged and burnt, without teftifying the C6 fmalleft refentment of fuch cruel ufage? < By running down thefe unfortunate creatures, <c pcople would infinuate, that they were hardly s6 men. Let us blufh for having been lefs 'men, <6 and more barbarians than they. What have when 66 they done more than defend themfelves, s6 they were attacked, and repel injuries and vio- <G lence by arms : for defpair always furnifhes arms E< to thofe who are pufhed to the laft extremities, Romans is C6 But the example of the Greeks and 66 quoted to authorife us, in reducing thefe people EC to flavery. It is a chriftian, it is a bifhop, who €C fpeaks thus : Is this his gofpel ? what right have Sc we to render a people born frec, flaves ; a people <6 whom we have molefted before they ever did us <6 thefmalleft injury? ifthey are born vaffals, the làw EG authorifes us to do fo; but by what means, K have the. Indians merited flavery ? they arc, fays s6 the bifhop, a brutal and ftupid people, addiéted c to all manner of vices. Can we expect any <s thing elfe, from a nation depriv'd of the light 66 cf the golpel ? let us bewail, but not reproach 66 them for this misfortune. Let us try to inftruét 66 them and remove their errors. But let us never 66 be fo wicked as to reduce them to defpair. 66 What fhall I fay of the pretext of religion, CE with which people want to palliate fo crying an Ss injuftice ? fhall chains and fetters be the firft $5 fruits which the Indians muft reap from the gof 66 pel? thing elfe, from a nation depriv'd of the light 66 cf the golpel ? let us bewail, but not reproach 66 them for this misfortune. Let us try to inftruét 66 them and remove their errors. But let us never 66 be fo wicked as to reduce them to defpair. 66 What fhall I fay of the pretext of religion, CE with which people want to palliate fo crying an Ss injuftice ? fhall chains and fetters be the firft $5 fruits which the Indians muft reap from the gof 66 pel? --- Page 180 --- c6 Obfervations upon AsIA, pel? what a <6 holy religion monftrous expedient, to make 6c relifh'd by hearts our malice, and enrag'd €c what is deareft exafperated by the by our CG to them, deltruétion of Were thefe the namely, their ce convert the means which the apoftics liberty ufed ? <c never nations ? They bore chains, to clapt them on others. but they 46 ligion ought to be a free act Submiflion to reto teach it ; and 'tis our <c Violence by reafon; mildnef, and duty S6 can only perfuafion. never make real prolelytes. produce hypocrites, but will Sc <Let me, in my turn, afk c : whether, ferve fince the flavery of the my lord bifhop, in that Indians, we Cc embrace people a ob66 the chrifian greater propenfity to know what fervice religion ? I allo want to Cc has done to the the divifion of the Indians 66 firft I landed in ftate and to religion ? When < million of the ifand it was inhabited cc men.; ; at prefent by a part of them hardly the hundredth Se portable furvive 5 mifery, punifhment, cruelry, and fatigue, infup46 deltroy'd moft of the reft ; their lives barbarity have Cc fparted with 5 they have been have been deous caverns, buried alive in hi6: light of the where they neither received the 4c the blood of day, nor that of the <c one man innocently fhed gofpel. If vengeance, what calls for Ce of fo cries muft be fent <6 many thoufand miferable up by that Es day fhed with 1 : fo much creatures every manity P" injuftice and inhuLas Cafas concluded, of the emperor in behalf by of imploringthe clemency prefs'd. The emperor vaffals fo unjuftly opLas Calas, and promis'd highly extoll'd the zeal of ficacious remedy for the to afford a fpeedy and efgivenhim lo diforders of which he had moving a defrpton,homereniaend not till many thoufand miferable up by that Es day fhed with 1 : fo much creatures every manity P" injuftice and inhuLas Cafas concluded, of the emperor in behalf by of imploringthe clemency prefs'd. The emperor vaffals fo unjuftly opLas Calas, and promis'd highly extoll'd the zeal of ficacious remedy for the to afford a fpeedy and efgivenhim lo diforders of which he had moving a defrpton,homereniaend not till --- Page 181 --- AFRICA and AMERICA. after, when Charles, on his return to his till long had leifure to think of his promife; but it ftate, at leaft-for St. Domingo. All the rewas too late, Indians were cut off except, a fmall nummaining who had efcap'd the notice of their enemies. ber, of mountains divides St. Domingo from A end ridge to the other ; here and there are habitable one and the precipices with which they are fureantons, fo rounded, render the accels to them very difficult, that they may Terve as a pretty fafe retrcat, and whole fomefamilies of the negroes call'd Marons, + have times liv'd there for feveral years free fromuthe of their mafters. It was here that a troop purfits of. Indians went to feek for a fhelter, which they found in the double mountains of Pinal, feventecn from Real, where they or. eighteen leagues unknown Vega in the midit of their conliv'd many years extinct. querois, who thoughe their race intirely of huntfmen who difcover'd Ic was a company fmall number and extreme mifery them, but their themfelves created no umbrage, and their conquerors anceftors. perhaps groan'd under the cruclty of their They were treated with mildnefs, and they agreed perfeély to all the offers of friendihip made to them. Fond of inftruction, they embrac'd the chriftian religion, were gradually accuftom'd to the manners and ufages of their mafters, and contraéted t The word Maron comes from the Spanith animals fimaran, retire into which the fignifies an ape. "Tis certain them that thefe ftealth to deftroy woods, and never come out of except This by is the name which the fruits in the who neighbouring frft inhabited grounds. thofe iflands, gave to the fugithe tive Spaniards, ilaves, and which has pafs'd into theFrench colonies. In a word; when the negroes are difpleafed with into their the mafters, woods or in are afraid of being punith'd by them, attack they the fly neighbouring habitathe day-time, and in and the carry night of every thing they can find. tions fpF provifions, deftroy woods, and never come out of except This by is the name which the fruits in the who neighbouring frft inhabited grounds. thofe iflands, gave to the fugithe tive Spaniards, ilaves, and which has pafs'd into theFrench colonies. In a word; when the negroes are difpleafed with into their the mafters, woods or in are afraid of being punith'd by them, attack they the fly neighbouring habitathe day-time, and in and the carry night of every thing they can find. tions fpF provifions, --- Page 182 --- Olftrcations zpon traéted marriages with ASIA, mitted to live them, fo that they were which they in according fome to their ancient perlive by meafure ftill cuftome, hunting Or fifhing. retain, and only CHAP, XX. of tbe genius and charaéer ef tbeir drefi, modes; of the Cbinefe ; niture wwitb whicb borfes, and tbe they are adorn'd. JurA Ffability, fiwcctnefs, and we deal ditinguithing with virtues of the moderation, Chinefe, bur are the lively and warm them, we muft not give a loofe when to pable of difpolition, in fince a Chinefe is not a would hearing a month what cafay to him in an hour. We a Frenchman patiently fuffer that muft therefore more natural to them phlegmatic than turn, which feems Their addrefs on to any other nation. nacural, fo that it is hard many occafions is ftif and unand as hard for him to follow for a ftranger to learn it, liry generally relates it ; bur this foriaverfing with perfons of only to the manner of conticular cafes, fuch as the ditinction, or to fome &zc. for when the birth-day of a mandarin, parcach other. frequently, Europeans and they have feen miliarity as in they and behave with the fame faare the firft to Europe, defire the Chinefe themfelves remony. you to bchave without ceIf-the Chinefe are mild and provok'd, fo they are extremely peaccable when not oltended; and they never vindictive when methodically; that is, they revenge themfelves except diffemble, and know perfedtiy --- Page 183 --- AFRICA, and'AMERICA: perfeétly how to preferve appearances, of affection, ill they have found a favourable opportunity of deftroying their enemy. their literati have Their modefty is fuorprifing; ufe the lealt always a compos'd air, and never the gefture, which is not ftristly conformable to rules of decency. Modefty feems born with the Chinefe women, who live in a continual retreat, and are decently covered, their hands not excepted, which never appear, and which they kecp continually under long and wide fleeves. If they are to give any thing, even to their brothers or relations, they take it in their hand which is always cover'd with the fleeve, and put it on the table, where the relations may take it. Intereft is the great bane and failing ofthis nation, and all kinds of charaéters muft be affum'd among the Chinefe ; gain is the fource of all their actions, and as. foon as the fmalleft profit appears, they fpare no pains. This is what puts them in continual motion, and fills the ftreets and rivers with amazing crowds, who are in a perpecual agiration. Honefty is not their darling virtue, efpecially when they deal with ftrangers, fince they cheat as much as they can, and even glory in it; but the for their dexvulgar are principally diftinguih'd terity in tricking. The robbers almoft never ufe any violengevaad'tis only by fubtlety and fkill that chey feck 6 reb, in vhich The they exceflive excel. love of life is another failing of the Chinefe nation, though feveral of them, cipecially among the women, put an end to their livés either thro' rage or defpair. Be- as much as they can, and even glory in it; but the for their dexvulgar are principally diftinguih'd terity in tricking. The robbers almoft never ufe any violengevaad'tis only by fubtlety and fkill that chey feck 6 reb, in vhich The they exceflive excel. love of life is another failing of the Chinefe nation, though feveral of them, cipecially among the women, put an end to their livés either thro' rage or defpair. Be- --- Page 184 --- Difrtations upor AstA, Bewitch'd with their country, and maxims, they cannot believe manners, there cuftoms, good out of China, nor truth is any thing literati are ignorant. any of which thcir Tho they are vicious, yetthey tue, and'thofe who practile it and naturally love virobferve chaftity, ; tho' they do not cially in widows, fo yet that they admire it in others, elpefrictly chafte, when any of thefe have liv'd. them by triumphal they perpetuate the remembrance of As arches ereéted to their they are naturally honour. to fave appearances, and diflemblers, they know how much palliate their vices with fo dexterity as to conceal them from the they bear the greateft public 3 mafters, and are refpect to their rélations and when not permitted to carry arms even foldiers travelling, alone. fince the ufe of thefe is left to the According to them, beauty confifts in a head, a fhort nofe, a thin beard, fmall large foregood diftance, a broad and fquare eycs at a large cars, a moderate facc, broad and for the ftature, it is not mouth, and black hair; as to have it fender and frec, among them agreeable are wide, and they think a man becaufe well their garments is fo large, grofs, and fhap'd when he In the fouthern fat, as to fill his caflock well. try people have a provinces the tradelmen and counin the cther tauny or kind of olive colour, but in Europe. provinces they are naturally as white as As for thc women, they are of ling ftature, have fhort noles, fmall generally a midmouths, vermillion lips, black hair, eycs, well-fhap'd long and lianging ears : their together with there is a good deal of complexion is florid ; nances, and their features gaiety in their counteare théy lay a kind of paint On their fufficienitly faces regular ; to heighten I the of olive colour, but in Europe. provinces they are naturally as white as As for thc women, they are of ling ftature, have fhort noles, fmall generally a midmouths, vermillion lips, black hair, eycs, well-fhap'd long and lianging ears : their together with there is a good deal of complexion is florid ; nances, and their features gaiety in their counteare théy lay a kind of paint On their fufficienitly faces regular ; to heighten I the --- Page 185 --- AFRICA and AMERICA: the white and red, but this preparation foon furrows and wrinkles the fkin. The imallnefs of their feet is their principal delight,fo that as foona as a girlisbrought into the world, the nurfes are very careful to fwath her feet tight for fear they fhould grow too large. Some believe that this is an invention of the ancient Chincle, who, to oblige the women to keep the houfe, had made little fect fafhionable : but moft think that it is a piece of policy intended to keep the women in perpetual dependance. It is certain. that they are very referv'd, and that they almofh never come out of their apartment, which is in the molt retir'd part of the houfe, and where they have no communication except with the women who ferve them. However, tho' they are only feen by their domoftics, yet they every morning pafs feveral hours in drefting themfclves, and their head-drefs generally confifts of feveral ringlets. of hair, every where intermix'd with fmall bunches of gold and filver flowers: Some of them adorn their heads in the figure of a bird call'd Fong-hoang, a fabulous bird, of which the ancients relate'a great many marvellous ftories. This bird is made of copper, or of filver gilt, according to the quality of the perfons : its difplay'd wings fall genrly on the fore-part of the head, and embrace the temples 3 its long and fpreading tail forms a kind of tuft on the middle of the' head ; the body is in the middle of the forehead, and the neck and beak fall down to-the upper-part of the nofe, but the neck is. fix'd to the body by an imperceptible joint, that it may play and ihake on the leaft motion of the head. The whole bird is fecur'd on the head by the legs being fix'd in the hair; wings fall genrly on the fore-part of the head, and embrace the temples 3 its long and fpreading tail forms a kind of tuft on the middle of the' head ; the body is in the middle of the forehead, and the neck and beak fall down to-the upper-part of the nofe, but the neck is. fix'd to the body by an imperceptible joint, that it may play and ihake on the leaft motion of the head. The whole bird is fecur'd on the head by the legs being fix'd in the hair; --- Page 186 --- OBftruations hair,and lladies upon Asta; ornament of feveral ofquality of fomerimes wear a compledt which forms a kind of thefe birds tied the a crown on their togethers workmanthip alone ofthis Itcads; but The young ladies ornamenti is very déar. made of pafleboard generally and wear a kind of crown fore-part of which rifes in a cover'd with filk, the and is ornamented with point above the forchead, precious ftones, and the pearls, diamonds, and other with Rlowers, cither crown of thehead is cover'd with needles, natural or artificial, jewels. on the points of which are intermix'd parkling Women a little advanc'd in thole of the common years, and of fine filk, with which fort, are content with efpecially a piece round their heads. they make feveral wreaths But what greatly heightens the the. Chinefe ladies, is the natural graces of defty which fhines in their extreme chaftiry and mos and their apparel. Their looks, their countenances reach from their necks to their robes are fo long as to have nothing uncover'd heels, fo that they of their cloaths is except their faces. The colour blue, or red, indifferent, fince it may be except thofe according to their tafte, and few Indies, green, violet. advanc'd in years, wear black or. The habit of the men confifts which hangs to the ground, and in a long robe folds over another in fich of which one low extends tO the right a manner, that the one eet five or fix gold or filver fide, where it is fix'd with from each other : the Aceves, buttons, at fome diftance fhoulder, gracually which are wide at the wrift, and terminate in grow form narrower of towards the fo covers the hands, that a horlefhoc, which feen except thc points of the no parts of them can be fingers; for they are always long robe folds over another in fich of which one low extends tO the right a manner, that the one eet five or fix gold or filver fide, where it is fix'd with from each other : the Aceves, buttons, at fome diftance fhoulder, gracually which are wide at the wrift, and terminate in grow form narrower of towards the fo covers the hands, that a horlefhoc, which feen except thc points of the no parts of them can be fingers; for they are always --- Page 187 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. always longer than the hand. They fwathe themfelves with a broad girdle of filk, the ends of which hang down to their knees, and to which they fix a cafe which contains a knife, and the two bodkins which they ufe as a fork, a purfe, 8cc. drawUnder this robe they wear in fummer, linen which fometimes cover with white taffety ers, they the winter fattin breeches lin'd with and during foft and in the northern councotton or filk, warm. Their tries, with fkins, which are very fhirts, which. are of different ftuffs according to the feafons of the year, are very wide and fhort, and their habits from fweat in fumin order'to preferve next their fkins a kind of filken mer, which fome hinders wear the efhirt from touching the fkin. net, In fummer theip necks are naked, but in winter cover'd with a collar either of fattin, fable-ikin, or fox-fkin, which is fix'd to the robe. In winter their robe is lin'd with theep-fkin, and others have it only quilted with Glk and cotton ; people of with thofe beautiful fables Oiar lity cover it intirely with fine fox-fkins are brought from Tartary, In the or it is lin'd with with a border of fable. fpring furtout with ermines, and above the robe they wear a wide and fhort fleeves, which is lin'd OF border'din the fame manner. fincen one Allcolours are not permitted to every one, but the emperors and princes of the blood can wear yellow, and fattin witha red ground ispeculiarto fome mandarins on particular days, but at other times they wearblack, blue, orviolet, and the vulgarare genrally cloath'd with a cotton ftuff dyedbluc or black. . Their heads are fhav'd, except behind or on the crown, where they let as much hair grow as is fufficient to form a long tuft plaited like a trefs, but the Tartars have obliged them to fhave theirheads. Vor. II. N In can wear yellow, and fattin witha red ground ispeculiarto fome mandarins on particular days, but at other times they wearblack, blue, orviolet, and the vulgarare genrally cloath'd with a cotton ftuff dyedbluc or black. . Their heads are fhav'd, except behind or on the crown, where they let as much hair grow as is fufficient to form a long tuft plaited like a trefs, but the Tartars have obliged them to fhave theirheads. Vor. II. N In --- Page 188 --- Oéftrvations upon AstA, fmall In fummer they cover their heads with hat or bonnet, made in a kind of the infide is lin'd with form of a funnel; ver'd with a rateen fattin, and the outfide is COthe point of this bonnet very is fincly wrought. Ar which covers it, and extends a large tuft of red hair, a very fine and light hair which to its edges. This is certain COWS, and may be dyed grows on the legs of and thining red colour of a very beautiful every body, but there is another ; this hair may be us'd by the vulgar cannot wear, and which fpecies of hair which mandarins and the literati. is peculiar to the Itis of the fame form with the of pafteboard between other, but made of which is generally red two fattins, the undermoft moft white, cover'd with or blue, and the, beautiful red filk, which a large tuft of the.moft upper- . fons of diftinétion alfo ufe the waves irregularly. Perwhen they yride on former, bur efpecially bad, becaufe it refifts horfeback, the or when the weather is from the heat of the fun. rain, and defends the head In winter they wear a very warm with fable, bonnet border'd is adorn'd with ermines, a tuft of or fox-fkin, the top of which is two or three inches red filk : this border of fur tiful, efpecially when broad, it.is and appears very beau- 'and fhining fables. made of the fine black The Chinefe, elpecially fuch as not appear.in public without are qualified, dare boots are generally of filk, being' booted, Thele and made very neat, but have fattin, or dyed cotton, tops, If they make a neither heels nor thefe boots arc made of cow's. long journey on horfeback, well drefs'd, or horfe's leather, fo bot thatnothing can be more pliant. flockings are of a fuff Their cotton, come. up higher than quilted the and lin'd with I boot, and have & appear.in public without are qualified, dare boots are generally of filk, being' booted, Thele and made very neat, but have fattin, or dyed cotton, tops, If they make a neither heels nor thefe boots arc made of cow's. long journey on horfeback, well drefs'd, or horfe's leather, fo bot thatnothing can be more pliant. flockings are of a fuff Their cotton, come. up higher than quilted the and lin'd with I boot, and have & --- Page 189 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA: a large border of velvet or cloth, but. in fummer they have other boots which are cooler. Thevulgar have pattins of a kind of black ftuff; perfons of quality alfo wear thefe at home, and have themmade of Gik very neat and commodious. The following is the manner in which they ought to be drefs'd when they go abroad, or pay a vifit of any confequence. They wear over their under habits a long robe of filk, frequently blue, with a girdle, and over the whole a black or violet habit, which defcends to the knees, very large, with wide and fhort fleeves ; a fmall bonnet made in form ofa fhort cone, with ftreaming filk ail round $ boots of ftuff, and a fan in their hand. The Chinefe love neatnefs in their houfes, but there is no magnificence to be found in them. Their architecture is not very clegant, and they have few regular-buildings, except the palaces ofthe emperors, fome publick edifices, towers, triumphal arches, walls of grand cities, banks, motes, bridges, and pagods. The' private houfes are fimple, fince nothing is regarded but commodioulnefs in them, tho" the richadd ornaments ofvarnifh, fculpture and gilding, which render their houfes very agrecable. They generally begin with raifing pillars, and laying the roof upon them, becaufe moft oftheir buildings being of wood, they have no need to dig deep foundations. Theybuild their public walls ofbrick or bak'd earth, thoi" in fome places they are all of wood. Their houfes have generally but one floor, though thofe of the merchants often have two; in the up- * permoft of which they lodge their merchandize. - In the cirics, moft of the houfes are cover'd with tiles, which are thick, and arch'd; they lay thefe tiles on the convex parts, and to cover the clefts where the fides touch, they lay other tiles acrofs; N 2 the ofbrick or bak'd earth, thoi" in fome places they are all of wood. Their houfes have generally but one floor, though thofe of the merchants often have two; in the up- * permoft of which they lodge their merchandize. - In the cirics, moft of the houfes are cover'd with tiles, which are thick, and arch'd; they lay thefe tiles on the convex parts, and to cover the clefts where the fides touch, they lay other tiles acrofs; N 2 the --- Page 190 --- Olftrvations tpon AstA, the rafters and On the rafters they pannellings are round or Iquare. of our lay thin bricks of the large or fmall plates of form made of rufhes ; over thefe wood, or mats mortar, over which, when they lay a bed of other tiles. They who Can afford a little dry, they lay with lime, but the vulgar it, bind the tiles In moft of the only ufe mortar. there is a hall honfes, after the firft entrance, thirty-five feet oppofite to the fouth, about thirty or five chambers, long, and behind this hall are three or middle ferves for which 1 run from eaft to weft 5 the houfe is a parlour, and the roof of the fupported on pillars. There are fome houfes in which the middle of each apartment doors in the 1o that in entering into correfpond to each other 3 number of others. .. any one of them we fec a built ofunburnt brick; Among the vulgar the walls are In fome but the front of burnt brick, between places the walls are built of bricks two planks, and in other beat no walls but fuch as are made of places they ufe lime; but the houfes of clay cover'd with always of polithed bricks, perfons of diftinétion are cut with art. 1 and thele very often In the villages, and in the houfes are generally elpecialiy of fome provinces, roof confifts of earth, and very low. The is made of reeds fuch an arch that it appears flat, and by reed cover'd with earth, and In fome mats, which reft on joifts and fupported rafters. coal, provinces, inftead of wood they ufe charreeds, Or ftraw. The houfes of the rich and ground floor, tho' they are higher great than the have but. 3 houfes ; the covering is neat, and the ordinary roof has various ornaments the top of the courts and apartments for 5 the great number of accommodation of fuch an arch that it appears flat, and by reed cover'd with earth, and In fome mats, which reft on joifts and fupported rafters. coal, provinces, inftead of wood they ufe charreeds, Or ftraw. The houfes of the rich and ground floor, tho' they are higher great than the have but. 3 houfes ; the covering is neat, and the ordinary roof has various ornaments the top of the courts and apartments for 5 the great number of accommodation of --- Page 191 --- AFRICA and AMERICA, 18r of their domeftics, contribute to their beauty and magnificence. The palaces of the principal mandarins and: are furprifing, on account of their vaft exprinces for they have four or five courts in front, with tent : of in each court. In as many rows apartments that in the every-frontilpiece there are three doors, middle is the largeft, and its two fides are adorn'd with-marble lions : near the great door is a place furrounded with rails cover'd with a beautiful red or black varnifh, and on the two fides are two fmall turwhere drums and other mufical infruments are rets, at certain hours, efpecially when the play'd mandarin upon out or comes in, or fits on. his goes tribunal. Within we fee, firft, a great area for thofe who have procefles or requefts to prefent, and on the two fides are fmall houfes which ferve as apartments for the officers of the tribunal; then we fee three other doors, which are only open'd when the mandarin mcunts his tribunal ; that in the middle is velarge, and none but perfons of diftinétion go in ry while others enter at the fide doors. After this at it, another court, at the end of we perceive great where the mandarin diftriwhich is a large hall, halls deftin'd butes juftice, and after this are two.other to receive vifits, which are clegant, and adorn'd with feats and other furniture. The officers of the tribunal are writers, notaries, &c. there are fix forts of them, who are intrufted with the fix different affairs which relate to the fix fovereign courts of Peking; fo that a particular mandarin in his tribunal prepares what will afterwards be tranfacted in one of the fovereign courts of the whole empire. They are fupported at the public cxpence, and are never chang'd,for whichreafon affairs N 3 arc vifits, which are clegant, and adorn'd with feats and other furniture. The officers of the tribunal are writers, notaries, &c. there are fix forts of them, who are intrufted with the fix different affairs which relate to the fix fovereign courts of Peking; fo that a particular mandarin in his tribunal prepares what will afterwards be tranfacted in one of the fovereign courts of the whole empire. They are fupported at the public cxpence, and are never chang'd,for whichreafon affairs N 3 arc --- Page 192 --- Olftrvations are always carried apon AsIA, mandarins on in the fame are often chang'd, manner, tho" the broke or fent into other either when they are Then we go into another provinces, another hall much more court, and enter into and to which none but beautiful than the former, mitted. All round are particular the friends are admeftics. After this hall is apartments of the dois a great gate which fhuts another court, in which the women and children, and up the apartment of ter it. Here every thing is no man dares to endious, fince we fee gardens, elegant and commory thing which can charm woods, the lakes, and everocks and artificial eye ; as alfo fome with various mountains, pierc'd on all fides take the frefh windings air in form of labyrinths, to and dons; and in, Some there nourifh the park, they have when they have room to make harts a The Chinefe ponds for fith and water-fowl. infides of their are not very curious in adorning the peftries, nor houfes, fince they have neither taare never receiv'd looking-glafites, in the nor gildings, As vifits in the great ball, which internal is apartments, but houfe ; it is not in the front of the trench ufelefs furprifing that they fhould reThe principal ornaments which ino one can fee. and public ornaments with which their balls appartments are great an air of embellifh'd, have fo the peétator, We clegance there as to pleafe the eye of painted and hung fee large lanthorns of filk nets, fconces, and Up chairs in the ceiling, tables, cabired varnifh, fo of a beautiful black or may be feen thro' tranfparent it, and that the veins of wood like a looking-glafs; fo clear that it appears or other materials various figuresof gold, flver, painted on this varnifh, give it an additiona! h'd, have fo the peétator, We clegance there as to pleafe the eye of painted and hung fee large lanthorns of filk nets, fconces, and Up chairs in the ceiling, tables, cabired varnifh, fo of a beautiful black or may be feen thro' tranfparent it, and that the veins of wood like a looking-glafs; fo clear that it appears or other materials various figuresof gold, flver, painted on this varnifh, give it an additiona! --- Page 193 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA: additional luftre ; befides, the tables,: cabinets, and beaufets are adorn'd. with the moft beautiful porcelain works. of They likewife in feveral places fufpend pieces white fattin, on which they have painted flowers, birds, mountains, and landikips ; on others they write in large charaéters moral fentences, in which there is always fome obfcurity ; thele fentences are drawn from hiftory, and have often another fenfe than the natural meaning of the words ; they are. often two and two, and confift of the fame number of letters. Some people are content with whitentheir chambers, or plaiftering paper very eleing on the walls, in which the Chinele excel. gantly Tho* they are never feen in. their bed-rooms, and tho' it would be reckon'd a piece of impolitenefs to take a ftranger into them, yet their beds, efpecially thofe of the grandees, havel. a peculiar The wocd is painted, gilt, and adorn'd beauty: with fculpture; the curtains are different, according the fince in winter, and in the north, they to feafons, double fattin, and in fummer of a fimple are of adorn'd with flowers, birds, and trees, white taffety, not hinder : or of a very fine gauze, which does clofe the admiflion of the air, and which is enough out the The vulgar ufe a kind of to keep gnats. clear and their mattraffes ftuff'made of a very hemp, are ftuffed very full of cotton. brick In the northern provinces they build a bed, fmaller, according to the number of the larger or at the fide of the bed is a furnace with family ; the flame and heat of which are diffus'd charcoal, where by fmall pipes made for that pur- "every which terminate in a large one, which conpofe, the fmoke through the roof ofthe houfe. In veys the houfes of the grandees the furnace is made N 4 in --- Page 194 --- 18z Olfervations upon AsIA, in the wall, and the fire is kindled on the outfide, by which means the bed and the whole houfe are. warm'd. They have no need of feather-beds, as in Europe, and they who are afraid to lie immediately on warm bricks, fufpend a kind of hammock, which anfwers the fame end as the girths us'd for the European beds. In the morning this hammock is mats laid in its place, and on thefe remov'd, fit. and they have no chimneys, they As modious for nothing can be more comthem, fince by this means the whole family can work in the bed without feeling the cold, and without being at the expence of cloaths lin'd with fkins. At the aperture of the furnace the poor people prepare their aliments, and as the Chinefe drink every thing hot, they there heat their wine, and prepare their tea. Thefe beds are large in inns, for the accommodation of a very able number of trayellers. confiderCHAP . and they have no chimneys, they As modious for nothing can be more comthem, fince by this means the whole family can work in the bed without feeling the cold, and without being at the expence of cloaths lin'd with fkins. At the aperture of the furnace the poor people prepare their aliments, and as the Chinefe drink every thing hot, they there heat their wine, and prepare their tea. Thefe beds are large in inns, for the accommodation of a very able number of trayellers. confiderCHAP --- Page 195 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. CH A P. XXI. continent beExtent of Paraguai ; waf twveen tbe river of Paraguai and Peru; prooince of tbe Gbiquites ; extent of tbis tbe rivers abicb water Fims wince ; courfe of bow fruits and animals wobich it produces 3 difficuls it is to learn their language; tbe reand occupations of manners, cuftoms, E Cbiquites. of Paraguai is about fix hunTHk dred province leagues long, and is divided into fix goand as many diocefes. This extent of. vernments, is divided from the north to the fouth by a country. ridge of mountains, which begin at Potofi, and long continue to the province of Guayra. Three great rivers have their, fources in thefe mountains, namely, the Guapay, the red river, and the Picolmago. and The two laft water a vaft extent of ground, difembogue themfelves in the great river ofParaguai. Near the fource of thefe two rivers, and in the confines of Peru, the Chiriguanes took fhelter about two centuries ago, when they. abandoned the province of Guayra, their native country. The dreadful mountains theyinhabit are fifty leagues in extent to the eaft of the city of Tariya, and more the north. They remov'd than a hundred towards for the following reafons. When the kings of Caftile and Portugal attempted their dominions in the Eaft-Indics,, a vato augment fuil ofardour for the fervice of the liant Portuguele, the fecond, wanted to fignaking his mafter, John He fet out from lize his zeal by new difcoveries. : Brazil , their native country. The dreadful mountains theyinhabit are fifty leagues in extent to the eaft of the city of Tariya, and more the north. They remov'd than a hundred towards for the following reafons. When the kings of Caftile and Portugal attempted their dominions in the Eaft-Indics,, a vato augment fuil ofardour for the fervice of the liant Portuguele, the fecond, wanted to fignaking his mafter, John He fet out from lize his zeal by new difcoveries. : Brazil --- Page 196 --- Brazil with Olfruations upon AstA, three other with himfelf; and after Portuguefe equally intrepid dred leagues by land, he having travelled three hunguai, where, having hir'd arriv'dat the river of Paraaccompany him, he travell'd two thoufànd Indians to dred lcagucs. He at laft more than five hunthe empircof Inga, whence, arriv'd on the confines of great deal of gold and after having amafs'd a where he filver, he fet out for fortune. thought Hc to enjoy the fweets of his immenfe Brazil, tion oft the probably was ignorant of the for when he people to whom he had intrufted difpofiwas leaft on hisguard, he himlelf; maflacred, and at once loft his life was cruelly Thefe barbarians and his riches. crime would draw the not doubting but fo black a thought of peedily Portuguefe arms upon them, ment due to their withdrawing from, the chaftifemountains, where perfidy, and retired into the about four thoufand tliey of fill remain. There were the mountains, and now them, there when they went to ty thoufand who live without are more than twenwithour laws, withour any fixed habitation, ty, wandering in policy, and without humanilating the neighbouring troops, thro' the forrefts and defothey carry off into their nations, whole inhabicants fatten them, as we do our own country, where they after flaughter them for oxen, and a few days have food, It is faid, that Indians. deftroyed or devoured more than fifty thoufand thiey "Tis true, fince the arrival of the Peru, from which they are not far Spaniards at gradually unacuftomed to fuch a diftant, they are Fy: ; buttheir diipofition is fill the fame piece of barbariequally perfidious, difembling, for they are Let us now proceed to-the inconftant and cruel. quites, province of the ChiThis and a few days have food, It is faid, that Indians. deftroyed or devoured more than fifty thoufand thiey "Tis true, fince the arrival of the Peru, from which they are not far Spaniards at gradually unacuftomed to fuch a diftant, they are Fy: ; buttheir diipofition is fill the fame piece of barbariequally perfidious, difembling, for they are Let us now proceed to-the inconftant and cruel. quites, province of the ChiThis --- Page 197 --- AFRICA and AMERICA. contains a vaft number of favage This province called Chiquites, for cantons, which the than Spaniards that the doors of their cottano other fo reafon, fmall and low, that they muft ftaop and ges are themfelves in. They follow this cuitom in force the entrance of the mufqueros, and order to prevent with which the country is infefted, other infeôts, efpecially in rainy weather. This province is two hundred leagues long, the broad. It is bounded on and about a hundred of St. Croix de la Sierra, and 4 weft by the city. of the Moxes. It exlittle farther by the country lake of Xatends to the eaft as far as the famous which is of fo, great an extent, that rayes, the calm fea. A long chain Fa ple have called it and the mountains bound it on the north, province riof Chaeo on the fouth. It is watered by twb the Guapai, which has its fource in vers, namely, of Chuquifaca, and fows thro' a the mountains kind of of the Chiriguanes, vaft plain to a village eaftward; it forms called Abopo; whence running includes the city of St. a large half-moon, which north-weft, it waters Croix de.la Sierra, then flowing and difthe plains at the foot of the mountains, of charges itfelf in the lake Mamory, on the edge which are feveral habitations of the Moxes. The fecond river is called Apery or St. Michael. Its fource is in the mountains of Peru, whence flowing over the land of the Chiriguanes, where it changes its name to that of Parapiti, it lofes itfelf in thick forefts, and after many windings between the north and the weft, runs directly fouth; all the adjacent rivulets into its chanthen receiving the ofthe Baures, and dif nel, it runs thro' villages whence it runs charges icfelf in the lake Mamory, into es. The fecond river is called Apery or St. Michael. Its fource is in the mountains of Peru, whence flowing over the land of the Chiriguanes, where it changes its name to that of Parapiti, it lofes itfelf in thick forefts, and after many windings between the north and the weft, runs directly fouth; all the adjacent rivulets into its chanthen receiving the ofthe Baures, and dif nel, it runs thro' villages whence it runs charges icfelf in the lake Mamory, into --- Page 198 --- r88 OHfbruatiens zpon into the great river AstA, Amazones, Maragnan, or that of the thick This country is very forefts. The mountainous, and full of kinds found there, quantity of bees of various and wax. There is fupply a great ftore of dians called one ipecies of bees, by the honey Inbeautiful found opemus, in which refembles the moft has a moft fragrant Europe, and the honey it produces white, but fomewhat fiell, foft. and the wax is very fowls, tortoifes, buffalo's, We here find apes, bears, and other favage goats, ftags, tygers, fnakes and ferpents, whofe creacures. Here are alfo taneous. There are. fome poifon is almof inftanfooner bit, than the whole by which a perfon is no flated, and the blood flows body is prodigioully inthe eyes, the cars, the mouth, from every part, from from under the nails. As the the noftrils, and even evaporated with the blood, their peftilential humour is tal, but there are others whole bites are not mordangerous ; or ifone is but bit poifon in his is much more forthwith afcends to the toe, the poilon into all the veins, head, and diffufing itfelf death, produces faincing, a delirium, and The foil of this province is the rainy feafon, which lafts naturally dry; but in May, all the fields are from December to habitants have no overflowed, fo that the inOn this occafion communication there with cach other. which abound with all kinds are great lakes formed, time when the Indians have of fifh, and this is the make a Certain bitter the beft ffhery. They the lakes, and of which paftc, which they throw into This pafte intoxicates them the fifh are very fond." come to the furface of the fo, that they forthwith without difficulty water, and are taken When in May, all the fields are from December to habitants have no overflowed, fo that the inOn this occafion communication there with cach other. which abound with all kinds are great lakes formed, time when the Indians have of fifh, and this is the make a Certain bitter the beft ffhery. They the lakes, and of which paftc, which they throw into This pafte intoxicates them the fifh are very fond." come to the furface of the fo, that they forthwith without difficulty water, and are taken When --- Page 199 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. When the rains ceafe, they fow their ground, which produces ricc, mays, indian corn, cotton, futobacco, and various fruits peculiar to the gar, fuch as thofe of the plantain, pinc apples, country, mani, and zapalles, which are a kind of gourd, whofe fruit is better and more favoury than thofe in Europe. But there are no vines nor corns produced in this country. thefe different Of all the languages fpoke among is that nations, the moft difficult to be pronounced, of the Chiquites. Their grammar can hardly be underftood : their verbs are irregular, and their conjugations different, fo that when a perfon knows how to conjugate one verb, he is not by that means taught to conjugate others. As for their pronunciation it may be faid that their words come out of their mouths, four and four, fo that it is an infinite trouble to underftand them. The Indians of other nations cannot fpeak it, unlefs they have learnt it m their youth. Thefe people do not fometimes underftand each other, and it is to be obferved, that all the nations included under the name of Chiquites, do not fpeak the fame language, for every where we find fmall villages, of a hundred families at moft, whofe language has no affinity with thofe ofthe neighbouring villages. of the feafons, and. the excefThe irregularity numberiefs difeafes, and often the five heat, caufe vaft multitudes of them. plague, which deftroys Thefe people are fo uncivilized, that they are even ignorant of the means of defending themfelves from the injurics ofthe: air. They know but two methods oftreating difeafes, the firft of which is to caufe the part in which they feel a pain, to be fucked by perfons, whom the Spaniards have for that reafon, called Chapadores. This employmenc is follow'd by es, and often the five heat, caufe vaft multitudes of them. plague, which deftroys Thefe people are fo uncivilized, that they are even ignorant of the means of defending themfelves from the injurics ofthe: air. They know but two methods oftreating difeafes, the firft of which is to caufe the part in which they feel a pain, to be fucked by perfons, whom the Spaniards have for that reafon, called Chapadores. This employmenc is follow'd by --- Page 200 --- Oéferuations upon AStA, by the caciques, who are the nation, and by that means principal men of the over the minds of the gain a great afcendant put feveral people, and their cuftom is to queftions to the thcy, do you fcel the pain ? where Patient. Where, fay diately before your diforder feized was you immenot fpile the Chica ? (an you ? have you they greatly value ) have intoxicating liquor which of ftag's Alefh, or a bit of a you tortoife not dropt a piece confeflcs any oft thele P if the patient fays the this things, you fuffer very of the phyfician 5 is what kills you, the jultly, foul ftag or tortoife has entered avenge the injury you did it. The your body to fucks the Part affedted, and fome time phyfician then a black matter, faying, behold the after fpits up have drawn from your body. Poifon which I The fecond remedy to which is more conformable to their they haweirecourfts for they kill the Indian barbarons manners ; to be the caufe of their women, whom they imagine a previous tribute to diforder, and thus offering are exempted from death, they fancy chat they their knowiedge is. paying to it chemfelves. As derftanding reaches very little confined, and as their unthey attribute all their difeafes farther than their fenfes," having no idea of the internal to external caufes, pair health. principles which imThey are generally of fne tall ty long vifages, and when ftatures, have pretycars of age, they allow their they hairto are about twenty go almoft naked, only grow. They their fhoulders a parcel wearing, of negigentiy about thers of birds they have catched apes tails, and the feader to fhew their fkill in the bow in and hunting, in Orbore holes in theirears and their under arrow. They they hang pieces of tin.. lips, in which They wear hats of feathers, which imThey are generally of fne tall ty long vifages, and when ftatures, have pretycars of age, they allow their they hairto are about twenty go almoft naked, only grow. They their fhoulders a parcel wearing, of negigentiy about thers of birds they have catched apes tails, and the feader to fhew their fkill in the bow in and hunting, in Orbore holes in theirears and their under arrow. They they hang pieces of tin.. lips, in which They wear hats of feathers, --- Page 201 --- AFRICA and AMERICA. agr of the variety of thers, very agrecable on account wear waift-coats. The colours, and the caciques alone which in their lanwomen wear a kind of apron, guage, they call typoy. form of policy and governTho' they have no affemblies they. follow the ment, yet in their and their old men. The advice of their caciques, to their power of the former is not tranfmitted their valour and children, who muft acquire it when by they have killd merit. They pafs for brave, and have their enemy, or taken him prifoner, war againft each often.no other reafon for making inftruments, of to other, than to procure fome jron to which they become mafters of their adverfarics, and haughtinefs. are inclined by their natural pride well, and ofBefides, they treat their prifoners very ten marry them to their daughters. to the vulgar, Tho' polygamy is not permitted three wives. As yet the caciques may have. two them or, to give away chica their rank frequently obliges and fome other (a liquor made of mays, magnoc, it, one would not. fruits) and as their wives prepare They take no care, be fufficient for this purpofé. abandoned to themof their children, who habituated being to live in a ftate of felves, are gradually abfolute independance, and madein the form Their cottages are of ftraw, have large houfes of an oven. Befides thefe, they in which boys of built of the branches of trees, for after this fourteen or fifteen years of remain age lodges in the cottages of period of life they cannot houfes they receive their vitheir fathers. In thefe with chica. Thefe feafts, fitors, and regale laft them three days and three nights, which generally drinking, and dancing, Every confift in eating, moit chica, with which they one glories in drinking intox- traw, have large houfes of an oven. Befides thefe, they in which boys of built of the branches of trees, for after this fourteen or fifteen years of remain age lodges in the cottages of period of life they cannot houfes they receive their vitheir fathers. In thefe with chica. Thefe feafts, fitors, and regale laft them three days and three nights, which generally drinking, and dancing, Every confift in eating, moit chica, with which they one glories in drinking intox- --- Page 202 --- Obfervations intoxicate themfelves upon Asta, to fuch a frantic. N On this occalion degree, as to become whom they think they have they attack thofe from and it often happens that thefe received any affront, in the death of fome of thefe rejoicings terminate In the villages, they miferable creatures. ing manner. They breakfaft pafs the day in the followplay on the Aute, at fun-riling, and then which according to wairing till the dew is When the fun is them is very prejudicial to health. gonc, ground with fhovels, pretty which high, they go to till the fpades. At noon they dine, ferve them inftead of walk abroad.for amufement. and at night they entertain each other with They pay vifits, and little they have, is divided meat and drink, while the prefent. As the women are among all the company pafs moft of their time in enemies to labour, they and have no other vifiting and golliping, ter, gather wood, and employment, boil the but to draw watheir they have nothing to do, but to mays. In wintér typoy, or the fpin ftuffs to make, their husbands ; for waift-coats with and hammocks of lie on the ground, which refpeét to bedding, of the they cover with the they fticks. palm-tree, or on hurdles twigs At fun-fer they fup, and compofed of large goto bed, except they are immediately after thefe laft aflemblé under the young and unmarried; for before all the cottages of the trees, and go to dance is very fingular, fince village. Their dance the center of which are they form a large circle, in large flutes, which have two Indians, who play on conlequently have but two only one hole, and can They put themfelves into tones. the found of this inftrument, prodigious motions at ing place. The Indian withour ever changdancing, behind the boys, girls alfo form a circle for off, till two or three in the and they do not Jeave morning, The of the trees, and go to dance is very fingular, fince village. Their dance the center of which are they form a large circle, in large flutes, which have two Indians, who play on conlequently have but two only one hole, and can They put themfelves into tones. the found of this inftrument, prodigious motions at ing place. The Indian withour ever changdancing, behind the boys, girls alfo form a circle for off, till two or three in the and they do not Jeave morning, The --- Page 203 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA: of their fifhing and hunting fucceeds The time They divide themfelves the crop of their mays. on the mouninto different troops, go a hunting and do not return ains for two or three months, month of Auguft, which is from the chafc, till the lands. the time when chey fow their few nations fo barbarous as Tho' there are very fome divinity or other, yet not to acknowledge there is no. mark of any woramong the Chiquites being vifible or invifible, fhip which they pay to the any devil, of whom they are rio not fo much as to and this has induced them totally prodigioully afraid, whom they look. upon as the to deftroy forcerers, in life. This fpirit is at prefent fo greateft plagues them, that if a man was only to itrong among was a forcerer, he would dream that his neighbour endeavour to kill him. for that very reafon this, they are very fuperftitious, Notwithftanding to the finging ofbirds, which efpecially with relpeÉt From this they they obferve very ferupulounly. the misforprediôt, or rather pretend to predist, and hence which are to befal them 5 runes that the Spaniards are ready to they often judge their and thîs appremake incurfions into territories, to make them Ay pretty henfion alone, is fufficient which occafion the chilfar into the mountains, on who from that dren feparate from their parents, The ties of natime look upon them as ftrangers, fo that after this a father cure cannot unite them, or a hatchet, will fell his fon for a knife, CHAP: VoL. ii, --- Page 204 --- Offercations upon ASIA, CH. A P. XXII. Situation ef tbe country of tbe government, occupations, Moxes, tbeir and ficieties, Coremonies raligions, minifers and marriages of tbeir interments tbeir 5 mediciness ufed for tbe cure difafes ; fimples cubicb grow in country 5 RY ocorame, particalarites ef an animal called Use the name of Moxes we allemblage of different infidel comprehend an America, who : inhabit a vaft nations of which appears in extent of ground, Croix de lar Sierra, proportion, and as we leave St. chain of mountains, which coaft along the fteep the north. It is fituated in run from the fouth to extends from ten to fifteen the torrid zone, and but we are entirely ignorant degrees of fouth latitude, This vaft extent of land of the limits ofit. plain, but is almoft appears a pretty fmooth of drains to carry continually off the overflowed for want large quantities, on account of water, colleéted in the torrents which fall from the the frequent rains, the overfowing of the rivers. For mountains, and months of the year, thefe more than four munication with each people have no comfity of retiring to other; fince the necefinundation, is a reafon eminences, in order to avoid the diftant from each other. why their cottages are far Befides this the climate, which inconveniencey is they fuftain that of ever now and then excellively hot. It is howpretty temperate on account of the fall from the the frequent rains, the overfowing of the rivers. For mountains, and months of the year, thefe more than four munication with each people have no comfity of retiring to other; fince the necefinundation, is a reafon eminences, in order to avoid the diftant from each other. why their cottages are far Befides this the climate, which inconveniencey is they fuftain that of ever now and then excellively hot. It is howpretty temperate on account of the --- Page 205 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA: the overflowing of the rivers, and the the rains, wind which blows for moft part of the year. north times the fouth wind blowing from the At other covered with Inow, is fo impetuous, and mountains fills the air with fuch a piercing cold, that the nawho are almoft naked, and poorly fed, cantives, of the fealons, elpenot fuftain fuch an irregularity with inundations, which cially when accompanied fucceeded by famine and peltilence. are The gencrally heat of the climate, joined to the almoft continual moilture of the foil, produces à vait quangnats, mufquetos, flying tity of ferpents, vipers, number of-infeêts, which bugs, and an incredible moment's reft. This deprive the inhabitants of foil a f barren, that it bears humidity, alfo renders the of the fruit trees culneither corn, vines, nor This any moifture is alfo the reativated in Europe. live in that country, but the fon. why fheep fame cannot with refpeêt to oxen and COWS, cafe is not the as faft here as in Peru. which are found to muitiply live on fifh and The Moxes for the moft part in abunfome roots which the country feafons produces fo cold as to dedance. There are fome banks of the fth in the rivers, whofe froy a part full of, them, and on thefe OCare fometimes Indians quite run to gather them for procalions, the this fifh may. be, they eat vifion. However ftinking becaufe according to them, it with a fine appetire, the fire reftores its fwéetnels. They are however obliged for a confiderable and live to the rf of the year to retire mountains, are an incredible hunting. On thefe mountains goats, wild number of bears, leopards, other tygers, animals not known : hogs, and a great many here a number of apes, in Europe. There are alfo whole O 2 fifh may. be, they eat vifion. However ftinking becaufe according to them, it with a fine appetire, the fire reftores its fwéetnels. They are however obliged for a confiderable and live to the rf of the year to retire mountains, are an incredible hunting. On thefe mountains goats, wild number of bears, leopards, other tygers, animals not known : hogs, and a great many here a number of apes, in Europe. There are alfo whole O 2 --- Page 206 --- Oéfercations zpon AsrA, whofe flefh when broil'd is looked cy by the Indians. upon as a delicaWhat they relate of the animal called the "me, is very fingular. It is as ocoraIts hair is red, its mouth big as a large dog; ty fharp. Ifit finds pointed, and its teeth him, throws him an Indian difarmed, it attacks pret: provided he counterfeits down, but docs him no harm, ocorame turns him to be dead. Then the body, and being over, feels all the parts of his him with ftraw, and perfivaded the that he is dead, covers its efcape into the thickeft leaves of trees, and makes The Indian freed from his woods of the mountains, whence hc foon fees the danger gets into a tree, panied with a tyger, which ocarome he feems come back accomed to a fhare of his prey. But to have invitroars loudly and ftares at his not finding it, he wanted to teftify his grief for companion, as if he him. having difappointed The Moxes have neither No one commands government nor policy. "a none is among them, and obliged to obey, and if any quarrel confequentiy every perfon does himfelf juftice the arifes, is mafter of. As the of by ftrength he liges them to difperfe into fterility different the country obder to find the neceflaries of life, it quarters, in orthat they re-aflemble, They build rarely happens ges in the places, which very low cottatreat, and every cottage is they choofe for their remily. They lie on the poffeffed by a fingle fathem, or at beft ufe hammocks ground with mats under or by: two trees, In this fituation folpended by ftakes, re the injuries of the air, the attacks they of are expofed and the bites of the mufquetos. wild beafts, guand againft thefe inconvenicncies However they by kindling a. fire They build rarely happens ges in the places, which very low cottatreat, and every cottage is they choofe for their remily. They lie on the poffeffed by a fingle fathem, or at beft ufe hammocks ground with mats under or by: two trees, In this fituation folpended by ftakes, re the injuries of the air, the attacks they of are expofed and the bites of the mufquetos. wild beafts, guand againft thefe inconvenicncies However they by kindling a. fire --- Page 207 --- and AMERICA: AFRICA, The flame warms them? fre round their hammock. the approach of the mufquetos ani-. the fmoke prevents hinders that ofthe more voracious their and the light all this precaution, mals ; but notwithilanding on account of their follicitude Alcep is but the turbulent fire after it is extinguithed. meals, fince to kindle have no ftated times for their find wherewithall They hours are alike, when they As can their aliments are. all to fatisfy their appetites. rarely run into extremes in coarfe and infipid, they this lofs by. eatings bur feldom fail to recompenfe have found the fcdrinking plentifully. They liquor, with fome of a very ftrong This re cret making which they infufe in water. trified roots, but alfo produces not only foon intoxicates, They ufe it quor the utmoft excefs of fury in in them. honour of their gods. principally in the feafts held inftruments whole found On the playing of certain affemble under a kind ofalthey interwovent is very formed agrecable, of the branches of trees, they, dance coves curiousand artful manner. In thele of their ina whole day, and drink large thefe draughts fealls is che liquor. The end of in the E intoxicating fince they terminate debauches. rally melancholy, and in the moft infamous diforders, of many, to numberlefs Tho: they are fubject prefcribe any medicine, and yet their phyficians rarely medicinal virtues of certain are ignorant of the brutes themfelves find necellary herbs, which the of their fpécies. But in recomfor the prefervation they are very well acr pence for this ignorance, herbs, which they ufe quainted with fome of poifonous their enemies. Their cuftom and for the deftruétion their arrows when chey wage war, wounds is to poilon that the imalleft the poifon is, fo immediate, inftantly become mortal. 1 a Ja The --- Page 208 --- OMfresatites The grand relief they have upon Asra; confifts in calling certain under their er they foolithly think it enchanters, is in whofe diforders, quacks vifit the Patients, to cure them. fitious fiue prayers over them, pronounce fome fupereach' cure, to Imoke tobacco a certain promife to faft for their they fuck day, or when they intend a number of times the part affected, lingular fervice paid, after which they retire. bur muft be liberally This bad city of efficacious managemene remedies is not owing to the fcardhforders, fince fuch of them for the cure of their felves to the knowledge of the as have applied themcountry and fome produces, have of thel bark fimples of which their againft the herbs, bités of prepar'd an admirable certain trees, are found every where ferpents. Ebony and antidote wild cinnamon, and on the mountains, guaiacum as. alfo is very falutary to the another fpecies of bark which ly relieves pain. ftomach, and inftantcaneout This foil 'alfo produces the diftil gums proper to relolve feveral the other trees, which natural heat, and furnifh the. humours, reftore degree of balfam. They have blood with a due don't fimples, which, tho? well known alfo in feveral other carilla, regard, fo fam'd fuch as the peruvian bark Europe, they The Moxcs for the cure of and caf them. have all thefe fimples incermittent withour fevers. Nothing better fhews their ufing zidiculous ornaments with ftupidity than the felves, and which ferve which they adorn themmore deform'd than only to render them them blacken they are vafly the other with one part of their naturally ; fome of a reddifh faces, and daub lips and noftrils, and hang paint 5 others pierce their various baubles to them, which of and caf them. have all thefe fimples incermittent withour fevers. Nothing better fhews their ufing zidiculous ornaments with ftupidity than the felves, and which ferve which they adorn themmore deform'd than only to render them them blacken they are vafly the other with one part of their naturally ; fome of a reddifh faces, and daub lips and noftrils, and hang paint 5 others pierce their various baubles to them, which --- Page 209 --- and AMERICA: AFRICA, ridiculous figure : fome are conwhich make a of metalon theirbreaft; tent with hanging a plate themfelves round with feveral others of them gird beads, mit'd with the tecth threads full of glafs fkins of the animals they have and pieces of the Some hang about them the teethi of kill'd in hunting, have kill'd ; and the more marks ofthe men they about them, the more they are re: cruelty they bear The moft decent ofthen fpected by their neighbours. their heads, arms and knees, are thofe who cover which they arrange in a pretty with various feathers agrccable order. of the Moxes are hunting The only occupations their bows and arrows in and fithing, or putting of the women is to order. The employment their hufbands to aRE pare a certain liquor for children. They have a and to take care of their their young children barbarous cuftom of interring to die ; and when a alive, when the mother fhe happens buries one of them, alwoman bears twins, that two children cannot be ledging for a reafon, onc woman: well nourifh'd at once nations by are perpetually at war All thefe different and their manner of nightingis quite with each other, neither have any chiefs, nor tumulcuous, fince they befides, a battle fought for obferve any difcipline finifhes ; the whole campaign. The an hour or two by their flight, and the vanquilh'd are dhiftinguith'd whom the victors fell at a captives are made Mlaves, with whom they traffic. low rate to the people of the Moxes are accompanied The bunals the relations of the dewith very few ceremonies for 5 the body, and fecretceas'd dig a hole proper to it with fighs; after the inly convey the divide corps the effects of the dead perfon terment they and after this there never js any regard among them, paid to his memory: 04 Thoy --- Page 210 --- Oéfruations upon AsTA, They are no more than in the interment ceremonious of their in their marriages fifts in the mutual confent dead ; the whole confome prefents which the intended of the relations, and in of the father, or if he is dead, to hufband makes ta the bride. The confent of the neareft relation ties is of no force, and the the contraéting parobliged to follow the wife hufband is by law Tho' they admit of wherever fhe goes. rarely happens among them, polygamy, becaufe yet this crime poverty puts it out of the their exceflive maintain more than one wife. power of their men to circumftance, they look Nowihtanding this in their wives as the moft upon the want of chaftity any married woman fails in atrocious this crime : and if only paffes for infamous, but often partieular, the not account of her folly: lofes her life on Some of the Moxes adore the ftars, fome the rivers, and fome fun, moon, and tyger : others carry about aninvifible pretended fmall idols of a ridiculous them a vaft number of ftated belicf, but live without figure ; they have no ftate of rewards, and if hope of a future they are they a any married woman fails in atrocious this crime : and if only paffes for infamous, but often partieular, the not account of her folly: lofes her life on Some of the Moxes adore the ftars, fome the rivers, and fome fun, moon, and tyger : others carry about aninvifible pretended fmall idols of a ridiculous them a vaft number of ftated belicf, but live without figure ; they have no ftate of rewards, and if hope of a future they are they a They induc'd to it by a dread of good action, imagine, that in punithment. which is fometimes every thing there is a fpiric them the calamitics they enrag'd fuffer, againft them, and fends principal care is to For this reafon their fecret principle, which, appeafe, or not to offend this be refifted. They have according no to them, cannot folemn worthip, and among fpecies fo of éxternal or only one or two have been many petty nations kind of facrifice. found which ufe any for Among religious the Moxes there are two kinds of affairs. Some minifters chanters, wholc only bufinefs pretend it is to be true ento reftore healch te --- Page 211 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA, the fick, and others. are priefts deftin'd.to apto the former are not elevated to peale the gods of honour ; till after a rigid fafting for a their rank which time they abftain from all kinds year, of fleth during and fifh ; it is alfo requifite that they muft from have been wounded by a tyger, and efcaped of his claws. In this cafe they are revér'd as. men imavirtue, becaufe the deluded vulgar uncommon have been, refpeéted and favour'd by gine, that they which has proteéted them athe invifible efforts tyger, of the vifible one with which they gainft the have fought. have for a confiderable time cxercis'd When they they are rais'd to the fupreme prieft. this funétion, before have a title to this office, hood; but they whole with the fame rithey muft, faft a abftinence year muft be fhewn by a gour, and their emaciated countenance ; then they meagre the and juice of fome very pungent herbs, and exprefs their which produces the moft throw it into and in eyes, this manner the character of intenfe pain, is beftow'd. They pretend, that by priefthood the fight is which makes them this means quicken'd, a word which in their call thefe priefts tiharaugui, language fignifies feafons clear-ey'd. of the year, and efpecially At cértain of the new moon, thele about affemble the appearance the people on the hills at a fmall priefts from the boroughs. By break of day diftance walk to the place appointed in a the people filence, but they are. no fooner at their profound end, than they break out into the, moft journey's which, according to them, foften the hideous of cries, their deities ; the whole day is fpent in hearts howlings, and towards night fafting and confuled they break up with the following ceremonies, The e about affemble the appearance the people on the hills at a fmall priefts from the boroughs. By break of day diftance walk to the place appointed in a the people filence, but they are. no fooner at their profound end, than they break out into the, moft journey's which, according to them, foften the hideous of cries, their deities ; the whole day is fpent in hearts howlings, and towards night fafting and confuled they break up with the following ceremonies, The e --- Page 212 --- The priefts Obforcation upon Asta, among them is begin by thaving themlelves, by covering their accounted a dexrérous which a red and yellow bodies with various thing, and veffels to be colour ; then they order feathers of intoxicating liquor brought, into which they pour They prepared PE look upon it as the firft for the gods, and after having fruits offer'd foleimnity. to their they leave it to the drank without their example, alfo drink people, whio, in imitation meafure, night is" employ'd in to excels, and the whole of of them drinking and begins to dancing. One a circle round him, fing, fall and all the reft heads a dancing, forming indecent negigently from fide to fide, moving their confifts. geftures in which the whole and ufing Thé more of thefe of their dance vagances they commit, the fooleries and extragious they are thought. Thele more dévout and reliterminate in blows, and often feftivals ny of them. in the death generally of mathe Tho' foul, they have fome notion of the yet they don't immortality of ments are to be dreaded imagine by the that either punifhhop'd for by the virtuous. vicious, or rewards All thefe nations are by the different diftinguifh'a from each other which there are thirty-nine languages which chey fpeak, and of femblance to each other. that havenot the leaft rerender'd The moft favage are the themfelves Guarayans, who have their barbarous cuftom formidable of by their cruelty, and purfue. men almoft in the éatinghuman fame flefh. They pcople hunt wild animals; manner as other they can, carry them off, and they catch them alive if they find themfelves çcat themg gradually as have no fix'd habitation, pinched with hunger. They becaufe they fay they are perpetually --- Page 213 --- AFRICA,ANd AMERICA. frighted by the lamentable cries of the perpetually fouls of thole whofe bodies they have eaten. Thus about like vagabonds, they fpread conwandering fternation and terror every where. This is not the character of the Baures, who are fweet temper'd, humane, and- even more civiliz'd than the Moxes. Their boroughs are very their nu- folmerous, and contain ftreets and areas for is diers to perform their exercife. Every which borough defends furrounded with a ftrong palifade, They lay a it againft the arms us'd in the country. a kind of fhares in the roads, which fuddenly put fop to the march of their enemies. In battle they ufe a kind of fhield made of canes, interwoveh feathers with each other, cover'd with cotton and of various colours, and which are proof againft fuch arrows. For generals they choofe and obey valour. as are thought to have moft experience and and fpread a They reccive their vifitants kindly, for aofeat to large piece of cotton on the ground the perfon they intend to honour. of the Not far from the Baures is the country Amazones, that warlike clafs of women. All we know of them is, that at certain fcafons of the year kill they admit of the company of men 5 that they their male children ; that they are at great pains to their daughters, and that from their inbring up U chay innure them to the toils of war. CHAP. reccive their vifitants kindly, for aofeat to large piece of cotton on the ground the perfon they intend to honour. of the Not far from the Baures is the country Amazones, that warlike clafs of women. All we know of them is, that at certain fcafons of the year kill they admit of the company of men 5 that they their male children ; that they are at great pains to their daughters, and that from their inbring up U chay innure them to the toils of war. CHAP. --- Page 214 --- Olfarvations upon AstA, CHAP XXIII, Revolutions of Perfia under Thamas till bis expedition in tbe Kouli-kan, Indies, Tux cight Aghuans, thefe famous rebels cipal years laid wafte and who for that after provinces of the kingdom of fubjected Perfia, thé prinfein from having his taken Iipahan, turn'd Schah imagin'd, Huf and beat the thronc, troops conquer'd of the moft of his ftates, power the in the world able to check Turks, there was no chief of thefe rebels, them. Afzraff, no longer regarded Schah clated with his had Thamas, whole victories, eafily dethron'd, than as an enemy whom father he The crufh, if he fhould dare to he could tain'd continual victories which chis oppole his defigns. over the Perfians or Turks tyrant had obhaughty fafed and prefumptbous, that render'd him fo but to appear in the field at the hemolonger head vouchpital, abandon'd himfelf to all the ofhis troops, frefh went a hunting with a pleaftires of the Catreaties with the; pompous retinue, made that the throne on which Europeans, he and imagin'd, eltablith'd, that no power could was feated was fofirmly While this tyrant Afzraff thus fhake it. great monarch, Schah Thamas acted the part of a deavour'd to re-cftablitfh his affairs, on his part enelcort eitap'd of from Ipahan during the This prince five hundred fiege, with a fons of the Perfian kings men, Being educated fimple as the nothing when he left generally are, he had fecn feraglio, women, and eunuchs, Ipahan but the infide of the terrible diftraction in the He found the moft kingdom, and there was not a a fingle , Schah Thamas acted the part of a deavour'd to re-cftablitfh his affairs, on his part enelcort eitap'd of from Ipahan during the This prince five hundred fiege, with a fons of the Perfian kings men, Being educated fimple as the nothing when he left generally are, he had fecn feraglio, women, and eunuchs, Ipahan but the infide of the terrible diftraction in the He found the moft kingdom, and there was not a a fingle --- Page 215 --- and AMERICA: AFRICA, had the number of troops who The treafures Single governor his office oblig'd him to keep: all round him, and whjich exhaufted ; he had enemies who had nothing were crowd of flatterers abour him in the leaft cona in view, without he levied but their owninterel of the ftate. However, fulting the good under fo many difadvantages, troops, but fought reduc'd to the Gngle province that he was fuddenly of Schirvan, and another of Mazanderan, a part When the affairs of this.prince the ofpart of Khorafian. there appear'd among This were moft defperate, Perfian to re-eftablifh them. of ficers a brave Kouli-kan, a man of forty years and had was Thamas who had born arms from his infancy, and miage, himfelf for his courage of genius, always diftinguith'd befides, he was a man the licary exploits ; he delighted in rewarding open, and fincere ; and put thofe cowards to valour of his foldiers, they might have refifted ; he death who fed when and affection of his king by the merited the efteem which he gave by his capacity, continual proofs zeal, courage, and fidelity. a large fhare of his When Kouli-kan had acquir'd the flatteries and prince's affection, he reprefented and induc'd him treacheries of thofe about others him, of them. He had to chaftife fome and banifh to infinuate to him, that alfo the addrefs dexteroully certain vices which fullied the he ought to abandon The king liften'd fplendour of his great qualitics. them, and follow'd them, to his advices, relith'd affairs began to be re-eftaby which means his bifh'd. army was not very numerous, Tho' the royal well paid and fincly difciyet the foldiers were and moft of the fubaltern ofplin'd. The principal by Kouli-kan, who knew ficers were chofen their that alfo the addrefs dexteroully certain vices which fullied the he ought to abandon The king liften'd fplendour of his great qualitics. them, and follow'd them, to his advices, relith'd affairs began to be re-eftaby which means his bifh'd. army was not very numerous, Tho' the royal well paid and fincly difciyet the foldiers were and moft of the fubaltern ofplin'd. The principal by Kouli-kan, who knew ficers were chofen their --- Page 216 --- Obftrcation their upon Asia, in the courage and experience, With this year. 1727, Schah Thamas army, battles.over the Afdalis, retook gain'd three and fubdu'd. the rebels of Khoraffan Hera and Mafchat, parts, and the - After thefe victories adjacent againft the Aghuans the royal army march'd with all his troops, ; Afzraff appear'd in the field hundred men to keep leaving the reft in lipahan of two or three awe; for he had expelled all the the inhabitantsi in bearing arms. This tyrant, Perfians capable of the Perfians ftand their who had never feen the confidence of a man ground, who advanc'd withall ready victorious. The two armies thought bimielf alDamguan, a fmall town on the engag'd near van. The attack of the frontiers of Schirbut the Perlians fuftain'd rebels was very Afzraff order'dtwo it without being vigorous, fhaken, fians in the rear and detachments. in the to attack the Pertachments were repuls'd and flank, but thefc des of the army where Afzraff routed. The body broken; the Perfians redoubled commanded began to be rufh'd in upon the rebels, who their fire, and themfelves to fight, and retreated forthwith betook pitation, that in feven days with fuch preciwhere they refted one whole they reach'd Theram, doubling their march day, after which, reIpahan. every day, they arriv'd. at The next day after their all his men to retire into the arrival Afzraff order'd their effeéts and families. caftle, together with return'd into the field, and This being done, he or ten leagues from pitched his camp nine royal army advanc'd Ipahan. by In the mean time the Kouli-kan, who was regular marches. Thamas the victory with any unwilling to fhare. the glory of 7. perfon, begg'd of the princc to every day, they arriv'd. at The next day after their all his men to retire into the arrival Afzraff order'd their effeéts and families. caftle, together with return'd into the field, and This being done, he or ten leagues from pitched his camp nine royal army advanc'd Ipahan. by In the mean time the Kouli-kan, who was regular marches. Thamas the victory with any unwilling to fhare. the glory of 7. perfon, begg'd of the princc to --- Page 217 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA: with a body of referve confift to remain at Theram men, while he coning of ninc or ten thoufand obftacle. tinued his march without in any on the 13th of NoThetwo armies came fight and the Pervember, at cight o'clock in the morning, did not fomuch fian general, who delpis'dl his enemy, bore the whole difas ufe his cannon. After having to them through charge ofhis enemies, he march'dup without firing a fingle fhot the fmoke of their their guns, battery, where he made the till he was near for the rebels, frighted at firft and only difcharge took 5 flight and fav'd themfo bold an attempt, abandon'd the felves in Ifpahan, and next day for they two days and a caftle, which was pillaged half. arrival of Thamas Kouli-kan put a ftop to The underftood from fome flaves this pillage. the They rebels, that thefe laft had march'd efcap'd from that they took the ffteen lcagues without ftopping, intelligence that road of Kirman, but that block'd getting up, they turn'd to the paffages of it were maffacred all the Perfians they Schiras, where they found. carried off three hundred camels loaded Afzraff filver, the moft precious of his furni: with gold, wife, and that of Mahmoud. He sure, his own off all the princelfes of the blood royal, alfo carried the mother of the Schah Thamas, whom except know, and who, during the reign.of the he did not the office of a ferrebels, had always perform'd without ever being difcovant in the feraglio, and eunuchs. All che Agvered by the women were maffacred. huans remaining at Ifpahan at till the gth of The king did not arrive Ifpahan went with twenty December. Thamas reccive Kouli-kan him about a league from thoufand men to the alfo carried the mother of the Schah Thamas, whom except know, and who, during the reign.of the he did not the office of a ferrebels, had always perform'd without ever being difcovant in the feraglio, and eunuchs. All che Agvered by the women were maffacred. huans remaining at Ifpahan at till the gth of The king did not arrive Ifpahan went with twenty December. Thamas reccive Kouli-kan him about a league from thoufand men to the --- Page 218 --- Obfervations the city. Thamas upon AStA, the king to prevent alighted from his horfeand run €6 me to do it, faid his getting offhis horle. CC Allow to 66 have made a vow the prince graciouly to 6C thec, the firft to walk feven paces him, I 66 hadft banith'd time I fhould fee thee after before thou He alighted, walk'd my enemies from my capital. 39 fee, after which both fome fteps, and drank coftinued their march to: mounted the their horfes and confoon re-eftablifh'd there, and city. the Tranquility was ly of diverfions and pleafure; people talk'd ontain'd an air of inquictude and but the king ftill reKouli-kan chagrin, and get his paft reprefented to him that he ought to whén forhe fhould think misfortunes, the prince told him and his no more on the that if own domeftic public calamities, be ignorant that the murderer dilgraces, yet he could not the tormentors of his brothers of his father and The general underftood were ftill at Schiras, and forthwith what the king meant, defigns sin execution. gave proper In orders for putting his army was ready to march, four or five days the whole about the end of December, and wént into the field are not fond of The mahometans Kouli-kan was going to war in expos'd a warrior at all feafons. winter, but himfelf to as much As he as the- common foldiers, he danger and fatigue new. expedition with fo much zeal was ferv'd in this he cafily furmounted all the and ardour, that and notwithftanding the obftacles of the feafon, rains, opened a paffage every where fnows, and froft, he not withour the lofs of a for himfelf, though horfes. great many men and march At laft, after a great deal of of. twenty days he came farigue, during a who had come two days march up with the rebels, on this fide of Schiras, fo much zeal was ferv'd in this he cafily furmounted all the and ardour, that and notwithftanding the obftacles of the feafon, rains, opened a paffage every where fnows, and froft, he not withour the lofs of a for himfelf, though horfes. great many men and march At laft, after a great deal of of. twenty days he came farigue, during a who had come two days march up with the rebels, on this fide of Schiras, --- Page 219 --- and AMERICA: AFRICA, their advantageous Schiras, and notwithftanding them and put them to flight, fituation, he beat to purfue them, for but did not think it expedient o He obferv'd it as a fear of fome ambufcade. his troops, left fome demaxim, never to feparate the reft might be difpirited by tachment being beaten, us'd even to fay, that the victhat means. He come up to the enemy, torious, by flow marches, fly as faft as he can. at Schiras, and reThe rebels had time to rally, Afzraff and the folv'd to make their laft effort. officers and foldiers principal chiefs made the other or die. fwear, that they were ready to conquer could do, or They all promis'd more than they had neither to ftand to 5 for they were willing nor the courage to die. the force to. conquer, and this battlé, if we can give They were beat, actions, where there that name to a few miferable kill'd in the field, was were not two thoufand men of all. The rebels, more the, laft and leaft vigorous their oaths and promifes 5 frighted than ever, forgot manner, they made their attack in a tumultuous within and in platoons, but hardly were they At laft, ReRe fhot till they difcharg'd advane'd and retreated. in good order, they ing that the Perfians foon betook themfelves to them Aight. to fly, and only puirKouli-kan permitted on.this occafion he was the fu'd them flowly; but maxim. Afzraff worle for obferving his favourite him; for as foon as took advantage of it to deceive two of his to Schiras he fent principal he return'd with him about an accommodation. officers to treat all the treafures of the They. offer'd to deliver would up them peaccably provided he permit crown, wherever they had a mind. Kouli-kan to depart formerly he would have liften'd to anfwer'd, that their P - Vor. il, maxim. Afzraff worle for obferving his favourite him; for as foon as took advantage of it to deceive two of his to Schiras he fent principal he return'd with him about an accommodation. officers to treat all the treafures of the They. offer'd to deliver would up them peaccably provided he permit crown, wherever they had a mind. Kouli-kan to depart formerly he would have liften'd to anfwer'd, that their P - Vor. il, --- Page 220 --- Olfarvations upone AstA, their propofals, but as times' were put them all to the fword if alter'd, he would up Afzraff to him. they did not deliver Thefe deputies, who only wanted to promis'd him every thing, and amufe him, they might be only afk'd, that with the other officers, permitted to return and confult when they return'd to which the was granted. But one ready to fave themfelves city, they found every their familics and effeéts. by flight, and carry off They had gone a confiderable Perfian general was inform'd of way before the fent fome detachments to their retreat. He which came up to them. at the purfue them 5 one of The Aghuans wheel'd about paffage of a bridge. fage of their equipage and to facilitate the paf ment was beat, and forced families. The detachtinued their march, but to retire. They conroad, and as all the as they kepr no certain the country people harrafs'd country was oppofite to them, fible. The fmalleft them as much as pof men capable of firing village that could turn out ten Sometimes they loft their guns difputed their paflage. occalions their wives: and children. baggage, and on other barbarians killd themfelves, Some of thefe fall into the hands of their that they might not night the flaves carried off fome enemies. During the means the aunt of Schah, and camels, by which of the blood fome other royal, were princeffes At laft, thefe miferable brought back. for their fubliftence, and creatures finding nothing. and thirft, began : to difband. being prefs'd with hunger with four Or five hundred of his Afzraff continu'd his defign was to retire to the moft faithful friends; was obliged to pafs thro' the Indies, but as he Candahar, Houffein Kan,, the neighbourhood of brother of Mahmoud, who. , by which of the blood fome other royal, were princeffes At laft, thefe miferable brought back. for their fubliftence, and creatures finding nothing. and thirft, began : to difband. being prefs'd with hunger with four Or five hundred of his Afzraff continu'd his defign was to retire to the moft faithful friends; was obliged to pafs thro' the Indies, but as he Candahar, Houffein Kan,, the neighbourhood of brother of Mahmoud, who. --- Page 221 --- and AMERICA: AFRICA, him, of that place; intercepted who was in poffellion him of the remainder of his engag'd him, kill'd ftript him. Thus died this ufurper, treafures, and feries of unhéard-of cruelties; imwho, aftera long the blood of Schah Huflein, the bru'dhis hands in that ever wore the crown ofPerfia. moftpacific prince enter'd Schirass that ciAs foon as Kouli-kan of horror as that the fame fpeétacle were foon flld ty prefented The ftreets before feen at Ifpahan. of fuchi of the Aghuans as could with the carcafes with the reft; no place prov'd not make their efcape three or four of the moft cona fecurity for them ; fent to the king, but all the fiderable note were reft were put to the fword: faw the wrecks of the The Perfians, who daily the eafier fatisfy'd for rebel army coming in, who were let them efcape 3 and the fault of the general to recover the I tho' it was a mâtter of importanice the general was not in treafures of the cfown, the yet king, who durft not give the lcaft upbraided by him the imalleft difguft, terminated, the views of. This affait being direéted to the Tarks: He. Thamas Kan were all the reft of the winter left his troops in repofe was the fpring come till he in Schiras 5 but hardly vifited the Lariftan took the field. Afier having he went to Hamadam, and the Arabs of Koquilou, over the Turks put him where the victory he gain'd that place, Tauris, and in a condition to retake which the Tarks had 2lmoft the whole country as far as Erivan. conquer'd during the troubles; in his ftates, many battles A king re-eftablith'd in fome meafure regain'd, and a large kingdom were circumftances taken in lefs than two years; Kan among the numfufficient to place Thamas ber of the heroes of formér ages. The P 2 Arabs of Koquilou, over the Turks put him where the victory he gain'd that place, Tauris, and in a condition to retake which the Tarks had 2lmoft the whole country as far as Erivan. conquer'd during the troubles; in his ftates, many battles A king re-eftablith'd in fome meafure regain'd, and a large kingdom were circumftances taken in lefs than two years; Kan among the numfufficient to place Thamas ber of the heroes of formér ages. The P 2 --- Page 222 --- Olfarvations The upon Asra, the fuccefs uncommon which talents of this general for expeditions, and the accompanied him in all war, his lov'd and fear'd him, confidence of the foldiers who -his enemies, and render'd him formidable to his mafter. All the fiufpected at the court of the king, at Ipahan, the people, provinces the trembled at his name ; were afraid left he fhould have the court, and the king higher ; one ftep farther would ambition of riling on the throne; he was ablolute have plac'd him had not as yet nam'd perfons mafter. The king pofts; Kouli-kan to any of the firft der a pretence that the prevented falarics his doing fo, unfices would be better attach'd to thefe ofthe troops ; he was the employ'd only in the payment of army, the reft were but general officer of the graded, rais'd, punifh'd, and fubalterns, whom he denothing of rewarded ashe vice. After importance was done without pleas'd; his victories he feem'd his adboundlefs authority which the to abufe the in the neceffity of his king had given him to diftemble, but the affairss world the prince was oblig'd perfons who attended him, that lias been inform'd by the yoke, and he impatiently bore himfelf when the thought of appearing as mafter finifh'd. Kouli-kan war with the Turks fhould be not ignorant how alfo dreaded the king, and was for this reafon he kept many enemies he himicif had : as poffible. Such himfelf as much in the Perfia in the month was the fituation of the affairs army of May, of Thamas Kouli-kan did not 1730. keeping the ficid, jand being want pretexts for numerous army, all devoted always at the head ofa Aghuans, whom he had to his orders. The dom, were fucceeded by the expell'd from the kingmidable cnemy, who ftill Turks, a far more forpoffel'd feveral countries belonging poffible. Such himfelf as much in the Perfia in the month was the fituation of the affairs army of May, of Thamas Kouli-kan did not 1730. keeping the ficid, jand being want pretexts for numerous army, all devoted always at the head ofa Aghuans, whom he had to his orders. The dom, were fucceeded by the expell'd from the kingmidable cnemy, who ftill Turks, a far more forpoffel'd feveral countries belonging --- Page 223 --- and AMERICA: AFRICA, had belonging to Perfia, which the Aghuans the crown, yielded to them when they had ufurp'd in their tyranny by that they might not be difturb'd Thefe haughty Ottomans fo formidable a power. what they had got, and even to pretended to kéep if the pollefion of the old make new conquelts, with them. The Perfian fhould 4 be difputed afraid of thcjr menaces, SGc neral however- was not them, he, under v2before he declar'd war againft Schah Thamas from' Ifpahan, rious pretexts, remov'd be to Mafchat, the Caand order'd him to where convey'd he kept him under a fafe pital of Khoraffan, it in an honourable prifon. guard, and, as were, before this prince had only the For fome time of regal authority, while fhadow and appearance exercis'dit, and commanded as Kouli-kan in reality wore the aigret or clufter of fovereign ; he even amark of diftinétion bediamonds on his turban, his troops longing to the king alone. 1 Heaffembled mufter'd his at while the Turkifh general at Tauris, foon found himfelf at the head Erivan. Kouli-kan neither would he have more, of 60000 chofen had it men, in his power to render his troops though he This army confifted intirely much more numercus.. which he went to Bagdat, which of cavalry, with and afrer having block'd it is the ancient Babylon, Diarbekir, and the parts adup, he advane'd [O thro' which he pafs'd. jacent, ravaging the country favour'd him, now Fortune, which had formerly was defeated, and became. his enemy 3 for remains his army of it to the neighbourhe brought back the PAL hood of Hamadam. but.the conquerors would take It was not doubted ftate of Perfia, exadvantage of the deplorable conduét their viétohauftedi of. men and money, However, to. they. made no rious. troops to Ifpahan. motion, P 3 'd [O thro' which he pafs'd. jacent, ravaging the country favour'd him, now Fortune, which had formerly was defeated, and became. his enemy 3 for remains his army of it to the neighbourhe brought back the PAL hood of Hamadam. but.the conquerors would take It was not doubted ftate of Perfia, exadvantage of the deplorable conduét their viétohauftedi of. men and money, However, to. they. made no rious. troops to Ifpahan. motion, P 3 --- Page 224 --- Oifiorvatinni upon AstA, motion, but remain'din their ing of any enterprizes, which camp, without thinkeither to the dread of may be attributed heat, which began to deftroying be their troops by the dence they had conceiv'd exceffive, or to the difiPorte, or to the weaknefs of of the : bafhaw. at the they had made a large detachment their army, from which commanded by the bafhaw of to reinforce that Joufy and mifunderftanding Erivan, or to the jearals, or laftly, to the flow march between thefe two genewhich had been long of a reinforcement perhaps, never expected, and which might, the grand fignior arrive, had on account of the them for men in neceffity moved except the bafhaw of Europe. None of vanc'd to Erivan, and made Tauris, who adbut he foon abandon'd it, and himfelf mafter of if, troops into it, who put it in a ftate Kouli-kan of fent freth The inaction of the Ottoman defence, Perfian general fuflicient time to troops gave the and levy a new army much re-eftablifh himfelf, As foon as the feafon greater than the former. returned to Bagdar; after permitted, he took the field and he went in fearch of the Turkifh having block'd upthat city, fembled in the army, who had af bafhaw, whofe neighbouchood firit fuccefs of Diarbekir. The confidence, durft not, however, had infpir'd him with action; fince there weré only venture on a general iry which the Perfians had fkirmifhes on bothfides, laft they talk'dof a always the advantage. At and the articles were peace, fent enter'd into a negociation, fignior to demhand his by the bafhaw to the grand Abour this time ratification of them, of ambaffador from prince Galliczin arriv'd in to think of the fate Ruffia ; nobody tben knew quality what known whetherhe of Schah Thamas 3 it was not conftrain'd to abdicate was dead, or whether he had been the crown, only it is cerrain that fides, laft they talk'dof a always the advantage. At and the articles were peace, fent enter'd into a negociation, fignior to demhand his by the bafhaw to the grand Abour this time ratification of them, of ambaffador from prince Galliczin arriv'd in to think of the fate Ruffia ; nobody tben knew quality what known whetherhe of Schah Thamas 3 it was not conftrain'd to abdicate was dead, or whether he had been the crown, only it is cerrain that --- Page 225 --- and AMERICA: AFRICA conceal the delign he the better to one of the king's that Koul-kan, on the throne months had form'd; plac'd more than five Or fix children, who was no from Ruflia, old. motive of the embally was to The apparent were Aatter'd, angage with which the people the dethron'd king, the Perfian general to re-eftablith between Ruffia and and make a treaty of commerce motive was to foment the Perfia; but the fecret and the Porte. It was with war between that court deliver'd up the rich province Perthis view that Ruffia belonging to the of Gilhan, and all the places in the Schirvan, dominion which Ruffia polletrd Soulak, 8cc. fian Bakoud, Derbent, Mezova, ftores of namely, the Turks with confiderable neceffary and furnifh'd and other ammunitions provifion, artillery, for the for war. ambulatory ; The embally was intirely after his firit audience of the e Galliczin, foon follow him. He had prince had orders to when; Perfian general, rill the end of the campaign, who not his audience he left Mr. Caloufkt, of by order of his court, the embafly, in quality had been fecretary to refident accompanya Koulirefident. This new till he was within fome kan in all his marches where the general ftopjourney. of Ifpahan, permitted the days . ping to fubdue fome mountaineers, wait for him. refident to go to the capitaland not fufficient to difpole Thefe circumftances were hitherto he had no which Kouli-kan to a peacc, conclude : he therefore thought great. inclination to bathaw of Erivan, who of attacking Abdallah, fecond army of the grand fignior. commanded the think himfelf in a conThe bathaw, who did not fent an ofrefift fo powerful an enemy, that he dition to that he would confider had ficer to him, to beg P 4 to go to the capitaland not fufficient to difpole Thefe circumftances were hitherto he had no which Kouli-kan to a peacc, conclude : he therefore thought great. inclination to bathaw of Erivan, who of attacking Abdallah, fecond army of the grand fignior. commanded the think himfelf in a conThe bathaw, who did not fent an ofrefift fo powerful an enemy, that he dition to that he would confider had ficer to him, to beg P 4 --- Page 226 --- Olforvations had treated of.a. upon Asta, that the conditions peace of itl with the bafhaw of withour doubt. had been fentto Bagdat, that he they would be thePorte, that was about,to write to approved of there ; prefs the ratification of them; the grand fignior ta per to fulpend.all acts of and that it was ceiv'd an anfwer from hoftility till he had pro1 Kouli-kanhim. : rehim, in order cafily faw that they enterprize in to gain time ; but wanted as he to amufe his head which bad another tion, he feei'd to také requir'd a peedy execureadily yielded to the reafons no notice of any thing, but enterprize was to reduce the of the bafhaw ; this Tartars, who in. the Lefchis, a kind a of Perfia had taken beginning of the revolutions of it under the poffeffion of Schamaki, and whom they protedtion of the grand kept fet'out with were in fome meafure fignior, to fand an àrmy of no more fubjeét, He men, There were than twenty thouthele regular only twelve thoufand ver'd with plates troops, of brafs who wore coats of mail. of and young perfons ; the reft were only Co: orphans, who ferve whom for they call jelim, that valets, country thro' which the little elfe than to ruin the is, Kouli-kan made army paffes. at the river of the expeditious marches, and arriv'd Schamaki before the Cours two days journey from any thing of it ; two inhabitants of that place knew becn fufficient to have thoufand men would have river, and for want of water dilpured the pallage of the would have infallibly and victuals his off the Monghan. But perilh'd in the parch'd army deftitute of that province was plains reafon for troops, and the Lefchis, who had intirely into their difidence, had two months before no body oppos'd mountains. The Perfians retir'd Dx their pallage, cafily crof'd feeing that nothe river, and ufficient to have thoufand men would have river, and for want of water dilpured the pallage of the would have infallibly and victuals his off the Monghan. But perilh'd in the parch'd army deftitute of that province was plains reafon for troops, and the Lefchis, who had intirely into their difidence, had two months before no body oppos'd mountains. The Perfians retir'd Dx their pallage, cafily crof'd feeing that nothe river, and --- Page 227 --- AFRICA and AMERICA the gates of which were and arriv'd at Schamaki, for this city that to them. It was happy of the open in it capable oppoling there were no troops had promis'd his army, that Perfians, for Kouli-kan reliftance, he would allow if he found the. leatt them to pillage it. under the moft ftriét difciHe kept his troops he cxacted in the city pline, but: the conrributions differ'd from a general and the province hardly levied with the moft unheard of pillage. They Chriftians were and Turks, men and wocrucltics, fince beaten, that fome of them died men, were fo feverely under the blows. Kouli-kan was difAfter raifing the contributions, the Lefchis. He: firft feht pofed to go and fight fevèn thoufand men, who his lieutenant, with fix or citadel of wood, which Ser marched towards the had ordered, to be built, at the Kober their chief the name of the mounentry of the Dagheftan, inhabit. Some days after, he tains, which they with the reft of his army, to himfelf marched to make a Gmilar the other fide of the Dagheltan, that'it was Kouliattack. The Lefchis, perfuaded attack the citadel; with kan in perfon, who came to all their own to that fide all his forces, conveyed At the fame time, a fuccour of ten of the citadel. came from Ganges, or twelve thoufand men, of the grand fignior. The confifting of the troops without being frighted at lieutenant of Kouli-kan, battle. Hardthe vaft number ofhis enemies, gave in the citadel ly had they engaged, till the foldiers advanced to the underftood, that Kouli-kan was the Lefchis turnother fide. Immediately rode on aff this, brifkly, in order to ed their backs, and and effeéts. The troops from proteêt their families and fought for fome time, Ganges only refifted, but of the grand fignior. The confifting of the troops without being frighted at lieutenant of Kouli-kan, battle. Hardthe vaft number ofhis enemies, gave in the citadel ly had they engaged, till the foldiers advanced to the underftood, that Kouli-kan was the Lefchis turnother fide. Immediately rode on aff this, brifkly, in order to ed their backs, and and effeéts. The troops from proteêt their families and fought for fome time, Ganges only refifted, but --- Page 228 --- Olfervations but at laft, feeing upon Asta, Lefchis, betook themfeives abandoned by the a great many of themfelves them to Aight. Thère were Lefchis, who carried off killed, and véry few of the retired to the fteepeft every thing of value, and could not follow them. mountains, where Kouli-kan After the army had a expedition of Daghellan, the Perfian men, of whom reinforcemtent four of about ten thoufand that province, and the thoufand had been levied in volunteers from other other fix thoufand came marched with his parts of Perfia. Kouli-kan ftitution of which, army, tho' towards Ganges, the redenied, as well as that of promifed the to him, was Ganges had for fome time Erivan and Teflis. the fiege was no farther been belieged, the firit day. As this advanced, than it had though been as to be commanded city is fituated in a plain, fo ereéted a platform, for by no eminence, the Perfians citadel is very ftrong, has a battery of cannon. The ditches, There was a a double wall, and three forts of provifions were good garrifon in it, and all thrée years. Erivan provided them, for two or fied than Ganges, was not much worfe fortimuch weaker, yet it Tho' had the city of Teflis was vaft many troops were been lately fortified, and a dalah Balhaw, lodg'd in it. Befides, Abmy, had been for generaliffimo fome of the Ottoman arnow arrived at Kars, which time advancing, and was Ganges. is not far diftant from Kouli-kan was very to retake thele places fenfible, that it was not cafy prefence of their poffefed by the Turks, in give battle to the army Ottoman 5 and therefore, refolved to ed his camp fome leagues from general, who had pirchingly reduced him to a Erivan, and accord. neceffity of fighting, They I were 1 for generaliffimo fome of the Ottoman arnow arrived at Kars, which time advancing, and was Ganges. is not far diftant from Kouli-kan was very to retake thele places fenfible, that it was not cafy prefence of their poffefed by the Turks, in give battle to the army Ottoman 5 and therefore, refolved to ed his camp fome leagues from general, who had pirchingly reduced him to a Erivan, and accord. neceffity of fighting, They I were 1 --- Page 229 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA, 'till a certain pannic feized wcre not long engaged, and induced moft of them to the Ottoman troops, had done the ieaft execution. This fly before they than a battle. There were aétion was rather a rout, Perfians killed, while 'tis not more than a hundred Turks were flain, and faid, that thirty thoufand Abdalah, and fome offiamong the reft, general made fome cers of diftinction. The conquerors the fon-in-law of the prifoners, among whom was grand fignior. the Perfian general became mafBy this victory, boory. He ravaged the ter of a confiderable Kars and Erzerum, and made whole country of near flaves. Soon after, the garrifon a vaft number diminifhed by the death of of Ganges, extremely furrendered by capitulation, and was the foldiers, Kars. Erivan was afterwards evacucondudted to into the hands of Kouli-kan, tho' it ated and put well fupplied with proviwas a very flrong place, been befieged nor blocked fions, and had neither Teflis, which Before the furrender of Erivan, up. had for a long time been blocked up, was obliged EO capitulate. that after this battle the Turks It was thought, but they rewould rally and make new efforts, renmained inactive, and Kouli-kan, after having Eridefed himfelf malter of Ganges, Teflis, and van, did not carry his conquelts farther. and it is They evieven came to new propofals of peace, the dent, that both parties wifhed for it; grand fignior on account of his occafion for all his troops and Kouli-kan for the execution of a in Europe, which he had long formed, to feize on the defign, crown of Perfia. and the ceffation of all So decilive a viétory, circumftances to hofilities, appeared favourable him, , Teflis, and van, did not carry his conquelts farther. and it is They evieven came to new propofals of peace, the dent, that both parties wifhed for it; grand fignior on account of his occafion for all his troops and Kouli-kan for the execution of a in Europe, which he had long formed, to feize on the defign, crown of Perfia. and the ceffation of all So decilive a viétory, circumftances to hofilities, appeared favourable him, --- Page 230 --- him. He afiembled Oépreatians upon Asta, dom, and by the ediét the of principal men of the king perfons diftinguifhed by convocation fummoned ment and their birth, dignities, all knowledge, to Pointed at Mougan-rehol, appear on the day judghey from Tauris, where four or five apthe ftatcs of the he wanted to converfe days jourthem affairs of the kingdom, laft and with the empire. importance communicate to to For this religion, and magnificent tent, feventy purpofe, he creéted a ported by threc rows of fathoms long, and fifted of fourteen pillars. Every row con- fupdiftance from each pillats, placed at five fathoms threé pieces join'd other ; cach pillar of gilt to each other with confifted of fect copper 3 they were between fifteen maffy circles of high, and each of them had and twenty word, gilt copper a'foot and a half in on its top a globe of this nothing was negleéted for the diameter. Ina the tent 3 the gold and filver embellifhment embroideries, and, in ftuffs, the was highly fhort, every thing fringes, elle this affembly magnificent. of the The defign of his procure their Principal men of Perfia, calling was to in the moft authentic fuffrages, and make them declare wanted no other king than manner, himfelf. that the kingdom In this aflembly to his defires 5 he was every thing went on of the royal proclaim'd fovereign according mafter Amet, which is authority only under the title of Velim fies the diftributor of favours. given to the king, and ligniwith difpatch'd thro' all the Couriers were forth. mation was made at empire 5 the proclanox, and in' all the Iipahan other on the day of the the couriers reach'd them." Cities fooncr or later equi- as fign'd by the moft confiderable This declaration was tion, to the number of more than men of the nafifteen thoufand, and met, which is authority only under the title of Velim fies the diftributor of favours. given to the king, and ligniwith difpatch'd thro' all the Couriers were forth. mation was made at empire 5 the proclanox, and in' all the Iipahan other on the day of the the couriers reach'd them." Cities fooncr or later equi- as fign'd by the moft confiderable This declaration was tion, to the number of more than men of the nafifteen thoufand, and --- Page 231 --- AFRICA and AMERICA: 22I fent to the grand fignior by a magnificent emand bally was look'd upon as a great ftep toThis embaffy with fome other pieces of wards peace, which together Velim Amet appear'd to have a conduét, by with the Porte, and deferv'd to gain correfpondence Among one the friendfhip of the grand fignior. his aboliAing a religiof thefe fteps we may reckon Perfians, at which the Turks ous cuftom among the were always offended. and Turks are both MahomeTho' the Perfians which have they form different fects, tans, yet the firft defcendants of Mahomer. fprung from toOmar, whom they believe TheTurks are attach'd defcendant of their prophet, and to be the lineal The Perfians pay the depofitary of his authority. of Mahomet. this honour to Hali, the fon-in-law the whole OtThey fay that Omar and Hali pur maintain their toman empire in arms in order to victorious, that refpective rights; that Omar after was this viétory Omar Hali was kill'd, and that of Hali for fear of anomaffacred all the children the memory of fo ther war. In order to perpetuate have made a religious tragical an event, the Perfians the moullahs on the ceremony of it. Every day to their mofques, to tops of the towers adjoining add maledictions againft their ordinary prayers in the month of Moharam, the Omar. Every year month of the Arabic year, they name of the frft the moon make a reprefentaon the tenth day of of Hali and his children. tion of the maffacre carried on in the mofque where The ceremony moft is learned of the moullahs to they choole the oration of thefe poor princes. make the funeral and the moullah The people affemble in crowds, lits down in an arm. mounting a large roftrum, chair ft their ordinary prayers in the month of Moharam, the Omar. Every year month of the Arabic year, they name of the frft the moon make a reprefentaon the tenth day of of Hali and his children. tion of the maffacre carried on in the mofque where The ceremony moft is learned of the moullahs to they choole the oration of thefe poor princes. make the funeral and the moullah The people affemble in crowds, lits down in an arm. mounting a large roftrum, chair --- Page 232 --- OHfercations chair rais'd apon Asra; that the whole ten or eleven fteps above the roftrum,; times and people may fce him; there, fomeof his fitting, difcourfe at others ftanding, as the plays the are more or lefs pathetic, he parts cruclty of the maflacre in the difquent manner he can ; and, moft elofition of the audience, 'tis confidering the difpotheir compaflion. no difficult tafk to excite In order to make the minds of the people, they greater imprefion on the tation of all the circumftances make a tragical reprefenproceffion which marches of the maflacre in a pretty agrecable fpeétacle to round thofe the city, and is a feen it before, We fee various who have never which carry fymbols, and chariots, fome of dead or dying. There is others princes, either carries an European one parricularly which to their hiftory, onein ambaffador, that becaufe, according begg'dof him that the lives quality of being with Omar, might be fav'd, and tho' he did the young princes requeft, yet they think themfelves not obtain his titude to give him a place in oblig'd in grahe is generally cloath'd in a their proceffion ; an old hat on his head, a grotefque manner, has ftead of a neckcloth, and rag about his neck infhoulders ; under this an old caffock abour his think they burlefque - reprefent an European appearance they however comically he is very well; but be paffes by, take off their dreis'd, hats the crowd, as Thefe chariots are at different and falure him. Jow'd by perfons naked to the diftances, fola kind of dance, cry in the moft middle, who form ner, and lacerate their arms fo as to lamentable manfow plentifully from them, while niake the blood compos'd in honour of Hali, others fing verles The lefque - reprefent an European appearance they however comically he is very well; but be paffes by, take off their dreis'd, hats the crowd, as Thefe chariots are at different and falure him. Jow'd by perfons naked to the diftances, fola kind of dance, cry in the moft middle, who form ner, and lacerate their arms fo as to lamentable manfow plentifully from them, while niake the blood compos'd in honour of Hali, others fing verles The --- Page 233 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA, fpectacle is a company of the The moft moving can find, fix or feven years fineft children they with their heads bare, and old, cloath'd in black, with cords 3 their hair difhevelld, and ty'd irregularly by a kind of exelike prifoners they are conducted dreadful afpe&t, who, from time to cutioners of a them with menaces, fo well countertime; intimidate the curfes of all the women feited as to procure and who cannot refrain from who fee them pafs, the mournful viétims fatears when they reflect on crific'dto the fury of Omar. alfo carry the admirable In this proceflion they of fteel thirty feet long, fabre of Hali ; it is a platc thicker than is neceffary three feet broad, and no they, with this famous to keep it ftrait ; it'was, fay in two. The ftrongeft fabre that he iplit the moon without the greateft difman can hardly carry it ficulty. Velim Amet. Whether he But to return the.Turks to in point of religion, or thought like that religion ought fomewhether he imagin'd views, he exprefsly dif times to yield to political of Omar, and the tracharged thefe maledictions Héalfo pubgical reprefentation of the Moharam. all his fublifh'd an ediêt, by which he permitted would, withto be of which of the fects they jeôts out any moleftation. to the crown he order'd a coin to When he came the Turkifh than be ftruck, which more but refembled he had not his name upon the Perfian money, declar'd that he would foon go to the it. As he were very diligent in repairing capital, the workmen and the other public buildings. the royal apartments beautifal walk about half a At Ifpahan there is a fathoms broad ; this was the league long and thirty Schah Abas, who planted in it workof the famous tWc moleftation. to the crown he order'd a coin to When he came the Turkifh than be ftruck, which more but refembled he had not his name upon the Perfian money, declar'd that he would foon go to the it. As he were very diligent in repairing capital, the workmen and the other public buildings. the royal apartments beautifal walk about half a At Ifpahan there is a fathoms broad ; this was the league long and thirty Schah Abas, who planted in it workof the famous tWc --- Page 234 --- Oéforvations two rows of a kind of uponi Asta, and large ; he divided poplar, its which are very high the two wings were deftin'd breadth into five parts; people on horieback, that in the for the paflage ofthe on foot. Thefe roads middle for people adorn'd with hewn ftones were rais'd, border'd, and the interftices between thele pierc'd in the middle 5 continued from one end to the roads were parterres kinds of fowers 5 three other, and full of all the water of the river, large bafons, which receiv'd thro' canals, which ferv'd diftribured it continually and preferve a conftant to water thefe parterres, many years paft all this has pring; been but for a good becaufe the perfons who had the neglected, cither thought proper to apply the management of it becaufe the princes fhur up in the money otherwife, Or follicitous about any other feraglio were little they enjoy'd there. This walk pleafures than fuch as common road, or a place was become only a but Velim Amet, in order to deftin'd forhorfe-rates, of Schah Abas, order'd it revive the grand ideas mitive form. to be reftor'd to its priBeing acknowledg'd he thought of a new fovercign thro' all Perfia, to terminate the war enterprize, he which induc'd him grand fignior. Tho' the was engag'd in againft the with the Mufcovites quarrel this prince had fuliciently evinc'd difpofition to peace, yet Velim his fmall felf that it would be the effeét of Amet flatter'd himhis name had fpread thro' all the terror which pire. His deligns were the Ottoman emthofe of no lefs flupendous than Alexander, to whom he did not compare himfelf. Being inform'd that hefitate to were making a fecond the.Aghuans lay fiege to Candahar, infurrection, he fet out to could take that city, fubduc affiring the himielf that he Barbarians, pafs into the it would be the effeét of Amet flatter'd himhis name had fpread thro' all the terror which pire. His deligns were the Ottoman emthofe of no lefs flupendous than Alexander, to whom he did not compare himfelf. Being inform'd that hefitate to were making a fecond the.Aghuans lay fiege to Candahar, infurrection, he fet out to could take that city, fubduc affiring the himielf that he Barbarians, pafs into the --- Page 235 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. and after having conquer'd them, carry the Indies, the laft luftre to the on war in Europe, to give glory of his name. Candahar, Hali bafhaw, While he was beficging from the Porte. His negoarriv'd as ambaflador for at his firft audience it was tiation was not long, and demands fo high on the part ftopt by propofals that the ambaffador could not fubof Velim Amet, but faid he could agree to nothing till fcribe them 5 his court for frefh inftruétions. he fhould apply to rendering it impofible The diftance of the places from the Porte, and Velim to have fpeedy returns his enterprize, gave a full Amet being intent upon to treat with power to one of his kans or governors the anfwers which the ambaffador according to and Bagdat being fhould be fent from Conftantinople, the two chofen for the place of the conferences, plenipotentiaries repair'd thither. firft, That The propofals of Velim Amet were, Bagdat, Moufthey fhould deliver to him Balfora, which he pretended fol, Diarbekir, and Erzerum, of Perfia. Seanciently belong'd to the kingdom at Mecca, That there fhould be a molque condly, might offer their prayers where the Perfian and pilgrims that in this city they might enin their own way, religion. Thirdly, That joy the free exercifeoftheir there to receive tax-gatherers ihould be appointed which fhould come out of for him all the money Perfia. lafted longer than he imaThe fiege of Candahar fince he did not become gin'd it would have done, fixteen months. This mafter of it for fifteen or of the Aghuans, place was the laft intrenchment and 1-had reaily been fo ever appear'd impregnable, of Schah Abas the grcat, to all the kings fincethe days him. Velim Amet found immenle who fucceeded riches Yoi.Il, Q out of for him all the money Perfia. lafted longer than he imaThe fiege of Candahar fince he did not become gin'd it would have done, fixteen months. This mafter of it for fifteen or of the Aghuans, place was the laft intrenchment and 1-had reaily been fo ever appear'd impregnable, of Schah Abas the grcat, to all the kings fincethe days him. Velim Amet found immenle who fucceeded riches Yoi.Il, Q --- Page 236 --- Olfarvations spon Asra, riches in it; for the Aghuans bad amafs'd fpoils of Ipahan and Perfia, all the gold and jewels of the together with all the rebels, brother to the famous crown. The chief of the the firft attempt upon Mahmoud who made fein Kan, was taken and Perfia, deliver'd and was called Huf The fifter of Huffein into his hands. wives, threw being one of the her brother herfelf at his feet, afk'd a emperor's and obtain'd it ; he alfo pardon for to Mahmoud's fon, but he not offer'd liberty dent to accept it, anfiwer'd, that he thinking it prubetter than along with his could not be ceiv'd a penfion. The brother prince, on which herefuccceded Mahmoud of Afzraff, who Aghuans, did not give fo during wife the ufurpation of the officer, for he leave an anfwer to the fame to Mecca, which begg'd to make a officers and foldiers was refus'd him. Moft pilgrimage of the incorporated with his belonging to the Aghuans were After the taking of army. him a great deal of trouble Candahar, and which had coft repofe his army near Kaboul, fatigue, which he went to This is a very confiderable he befieged. journey from city, about fixteen days tories of the Candahar, and fituated in the terribeing only block'd great mogul. It furrender'd after This up for eight days. the Indies. new conqueft The fpread confternation thro' all fent to afk him what emperor his of the Moguls having fwer'd him coldly, that his pretenfions were, he an-. "vifit at Dinabat, the place of defign his was to pay him a if that vifit refidence, and that e be freed from would-be it by troublefome to him, he might "his kingdom. "Tis fending him a year's revenue of anfwer was, but 'tis certain not known what the mogul's his that Velim Amet . project, and conquer'd the Indies, purfu'd This uls having fwer'd him coldly, that his pretenfions were, he an-. "vifit at Dinabat, the place of defign his was to pay him a if that vifit refidence, and that e be freed from would-be it by troublefome to him, he might "his kingdom. "Tis fending him a year's revenue of anfwer was, but 'tis certain not known what the mogul's his that Velim Amet . project, and conquer'd the Indies, purfu'd This --- Page 237 --- AFRICA, and AMERICAI who had affum'd the name of Velim This prince, order'd himicif to be calldSchah Amet, afrerwards king, and Nader is his Nader. Schah fignifies Kouit-kan, or Thamaskan a name, proper forThamas with which Schah Thamas is only a borrowd him name in confideration of his important had honour'd fervices. of-a fature tall and well proKouli-kan was majeflie mien, of a valt genius, portion'd, of-a even to ralhneis. He was very bold and daring he formed, and equally. active fecret in the projects he all himfelf, in the execution of them 5 him(clf govera'd obey'd, his orand knew how to make nor delays 5 a ders fuffer'd neither reprefentations foon as he teltify'd the perfon was criminal as them, however diffleaft repugnance to execute the caufe was foon de-. cult chey might appear; imalleft fign he made, his ferr cided, for on the criminals in his prefence, and a vants ftrangled into the the ftreet. lt was by an extreme threw the body the imalleft contradictions that feverity in punifhing he acquir'd fo abfolure an authority. he confulted In the diftribution of employments 5 he. duiplac'd neither birth, talents, nor former experience and all the great men of the in government, their ftcad 5 his fubftiruted worthlefs cheir creatures merit, andas he advanc'd choice conftituted all fo he turn'd them of them without great care, The leatt fufpicion. oF without much ceremony. made them defcend to the fubject of complaint had rifen, and reduced them to place whence they their primitive ftate. Perfia in fo defpotic a No prince ever was govern'd fo facred as his will; religion, manner 5 nothing and all things elfc, were oblig'd to laws, cuftoms, is more refpected by the yicld to it, Nothing Perlians Q2 all fo he turn'd them of them without great care, The leatt fufpicion. oF without much ceremony. made them defcend to the fubject of complaint had rifen, and reduced them to place whence they their primitive ftate. Perfia in fo defpotic a No prince ever was govern'd fo facred as his will; religion, manner 5 nothing and all things elfc, were oblig'd to laws, cuftoms, is more refpected by the yicld to it, Nothing Perlians Q2 --- Page 238 --- Offervations upor Asta, Perfians than religion, efpecially the which prevails among them. fect of Hali, folemn ceremonies ofit, reform'd Hebanifh'd the moft and under fevere the form of prayer, ation of anathemas penalties forbad the pronuncifect. The moft zealous againft the adverfaries of that fecret; but durft not complain were content to groan in bidden by Mahomet, was publicly. his Wine, forferently to every by orders fold indifmade the leaft body, and neither rich nor poor He fcruple to drink it. kept his troops in a much more cipline than the eaftern exaét dif made them advance princes generally do ; he them to difcharge more orderly, and taught more towns he befieg'd, his properly. As for the them up, and force them principal fecret was to block famine, the want of to furrender through tillery, or of perfons who engincers, could the defeét of arreafon, the fieges he form'd ufe it. For this long; that of Ganges coft him were generally very tho' the Mufcovites furnifh'd ten whole months, tars, and grenades, all which him with bombs, morhim. were of little ufe to When he went to the conqueft of left his eldeft fon at Mafchat, the Indies, he Lieutenant-general of the and eftablifh'd him with the whole regal kingdom, intrufting him In a fublequent authority in his abfence. was the fuccefs of chapter the the reader will fee what Kouli-kan in the expedition of the famous empire of the great mogul, CHAP --- Page 239 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA: CHAI P. XXIV. wbich bave binder'd tbe Cbinefe from Reafons tbeir turn for judicial perfedting afronomy ; and of tbeir affrology 5 tbe fidelity books fincerity by bifory; boro their ancient proferibd tbe Chinefe bave been prefere'd; ; an emperor and tbe time soben it was invented; 3 paper, before its invenbow its defe€t was Japplied the blood long kmon in tion 5 circulation of difcovery of tbe part China ; extraordinary tbe elepbant is lodg'd. wbere tbe gall of aftronomical obfervations formerly made TH by the Chinefe, are found in their books hiftories, of their treatifes of aftronomy, or confift in other in twenty-fix inconteftable antiquity. which They have been calculated in ecliples of the fun been found to in the year, Europe, and have the happen Chinefe authors. month, and day fpecified by that the Chinefe have alIt is not to be deny'd but it is not eafy to deways applied to aftronomy, of their firft termine the degree of knowledge confult their hiftory, we mathematicians. If we ordering fome of them to find their firft emperors the cycle, and others to make regulate or reform and to obferve the heavens 5 inftruments and globes, order'd to ftudy numbers, fome of them were others the kalendar. The emothers mufic, and in thefe defigns, perors themfelves of are the concern'd blood are employ'd in the and the princes execution of them. they were order'd to Whether the inftruments invention we know not, make were of their own but Q3 ordering fome of them to find their firft emperors the cycle, and others to make regulate or reform and to obferve the heavens 5 inftruments and globes, order'd to ftudy numbers, fome of them were others the kalendar. The emothers mufic, and in thefe defigns, perors themfelves of are the concern'd blood are employ'd in the and the princes execution of them. they were order'd to Whether the inftruments invention we know not, make were of their own but Q3 --- Page 240 --- Obfervatins tpon ASTA, but 'tis certa'n that the firft inftruments mentioned in the beginning of the Chinefe from the perfection of thofe us'd in hiftory were far were however fuflicient for the ehd Europe. They is, to regulate the feafons with propofed, that vernment of. the people, and the refpect culturé to the lands; to of BRc determine the lunations of each folar kalendar. year, to'intercalate properly; and to maké a ufeful For this purpofe, it was not for them to fee the fatellites of necefary and fings of Saturn, nor to obferve all Jupiter, thé the precifion of the prefent accuracy and copes, and only uis'd age. They had no telefaffift the but long Pipes, which might indeed light, not difcover every thing to be feen at prefent in the heavens. It will no doubt appear furprifing that the Chinefe, who have a confiderable fund of and a vivacity which penetrates into things, genius, fince we fee them ficcéed in other branches which Jels reach of thought than have require no farther advances in this aftronomy, not made fcience; but the the principal caufes of this. following are Firft, they who might diftinguifh themfelves this way, have no recompence to expect. In their in hiftory-we find the negligence of their mathematicians punifh'd, but we meet with none whofe bour has been rewarded, or whofe laobferve the heavens has rais'd him above application to All that. can be expeéted by thofe who live indigence, the tribunal of mathematics, is to arrive at the in firft employments of that tribunal, but the falaries of thefe are hardly fufficient for a moderate fubfiftence 5 for this tribunal is't not but fubordinate to that of the ceremonies fovereign, depends. It is not thofe on which it whofe among nine tribunals, prefidents are afiembled to deliberate of the important 'd him above application to All that. can be expeéted by thofe who live indigence, the tribunal of mathematics, is to arrive at the in firft employments of that tribunal, but the falaries of thefe are hardly fufficient for a moderate fubfiftence 5 for this tribunal is't not but fubordinate to that of the ceremonies fovereign, depends. It is not thofe on which it whofe among nine tribunals, prefidents are afiembled to deliberate of the important --- Page 241 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA: affairs of the cmpirc. In a word, as the important objects of their ftudy are not in this world, fo they have almoft no claim to any thing in it. If the prefident of the tribunal being rich, and a lover of aftronomy, fhould endeavour to perfect it, oblervations, or to reform the method to multiply them, there would foon be a general of making the members of the tribunal. 6; To uproar among fhould we throw Cc what purpofe, would they fay, which expofe - cc ourfelves into new perplexities, <6 us to commit faults which are always punith'd 66 by the retrenchment of one or two years falary.? ce Is not this feeking to die of hunger in order to sc render ourfelves ufeful to others 2 of The fecond caufe which hinders the progrefs this fcience is, that there is nothing cither at home or abroad to excite and roufe their emulation. If China had in its neighbourhood a kingdom which cultivated the iciences, and whole authors were Caof detedting the errors of the Chinefe in points pable perhaps the Chinefe would awake out of aftronomy, and the empcrors would be more of their lethargy, careful to advance this fcience. leaft There is little emulation at home, or at This it is fo weak that it is hardly perceptible. far from happens, becaufe the ftudy of aftronomy is being the road which conducts to riches and honours; the principal way to arrive at preferment, is the ftudy of the king, of hiftory, of the laws, and of morality a it confifts in learning what they call the ouent-chang, thatis, to write. politely, and. in terms well adapted to the fubjedt treated ; by this means obtain the degree of doctor, after which they people and in fuch credit that they do not are honour'd, the conveniencies of life; for they are foon long want. after made mandarins. Befides, Q4 arrive at preferment, is the ftudy of the king, of hiftory, of the laws, and of morality a it confifts in learning what they call the ouent-chang, thatis, to write. politely, and. in terms well adapted to the fubjedt treated ; by this means obtain the degree of doctor, after which they people and in fuch credit that they do not are honour'd, the conveniencies of life; for they are foon long want. after made mandarins. Befides, Q4 --- Page 242 --- Obfervations upon AsIA, Befides, we muft not imagine that in order obtain this degree, people muft to their lives, fince in the examinations pore upon books all years at Peking, thofe who obtain made evéry three doctor, the number of whom is fix'd the degree of and fifty, are to a hundred ty-four and generally no more than between twenthirty years of age. The chofen among the moft learned hanlins are pointed to write hiftory, and the doctors, are apthem in the moft important affairs. emperor confults dy, thofe are taken who are fent into From the their boto examine the compofitions of the literati, provinces to be made batchelors and licentiates. in order If from the beginning of the monarchy it been eftablifh'd, that there fhould be doétors of aftro- had nomy, and that they fhould not be admitted the tribunal till after the moft rigid examination into they had given fufficient proofs of their would have been made merit, they prefidents of the grand tribunals governors of provinces, or this means both mathematics ofthe court,, and by W ould have been honoured. and their profeffors The Chinefe are more pleas'd with aftrology than aftronomy; forifaChinele is told that he will foon a mandarin, the aftrologer is forthwith paid for his be predidlion, What is furprifing is, that in China there are blind pcople who pretend to be mafters of judicial aftrology, and predic the good or bad tunes of their fellow creatures, fornefe of any fenfe are upbraided When the Chifwer, that tho' they with this, they antheir willingly hear what flatters felf-love, yet they are not fimple to believe that thefe blind creatures know enough of-futurity 3 that the credulous vulgar only any believe thing their predictions, and that for if à themfeives, bring fuch people into their houfes, it is becaufe they they rology, and predic the good or bad tunes of their fellow creatures, fornefe of any fenfe are upbraided When the Chifwer, that tho' they with this, they antheir willingly hear what flatters felf-love, yet they are not fimple to believe that thefe blind creatures know enough of-futurity 3 that the credulous vulgar only any believe thing their predictions, and that for if à themfeives, bring fuch people into their houfes, it is becaufe they they --- Page 243 --- and AMERICA, AFRICA, fing well, and A tell their they play upon inftruments, ftory agrecably. that the Chinefe We are by no means toimagine the advancement of fpelanguage is an obftacle to the moft fkilful mantcheous culative knowledge, fince has fine turns, deconfefs that the Chinelel language to which the licate expreffions, and a laconicifm attain that a fmall mantcheou language cannot produce ; in the mind, number of Chinele charaéters and difficult to be ideas which are grand, noble, language ; and that ifin transfus'd into any other none difcourfe it is fufceprable of equivocations, yet of thefe are ever found in their books. of the Chiand veracity : As for the fincerity find that they like other nefe hiftory, we do not drawn from intereft or the nations have had reafons countries, to alter or falfify jealoufy of the adjacent enumeraIt confits in a very fimple their hiftory. facts, which may ferve by way tion of the principal Their hiftoof model and inftruétion to pofterity. defirous of comfinceré, and feem only rians appear do not affert fuch things as they ing at truth ; they and when they cannot agrée among think dubious, or duration of a themifelves about the fhorter longer other reign, or of a whole dynafty, or any particular their reafons, and leave every reader fact, they. give to take which fide he pleafes: hiftorians fearch for the We do not find that their remoteft it does origin of their nation in the ages; that they think being old an honour, not even appear of a nation confifts in its antiquinor that the glory fhould not fee the Chinefe auty ; if it was fo, we the times before Fo-hi, till thefe thors callin queftion would not fay, that fincé Fo-hi to of Hoangti; they uncertain reigns ; that it is not agreed Yao there-are between, Chin-nong and whether the emperors Hoangti remoteft it does origin of their nation in the ages; that they think being old an honour, not even appear of a nation confifts in its antiquinor that the glory fhould not fee the Chinefe auty ; if it was fo, we the times before Fo-hi, till thefe thors callin queftion would not fay, that fincé Fo-hi to of Hoangti; they uncertain reigns ; that it is not agreed Yao there-are between, Chin-nong and whether the emperors Hoangti --- Page 244 --- Olfervations upon AsIA; Hoangti follow'd each other they might be only tributary fuccellively : and that porary officers. princes or great cotem- "Tis true fome Chinefe authors have empire begin a prodigious number of made their Fo-his but in China 'tis well years before this calculation is the effeét of enough known that defign, and that they have been ignorance rather than fpurious epochas of fome aftronomers. decciv'd by the hiftory of China The grand fays no fuch thing, but paying any regard to the fabulous times without fixes the beginning of the empire in the before Fo-hi, prince. reign of that Tis not to be believ'd that the arcient Chinefe books refembled burning of the which in a few hours is reduc'd that of a library, bookswere not prohibited, fince to afhes. All the 6 and among the : reft, fuch fome were excepted, fubjeéts, and in the fcrutiny as were on medicinal were found to made for them, means the litérati fav'd preferve à vaft a great many volumes, and and walls, became number 5 for caves, tombs, afylums againft the ranny. They gradually gencral tymonuments of brought out thefe valuable without any antiquity, which began to danger under the emperor appear is, about fifty-four years after the Venti, that five king, and the philofophical burning. The and Mencius were found, works of Confucius Some perhaps cannot believe the the ancient books, on account of the prefervation of Chinefe paper, which, they fay, is fo thinnefs of the ftroy'd by duft and worms, that quickly deoblig'd to renew their libraries. they are continually But 'tis to be obferv'd, that in the time of Chi-hoang fmall plates they of only wrote on the bark, or on bamboo, which are calily preferv'd. Paper burning. The and Mencius were found, works of Confucius Some perhaps cannot believe the the ancient books, on account of the prefervation of Chinefe paper, which, they fay, is fo thinnefs of the ftroy'd by duft and worms, that quickly deoblig'd to renew their libraries. they are continually But 'tis to be obferv'd, that in the time of Chi-hoang fmall plates they of only wrote on the bark, or on bamboo, which are calily preferv'd. Paper --- Page 245 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. was not invented till fixty years after, under Paper of Venti of the dynalty of Han; and there the reign forts of it, that it cannot be faid in geare fo many all the Chinefe paper is thin, weak, and neral that fome of it is indeed fo, but this of fhort duration ; for writing, fince there are other fpecics is not us'd cannot be afcrib'd. kinds to which thefe bad qualities when the Corians We are not abfolutely certain tho' it is probable began their paper manufaéture, Chinefe, who made this invention foon pafs'd to the. It is form'd it in a more folid and durable manner. fo that 'tis no of cotton, and is as ftrong as ftuff, Chinefe hard matter to write on it with a pencil. alum If it is to be wrote upon with European otherwife pens, the water muit frft be laid over it, writing would fink. that the Corians pay "Tis partly in this paper furnifh the palace their tributé to the emperor 5 they fame time import a with it every year, and at the who do deal, which they fell to the Chinefe, becaufe great not buy it for writing but for window-lights, than their own 3 it refifts the wind and rain better of it ; they oyl this paper, and make large rub it fquares between their it is alfo us'd'by taylors, who after which hands till it is as foft as the fineft habits ftuff, ; it is even they ufe it inftead ofcotton to line well better than cotton, which, when not quilted, into knots. It is remarkable of this paper, gathers that if it is too thick for the ufe intended, we may divide it into two or three layers or leaves, er of which are ftronger, and torn with more difficulty, than the beft ordinary paper. which for Let us now confider the knowledge, of'the circulation of the Chinefe have bad many ages, afthe blood. All the Chinefe phyficians have generally known the fure us, that their ancient thro' mafters the whole body, and Grçulation of the blood thac It is remarkable of this paper, gathers that if it is too thick for the ufe intended, we may divide it into two or three layers or leaves, er of which are ftronger, and torn with more difficulty, than the beft ordinary paper. which for Let us now confider the knowledge, of'the circulation of the Chinefe have bad many ages, afthe blood. All the Chinefe phyficians have generally known the fure us, that their ancient thro' mafters the whole body, and Grçulation of the blood thac --- Page 246 --- Olfervations upon Asra, that this circulation was fels call'd kinglo, which perform'd by means of vef They fay that they believe are the arteries and veins. thefe great mafters, that the it on the authority of demonftrates it, but that they beating know of the pulfe alfo what manner the blood is not exaétly in out of the lungs, nor how it diftributed on its coming have, as they fay, an old returns book, to them. They chou-king, which gives the intituled, Kantis difficult to be explication of it, but it ries wrote upon it underftood, do and the commentatelligible not render it much 5 they add, that as this more inledge is not neceffary for the piece of know. are unwilling to lofe their time in cure of difeafes, they "Tis true, that when we hear acquiring the it. cians fpeak on the' principles of Chinefe phyfino great juftnefs nor folidity in their difeafes, we find when they prefcribe for difeafes, reafonings ; but known from the beating of the which they have indications which they draw from pulfe the and from the of the head, we generally find that their different parts that produce falutary effeéts, which renders it remedies they who have left thefe probable, pofterity, join'd theory to receipts or remedics to ticular knowledge of the practice, and had a parand humours in the human circulation of the blood fcendants have only retain'd body, the and that their deWith refpeét to this, the practical part. a moft extraordinary fact, and following appears to be truth in Peking. pafles for a certain About fixty years ago, the of the emperor Chang-hi, had emprefé, grandmother eyes, which would a diforder in her medicines yieid to none of the ophthalmic prefcrib'd by the Chinefe They were importun'd by the phyficians. khowing how to extricate emperor, and. not themfelves, one of them remember'd to this, the practical part. a moft extraordinary fact, and following appears to be truth in Peking. pafles for a certain About fixty years ago, the of the emperor Chang-hi, had emprefé, grandmother eyes, which would a diforder in her medicines yieid to none of the ophthalmic prefcrib'd by the Chinefe They were importun'd by the phyficians. khowing how to extricate emperor, and. not themfelves, one of them remember'd --- Page 247 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA: remember'd to have heard that the gall of an eleto cure diforders of the eyes. The phant was proper forthwith approv'd the medicine, or other phyficians the of mind of him who mention'd rather prefence that the emits for they were thoroughly perfuaded However, they would not make trial of it. peror decciv'd; for he forthwith order'd an elephant were be kill'd and the gall-bladder to be brought to to him. This command was foon executed in the prefence of the phyficians, furgeons, officers, and * a vaft crowd of fpeétators ; but they were all furpriz'd, taking out the liver there was no gallwhen, upon found. They divided the lobes of the liver bladder they could find any marks of it, and fearch'd to feeif into the neighbouring parts, but nothing diligently which had the fmalleft refemblance to the appear'd He who had given the receipt was ftruck with gall. fweat broke out all over his terror, and a profufe he would have been pubody, becaufe he thought the ufelefs çaufe of the death nifh'd for having been the of this large animal belonging to imperial cquipage. It was requifite to give an account to the emperor of what had pafs'd. This prince anfwer'd, that that the phyficians had not been careful enough, or they were ignorant ; on which he call'd the han-lin, the doctors, and fuch of the nine tribunals as pais'd for literati of the firft order. They affembled, but whether thro'ignorance, or a dreado ofinvolvingthemfelves in danger to no purpofe, they gave no pofitive anfwer, and only reafon'd in a fupericial and inconclufive manner. At laft appear'd a batchelor, call'd Tehcoue-hifing-yven, who without hefitation affirm'd that the elephant had a gall, but that they had in vain fought for it in the liver, where it was not 5 that the gall of this animal pafs'd thro'all the --- Page 248 --- Obfersations zpon Asra, the body, according to the different feafons of the year 5 and that is was then in its leg ; he alfo ted a book from which he had got this picce quo- of knowledge, and mention'd the author's name. The furprife was general; ; the trial was made in prefence of the batchelor, and a greater crowd of people than appear'd before. ever was found, and carried Thegall-bladder in howperor, who fecingit, triumph to the em-, Sc cry'd out in a tranfport, C can be call'd a learned man if Who Ec is not fuch?" At the fame this batchelor is inftant, without examination, he made him hanlin, and foon any fent him into the province of after lity of hia-yven, that is, chief fexaminator Tche-kiang, in quaof the literati. Three after and judge court, and made him years he call'd him to What is related in the prefident book of a tribunal. lor runs thus. <6 The quoted by the batcheG6 is not in the liver, but gall-bladderof the clephant <6 in the fpring it is in the left follows the four feafons 5 < mer in the right, in the fore-leg, in the fumC6 behind, and in winter in the autumn 39 in the left-leg adds, that under the fecond right. The hiftory nafty. of emperor of the Song, an elephant dy'd in the dythis prince order'dits (pring, that gall to be taken not findingit, he out, and that to be apply'd to Huien, who order'd it fought forin the left-leg, where it was found, actually CHAP 5 < mer in the right, in the fore-leg, in the fumC6 behind, and in winter in the autumn 39 in the left-leg adds, that under the fecond right. The hiftory nafty. of emperor of the Song, an elephant dy'd in the dythis prince order'dits (pring, that gall to be taken not findingit, he out, and that to be apply'd to Huien, who order'd it fought forin the left-leg, where it was found, actually CHAP --- Page 249 --- and AMERICA: AFRICA, CHAP. XXV. fome ifands of the ArcbipeDefcription ef Serpbo, Thermia, Andros, lagos of Sypbanto, tbe extent and fortility and Apano Caftros and animals found of tbefe Handi; ; fruits inbabitants. charaiter of tbe tbere ; about fftcen leagues i0land of Syphantoiss the climate is mild, the THE circunferences ; with fprings of beautiful, and abounding olivecountry clear water 3 they have a great many oils : wines, very from which they obtain admirable are very trees, pulfes, fruits, capers, and cotton, and corns, in this ifand, and lemon, orange, if the plentiful other trees would be much more commor, them. natives were at the pains to cultivate to have been very. rich, Thisilland feems formerly fhew. us a vaft number of mines, fince the inhabitants they obrain'd a great deal of whence they pretend alfo there find the remains of gold and Glver ; we ?tis probable, they purified the the furnaces, where, taken from the mines. In the metals as they were Venetian chymift came to make a laft war a Aailful and from eighty pounds trial on one of thefe obtain'd places, cighteen ounces of very of the mineral good flver. of Syphanto are humane, affable, The people they fpeak a very fweer and fomeand laborious ; Greek than. that of the other what lefs corrupted habitations confift in a large boiflanders ; all their with walls and defended by a rough, furrounded confiderable villages, which concaftle, and in. eight inhabitants. The whole of tain about fix thoufand confifts in ftuffs and carshee ware. their commerce TLo obtain'd places, cighteen ounces of very of the mineral good flver. of Syphanto are humane, affable, The people they fpeak a very fweer and fomeand laborious ; Greek than. that of the other what lefs corrupted habitations confift in a large boiflanders ; all their with walls and defended by a rough, furrounded confiderable villages, which concaftle, and in. eight inhabitants. The whole of tain about fix thoufand confifts in ftuffs and carshee ware. their commerce TLo --- Page 250 --- Obferoations. upon AsIA, Tho' the bifhop of Greece refides at yet his diocefe comprehends cight other Syphanto, iflands, namely Serpho, Miconi, Amourgo, Nio, Stampalia, Naphy, Sichgre, and Policandro. there are forty-five parifhes, and a vaft InSyphanto number of chapels fcatter'd herc and there, on the hills and in the plains. There are five monafteries, three for two for women. We find only fix Latin men, families and in the whole ifland, and thefe came from other parts. The ifland of Serpho is twelve miles in circumference. The foil is dry, mountainous, and full of rocks, fo that the country is as frightful as to is Imiling and agrceable. Here they have Syphan- but little corn and wine, and very few trees. There are a good many cattle and fheep for fo dry and parched a country 5 and tho' thefe animals browfc on the herbs and fhrubs which only here and there among the rocks, ipring up lean, and their fleeces are fine yet they are not Serpho alfo very and beauriful.. tain feafons produces of very good faffron, and at certhe year we there fee a number of large red partridges, as are all prodigious thofc of thefe iflands, where it is rare to find fuch as are In this ifland there are two minesof iron, and grey. two very beautiful quarries of load-ftone. The principal abode of the inhabitants is in a large borough fituated on the top of a mountain about a league from the fea; and fteep in a about a league from the borough, and both village contain only about eight hundred inhabitants. The people are poor, unciviliz'd, fpeak a very corrupt Greek, and pronounce it with a and ridiculous tone. The ifland in very filly ters is govern'd by the vicar of the bifhop ipiritual of mat- Syphanto, Ther mia two very beautiful quarries of load-ftone. The principal abode of the inhabitants is in a large borough fituated on the top of a mountain about a league from the fea; and fteep in a about a league from the borough, and both village contain only about eight hundred inhabitants. The people are poor, unciviliz'd, fpeak a very corrupt Greek, and pronounce it with a and ridiculous tone. The ifland in very filly ters is govern'd by the vicar of the bifhop ipiritual of mat- Syphanto, Ther mia --- Page 251 --- and AMERICA: AFRICA, diftant from Thermia is about twelve leagues from the therma This ifland took its name Serpho. rendered it fo famous. or hot baths, which formerly fifteen in circumfeIt is about fourteén or leagues yet it is not rence, and" tho' the land is cultivated, befides wheat and fertile, fince it producés little and élfe there are almoft no barley. The wine is bad, borough in the trees to be feen. There is a large village middle of the ifand, and a confiderable In thefe from this borough. about two leagues there are about four thoufand pertwo habitations the north ând the weft appear on fons. Between remains of an old caftle with an eminence, the and the rubbifh of two Latin many ruin'd houfes, the fouth we fee the ruins of. churches. Towards which muft have been fpacious and an ancient city; well builr. is about twenty leagues from The ife of Andros but The mountains there are very high, Thermia. agrecable, fince they are adorned the valleys equally houfes and beautiful garwith a number of country verdure by the dens, which are kept in a perpetual We here find a great rivulets which water them. pomegranate, orange, lernon, cedar, fig, many trees generally of an uncomjujube ând mulberry mon bulk; of the ifland which is next to CaAt the point lies the harof Negropont, podoro; a promontory of containing a confiderbour of Gavrio, capable adjacent to the port are deable fleet. The parts of the ifland are not much fart, and moft parts its extent 5 for it conbetter peopled, confidering The borough, or tains only five thoufand perfons. Andros, confifts of five as they call it the city the of north on a flip of land hundred houfes built to and forms on each fide a which runs into the fea, fnall VoL.II. R ontory of containing a confiderbour of Gavrio, capable adjacent to the port are deable fleet. The parts of the ifland are not much fart, and moft parts its extent 5 for it conbetter peopled, confidering The borough, or tains only five thoufand perfons. Andros, confifts of five as they call it the city the of north on a flip of land hundred houfes built to and forms on each fide a which runs into the fea, fnall VoL.II. R --- Page 252 --- Obfervations tpon AsIA, fmall bay, which is far from being a fafe On the point of this land we fee the ruins of harbour. caftle built after the manner of the ancient an old Within the walls there is a fortreffes. whofe windows are built of pretty beautiful beautiful palace, marble. The walls abound with the coats and well cut and the cyphers of the lords of arms the ifland belong'd, and whoafter Summaripa, the to whom Turks came to fettle at Naxia. Four invalion of the of this city we find another habitation leagues fouth call'd Caftro, which in thefe iflands is a common Apano for every thing which was anciently built name nence. on an emiAbout a hundred and fifty years not containing a number of. perfons fufficient ago, this ifland tivate it, they fent for fome Albanefe to culmultiplied families, who divided confiderably, and whom they afterwards into two villages, three leagues diftant each other, the one called Auna, andl the other from Molakos. The principal men of the ifand are from a number of families who defcended. Athens. Thefe formerly came from the reafon poffefs the richeft lands, which is why the vulgar are live out of town, and never very poor. They treat about public come to it," except to nefs, About affairs, or tranfact their own bulififty years ago a pirate of came to pillage the ifand, for which reafon Cioutat have built fmail caftles in the form of they fend themfelves from future towers to deinfults. Andros has a bifhop, who refides the city. Befides two fmall Greek generally in are in the ifland, there are alfo two churches which for inonks and nuns. large monafteries There were formerly in this ifland eight hundred church, but moft of them were --- Page 253 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. 243. which rag'd in the icut off by a general plague banifh'd themfelves to fliun ifland. The rett cither the Greek the perfecution of the Grecks, or join'd church. Caftro is a large vally furrounded with Apano with hamlets. On the declilittle hills all cover'd fifteen or twenty towers bevities of thefe hills are cf the ifland. What longing to the principal men here, is the remainder of appears the moft fingular the cupola ftill ancient church or temple; a very and feems to be built in a fine taite, and fubfifts, confifts of well-polifh'd white and the pavement delicately wrought into the forms of black marble rofes and flowers. CHAP. XXVI. in Ufefiulnes of tbe Chinefe gazette;, feflivat city to bonour tbe perfims mok difinevery for tbeir probitys anotber regulation guifbed merit ; ef pearis, exto encourage hbing ancient laws re-, traôled from. a memorial; newed in favour of infirm and aged parents; a facrifice in tbe beginning tbe emperor ofers and fets about tilling tbe tbe Spring, Lf not with the Chjnefe gazette as it is with 'TEF of thofe printed in Europe, in which infert whatever they pléafe, whether good people without any. diftinétion. They print nocr bad, but what has either thing in the Chinefe gazette, or comes from him. been prefented to the emperor, The R 2 . a memorial; newed in favour of infirm and aged parents; a facrifice in tbe beginning tbe emperor ofers and fets about tilling tbe tbe Spring, Lf not with the Chjnefe gazette as it is with 'TEF of thofe printed in Europe, in which infert whatever they pléafe, whether good people without any. diftinétion. They print nocr bad, but what has either thing in the Chinefe gazette, or comes from him. been prefented to the emperor, The R 2 --- Page 254 --- Obfervaticns upon AsIA, The perfons who have the charge of it dare add noching, not fo muchas their own reflcctions, under pain of corporal punifhment. This gazette contains almoft all the public affairs tranfacted thro' the whole empire. It is a colleétion of all the memorials and petitions emperor, the anfwers he makes, the prefented inftruétions to the gives, and the favours he grants either to the he darins or the people. This colleétion is manevery day in form of a pamphlet, printed or feventy. pages. But this is only containing true of fixty chat printed at Pcking; for that printed in,the is fhorter, becaufe it contains fewer memorials. provinces Theancient Chinefe emperors, in order to enforce virtue, were not content to tranfmit to very wife laws, and refin'dmaxims of pofterity for this purpofe have alfo regulated certain morality, but cuftoms. Onc of the moft admirable of thefe external is feaft, which the governor of each city muft a every year, for fuch as are diftinguithed on account prepare of their integrity ând regular conduét. This feaft is held in the name and by the order of the The governor, in regaling thefe virtuous guefts, emperor, is' thought to hold the place of his majefty, and muft only invite fuch as are within the extent of his own government, for which reafon this feaft is called kiang-in, the feaft or the wine for the people of the. country, It isa great honour to be invited to it, and at the fàme time an contraéted to behave in a virtuous manner. engagement If afterwards any of thefe guefts fhould negleét "his duty, or give a bad example even in the flighteft things, the honour conferr'd upon him turns to his confufion, he is fufficiently upbraided, and do not fail to ridicule him. thepcople The is called kiang-in, the feaft or the wine for the people of the. country, It isa great honour to be invited to it, and at the fàme time an contraéted to behave in a virtuous manner. engagement If afterwards any of thefe guefts fhould negleét "his duty, or give a bad example even in the flighteft things, the honour conferr'd upon him turns to his confufion, he is fufficiently upbraided, and do not fail to ridicule him. thepcople The --- Page 255 --- and AMERICA. AFRICA, to the emThe following is a memorial prefented feaft. peror in 1725, concerning this remoteft ages, the wife < We fee that in the had ordered as a < founders of this monarchy there Ahould E: 66 petual cuftom,. that every cities year of the empire, by 66 feaft prepared in all the of the emperor, 6 the order and at the expences of the country who were <5 and that only the pcople fhould be invited to 6 illuftrious. for their probity intended to be hoc it. By this means virtue was interrupted. se nour'd, This cuftom was gradually obferv'd'; or In feveral places it was no longer s it was in -fo fuperficial a manner, as e se if it was, the end of fo ufeful an inftitution. S not to anfwer fet upon the throne, c Scarce was your majefty this beautiful regulation, and c till you attended to it. In the firft year of se gave orders to renew edict ordered, that C reign, you by an exprefs and - your it fhould be exaétly oblerv'd <c for the future where with pomp. To conce celebrated every of majefty, I to the orders your, 65 form myfelf fifteenth of the frft moon for this €6 have fix'd the invité to it the Tartars and Fe feaft. I fhall equally for their virtue, that c Chinefe who are celebrated and fhare the bounty of your majefty, s all may contribute to the reformation cc that. thishonour may c manners. 22 - of after the emperor iffued out an order, Some time to honour great declaring that it was not enough alfo during their lives,, but thatit was neceffary men to them after death; that they to pay a refpeét the hiftories of each province and fhould ranfack without diftinétion either of fex, city, and examine whether there were any age, quality or condition, in any way, to whom no perions who had excell'd after his death. Among fuch honour has been paid men R 3 emperor iffued out an order, Some time to honour great declaring that it was not enough alfo during their lives,, but thatit was neceffary men to them after death; that they to pay a refpeét the hiftories of each province and fhould ranfack without diftinétion either of fex, city, and examine whether there were any age, quality or condition, in any way, to whom no perions who had excell'd after his death. Among fuch honour has been paid men R 3 --- Page 256 --- Obfervations upon AstA, men were thofe who had been famous for their tue or their learning, thofe who had done fomeim- virportant fervice to the empire, whether at the bar or in the field; thofe who had aflifted the, in times of calamity ; thofe who had laid down people their lives for the fake of their prince. the men, were the widows, who after Among their hufbands wodeaths had lived long in the ftricteft and died without marrying a fecond time ; chaftity, married WOmen, whohad diftinguifhed chemfelvesbytheir and love to their hufbands. Girls, who had refpect fo inviolable a chaftiry, as rather to lofe preferved than their virtue. : His their lives fhould be taken majefty order'd that money out of the imperial to ereét fome monument to their memories, treafury, in their refpeétive countries; and that every year the vernar fhould, on a ftated day, go and gofome honour. This ediét pay them being were made in all the provinces and pafs'd, cities, and fearehés the viceroys fent their informations to the court with the name and illuftrious deeds of the perfon who merited this diftinétion. The following is a memorial prefented in confequence of the emperor's ediét. Cc According to the ediét <6 jefty, for ereéting publifhed by your ma46 dows, monuments in honour of wiwomen, and who cc themfelves famous for girls, have rendered. <G chaftity, love of their rents, and reétitude of pa56 and the viceroy. of Canton, morals, the tlong-tom, <6 city of Sinhcei reprefent, that in the 6C a young woman named was in her lifetime fo Leang 66 markable diflinguifh'd for her re66 chaftity, as to lofe her life rather than cc part with it. This girl was of an amiable natural difpofition, poffeiled with 46 favour'd with great probity, and great beaury. In the fifteenth year < of pa56 and the viceroy. of Canton, morals, the tlong-tom, <6 city of Sinhcei reprefent, that in the 6C a young woman named was in her lifetime fo Leang 66 markable diflinguifh'd for her re66 chaftity, as to lofe her life rather than cc part with it. This girl was of an amiable natural difpofition, poffeiled with 46 favour'd with great probity, and great beaury. In the fifteenth year < of --- Page 257 --- hr KA L -/. fome having made Ce of the rcign of Canghi, pirates the virtue C6 adefcent on the coaft, made an attack on and would by no c6 of young Leang, who refifted, for which 6€ means yield to their infamous defigns, flave. But C reafon the was carried off and made a the G6 tho' the was conftrain'd togo on board a thip, cc had fuch refolution as never to permit the leaft the failors indecency. She anfwer'd abandon'd and when The found cc with infults and reproaches, herfelf GC threw overboard, a favourable opportunity, the to which her < to deliver herlelf from is danger the fact related in €c virtue was expofed. This after 6c the memorial of two officers, and having <6 examined the informations we have fent you, we 6c are of opinion, that fo great virtue deferves to cc be recompens'd; and that to lofe life rather than 6c virginity, is an example which ought to be 6 known, that it may be imitated. For this rea+ cc fon, according to the cuftom of the empire, and Cs the exprefs orders of your majefty, we have re- : folv'd, in honour of this young lady, to erect a < triumphal arch, and a monument of ftone on G6 which this illuftrious aétion thall be defign'd, that < the of it be eternally preferv'd, memory may we advife If your majefty thinks proper, fhàll ec the governor of the place to take thirty crowns 6 from the imperial treafury for this purpofe. Order of the emperor. IAPPROVE OF THE ABOVE REPREENTATION. Fifbing of pearls, taken from a memorial. In a river in Tartary, towards the caft, near Leaothere are abundance of pearls found : every tong, R 4 year be defign'd, that < the of it be eternally preferv'd, memory may we advife If your majefty thinks proper, fhàll ec the governor of the place to take thirty crowns 6 from the imperial treafury for this purpofe. Order of the emperor. IAPPROVE OF THE ABOVE REPREENTATION. Fifbing of pearls, taken from a memorial. In a river in Tartary, towards the caft, near Leaothere are abundance of pearls found : every tong, R 4 year --- Page 258 --- Obfervations spon Asta, year the emperor fends to this fifhery a certain ber ofTartars chofen out of their tribes. numthree firft tribes, which are the moft eight The illuftrious, furnifh out thirty-three numerous and the other five only furnifh companies, and has its captain and ferjeant, thirty-fix; and three cach company command the whole. Some mandarins general officers judges of pearls go along with and who are to have the liberty of them, in order give the emperor elevén fifhing, hundred they muft every year pearls, which is the fettled tribute and the forty-four give five hundred and feventy-fix ; firft tribes prefent muft be tranfparent, and without pearls; thofe they otherwife they are return'd, and others any flaws, in their ftead. When the demanded pearls are examin'd, and if companies there return, their them, the officers àre are too few of inftarice, they are either punifh'd fornegligence, for falary; but if the pearls dicharg'd Or lofe a ycar's come'home in they are rewarded. gréat plenty, Ancient laws reviv'd in fayour 9f infrm and aged parents, The renovation of thefe ancient owing to the following accident. The regulations was a fmall city reprefentéd that his mother governor was of that fhe could not be conduéted to his fo old for which reafon he begg'd of the emperor government, that he might refign his' charge and refide with his in order to perform the offices of a mother, her. 66 What, reply'd the dutiful fon to ce this memorial, it IS emperor upon reading cc made hardly a year fince he was governor" of this city, was his et younger before he went to take mother much 66 office; or if fhe was aged, why did poffeffion he leave of her his P 66 Thé for which reafon he begg'd of the emperor government, that he might refign his' charge and refide with his in order to perform the offices of a mother, her. 66 What, reply'd the dutiful fon to ce this memorial, it IS emperor upon reading cc made hardly a year fince he was governor" of this city, was his et younger before he went to take mother much 66 office; or if fhe was aged, why did poffeffion he leave of her his P 66 Thé --- Page 259 --- AFRICA and AMERICA. demand he makes feems to be a pretext to S The which he does not like. Let C leave a government of Houcquang excc the viceroy of the province and fend me an inforCc amine into this affair, Cc mation. ordain the tribunal which 66 Befides, I fovercign affairs of the mandarins ce ought to infpect all the the ancient 66 to affemble, and more clearly explain leave his charge, G laws which permit an officer to when are to the relief of his parents they 1 and go in 3> ce infirm or advanc'd years. of thele regulations, For the better underftanding to the laws of *tis to be obferv'd, that according of the liteChina, a man cannot be a mandatin, one either in the city or province rati, or a foldier, lives, and if he gets an office in where his family to his own, he muft live in a a province adjoining fifty from it, becaufe place which is at leaft leagues mandarin ought only to confult the public good, a if he holds an, office in his own country he whereas, troubled with the follicitations of his would be friends, and might be in danger of neighbours and in their behalf. They committing fome injuftice not to a fon, a carry this point fo. far as permit mandarin brother, or a nephew, to be a fubordinate where his father, his brother, or his in the province uncle are fuperior the mandarins. chofen to be a mandarin Now, fince perfon if his parents are alive, it muft leave his province them or take them with is neceffary either to quit follow the fon who is him ; generally the parents that made a mandarin, but it frequently happens the father or mother are not fit for long journies, or are afraid left a change of air fhould prove if pre- the judicial to their health. On this occafion, mandarins have other brothers who ftay at home to fuccour arins. chofen to be a mandarin Now, fince perfon if his parents are alive, it muft leave his province them or take them with is neceffary either to quit follow the fon who is him ; generally the parents that made a mandarin, but it frequently happens the father or mother are not fit for long journies, or are afraid left a change of air fhould prove if pre- the judicial to their health. On this occafion, mandarins have other brothers who ftay at home to fuccour --- Page 260 --- aljé, wations ipvri ASiA, fuccour them, or if the parents are not but yet do not chufe to very aged, verthelefs for their honour accompany him, they neof intereft accept of the office, which he oblige him to. after having accepted it, if the brother readily does; bur parents fhouid dic, if left with the Or far advanc'd theparents are become infirm in : years, or. if the fon has long in a place, then the law permits him been reprefentations to the court, and afk to make up his liberty to throw charge ; but left this permiffion fhould be abus'd, the following I. If any of thofe who regulations were made. draw an come into court either to office after employment by lot, Or to enter again into with his a fatigue of threc years, wants to refide till their grandfather or grandmother to ferve'them death, he ought to communicate his tions to the viceroy of the province, who is intenform the court of it. His demand is to inand as his conduét is laudable, he cafily granted, his rank. may re-enter into 2. If without having told theage of his he accepts of an office, he muft at leaft hold parents it three years 3 and if after three ycars he wants to be them and ferve them, he mutt with T0y whofe fubaltern he is, and who, acquaint after the the vicenary cxamination, lays his cale before the court. ordiit is not a falfe pretext, if he has been If no mifbehaviour, and if heowes guilty of permits him to, retire, and after nothing, the death the of court parents he is permitted to enter into an his the fame degree. office of 3. If during the three firft years any accident has happened, if his parents, who were before in health, are become good with them is infirm, or if the brother he left dead, or out of a condition of them ; in this cafe, without waiting for the expira- ferving ration, If no mifbehaviour, and if heowes guilty of permits him to, retire, and after nothing, the death the of court parents he is permitted to enter into an his the fame degree. office of 3. If during the three firft years any accident has happened, if his parents, who were before in health, are become good with them is infirm, or if the brother he left dead, or out of a condition of them ; in this cafe, without waiting for the expira- ferving ration, --- Page 261 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. three he muft acquaint the vicetion of the years, where he bears bis office, and roy of the province foon as fend a writ the viceroy muft, as pofmible, with his feal to the viceroy of the mandarin's prodefiring him to enquire in a particular place vince, the of fuch a perfon are infirm or whether parents have other children with them 3 aged 3 whether atteftations they of the facts in form, with and to fend of the place. Thefe inthe feal of the mandarins muft be laid before the formations and atteftations they confirm the court, and if they are found the true, death of his parents, requeft. The officer, after if he and wearing mourning for three years, may, like that which he had rCpleafes, obtain a charge figned. this of laying down an office Befices, permiffion the are very rich and keep is granted when parents becaufe the Chinefe fay, that a great many fervants, of whatever quality, not to it is proper for children, to others, either commit the care of their parents to interwhen they are old or infirm. They ought health, to fee them about the ftate of their rogate with their own eyes, and; to ferve them their wants with their own hands. fee the extreme care By thefe fine regulations, we children with of the Grft Chinefe emperors to infpire fince refpeêt, love, and tendernefs for their parents, they have permitted a fon to quit the moft illuftrious faemployments, and leave the court to attend his ther and mother, to folace them in their old age, them to the tomb. In order to and to accompany this filial piety, they have fupport and augment certain external alio order'd children to perform teftify by which they may and political ceremonies, and remembrance of their perpetual gratitude their to, death. By ordering their parents, even after them refpeêt, love, and tendernefs for their parents, they have permitted a fon to quit the moft illuftrious faemployments, and leave the court to attend his ther and mother, to folace them in their old age, them to the tomb. In order to and to accompany this filial piety, they have fupport and augment certain external alio order'd children to perform teftify by which they may and political ceremonies, and remembrance of their perpetual gratitude their to, death. By ordering their parents, even after them --- Page 262 --- Olfervations upon them to honour the dead, they teach Asra, to the living, and what a father does them their duty father, teaches his children what to his deceas'd himfelf during his life. Ina word, they ought to do to for parents, are, as, it were, the bafis love and refpect tion which fupport the and foundaChinefe government. beauty and folidity of the Tbe emperor : the Jpring, afacrifce in tbe begimning of tben dut ground. fets about tilling tbe "Tis a maxim of the Chinefe the emperor muft till the ground, government, and the that fpin. The emperor gives this emprefs that none of them example to the men, emprefs fubmits to may difdain agriculture ; the not dilpute the moft pinning, that the women may their fex. Food and ordinary work belonging to neceffary for life; if the cloathing hufband are the two things fay the Chinefe, the tills the ground, wife fpins the children family will be fed, and if the The tribunal of the will be cloath'd. obferved while the rites regulates the ceremonics It nominates the twelve emperor tills the ground. Firft, accompany him and work illuftrious perfons who muft princes, and nine near him, namely, three If any of the prefidents of the fovercign courts. nominates fubftitutes prefidents are too old, the for them. emperor This remony confifts not only in tilling Secondly, the ceder to excite emulation by his ground in oraccompanied with a facrifice, example, but is alfa he offers to Chang-ti, in order which, ashigh prieft, the people, The fame to obtain plenty for thofe nominated to practice is follow'd by all accompany his majefty, princes, mandarins whether belonging to the literati, or mandarins ftitutes prefidents are too old, the for them. emperor This remony confifts not only in tilling Secondly, the ceder to excite emulation by his ground in oraccompanied with a facrifice, example, but is alfa he offers to Chang-ti, in order which, ashigh prieft, the people, The fame to obtain plenty for thofe nominated to practice is follow'd by all accompany his majefty, princes, mandarins whether belonging to the literati, or mandarins --- Page 263 --- AFRICA and AMERICA. The night beforé this cercdarins of war. Thirdly, chufes fome Jords of the firft quamony, his fends majefty them to the hall of his anceftors to lity, and before their piétures, and tell them, as fall proftrate that the next day the emperor is if they were alive, facrifice. The fame memorial to offer the grand which the feveral trialfo fpecifies the preparations the matter of bunals are to make ; one muft prepare the emthe facrifice, another the words repeated by ereêt and in offering it, and a third muft peror adorn the tents in which the emperor and his retinue dine, if he has order'd dinner : a fourth muft affemble forty or fifty old men, who are labourers by profellion, and who are prefent when the emperor younger labourers are alfo rills the ground : forty the oxen, brought to put the plough in order, yoke and prepare the feeds to be fown. The emperor fows the five kinds of feeds which are thought moft neceflary in China, namely, wheat, rice, millet, beans, and afpecies of millet call'd cao-leang. On the twenty-fourth day of the month the emand all the court are drefs'd in a particular peror and go to the place appointed in order to manner, offer the facrifice of the ipring to Chang-ti, in which they that god to make the fruits of the earth pray them from all accidents 5 for grow, and to preferve before this reafon they offer the facrifice they put their hands to the plough. The place deftin'd for of feet and four this purpofe is a fpot ground ffty inches hign, fome furlongs to the fouth of the city. On one fide of this elevation is the field to be labour'd by the imperial hands. The emperor offers the facrifice, and after the ceremony is over, he defcends, together with the three princes and the prefidents who are to labour along with him 5 fome lords carry the rich coffers which contain the great feeds their hands to the plough. The place deftin'd for of feet and four this purpofe is a fpot ground ffty inches hign, fome furlongs to the fouth of the city. On one fide of this elevation is the field to be labour'd by the imperial hands. The emperor offers the facrifice, and after the ceremony is over, he defcends, together with the three princes and the prefidents who are to labour along with him 5 fome lords carry the rich coffers which contain the great feeds --- Page 264 --- Olfervations upoi AstA, feeds to be fown ; the whole court ceremony.in great filence, The attends the of the plough and mMakes feveral emperor lays hold leavesit a prince of the blood furrows, P when he the reft do.the fame in their Jays hold of it, and tilled the ground in différent turns 3 after having fows the feccis. On this parts, the emperor bour the whole ficld, occalion they do not labut on the profels'd Jabourers till it up. The following days with a rich prefent which the ceremony ends be made to thefe emperor orders to lated, and confifts of labourers; four this prefent is regupieces of given to each of them for cloaths, printed cotton The governor of the of to the fields, which they cultivate city Peking goes often the furrows, and with care, to view L find if it promifes well. examines the crop carefully to governor orders the In the autumn the fame into yellow facks, which grain to be gather'd and put: thefe facks is the imperial are kept in a magazine built colour; for and purpofe. This grain is referv'd for the moft that lemn ceremonies, and when the foto Tien or Chang-ti, he offers emperor facrifices fruit of his hands, and a portion of it as the at a certain feafon of year prefents fome ofit to the manesof his the as if they were ftill alive. anceftors, - - H A P.. --- Page 265 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA, CHA P. XXVII. Decriptioi city ef. Garjam ; bijpory ef tbe idol L tbere.; defeription of Bramextravagant ceremony : of tbe bramins; pour the temple 5 and pagod of. Yagrenat ; bifory of its origin; tbe prodigiaus concour/e and tbe excefs ef at pilgrims to Yagrenat, auferities. is one of the moft trading cities to Gu7 found between Madrafs and Bengale, thing abounds in it, and its harbour is very commodious every ; at the loweft tides its entrance has always five or fix feet water, and nine or ten at the higheft. The inhabitants build a vaft number of veflels, and at a very fmall expence. The facility doubt and greatnefs of the commerce would no if the have invited the European nations thither, their fettlejealoufy of the natives had not' oppos'd the ment. Tho' the people of Ganjam are under dominion of the mogul, yet they think themfelves. poffei'd of perfect liberty, becaufe they are their not oblig'd to havé any Moor for the governor of build city. They will not permit the Europeans 46 to fhould their houfes of brick, for they fay, If we foon build would c6 allow them to ufe bricks, they 9> For this reaC fortreffes, and make uIS captives." fon, in the whole city there is only one grand pagod, all the and the governor's houfe built of brick ; other houfes are built of a fat earth, plaifter'd with lime both within and without, and only cover'd with Araw or rufhes The will not permit the Europeans 46 to fhould their houfes of brick, for they fay, If we foon build would c6 allow them to ufe bricks, they 9> For this reaC fortreffes, and make uIS captives." fon, in the whole city there is only one grand pagod, all the and the governor's houfe built of brick ; other houfes are built of a fat earth, plaifter'd with lime both within and without, and only cover'd with Araw or rufhes The --- Page 266 --- Obfervations tpoit Asra; The city is indiferently large, the ftreets narrow and ill difpos'd, and the people are merous. It is fituated in Ig degrees very nunorth latitude, ona fmall eminence 30 minutes, a quarter of a. mile from its along the river, mherly more confiderable for month: 1 It was formerce, and lay much its richés and 1 comwind nearer the fca, but a violent eafterly madé the fea overflow its banks to drown the city and moft of its fo' as - At Ganjam there is only one inhabitants. tower of a polygonal pagod, which is a high and figure, about cighty fcet this thirty or forty in extent at its bafe, To tower is join'd a kind of hall, in which the is plac'd. This idol, whofe name is idol ferv'd by priefts and devadachi, that Copal, is' of the Thefe iS, thé flaves gods, are ftrumpets, whofe ment is to dance, ring fmall bells in concert, employ- and fing infamous fongs, both in the pagod when fices are offer'd, and in the ftreets when tlie facriis carried in proceffion. idol - The hiftory of the god Copal is very whimfical. About fixty years ago, a forcign merchant an ill made ftatue to that city. It convey'd a man a foot and a half high, with nearly four refembled of which were elevated and extended. In hands, the two two he held. a German Alute. The merchant other pofing his ftatue to fale, a prieft of the idols exlith'd every where that this god had appear'd pubhim, and wanted to be adored at Ganjam, with the to fame folemnity as at Jagrenat. The foolery of the bramin pafs'd for a divine revelation ; the ftatue was bought, and a promife made to build a magnificent temple to it. The governor did not undeceive the people, but impoling a general tax to build the tempic, he found means to raife more money than was atue to fale, a prieft of the idols exlith'd every where that this god had appear'd pubhim, and wanted to be adored at Ganjam, with the to fame folemnity as at Jagrenat. The foolery of the bramin pafs'd for a divine revelation ; the ftatue was bought, and a promife made to build a magnificent temple to it. The governor did not undeceive the people, but impoling a general tax to build the tempic, he found means to raife more money than was --- Page 267 --- and AMERICA: AFRICA, fuch temples as that fufficient to erect two was which he intended. confiderable than GanBrampour is Atill more and riches of its inhabijam, both for the number trade in ftuffs and filks. The tants, and its vaft and have but a fmall attachment people are docile, to idols. ofmorals In Ganjam there is a greater Indies, corruption and vice is fo than in any other part of the they proclaim'd barefac'd, that fome years ago to vifit N found of trumpet, that it was liv'din dangerous the city, but who devadachi, or ftrumpets have recourfe to thofe who that men might faiely ferv'd in the temple of Coppal. from Ganjam, and has Brampour is four leagues which confifts of two remarkable fortrels, of ftone a very furrounded with a wall pretty high rocks, It is a thoufand pacesin ciralmoft as hard as marble. wall on the north is wafh'd iby cumference, and the falls into the fea about a league a fmall river which a hundred years ago, a nafrom thence. About of his cotemwith a hundred tive of the country, for two yeats, againft a forporaries, held it out Moors. All the plain country is midable army of near the mountains, where well cultivated, efpecially of rice and corn, as well as at there are two crops the air is much more Bengal, but at Brampour cactle more fat and vigorous. wholfome, and the they perform a eeAt Ganjam and Brampour, than extravagant. An remony no lels fuperftitious with two of the principal old bramin, accompanied to a fmall elevation form'd ladies of the town, goes The bramin, after feby the carias or white ants. pronounces fomne words, veral ridiculous grimaces, the heap of earth; the women and pours water on devout air, and throw afterwards côme with a very upon S Vou, Il. more fat and vigorous. wholfome, and the they perform a eeAt Ganjam and Brampour, than extravagant. An remony no lels fuperftitious with two of the principal old bramin, accompanied to a fmall elevation form'd ladies of the town, goes The bramin, after feby the carias or white ants. pronounces fomne words, veral ridiculous grimaces, the heap of earth; the women and pours water on devout air, and throw afterwards côme with a very upon S Vou, Il. --- Page 268 --- Olfervations upon Asra, upon it boil'd wine, oil, butter, ber of flowers. This milk, and a numand the women fucceed ceremony each lafts three hours, ferings. In that other to pay their ofcountry there is a vaft very venomous ferpents, and the number of that by fuch offerings they women imagine and children from the preferve their hufbands ftings of thefe animals, Îs fifteen or fixteen leagues from the moft rich and Ganjam, LEA the Indies. The ftrudture is famous pagod of all high, and furrounded with a vaft magnificent, inclofure. very pagod isallo confiderable on account of This of pilgrims which come to it from all the number the gold, jewels and pearls with parts, and for It gives its name to the beautiful which it is adorned. it, and to the whole nation. The city which furrounds try is feemingly raja of the counthe title of officer tributary of the to the mogul, and takes mage they. exact of him, empire, but the only hotakes poffeffion of his is, that the firft year he perfon to vifit the nabab government, of he fhould go in fiderable city between Katek, which is a conraja is well efcorted when Jagrenat he and Balaffor. The to fcreen himfelf from all infults. pays this vifit, in order The temple is particularly remarkable for its tiquity. The hiftory of its is anas we are inform'd by the tradition origin of very fingular, After a violent hurricane, fome the country. the fhore, which is very fifhermen found OII had thrown low, a beam which the fea out ; it was of a known to thefe and particular wood unfor fome public peopie, edifice, was therefore deftin'd could draw it to the It was with difficulty they place where they were Jagrenat. On the firft ftroke of the building of blood flowed from it, and the ax, a torrent nifh'd, forthwith cry'd carpenter, aftoout, a prodigy. The people Aoak'd ifhermen found OII had thrown low, a beam which the fea out ; it was of a known to thefe and particular wood unfor fome public peopie, edifice, was therefore deftin'd could draw it to the It was with difficulty they place where they were Jagrenat. On the firft ftroke of the building of blood flowed from it, and the ax, a torrent nifh'd, forthwith cry'd carpenter, aftoout, a prodigy. The people Aoak'd --- Page 269 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. from all quarters, and the bramins Aock'd together that it was a god who ought did not fail to publih, to be ador'd in the country. in this red liThere was nothing preternatural the beam. When this fpequor which Aow'd from if it is cies of wood is not cut at a proper the feafon, worms, which expos'd to the fun, it is eaten by after this it is thrown penctrate to its very heart. If with it, and the into water, it is foon impregnated when the ax goes pretty water flows out. copioully, red and - the water deep. This beam was a had wood, affum'd its colour, in penetrating to its heart blood. Of this beam they which refembled that of fix feet Itis therefore made a ftatue five or high. the arms rather the figure of an ape than a man, below the extended, and truricated a little being elbows. exaéted from the pilgrims is one oftlic The tribute ofthe raja of Jagrenat. When chey greateft revenues three roupies to the porters enter.the city, they pay Before they enter" the enclofor the ufe of the raja. one roupie tothe prinfure of the temple, has they the pay care of it. This is the cipal bramin who the muft pay 5 but the fmalleft tax, which pooreft rich give confiderable fums. concourfe of pilgrims, who There is an incredible ail of the Indies, both come to Jagrenat from parts the Some of on this and the other fide of Ganges. hundred leagues, of three them perform a journey continually thro' the whole proftrating themfelves when they come out of their houfes, road. That is, withtheir hands extendthey fall flat on the head, ground, and then rifing up they proed beyond their after the fame manner, purting ftrate themfelves their heads were, which they contitheir fcet where end of the pilgrimage, which fomenuc to.do to.the S 2 times at from parts the Some of on this and the other fide of Ganges. hundred leagues, of three them perform a journey continually thro' the whole proftrating themfelves when they come out of their houfes, road. That is, withtheir hands extendthey fall flat on the head, ground, and then rifing up they proed beyond their after the fame manner, purting ftrate themfelves their heads were, which they contitheir fcet where end of the pilgrimage, which fomenuc to.do to.the S 2 times --- Page 270 --- Oéfaroations upon AStA, times lafts feveral years. Others heavy chains fixed to their girdles. drag long and fhoulders bear an iron cage, in which Others, on their included. their head is CHAP, XXVIII, Particular government of the iland ming; employment of tbe mandarins %f Tfonantberity ofitbe mandarins of woar; ef afking of luttors; cereorder for rain; order of tbe litetbe LE of peuple; cbaracter iflanders. of tbefe THE kinds ifland of of Tlon-ming is divided into four mandarins, people. The firft orderis that.of the the mandarins whether of war or letters. The of war has the fame firftof forms the fame functions with rank, and perHe has four mandarins under an Europcan colonel. ment him, whole correfponds to that of a employmandarins depend on thefe, and captain. Four other lieutenants. Thefe have alfo others are, as it were, may be confider'd as ferjeants. under them, who Each of thefe mandarins has an to his dignity ; and when he attendance fuited always appears in public, he is accompanied by an efcort of ing to bis tribunal. The whole officers belongfour thoufand men, fome together command try. The foldiers are, natives cavalry of and others infanhave their families in it. the country, and receive the emperor's Every three months they fine filver, and a mealure pay, of which is five crowns of rice every day, which is , who Each of thefe mandarins has an to his dignity ; and when he attendance fuited always appears in public, he is accompanied by an efcort of ing to bis tribunal. The whole officers belongfour thoufand men, fome together command try. The foldiers are, natives cavalry of and others infanhave their families in it. the country, and receive the emperor's Every three months they fine filver, and a mealure pay, of which is five crowns of rice every day, which is --- Page 271 --- and AMERICA. AFRICA, for the fupport of a man. The cavalry is fufficient and chree meafures of fmall have five crowns more, with which the emperor furbeans for their horfes, review'd, nifhes them. Thefe troops are fometimes fabres, arwhich occafion, their horfes, guns, on and helmets, are carefully rows, coats of mail, leaft ruft is found upon their view'd; and if the forthwith with is punilh'd arms, their negligence blowsof a baton. They alfo perform thirty or forty that name to a sumulruous exercife, if we can give the mandarin. They are and irregular march after bufinefs they pleafe, as the permitted to follow any hinderthem in a country where offices do not greatly continually, fo there is no necef peace reigns almoft foldiers; that profeffity for impefing or inlifting which fion is by moft look'd upon as a the fortune, influence of they endeavour to procure either by make to the mantheir friends, orthe prefents they darins. mandarin of letters is governor of As the firft fo he adminifters the city and of all the country, to the emperor juftice, and receives the tribute paid infpect the family. He muft in perfon by every thole who have either been kill'd in a bodies,of have put an end to their lives. kay, or thro' defpair audience to the twenty Twice a month he gives contain'd in the ifland, and chiefs of the quarters thing that happens narrowly examines into every to fhips within his-jusifhiation. He grants pafiports and acculaand barks, and hears the complaints fo numerous tions which are almoft continual among before his tribunal, a people. All the proceffes come culand he orders fuch of the pleaders as he judges with the fevere blows of a pable, to be punifh'd he condemns criminals to death, baton. In a word, like that of the mandarins under kut his fentence, hims, S 3 narrowly examines into every to fhips within his-jusifhiation. He grants pafiports and acculaand barks, and hears the complaints fo numerous tions which are almoft continual among before his tribunal, a people. All the proceffes come culand he orders fuch of the pleaders as he judges with the fevere blows of a pable, to be punifh'd he condemns criminals to death, baton. In a word, like that of the mandarins under kut his fentence, hims, S 3 --- Page 272 --- Obfervations upon AsIA, him, cannot be executed till it is ratified by the emperor 5 and as the tribunals of the province, and much more thofe of the court, have a vaft multiplicity of bufinefs to tranfact, the criminal has always two or three years to live before the fentence of death can be executed. This mandarin has three fubordinate ones, who judge in caufes of fmall importance, and whofe offices refemble thofe of under theriffs; there are alfo other mandarins of letters, who have no authority over the people, but are only concern'd with the examinationsand of the graduates, degrecs "Tis thebufinefs oft the firft mandarin to determine when rain and fair weather are to he demanded the following is the ceremony us'd on this OCca- ; fion. The mandarin orders a proclamation for a neral faft to be pofted up in allt the public places, and gebutchers and cooks are prohibited to fell their commodities under the fevereft penalties. The mandarin then marches to the temple of the idol, ny'd with fome other mandarins ; he lights accompa- two perfum'd candles on the altar, after which the whole company fits down 5 in order to pals the time they drink tea, fmoke a pipe, converfe for an hour or two, and then retire. This is what call afking for rain or dry weather. they A viceroy of the province provok'd bectufe rain was not granted to his reiterated requefts, fent one of the inferior mandarins in his name, to tell the idol that if he had not rain on theday which he pointed, he would banifh him from the and aporder his temple to be ras'd to the ground. city, The idol god neither underftood his language, nor was frighted at his threats, for no rain fell on the day fpecified. The viceroy, cnrag'd at this refulal, refolv'd to keep his word, forbad the pcople to carry their quefts, fent one of the inferior mandarins in his name, to tell the idol that if he had not rain on theday which he pointed, he would banifh him from the and aporder his temple to be ras'd to the ground. city, The idol god neither underftood his language, nor was frighted at his threats, for no rain fell on the day fpecified. The viceroy, cnrag'd at this refulal, refolv'd to keep his word, forbad the pcople to carry their --- Page 273 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. their offerings to the idol, and order'd his temple to be fhut up and its doors feal'd, which was forthwith done ; but rain coming fome time after, the wrath of the viceroy was appeas'd, and the people were allow'd to honour him as before. The nobles hold thefecond rank in the inand, and thefe generally confift of fuch as have been formerly mandarins, whether they have been broke, which moft of them are, whether they have voluntarily the mandarinfhip, with the confent, of the quitted whether have been forc'd to refign prince, or they for a mandarin who by the death of their parents ; him- -has fuftain'd fuch a lofs muft forthwith diveft felf of his office, and by this means give a pubdic teftimony of his grief. Others of the nobles are fnch as not having had a capacity to arrive at literary degrees, haveby money of procur'd fome titles of honour, in confequence which they are intimate with the mandarins, which makes them fear'd and refpected by the vulgar. The third order is that of the literati. There are near four hundred batchelors in the ifland, befides, a furprifing number of ftudents from fixteen to forty years of age come every three years to be examin'd by the tribunal of the governor, who prefcribes thefubjects of their compofition. All alpire to the deof batchelor, tho' few attain it. "Tis rather ambition gree thana defire of being learn'd, that fupports them during fo long a courfe of ftudy. The deof batchelor not only exempts them from the gree chaftifement of the mandarin, but alfo gives them the privilege of being admitted to his audience, fitting down in his prefence, and eating with him ; an honour which in China is highly efteem'd, and which is never granted to any of the people. S 4. The the deof batchelor, tho' few attain it. "Tis rather ambition gree thana defire of being learn'd, that fupports them during fo long a courfe of ftudy. The deof batchelor not only exempts them from the gree chaftifement of the mandarin, but alfo gives them the privilege of being admitted to his audience, fitting down in his prefence, and eating with him ; an honour which in China is highly efteem'd, and which is never granted to any of the people. S 4. The --- Page 274 --- Obfervations upon AsIA, The laft order comprehends the whole and it is furprifing to fee with what eafe people, a mandarin governs them. After fingle orders having publifh'd his on flips of paper, with his feal affix'd, he pofts them up in the public places of the cities and towns, and is immediately obey'd. So ready an obedience proceeds from the dread and refpect which the mandarin procures his ner of governing fo numerous a people. by He manappears in public without a great retinue, and never his cloaths are rich and tho' nance is grave and.ferene magnificent, yet his countelarge gilt chair, and he is ; four men carry him in a his tribunal, whofe bonnets preceded by the members of and habits are of a fingular form ; they march in order on each fide very the ftreet, fome carry a filk umbrello before of while others from time to time beat him, bafon, and with a loud voice require the upon a have with people to OFEE profound refpeêt duringhis fome carry large whips, and others draw after' pallage; them batons, or chains of iron, fo that the noife of long ftrikes terror into a people naturaliy thele who know that they fhould not efcape the timid, and ments of the mandarin if they refus'd chaftifehis orders. cbedience to There are hardly any people more afraid of than thefe Indians; ; fome of whom, however, death cially among the women, put an end to their efpeeither thro' rage or defpair ; but it feems Jives ftill more afraid of wanting a coffin after they are zhat he who has only nine or ten death, fo out in a coffin more than piftoles lays them occafion for it, and looks twenty years before he has luable piece of his furniture. upon it as the moft vafn this ifland there is a certain canton where the people are fo fon.l of law-fuits as to mortgage their houfes, ly among the women, put an end to their efpeeither thro' rage or defpair ; but it feems Jives ftill more afraid of wanting a coffin after they are zhat he who has only nine or ten death, fo out in a coffin more than piftoles lays them occafion for it, and looks twenty years before he has luable piece of his furniture. upon it as the moft vafn this ifland there is a certain canton where the people are fo fon.l of law-fuits as to mortgage their houfes, --- Page 275 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. houfes, lands, furniture, and every thing they have, for the pleafure of pleading and procuring an only order for their enemy's recciving forty blows with that the defena baton. It fometimes happens, fum to the mandadant, by fecretly giving a larger the back of the rin, makes the blows fall on which remain plaintiff; in their hence arife mortal hatreds, of taking hearts till they find a proper opportunity moft which they generally a fatisfaétory vengeance, fire to their enemies houfes in the do by fetting kindled ftraw, which awakes them by night; the them in mind of the blows of falling on them, puts their means their antagonifts had the baton which by the crimes, to that receiv'd. This is one of capital according to the laws, fuch as are guilty of it are punith'd with death. CHAP. XXIX. Defcription oftbe iflandof Teneriffe ; tbe wintage gftbe malnfey wine 5 defeription of tbe ifand of Cuba ; of tbe port and city of tbe HaLa Vera Cruz ; of tbe Puebla de wanna 5 of andof los-angelos 5 of Mexico ; of Acapulco; tbe kingdom of Queda. riches of the illand of Teneriffe, its THE great trade, and the excellent malmfey wine renders it the moft confiderable of it all produces, the Canaries: Itis about eight leagues long and four broad ; in the middle of the ifland itanda the celebrated mountain call'd the Pike of Teneriffe, which is perceiv'd fifty leagues off, and is about --- Page 276 --- Obfervations upon AsIA, about thirteen hundred fathoms The often falls on the top, while the heat high. is intenfe fhow plains. in the Laguna, a fnall city, is the capital of this beyond it there is a pizin two leagues ifland ; we defcry the fea on the weft, Here long, whence beautiful fiekds of vines, intermix'd with begin the tron, and other American trees. orange, ciThe malmfey is a grape of a particular which they gather carefully, and not till icis kind; ly ripe for the prefs, When the wine is drawn perfectmix quick lime with it to preferve it for they tion to foreign parts The ifland alfo tranfportaand red wine of another fpecies, and produces the white have a kind of porous ftones thro' which inhabitants the water they drink, they filtrate The ifland of Cuba is about two hundred and fifty leagues broad, and in the winter it is almoft impoffible to cruize in the channel on account of feveral rocks towards the fouth, which run the whole coaft, and towards the along of the Parcel, where there are fome north, fmall on account and lowlying iflands, in places where the channel-is only four leagues broad. Thcre are nlow no Indians in the ifland, which is intirely poffefs'd by Spaniards, who live in feveral villages. They have a bifhop, who generally refides at the Havanna, the capital of the ifland. Cuba principally produces that excellent tobacco which in Europe goes under the name of Spanifh tobacco, and of which the Spanifh made. fhuffis The port of the Havanna is defended by the fort of the More, which is a caftle provided with more than fixty cannon'; ; the other entrance is in,the middle between the fort of the More and another fort which has thirty-fix large molten cannon. When fhips veral villages. They have a bifhop, who generally refides at the Havanna, the capital of the ifland. Cuba principally produces that excellent tobacco which in Europe goes under the name of Spanifh tobacco, and of which the Spanifh made. fhuffis The port of the Havanna is defended by the fort of the More, which is a caftle provided with more than fixty cannon'; ; the other entrance is in,the middle between the fort of the More and another fort which has thirty-fix large molten cannon. When fhips --- Page 277 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. near the are within the reach of fhips come city they which is Imaller than the the cannon of a third fort, at each of thefe other two ; one veffel can only full enter of rocks level with paffes, the reft being almoft or rather the furface of the water. This port, to the fouth, and forms, 2S it bay, runs a league the eaft and weft. The mooring were, two arms to fecure the moft viois good, and fhips are againft lent winds. which is almoft round, is well fortiThe city, towards the land has feveral baftions with fied, and it requires about an hour to walk their curtains; contains three parifhes, fix houfes of round it, andit different orders, and three monafterics. the I hardly know whether we ought to give name of harbour to the road of Vera Cruz, which and 7 hours of difis 19 degrees, IO meridian minutes, of Paris. Ships moor unference from the fmall ifland der fort St. John d'Ulva, built on a On which the fea covers intirely at high water. in Ferdinand Cortez landed' Good Friday, 1519, for which realon he gave the near St. John d'Ulva, the which he founded name of Vera Cruz to city the fmall ifland of five leagues further north than it Ulva. It is now call'd Vera Cruz, to diftinguifh from that call'd Nueva Vera Cruz. This is the in the of Mexico, and the city is only port gulph as the Havanna: It is only only one third as big confiderable by the ftay which the merchants fhips make at it when they come from Cadiz, and rewith filver, cacao, indigo, and COturn freighted chineal. La Puebla de-los-angelos is the moft confiderable of Mexico, except the capital. It is' almoft as city and its ftreets are ftrait and adorn'd large as Orleans, beautiful houfes. It is divided into four with pretty parifhes, the Havanna: It is only only one third as big confiderable by the ftay which the merchants fhips make at it when they come from Cadiz, and rewith filver, cacao, indigo, and COturn freighted chineal. La Puebla de-los-angelos is the moft confiderable of Mexico, except the capital. It is' almoft as city and its ftreets are ftrait and adorn'd large as Orleans, beautiful houfes. It is divided into four with pretty parifhes, --- Page 278 --- Obftrvations zpon AsIA, parifhes, in which there are nine monafteries and greater number of corporations. a the magnificence of their Nothing furpaffes the cathedral. churches, and elpecially of The city of Mexico is twenty-two Puebla, and cighty from Vera Cruz. leagues from the moft beautifui and confiderable Mexico is the difcover'd worid ; it is fituated in city in this new furrounded with a circle of mountains a fpacious plain, forty leagues round. In the feafon of the more than which begin about May, we. can only enter rains, three caufwvays, of which the fmalleft is half a by another is a league, and the third league long, half; but in dry feafons the a league and a which the city lake, in the middle of ftands, is confiderably The Spaniards attempted to carry off the diminifh'd. the mountains which furround this vaft water thro' after incredible expence and fatigue plain, but executed a part of their project they have only have fucceeded fo far as to 3 however, they undations which often threaten'd prevent the violent inThe city of Mexico is the city. crofs'd with canals fill'd with very regularly built, and and fuch canals water from the lake, may be made in all the Mexico is much larger than Puebla, and tho' ftreets. fome Spaniards have affirm'd that there are a hundred thoufand perfons in it, yet upon an impartial nation it will be found that it examithan fixty thoufand. contains no more In Mexico there are ten thoufand the of the inhabitants are compos'd of whites, reft blacks, mulattos, Meftis, and other Indians, African from a mixture of thefe various people defcended nations and the Europeans, which has produc'd men of colours fo ferent between black and white, that in a hundred difvifages we can hardly find two of the fame colour. The fand perfons in it, yet upon an impartial nation it will be found that it examithan fixty thoufand. contains no more In Mexico there are ten thoufand the of the inhabitants are compos'd of whites, reft blacks, mulattos, Meftis, and other Indians, African from a mixture of thefe various people defcended nations and the Europeans, which has produc'd men of colours fo ferent between black and white, that in a hundred difvifages we can hardly find two of the fame colour. The --- Page 279 --- and AMERICA. 269. AFRICA, and the churches magniThe houfes are beautiful, regular communities, ficent ; there are a great many more coaches than in and in the ftreets we fee many Paris. The climate is any city of France the except inhabitants may thro' all the fo charming, that cloth, tho' they are about 20 deyear wear Spanifh latitude. In the hotteft time of the grees in north keep themfelvés under fummer they need only the excefs of the heat ; this fhades to guard againft the anfwer which a Spaniard juft is the reafon of made to Charles the fifth of come from Mexico afk'd him, how long it was Spain, when that prince fummer and winter ? 66 As at Mexico between as is neceffary to pafs from ce long, Sir, faid he, The rains which be66 the fun to the fhade." end till the (pring, contrigin in May and do not the heat. bute greatly to moderate of flver duly brought If we confider the quantity the of the from the mines of this city, the magnificence vaft number of churches, and other edifices, in the ftreets, and the coaches continually moving we fhould be immenfe riches of many Spaniards, the richeft cities in the apt to imagine it one fee of the Indians who conftitute world ; but when we ill cloath'd, without fhirts, moft of the inhabitants, believe the city and going barefoot, we can hardly fo opulent as it appears. hundred leagues between Mexico There are four 45 minutes north and Acapulco, which is 16 degrees of the pilots. latitude, according to the obfervations houfes here, in which The Mexican merchants have brought from. Manila. they lodge their merchandize iflands are in the While the fhips of the Philippine of merchants, but harbour there is a vaft concourfe retire, and even the they are hardly gone till they richelt inhabitants, believe the city and going barefoot, we can hardly fo opulent as it appears. hundred leagues between Mexico There are four 45 minutes north and Acapulco, which is 16 degrees of the pilots. latitude, according to the obfervations houfes here, in which The Mexican merchants have brought from. Manila. they lodge their merchandize iflands are in the While the fhips of the Philippine of merchants, but harbour there is a vaft concourfe retire, and even the they are hardly gone till they richelt --- Page 280 --- Olfervations zpon AstA, richeft of the inhabitants try to avoid the bad air of go further into the counThe haibour is good and Acapulco. fafe, not ftrong, tho? it has a fine-moulded but the caftle is veffels of the Philippines artillery. The December and and gencrally arrive there in they ftaid longer, January, fet out in March. If ftrong they would not find the winds enough for their heavy the Marian iflands, they would galleons; and beyond weft winds, which begin in Junc, infallibly and have the contrary to them. The greateft are entirely happens to Acapulco is, that there calamity which earthquakes in it. are frequent The fmall kingdom of Queda is kingdom of Siam, and the city contains tributary to the fand inhabitants, while there are eight thouty thoufand in the whole no more than twenthe river is fix degrees and kingdom. ten The entry of tude. Two minutes north latiftands the leagues to the north of this mountain of the elephant, fo called entry caufe at a diftance it refembles the figure beanimal, None but fmall of. that which there are fhips can pafs the bar, in ter. In the river only two fathoms and a half of wafathoms as far as Queda, there are at bigh water. four The inhabitants, who are Malaians, follow the mahometan fect of the Turks and houfes are built of bamboo, and rais'd Moguls. Their four or five feet high above on pillars the humidity of the foil ; : but ground, the on account of the richeft inhabitants have houfes king and fome of cloaths refemble thofe ofthe of boards, Their and Sumatra. Malaians, of Malaca, Jor They generally have fmall piece of ftuff Or filk long hair, and a withour wrapt round their head, covering it entirely. They always carry their and houfes are built of bamboo, and rais'd Moguls. Their four or five feet high above on pillars the humidity of the foil ; : but ground, the on account of the richeft inhabitants have houfes king and fome of cloaths refemble thofe ofthe of boards, Their and Sumatra. Malaians, of Malaca, Jor They generally have fmall piece of ftuff Or filk long hair, and a withour wrapt round their head, covering it entirely. They always carry their --- Page 281 --- and AMERICA: AFRICA, fiteen or their cric, which is a very fharp poniard, many of them cighteen inches long, and two broad; They have wav'd, and have handles of gold. are and fome mufkets : their ihields, inches alfo zagayes, and two feet fome which are very light, the fabre and the in diameter, are proof againft there are feveral families piftol. In the country and thefe are come from the coaft of-Cororandel, they are blacker and eafily difinguilh'd, becaufe There are alfo more timorous than the Malaians. thither by land from fome Chincfe, who have come Siam. well but is full of This kingdom is not peopled, vaft numbers of wild large forefts, where there are They here catch buffalos, clephants, ftags and tigers. do at Siam ; elepbants in the fame manner as they of the moft confiand from thefe. animals arifes one The plains are interderable revenues of the king. which render them very fcéted with many rivulets, fruits which grow in fertile. Befides the ordinary produces fethe Indies, the foil here fpontaneoufly in other parts of the veral excellent fruits unknown and the duworld, among which the dungoultan, the even by Europeans. rion, are moitefteemed taxes on his fubjectss and has The king levies which no is as white as that of Engfome mines of tin He orders of coin to land, but not fo folid. pieces and 'are only be made of it which weigh a pound, of bad feven He alfo caufes picces worth pence. round, and about a linc and a half gold to be made Arabic letters grav'd upon them. in diameter, with crown. A Imall Two of thefe go for a French Spanifh farthing, is current copper coin, worth The a neceffaries of life are here among the people. The merchants of Surat very good and cheap. aome land, but not fo folid. pieces and 'are only be made of it which weigh a pound, of bad feven He alfo caufes picces worth pence. round, and about a linc and a half gold to be made Arabic letters grav'd upon them. in diameter, with crown. A Imall Two of thefe go for a French Spanifh farthing, is current copper coin, worth The a neceffaries of life are here among the people. The merchants of Surat very good and cheap. aome --- Page 282 --- Obfrvatiois upon come hither to load their fhips with AsIA, Indies they call calin. Thole tin, which in the mandel bring cotton on the coaftof Coroduft and elephants in ftuffs, and carry back gold exchange. CHAP XXX. Several particulars of tbe kingdam of defription gf its capital and palace Semmar; order oljeri'd woben the ; the manner in aobicb king goes to the country; ricbes and juflice is adminiper'ds fertility of the coins current in it; country ; diferent commerce of tbe manners, cuhems, and of tbe ladies of inbabilomnts fingular drefes fund in tbis country. quality, uuncommon trees city of Sennar, the capital of the bearing the kingTHE and a half in circumference. fame name, is about a league but ill contrived, and It is véry populous, tains about a hundred thoufand as badly govern'd. It conated on the eaft of the Nile, perfons, and is fituthirtéen degrees four minutes of upon north an eminence in houfes are only one ftory high, and ill latitude. The terraffes with which built, but the modious, The king's they are cover'd are very combrick walls, but has palace is furrounded by high fince we fee nothing nothing but regular in its ftrudture, without the leaft a confus'd pile of buildings ly' furnifh'd, and adorn'd beaury. with The apartments are richafter the manner of the Levant. large pieces of tapeftry The four minutes of upon north an eminence in houfes are only one ftory high, and ill latitude. The terraffes with which built, but the modious, The king's they are cover'd are very combrick walls, but has palace is furrounded by high fince we fee nothing nothing but regular in its ftrudture, without the leaft a confus'd pile of buildings ly' furnifh'd, and adorn'd beaury. with The apartments are richafter the manner of the Levant. large pieces of tapeftry The --- Page 283 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. often quits his palace, and goes to his The king which occafion the following orcountry houfes, on Thrée or four hundred cavaliers, der is obferw'd. beautiful horfes, appear firft, and mounted on very furrounded with a great are followed by the king and armed foldiers, who number of fervants on foot, the tabor, which is a very fing his praifes, and play on hundred or agreeable mufic. Seven or eight with girls, thefe married women, march in confufion, along paniers made of foldiers, and carry on their heads large wrought. Thefe ftraw.varioully colour'd,and all elegantly kinds of Rlowers, and panicrs, which reprefent are plac'd whofe coverings are of a Pyramidalform, and full of fruits and upon dithes of copper Thefe tinn'd, dithes are firft prefented to drefs'd viétuals. diftributed to thofe who have the king, and then him. Two or three the honour of accompanying the fame order with the hundred cavalry follow whole in of this march. former, and clofe the in public except The king, who never appears colours, fits down at with a filk gauze of various arriv'd. His moft common table as foon as he is to the lords of his diverfion is to propofe prizes with them with the court, and to fhoot at a mark of the day in this exercife, gun. After paffing moft in the fame order he came out he returns to the city when he does not go a walkof it. On the days morning and evening, It ing, he holds a council in this country to protract prois not cuftomary fince as foon as a criminal is apprehendceffes long, who interrogates ed, they prefent him to the to judge, death if he is found him, and condemns hold him of him, throw him down guilty. A They lay and ftrike him feverely with batons on the ground, till he expires. At VoL. Il. T to the city when he does not go a walkof it. On the days morning and evening, It ing, he holds a council in this country to protract prois not cuftomary fince as foon as a criminal is apprehendceffes long, who interrogates ed, they prefent him to the to judge, death if he is found him, and condemns hold him of him, throw him down guilty. A They lay and ftrike him feverely with batons on the ground, till he expires. At VoL. Il. T --- Page 284 --- Obfervations tipon AsIA, At Sennar every thing is very cheap. A is fold for feven or cight camel fhillings, an OX for pence, a fheep for fifteen pence, and a fowl fifty penny, and fo in proportion of other aliments. for.a Thé people do not love wheaten bread, but it for the ufe of ftrangers. That which they themfelves keep is made of dora, a fmall round feed. This ufe is good when new-bak'd, but after it is bread: is. infipid, and cannot be eaten. Itis kept a day a pretty broad : cake of the thicknels of form'd into The. merchandize of this a crown, teeth, tamarinds, civet, country are clephants They tobacco, and gold duft. evcry day hold a market in the which is in the middle of the city, where large fquare' provifions and goods of all kinds. they fell another market in the iquare before They the alfo hold lacc, in which they fell the flaves. Thefe king's ed on the are At ground, with their] legs crofs'd over other, the men and boys on one fide, and the each: men and girls on the other. One of the woand moft robuft flaves is fold for a ftrongeft the reafon why the Egyptian crown, which Îs great number of them merchants carry off a The loweft coin of every this year. halfpenny, and is a fimall picce kingdom of iron of paffes the for a of St. Anthony's crofs. The fadda figure Turky, and is a thin filver coin, lefs comes than from thing, and only worth a filver a fartwo coins they ufe Spanifh reals penny. and Befides thefe muft be round, becaufe fuch as piafters, which current in trade. Thej are iquare are not thillings in that piafters are worth about four country. The heats at Sennar are fo intenfe, that 'tis hardly poffible to breathe in the day-time. They in January, and do not terminate till the end begin of April, when they are fucceeded by copious rains,. which ver a fartwo coins they ufe Spanifh reals penny. and Befides thefe muft be round, becaufe fuch as piafters, which current in trade. Thej are iquare are not thillings in that piafters are worth about four country. The heats at Sennar are fo intenfe, that 'tis hardly poffible to breathe in the day-time. They in January, and do not terminate till the end begin of April, when they are fucceeded by copious rains,. which --- Page 285 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. months, infect the air, and caufe which laft three men and animals. This is a great mortality the among fault of the inhabitants, who are in fomemeafure to drain the water, which flovenly, and take no pains corrupted, diffufes being ftagnant, and becoming malignant vapours: tricking and deceitful, The people are naturally addiéted to mahovery fupertitious, and ftrongly and even mead, are prometifim. Brandy, wine, drink none. of thefe hibited to them, fo that they Their drink is a kind of liquors except in fecret. call boufa. It is very thick, has beer, which they in the following mana bad tafte, and is prepared of - dora before the ner. They toaft the cold grains water for twenty hourss fire, throw them into They alfo drink coffee and then drink the liquor. however is not ufed in Ethiowith pleafure, which T pia. Iadies of quality are covered with a fine robe The with large fleeves which hang of filk or fine cotton, Their hair is plaited and down to the ground. of filver, copper, tin, ivory, or adorned with rings colours. Thefe rings are tied to glafs of various form of crowns. Their arms, legs, the trefies in adorned with rings of the fame ears and noftrils are foles, which they tie kind. Their Aoes are fimple and among the on with cords. The women from the girls waift to the, vulgar, are only cover'd knee. brought to the kingdom of The forcign goods tin, iron, brais wire, Sennar, are fpices, paper, white and yellow arfenic, iron vermilion, fublimate, Egyptian mahaleb, which ware, French fpikenard, ftrong fmell, Venetian neckis a grain of a very of beads of all colours, and Jaces, which are Atrings which they': .call kool, and shat fpecics of blacking which T 2; , are only cover'd knee. brought to the kingdom of The forcign goods tin, iron, brais wire, Sennar, are fpices, paper, white and yellow arfenic, iron vermilion, fublimate, Egyptian mahaleb, which ware, French fpikenard, ftrong fmell, Venetian neckis a grain of a very of beads of all colours, and Jaces, which are Atrings which they': .call kool, and shat fpecics of blacking which T 2; --- Page 286 --- Obfervations upon ASIA, which they. ufe for blacking the eyes and eye-brows. All thefe wares are alfo fold in Erhiopia, but with this difference, that at Sennar the beads are moft efteem'd, and thefmalleft largelt glafs The merchants of Sennar in Ethiopia. with the eaftern coaft; carry on a great trade during the trade winds fet out for Suaquen in the red fea. The they of pearls in that place and the city of Suaquen, fifhery belong to the grand fignior. Hence they fet out for Moka, a city of Arabia-Felix, which belongs to the king of Yemen; after which they go to Surat with gold, civet, and elephants teeth, and bring back fpiceries and other Incian commodities. This generally takes two years to perform it in. voyage When the king of Sennar dies, the grand council affembles, and by a barbarous cuftom order all the brothers of the prince who is to mount the throne to be maffacred. What is moft remarkable in this country, is the prodigious number of trees not known in fome of them are much higher than the loftieft Europe and fo large that nine men cannot grafp them oaks, their leaf nearly refembles that of a melon, and ; their fruit, which is very bitter, is like a gourd. There is one of thefe trees naturally hollow'd, fo that we enter by a fmall door into a chamber open at the top, and fo large as ealily to contain fifty perfons ftanding. The gelingue is another trec, not much larger than.an oak, but as high as thofe now mention'd; its fruit is of the figure of a water-melon, but fomewhat fmaller ; internally it is divided into fmall cells full of a yellow feed, of a fubftance like powder'd fingar 5 this fubftance is a little acid, but agreeable, of a fine flavour, and very refrefhing ; the bark is hard and thick, and the flower,. which has five white leaves perfons ftanding. The gelingue is another trec, not much larger than.an oak, but as high as thofe now mention'd; its fruit is of the figure of a water-melon, but fomewhat fmaller ; internally it is divided into fmall cells full of a yellow feed, of a fubftance like powder'd fingar 5 this fubftance is a little acid, but agreeable, of a fine flavour, and very refrefhing ; the bark is hard and thick, and the flower,. which has five white leaves --- Page 287 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. bears a feed like that of the leaves like the lily, poppy. There is in this country another tree call'd deleb, and nearly which is as high again as the palm-tree, refemble a fan, but of the fame figure : its leaves round and hangs in are much larger ; its fruit is middle is a little clufters, but from the tail to the fruitis cover'd larger than that of the gelingue which $ this form a kind of with five very hard fcales, and its bark is fo hard, calix; it is yellow when ripe, the winde, the that when the boughs are agitated other by makes a terrible fruit ftriking againft of them each was to fall on a man's head noife; if one kill him. When they break the it would infalibly which is not eafily done, they bark of this fruit, which inclofe a fubfind a vaft number of filaments, this fubftance, which has ftance almoft like honey : fweet and that the fmell of balm, is fo agreeable, in the middle nothing more délicious can be eaten brown ; and very of this fubftance there is a large of this tree. Befides hard kernel, which is the feed alfo bears another the fruit now mention'd, this with tree three barks, and of the form of a turnip, chefnuts. which has the tafte of roafted the male of the deleb, The domi is as it were but andjs not fo high by a half as the palm-tree 3 tho' not fo long, are as broad again : its leaves, of them bafkets, mats, and even fails they make which trade in the red fea; the fruit of for the fhips is cover'd with five or fix this tree is a foot long, fabfance, which is fweet leaves, and is of a whitifh like milk, and very nourifhing. call cougles is alfo of an The tree which fince they it confifts of nine or ten large enormous bulk, manner; 1E trees united together in a very irregular has T 3 , of them bafkets, mats, and even fails they make which trade in the red fea; the fruit of for the fhips is cover'd with five or fix this tree is a foot long, fabfance, which is fweet leaves, and is of a whitifh like milk, and very nourifhing. call cougles is alfo of an The tree which fince they it confifts of nine or ten large enormous bulk, manner; 1E trees united together in a very irregular has T 3 --- Page 288 --- Obftrvations zpon AsIA, has a fmall leaf and bears no blue flowers without fruit, but only little of Sennar there any fimnell. In the vaft foreft known in are alfo other trees abfolutely unEuropc. CHA P. XXXI, Defeription eFGondar, tbe capital of its great trade; coins ebicb Etbiopia i tbe are current in empire 5 wef extent of riches and fortilijy of the Etbinpia; emperor country ; porver of the 5 cauje of tbe cuerfoving ef the Niles fources of tbat river; ; drefes of tbe perlins ef guality; of tbe civet, and the manner of catebing Jea-borfes, tion of tbem; deferipEmfras 5 ceremonies obferu'd by tbe Etbiopians in their fiunerals, 2 - NOndar, or Gondar a 3 the fcal, is the Catma, that is, the city of it is three or four capiral of Ethiopia, but tho? being fo beautiful leagues in extent, yet iC is far from indeed as the cities of can it be fo, becaufe the houfes Europe, neither iory high 3 tho' there are no are only onc vait trade, fince all the merchants fhops, yet there is a iquare to tranfact their bufinefs meet in a large and goods to fale. The market Jafts from expofe their night, and is ftock'd with all kinds of morning till Every merchant has. a place of his commodities. he expofes what he has to fell on mats. own, The where ney they ufe is made of gold, and of falt mogold is not mark'd with the king's 5 the ftamp, as in Europe, only onc vait trade, fince all the merchants fhops, yet there is a iquare to tranfact their bufinefs meet in a large and goods to fale. The market Jafts from expofe their night, and is ftock'd with all kinds of morning till Every merchant has. a place of his commodities. he expofes what he has to fell on mats. own, The where ney they ufe is made of gold, and of falt mogold is not mark'd with the king's 5 the ftamp, as in Europe, --- Page 289 --- AFRICA and AMERICA. but is in ingots, which they cut as which occalion is Europe, from an ounce to half a dram, adulrequires, French. pence 5 and that they may not thirty there are numbers of goldfiniths apterate it, of it by the touch-ftone. For pointed to judge they ufe rock falt, which is as white the fmall money hard as a ftone ; this is, dug out of as fhow and as Lafta, and convey'd to the magathe mountain of where it is form'd into cakes, zines of the emperor, or into half cakes, which which they call amouli, cake is a foot long and thc call courman and 5 every thick ; ten of thefe cakes are three inches broad they break them according worth three fhillings : want to make, and ufe them .to the payment they domeftic purpofes. both for money and hundred churches in the city of There are about a who.is the chief with reGondar, and the patriarch, and lives in a fine palace near ipect to religious affairs, depends on the patriarch of the parriarchal church, confecrates him. He nominates Alexandria, who and has'an aball the fuperiors of the monafteries, who are very numefolu:e power over the monks, other nor for in Ethiopia there are no priefts, rous 5 but the patriarch. We may judge any otherbifhop number of priefts in the empire from of the great ordination they fometimes ordain this, that in one and fix thoufand deacons; the ten thoufand priefts of the ordination confifts in this, whole ceremony fitting down, repeats the beginthat the patriarch, the heads of fuch as are. ning, of the gofpel over them his benedition with made priefts, and gives feven or cight pounds, an iron crofs which in weighs his hand; but as for the deaand which he holds them his benediction cons, he is content to give without reciting the gofpel. The T 4 , that in one and fix thoufand deacons; the ten thoufand priefts of the ordination confifts in this, whole ceremony fitting down, repeats the beginthat the patriarch, the heads of fuch as are. ning, of the gofpel over them his benedition with made priefts, and gives feven or cight pounds, an iron crofs which in weighs his hand; but as for the deaand which he holds them his benediction cons, he is content to give without reciting the gofpel. The T 4 --- Page 290 --- Obfervations upon AsIA, The empire of Ethiopia comprehends a vaft extent of land, and is compofed of feveral kingdoms, one of which called Tigre, contains twenty four principalites, which are all dependant onit, and arein reality fo many petty governments, tho' the kingdom of Agau, before the Ethiopians made the conqueft of it, was a republic which had its particular laws and government. The emperor of Echiopia has always two flanding armies, one On the frontiers of the kingdom of Nerea, and the other on thofe of the kingdom of Goyamo, where the richeft gold mines are found. The whole produce of thefe mines is taken to Gondar, where, after being purified and reduc'd to ingots, it is put into the royal treafury for the payment of the troops and the expences of the court. The great power of the emperor proceeds from. his being the abfolute mafter of the properties of his fubjects, which he takes and gives as he thinks fit. When the mafter of a family dies he takes poffeflion of all his effeéts, except a chird, which he leaves to the children or heirs $ another third he gives to fome perfon who by this means becomes his vaflal, and is oblig'd to ferve him in war at his own expence, and to furnifh a number of foldiers, proportion'd to the effeéts given him, whick is the reafon this prince, who has an incredible number vaffals, can raife numercus WP7 armies in a fhort time and at a fmall expence, In all the provinces there are officcs where an exact account is kept of all the effeéts which come fo the imperial treafure by the deaths, and which are afterwards given to vaflals, who are put in poffeflion of them by the emperor in the following manner. To him deftin'd for the vaffal, he fends a wreath of taffety with thefe words wrote on it in letters vaffals, can raife numercus WP7 armies in a fhort time and at a fmall expence, In all the provinces there are officcs where an exact account is kept of all the effeéts which come fo the imperial treafure by the deaths, and which are afterwards given to vaflals, who are put in poffeflion of them by the emperor in the following manner. To him deftin'd for the vaffal, he fends a wreath of taffety with thefe words wrote on it in letters --- Page 291 --- and AMERICA: AFRICA of Ethiopia, of letters of gold, <e Jefus, which emperor has always conquer'd K the tribe of Juda, officer who carries this order s6 its enemies." The certain ceremony ties this from the emperor, with of a the new vaflal, and is afwreath about the héad cymbals, and terwards accompanied with trumpets, to put him in other inftruments, and fome cavalry, intends to beftow of the effects the prince poffellion upon him. which laft for fix months in Ethiopia, of The rains, and do not ceafe till the latter end begin in April, the three firft months the days September. For but as foon as the fun fets, are ferene and beautiful, accompanied with thunthe rain, which is generally till he rifes again. The derand lightning, continues of the Nile has been long reafon of the overflowing unjuftly attributed to the fought after, and very of which was perhaps melting of the fnow, none We need feek for no other ever feen in Ethiopia. which are fo copious that a caufe, than thofe rains, which occafion the torrents deluge feems to fall; on along with them a gold become violent, and carry that obtain'd from the which is much purer than gather with and which the country people mines, uncommon care. country more populous or There is hardly any fince all the plains, and even fertile than Ethiopia, numerous, are culthe mountains, which are very plains cover'd with cartivated., There are whole which has a fragrant fmell, damoms and ginger, is four times larger than and which in this country large rivers which that of the Indies. The many borders are continually water Ethiopia, and whofe tulips, and a vaft numadorn'd with lilies, jonquils, unknown in Europe, render ber of other flowers delicious. The forefts are this country extremely full There is hardly any fince all the plains, and even fertile than Ethiopia, numerous, are culthe mountains, which are very plains cover'd with cartivated., There are whole which has a fragrant fmell, damoms and ginger, is four times larger than and which in this country large rivers which that of the Indies. The many borders are continually water Ethiopia, and whofe tulips, and a vaft numadorn'd with lilies, jonquils, unknown in Europe, render ber of other flowers delicious. The forefts are this country extremely full --- Page 292 --- Olfervations upon AstA, full of orange, lemon, jafmin, feveral other trees, cover'd with pomegranate, beautiful and which diffufe an agrecable odor; and there is Rowers, zicular tree, which bears a fpecies of rofes far a parfragrant than thofe of Europe. more In this country there is a very, mai, not much larger than a extraordinary aniface of a man, with a white beard, Cat, and which has the that of a perfon bemoaning his a voice like animal always keeps in one tree, condition. where it is : This and dies 5 and if one of them is catch'din born be carried off, it forthwith faints and dies of order to When the rains are over, the grief. field to wage war againft the emperor of takes the who kings Galla and Changalla, are his moft powerful enemies. fore he fets out, he publifhes the day of his Beture, and orders his tents to be pitch'd in a deparplain in fight of the city of Gondar. large magnificent, and that in.which he They are all with a red velvet embroider'd with lodges is cover'd days after, he orders two large filver gold. Three to beat thro' all the city, takes horfe, and kettle-drums the palace of Arringon, the rendezvous repairs of to whole army, which he reviews for three the then enters upon action. Their armies days, and merous, that the one commanded are fo nuin 1699 confifted of between four and by five the emperor thoufand men. hundred In Europe we have been long in an error the colour of the Ethiopians, becaufe about founded them with the Blacks of we have contheir neighbours. Their natural Nubia, who are or that of the olive, Their ftature colour is brown, jeftic; they have good is tall and mawell-fet nofes, thick lips, complexions, and white beautiful cyes, as the inhabitants of. the teeth; 5 wherekingdom. of Sennar, or Nubia, thoufand men. hundred In Europe we have been long in an error the colour of the Ethiopians, becaufe about founded them with the Blacks of we have contheir neighbours. Their natural Nubia, who are or that of the olive, Their ftature colour is brown, jeftic; they have good is tall and mawell-fet nofes, thick lips, complexions, and white beautiful cyes, as the inhabitants of. the teeth; 5 wherekingdom. of Sennar, or Nubia, --- Page 293 --- and AMERICA, APRICA, thick lips, and' very black Nubia, have flat nofes, complexions, of quality is a robe of Glk The drefs of perfons of fcarf. The burfine cotton, with a kind that or cloath'd in the fame manner, except gelles are filk, and that the cotton they ufe they do not wear the they have only a pair is coarfers as for vulgar, which covers the half of of drawers, and a fcarf of faluting in Ethiopia is their body. The manner take each others right hands, fingular ; they to their mouths; they alfo M7, putthem mutually whom they falute, and tie it take the fcarf of him fo that thofe who wear no round their own naked body, when they are faluted. robes are half of Goyame there is a very high În the kingdom of which are two large iprings, mountain, on the top another toward the weft. Thele one to the eaft, and rivulets, which roll with imtwo fprings form middle two of the mountain, where petuolity to. the earth covered with canes they fink in a fpongeous again at the and rufhes. Thefe waters appearing and being there diftance of ten or twelve leagues, which is foon augre-united, form the river feveral Nile, rivers which it remented by the waters of is, that the Nile pafles ceives. What is furprizing lake without mixing her wathro' the middle of a which is fo large that it ters with thofe of the lake, that iS, the fea of Dembea: is called Bahal Dembea, it is charming, fince on every The country round but large towns and beauciful fide we fee nothing Its length is about a hundred woods of laurel. between thirty-five and leagues, and its breadth and much forty. Its water is fweet, agrecable, In the middle of this lighter than that of the Nile. which. the emperor has a lake there is an ifland, on that of Gondar. palace as magnificent as In , that iS, the fea of Dembea: is called Bahal Dembea, it is charming, fince on every The country round but large towns and beauciful fide we fee nothing Its length is about a hundred woods of laurel. between thirty-five and leagues, and its breadth and much forty. Its water is fweet, agrecable, In the middle of this lighter than that of the Nile. which. the emperor has a lake there is an ifland, on that of Gondar. palace as magnificent as In --- Page 294 --- Obftrvations upon AsIA, In. this lake there are a grear many which pufh the water before them, and fea-horfes, high. The fkin of this animal is fometimes fpring very and fometimes white, and their head refembles red, that of a horfe, though threir cars are fhorter. Thefe horfes are amphibious, fince they come out water to browfe the grafs on the fhore, where of the often carry off goats and fhecp for their food. they fkin is very much efteem'd, fince they make buck- The lers of them, which are proof againft mufket balls and fpears. The Ethiopians eat the flefh of thefe animals, which muft certainly be very unwholfome. They take thefe horfes in the following manner When they fee one of them, they purfue : with a drawn fword, and cut off his fo hini that not being able to fwim any longer, he legs, comes to the fhore and dies. Emfras, next to Gondar, from which it is diftant a day's journey, is one of the moft confiderable cities of Ethiopia. Its fituation is charming, and its houfes, which are well built, are feparated from each other by hedges which areperpetually green, cover'd with flowers and fruits, and intermix'd with trees planted at an equal diftance; and this is the idea wbich ought to be form'd of moft of the cities of Ethiopia. The emperor's palace is fituated on an eminence which commands the whole city. Emfras is famous for its trade in flaves and civet. They here bring up fuch a prodigious number of civet cats, that fome merchants have three hundred of them. Itis a difficule tafk to feed them. thrice a week give them raw beef, and on the They other days a kind of milk pottage. They now and then perfume this animal with fine odours, and once a week they fcrape together an unctuous matter which comes opia. The emperor's palace is fituated on an eminence which commands the whole city. Emfras is famous for its trade in flaves and civet. They here bring up fuch a prodigious number of civet cats, that fome merchants have three hundred of them. Itis a difficule tafk to feed them. thrice a week give them raw beef, and on the They other days a kind of milk pottage. They now and then perfume this animal with fine odours, and once a week they fcrape together an unctuous matter which comes --- Page 295 --- and AMERICA. 58z AFRICA, with the fweat, and which comes out of its body name of the animal 3 and they call civet from the this matter in oxens horns they carefully preferve clofe ftopt up. the vintage is in February, on which At Emfras found which weigh cight occafion fome grapes are as nuts. Thele pounds, and whofe feeds are as large and tho' fuch as are grapes are of different colours ; they are not moft white have a very good tafte, who yet have an averlion cfteem'd by the Ethiopians, their colour refembles that to them purely becaufe of the Europeans. Ethiopia where the MaEmfras is the only ciryin of their religion, hometans have the publie exercife with thofe of and-where their houfes are intermixed the Chriftians. have but one wife, yet they Tho' the Ethiopians their law allowed them feveral. would be glad if fevere on thofe who keep more The priefts are their very civil judges are not fo rigid. than one, but of the Ethiopians are fo fingular The obfequies attention. When any as to deferve our particular hideous crics are heard from all one dies, the moft affemble in the quarters, and all the neighbours in concert with the houfe of the defunét, to weep with cerelations. They walh the body particular fhrowd of remonies, and after covering it with middle a of the new cotton, put it in a coffin in flambeaux the of wax, room, which is illuminated with which occafion the cries and tears are redoubled, on with the beating of mourning and accompanied Some for the foul of the defunét, drums. pray and others mangle others repeat verles in his praife, with their flefh, tear their hair, or burn themfelves This ceflambeaux, in order to teltify their grief. lafts till the remony, which is terrible and affecting, priefts of the new cotton, put it in a coffin in flambeaux the of wax, room, which is illuminated with which occafion the cries and tears are redoubled, on with the beating of mourning and accompanied Some for the foul of the defunét, drums. pray and others mangle others repeat verles in his praife, with their flefh, tear their hair, or burn themfelves This ceflambeaux, in order to teltify their grief. lafts till the remony, which is terrible and affecting, priefts --- Page 296 --- Obfervations upon AsrA, priefts come to carry the body. After having fung fome plalms, VaNPL burnt incenfe, they bégin their march, holding a crofs of iron in the and a pound of ftones in the left hand. right, They themfelves carry the body, and during the whole march. The relations and fing friends follow, and ftill continue their cries, which are accompanied with the found of mourning, drums. All of them have their heads fhav'd, which in that country-is the fign of mourning. When they go paft any church they ftop and fay certain prayers, after which they proceed to the place of interment, where they again burn incenfe, fing fome pfalms with a mournful voice, and put the body in the ground. The mourners return to the houle of the deceas'd, where a feaft is prepar'd for them, and where the relations affemble morning and evening for three days, to Jament the lofs of their friend, during which time they eat nothing, After three days they difperfe till the eighth day from the death of the perfon, and every. cighth day throughout the whole year affemble, to weep for two hours. Another more fingular ceremony is obferv'd on the affumption of the virgin Mary, on which occafion the cmperor receives the communion. Tweive thouland men, rang'd in order of battle, appear in the great court before the palace. The empefor, cloath'd with a robe of blue velvet, embroider'd with gold and hanging down to the ground, has on his head a piece of muflin with gold itripes, which forms a kind of ancient crown, and leaves the middie of the head bare. His fhoes are made after the Indian manner, and.adorn'd with flowers and pearls. Two princes of the blood, fimptuoufly cloathed, wait for him at the gate of the pa'ace with a magnificent canopy, under which he the palace. The empefor, cloath'd with a robe of blue velvet, embroider'd with gold and hanging down to the ground, has on his head a piece of muflin with gold itripes, which forms a kind of ancient crown, and leaves the middie of the head bare. His fhoes are made after the Indian manner, and.adorn'd with flowers and pearls. Two princes of the blood, fimptuoufly cloathed, wait for him at the gate of the pa'ace with a magnificent canopy, under which he --- Page 297 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA: by trumpets, kettle-drums, he marches, preceded and otheri rinftruments, which flutes, harps, heautbois, mufic. - He is followed by afford a pretty agrecable minifters of the empire, who hold the feven frft and have their heads each other under the arms, and each holding cover'd almoft like the emperor, carries the in his hand. Hein the middle a javelin with his head bare. This crown imperial crown, fince for its top it hasa is extremely magnificent, The officers of the crofs of the richeft other jewels. in the fame manner, folerown holding each the praifes of the emperor: low alternately finging cloath'd in robes of different COThe mufkéteers, follow, and are lours made as tight as: a waiftcoat, armed with bows fucceeded by the archers, who are the emperor's This march is clos'd by and arrows, caparifon'd, and cover'd with led horfes, richly which hang to the ground, and are ftuffs of gold moft beautiful tigers fkins. MO adorn'd with the drefs'd in his pontificals, which The patriarch, croffes of gold, ftands at' the door are adorn'd with attended with more than a hundred of the chapel and plac'd in rows, with, priefts cloath'd in white, fome within and others an iron crofs in their hands, taking the emwithout the chapel. The leads patriarch him into the chapel, peror by the right hand, this caand brings him near the altar. 2 They carry to his emperor's head, till he comes nopy.overthe with rich tapeftry, and he deik, which is cover'd which the ftands till he receives: the communion, When the ceadminifters in both kinds., patriarch difcharge two cannons, as remony is over, they after which the emperor comes they did at entering and ; returns to the palace in the out of the chapel, obferv'di in marching from it. fame order which was H A P. --- Page 298 --- Obfervations zpon AsIA, CHAP XXXII. Several very. himple medicines ufed by tbe Indian phyficians, for various kinds of difcafes, I o relieve perfons affliéted with violent and lancinating head-achs, the phyficians of mix a fpoonful of oil with two fpoonfuls of Bengal water, and after having agitated thefe liquors well, they put fome of the mixture into the palm of the hand, and rub the forehead with it, afferting that is more proper to cool the blood. They alfo nothing order the patient to drink the fame dofe for a retention of urine. They treat eryfipelas of the head with leeches, and in Order to make them faften, irritate them, by handling them with their fingers dipt in mouldy bran. Slack'd lime is much us'd among the phylicians of Bengal, who apply it to the temples for headachs contracted by cold. They alfo apply it to the ftings of fcorpions, hornets, and other venomous animals. But to draw cold humours from the knees when inflated, and to expel wind from the inteftines, they mix it with a fmall quantity of honey, and form it into a plaifter, which falls off when it has produc'd its effect, but they anoint the part with oil before they apply it. They pretend that the beft remedy againft worms in the inteftines, is a glafs of quick lime-water taken three mornings fucceffively ; and to deftroy worms generated in wounds, they mix lime with the of tobacco, juice The draw cold humours from the knees when inflated, and to expel wind from the inteftines, they mix it with a fmall quantity of honey, and form it into a plaifter, which falls off when it has produc'd its effect, but they anoint the part with oil before they apply it. They pretend that the beft remedy againft worms in the inteftines, is a glafs of quick lime-water taken three mornings fucceffively ; and to deftroy worms generated in wounds, they mix lime with the of tobacco, juice The --- Page 299 --- AFRICA, and AMERIGA: terra merita is no lefs us'd-tin The cucuma or the former they rub the forethe lime, fince with hands, and the foles of the head, the palms of the feet. of the Bengal beans bruis'd, put into The leaves times a day, according and fmell'd to feveral alfo a bag tertian fevers 3 for which fomc of to them cure to fmeil, to the whole flowers order the patient two hours before the paroxyfin, of white chamomilc, temples, the parts gendly rubbing the, forchead, venefection is' performed, the the arms whercjn and backs of the hands, the navel, the wrifts, the palms the tcet, and.the region of the.loins, the hams, full of the beans of the country heart, with a bag do norufe thofe of Europe. bruis'd; for they againft the fcurvy, Thele beans are alfo veryiguod fome ufe the broth of beans, for the cure of which fried. and others cat them their phyficians judge of the The moft fkilful of the pulfe, whereas the vulviolence of the dileale by of it by the external heat or gar form an eftimate that the internal parts are cold cold, pretending hot, on which occalion they carewhen the fkin is forfear of a fannipat, a fully abftain from drinking, which without impairing reafon kind of lethargy, mortal in a fhort time. double very much, proves ofno fevers, fo much as the They are afraid with thivering or tertian : and for fuch as begin to take broth of trembling, thcy order the patient of whole pepper and a rice boil'd with a ipoonful which makes the patient head of garlick bruis'ds from his thirit. When the fweat, and frees him hands and feet hot, they order body is cold, and the mornings fuccellively, three. the fick to take three herb, which is probably the fpoonfuls of a fmall with juice of grecen ginger, but creeping gerander, U perhaps VoL, 11. for fuch as begin to take broth of trembling, thcy order the patient of whole pepper and a rice boil'd with a ipoonful which makes the patient head of garlick bruis'ds from his thirit. When the fweat, and frees him hands and feet hot, they order body is cold, and the mornings fuccellively, three. the fick to take three herb, which is probably the fpoonfuls of a fmall with juice of grecen ginger, but creeping gerander, U perhaps VoL, 11. --- Page 300 --- Obfervations upon ASIA, perhaps dry ginger with fugar would fame effeét, produce the Some in order to' remove a thick and vifcid phlegm from the lungs, advife, inftead of to fmoke the dry bark of vervain tobacco, order to incide and attenuate this root. Others in toaft. equal parts of cloves, phlegm in coughs, pepper, which they mix with cinnamon, and long burnt clove; and of this mixture honey correéted by a take a fmall quantity. they now and then In order to cleanfe the falivary veffels and from any thick and'g glutinous humour, glands rize with a decoétion of lentils, which they gargabappy effeéts. produces To cure the epilepfy, they, during the burn the patient to the bone with an paroxyfin, button; or in the beginning of che ft ignited gold the back of the head, where the they apply to mufcles two: large relevator feparate, two or four and if thefe produce no effect, full-grown they add lecches; the patient comes to himfelf. more till To; patients affliéted with fluxes, charge of mucous gripes, or a dif water, into which they excrements, have the they give a glafs of fpoonfal of white cumin, and two night before, put a per roafted and reduc'd to a ipconfuls of pepfluxes they mix opium with powder; but in bilioas make a plaifter to be laid on the honey, navel. of which they For inflations of the ferotum, and all cold defluxions, they prepare a Jiniment of bruis'd on a ftone and mix'd with water. oyfter-fhells When they want to produce a fweat, the they make a patient fit down, and covering his whole except the head, place under him a veffel body Water in which they have boil'd full of der, and hedge muftard. They ftramony, would alfo germanLERE a plaifter to be laid on the honey, navel. of which they For inflations of the ferotum, and all cold defluxions, they prepare a Jiniment of bruis'd on a ftone and mix'd with water. oyfter-fhells When they want to produce a fweat, the they make a patient fit down, and covering his whole except the head, place under him a veffel body Water in which they have boil'd full of der, and hedge muftard. They ftramony, would alfo germanLERE --- Page 301 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA: box-wood in it, if they had any ; for with the prickly that of box of Bengal has not the fame virtues Europe. conimon difeale, acAt Bengal thére is a very which mortal. companied with profufe fweats cordials prove and ftrew The remedy for itis to exhibit with the fweat linfeed in the bed, which mixing the pores by its forms a mucilage which braces up coldnefs. they put a fmall quantity of male To cure tetters, of lemon juice, incenfe into two or threc fpoonfuls afficted, and which with which they bathe the weeks, part being accompanied produces a cure in three fenfation of coolnefs whenapwith the moft grateful plied. the or whitlow, very eafily, They cure panariss - Jeaves of a fpecies of hly by means of the toafted applying them twice a day which grows at Bengal, and at the end of thirty days to the part affected, They ufe the fame medicine for the pus is form'd. of boils and callofities. They cure the refolution of onions and green ginabfcefles with a cataplalm and alfo apply this preger fry'd in oil of muftard, affeéted with the gout, and to paration to the parts colic. the abdomen, for the flatulent call jari, is not unknown The fcurvy, which they and the phyficians firft in the kingdom of Bengal, which they order him to purge the patient, after compoled of of a liquor drink a proper quantity of onions, green ginger, equal parts of the juice Their gargarifin is made and the greater bafilicon. and they affirm that of honey and lemon from juice ulcers 5 in the inteftines. this diforder proceeds common diforder, in There is alfo another very and cut in feveral places, which the tongue is fplic and marked with white and is fometimes rongh fpots. U 2 --- Page 302 --- 2g2 Obfircations upor AsiA, fpors. The Indians are greatly afraid of this dif order, which they fay proceeds from an intenfe heat of the ftomach. Their cure confifts in chewing bafilicon with black feeds, or they fwailow the juice of it impregnated with a clove, and fometimes order the juice of the greater mint to be drank. they They are fubject to a kind of ulcers which call nefts of worms, and which are feveral ulcers they communicating with each other by fmall canals full of worms ; and as fome of thefe ulcers are heal'd, others break out. To catch thefe worms, fome apply plates of lead pierc'd with holes, over which they lay ripe figs, fo that the worms paffing thro' the holes' enter the fruit, which is forthwith to be removed, and by this means the ulcer is cur'd. They alfo fometimes cure thefe ulcers by to them a applying layer of coarfe-ground fnuff and pounded falt as thick as a fhilling, and this remedy is remov'd every morning, by which means the wound is cur'd in twenty days.. CHAP XXXIII. Situation and extent ef Egypt ; its government and produce ; the courle of tbe Nile ; and tbe Jeveral antiquities of Cairo, Alexandria, and Thebes. is by the Greeks called fometimes fometimes Eo Aiguptos, Potamuris, and fometimes Melambolis, all which denote the it has in being water'd by the Nile, and advantage fertilis'd by the black flime which it fpreads on the ground. Almot every morning, by which means the wound is cur'd in twenty days.. CHAP XXXIII. Situation and extent ef Egypt ; its government and produce ; the courle of tbe Nile ; and tbe Jeveral antiquities of Cairo, Alexandria, and Thebes. is by the Greeks called fometimes fometimes Eo Aiguptos, Potamuris, and fometimes Melambolis, all which denote the it has in being water'd by the Nile, and advantage fertilis'd by the black flime which it fpreads on the ground. Almot --- Page 303 --- and. AMERICA: 293. AFRICA, reft of the ancient nations have Almo(t all the of the land of Cham the fon known it by the name of the land of Mitfram the of Noah, or by that Cham who fectled here. fon or defcendant of is between the entry of The fituation of Egypt the ifhmus of Sues on the north, the Meditcrianean the eaft, Nubia on the fouth, and the red fea on Barca and Lybia on the weft. and the delarts of from the laft CaIts length from north to fouth, is five thoutaraét of Nubia fo the. Mediterrancan, according to Strabo, which fand three hundred hundred ftadia, and twelve leagues, namemake about two to Cairo thirty-five ly, from the Mediterranean Thebes an hundred and leagues, from Cairo to Thebes to the laft cataraét thirty-five, and from forty-two. fince at moft it is itis not fo much in breacth, and twenty-fix leagues no more than between twenty It may even be from the Jaft cataraÉt to Cairo. more than five or fix faid, that its breadth is hardly cultivated land broader leagues, fince there is no border'd by than this extent $ for itis a long which valley run from.caft to a double chain. of mountains the Nile 5 but out of this weft, and are.crof'd by which in all ages has been fpace, the.reft is ground But from Cairo on the an unculivared defart. Egypt js do enlarg't, north to the Mediteranean, the fca extends to Kan-jouncs, that its bafe from laft of the kingdom on formerly Jaiffus, the city Alexandri, the weft to the coafts. of Lybia.b beyond is near a; hundred leagues. € and of the race of the Mamalukes, js Tomumbay had; for Selim, emperor the laft fuitan. whom. Egypt thé 1517, andiit it in year of the Turks conquer'd the dominion of the.grand has finçe continued under lignior. U 3 There that its bafe from laft of the kingdom on formerly Jaiffus, the city Alexandri, the weft to the coafts. of Lybia.b beyond is near a; hundred leagues. € and of the race of the Mamalukes, js Tomumbay had; for Selim, emperor the laft fuitan. whom. Egypt thé 1517, andiit it in year of the Turks conquer'd the dominion of the.grand has finçe continued under lignior. U 3 There --- Page 304 --- Obfervations zpon AstA, There are in it a bafhaw, twenty-four beys, and four corps of militia ; but tho' the bafhaw is, as it were, the chief of the government, yet he can undertake nothing of importance, without the advice and confent of the beys and other officers. The bafhaw is generally inftail'd in his office in the month of September, which according to the Coptic computation is the firft month of the year 5 and the fnltan about this time fends bim either a contingation of his every year, his office, or an order for depofition, He generally holds his charge three years, tho' there is no time ftated, fince he is often depofed before that period. The caftle of Cairo ferves as a palace for the bafhaw, where he thrice a week holds his divan or general couincil, which is compofed of beys, and feven corps of the militia. agas, The beys are the lieutenants of the bafhaw, and tho' there fhould be twenty-four of them, yet this number is rarely compleat, becaufe the bafhaw who nominates them, finds it his intereft not to fill up the vacancies foon, on account of a certain fum from the royal treafury for the payment of the granted and which falls to the bafhaw when a bey is want- beys, ing; and tis to be obferved, that each bey has about nineteen fhillings a day, and thirty-feven fhillings and fix-pence when he travels for the fervice of the ftate. As there are a great number of candidates for the place of bey, the bafhaw generally receives from him he nominates, twenty or twenty-five purfes, each confifting of five hundred crowns. The officers alfo, to enrich themfelves by the foldiers pay, inftead of twenty thoufand cavalry and' as many infantry paid by the grand fignior, almoft never have above the half of thefe troops. All --- Page 305 --- and AMERICA: AFRICA, which confift of twelve thoufand All the infantry, thoufand azaps, lie in garrifon in janifaries and cight Cairo; and the cavalry, which the caftle and city.of of different troops; are difpers'd confift of five corps up and down the country. into feventeen governments, Egypt is divided and four fmall. The thirteen of which are large, Athfihé, Beheiré, Beheformer are Achemonain, Quahalié, Faiom, Garbia, neffé, Loubia, Charquité, and Menoufié: ; and the Girgé, Gizé, Manfelouth, Elouah, and Terrané, Belatter, Affouan, Ebrim, and village has cach borough fides the governors, all of whom are fubject to the its decifions particular of the lords, divan of Cairo. irteen of which are large, Athfihé, Beheiré, Beheformer are Achemonain, Quahalié, Faiom, Garbia, neffé, Loubia, Charquité, and Menoufié: ; and the Girgé, Gizé, Manfelouth, Elouah, and Terrané, Belatter, Affouan, Ebrim, and village has cach borough fides the governors, all of whom are fubject to the its decifions particular of the lords, divan of Cairo. and only continue in office a year, The governors others, and in perfon inftals the bafhaw nominates of the large governments, the thirteen cloaths governors with a cafetan or particular robe, whom he of horfe, ftronger or and appoints them a guard extent of their governments. weaker according to the is initall'd by the gobut the governor of Terrané thofe of Affouan, Ebrim, vernor of Beheiré, and of Girgé. and Elouah, by the governor and villages labour The lords of the boroughs that if any of them dies, under this difadvantage, the lands of which they without felling or réfigning before their death, their effeéts are lords, forty days the balhaw ordering them to be are confifcated, and the money for the ufe of fold by auétions receives the grand fignior. rich and fertile, that every three Egypt is fo draws fromit fifteen millionis of years, the exchequer hundred fourfcore and fixteen money, and two 'hundred loads of grain, two thirds thoufand feven the other of barley, lentils, beans, of corn, and They alfo fend every year to the and other pulfes. U - roite --- Page 306 --- Obferrations upon Asra, Porte twelve hundred quintals of fugar, and feven hundred loads of lentils. This, however, is only a part of what the grand fignior draws from Egypt; fince the taxes of Alexandria, Rofetta, Damiette, Sues, Cairo, and other 'cities, produce far more confiderable fums. Egypt, however, is not a very populous fnce there are few large cities in ir, and only country, three thoufand boroughs and villages, in which there are twelve thoufand mofques. The fertility of the country alfo appears by the multitude of animals feen every where, and the prodigious number of plants which the earth fpontaneoufly produces, and fome of which are pcculiar to Egypt. Among the animals, crocodiles, antclopes, wild oxen, wild goats, wild boars, wolves, foxes, ichneumons, or Pharaoh's rats, tygérs, hyenas, cameleons, fheep, harcs, and others of a like nature are found in Egypt, as well as in other countries, but the fca horfes are peculiar to it, tho' fewer in number than the crocodiles. Alit of the birds would'be infinite, but the mo.t common are turtles, quails, ducks, teals, which the Greeks call trochilus, fea-ducks, fag-faqs, divers, birds of the Nile, rice hens, plover, bechats, ftockdoves, quathas, which is a kind of partridge (for there are no true partridges except in the défàrt of St. Antony) courleus, herons, pelicans, cormorants, (which are only in the higher Egypt for fome months, when they come from the north) eagles, ibifes, and all forts of fmall birds, but the woodcock is very rare, both in the higher and lower Egypts. -faqs, divers, birds of the Nile, rice hens, plover, bechats, ftockdoves, quathas, which is a kind of partridge (for there are no true partridges except in the défàrt of St. Antony) courleus, herons, pelicans, cormorants, (which are only in the higher Egypt for fome months, when they come from the north) eagles, ibifes, and all forts of fmall birds, but the woodcock is very rare, both in the higher and lower Egypts. It is the fame with relpect to plants as animals, fince Egypt has all thofe common to other countries, except walnut and almond trecs ; that which bears the --- Page 307 --- and AMERICA, AFRICA, unknown in it, tho' the Egyptians every the fenna is of it to Europe, which * year furnifh a large Nubia. quantity they bring from fort of rufh) the Egyptian The 'papyrus (a fort of mercury, the achar, arum, the meloulcié, a refembling fpurge, the a gummy and thorny plant fo beautiful a red, and the hanné, whofe juice is rofemary, are peculiar to aber, which refembles Egypt. the fycamore, and the caterambas, fome The caffia, only grow in which is a kind of coloquintida, particular parts of Egypt. fertile, yet it isi fo much Tho' the foil is naturally that famine or plenty dépend indebted to the Nile, of this river. The aliments have on the'overflowing tafte, and tho' the beefis not generally an exquifite is but indifferent, and the excellent, yét the mutton on account of the manner fowls ftill worfe, probably in which they are hatch'd. in Egypt, fince all There is no wine' drink produc'd is brought from Cyprus, which the inabicants France. Before the water can be Candia, Italy, or of the country, 'it drank, efpecially'in warm parts earth, which muft be put into pots of a very which porous look towards the in the windows € are expos'd and this is the method us'diat Cairo. north, is fufficiently recompenfed by This inconveniency than which there is nonei in the fituation of Egypt, defign'd for çommerce : the world more happily Africa and Afia, oppofite to fincc, as it lies berwecn one fide by the Arabic, and Europe, bounded on Mediterranean fea, it muft be, 'as on the other-by-the of all the riches of thefe three it were, the depofitory of the world. of one canal parts The courfe of - the Nile confifts only: beyond from its fourée till at: pafles five Icagues Cairo; nonei in the fituation of Egypt, defign'd for çommerce : the world more happily Africa and Afia, oppofite to fincc, as it lies berwecn one fide by the Arabic, and Europe, bounded on Mediterranean fea, it muft be, 'as on the other-by-the of all the riches of thefe three it were, the depofitory of the world. of one canal parts The courfe of - the Nile confifts only: beyond from its fourée till at: pafles five Icagues Cairo; --- Page 308 --- Obfervations upon AsIA, Cairo; it defcends from Abyfinia, croffes doms of Sennar- and Angola, the king: whole of Nubia and together with the divided into two Egypt, but below Cairo it is and the other to Rofette, branches, onegoing to Damiette, of Delta is form'd. by which means the ifland The other larger rivers are augmented in courfe by the additional waters which their receive into their channels, whereas they continually Egypt alone, diffufes itfelf thro? the Nile, in canals and feveral fmall rwenty-four large into the Mediterranean, ones, which almoft all run During the three or four months in which Nile is high, all thefe canals are full of the when ihe is low, moft of them water, but minifh'd, and at laft become are gradually diwhich are never exhaufted dry, except a few number of on account of the vaft prings which fupply them. Thofe who live on the borders of fuch lakes come dry, make, round their hamlets, as be-- ditches, which refemble large and deep by the lakes, when theyare filld the overflowing of the Nile, and in thefe ditches water being preferv'd till the next ferves as drink for men and cattle. overflowing Befides thefe deep ditches they alfo which are equally fill'd with the water of dig the wells, which however foon contraéts an Nile, by the nitre of the foil, fo that it infupportable is only us'd tafte for swatering their meadows and plants. Thus by means of thefe wells, and the overflowings of the Nile, Egyptis very fertile tho' its climate js fcorching, and its atmofphere free from clouds and rain. In order to produce abundance in the Nile muft rife above the level of her Egypt, go within twenty or Ewenty-four feet of channel, the and cataract of however foon contraéts an Nile, by the nitre of the foil, fo that it infupportable is only us'd tafte for swatering their meadows and plants. Thus by means of thefe wells, and the overflowings of the Nile, Egyptis very fertile tho' its climate js fcorching, and its atmofphere free from clouds and rain. In order to produce abundance in the Nile muft rife above the level of her Egypt, go within twenty or Ewenty-four feet of channel, the and cataract of --- Page 309 --- and AMERICA: AFRICA, of twenty that is to the entry Egypt, and only of Affouan, hand-breadths from Cairo, or twenty-four from Damiette and Rofette. four or five of the Nile begin to grow turbid and The waters the 22d of June, and diminith be augmented about fo that they increafe for after the 22d of September, decreafe for as many. three months and of Egypt, is fituated. Grand Cairo, the capital the Nile, and is ten or twelve on the right border of including old Cairo and miles in circumference, degrees, and its latitude Boulac. Its longitude eis 49 There are certainly degrees and 30 minutes. in Paris, but fewer 49 inhabitants in Cairo.than more there are near thirteen hundred public houfes, tho' feven hundred and twenty mofques edifices, namely, hundred without, fourfcore pubwith fteeples, four number of private ones is incredilic baths, for the calld Sama, that is, the ble, and a large college mofque of flowers. four or chiefs of the In this college the pontiffs their refidence, and exfour fects of the law have Their authority is equal, ercife their jurifdiction. from the granarics of the and they yearly receive ofcorn or pulfe for grand fignior, two thoufandloads which has as much, the maintenance ofthe college, of the donations madeto and often more on account of mahometifm, it. In this fchool the principles aftrology, and hiftory are logic, aftronomy, judicial taught. there is but one public place, call'd In Cairo the caftle, and is neither Romelie, which is before nor any other or-. embellih'd with fountains, trees, naments, and uneven, and as they The ftreets are narrow extremely dufty. are not pav'd, they are always coaches, chariots, nor At Cairo there are neither chairs, of mahometifm, it. In this fchool the principles aftrology, and hiftory are logic, aftronomy, judicial taught. there is but one public place, call'd In Cairo the caftle, and is neither Romelie, which is before nor any other or-. embellih'd with fountains, trees, naments, and uneven, and as they The ftreets are narrow extremely dufty. are not pav'd, they are always coaches, chariots, nor At Cairo there are neither chairs, --- Page 310 --- Obfervations upor Asra, chairs, bur people go thro' the on on affes, and even the ladies have city horfeback or of going abroad. In each no other method water and a watering city there is a bafon of fon has a trough for cattle, and each bawith Fipe or two, and a brafs a chain. ladle fix'd to it The houfes confift of feveral ftories, and intirely either of bricks, or one half are built the other of ftones, and their of bricks and infide and towards the magnificence is in the halls are in a particular gardens; but their divans and fince they are fuil of manner grand and beauriful, marble, and all kinds water-works, of compartments of The canal, which runs embellifhments, from one end the other, is the only external of Cairo to us an idea of the city, but the thing which can give it three or four months, and water only flows in yearis fo low that it becomes during the reft of the were a common fewer, for it ftagnant, has and is as it than the Nile no other fource The caftle of Cairo is more the cicy befides, for this citadel remarkable is of than all and tho' it is neither a vaft extent, mands the city, but is ftrong itfelf nor regular, yet it comgain on the eaft, and its commanded by a mounries and azaps, whofe garrifon confifts of janifaand lodgings, magazines of artillery are in it. This caftle is the arms, of queen Semiramis, who work bylonians in it, in order plac'd a garrifon of Bato which is fituated keep Memphis in awe weft to the north. oppofite to it, and runs from the aqueduét convey'd the According to Strabo, a long means of feveral water of the Nile toit, by turn'd by ffty flaves, pumps but and wheels which were an aqueduét, which is built at prefent it is fupplied by of diamonds, and of ftones cut in form twenty arches. fupported by three hundred and Befides , in order plac'd a garrifon of Bato which is fituated keep Memphis in awe weft to the north. oppofite to it, and runs from the aqueduét convey'd the According to Strabo, a long means of feveral water of the Nile toit, by turn'd by ffty flaves, pumps but and wheels which were an aqueduét, which is built at prefent it is fupplied by of diamonds, and of ftones cut in form twenty arches. fupported by three hundred and Befides --- Page 311 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA: 3of there is in the caftle a well, Befides this aqueduét well, of which we have commonly call'd Joleph's already fpoken. of Perfia, order'd a famous temple Ochus, king which he confecrated to the god to be built in Cairo, fo a light was kept, that of fire, and in which great candlcs. it was call'd the caftle of built by AlexThe famous city of Alexandria, the capital of ander, the refidence of the Ptolomys, Romein the iciences Egypt, the rival of Athens and opulent, magand liberal arts, incredibly where populous, nothing was to be feen nificent in its buildings, farrounded with edifices and fquares, but public fince buried in its own ruins, marble pillars, is long fubfiftence to commerce, fince and owes its prefent in which the fhipping are it has two excellent old ports is deftin'd for the thips glad to enter : the and port the new is open to thofe of of the grand fignior, Europe. is however found inits own Ancient Alexandria and old we difcover the ruins, fincein the new ports Strabo. two famous ports mentioned and by library of the Ptolos We fee that the palace and that of Alexmys, as well as their fepulchres which terminates at theport ander, were' in the plain they had to the of Rofette : for near thefe palaces which was only us'd fouth of Lochias, a fmall port was guarded by by themfelves, and whofe entry in the fea; and this moles of ftone which ftill appear call'd extended to. the ifland of Antirhodus, and a port Pharillon, in which there was a palace the theatre. the fouth eaft of this port was the emporium, To and a little further, the fmall mention'd by Strabo, author calls Poffidium, on-accape which the fame and which count of a temple dedicated to Neptune, Mark , a fmall port was guarded by by themfelves, and whofe entry in the fea; and this moles of ftone which ftill appear call'd extended to. the ifland of Antirhodus, and a port Pharillon, in which there was a palace the theatre. the fouth eaft of this port was the emporium, To and a little further, the fmall mention'd by Strabo, author calls Poffidium, on-accape which the fame and which count of a temple dedicated to Neptune, Mark --- Page 312 --- Olfervationts upon Asra, Mark Anthony lengthened by a mole, and buile a palace on it, which he call'd Timonium ; fo thactho'it is now buried under water, yet when the is calm we difcover fuch a multitude of its wrecks fea as convince us at once of its great magnificence and furprifing extent. At Alexandria we fee the temple of fo, much extoll'd by the ancients, in which there Serapis, is an iron ftatue of the fun, which was agitated and attracted, according to Ruffinus, by a load-ftone plac'din the roof. In the fame quarter was the amphitheatre, the ftadium, the place deftin'd for the games and combats reprefented every five years, the panium, which is the fhooting mark of Nathaur, the with its long portico's, the tribunal of juftice, college the facred wood, and laftly, a fpacious place near the porte of Canopé, On coming out of this port we found the for horfe races, which was thirty ftadiums in ground and reach'd to Nicopolis, the fuburbsof length, now Alexandria, Cafferquiafera, which extended to the fea, and muft have been very confiderable, fince we there find the ruins of a caftle, which is an oblong fquare flank'd with twenty towers, deftroy'dindeed, but Abill diftinguifhable. The port might alfo have contributed toits grandeur, fince Velpafian embark'd in it when he undertook the conqueft of Jerufalem. "Tis here, where Alexandria, including its fuburbs, properly ended 3 and confequently this city, according to the computation of Diodorus, was feventy ftadiumsin length, which are more than two and an half, fince he affures us that there was leagues a ftrect in it adorn'd with palaces and temples, a hundred fees broad, and forty ftadiums from the port, which was probably that of the old harbour, to the port of Canopé; --- Page 313 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. forin the fpace between thefe two we almoft nopé; where find pieces of broken pillars. of every We have already fpoke of the famous pillar of and of the two obelifks of Cleopatra, AlexPompey, beautiful remains at which there are ftill very andria. What has not all antiquity faid of Thebes, otherThere is hardly an: wife call'd the great Diofpolis? mention'd it as a city whofe author who has not expreffion, and grandeur and beauty were beyond hundred ftadiums in Diodorus fays that it was four fix circumference, which make very near ftadiums leagues; in and Strabo affirms, that it 'tis was certain cighty that it was of length. Be this as it will, call'd the with extent, fince it was city a prodigious and was not only the capital of a hundred ports, under Sefoftris, that of the whole eaft. Egypt, but and advanIts fituation was the more commodious of inhabitants it tageous for fupporting the numbers becaufe the foil adjacent was incomparacontain'd, and becaufe the Nile run through the bly fertile, city. city had the fame fate with AlexanThis augult fince it is now no longer known. dria and Memphis, and the moft beautiful monuments but by its ruins ; are the fplendid remains of antiquity it contains, of the Theban kings, of the fepulchres and palaces of which we have already given a defcription. CHAP uation was the more commodious of inhabitants it tageous for fupporting the numbers becaufe the foil adjacent was incomparacontain'd, and becaufe the Nile run through the bly fertile, city. city had the fame fate with AlexanThis augult fince it is now no longer known. dria and Memphis, and the moft beautiful monuments but by its ruins ; are the fplendid remains of antiquity it contains, of the Theban kings, of the fepulchres and palaces of which we have already given a defcription. CHAP --- Page 314 --- Diftruations upont Asia, CHAP. XXXIV, Ceremonies obfereed tbe their compliments, 9 Cbinefe in paying letters rebicb tbeir ifts, in tbe Jeafs, they write, and in tbeir THERE fervance is no nation more cxact in the obfince they have books of ceremonies than the Chinefe, vility, which in which contain the rules of cimore than three one of thefe books amount to thoufand. Here prefcrib'd in detail, and common every thing is prefents, feafts, and, in a word, falutations, vifits, tis'd cither in public or every thing prac: ufages introduc'd by cuftom private, are rather laws thart may not in time be neglected, 3 and that thefe laws a tribunal, whofe principal bulinefs there is at Peking the ceremonics of the it is to preferve This tribunal is fo empire, rigorous that much as exempt ftrangers from thir they will not fo for which reafon, before they introduce jurifdiction 5 to the court, they inftruct them ftrangers days, and exercife them in the privately for forty country almoft as our comediansare ceremonies before of the part on the theatre, theyadt a On certain days the mandarins come in habits to falute the emperor, and even particular falute throne when he does not appear in public, which his is equivalent to paying their relpeêts to his perfon, In waiting for the fignal to enter into the court tchao, the court before the hall of the of of them fits on a cufhion in the court throne, before each fouth gate of the palace, which is pay'd with bricks the and are ceremonies before of the part on the theatre, theyadt a On certain days the mandarins come in habits to falute the emperor, and even particular falute throne when he does not appear in public, which his is equivalent to paying their relpeêts to his perfon, In waiting for the fignal to enter into the court tchao, the court before the hall of the of of them fits on a cufhion in the court throne, before each fouth gate of the palace, which is pay'd with bricks the and --- Page 315 --- and AMERICA: . AFRICA, but the cufhions are different acand very elegant, the feveral ranks of the mandarins. cording to to a cufhion, for all have They who have aright which is diftinguifh'd not; ufe a filk one in fummer, the middle of by. its colours, and it is principally the difference of the the cufhion which determines have cufhions of fkins, rank : but in winter they their value. In this great which are difinguih'dby but confufion feems to mulitude, where nothing regulated, and carried reign, every thingis admirably order, fince every one knows ron with the greareft whom to yield, fo that there areno his place, and to difputes about precedence: alfo on all other Their ceremonies are events regulated oblige the great occafions, when any great their compliments to the emperor.. men 'to pay that there thould be cereTho' 'tis not furprifing for the court, yet it is aftonifhing monies regulated fhould be alfo rules fix'd for the behaviour thatthere each other; fo that when they of private perfons either to with their equals or fuperiors, are to converfe excus'd from the oblervance of none of them are thefe rules. : falutation confifts in joining the The ordinary in an affected manhands before the hreaft, moving and reciprocally fayner, bending the head gently, which figniing tfin-tlin, a word of wifhes; compliment but when they meet fies every thing a perfon ought tO pay a greater rea perfon to whom they raife them, and then fpect, they join their handis, bowing the whole body put them to the ground, very low. abfence, two acquaintance When, after long their knees and fall to the meet, they fit down on repeat the fame ceground ; then rifing up, they ufing the word Fo, remony twice or thricc, generally which VoL. Il. X , a word of wifhes; compliment but when they meet fies every thing a perfon ought tO pay a greater rea perfon to whom they raife them, and then fpect, they join their handis, bowing the whole body put them to the ground, very low. abfence, two acquaintance When, after long their knees and fall to the meet, they fit down on repeat the fame ceground ; then rifing up, they ufing the word Fo, remony twice or thricc, generally which VoL. Il. X --- Page 316 --- Obfervations upon AstA, which fignifics happinefs, in their mutual pliments. comWhen a perfon is juft arriv'd firft afk him, na-fo, if all from a journey, they well during his journey. things have fucceeded how they do; they When a perfon afks them which means, thanks anfwer, to cao-lao-ye-hung-fo, When they fee a man in your abundant felicity. himn, yung-fo, which is, good health, they fay to your happy countenance. profperity is painted on In villages, as well as in all the ceremonies cities, they alfo obferve fon. When, for proper to the rank of each perof pains to pleafe them, inftance, any one is at a great deat yourfelf; and if they lay, fet-fin, you trouble able fervice, they any one has done them a confiderwithout end. fay, fié-pout-fin, my thanks are Among the vulgar, the firft rank to the oldeft, and if there are is always given it is always given to him who ftrangers in company, moteft country, unlefs his fituation comes from the retrary expedient. renders the conWhen the mandarins meet each other ftreets, if they are of the fame in the equal falutations without rank, they give or even rifing out of their coming out of their chairs, their joined hands and feats, but only deprefs wbich they again raife them to their repeat feveral times till heads, fight of each other ; but if they are out of inferior rank, he orders his one of them is of an he is on horfeback he chair to be ftopt, or if bow to the fuperior mandarin, lights, and makes a profound the Nothing is more fingular than the children pay their refpeét which mafters, fince they ipeak parents, and fcholars their little, and always ftand intheir. only deprefs wbich they again raife them to their repeat feveral times till heads, fight of each other ; but if they are out of inferior rank, he orders his one of them is of an he is on horfeback he chair to be ftopt, or if bow to the fuperior mandarin, lights, and makes a profound the Nothing is more fingular than the children pay their refpeét which mafters, fince they ipeak parents, and fcholars their little, and always ftand intheir. --- Page 317 --- and AMERICA: AFRICA among the Befides, it is cuftomary their birth-day, their prefence. certain days, fuch as OCchildren, on and on feveral other the firft day of the year, to their parents and their rempeets feveral cafions, to pay and touching the carth mafters by kneeling, foreheads. untimes with their converfe with each other, to When the Chinefe and among friends, or firit lefs they fpeak familiarly never fay I and you in the I am their inferiorss they fo that inflead of faying, and fecond perfons : fervice you have done me, they has fenfible of the &c. &cc. very the fervice which your honour, is fufficiendly known fay, done his moft humble fervant, when a fon fpeaks to a father, me. In like manner tho' he fhould to call himfelf his little child, children of he will of the family and have be the cldeft his own. ofa city retires to another the proWhen a governor exercis'd his office with him ap- the vince, after having the people pay finds of the public, as he fets out he probation honours 3 for as foon befet with tables s greateft the road for two or three leagues, burn perfumes, and and there, on which they viétuals, here adorn'd with candles, flambeaux, tables fll'd which are and juft by thefe are other and fruits, wine to be offer'dtoh him. fall with tea and mandarin appears, the people As foon as the bow their heads to the ground, on their knees and rather feeming to do fo, whileothers teftifome weeping, or in orderto receivet ethelaft they beg ofl him to defcend on which occafion monies of their gratitude, wine and dithes prepar'd, him with the his journey as he adprefent ftop him on and frequently this vances. of all, is, that among and What is moft furprifing who draw off his boots crowd, there are fome give X 2. heads to the ground, on their knees and rather feeming to do fo, whileothers teftifome weeping, or in orderto receivet ethelaft they beg ofl him to defcend on which occafion monies of their gratitude, wine and dithes prepar'd, him with the his journey as he adprefent ftop him on and frequently this vances. of all, is, that among and What is moft furprifing who draw off his boots crowd, there are fome give X 2. --- Page 318 --- Obferuations upon Asra; give him others : becaufe all the the mandarin are rever'd. by his boots touch'd by preferv'd in their houfes, and friends, the and facredly off his legs, are in teflimony of firft pair drawn kind of cage over the port of gratitude plac'd lin a he is come. the city from which When a governor or fome is to be waited on, the vifit muft perfon of diftinétion dinner, or if they fhould breakfaft, be paid: before drink any wine before, fince it is look'd they muft not want of refpect, to appear before him upon as a tenance which fhews that the vifitor has with a couning; however, when a vifit is return'd the been drinkon.which it has been paid, wine fàme day drank after dinner ; for in. this cafe may it is' be heartily you are fond of. honouring the a fign that vifited you. perfon who has Vifits are neceffary points of the Chinefe, fince there are certain policenefs among and certain events when days of the yéar able, elpecially in fcholars they are abfolutely indifpenfto their mandarins to thofe on whom they mafters, and Thefe days are birth-days, the depend. firft of the year, certain feafts celebrated when new when a marriage is made, when a fon is born, a dignity, when any of a family a perfon is rais'd to when one undertakes a happens to die, or On all thefe occafions longjourney, 8cc. without urgent neceffity from people cannot be excus'd which are generally paying all thefe vifits, as often confift of Jittle accompanied value, but with fuch prefents perfon to whom they are offer'd, and are ufeful to the contribute to kecp up the ties of confequently pendance, friendfhip and deAs for common' vifits, there are no and tho' thcy are made without fix'd times, ceremony, among friends all thefe occafions longjourney, 8cc. without urgent neceffity from people cannot be excus'd which are generally paying all thefe vifits, as often confift of Jittle accompanied value, but with fuch prefents perfon to whom they are offer'd, and are ufeful to the contribute to kecp up the ties of confequently pendance, friendfhip and deAs for common' vifits, there are no and tho' thcy are made without fix'd times, ceremony, among friends --- Page 319 --- AFRICA, and AMERICAI yer cuftom and friends and intimate acquaintance, formalities with rethe laws prefcribe a great many fpedt to others. the porter of the perfon we inWe muft firft give and wrote tend to vifit a note fignifying our with delign, gilded flowers on a piece of red paper adorn'd of whofefolds the and folded iike a fcreen, on and one ufes terms of refpeét vifitor writes his name, rank of the. perfon he vifits. proportion'd to the the affectionate and finThus for inftance, they fay, the difciple cere friend of your lordfhip, himfelf or perpietual in' this quality to of your doétrine, prefents and fall proftrate on the ground 1 pay you his refpeéls, or one of the before you. : When a familiar friend, a billet of a vulgar paysa vifit, it is fufficient to of give the family is in fingle leaf, which, if the mafter mourning, ought always to be white paper. takes the The mandarin who is vifited, fometimes that the combillet from the porter, and fignifies, vifitor had feen him in pliment is, as great as if the and if the vifitor perfon. If he receives the billet, is thro? of diftinétion, his chair brought 1S a perfon of the tribunal to the entry of a the firft two courts mafter of the houfe comes to rehall, wherc the ceive him. enter the fecond court, before As foon as you who fomethe hall you perceive two and domeftics, the great fan of times hold the umbrella other; thefe CCthe mandarin inclin'd to each (but of the remonies are only obferv'd among people the manfame rank) fo that you can neither perceive him. darin who advances, nor be perciv'd by have defcended from your chair, your When you the great fan which alfo conceal'd fervant draws by diftance to pay you, and then you are at a proper your refpeêts to the mandarin. Then X 3 domeftics, the great fan of times hold the umbrella other; thefe CCthe mandarin inclin'd to each (but of the remonies are only obferv'd among people the manfame rank) fo that you can neither perceive him. darin who advances, nor be perciv'd by have defcended from your chair, your When you the great fan which alfo conceal'd fervant draws by diftance to pay you, and then you are at a proper your refpeêts to the mandarin. Then X 3 --- Page 320 --- Olfarvations upcn Asra, Then the ceremonies number of bows, certain begin, and confift of a vaft rable titles, terms of relpect, honourgenuflexions, and to the left ; for the place of honour going from the right ing to the provinces. varies accordIfa perfon is fitting, the vifitor with tells the motive of his vifit, and is a grave voice the fame gravity, anfwer'd with Befides, you muf accompany'd fit ftrait in with profound bows. leaning on its back, keeping your chair, without without looking from fide your eyes downward, your hands on your knees, and to fide, and holding vanc'd. your feet equally adAfter a fhort a proper habit, converfation, a fervant cloath'd with tea as there are brings a board with as many cups of remony us'd in perfons, and there is a particular ceit to the mouth, taking and the cup, another in a third in carrying fervant. returning it to the When the vifit is ended, you retire with remonies 5 for the mafter of the houfe other ceto your chair, and when conduéls you little, waiting till the chairmen you. are in it, he advances a and when you are ready to fet have lifted the chair, and he rc rns the out you bid him adicu, Letters wrote by compliment. private great number of formalities, perfons which are fubject to a plex feveral of the literati. If fometimes perfon of diftinétion, they muft ufe they write to a perupin ten or twelve folds, in form white paper, made of paper of this kind are fold of a fcreen. Pieces and furnifh'd with fips of red wrapt up in fmall bags accompâny the letter, which is paper, which are to fold of the paper, and begun on the fecond iends it, writes his on the laft the perfon who name, Great to a plex feveral of the literati. If fometimes perfon of diftinétion, they muft ufe they write to a perupin ten or twelve folds, in form white paper, made of paper of this kind are fold of a fcreen. Pieces and furnifh'd with fips of red wrapt up in fmall bags accompâny the letter, which is paper, which are to fold of the paper, and begun on the fecond iends it, writes his on the laft the perfon who name, Great --- Page 321 --- AMERICA. A7RICANENS taken of the ftyle, which Great care muft be in common conto be different fromehatuxd charadters is alfo to be ought verfation. The form of the they are the more they regarded, fince the fmaller diftances to be obferv'd Therearealiod to be us'd are eftem'd. and terms s.of honour we between the lines, rank and quality of the perfon two according to the feal, when us'd, is applied the to frft write to. The of the writer, and on places, on the name but they.molt generally put characters of the letter, it on the covering. fend any deputies to feather the When the mandarins they fix a about affairs of importance, the courier who court tothe packet, and on fuch occafions, with the utmoft expecarries it travels night and day dition. take place in Affeétation and conftraint principally they have two kinds 3 the Chinefe feafts, of which confift of twelve or fixteen fome ordinary, which folemn, in which they place difhes, and others more swenty-four on each table. by three invitations A feaft muft be preceded The efirft inletters to the-guelts. two given by as many before, or at moft vitation is given the night The fecond is given nights before, which is rare. feaft day, to put the the morning of the the third when on in mind of their promife, and guelts the repaft is ready. the feaft is held is generally and The hall where Aowers, paintings, china, adorn'd with valcss and there are as many tables other fimilar ornaments, number of perfons renunlefs the great tho' as guefts, two; and fometimes, ders it necefary to place table. rarely, three ât each the fameline along the two Thefe tables are all on to each other, fides of the hall, and correfpond fo X 4 guelts the repaft is ready. the feaft is held is generally and The hall where Aowers, paintings, china, adorn'd with valcss and there are as many tables other fimilar ornaments, number of perfons renunlefs the great tho' as guefts, two; and fometimes, ders it necefary to place table. rarely, three ât each the fameline along the two Thefe tables are all on to each other, fides of the hall, and correfpond fo X 4 --- Page 322 --- Obfervations spon AsIA, fo that the guefts are feated in arm-chairs oppofite to each other. The fore-part of each table is adorn'd with piecés of filk, work'd like thofe on the Europcan altars ; and tho' they neither ufe table cloths nor napkins, yet the Chinefe varnifh renders theirtables admirably beautiful. Each table is often cover'd wich feveral difhes full of viétuals, cut and pil'd up in pyramids, adorn'd with Alowers and large citrons ; but thefe victuals are not touch'd, fince they only ferve for as the images of fugar doin the Italian ornament, feaits. juft When the perfon who gives the invitation intro-" duces the guefts into the hall where the feaft is to be kept, he falutes them one after another, calls for a fmall glafs of wine, which he holds in both hands, and bowing to all the company, turns his face to the great court of the houfe, lifts up his cyes and hands to heaven, and pours out the wipe in teftimony of his gratitude to providence, the beftower of allhis bleflings. He then orders fome wine to be into a china or filver cup, and bowing to the moft pour'd confiderable perfon of the company, offers to place iton the table, but this gueft returning the compliment, tells him not to be at fo much pains, calls for a glafs of wine and carrics it to the mafter of the fealt, who with extraordinary terms of refpedt tells him, thac he is forry his gueft fhould take fo much trouble. Then the principal fervant bringsthe two of ivory adorn'd with gold or filver, which the pieces Chinefe ufeinftead of forks, and he places them on the table in parallel lines, before the arm-chairs, if they were not laid fo before, which often After this ceremony he conduéts the happens. firft to his arm-chair, which is cover'd with a gueft rich tapeftry of flower'd filk,. pays. him again a profound him, thac he is forry his gueft fhould take fo much trouble. Then the principal fervant bringsthe two of ivory adorn'd with gold or filver, which the pieces Chinefe ufeinftead of forks, and he places them on the table in parallel lines, before the arm-chairs, if they were not laid fo before, which often After this ceremony he conduéts the happens. firft to his arm-chair, which is cover'd with a gueft rich tapeftry of flower'd filk,. pays. him again a profound --- Page 323 --- and AMERICA: AFRICA invites him to fit down, but found reverence, and of it without many fors the other does not accept for taking fuch an honourable malitjes and excufes the fame refpeêts to the placc. He begins to fuffer pay him totake the trouble. reft, but they do not ceremonics they fit down at table, After all thefe four or five of the principal which occafion fuperb upon enter the ball in a magnificent and comedians make a low reverence, drefs; they all together times with their foreheads in touch the ground four rows of tables, with their the middle of the two like a beaufet, face turn'd to a long table prepar'd little cafkets fll'd with and adorn'd with lights and and one of them adperfumes ; they then get chicf up, prefents to him a dreffing himfelf to the gueft, in golden characters, book, in. which are written comedies, which they the names of" fifty or, fixty to act on the heart, and are ready The know 1 by him to chufe which he likes. fpot; ; and defire himfelf, and fends it to the fechief guett excufes 8c.) but all excufe themfclves, cond, he to the third, the book. He at laft fubmits, and fend him back it over in an inftant with his opens the book, runs which he believes and choofes the comedy eyc, acceptable to the company. will be moft begins by the found of thofe The reprefentation to this nation. Thefe inftruments which are proper and fteel, whofe found is inftruments of brafs fifes, are drums of buffaloes fkins, fharp and piercing; and ttumpets. decorations ufed in thele comedies, There are no at the feaft, fince they content which are reprefented the floor with tapcftry : themfelves with covering chambers near to the balcony, and it is from fome their parts in prefence that the actors come to play number of neighbours ef the guefts, and a great whom uments which are proper and fteel, whofe found is inftruments of brafs fifes, are drums of buffaloes fkins, fharp and piercing; and ttumpets. decorations ufed in thele comedies, There are no at the feaft, fince they content which are reprefented the floor with tapcftry : themfelves with covering chambers near to the balcony, and it is from fome their parts in prefence that the actors come to play number of neighbours ef the guefts, and a great whom --- Page 324 --- Obfervations upon AstA, whom curiofity draws thither, The ladies a mind to fee it, are out of the hall, and who have pofite to the comedians, where, plae'dopmade of bamboo interwoven with through a lattice chey fee and hear what paffes without threads of filk, They always begin the feaft by being feen. wine, and the mafter,on one knee exhorts drinking aloud all pure guelts to drink frecly. You are invited, his fays he, to take your glafs. Arthis, each gentlemen, takes cup in both his hands, and lifts it to his his then letting it fink below the table, and forehead, all together to their mouths, they drink putting it Spping three or four times; but the mafter flowly by that they would drink the whole. This he does begs the firft, and then fhewing the bottom of his vinces them that he has emptied it, and cup, coneach of them to do the fame. defires Wine is thus ferved about two or three and then they put in the middle of the table times; china difh of meat, wherein all is ferved a great gouts, which is the reafon that they need up in raThe mafter invites them to no knife. drink eat, as he had before to the ; whereupon each dextroully takes a bit of meat out of. the veffel. They ferve or twenty-four of thefe difhes with the fame up twenty monies ; but they are never forced to drink cerethan they pleafe, and at table their more fmall. glaffes are very When they have done eating of the firft zhey do not take it from the difh, the reft which are ferved table, no more than Between up to the end of the feaft. every fix or cight difhes, they in or fifh broth in a china veffel, bring meat lircle loaves andin a plate, a kind of or cakes, which they take up with the little fticks, dip them in the broth, and eat thiem without any' their more fmall. glaffes are very When they have done eating of the firft zhey do not take it from the difh, the reft which are ferved table, no more than Between up to the end of the feaft. every fix or cight difhes, they in or fifh broth in a china veffel, bring meat lircle loaves andin a plate, a kind of or cakes, which they take up with the little fticks, dip them in the broth, and eat thiem without any' --- Page 325 --- AMERICA: APRICA, and have eaten nothing ceremony. Hitherto they bring in tea. and any but after this they their fticks, but meat, the guefts have quitted about liquor and prefent When eating, they bring them again to eat have done The mafter invites of each another difh. which is done on the appearance courfe, the doand drink, in the difhes in that the twenty difh. In bringing in fuch a manner, the table at the meltics manage difhes are ranked on They bring in or twengy-four is to end. from. time when the comedy and tea, and then rifing comwine, prefent rice end of the hall to pay their into table, go to the mafter, who conduets them them, plimencs to the into a hall to entertain is Ehe garden, or minds, before the fruit take brought thejr and relax their this time the comedians to bring in. During the domeftics are employed of water to repaft, and where they are, bafons : into the hall and face if they table think and proper prewath their hands in clearing the like number of others are employed which confifts of a 8c. falted paring the defert, fruit, and hams, tafte, and difhes of fweet-meats, the fun of an exquilfite ducks, dried in his other delicacies. is ready, a domeftic approaches and When all one knec on the ground, mafter, falls with The mafter taking the opportumity with to him. rifes up,and invites whifpers when the feaft ceafes a little, return into the hall. They the guefts to of thehall, where they again politenefs the lower end and in fine each then gotot ceremonies about places, change the ufe fome wherehe was before. They occafion they takes the place in larger, upon which bumpers. cups, and bring force the guefts to drink that all prefs, or almoft the comedy ; or fometimes, the farce-book They continue diverted, they have brought may be more pers when the feaft ceafes a little, return into the hall. They the guefts to of thehall, where they again politenefs the lower end and in fine each then gotot ceremonies about places, change the ufe fome wherehe was before. They occafion they takes the place in larger, upon which bumpers. cups, and bring force the guefts to drink that all prefs, or almoft the comedy ; or fometimes, the farce-book They continue diverted, they have brought may be more --- Page 326 --- Obfervations upon AsrA, brought-in, and each chufes his favourite it muft be confeffed that fome of them farce: and genious. are very in-. There are upon this occafionfive on the fides of the table, during great which Ihew-difhes fervants of thofe who are invited time, the joining chambers, where are treated in adbut without they are entertained well, ceremony. At the beginning of the fecond fervice, of the guefts orders to be brought in every one fervants, a kind of girdle, to which is by one of his veral little parcels of red paper, which annexed femoney for the cook, for the contain a little medians, and thofe who ferved fervants, for the COthem. more, or lefs, according to the quality of They him who give treated, who after fome ceremony allows makes a fign to one of his domeftics to takeit. it, and Thefe feafts laft four or five hours, are ways in the night, or towards it, and altill midnight. They with feldom end monies obferved in their depart vifits, the fame cereand the ing each gueft fends a fervant with a billet day followhim who has treated them fo well. to thank To make their broths, or foup, which are quifite, they ufe hogs lard, whichis exin China, or the juices of feveral exceedingly fine. pork, pullets, ducks, &c. and meats, fuch as ration of fuch even in the prepapieces in china victuals, as are ferved up in fmall the laft time in this difhes, they always boil them for juice. In every feafon there grow here feveral kinds herbs and pulfes, which are unknown in of of the feeds of thefe herbs make Europe; and is of grear ufe in fauces. The they an oil, which have moft ftudied what French cooks, who would be can quicken the appetite, furpriz'd to find that the cooks in China have prepapieces in china victuals, as are ferved up in fmall the laft time in this difhes, they always boil them for juice. In every feafon there grow here feveral kinds herbs and pulfes, which are unknown in of of the feeds of thefe herbs make Europe; and is of grear ufe in fauces. The they an oil, which have moft ftudied what French cooks, who would be can quicken the appetite, furpriz'd to find that the cooks in China have --- Page 327 --- and AMERICA. AFRICA, in poine of ragouts ftill have carried their ftudy done, and with lefs expence. farther than they have that with beans, and They would think it impolfible, the Chinefe preparc an inthemeal of rice and corn, different in fight and tafte from finity of meats quite diverfify their ragouts by one another ; and they and aromatic herbs. mixing with them fpices CHA P. XXXV. Thamas Kouli-kan into tbe The expedition of empire of the great mogul. Kouli-kan was on thePerS foon as Thamas his by reA fian throne, he began government and the excellive luxury of the court, eftablith'd forming fome new laws which were very beneficial that and It does not appear to the foldiery populacé. tho" he made he had any great zeal for mahometifm, as well as the other profeffion of the fect of Hali, efteem for the EuPerfians. He had a particular the and among the reft he difinguith'd ropeans, account of their valour and policenefs. French, upon the chriftianreligion to be preach'd He had permitted all his ftates, and every one was at liberty publicly in danger of being molefted. to embrace it without the throne, his fole emAfter his exaltation to tho' feveral times defeated ployment was war, he and had at. laft his revenge, and by the Turks, Then he turn'd ended the war by a glorious peace: and invaded his his arms againft the mogul, that pro- of a - vinces with an impetuofity refembling Nothing could ftop torrent overflowing its banks. nor towns, nor him 5 neither citadels, nor armies, defarts; liberty publicly in danger of being molefted. to embrace it without the throne, his fole emAfter his exaltation to tho' feveral times defeated ployment was war, he and had at. laft his revenge, and by the Turks, Then he turn'd ended the war by a glorious peace: and invaded his his arms againft the mogul, that pro- of a - vinces with an impetuofity refembling Nothing could ftop torrent overflowing its banks. nor towns, nor him 5 neither citadels, nor armies, defarts; --- Page 328 --- Olfarvations upon AstA, defarts ; for his conquefts were as Alexander. Having been onall rapid as thofe of he arriv'd on the 17th of the moon occafions of viétorious, in the year 1739, within two February, the capital of the empire. The days march of Deli, Mahamad Schah, which army of the emperor was the moft numerous ever heard of, waited his fplendid and refolution. This army was compofed approach of with horle, 400,000 mulqueteers, 400,000 arm'd with lances, arrows, &c. 300,000 of foldiers of cannon, 30,000 camels, and 10,000 picces equipp'd for battle. This formidable 2000 elephants taken a very advantageous army had leifure of poft, and had the drawing an intrenchment of fix tent on the weakeft fide. leagues exThamas Kouli-kan, who was call'd fince his coming to the throne, had Nadir Schah în his army, horle and foot included. only 60,000 judge it proper to attack an enemy who He had did not fuperiority of force, but contented himfelf with fuch a ing on certain pofts at a diftance, feizoff the communication of whereby he cut between the city and the provifions and forage four or five thoufand country. Detachments of in queft of provifions. men began to leave the camp cut them in pieces, for They which fell on thefe troops and Perfian horfe were fufficient. threé or four hundred excels by far the beft Tho' of the mogul cavalry reputation of Nadir Schah's troops Afia, yet the high terror and aftonifhment horfe fpread a kind of troops; for their among the mogul's very figure and drefs made the Moguls tremble. The Perfian horfesarel large,and thehorfemen monly well made; they wear comhave inftéad of a turbant a great muftaches, and and a half high, cover'd with fquare bonnet a foot a goat's or tyger's fkin ' of the mogul cavalry reputation of Nadir Schah's troops Afia, yet the high terror and aftonifhment horfe fpread a kind of troops; for their among the mogul's very figure and drefs made the Moguls tremble. The Perfian horfesarel large,and thehorfemen monly well made; they wear comhave inftéad of a turbant a great muftaches, and and a half high, cover'd with fquare bonnet a foot a goat's or tyger's fkin --- Page 329 --- AFRICA, and IAMBRICA: turbant is fix'd has the hair on it. To this with which fkin that bended iron, a foot long, certain of of fabres by a plate ward off the blows they make with great they motions of the head, which which is green, red, or agility. Their drefs, with large flceves. They yellow, is wide and fhort, of Thift open on the breaft, have under this a kind leather boots. As for their and ufe drawers and a hatchet, a fabre, they confift of a firelock, with their accouarms, buckler. Thefe horfemen, to their and a which they knew to be formidable fure of trements march'd boldly to them, as wherever being they enémies, They attack'd them till they came unthe viétory. and fometimes purfu'd In feveral oft thofe met them, of their cannon. Schah loft der the battery fifteen days, Mahamad fallics, during above 50,000 men. famine began in his numerous and In the mean timea eat the camels and horfes, and camp, fo that they of rice was fold for ten roupies, nor any a fmall meafure they found no more rice, corn, infeétion defoon after ficknefs, and Dif other grain. Hunger, more than 60,000 men. left the froydin the camp increaling daily, 300,000 Perorder and famine but few of them cfcapdthe Kouli-kan camp in defpair, Two days after, Thamas of fian troops. generalilimo over to fent orders to Mirzamamonlouk that he fhould come about an acof the mogul army, he would treat with him him, and that of the prime commodation. had been formerly one was, the This general and his chief employment and minifters of ftate, ini regard of peace inftruétion of the emperor wilh'd that Mahamad Schah adHe could have leffons and lefs war. more artentive to his dicted had been I fian troops. generalilimo over to fent orders to Mirzamamonlouk that he fhould come about an acof the mogul army, he would treat with him him, and that of the prime commodation. had been formerly one was, the This general and his chief employment and minifters of ftate, ini regard of peace inftruétion of the emperor wilh'd that Mahamad Schah adHe could have leffons and lefs war. more artentive to his dicted had been I --- Page 330 --- Obfervaticns upon Asia, diéted to his pleafures, and he explain'd himfelf on this fubjeét openly. This liberty greatly difpleafed a fet of des bauch'd courtiers, the eunuchs, and fome young favourité ladies, who exafperated this prince. againft the cenfor of his diforders, and they refolv'd to arreft him under fome prétence or other, but Mirzamamoulouk prevented their defign, He had the honour of being the admiral omrah, and had the command of a body of 40,000 men. He hinted tohis officers, that fuch an effeminate deferved principal to command fuch brave men as emperor they were, and that not for the public good, and the glory of Mahamad Schah, there was a neceffity of a noble which he defign'd, to withdraw him from the exploit, found lethargy in which his pleafures had prohim. This exploit was, to put. himfelf at the plung'd head of his army, and retire to Dekan, where he was governor. Mahamad Schah in vain order'd his men to follow him, and attack him in his retreat. Mirzamamoulouk, after his retreat to Dekan with his army, always behav'd himfelf as a faithful and obedient fubjeét ; he never fail'd of fending to the emperor his ordinary tribute ; he even added to the empire new provinces, which he took from the Sevagi, and other heathen rajas. Such a fubmiffive and unexpeéted conduét made the court no longer look on him as a rebel. The emperor by degrees was reconcil'd to him, increas'd his honorary titles, and fubjedted to his government all the nababs and foubas which are in the peninfula between Surat and cape Comorine. But perhaps he aéted out of policy in all this, and only gave him what he fear'd he might have taken by force. Mirzamamoulouk would never return to court, tho' often invited to it both by the emperor, his friends conduét made the court no longer look on him as a rebel. The emperor by degrees was reconcil'd to him, increas'd his honorary titles, and fubjedted to his government all the nababs and foubas which are in the peninfula between Surat and cape Comorine. But perhaps he aéted out of policy in all this, and only gave him what he fear'd he might have taken by force. Mirzamamoulouk would never return to court, tho' often invited to it both by the emperor, his friends --- Page 331 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA: at length he fuffer'd himfriends and relations : yet in the calamitous circumfelf to be prevail'd on, to. On this ftances which he faw the ftatereduc'd with his army to join account therefore he march'd receiv'd him the emperor's at Deli. This prince of any merit at moft gracioully, and all the perions recciv'd him with joy 5 for his great experience court in war reanimated all their hopes. and try'd courage of the armies ofthegreat Such was the generalifimo Nadir Schah defir'd a parly mogul, with whom and treaty of. peace. Azefia, for that Mirzamamoulouk, or rather who knew the was the name he was beft known that by, in his abfence a genius of his troops, fearing and they might betake panic might feize on them, the of themfelves to flight, accepted not propolals he exhorted the Perfian monarch 3 on the contrary, from their inhis general officers to fally generoully trenchments. and follow him, that they might bruife fight whom, as he faid, he defign'd to the enemy, under his horfes fect. His generals havto powder promis'd to follow him, he went ing univerfally with the refolution he had to acquaint the emperor bactle to the enemy. The emperor form'd. of giving the night all the neceffary confented, and during made for the onfet at break of preparations were who it in his feraglio, day ; but the emperor, pafs'd of his eunuchs, as where he liften'd to the counfels orders, and forcowardly as himfelf, gave counter bad Azefia to give battle. drove Azefia to defpair, beThis counter order perifhing, arid caufe he faw his army miferably therefore refolv'd to fee Kouli-kan in company only officers. The Perfian king, who was feated, of ten faid he, how much Iefteem rofe at his approach 5 fee, Y you, VoL.II. , as where he liften'd to the counfels orders, and forcowardly as himfelf, gave counter bad Azefia to give battle. drove Azefia to defpair, beThis counter order perifhing, arid caufe he faw his army miferably therefore refolv'd to fee Kouli-kan in company only officers. The Perfian king, who was feated, of ten faid he, how much Iefteem rofe at his approach 5 fee, Y you, VoL.II. --- Page 332 --- Obfervations upon AstA, you, fince I rife in this manner to honour you: T love you no lefs ; fit you down. Azefid, after three cuftomary obeifances, fat him down, and then Kouli-kan laid his grievances before him, and told him the reafons he had to complain ofthe mogul. The firft was, that Mahamad Schah unjuftly witheld the throne of Tamerlane, founder of the Mogul empire, which he had formerly brought from: Perlia, and which coft nine carols and nine hundred thoufand roupies. A carol is worth a hundred: Laks, and a Lakis worth a hundred thoufand roupics, a roupie of gold is worth thirteen roupies of filver, and a roupie of filver is worth thirty-cight French fols. The fecond was, that the Perfians having lent and paid a thoufand men to affift the grandfather of the fchah, uncle of Gehanguir, in afcending the throne, the Mogul empire had never indemnified the Perfian for the expencé it had been at in their favour. The third, that the emperor had not affifted Perfia as he had promis'd, during the laft wars which Perfia had carried on againft the Turks, wherein, for want of fuch fuccour, Perfia had fuftain'd lofs. great The fourth, that the emperor, contrary to the law of nations, had detain'd his ambafladors, without fo much as vouchfafing to anfwer the letters he had written. The fifth, that Mahamad Schah had given him. the trouble to come fo far to do himllf juftice. Azefia anfwer'd the king of Perfia, that his complaints feem'd to him very well grounded ; that he would write about them to the emperor, that he might repair his faults as quickly and expeditioully as poffibie. Laftly, he defir'd his majefty, that he would not impute to him any of the caufes of difcontent to anfwer the letters he had written. The fifth, that Mahamad Schah had given him. the trouble to come fo far to do himllf juftice. Azefia anfwer'd the king of Perfia, that his complaints feem'd to him very well grounded ; that he would write about them to the emperor, that he might repair his faults as quickly and expeditioully as poffibie. Laftly, he defir'd his majefty, that he would not impute to him any of the caufes of difcontent --- Page 333 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA: of, becaufe he had been content which he complain'd and had no fhare in feveral years abfent from court, but that as for the, laft the management of affairs the ; trouble he had given article, which regarded he ought the himfelf of coming into the country, it, becaule both more readily to be difpoled to pardon wifh'd for him, he and his country had ardently all together of that they might have the honour killing his feet. and looking fixedly Kouli-kan began to laugh, c Your anfwers are both upon Azelia, faid to him, me ; but hear me 8 jutt and ingenious, they pleafe I order you to go, tell <6 fpeak to you ferioully. he fhould meetme to6 your mafter, that I expect half way, and we will C morrow 5 Iwill advance betwixt our two armies. Iwill ce converfe together but if he has no fenfe of my ct grant him peace, order his head to be ftruck off." ct generolicy, I will his mafter with this Azelia went to acquaint abie to infpire him with fierce reply 3 and not being which he himfelf glow'd, that noble courage with of the propos'd interhe engag'd him to accept and the mogul the following view. The Perfiari of both their armies, calling one day met in prefence after the Afiatic" fafhion. They another brothers, with all the figns of a real friendfhip. The embrac'd with the threat which emperor, who was intimidated offer'd his crown to the Perhad been made him, fays he, fian monarch. c6 I accept your crown, - All that I reftore it to you. <6 it is minc, but I reftore to Perfia all <c require of you iss that you &c that is due to it." they talk'd ofnothing Thefe wordsbeing fpoken, The converfation but what was moft agreeable. Thamas Kouli-kan invited. the lafted fx hours, and the next day, The two kings emperor to a feltival appear'd Y 2 made him, fays he, fian monarch. c6 I accept your crown, - All that I reftore it to you. <6 it is minc, but I reftore to Perfia all <c require of you iss that you &c that is due to it." they talk'd ofnothing Thefe wordsbeing fpoken, The converfation but what was moft agreeable. Thamas Kouli-kan invited. the lafted fx hours, and the next day, The two kings emperor to a feltival appear'd Y 2 --- Page 334 --- Obfervations upon Asra, appear'd at it, accompanied with the principal of ficers of their courts, and cloath'd'i in drefles whick dazzled the eyes of the ipcétators with their luftre and beauty. At the end.of the feaft they feveral fireworks ; a band of mufic for fome play'doff time entertain'd the affembly ; after them came the dancers, who always attend the court, and who fhew'd great dexterity, fkill, and agility. The emperor return'd to his camp greatly fatisfied. He regal'd the Perfian king, but in a much more famptuous manner ; all the difhes being ferv'd up in gold. He ended the feait by a prefent which he made to the Perfian king of fix Tartarean horfes of an excellent fhape, and two clephants, one of which was loaded with precious ftones, and the other with roupies. Some after this double feaft, Kouli-kan fent to the days a memorial, in which he demanded forty carols emperor of roupies, either on account of the expence he had been at in his wars with the Turks, thofe he had lateiy carried on, or thofe he fhould be to be engag'd in before his return.. Mahamad oblig'a Schah only fent him twenty chariots loaded with golden roupies, and a hundred camels loaded with roupies of ffilver ; ordering his plenipotentiary Azefia to intercede for him with Thamas, that he would pleafe to diminifh the fum demanded. Azefia acquitted himfelf of his commiflion with fuccefs: Fhamas Kouli-kan receiv'd what had been fent him, and he contented himfelf with twelve carols of roupies, which were to be paid him in four years, and five carols of roupies, which they deliver'd to him on the fpot, with the famous throne of Tamerlane. This agreement being made, Azelia went to prefent it to the emperor that he might fign it. The emperor refus'd to do,it, alledging it of his commiflion with fuccefs: Fhamas Kouli-kan receiv'd what had been fent him, and he contented himfelf with twelve carols of roupies, which were to be paid him in four years, and five carols of roupies, which they deliver'd to him on the fpot, with the famous throne of Tamerlane. This agreement being made, Azelia went to prefent it to the emperor that he might fign it. The emperor refus'd to do,it, alledging it --- Page 335 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. for him to furnifh fuch a great it was impoffible he would rather renounce the empire lam; thiat and that if he fhould urge than confent to it'; and confine himfelf in him farther, he would go the remainder of the province of Bengale to live, his days as a dervis. that he Azefia remonftrated to the -emperor, acknewledge the gencrofity. could not fufficiently Kouli-kan had reftor'd to him with which Thamas himfelf for his diadem; that he fhould not trouble that he knew. the fum which was afked of him ; where to take it; that he might impofe in a contribu- the pref tion on the heathens, as was cuftomary and inftead of twelve fing occafions of the empire ; the half of carols he might exact twenty-four, treafury. which might be depofited in the imperial and their deliberated with his vizirs, The emperor that he fhould not give the twelve. ca-, opinion was, Azefia raning his voice, c6 Emperor, rols. Then auftere voice, give him battle 46 faid he, with an Many among them were 46 with your vizirs." but others petended,.that cf the fame fentiment weaken'd 3 by hunger, were. not the troops being aétion. The deliberation capable of fuch an ufelefs difputes and conafter this turned into refolution. In the interim, tefts, without any to Azefia was on the point of the time prefcrib'd left the court, elapling ; he therefore abruptly faid, and coming into the Perfian's prefence, hands. Ihad cs Prince, I truft my life in your mafter would ratify C engag'd my honour that my had of which propos'ds 66 the conditions peace them; you difpole of my C he has refus'd to fign 6c life as you pleafe. 99 arThamas Kouli-kan being highly provoked, rofted Azefia, and forbad them to give him any Y 3 meat apling ; he therefore abruptly faid, and coming into the Perfian's prefence, hands. Ihad cs Prince, I truft my life in your mafter would ratify C engag'd my honour that my had of which propos'ds 66 the conditions peace them; you difpole of my C he has refus'd to fign 6c life as you pleafe. 99 arThamas Kouli-kan being highly provoked, rofted Azefia, and forbad them to give him any Y 3 meat --- Page 336 --- Olfervations upon AstA, meat or drink the remainder of the day. He immediately upon this difpatch'd a meffenger to the mogul to tell him, that fince he had no more fincerity than an infidel, he defigned to treat him as one; ând had taken the refolution to hew him in picces, with his wives, his children, and all his race, and reduce his capital to afhes. He gave inftantly his orders for the battlé, and ordered, that after they had flain all before them, they fhould fall upon Deli, that they Thould fet it' on fire, and put all to the fword, and that he abandoned this rich city to a general plunder. Azelia was informed in his prifon of the terrible refolutions of vengeance which were taken againft the next day. He fecretly informed the mogul, that he might take the generous refolution of a decilive battle ; but this cowardly prince only prepared poifon for himfelf, his wife and children. In the mean time he fent word back, that he too well knew the fault he had committed, not to follow his wife counfel, begging of him ftill, that if he faw any means of faving his emperor and country, that he would do fo. Azefia fent to beg of the Perfian monarch, that he would grant him a moment's converfation for the laft time. This favour being granted him, he was conducted before the prinice, and all in tears he begged of him lonly to fufpend a day, the dreadful confequences of his juft anger: <6 My clemency, replied Kouli-kan, what 6S you defire; but on condition that your grants mafter $6 comes, and puts himfelf immediately into S6 power, either to pur him to death, or let him my 66 live, as I fhall judge proper. 59 A courier being dilpatched by Azefia, the mogul emperor no fooner had read the contents of this anfiver, he begged of him lonly to fufpend a day, the dreadful confequences of his juft anger: <6 My clemency, replied Kouli-kan, what 6S you defire; but on condition that your grants mafter $6 comes, and puts himfelf immediately into S6 power, either to pur him to death, or let him my 66 live, as I fhall judge proper. 59 A courier being dilpatched by Azefia, the mogul emperor no fooner had read the contents of this anfiver, --- Page 337 --- and AMERICA. AFRICA, in readinels to give up his fwer, but he put himfelf of the king of Perfia. As fo liberty at the difcretion the Nadir's-tent, he was foon as he approached fierceand threatening countenance aftonithed with the received lim, that he tremwith which Kouli-kan and was not able to fpeak the bled in all his body, Thamas Kouli-kan, leaft word in his juftification, ordered by a motion of without fpeaking a word, be removed from his prethis hand, that he fhould fhould be conduéted to a place, fence, and that he which was imwhere he fhould be ftriétly then guarded; made himfelf mafter mediately execured. He and ordered feveof all the artillery of the enemy, be ftruck off, as well as ral of the vizirs heads to whom he had prifoners. other officers of the army in the mogul's He diftributed no more provifions necellary, that he might than what were daily All was .camp, drain them of all their remaining Perfian king, money. that is, very fold at a price fetby the quantity of men and horfes dear, and a prodligious perithed. by birth, leutenant-general Sudar-kan, a Perfian had taked refuge in the bein the mogul's armies, with the Perfian monarch, for ginning of the war which the emperor lis fome fubjeét of difcontent, This rebel often infinuated malter had given him.. to put out the eyes of that he ought four orto Kouli-kan and fhut him up within walls, afcend his prifoners be ftill better, ftrike offhis head, to what would the of the mogul his throne, and unite empire that of Perfia. not to underftand what this Kouli-kan feemed he had formed another, revengeful courtier meant ; He left his enemies fyftem which he followed. by a part of his troops, blockaded in their camp them barcly with necelfafuffering them to furnith ries 3 Y 4 and fhut him up within walls, afcend his prifoners be ftill better, ftrike offhis head, to what would the of the mogul his throne, and unite empire that of Perfia. not to underftand what this Kouli-kan feemed he had formed another, revengeful courtier meant ; He left his enemies fyftem which he followed. by a part of his troops, blockaded in their camp them barcly with necelfafuffering them to furnith ries 3 Y 4 --- Page 338 --- Obfervations upon Asra, ries; afterwards with the choice of his army he advanced toward Deli, where his entered the feventh of the moon triumphant of March, army hamad Schah, ftripped of all his regal MaWas amongft the retinue of Kouli-kan, ornaments, and this he was enclofed in a tower under after' guard. The Perfian king lodged in the a ftrong palacc, alcended the mogul's throne, ordered imperial himfelft to be proclaimed emperor, with the of his army and the populace, who acclamations their mafter, - He ftampt money in his gladiy changed commanded as fovercign all the time he name, ftaid. The and weight of thefe new roupies were twenty heavier than the mogul's: this was grains 65 Heis born to be the of the the infcription : 66 the king of kings? Nadir king Schah. 33 world: who is The day, after his entrance into Deli, Nadir Schah divided his army into two corps. The one nued in the palace and citadel; the other contiopen campaign, and guarded the gates of kept the the fo that none could come in or go out without city, order. Victuals and his amongft his provifions were only plentiful troops. They fold provifion to the inhabitants, as they did to the mogul's foldiers, at an exceflive price 5 and there was no manner viz. of injuftice, which the Perfian troops did not commit with impunity. Nadir Schah being informed of his foldiers licentioufnefs, endeavoured to remedy it, by the order he publifhed that neither horfe or foot-man fhould by him above IOO filver rotipics, keep his belly opened, which was executed underpain without ofhaving while he appropriated to himfelf all the riches mercy; of the palace. All the utenfils almoft defign'd for the enperor's ufe were of gold, filver, or vermillion; vef. iels, not commit with impunity. Nadir Schah being informed of his foldiers licentioufnefs, endeavoured to remedy it, by the order he publifhed that neither horfe or foot-man fhould by him above IOO filver rotipics, keep his belly opened, which was executed underpain without ofhaving while he appropriated to himfelf all the riches mercy; of the palace. All the utenfils almoft defign'd for the enperor's ufe were of gold, filver, or vermillion; vef. iels, --- Page 339 --- and- AMERICA. AFRICA, umbrelloes, luftres, fels, tables, beds, canopies, boxes, pipes, 8cc. called theroyal hall, was covèred The great hall, bottom with plates ofi igold and over from top to the was fparkling with filver curioully engraved had : fixed top in it, and in this diamonds, which they throne. It had twelve. pillars hall was the imperial inclofed the three fides. Thefe of mafly gold, which with pearls and precious pillars were ornamented of the throne was worthy of itones. The cover the figure of a peacock ; attention, and reprefented became mahometans, they fince the mogul emperors coat of arms 3 this peacock, chofe this bird for their his tail and wings, covered the by the fpreading fhade. of The art by which they bad throne with his rubies, emeralds, and difpofed thefe diamonds, ftones, reprefented according all the other precious of this bird; and it may truly to nature the colours bird was the wondèr of the world. be faid, that this for feveral ages, all the empeIt is true, that Mahamad, had emuloully rors who had preceded enriched both the covering and embellifhed and ftones taken from it amountthrone, The precious and fifty carols of roupies, added to an hundred which the emprefs, the ing to them all the the jewels ladies of the feraglio were deprincelles, and all the Perfian monarch. This defired to give up to order, which they durft not diffire was a defpotic alone were eftimated at twenty obey. The pearls and there was found in their carols of roupics, carols of ftamp'd gold or filver. apartments ten Kouli-kan faw with pleafure his treafures Thamas accident difturbed, when a terrible thus increafed, had made prifoners of war all the his joy. He four of whom were guarded in an mogu's officers; foldiers. Thefe four officers inn by twenty Perfian drank diffire was a defpotic alone were eftimated at twenty obey. The pearls and there was found in their carols of roupics, carols of ftamp'd gold or filver. apartments ten Kouli-kan faw with pleafure his treafures Thamas accident difturbed, when a terrible thus increafed, had made prifoners of war all the his joy. He four of whom were guarded in an mogu's officers; foldiers. Thefe four officers inn by twenty Perfian drank --- Page 340 --- Obfervations upon Asra, drank frecly, and tho' their law forbids them yet they got drunk. Being affifted by their wine, domeftics, whom they permitted them in too a number, they forced their and great a guards. Immediately way, killed the crying they rufhed into the ftreets, out, Victory, Mahamad Schah Nadir Schah with a poinard. At this has flain over the city, the report fpread pon the Perfian populace ran to arms, and fell fians troops, Five or fix thoufand were flain in this commotion in four PerThis infurreétion had continued longer, if Thamas hours. Kouli-kan had not made a continual fire from o' clock at night till twelve, when the eight ceafed. hoftilities The next day Kouli-kan, lefs provoked at the report of his death, than at the lofs of his made a general affembly be called together, foldiers, found.of trumper. All his troops by under arms,. and appeared in order pui themfelves of battle. Kouli-kan paffed all the divifions of the town his fcymitar in hand, and affigned to his with different men the quarters they were to plunder: C6 Go, my comrades, faid he, 46 treat thefe pillage, kill, fack all; let us <6 deferve." cowardly, treacherous Moguls as" they Every commander departed with his men to his afligned placc. Thamas went himfelf with his : the plain of Nichok, which is the fineft and richeft into quarter of the city. He entered the mofque, is on an eminence, from whence he could fee which fides, and fitting down, gave orders that on all thould fet fire to the four corners of the they and thit chey fhould without diftinction kill quarter, all qualities, ages and fexes. His orders perfons of sually executed ; and at the fame time, inall were puncthey pillaged, they ravifhed, they maffacred quarters withour pity ok, which is the fineft and richeft into quarter of the city. He entered the mofque, is on an eminence, from whence he could fee which fides, and fitting down, gave orders that on all thould fet fire to the four corners of the they and thit chey fhould without diftinction kill quarter, all qualities, ages and fexes. His orders perfons of sually executed ; and at the fame time, inall were puncthey pillaged, they ravifhed, they maffacred quarters withour pity --- Page 341 --- AMERICA U AFRICA, and flight efcaped found, and thole who by pity all they by the fword. been comthe flames, perilhed favour, had not Azelia, by a fpecial of war. He came from prehended in the prifoners dangers which he ran, he his palace, and after many Nichok. There without a turcame to the plain of veftments, he flung himfelf at banf, and with torn king. This prince raifed the feet of the Perfian him in a golden veffel fome him up, and which prefented he was eating. I relifh fweetmeats cried he, how can of te Ah, my prince, while I fee the blood do me, the s the honour you ftream in full rivers by f my fellow citizens foldiers. Put me rather to death s hand of your Millions of wretches whom your Do s with them. are no more guilty than I. arched -ge orders deftroy, left God fhould break this ? Is f you not fear, and crufh you to pieces a E mofque over you, in your vengeance ? Muft c there any juftice for a few that were guilty, s whole innocent city, Give me the charge of linding, the E6 fink in Alames P will put them to death by <6 the guilty : I But above all, I beg of you, s cruelleft torments, and mallacre." 6e ftop the pillage who had concéived a high dic Thamas Kouli-kan, offended at this free efteem for Azelia, was officers not to put a ftop to the courfe. He dhimpatched which in fpite of his orders Mlaughter and pillage; ninc o' clock at night : and continued diminthingtil provoft of the army with did not ceafe till the grand thro' all the quarters, killing the royal cymbal ran by his guards thofe who ufed to be killed overthrown or caufing Three parts of Deli were without any hoflilities. The fre continued eight days of and ruined. The palaces . poflibility of extinguithing it. objects of any the lords and princes were the particular the of his orders Mlaughter and pillage; ninc o' clock at night : and continued diminthingtil provoft of the army with did not ceafe till the grand thro' all the quarters, killing the royal cymbal ran by his guards thofe who ufed to be killed overthrown or caufing Three parts of Deli were without any hoflilities. The fre continued eight days of and ruined. The palaces . poflibility of extinguithing it. objects of any the lords and princes were the particular the --- Page 342 --- Obfervations upon Asra, rage and avarice of the foldiers, and it is a million of fouls perifhed in the capital. tliought This defolation was fucceeded by another calamity; they forc'd thofe who had the and efcap'd fire, carnage to bring in all their gold and to the citadel, Thofe who were ftpected of jewels cealment, were ftretched on a kind ofSt. Andrew's concrofs, and after they were thus bound, beat them fo cruelly that they either expired in they or deliver'd up all that they had remaining torment, of and filver. Azefia was employ'd in this examina- gold tion of the emperor's officers, from the vizir to the common foldier, and likewifein the enquiry concerning difpenfers or bankers in court, in town, and the army. Many of thefe poifon'd themfelves in defpair. There were perpetually brought into the citadel, both night and day, immenfe treafures, or elfe to the houfe of Azefia. They were accumulated, and made as it were fo many mountains. In one was formed a mountain of golden roupies, in place another one of filver; here a pyramid of veffels of and filver, there a large heap of filk tapeftry, gold of fuffs embroider'd with gold and filyer, and other rare and precious pieces 5 and fuch heaps were likewife feen in the courts of Azefia's palace, A hundred workmen, for fifteen days, were ehploy'd in melting down and reducing to ingots the gold and filver which was not ftamp'd, that it might more eafily be carried away. Two ingots pierc'din the middle and bound together by a cord made a camel's burden; they fill'd fifty ftrong boxes with gold roupies, and cighr thoufand with roupies of filver; thère was alfo an inconceivable number of other chefts fill'd with diamonds, pearls, and other jewels. This is what I know will appear incredible ehploy'd in melting down and reducing to ingots the gold and filver which was not ftamp'd, that it might more eafily be carried away. Two ingots pierc'din the middle and bound together by a cord made a camel's burden; they fill'd fifty ftrong boxes with gold roupies, and cighr thoufand with roupies of filver; thère was alfo an inconceivable number of other chefts fill'd with diamonds, pearls, and other jewels. This is what I know will appear incredible --- Page 343 --- and AMERICA. AFRICA, had a true idea of incredible to fuch as never annual tribute only of riches. The oxen loaded with the mogul's confifts in four handred there are thirty-two proBengale and filver roupies ; of which are as extengold in the empire, fome vinces five as France. thefe provinces live fo fplendidly, Thegovernors of they fiurpafs the, magnilicence in public that in feveral refpects They never appear kings. either on account of Europcan pomp and ihew, cloathed, which without number great of officers richly of their clephants, of the them, or the number which compole their accompany cavalry and infantry camels, emperor is cquipage. and power oft the mogul heathen tributary The grandeur center'd in Deli; feveral minifters, as it were refide there, and arethe emperorsiait maintain at their coft, kings who have at their difpofal, and men. The princes of thoufand court; they twenty or thirty abfent themfeives from the empethe blood cannot from the fiefs which maintain receive their revenuc condition that they them, on vizirs and the omrahs ror grants number of troops. The to makc fuch a fame kind of revenue, and ought the greateit have the ufe of it, but they confume the fame in horfes, and domeftics. more part in feafts, doubt, withour comparifon, and better Deli is no more extended, of magnificent in equipages, flourithing cities Europe. peopled than the molt Gemma, in a vaft and fertile. It is fituated on the become the capical fince Chaycampaign, and is Kouli-kan ahan left Agra. mark of his feverity which to be The laft caufe the four general officers the fedifliewed, was to who were authors of and caus'd publickly ftrangled, Azelia had found out, with tion, whom and better Deli is no more extended, of magnificent in equipages, flourithing cities Europe. peopled than the molt Gemma, in a vaft and fertile. It is fituated on the become the capical fince Chaycampaign, and is Kouli-kan ahan left Agra. mark of his feverity which to be The laft caufe the four general officers the fedifliewed, was to who were authors of and caus'd publickly ftrangled, Azelia had found out, with tion, whom --- Page 344 --- Obfervations upon AstA, with a haiter about their necks to be the Perfian king; and tho' brought before lations, he would afk no they, were bis own re= them intirely mercy for them; judging unworthy of it. Thamas Kouli-kan having no more to do at Indoftan, thought of returning to his own declar'd to Mahamad Schah ftates, and he would reftore him upon what conditions to the throne, I. That the kingdoms of Cachemire, Moultan, and fome other countries Caboul, river Atak, fhould hereafter as far asi the belong to Perfia. 2. That Mahamad Schah fhould, during pay annually to Perfia three carols of life, 3. That he fhould only have the honour roupies. and of emperor, but that Azelia fhould title empire. govern the 4.. That in cafe of war, the mogul fuccour the emperor of Perfia againft emperor his fhould and that Perfia fhould do the fame for the enemies, 5. That Mahamad Schah fhould but be mogul, a lak of roupies for his annual allow'd 6. That he fhould have no officers expence. about his fon but fuch as Thamas approv'd of. perThe mogul having acceded to the and thank'd Kauli-kan for his goodnels, propolitions, the was reftor'dto him, and he reafcended the crown He begg'd of Thamas, that he would either thronc. prove of the ceffion of the empire to his aphis fon might have the fon, or that inftead of Azefia ; but both government of the cmpire were deny'd him. Thamas, thus loaded with the fpoils of the empire of the mogul, left Deli in the of June with his army. They reckon the value beginning of he carried away with him to have amounted what hundred carols of roupies of filver. We to a to admire 2t thefe immenfe ought lefs riches, as the revenues and ffion of the empire to his aphis fon might have the fon, or that inftead of Azefia ; but both government of the cmpire were deny'd him. Thamas, thus loaded with the fpoils of the empire of the mogul, left Deli in the of June with his army. They reckon the value beginning of he carried away with him to have amounted what hundred carols of roupies of filver. We to a to admire 2t thefe immenfe ought lefs riches, as the revenues and --- Page 345 --- and AMERICA: AFRICA, Indoftan draw thither every and manufaétures of of Afia and Euof the money year a great whence part it returns no more when it is rope, from The Marates, a nation accuftom'd to once there. inclination to get this booty 5 pillage, had a great watch'd the motion of the Perthey for fome days durft attack it, for its march fian army, but never admirable order 5 befides, it had was perform'din with ten thoufand horfe, fent by been reinfore'd Thamas Kouli-kan. This prince, the eldeft fon of commanded an army of fifty as brave as his father, at fourfcore leagues thoufand men, which was always diftanee. likewife divided his troops into two corps, He had fufficient provifions, to to have more confufion convenienrly of too great a multitude, to prevent the countries which he left keep in refpeét the conquer'd fecure a retreat in cafe of an behind him, and to always at attack or a defeat. The two armies, returned into diftance from each other, an equal Perfia. before he left Candahar, built in two Kouli-kan, fortreffes, to hinder the moguls from places two good and have a facility of returning into invading Perfia, when the fancy took him. He was their teritories the nobility and all the ftates receiv'd at Ifpahan by demonftrations of of the kingdom with the utmoft joy. C H A Pi --- Page 346 --- Obfervations upor Asta, CHAP. XXXVI, Oftbe autbority, porer, revenues, and ufual expences of the emperar of Chinas of the magnificence of bis marcb auben be comes out of bis palace. is no ftate more monarchical than of China, where the THELK vereign is unbounded, and the authority of the foanounts to fince refpect paid him elder brother adoration; no perfon, not even his dares fpeak to him without and the lords who him kneeling, mitted to ftand, and accompany bow but are only perone knee when fpcak to him. they The fame reverence is paid to the officers when they reprefent the perfon of the emperor, and mate his orders, eithcr as envoys Or mandarins inti- of prefence. The grandees of the court, and the princes of the blood, not only fall proftrate before him, but alfo frequently pay the fame refpect to his arm-chair, his throne, and every thing he ufes, for fometimes they fall on their knees upon fecing his habit or his girdle, No perfon, of whatever rank or quality, dares pafs the great port of his palacc, either on horfeback or in a chaife, but as foon as he comes within a certain diftance he mult alight, and only remount at the place determin'd for that purpofe. The imperial falutation is made in the following manner 5 as foon as any one is at the gate, he begins to' run in as graceful a manner as poffible run among the Chinefe, is a mark of refpect ob- (to ferv'd when any one paffes by a perfon of diltinguith'd his palacc, either on horfeback or in a chaife, but as foon as he comes within a certain diftance he mult alight, and only remount at the place determin'd for that purpofe. The imperial falutation is made in the following manner 5 as foon as any one is at the gate, he begins to' run in as graceful a manner as poffible run among the Chinefe, is a mark of refpect ob- (to ferv'd when any one paffes by a perfon of diltinguith'd --- Page 347 --- and AMERICA. AFRica; bottom of the grith'd tank) till he arrives at the the emperor ; after chamber which is oppolite to. with his whish he fands upright for and a moment, then falling on his hands extendedon each fide, carth three different times, knees, he bows to the the fame ceremorifes up, and foon after performs third time, when he is de-. nies, which he repeats falls a on his knces at the emfired to advan:e, and peror's feet. which is yellow, is forbidden The imperial colour, his veft is adorn'd with but himfelf ; none but to every body his coat of arms, and dragons, whichare with five claws. He is the himfelf can carry them the life, death, and fortune of fovereign arbiter of of the royal blood, his fubjects ; for the princes above others, have neither however much elevated that the whole empire is gopower nor credit, fo of all-the offices vern'd by one mafter, who difpofes and governors, and of the ftate, eftablithes viceroys to the demen according elevates or degrades and merit. The princes of grecs of their capacity affume that name without his own blood dare not would not obtain it, if they - his exprefs leave, and unworthy of it, by their fhouldrender themtelves of care in' the petformance of bad conduét or want their duty. chufes fuch of his children as he The emperor fucceed him ; and when in his own judges proper to capable of goveining family he finds no princes fuchi of his fubjects as he well, he is free to fx on - chinks moit deferving, tribunal are of force till they The fentences of no but fuch as procéed imare ratified by the emperor's authority are. perpetal mediately from the royal and tribunals of and the viceroys and irrevocable, a moment to. regilterthem provinces dare not delay Z The VoL. II. in his own judges proper to capable of goveining family he finds no princes fuchi of his fubjects as he well, he is free to fx on - chinks moit deferving, tribunal are of force till they The fentences of no but fuch as procéed imare ratified by the emperor's authority are. perpetal mediately from the royal and tribunals of and the viceroys and irrevocable, a moment to. regilterthem provinces dare not delay Z The VoL. II. --- Page 348 --- Obfervations upon AsIA, The authority of the prince is not confin'd to the living, but alfo extends to the dead, fince he pences the perfonal merit of thefe reeomtheir defcendants, laft, or that of which devolve by giving them titles of honour to allthe family. This power, however ablolute, has a check in the fame laws which eftablifh'd permit the mandarins it, RORSET ble and to reprefent in the moft humhave refpectful manner, the faults which he committed in the adminiftration of the may and which have a tendency to fubvert the order ftatc, of wife government. If he fhould a thefe pay no regard to remonftrances, or make the effeêts of his indignation felt by the mandarin who had the and zeal to tell him of his crrors, he would courage lofe the affeétion of his fubjects, and the memory of the mandarin would be immortaliz'd. If the emperor of China is fo vaft extent of countries which he powerful by the not leis fo on account of the polleffes, he is draws from them. prodigions revenues he "Tis no eafy matter to determine to how thefe revenues amount, fince the annual tribute is much partly in filver, partly in commodities, and arifes paid from the lands of all kinds, the mountains not excepted, and from falt, from filks, from ftuffs of hemp cotton, and from feveral other pieces of merchandize e; from ports, barks, fhips, the forefts, gardens, confifcations, &c. The perfonal tribute of all thofe between and fixty amounts to immenfe twenty the vaft number of inhabitants, fums, on account of tion of thofe made under the late In the enumerahi, in the beginning of his emperor Changmillions reign, there were eleven fifty-two thoufand cight hundred feventytWO families ; and of men capable of bearing arms, feveral other pieces of merchandize e; from ports, barks, fhips, the forefts, gardens, confifcations, &c. The perfonal tribute of all thofe between and fixty amounts to immenfe twenty the vaft number of inhabitants, fums, on account of tion of thofe made under the late In the enumerahi, in the beginning of his emperor Changmillions reign, there were eleven fifty-two thoufand cight hundred feventytWO families ; and of men capable of bearing arms, --- Page 349 --- and AMERICA: AFRICA, feven hundred and cightyarms, fifty-nine millions hundred fixty-four. In cight thoufand include three neither the princes, the ofthis number we the officers who ficers of the court, the mandarins, literati, bramins, have ferv'd and been difcharg'd, under twenty, nor the doctors, bonzes, who live people on the fea, on rivers, or in vaft crowds number of bonzes amounts to much barks. The and that of the batchelors to more than a million, and 'tis to be obferv'd, that cighty-four thoufand; China is become incredibly more pofince that time pulous. thoufand barks are fupported at the Befides, ten annually tothe court emperor's expencc, for bringing fluffs, filks, &c. The emthe tribute paid in rice, forty millions a hundred peror every year receives four hundred and ninety and ffty-five thoufand and millet, each bag conbags of rice, whear, million three hundred and taining twenty pounds hundred ; a and thirty-feven loaves fifteen thoufand nine fifty pounds 3 two hundred of falt, each containing hundred and feventy facks of and ten thoufand four milliions five hundred and beans, and rwenty-two truffes of ftraw for the fupport ninety-feven thoufand 1E of his horfes. the provinces furnifh him with In ftuffs, or in Gilk, thoufand a hundred and a hundred and ninety-one filk, each of wrought pound.contain. thiry-fivepounds four hundred and nincty thoufand ing twenty ounces ; of raw filk ; three a hundred and ninety-fix pounds thoufand a hundred and hundred and ninety-fix five hundred and fixty ninety-fix pieces of cotton four 3 of linen ftuffs; thoufand two hundred and pieces number of ftuffs, without counting the. prodigious and others ; the varnifh, velvets, fattins, damafks, the hogs, the geefe, the ducks, the oxen, the theep, the Z 2 -fivepounds four hundred and nincty thoufand ing twenty ounces ; of raw filk ; three a hundred and ninety-fix pounds thoufand a hundred and hundred and ninety-fix five hundred and fixty ninety-fix pieces of cotton four 3 of linen ftuffs; thoufand two hundred and pieces number of ftuffs, without counting the. prodigious and others ; the varnifh, velvets, fattins, damafks, the hogs, the geefe, the ducks, the oxen, the theep, the Z 2 --- Page 350 --- Obfervations ufon AstA; the game, the fth, the fruits, the pulfes, the fpiceries, and the different forts of wines which'are continually brought to the imperiai palace. Upon computing all that the emperor receives, his ordinary revenues are eftimared at two hundred millions of taels, and a tacl is an ounce of filver, which is worth a hundred French fcls, intrinfic value. Moft of the imperial taxes are confum'din the provinces, by penfions, the fupport of the and efpecially of old perfons and invalids, of whom poor, there are vaft numbers ; the falaries of the. mandarins, the payment of the troops, and the public works; the furplus is brought to Peking, and laid out on the common expences of - the palacc, and of the capital, where the prince refides, and more than fixty thoufand regular troops, fapports befides their wages, which are paid in filver. Befides, at Peking they daily diftribute to near five thoufand mandarins, a certain quantity of fleth, fith, falt, pot-herbs, and every month, fo much rice, beans, wood, coal, and ftraw ; and all thefe are divided with the greateft exaétnefs. The fame is obferv'd with refpeétto thofe call'd from the provinces to the court, or whom the court fends into the provinces : they and their retinue are equip'd, their whole expences and their barks, horfes, and carriages defray'd, furnifh'd by the emperor. The troops which the emperor fupports on the great wall, and elfewhere, amount to more than cight hundred thoufànd men 3 he alfo maintains about five hundred and fixty thoufand horfes forthe cavalry, and for the fervice of the pofts and couriers who carry his orders and thofe of the tribunals of the provinces, The provinces : they and their retinue are equip'd, their whole expences and their barks, horfes, and carriages defray'd, furnifh'd by the emperor. The troops which the emperor fupports on the great wall, and elfewhere, amount to more than cight hundred thoufànd men 3 he alfo maintains about five hundred and fixty thoufand horfes forthe cavalry, and for the fervice of the pofts and couriers who carry his orders and thofe of the tribunals of the provinces, The --- Page 351 --- and AMERICA. AFRICA foreign powers are alfo fup The. ambafladors of from the mome n: ported at the emperor's expence, till the time they leave it : they enter into the empire them with barks, which occafion he furnifhes elfe neceffary for upon horfes, cartiages, and every thing the of their their voyages he bears all expences he they are arriv'd at court, lodges tabie, when and to teftify his friendfhip, tlem in a palace, difhes from his own table. fends them every day of the other experices of Wedo nct here fpeak works, which ferve the emperor for all the public of the citics, the comcither for the ornament the of his palace, modity of the people, or fupport which is of a vaft extent: he is always accompaWhen he goes abroad, and courtiers. His ny'd by a crowd of nobility imaginable 3 arms, eqtipage is the moft fplendid umbrellas, fans, harnefs cf the horfes, the Alags, glitter with. and all the other enfigns 'of royalty, dignity. The fplendor of imperial firft the grcatet lords head the march, and apr princes and are fucceeded by the calaes pear on horfeback : they and the moft honourable manor prime minifters, march in two wings, and very near the darins ; they leave the middle of the houfes, fo that thèy them are carried twenty-four ftreet vacant 3 after which are the emperor's libanners, of yellow flk, golden dragons, as his very, and embroider'd-wih are follow'd by twenty-four arms : thefe banners fame colour, and as many great umbrellas of the and are fans, which make a rich appearance, are all drefs'd iin very valuable. The body-guards of helmets on their heads, yellow, with a kind half pikes in their and a kind of javelins or gilt of a fun, or a crefcent, hands, ending in the figure twelve officers cloath'd or the he.d of fome animal; a their fhoulders the emin, the fame colour bear on peror's Z 3 'd by twenty-four arms : thefe banners fame colour, and as many great umbrellas of the and are fans, which make a rich appearance, are all drefs'd iin very valuable. The body-guards of helmets on their heads, yellow, with a kind half pikes in their and a kind of javelins or gilt of a fun, or a crefcent, hands, ending in the figure twelve officers cloath'd or the he.d of fome animal; a their fhoulders the emin, the fame colour bear on peror's Z 3 --- Page 352 --- Oblervations upon AsIa, peror's chair, which is very magnificent : and' on the road there are feveral other officers to reJieve each other on the march ; and a company of mulicians, trumpeters, and performers on feveral inftruments, accompany the cmperor, and make a great noife; finally, a great number of pages and footmen clofe the march. But there is equal to the magnificence with which he nothing ally to offer facrifices in the temple annuthe Tien, or PTE God of heaven. This march begins with twenty-four drums, rang'din two files, and twenty-four trumpets follow in the fame line 5 twenty-four men arm'd with ftaves, feven or cight feet long, varnifh'd over with red, and ornamented with gold foliages, then follow a hundred foldiers bearing halbards; the. fteel of which terminates in a crefcent ; a hundred ipear-men, whofe lances are painted with vermillion mix'd with flowers and gilded at the ends 5 next come four hundred great lanthorns, very beautiful, and wrought with great art : four hundred great flambeaux, made of a wood which burns a confiderable time, and fpreads round a light; then are feen two hundred lances, enrich'd great partly with tufts of filk of different colours, others. with the tails of panthers, foxes, and other animals ; twenty-four banners come next, on which are painted the figns of the zodiac ; fifty-fix other. banners, in which are reprefented the fifty-fix con-. ftellations to which the Chinefe reduce all the other ftars 3 then.two hundred fans, fupported by long gilied ftaves, whereon are painted different figures, of dragons, birds, and other animals ; twenty-four umbrellas richly ornamented, and a buffet ported by the kitchen officers, and furnifh'd with. fupfeveral golden utenfils, as bafons, ewers, 8cc. After are painted the figns of the zodiac ; fifty-fix other. banners, in which are reprefented the fifty-fix con-. ftellations to which the Chinefe reduce all the other ftars 3 then.two hundred fans, fupported by long gilied ftaves, whereon are painted different figures, of dragons, birds, and other animals ; twenty-four umbrellas richly ornamented, and a buffet ported by the kitchen officers, and furnifh'd with. fupfeveral golden utenfils, as bafons, ewers, 8cc. After --- Page 353 --- and AMERICA: - 343 AFRICA, and fhew has proceeded After all this equipage comés the emperor on horfein good order, then and with a grave majeftic back, richly cloathed, each fide of him a great um: air. They hold on enough to fhade both him brella, which is large furrounded by ten white and his horfe; he is faddles and - bridles are fumpter-horfes, whofe ftones, attended decorated with gold and precious of the bedhundred and pages by a fpear-men this, we fee in the fame order all chamber. After the blood, the regulars, the firft the princes of all in particular hamandarin, and lords at court, in waiting at bits, five hundred young gentlemen footmen in red richly drefs'd, a thoufand court, with fowers and ftars ofgold cloaths, embroider'd after, thirty-fix men carand filver ; immediately after which follows a clofe ry an open chaife, larger, fupported by one hunone, which is much four great chariots, dred and twenty porters 5 laftly, elephants, and the other two of which are drawn I golden trappings, each two by horfes cover'd chariot is follow'd by a company of chair and each ffty men for its guard. two thoufand mandarins This march is clos'd by mandarins of arms, or of letters, and two thoufand drefs'd in habits fuited to officers of war, richly the ceremony. and power of the Chinefe Such is the grandeur emperor. H A P: --- Page 354 --- Obfervations upon AsIA, CHA P. XXXVII. UJages, manners, cufloms, drefs, and occupations of tbe Mogul ladies ; education of tbe young ladies of quality. ladies rarcly appear in public, and when are THE they permitted to go abroad, they always in clofe chariots, or on camels cover'd over SA large cloaks, or in round cover'd fedans, and eunuchs and armed men accompany them. At home they have their heads cover'd with a gauze veil, which they dare not take off, except in the prefence of their hufband, their children, their father, mother, or particular friends. Their dreffes are ftuffs of filk Alower'd with and filver; the body of their drefsis bound before gold as. low as the girdle, at the ends of which hangs a fmall glube of gold, or a peari. They are Aenderin the waift, and ftraitly lac'dt to fet off their air 3 the petticoat, which falls down to their heels, is not feparated from the body of their cloathing 5 they ufe flat fhoes, cover'd with fcarlet, intermix'd with flowers of gold ; they eafily put them off, which they always do when they enter into their apartments, which are cover'd witn beautiful tapeftry. Their heads are drefs'd in their own hair, made: ap in different forms ; fometimes in pyramids, fometimes in triangles or crefcents, and at other times in the figure of a rofe, tulip, or other flowers, which they imitate by means of golden buckles mix'd with diamonds, tho' more commonly they divide their hair into treffes, that flow upon their fhoulders, and tie to them little thin plates of gold, and precious ftones, and it is an art to knowe how apartments, which are cover'd witn beautiful tapeftry. Their heads are drefs'd in their own hair, made: ap in different forms ; fometimes in pyramids, fometimes in triangles or crefcents, and at other times in the figure of a rofe, tulip, or other flowers, which they imitate by means of golden buckles mix'd with diamonds, tho' more commonly they divide their hair into treffes, that flow upon their fhoulders, and tie to them little thin plates of gold, and precious ftones, and it is an art to knowe how --- Page 355 --- and AMERICA. AFRICA, head in fuch a manner as to how to move the and beauty of their hair. fhew all the fplendor their noftrils, and put in it a They pierce one of diamond. Their ring, whercin is fet a large little holes, to put in gold likewife pierc'd with ears are precious ftoncs in a femi-circle, often them little fparkling bracclets, and rings, are and their necklaces, value. and their air of an inefimable ftature is commonly fine, is Their fome whofe complexion There are of an olive plealing, white, but they àre generally off their almoft Thofe who are curious in fetting from white fafcolour. paint with a water extracted likewife which is beauty, frons.chey make a compofition dath of this round their black, and give a ends of their nails very they, paint hikewife the from eyes 5 beautiful red, with a juice extradled in of a fhrub 3 and they have always the leaves of a fruit, or fome little phial of their hands fome Alower, perfum'd water. in theif chambers but what There is no tapeftry with great they walk on ; thcy niches are ornamented where they place crycanopics, and their glalits, gold and filver veffels, to preferve of their RelIE ital, and the utenfils fumes, effences, is unknown among them, yet The ufe of chairs low ftools to fit down on 5 they have a kind of they fit on rich tapeftry, crofsbut for the moft parc cover'd with brobehind is placed a fupport cufhion, which they legg'd; cade, and on their fide, a little and when feveral move and change. as they pleafe, they form a kind of of them are met together, circle. vifit, and the richeft tapeftry is They fome times quality 5 young flaves for the lady of the higheft that they may fan them and always attend them, drive have a kind of they fit on rich tapeftry, crofsbut for the moft parc cover'd with brobehind is placed a fupport cufhion, which they legg'd; cade, and on their fide, a little and when feveral move and change. as they pleafe, they form a kind of of them are met together, circle. vifit, and the richeft tapeftry is They fome times quality 5 young flaves for the lady of the higheft that they may fan them and always attend them, drive --- Page 356 --- Obfervations upote AsIA, drive away the flies ; they prefent betel in bafons of gold for that purpofe, then they in for a refrelhment ; they eat fruits bring lemonade kind of cakes made of fine fweetmeats, and a fugar cane mix'd with flour, the juice of collation milk, and rofe water. The being over, they retire with the ufual civilities, which confift in inclining a little the putting their hand to the head and heart, then body, bracing and ufing at the fame time the moft emexpreflions. obliging Women that are married to the fame man not always of the fame rank. I. A man of are ways marries a lady of equal rank with quality althis wife is thé chief, and is called himielf ; fignifies a woman without begum, which 2. Three other wives of care, or a happy woman. fome make a fecond clafs. 3. The third diftinction, who pofed of as many wives as the man degree is comthis marriage is performed with lefs pleafes, and the two preceding ones. 4. As for thefourth ceremony than it is fufficient that fpecies, felves mafters they buy a girl, or make themof one in the wars, which frequently have with the heathens. they All thefe wives muft be better or worfe fed, and cloatlied, lodged, is difficult to according to their ranks ; but it regulate this ; and it is a thing to fee the wives of an inferior order cuftomary to the rank and privileges of the begum rais'd hufband's favour. by the When thefe wives obferve a difference made tween them, it is not credible to what beof jealoufy, chagrin, extravagancies they give way to; fo that quarreliings, each and animofitics art to engage and pleafe her hufband. employs her whole and confulion of not The fhame times have fucceeding, make them fomerecourfe to charms, witch-craft, and diabolic to the rank and privileges of the begum rais'd hufband's favour. by the When thefe wives obferve a difference made tween them, it is not credible to what beof jealoufy, chagrin, extravagancies they give way to; fo that quarreliings, each and animofitics art to engage and pleafe her hufband. employs her whole and confulion of not The fhame times have fucceeding, make them fomerecourfe to charms, witch-craft, and diabolic --- Page 357 --- and AMERICA. AFRICA, blame them5 at other times they OF bolic incantations end to their lives by poifon, felves, and put their an rivals ; nay, they fometimes fecretly poifon bounds. rage without any feeing her hufband A begum, wife to a governor, but for one of his Georgian had no complaifance bitter complaints 5 but the flaves; made many lov'd this young flave, hufband, who paffionately His wife, paid little regard to her remonttrancecs. with fury, refolved to whom jealouly tranfported as ic was be reveng'd in a manner as hufband untommon was a hunting, cruel. One day, when the flave to be bound by one the order'd this young have her breafts cut off of her cunuchs, and to the hufband return'd from with a fabre. When him in a bafon the two hunting, fhe prefented This is the prefent of your breafts, and added, begum. hufbands have it in their power Tho'in general, or even to kill them for certo divorce their wives, not to that they. tain faults, yct we are of the fuppofe begum, on accan eafily do thisin regard the illuftrious families count of the refpects due to of thefe ladies. themahometans is, ftrialy fpeakMarriage among A man who deligns ing, the purchafe of a lady. which is not given to to marry, agrees for a fum, herfelf; this fum is her the parent, but the woman cannot difpole ofit. The dowry, and the hufband accompabridegroom, in a coach or on horfeback, with ny'd by his friends and fome muficians, She meets goes him half flambeaux to fetch his fpoule. and efpecially a with a fuitable attendance, in clofe coaches. way, number of women, her relations, houfe, When they are arriv'd at the reads bridegroom's in prefence of the caze, or pricft of the law, all parent, but the woman cannot difpole ofit. The dowry, and the hufband accompabridegroom, in a coach or on horfeback, with ny'd by his friends and fome muficians, She meets goes him half flambeaux to fetch his fpoule. and efpecially a with a fuitable attendance, in clofe coaches. way, number of women, her relations, houfe, When they are arriv'd at the reads bridegroom's in prefence of the caze, or pricft of the law, all --- Page 358 --- Obfervations upon AsIA, all the company the contractof he orders a lady, behirel the marriage. After this; her veil, and the lover, who bride, to take off for the firft time bis fpoufe. ftands oppofite, fees on again, and the caze afks the They the veil tent man, he is conFR with his wife? The man having anfwer'd he is, all the women go with. the that an apartment, where there. is young lady into cet feaft, and the men go into prepar'd another a magnifihappens afterwards, that the hufband is ; and ifit dilgufted with her, and fends her back, he is any ways to leave her dowry with her. oblig'd The richand opulent mahometans of ter the example of Mahomet, quality, afglory in hav. ing a great number of women in their fome having an hundred ; they give one another feraglios, wife fometimes, or make an exchange, and a a great many ladies from Circaffia, Georgia, have and Abyffinia, whom they purchafe dear. The hufbands never eat with their wives, five of fome fmall collation, which they have exclugether by way of divérfion. The children toare born of the firft wife, tho' fuperior in who not the fole heirs. The men are married rank, are young, even at the age of fèven years ; after very this they remain in the feraglio tinder their the girls have likewife their governors; ; continue in the tutorefles; but they time of their apartments of their mothers till the marriage. In the education of young ladies, neither admit of finging, mufic, inftruments, they thefe are referved for courtefans. nor dancing: of diftinétion They teach ladies to walk with grace and a to keep themfelves crect, majeftic air, fpeak fitting, or ftanding, to drefs politely wittily, to few, embroider, and themfelves with clegancy. They never teach orefles; but they time of their apartments of their mothers till the marriage. In the education of young ladies, neither admit of finging, mufic, inftruments, they thefe are referved for courtefans. nor dancing: of diftinétion They teach ladies to walk with grace and a to keep themfelves crect, majeftic air, fpeak fitting, or ftanding, to drefs politely wittily, to few, embroider, and themfelves with clegancy. They never teach --- Page 359 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. but only to read, that they may teach them to write, of reading the alcoran, ofwhich have the confolation they underftand nothing. houfes, both men and women În well-regulated in Arabic, and they nehave by heart, their prayers affemble in a hall deftined ver fail at certain hours to never go to the public for prayer ; for the women they wafh their whole body mofque. Before prayers, fometimes they are content with in the bath, tho' mouth, and hands, and they have walhing their face, white colour for this religious particular habits of a of the habits, and worthip. The cleannefs of the place, effential to a of the perfon, are with them conditions muft neither fpit nor good prayer, during which of the they prayer are recited by cough. Certain parts voice. The and with an audible way of chorus, varies, fince they fometimes polture of the body on the tapeftry ; they ftand, ft, or fall proftrate heaven, when repeating cerraife their hands to they put them either tain paffages, and at others breaft, or knees. their heads, eyes, ears, upon which they obferve fcrupuloully, They have rubrics, to the modefty and and nothing thele is comparable ladies when they pray. devotion of for their virtue, they think to As a recompence has promis'd to: merit fuch a paradife as Mahomet faid thatimhis followers. Old and ugly women, heaven; : his difciples, poftor, fhall never enter into alk'd him the reafurpriz'd at fuch an affertion, that the old and fon of it, upon which he anfwer'd, and beautiful. ugly fhould then become young repeat fmiling, This piece of wit they frequently confidence, thatthey and polie6'd. of an agreeable the proof of it. fhall one day experience during a month every year, fatt rigoroully L They occafion they neither eat nor drirk any on which thing women, heaven; : his difciples, poftor, fhall never enter into alk'd him the reafurpriz'd at fuch an affertion, that the old and fon of it, upon which he anfwer'd, and beautiful. ugly fhould then become young repeat fmiling, This piece of wit they frequently confidence, thatthey and polie6'd. of an agreeable the proof of it. fhall one day experience during a month every year, fatt rigoroully L They occafion they neither eat nor drirk any on which thing --- Page 360 --- Défervations upon AstA, thing the whole day, but take their repaft in the night. They have a kind of beads, of an hundred, which they run over, confifting on each bead one of the divine mentioning for ample, omnipotent, perfections ; exThey make creator, merciful lord, ESc. VOWs and prayers in order to obtain what they want, and their VOWS are generally addrefs'd to fome male or female faints, whom they acknowledge in the fyftem of their religion, and whom they fuppofe to be already inhabitants of the delicious gardens of paradife. Thefe they revere, and preferve their relicks with the greateft refpect. In their invocations, whether of God or their faints, they always turn their face to Mecca; and tho' they have no images of their faints, yet with pleafure behold the image of the bleffed virgin, they whom they call Hibiminiam, which fignifies the chafte lady Mary, who had Jefus for her fon, and relate a thoufand apochryphal ftories ân honour they of her. When thewomen have loft their hufbands, theyare fupported by the eldeft fon of the deceas'd, in feparate apartments, which are call'd'the old feraglios, where they pafs the remainder of their days in a melancholy widowhood, but have no more any perfumes, ornaments, games, and amufements, to diftraét and divert them ; however, they may a fecond time with the confent of the eldeft marry fon, under whofe jurifdiction they are, CHAP, --- Page 361 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA, CHAP. XXXVIII. wwitb refpect to tbe of tbe Cbinefe government police, taxes and pofrs. city of China is divided into who quarters, takes ET every quarter has a chief tumult of and takes cognizance of any care it, and if he fhould negleét forthwith to that happens. mandarin with it, he would be feto acquaint the verely punifhed. anfwerable The fathers of families are equally and fervants : and for the conduét of their children robbery when any accident happens, fuch as a night afift their for inftance, every family is obliged to next neighbours. city there is a ftrong guard at the In every all thofe who enter, on the gates, who examine man's his Imalleft circumftances; a phyfiognomy, him fufair, or his accent, are fufficient to render which he is ftopped, and an account peéted, upon the mandarin, by which means they of it fent to of foreigners in their emprevent the eftablifhment pire. About the clofe of the evening the gates of each and the boundarics of each ftreet are fhut, all city, and here and there are centinels, who ftop thofe who are not in their houfes. There are alfo patrols of the horfe upon the ramparts, who go is their round continually. The night, fay fo they, that it made for reft, and the day for labour, found in the rarely happens, that honeft people are ftreets in the night time. bells, or a drum In every city, there are large the watches of of an uncommon fize, for denoting the I and here and there are centinels, who ftop thofe who are not in their houfes. There are alfo patrols of the horfe upon the ramparts, who go is their round continually. The night, fay fo they, that it made for reft, and the day for labour, found in the rarely happens, that honeft people are ftreets in the night time. bells, or a drum In every city, there are large the watches of of an uncommon fize, for denoting the I --- Page 362 --- Obfervations upon AstA, the night, each of which is two hours long. The firft begins at eight o' clock, and durig thefe firft two hours, they now and then ftrike a fingle ftroke upon the bell or the drum, but when this watch is finifh'd, and the fecond begins, they ftrike ewo ftrokes, and fo on of the reft, till all the watches of the night are finifh'd. The port of arms is never open but to the foldiers, who generally are without their arms, except when upon duty, and who on other occafions follow their particular callings. If any quarrel happens among the vulgar, they carefully avoid bloodfhed, for which reafon, if they fhould happen to have a ftick, or any iron inftrument in their hands, they throw it away, and fight with their fifts. Their difputes are moft generally ended by the mandarin, who after having heard them, orders the aggreffor, and fometimes both, to be baftinadoed in his prefence. Ladies of pleafure cannot ftay in the cities, but are obliged to live without the walls, under the care and infpection of a man, who is refponfible for all the diforders committed by them. The education they give their children greatly contributes to the peace and tranquillity which in the cities; for as none arrive ac the offices reign and dignities of the empire, but in proportion to the advances they have made in the fciences, they keep the young people conftantly employed in ftudy : and games, and all diverfions proper to encourage idlenefs, are abfolutely forbidden. The Chinefe government is admirable on account of their care to embellifh the public roads, and render them commodious. The canals by which China is crofs'd, are in many provinces bordered with hewn ftone, and in low and marihy grounds they have arrive ac the offices reign and dignities of the empire, but in proportion to the advances they have made in the fciences, they keep the young people conftantly employed in ftudy : and games, and all diverfions proper to encourage idlenefs, are abfolutely forbidden. The Chinefe government is admirable on account of their care to embellifh the public roads, and render them commodious. The canals by which China is crofs'd, are in many provinces bordered with hewn ftone, and in low and marihy grounds they have --- Page 363 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. roads for the conveniency of have raifed very long travéllers. care to render the roads fmooth They take great in the and even, and they pave them, efpecially ule neither horfès a and wherethey fouthern provincrs; have cut paffages through the - nor chariots, they levell'd fome with the higheft mountains, and even vallies. in which the roads are There are fome provinces border'd with very high like fo many large avenues, included between two walls, to trees, and fometimes out of their way : and hinder travellers from going the crofs-roads which thefe walls have openings at lead to different villages. find here and there refting In the public roads we commodious, both during places, which are very or the intenfe heats of the the rigours of the winter, order tea to be given fummer, and charitable people and in winter waters. in fummer to poor travellers, boil'd. in which ginger has been on the roads, but noThere are inns enough and incommodiour exthing can be more miferable roads, where travellers cept thofe on the principal mat; and think to lie upon a fimple are obliged if they can find any themfelves well accommodated fith or Aelh. found in the high roads, at certain There are of towers, on the tops of which diftances, a kind and holes for ftreamers, as are hoxes for centinels, thefe towers are made of fignals in cale of alarms 3 is about twelve turf or beaten earth $ their height have battlements, feet, their form fquare, and muft they have foldiers, who &c. each of thefe towers and hinder all continually watch over what paffes, from their gua dinfults; all thefe foldiers come in order when any confiderable ro om, and draw up A a office VoL. II. ers, as are hoxes for centinels, thefe towers are made of fignals in cale of alarms 3 is about twelve turf or beaten earth $ their height have battlements, feet, their form fquare, and muft they have foldiers, who &c. each of thefe towers and hinder all continually watch over what paffes, from their gua dinfults; all thefe foldiers come in order when any confiderable ro om, and draw up A a office VoL. II. --- Page 364 --- Obfervations upon AstA, officer paffes. By this means robbers on the highway arevery rare in China, and they never murder, but when they have got their prize they make off immediately. Thefe towers have another ufe, for they exaétly mark the diftance of one piace from another. When to avoid the heat, perfons are forc'd to travel in the night, efpecially on the fides of the mountains, which are infefted with tygers, they take guides with them, who carry lighted thefe torches afford light, and drive away flambeaux; the they are made of pine branches dried by the tygers; fire, and prepar'd in fuch a manner, that wind and rain make them burn the better. A great advantage for travellers in China, is the facility and fecurity with which their bales of are carried from place to place. There is in goods each city a great number of porters, who have a chief, to whom ftrangers make their addrefs, .have agreed with them about the price, Whenyou he gives you.as many tickets as you have hired porters, and inftantly furnifhes you with them, anfwering for whatever is in your bales. When the porters have done their office, you give to each a ticket, they Carry it to their mafter, who fatisfies them out of the money which you have paid before. There are taxes in China, fome of which are paid by the piece, and the merchant is believ'd by his book 3 but others are paid by load, and there is not the leaft difficulty in this. When great officers of the crown receive or fend any parcels; they each parcel fix a piece of paper, upon which upon is written the time when it was made up, the name and dignity'of the perfons, and if thefe officers are very confiderable, they never dare to.open them. out of the money which you have paid before. There are taxes in China, fome of which are paid by the piece, and the merchant is believ'd by his book 3 but others are paid by load, and there is not the leaft difficulty in this. When great officers of the crown receive or fend any parcels; they each parcel fix a piece of paper, upon which upon is written the time when it was made up, the name and dignity'of the perfons, and if thefe officers are very confiderable, they never dare to.open them. --- Page 365 --- AFRICA, and AMERICAI where there are regular pofts, there In all places, takes care of them. All the 1s a mandarin, who the emperor's and none can poft horfes belong to but the couriers of the empire, make ufe of them fent from court: Thofe who officcrs, and fuch as are orders, Have then are charged with the emperor's cover'd with yellow filk, enclos'd in a great roll fcarf on their back ; they which they carry like a fome diftinétion, and are are commonly perfons of efcorted by fome horfemen. their bag bound to The common couriers motion carry of the horfe the their back, and in the which is fix'd on the bag refts upon a cufhion; not heavy, for they carcrupper. Their bags are of the emperor, or ry nothing but the difpatches or the advice of prothole of the fovercign courts; tho' in a clandeitine vincial. officers. They carry, and in this manner, the letters of private their perfons, little profits. confifts the augmentation of CHAI P. XXXIX. mandarins ef letters, and tbofe of arms; Ofibe employments, and funétions. tbeir dignities, order of the mandarins is that of the firft of ftate, the firft prefidents THE calaos, or minifters other officers of the miof fovercign courts, and order which men of letlitia, and this but thehigheft The number of the calaos is not ters can arrive at. the will of the prince, who fix'd; but depends on and takes them from chufes them as he pleafes, feldom above five or other tribunals ; yet they who are is head of their counfix, and there is onc, cil, Aa 2 firft of ftate, the firft prefidents THE calaos, or minifters other officers of the miof fovercign courts, and order which men of letlitia, and this but thehigheft The number of the calaos is not ters can arrive at. the will of the prince, who fix'd; but depends on and takes them from chufes them as he pleafes, feldom above five or other tribunals ; yet they who are is head of their counfix, and there is onc, cil, Aa 2 --- Page 366 --- Olfarvations upon AsIA, cil. Their tribunal is held in the palace on the lefs handof thei imperial hall, which is the moft honourable. This tribunal, which is call'd muy yuen, or nner court, is compofed of three orders of mandarins 3 the firft are properly minifters of ftate, who fee and examine almoft all requefts which the fovereign tribunals are to prefent to the emperor, whether about ftate affairs, or civil and criminal ones. The mandarins of the fecond clafs, are as it were adjutants to the firft; from their body are chofen the viceroys and prefidents of other tribunals. The mandarins of the third order compofe the emperor's council, and it is in this council that the greateft part of momentous affairs are decided, unlefs the emperor affembles the grand council to decide them. The grand council is compofed of all the minifters of ftate, the firft prefidents and affeffors of the fix fovereign courts, and of thofe of the three other confiderable tribunals; for befide this council, there are at Peking fix fovercign courts, which they call leoupou, the power and authority of which is extended over all the provinces of the empire. There has always been in each a prefident, who is commonly a mandarin of the firft rank, and two affiftants of the fecond, without counting the fubaltern officers, to the number of forty-four, who have each a prefident, and at leaft twelve counfellors. The funétion of the Srft of thefe fovcreign courts is to furnifh mandarins for all the provinces, to watch over their conduct, and give an account of them to the emperor. This court has four fubaltern tribunals 5 the Srft has the care of chufing thofe, who by their fcience and other qualities delerve the employments ofthe empire. The fecond examines the good or bad conduct of the mandarins 5 the third is to feal all the juridical acts, and give the mandarins funétion of the Srft of thefe fovcreign courts is to furnifh mandarins for all the provinces, to watch over their conduct, and give an account of them to the emperor. This court has four fubaltern tribunals 5 the Srft has the care of chufing thofe, who by their fcience and other qualities delerve the employments ofthe empire. The fecond examines the good or bad conduct of the mandarins 5 the third is to feal all the juridical acts, and give the mandarins --- Page 367 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. éredentials fuitable to their digniries. In fine, darins fourth is that which is charg'd with examining the of the empire, that is the merits of the grandees the and of the princes of the blood, regulos, to fay, rank. all of a difinguithed court has the fuperintenThe fecond fovereign the revenues and cxpences of dency of the finances, orders for falaries and the emperor 3 it expedites of donative determines the proportions diftripenfions, of Slk, and money, which are rice, picces lords and all the mandarins of buted to the great exact lift of all the families, the empire, keeps an 8cc. To affift them and of all the duties payable, have fourteen fubalin this prodigious talk, affairs they of the fourteen protern tribunals for the is compoled. vinces, of which this vaft empire the tribunal of rites, The third fovercign court the care is of the rites and cewhich is entrufted with the arts, and the imperial remonies, the fciences, examines thofe who afpire to any. -mufic; it alfo takes degrees, and admits them to examinations, and facrifices which the emperor gecare of temples entertains, and takes lcave nerally offers, receives, four fubaltern tribunals alift of ambaffadors : and this court in its funétions. of arms, and all the The fourth is the tribunal to its ; and militia of the kingdom is fubjeét officers of power war, both on this tribunal depend all the this which kecps in generals and private men. Itis and magazines repair the fortreffes, fills the arfenals It has four inwith ammunition and provifion. of ali the miferior tribunals : the firft direêts difpofes the officers and litary offices 3 the fecond and takes care to foldiers to their different pofts, roads of robbers : the clear the towns and high of the horfes of the third has the fuperintendency empirc, A a 3 on this tribunal depend all the this which kecps in generals and private men. Itis and magazines repair the fortreffes, fills the arfenals It has four inwith ammunition and provifion. of ali the miferior tribunals : the firft direêts difpofes the officers and litary offices 3 the fecond and takes care to foldiers to their different pofts, roads of robbers : the clear the towns and high of the horfes of the third has the fuperintendency empirc, A a 3 --- Page 368 --- Obfervations uport AstA, empire, poft-horfes, inns, and the veffels defigned change-horles, the imperial tion of for the tranfportatakes provifions to the foldiers 5 and the care of arms arid fourth and ftorehoufes theartillery, that the arfenals The fifth may be well provided. for criminal cafes, fovereign and court is as it were a court bunals, has fourteen fubaltern triaccording to the number of The fixth fovereign court, which is provinces: the of publick works, has the care of the tribunal only of the emperor's, but alfo of the palaces, not of the princes of the blood, the tribunals, pulchres of emperors, temples, 8cc. viceroys, it has the feiuperintendance of towers, alfo the rivers, barges, bridges, caufways, triumphal arches, ports, four fubaltern tribunals. Each of highways, and has bunals has a particular thefe inferior tricompos'd of two palace with halls, and is fellors, partly Tartars prefidents and twenty-four counand not ofa multitude of partly Chinefe. Ifpeak tribunals, fuch petty officc rs annexed to thefe as writers, notaries, bailiffs, fheriffs, ferjeants, &cc. couriers, There is in every tribunal an officer, whofe employment is to affift in all the ceive all the acts of them which aflemblies, and recan decide nothing himfelf, are brought him. He to obferve things, and butis only an infpedtor Thefe cenfors give an account to the court, and make themfelves are gencrally not to be corrupted, greatly feared. Every three years, each graduate comes to to obtain the degree of doétor: Pcking, examin'd during thirteen They are frictly about three* hundred days, and there are only chufe out of thefe raifed to this degree. They to compofe the tribunal young doctors the moft learned, yuen, which is a kind of which they call han lin academy that only reccives the cenfors give an account to the court, and make themfelves are gencrally not to be corrupted, greatly feared. Every three years, each graduate comes to to obtain the degree of doétor: Pcking, examin'd during thirteen They are frictly about three* hundred days, and there are only chufe out of thefe raifed to this degree. They to compofe the tribunal young doctors the moft learned, yuen, which is a kind of which they call han lin academy that only reccives the --- Page 369 --- and AMERICA. AF RICA, of the empire as its memthe brightelt geniufes bers. have the charge of the education Thefe doétors and are to teach him of the heredicary prince, and the grand art of governvirtuc, the iciences, in writing the- general himent, and are employ'd ftory of the empire. who nominates the mandarins, ltis the emperor entrufts all authority in the provinces. to whom he cities there arc two tribunals, one In all the capital and the other for criminal ones. for civil affairs, they have likewife their goverAs for leffer cities, mandarins to diftribute jufice. nors and feveral of the mandarins of letters fpread The number amounts to more than thirteen over the empire hundred. The governors of towns, thoufand fix mandarins, are obliged on who are but infcrior make their reports to their important occalions to and viceroy of fuperiors, as the treafurer general as Thefe two great mandarins, inthe province. who has the care or well as the tong-tou, acknowledge no fufpedtion of feveral provinces, perior but the tribunal of Peking. diflinguithes the e.manThe mark of dignity which ftuff, which they datins, confifts in a picce of which fquare is finely wrought, wear on their breaft, and of their relpective and in the middle is the emblem with four employments. Some have a dragon &cc. As for the claws, others an cagle, a fun, lions, &rc. mandarins of arms, they bear panthers, of war, muft The mandarins of arms, or officers the mandarins as well as pals feveral examinations, of their ftrength, dexof letters, and give proofs in the military art. Thus terity, and experiencethem, that of batchetherc are three degrees doctor among of arms. It is in the lor,of licentiate, and capital A a 4 dragon &cc. As for the claws, others an cagle, a fun, lions, &rc. mandarins of arms, they bear panthers, of war, muft The mandarins of arms, or officers the mandarins as well as pals feveral examinations, of their ftrength, dexof letters, and give proofs in the military art. Thus terity, and experiencethem, that of batchetherc are three degrees doctor among of arms. It is in the lor,of licentiate, and capital A a 4 --- Page 370 --- Obfervations upon AsIA, capital of cach province that this examination is made of batchelors, in order to become licentiates. There are at Peking five tribunals of mandarins of war, who have at their head a captain, and two adjurants. They : commonly chufe out for thefe pofts great lords of the empire, and they command the officers at court and all the foldiers. Thefe five tribunals depend Onl one fupreme tribunal of war ; the head is one of the greateft noblemen in the ftate, and has for an afliftant a mandarin of letters, who ha's the title of fuperintendant at arms, with two infpectors, that he may never abufe his xuthority. The firft of the mandarins of arms has the fame rank as our European gencral, and his office is much the fame ; he has fometimes four, and fometimes two mandarins, who are his lieutehants-general, who likewife have under them four mandarins, who are as it were, colonels. Thefe laft have likewife under them other mandarins, who may be look'd on as captains, who have their licutenants, and underlicutenants, 8zc. The number of thefe mandarins amounts to cighteen thoufand, and there are more than feven hundred thoufand foldiers difperfed thro' all the provinces of the empire, in the fortreffes, ftrong holds, and along the great wall. Thefe troops are well cloath'd and arm'd, and appear very fplendid on a march or in a review, but in point of courage they are greatly inferior to the European foldiers ; the Chinefe are naturally effeminate, and the Tartars are. become Chinefe. There are above two thouland fortrefies OF ftrong places in China ; they reckon there above three thoufand towers or caftles, where there are perpezually centinels on guard, who, as foon as they perceive and along the great wall. Thefe troops are well cloath'd and arm'd, and appear very fplendid on a march or in a review, but in point of courage they are greatly inferior to the European foldiers ; the Chinefe are naturally effeminate, and the Tartars are. become Chinefe. There are above two thouland fortrefies OF ftrong places in China ; they reckon there above three thoufand towers or caftles, where there are perpezually centinels on guard, who, as foon as they perceive --- Page 371 --- and AMERICA: AFRICA, if it bein the dayceive any diforder, which give a they fignal fix upon the tower, time by a banner, torch in the night. and, with a lighted but by The ftrong towns are fcarce fortified, of the Chinele their fituation. All the ingenuity rampart, confifts in making an excellent ditch engineers wall of brick, with towers, and a large and a fill'd with water. has been long known Tho' the ufe of gunpowder modern invention, and in China; yet artillery is a us'dit for fireworks, in for a long time they only which the Chinefe excel. CHA P. XL. by tbe Chincfe at their Ceremonies obferoed marriages and funerals. do not confult the inclination of their children in the article of marriage, fince the the for the or THEX choice of a wife is referved father, and relation of him they defign to marry 3 woneareft with the father or relation of the young it is is made. The Chinele woman that the contraét the cuftom is, men have no : fortunes or dowry with ; thofe of the the parents of the man fum, agree which they give in woman for a certain: and which is employ'd ratification of the marriage, which the married cloaths and utenfils, jn buying takes with her on the day ofher nuptials. woman Chinefe who is but in a low condition, often A to beg a girl, in orgoes to the foundling-houfe as a wife for his fon, by which der to bring her up for at a fmall expence. means his fon is provided The --- Page 372 --- Obfervations upon AsrA, The rich who have no children, fometimes their wife to be with child; then they go in feign the night incognito to the hofpital, and take out a child which they bring up as their own. Thefe children being thus believed legitimate, commence their ftudlies, and are made batchelors and doétors. This is a privilege which would not be granted to children adopted, after they had been taken from the hofpital. But when the Chinefe have no male children, they adopt the fon of a brother, any other relation, or even of a ftranger. The adopted child has all the rights of a true fon, and takes the name of his adopting father, wears mourning after his death, and becomcs his heir: and if after this tion the father fhould have children, the adopted adopchild muft ftill equally fhare the inheritance with the reft, unlefs the father in particular fhould give fomething more, to his own fon. The Chinéfe law permits men. to take concubines befides their lawful wife. There is notwithftanding a law, which forbids the people to take a fecond wife, unlefs their lawful wife has arrived at the age of forty, without bearing children. As women are always fhut up in their feparate apartments, and the men are not permitted to fee them, there are old womèn who live by negotiating marriages, When by this mediatrix an agreement Îs made, the contraét concluded, and the fum paid down, they then prepare for the folemnization, which is preceded by fome ceremonies, the principal of which confift in mutually fending to enquire the names of the contracting parties, and making to the relations prefents of filks, cottons, meat, wine and fruits. They fend likewife to the bride jewels, carrings, and other things of a like nature, When fee them, there are old womèn who live by negotiating marriages, When by this mediatrix an agreement Îs made, the contraét concluded, and the fum paid down, they then prepare for the folemnization, which is preceded by fome ceremonies, the principal of which confift in mutually fending to enquire the names of the contracting parties, and making to the relations prefents of filks, cottons, meat, wine and fruits. They fend likewife to the bride jewels, carrings, and other things of a like nature, When --- Page 373 --- and AMERICA, AFRICA, is come, they put When the day of the marriage chair with all her dowry. the bride into a magnificent this confifts in the wedding the low rank, which the Among linen, and other conveniences, hird cloaths, furnifhes. A company of perfons, tho', father go along with torches, fifes, for that purpoft, The chair is preceded by at noon-day. and followed by her relations, heaurboys, drums, friends of the family. A trufty and the particular of the chair, to deliver it only fervant keeps the key richly cloath'd waits at to the hufband, who being have made choice of for his door for the wife they he takes the key from him. As foon as fhe arrives, the chair, in order to know the fervant, and opens Some, diffatisfied with the his good or bad fate. forthwith fhut the chair, and fend woman's perfon, to lofe the money they have her back, confenting given. bride is come out of the chair, the As foon as the her fide, and both of them bridegroom ftands by they makc four bows to walk into a hall, where and after bowing feveral Tien, (the god of heaven) relations, the wife goes to times to the hufband's who pafs the day the ladies invited to the ceremony, while the hufband regales in diverfions and fcafting, his friends in another apartment. receive them almoft As for concubines, farther they than giving a written without any formality, with the fum agreed on, to promile to the parents, ufe their daughter well. live in an entire dependance Thefe concubines ferve and refpeét her as the on the iawful wife, and The children of the only miftrefs of the family. to the lawful wife, concubine are judg'd to belong fhare in the heritage, and call her mother, have a not obliged to wear if the real mother dics, are mourning As for concubines, farther they than giving a written without any formality, with the fum agreed on, to promile to the parents, ufe their daughter well. live in an entire dependance Thefe concubines ferve and refpeét her as the on the iawful wife, and The children of the only miftrefs of the family. to the lawful wife, concubine are judg'd to belong fhare in the heritage, and call her mother, have a not obliged to wear if the real mother dics, are mourning --- Page 374 --- Obfervations upon AsrA, mourning for three years, which is the cuftom when their father or his lawful wife dies. Moft of them, however, pay this piece of refpect and affection to their real mothers. Some take a concubine with no other view than to have a male child ; as foon as he is born, if the concubine difpleafes the wife, the hufband dif miffes her, and gives her the liberty to marry whom fhe pleafes, but more frequently provides her with a hufband. Widowers and widows may marry, but there are few formalities obferv'd in thefe fecond marriages. As for widows who have children, abfolute miftreffes of themfelves they are widow who has children would be refleéted 3 though a fhe married without on if great necefity, elpecially if the is. a woman of diftinction; for if fhe has been married but a few hours, or even promifed in fhe thinks herfelf obliged to pais the reft of marriage, her days in widowhood. This is not the cafe with women of low fortunes, fince the relations wanting to recover a part of the fum which a wife coft her firft hufband, may her again if the has no male children, and marry often oblige her to it; and it fometimes happens that the fecond hufband is arrefted, and the money without her knowing any thing of it. If fhe has paid, a daughter at the breaft, that daughter is fold with the mother. She has but one means of frecing hrefeif from this oppreffion, which is, that fhe has wherewithal to fublift from her relations; and indemnify thofe of her hufband, or become herfelf a bonfeffe: but this ftate is fo defpicable, that the can hardly embrace it without the lofs of reputation, If band is arrefted, and the money without her knowing any thing of it. If fhe has paid, a daughter at the breaft, that daughter is fold with the mother. She has but one means of frecing hrefeif from this oppreffion, which is, that fhe has wherewithal to fublift from her relations; and indemnify thofe of her hufband, or become herfelf a bonfeffe: but this ftate is fo defpicable, that the can hardly embrace it without the lofs of reputation, If --- Page 375 --- and AMERICA. AFRICA, he may fell goes from ber hufband, orIf a woman the punilhment her, after The has undergone hufband Thould abandon dained by the law. If a three years abfence the his wife and family, after the mandarins, who can may prefent a requett to another ; but The would give her the liberty of taking take this be punilhed if fhe did not his wife precaution. on certain OccaA hufband may divorce averfion, or incompatibility fions, fuch as adultery, difobedience, barextraordinary of temper, jealoufy, diforders. rennefs, or contagious cafes, wherein marriage cannot There are other orif it be, it becomes null. be contraéted, been fo far promifed that pre: I. If a maid has on both fides, fhe L fents have been feht and accepted can marry no other. and deceit have been ufed: for 2. If treachery perfon whom example ; if inftead of a beautiful they fhould fubftithey had fhewn to the mediatrix, fhould marry the "tute an ugly one : or if they flave: or if he who daughter of a freeman with a flave to the daughter of a freeman, perfvadgave a of the woman, that he was his fon, ed the relations or rclation. to a mandarin of letters, 3. Itis not permitted family of the province or to ally himfelf to any and fhould he tranftown whereof he is governor 3 will be null,. grefs this law, not only the marriage fevere but he will be condemn'd to a punifhment. the time of mourning for a father or a 4: In is forbidden their children; and mother, marriage made before this death, the if the promifes were engazement ceafes. in cafe of fome great calamiThe fame happens a father or near relation ty; as if, fot example, was or to ally himfelf to any and fhould he tranftown whereof he is governor 3 will be null,. grefs this law, not only the marriage fevere but he will be condemn'd to a punifhment. the time of mourning for a father or a 4: In is forbidden their children; and mother, marriage made before this death, the if the promifes were engazement ceafes. in cafe of fome great calamiThe fame happens a father or near relation ty; as if, fot example, was --- Page 376 --- Obfervations upon ASIA; was imprifoned, the marriage is not allowed, unlefs the prifoner gives his confent; and then they have no marriage feaft, but abftain from all the teftimonies of joy which are ufual on fuch Occafions. 5. Perfons of the fame family, or of the fame name, how diftant foever their degree of affinity is, cannot marry together ; thus the law permits not two brothers to marry two fifters, nor a widower to marry his fon to the daughter of the widow he marries, We now proceed to the cercmonies obferv'd in their funcrals. The common mourning lafts three years, which is often fhorten'd to twenty-feven months, and during this time they can exercife no public office $ a mandarin is obliged to quit his charge, and a minifter of ftate the care of the empire, to live in retirement, and not employ his mind with any but forrowful ideas, unlefs the emperor for weighty reafons difpenfes with him, which happens very feldom; The mourning for other relations is longer of fhorter according to the degree of relationfhip. White is their colour for mourning, both among princes and the loweft artificers. Thofe who wear compleat mourning, have their bonnet, their garment, their furtout, their ftockings, and bufkins of white ftuff. In the firft month of for their father or mother, their drefs is mourning a kind of hempen linen, reddifh, and very thin, a kind of thaggy cord ferves them for a girdle, and their cap is made likewife of hemp. It is by this mournful appearance that they endeavour to exprefs the grief they feel for having loft fo dear a perfon. They feldom wath the bodies, but they drefs the dead in their beft cloaths, and cover him with the marks of his dignity : then they put him into a coffin, for their father or mother, their drefs is mourning a kind of hempen linen, reddifh, and very thin, a kind of thaggy cord ferves them for a girdle, and their cap is made likewife of hemp. It is by this mournful appearance that they endeavour to exprefs the grief they feel for having loft fo dear a perfon. They feldom wath the bodies, but they drefs the dead in their beft cloaths, and cover him with the marks of his dignity : then they put him into a coffin, --- Page 377 --- and AMERICA. AFRICA, he had they buy for him, or which deareft proviicoffin,wliche himfelf during life, for this is one ofthe ded for and thus they take care to promoveables in China, vide themfelves in time. in eafy circumftances are The coffins of perfons foot or more thick ; they made of planks half a the infide with pitch, and fo are fo well covered in that they emit no well varnifh'd on the outfide, carv'd and gilded in bad fmell; ; fome arc curioully fome rich people lay out a a finc manner, and have a coffin of precious wood thoufand crowns to that is ornamented with figures. the bier, they put at Before the body is plac'don and when the body is the bottom a little lime, or a deal of a in it, they either put a cufhion great and not that the head may be fupported, cotton, the cotton and lime ferve to receive move eafily ; which come from the carcafe 5 the humours likewife cotton or things of a like nathey put fpaces, to keep it in the fituture in all the empty ation in which it is. Chinefe to bury their dead It is forbidden the but within the walls of towns or inhabited in places, their houfes them to keep them it is permitted which they do feveral months, enclos'd in coffins, without any and even feveral years, as a burial. depofitum, A fon would be magiftrate's ordering their if he did difhonour'd, efpecially in his own family, be carried to the caufe the body of his father to not and. they would refufe to tomb of his anceftors, that hall where they are honour'd. place his name in carried from one province to anoWhen they are without an order of the ther, it is not permitted them into the towns, or let them emperor, to bring them round the walls. pafs through; 3 but they carry The um, A fon would be magiftrate's ordering their if he did difhonour'd, efpecially in his own family, be carried to the caufe the body of his father to not and. they would refufe to tomb of his anceftors, that hall where they are honour'd. place his name in carried from one province to anoWhen they are without an order of the ther, it is not permitted them into the towns, or let them emperor, to bring them round the walls. pafs through; 3 but they carry The --- Page 378 --- 368. Obfervations upon AstA, The burying places are out of the towns, and as much as poffible on eminences, where they ofteh plant pines and cypreffes. Near two leagues from each town you are fure to find villages, hamlets, houfes fcatter'd here and there, and diverfifed with groves, and a great number of little hills cover?d with trees and enclos'd with walls, which are fo many different fepulchres, and form a landfkip that is not difagrccable. The gréateft part of the fepulchres are well whiten'd, made in the form of a horfe-fhoc, and of a polite ftruéture. The name of the family is written on the principal ftone. The poor are contented to cover the coffin with reeds and rufhes, or earth rais'd five or fix feet high, in fhape of a pyramid ; many enclofe the coffin in a little apartment of brick, reprefenting a tomb. As for the grandees and mandarins, their fepulchres are of a magnificent ftructure ; for they build a vault, in which they enclofe the coffin, and raife upon it a heap of beaten earth of twelve feet high, or thereabouts, and cight or ten in diameter, which is almoft of the figure of a hat ; they cover this earth with lime and fand, of which they make a kind of mortar to hinder the water from penetrating it 3 about it they plant with great regularity, trees of different kinds, and over againft it is a great table of white polifh'd marble, upon which is a cafket, two veffels,and two candlefticks likewife of marble, very well wrought; on both fides they range in feveral files a number of figures, reprefenting officers, eunuchs, foldiers, lions, faddled horfes, camels, tortoifes, and other animals in different attitudes, which fhew refpect and griet; for the Chinefe are fkill'd in. giving life to fculpture, and exprels all the human paffions by it. The h'd marble, upon which is a cafket, two veffels,and two candlefticks likewife of marble, very well wrought; on both fides they range in feveral files a number of figures, reprefenting officers, eunuchs, foldiers, lions, faddled horfes, camels, tortoifes, and other animals in different attitudes, which fhew refpect and griet; for the Chinefe are fkill'd in. giving life to fculpture, and exprels all the human paffions by it. The --- Page 379 --- Arkica, and Axexick: which is paid the dead The folemn ceremony unlefs fome effential lafts commonly feven. days, for them to fpend only reafon makes it neceffary While the coffin is open, all three in that fervice. friends whom they have invited, the relations and to the dead, and the come to pay their remain refpects in the houfe. The coffin neareft relations hall, which is ornais expos'd in the principal thât are often intermented with white ftuffs, black and violet filk, and mix'd with pieces of they a table bes other mournful ornaments 3 it either put the image fore the coffin, and place upon which his name is writof the dead, or a label on each fide with flowers, ten, ând is ornamented on candles. petfumes; and lighted wax their compliments of Thofe who come to dead pay in the manner of their condolance, falute the friends, accountry. Thofe who weré particular and tears, thefe cereronies with groans diftance. company which fometimes are heard at a confiderable of their duties, the While they acquit themfelves come from behind eldeft fon, and his brothers, the fide of the coffins a curtain, which is on with countenainces full of crawling on the bath'd carth, in tcars, in a mournful gricf, and ejes their refpedls with the fame decp filence, and pay ufed before the coffin. This ceremony as that who raife at different curtain conceals the women, times the moft lamentable cries. they rife When the ceremony is over, a RE diftant relation of the dead, or friend, a the due honours, and as ing in mourning, pays the door, he conduéts you he receives you at where you are prefented into an apartment, fruits, and fuch like re= with tea, fome dry frefhVou,ll. Bb cp filence, and pay ufed before the coffin. This ceremony as that who raife at different curtain conceals the women, times the moft lamentable cries. they rife When the ceremony is over, a RE diftant relation of the dead, or friend, a the due honours, and as ing in mourning, pays the door, he conduéts you he receives you at where you are prefented into an apartment, fruits, and fuch like re= with tea, fome dry frefhVou,ll. Bb --- Page 380 --- Oéfervations zpon ASIA, frefhments, after which he conduêts you to your chair. - When the day of burial is fix'd, notice is given to all the relations and friends of the dead, who do not fail to' come at the day appointed.. The march of the convoy begins by thofe who bear different ftatues of pafteboard, which reprefent flaves, tygers, lions, horfes, &c. feveral companies follow two by two; fome carry ftandards, fome Aags, or veflels of perfumes, and others play mournful airs on mulical inftruments. There are places whère the piéture of the dead is raifed above the reft, and where we fee in large characters of gold his name and dignity ; then comes thecoffin, cover'd with a canopy in form ofa dome, which is.of a violet colour'd filk, with taffels of white filk at the four corners,. which are embroidered, and artfully interlac'd with ftrings; the machine. on which: the coffin is laid, is born by fixtyfour men, Thofe who are not in a condition to bear the expence, ufe a machine which does not require fuch a multitude of porters.. The eldeft at the head.of the other children and grandchildren, fon,. follows on foot, cover'd with a fack of hemp, ported by a ftaff, and, as it were,. finking under furp- the load of his grief and forrow. Then come the relations and friends cloath'd in: mourning, and a great number of chairs cover'd with white ftuffs, wherein are the daughters, wives,. and flaves of the dead, who make the air refound. with their cries. When they are come to the burial-place, there: are at fome diftance from the tomb, tables in the hall, on which, while the ufual cermonies rang'd are going on,. the fervants prepare an entertainment, and, as it were,. finking under furp- the load of his grief and forrow. Then come the relations and friends cloath'd in: mourning, and a great number of chairs cover'd with white ftuffs, wherein are the daughters, wives,. and flaves of the dead, who make the air refound. with their cries. When they are come to the burial-place, there: are at fome diftance from the tomb, tables in the hall, on which, while the ufual cermonies rang'd are going on,. the fervants prepare an entertainment, --- Page 381 --- AFRICA and AMERICA the wliole comwhich ferves to regale tient, the relations and pany. after the repaft with Sometimes and touch the ground friends fall proftrate; before the tomb. Commonly they the their foreheads with returning thanks, and content themfelves children anfiwer their civilities eldeft fon and other but in profound filence. with fome external figns; rank, his fepulchre has If the deceafed be of high after the coffin is brought feveral apartients; and of relations remain there thicher, a great number every day with the one or two months, to renew of their grief. children of the dead honours the figns which they pay in each The duties and anceftors are limited to the time family to their dead anid thiere are two kinds of of mourning and burials be obferved every year in ceremonies which are to their regard. În the hall of their ancefThe firft aré praétis'd of the year $ for there are tors in certain months made for this families who have not a building afho and all the branches of the feven family or cight ceremony; here; fometimes amounting to of femble Then there is no diftinétion and thoufand perfons. the mandarins rank, the artift, the labourer; together, and admit of no the learned are mixed determines all, and the oldeft, diftinétion. Age, takes the firft tho' the poorefts on this occafion place. There is in tbis hall a great table image plac'd againft of the which commonly the the wall, on anceftor; or at leait his name, of moft confiderable womens and children with the names ofthe men, both fides, and written on the family rang'd on of wocd of about a foot tablets; or. little plates B b 2. high, , and the oldeft, diftinétion. Age, takes the firft tho' the poorefts on this occafion place. There is in tbis hall a great table image plac'd againft of the which commonly the the wall, on anceftor; or at leait his name, of moft confiderable womens and children with the names ofthe men, both fides, and written on the family rang'd on of wocd of about a foot tablets; or. little plates B b 2. high, --- Page 382 --- 372: Obfereations zpon AstA, high, with the age, quality, employment, and of each one's deceafe, day: All the relations affemble in this hall in . the fpring, and. fometimes in autumn. The richeft prepare the feaft, and cover feveral tables with various difhes, as rice,. fruits, perfumes, wax tapers, with near the fame. ceremonies wines, and their children practis'dtowards them while which. living, or fuch as are perform'd to the they were on their birth-day, or when they take mandarins of their poffeftion government. e As for the low people who not the means of raifing fuch a burilding, have. tent themfelves with the they. conceftors in the lighteft placing names of: their ancachother place of their-houfe, as. near; as poflible. The other ceremonies are pradtis'd at leaft once. a year, in the fepulchres of their anceftors. As the tombs are out of the city, and often in mountains, the relations meet there yearly at a certain time, which. is from the beginning of May. They.begin by. pulling. up. the herbs April to fhrubs round the fepulchre, after which and the deceas'd marks of their refpect, they give gricf, with the fame ceremonies gratitude, which and us'd at their death.; ; then they put on their they wine and meats, which ferve.themafterwards tomb together. to feaft The ancient Chinefe made ufe of a little child a living image to reprefent the dead. Thofe who. as. have fucceeded them have fubftituted an. picture,. to hold in fome degree its image or: they pay to this image the fame place ; and. would to their anceftors, relpects as they, were they alive. The bonzes have mix'd with thefe ceremonies. many. fuperfitious rites, fich as burning gilded per cut in form of money, : and even white filk- pa-1 ftuffs, The ancient Chinefe made ufe of a little child a living image to reprefent the dead. Thofe who. as. have fucceeded them have fubftituted an. picture,. to hold in fome degree its image or: they pay to this image the fame place ; and. would to their anceftors, relpects as they, were they alive. The bonzes have mix'd with thefe ceremonies. many. fuperfitious rites, fich as burning gilded per cut in form of money, : and even white filk- pa-1 ftuffs, --- Page 383 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA: of thefe things could ftuffs, as if the evaporation world, adding, that the ferve them in sthe other the infcriptions, and fouls of-the dead pearch upon and which feed on the fmoak of the meats doétrincs perfumes are very are offer'd. But thefe ridiculous one of China, and remote from the conftitutional the credulous ideots ofthefe gain no credit butamong fects. CHA V P. XLI. kinds subicb tbey Of ibe diferent criminals efpunifoments in Cbina. infiéh on affairs commonly pafs thro' five or fis C HRiminal tribunals before they come to a definitive Thefe tribunals are fubordinate to one fentence. right of- reviewing all proceffes, another, and havea sinformations of the lives and and to take exaét witnefles and accufers, as well manners of the accufed. as of the crimes of the perfons is the occafion that This flownels in proceeding but it caufes the the innocent are feldom opprels'd, tho' thefe prifons have accufed to lie long in prifon, naftinefs of thofe in Europe, neither the horror nor and commodious. being much more convenient felons that are clofe confin'd, the Exclufive of the during the dayother criminals have the the liberty, air in the court of the time, to walk and take every evening prifon. They call them them together in a great dark one by one, and fhut if up they have money to hall, or in fmall apartments lie more conveniently. hirethem, that they may AcenB.b3 in prifon, naftinefs of thofe in Europe, neither the horror nor and commodious. being much more convenient felons that are clofe confin'd, the Exclufive of the during the dayother criminals have the the liberty, air in the court of the time, to walk and take every evening prifon. They call them them together in a great dark one by one, and fhut if up they have money to hall, or in fmall apartments lie more conveniently. hirethem, that they may AcenB.b3 --- Page 384 --- Obfervations upon AstA, 374 A centinel watches every night to keep the prir Gilence, and fhould there be the foners in profound the which is leaft noife heard, or fhould lamp told imlighted be extinguith'd, the goalors are difor mediately, that a ftop may be put to any der. Othershave the care of making a continual nightly circuit, and 'tis a difficult matter for a prifoner and to efcape, A mandarin often vifits the prifons, muft always be ready to give in his account; if there are any fick he muft give notice of them, furnilh remedies at the emperor's çall in phyficians, means to re-eftablifh charge, and ufe all prudent theirhealth. fuch as that of the fovercign There are prifons, merchants and court of Peking, where they the permit fervice of fuch as gradefmen to come in, for cooks who. are kept there. There are even ger victuals ready, and all is done with great their order by the vigilance of the officers. The women's prifon js feparated from the men's, and they cannot be fpoken to but thro'a China. grate, All There is no fault left unpunith'd in the are determined by the law, and punifhments for the leaft baftinado is the common chaftifement faults. The number of blows is more or lefs, acto the nature of the fault, and this is the cording which the Chinefe officers frequentpunilhment their who are fet to watch in ly inflict on foldiers, the ftreets of cities, when they are found afleep. When the number of blows do not exceed twencorrection, which has nothing inty, 'tis a paternal fometimes order'd .famous, fince the emperor having afterwards it to be given to perfons of great note, them, and treats them in his ufual manner. fecs The lefs, acto the nature of the fault, and this is the cording which the Chinefe officers frequentpunilhment their who are fet to watch in ly inflict on foldiers, the ftreets of cities, when they are found afleep. When the number of blows do not exceed twencorrection, which has nothing inty, 'tis a paternal fometimes order'd .famous, fince the emperor having afterwards it to be given to perfons of great note, them, and treats them in his ufual manner. fecs The --- Page 385 --- and AMERICA. AFRICA, with which they beat The pant-fec, or inftrument half flat, and feveral is a large cane fplic, a man's fift, but criminals, the it is as large made of feet long ; at point Imooth and fmall; it is at the top it is malfy, and weighty which is a hard, bamboo, he fits wood. mandarin holds his audience, cafe full When the tablc, in which is a two gravely before a large than half a foot long and of fmall batons, more footmen arm'd with pantfingers broad. Several the given, by taking furround him, and at fignal lay hold on the fee down thefe batons they his heels, and as and throwing take down. his breaches to has thrown upon criminal, of the batons as the mandarin footmen fucceed each - many fo many of the of the pant-fee to the ground, andapply each fve blows They change the other, Aelh of the criminal. or rather two exthe bare every five blows, thatt they may executioner alternately ftrike fiveblows, the more fevere 3 ecutioners the heavier, and the panifhment always count be be that they *tis however to obferv'd, and this is call'dithe graceof the four blows for five, out of compaffion to who, as a fathier, of the puemperor, always abates fomething his peoples has a nifhment. in his tribunal that a mandarin but alfo in Tis not only the ufe of the baftinado, for right to order even out of his own diftriét; whatever, poft he is, abroad, he always has which reafon, when he goes of juftice, who carry the jn his retinue officers from his pant-fee. perfon, if he gets not in his As for a common he crofs on foot the frect five horfe, or thould fufficient offence to receive exprefence, 'tis ftrokes a of a cane in his fight. The feels the or (ix good that often the offender blowe ecution isfo quick, Bb 4 own diftriét; whatever, poft he is, abroad, he always has which reafon, when he goes of juftice, who carry the jn his retinue officers from his pant-fee. perfon, if he gets not in his As for a common he crofs on foot the frect five horfe, or thould fufficient offence to receive exprefence, 'tis ftrokes a of a cane in his fight. The feels the or (ix good that often the offender blowe ecution isfo quick, Bb 4 --- Page 386 --- Obfervations upon AsIA, blows before the by-ftanders fee any of Mafters ufe the fame chaftifements in thing it, fcholars, the fathers in regard of their regard of their lords in relpect of their domeftics, with children, and rence, that the pant-fee is fhorter and this diffe. Another punifhment of a lefs painful narrower, but more infamous, is a kind of portable nature, the Portuguefe have called pillory, which of two pieces of wood cangue, which is made the neck of the joined in the middle, fo that guilty man may be fixed init. He carries day and night this difagrecable which is heavier or lighter, according to the burden, nature of the fault. There are fome of thefe weigh two hundred pounds; but the cangues which are only fifty or fixty. çommon forts The fuffereres find means of leffening this ment, fince fome walk attended by their relations punifhand friends, who fupport the cangue at the four corners, that it may not prefs upon their others reft it on a table or others thoulders; have chair with four pillars in which bench; they a fupport the cangue. There fit, while they their belly, and make ufe of are the fome who lie on dow, through which hole as of a winwho pafs in the ftreets. they impudently look at all When in the prefence of a mandarin clofed thetwo pieces of wood abour the neck they of have the guilty perfon, they glue above on the right and two long fcrolls of paper about four left to which they put a kind of fcal, that the fingers two broad, which form the cangue, cannot be feparated pieces its being known; then they write in without the crime of the large charaéters condemned, and the time his punifhment is to laft. The place where firft expofed is commonly the door of fome they are frequented templc, a fquare, or the gate of a city, the market glue above on the right and two long fcrolls of paper about four left to which they put a kind of fcal, that the fingers two broad, which form the cangue, cannot be feparated pieces its being known; then they write in without the crime of the large charaéters condemned, and the time his punifhment is to laft. The place where firft expofed is commonly the door of fome they are frequented templc, a fquare, or the gate of a city, the market --- Page 387 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA: the door ofatribunal, or that of a manmarketplace, When the time of the punilhment is elapfed, darin. the before the officers of the tribunal bring guilty. the mandarin, who after an exhortation to amendfrées him from the cangue, and for a farement, him twenty ftrokes with a ftick; forit is well, ufual gives of Chinefe juftice to impofe no pean piece one, which is not nalty, except a pecuniary preceded, and followed by the baftinado. condemn There are fome crimes for which they and the the guiley to be marked on each check indicates 5 their mark is a Chinefe character which condemned to crime. Other criminals are either but this ferbanifhment, or to row the royal barks, vitude feldom exceeds three years. As for banifhif they banifh ment, it is often perpetual, efpecially into Tartary. execute in three manners thofe who are conThey death. The firft and mildeft is ftrangdemned the to fecond is beheading ; and with this death ling : thole who have committed fomething they punith &cc. this death is looked enormous, fuch as murder, becaufe the head, which upon as the moft thameful, of is fevered from the is the principal part man, he does not retain his body, and becaufe in dying, body as entire as he received it from his parents. In fome places they ftrangle with a kind of bow, of which they twift round the neck of the the ftring his knees draw the bow, criminal, plac'd on : they and deand by this means clofe his windpipe, by refpiration fuffocate him. In other places ftroying fix a cord feven or eight feet long to the neck they of the guiltry, putting a fliding knot about it: fervants Y the tribunal draw it ftrongly ; a two after they let it laofe again: ; then they draw moment had done before, and then they are fure it as they that the criminal is dead, Whea his knees draw the bow, criminal, plac'd on : they and deand by this means clofe his windpipe, by refpiration fuffocate him. In other places ftroying fix a cord feven or eight feet long to the neck they of the guiltry, putting a fliding knot about it: fervants Y the tribunal draw it ftrongly ; a two after they let it laofe again: ; then they draw moment had done before, and then they are fure it as they that the criminal is dead, Whea --- Page 388 --- Obfervations zpon AsLA, When a criminal is condemned to death, the mandarin orders him from prifon,and to be to his tribunal, where there is ready a moderate brought meal; and before he hears his fentence, they feldom omit giving him wine. The criminal, when he hears his fentence, often breaks out into words againft thofe who have condemned injurious him, When this happens, the mandarin liftens to the inveétives with patience and pity; but they put a in his mouth, and lead him to punifhment, There gag are fome conducted on foot, who go finging to the place of exccution, and wantonly drink the wine which their friends-offer them, who wait in the way to give this laft teftimony of their friendShip. There is another kind of death, which was formerly ufed for criminals guilty of high treafon, The executioner bound the guilty to a kind of gallows; he flead his head, and tore off his fkin force; he beat.him on his eyes 5 then he fcarified by all his body, and cut itin feveral pieces 3 and after wearying himfelf in this barbarous exércife, he abandoned him to the fury of the populace and tors. fpectaExclufive of certain extraordinary cafes, no mandarin nor fuperior tribunal can definitively pronounçe fentence of death. All judgments of crimes of death, muft be examined, decided, and worthy fubfcribed by the emperor. The common torture to draw out a confeffion in China, is painful, and very fenfible, It is given upon the hands and feet. They ufe on this occafion an inftrument of three crofs pieces of wood, the middlemoft of which is fixed, and the two others turn, and change polition. They put the patient's feet in this machinc, and they prels them with --- Page 389 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. that the heel is levell'd with the with fach violence, it is inficted on the hands, it is by ancle. When of wood which aré put betwixt the little pieces they bind them ftrongly with fingers of the guilty 5 for fome time in this torcords, and leave them : ture. rack they fometimes pafs to From the common which is given for great the extraordinary one, treafon. It confifts in makcrimes, and efpecially the fkin of the acculed, and taking ing fmallcuts fkin in on form of laces, or thongs. off his CHAP XLII. and trade of tbe Chinefe, of the agriculture UCH is the induftry of the hufbandmen of a China; and fuch their indefatigable application D that there is no province in China but, is to labour, and none but what can fupport an very fertile, multitude of inhabitants. inconceivable of the foil, the prodigious Befides the goodnels with which it is feparated, contriquantity of canals its fertility 5 and fo many diffebutes not a little to that they employ many of rent grains are gathered, and brandy of. But when a them to make wine is feared in one place, the mandefeét or barrennefs fail of hindering for a time the darins never is much RRSe ration of thefe liquors. Agriculure whofe profellion is looked ed; and the labourers, the ftate, hold ppon as one of the moft neceffaryin allowed priviconfiderable rank. They are great a before tradeimen and merleges, and are preferred chants. The of rent grains are gathered, and brandy of. But when a them to make wine is feared in one place, the mandefeét or barrennefs fail of hindering for a time the darins never is much RRSe ration of thefe liquors. Agriculure whofe profellion is looked ed; and the labourers, the ftate, hold ppon as one of the moft neceffaryin allowed priviconfiderable rank. They are great a before tradeimen and merleges, and are preferred chants. The --- Page 390 --- 38e : Obfervations apon AstA, The greateft care.of the hufbandmen is for the Eultivation of rice, They commonly the ground, and mix all; ordures for ithis dung When they are not employ'din the fields, purpofe. cultivate kitchen gardens; for the Chinefe they difpos'd to prefer the agreeable to the are not and take up the ground with ufelefs and ufcful, fitable things, as in making parterres, cultivat- unproing flowers, and forming fine walks. it. concerns the public good, and They think themfclves, that all be fown with particularly afeful. fomething The dung compofed of mixtures of which in other places would confume excrements, very good for the foil of China; and plants, befides, is they have the art of mixing it with water before they ufeit. They carry clofe cover'd bafkets, or clofe-ftools, in which they heap all kinds of orsures, and take them on their fhoulders; this contributes extremely to the cleannefs of their whofe foil is removed eyery day. ftrects, To make the rice grow better, they take care in certain places when they fow it, to in the ground certain little balls of hogs briftles, bury and even hair, which they think add ftrength to the ground, and greater perfedtion.to the rice. When the plant begins to fhoot in grain, if the field is water'd with fountain water they mix quick lime with it, and fay that this lime kills worms and infects, deftroys weeds, and gives the earth a heat, which greatly ferves to make it fertile. All the plains are cultivated ; we perceive neither hedges nor ditches, nor almoft other tree; fo much they fear the lofs of an arifnett of ground. In many provinces the ground bears twice a year, and even between the two barvefts they fow fmall grains and pot-herbs. The in grain, if the field is water'd with fountain water they mix quick lime with it, and fay that this lime kills worms and infects, deftroys weeds, and gives the earth a heat, which greatly ferves to make it fertile. All the plains are cultivated ; we perceive neither hedges nor ditches, nor almoft other tree; fo much they fear the lofs of an arifnett of ground. In many provinces the ground bears twice a year, and even between the two barvefts they fow fmall grains and pot-herbs. The --- Page 391 --- APRICA, and The AMERICA: barley, provinces feveral to the north and weft 38: as well as black kinds of millet, tobacco, béar wheat, fead of oats to fatten and yellow, which green peas but in fimnall horles ; they give they them ufe inabundance of rice, quantities. The fouthern rice, the foil aqueous. becaufe the country is parts bear The low,: and then when labourers at firft fow the and a half, the blade is grain without order, a little bundle thcy pull it up prung root up and a foot or a foot of it, which they all, and make checquer-wile, each other, that the ftalks plant by the line better may bear themfelves mutually fapporting tioned condition before to refift the winds. up, We and be in- a made them how they levell'd. their have menprecede the imooth, which operation muft grounds and In the provinces traafplantation of the ricc.. always hills and where the plains are in certain mountains, there are fome of mix'd with and places, but the-moft them barren they are cultivated. even are good cipices. on the borders of lands, It is a very agreeable preand plains ofthrce or four leagues fight, to fee fometimes the mountains, bottom cut in the manner furrounded of by hills above. one to the fummit. Thefe a terrafs from ty, at the another to the number of terraffes rife tains are height not of three Or four feet. twenty Thefe or thirfince the ground ufually is ftony, like thofe mouns deepin fome light, porous, ealily of-EBuropes cut, four hundred fect provinces, that they may and fo When the before they reach the dig three or out the ftones mountains and are, ftony, the rock.. terrafles ; they then make fiall walls to Chinefe take fow grain, fmooth the good. fupport the carth, and Tho' of three Or four feet. twenty Thefe or thirfince the ground ufually is ftony, like thofe mouns deepin fome light, porous, ealily of-EBuropes cut, four hundred fect provinces, that they may and fo When the before they reach the dig three or out the ftones mountains and are, ftony, the rock.. terrafles ; they then make fiall walls to Chinefe take fow grain, fmooth the good. fupport the carth, and Tho' --- Page 392 --- Olfervations tpon AsTA; defert unéultiTho' there be in fome provinces mountains which vated mountains, the vallies and fee ani feparate them are very fertile. One cover'd cannot with fine inch. of arable ground but what is all the unrice: The Chinefe induftry has levelled which is equal: ground betwixt thefe motintains; capable of improvement. divide into parterres that which is n The labourers and by ftories in form of an amphion a level; of tlie declivity ofthe theatre; thiat which on account And as the valleys has higher and lower places. place here and tice cannot do without water; they refervoirs to there, and at different heights, what runs great from the moungather the rain water and diftribute it equally over the tains, that they may and in this they fpare no pains parterres of rice, whether in letting the water fall by nor fatigue, refervoirs into the lower the declivity of the higher it mount from ftage to parterres, or by making fage to the very higheft. occalion certain hydraulic en- : They ufe on this gines, that are not of a perplex'd and compofition; water perto make the water thus circulate, that let the feafon prove petually their lands ; fo labourer is asit were certain almoft as it will, the land which he culivates bear to ice every year the to his induftry and lahim a harveft proportion'd travellers have the bour : and on the other hand, their ficceflive new pleafure in cafting fields and perpetoally vallies; which eyes over the moft charming one another in the tho'. pretty. much refembling cover'd, ceafe verdure. with which they are equally diverfify'd not to prefent as many icenes admirably of the mountain's by the different difpofition or figure find themfelves perpewhich furround them. They which offer tually furpriz'd by the new fpeétacles con- hand, their ficceflive new pleafure in cafting fields and perpetoally vallies; which eyes over the moft charming one another in the tho'. pretty. much refembling cover'd, ceafe verdure. with which they are equally diverfify'd not to prefent as many icenes admirably of the mountain's by the different difpofition or figure find themfelves perpewhich furround them. They which offer tually furpriz'd by the new fpeétacles con- --- Page 393 --- AFRICA, conflantly to mlAsasica: phithicatres, which their light a fucceflion of the road, they difcvoer after cach green amThis hydraulic other rin fimple both in its ftructure engine which they ufe, is ing. It is compos'd and manner of very great number of little of a chain of wood, and work. iquare, ftrung together plates of fix or feven a equal diftances and in the middle, inches wood: This at right angles in this parallel at nal; made of three engine is extendied along a chain of fo that the inferior boards, in form of an wood cathe bottom of this half of this engine refts auger 5; % of it, and the auger, and fills the whole upon refts upon a board fuperior one which is vacuithe canal. One of the plac'd along the parallel to Imcan the lower extremitics of this opening of der, the axle of which one, paffes round a moveable engine, the lower extremities of is thc pois'd upon the two fides cylin- of extremity drum of the engine is machine, and the other clofe furnifh'd with little boards, mounted on a kind of turning exaétly with thofe ofthe fo plac'd,that they the engine by the Power applicd engine, to and this drum canal which turn. As the the axis, makes height to which this drum refts higher on is extremity of the lower they would raife the fupported at the would extremity is plung'd in the water, and the this engine, raife, it is neceflary that the water which they canal of wood, which takcs up exaétly the lower part of that all the fmall fhould afcend along this cavity of the water as they meet, planks, raifing with them canal, as and contain, there is form'd thatis, as much as the canal much mounts without a rivulet of water can with, as long as interruption the to the height which wihitanding the higher machine is in motion wbichyon part of the engine ; not-: defcending neceflary that the water which they canal of wood, which takcs up exaétly the lower part of that all the fmall fhould afcend along this cavity of the water as they meet, planks, raifing with them canal, as and contain, there is form'd thatis, as much as the canal much mounts without a rivulet of water can with, as long as interruption the to the height which wihitanding the higher machine is in motion wbichyon part of the engine ; not-: defcending --- Page 394 --- Obfervations tpon ASIA, the plank on which it refts ing uniformly along all the effeét of the mathefe two motions produce mojion in the three following chine, which is put in mariners. Firft, by the hand, by mheans of two or three handles fix'd to the axis of the drum. Secondly, with the feet, by means of certain out at the diftance coo of thick wood, plac'd jetting or axis of the drum : half a foot round the tree heads externally, I thefe cogs have large round to fix in them the fole ofa mean fuch as are proper to naked foot, fo that one or more men, according the number of the cogs; either ftanding or fitting, by the motion may only, as it were playing together holding in one of their feet, without any ftraining, make a riand the other a fan, hand an umbrella, in their dry lands. vulet rife to any height of a buffalo, or fome Thirdly, by the means wheel about other animal, which they tie to a great at the two fathoms in diameter, Gituated horizontally, numcircumference of which they have fix'd a great which correfponding exactly ber of cogs or teeth, make the machine turn, with the teeth of the drum, tho' far greater, with much more facility. cut it here and When they cleanfe a channel, they of there by ditches, and they affign a part to each villages. There immediately apthe neighbouring of peafants, who bring a pear different companies boards, which they kind of engines of little fquare of the canal, and as make ufe of to raife the water raife their engines the banks are very high, they the water from three ftories high, and fo bring up where the mounone to another. There are places touch one another, rains which are not very high, they are quite culand are almoft without vallies, the yet labourers have of tivated by the fecret which making, ages. There immediately apthe neighbouring of peafants, who bring a pear different companies boards, which they kind of engines of little fquare of the canal, and as make ufe of to raife the water raife their engines the banks are very high, they the water from three ftories high, and fo bring up where the mounone to another. There are places touch one another, rains which are not very high, they are quite culand are almoft without vallies, the yet labourers have of tivated by the fecret which making, --- Page 395 --- and AMERICA. AFRICA, water fow into themas they judge making as much it from one mountain to anoproper, by conveying ther by pipes of bamboo. in their toils who with fo Whar fupports thofe cultivate the lands, is not much.care and fatigue the in which 1o much their own intereft as efteem veneration which the emagriculture is had, and the the infancy of the have paid it, fince very them perors "Tis their opinion that it was taught empire. of. their firft emperors, call'd Chin-nong, by one revere to this day as theinventor ofan whom thcy We have before obart fo ufeful to the people. in perfon to till the ferv'd, that the emperor denote goes the efteem in which ground, in order to be had in every ftate." agriculture ought to and mandarins for the The care of the emperor that when decultivation of the lands is fo great, court, the emputies come from the viceroys in to what ftate or conperor never fails to afk the them, fields; and a feafonable dition theythave feen for the mandarins rain falling lays a foundation being vifited and complimented. of tbe commerce of Cbina. is the fecond fource whence thofe Commerce and plenty reign riches flow which make profperity carried on in the heart of in China. The trade that the traffic of all Euthe empire. is fo great, with it. The provinces rope cannot be compared communicating to one are like fo many kingdoms to each ; and this is the ciranother what is peculiar all thefe provinces, and cumftance which unites all the cities. conveys abundance to and Kiang-fi furThe provinces of Hou-quang fo well with nith rice to fuch as are not fupplies provided the fneft it. The province of Tche-hiang filk, VoL. II. Cc in China. The trade that the traffic of all Euthe empire. is fo great, with it. The provinces rope cannot be compared communicating to one are like fo many kingdoms to each ; and this is the ciranother what is peculiar all thefe provinces, and cumftance which unites all the cities. conveys abundance to and Kiang-fi furThe provinces of Hou-quang fo well with nith rice to fuch as are not fupplies provided the fneft it. The province of Tche-hiang filk, VoL. II. Cc --- Page 396 --- Obfervations zpon AsIA, of varnifh, ink, and filk, and that Kiang-nan, works of all kinds; thofe of the moft beautiful Chen-fi, and Chan-fi, iron, copper, Yun-nan, and metals, horfes, mules, camels, and feveral other fugar, and the beft tea : and furs; that of Fo-kien, medicinal herbs, rhuthat of Set-chuen, plants, of a fimilar nature. barb, and other commodities which are eafily tranfAll thefe merchandizes, foon of; fo that ported on the rivers, are three difpofed or four days after we fee merchants, who, have fold five or fix thoutheir arrival in a city, to the feafon, and even the fand parcels families, proper with good ceconomy, find the meaneft eafily by their traffic; ; but the means of fubfifting which this happens we have already manner in related. is fo great in China, 'tis not furAs commerce fhould be fo little folprifing that the inhabitants trade, that in their voyages licitous about foreign the ftreights of the Sonde, to fea they never pals never reach farand theirmoft extenfive of Malaca navigations than to Achen, on the ther on the fide which belongs to the fide of the Sonde to Batavia, Dutch, and on the north to Japan. fet when they trade to Japan, they I. Generally and July at fartheft. They go to fail in June whither they carry the comCamboye or to Siam, for that country, and take others moditics proper in Japan ; and when which are in great requeft they find that they have they are return'd home, made two hundred per cent. medicines, as gin-feng, I. They carry to Japan mirobolans, &c. 2. Bark ariftolochia, rhubarb, Indian nut, the fkins of buffalos of the arua, or on which they gain a thouand oxen, and fugar, All forts of Glk ftuffs, efpecially fand per cent. 3. and damafks, but principally fattins, taffeties, fuch in great requeft they find that they have they are return'd home, made two hundred per cent. medicines, as gin-feng, I. They carry to Japan mirobolans, &c. 2. Bark ariftolochia, rhubarb, Indian nut, the fkins of buffalos of the arua, or on which they gain a thouand oxen, and fugar, All forts of Glk ftuffs, efpecially fand per cent. 3. and damafks, but principally fattins, taffeties, fuch --- Page 397 --- AFRICA, and fuch as are black. 4. Silk AMERICA. fanders, which is much laces, eagle-wood, and for perfuming their idols, efteened by the Jw nefe often ; and laitly, the which they do very lets, on which they European gain cloths and cambcommodities they fifty per cent. The I. Fine bring back, are, thoufand pearls, on which they per cent, 2. Brals fometimes gain a per, as fcales, bars, or work'd cop3. Blades of fwords, chaffing-dithes, which frving-pans, &cc. and in Japan, and at ten in China, are fold at one piafter fans. fmooth paper, of which the 4. The Aower'd works, 5. Very beautiful China. Chinefe make of the world. fuch as are to be found in 6, no other Varnifh'd metal cail'd tombac, 7. Very pure gold, and a part fixty per cent, at Batavia. on which they gain certain fifty or Ii. The Chinefe alfo trade with they carry filks, fattins, to Manila, whither flowers of different frip'd and embellifh'd tapeftries, cufhions, colours, tea, embroideries, china, varnifh'd night-gowns, on works, mk-ftockings things, which they drugs, and other cent, and carry back generally gain fifty III. The moft nothing but piafters. per on is to regular trade the Batavia, to which the Chinefe carry bring are, commodities Y. Green tea and china. they. paper, fome of which is 2. Gold wire and but by littie fcrolls, and this not bought by gile cover'd with the beft is dear becaufe weighr, it is bring to Batavia is gold ; but what the tied up with large only fold by weight in Chincfe ufe to heighten the llips of red filk, which packets der the parcels heavier. colour of the gold, and they renof it, but carry it to the The Dutch make no ule they make confiderable Malaian teritories, where Cca profit of it. 3. Toutenaque, by littie fcrolls, and this not bought by gile cover'd with the beft is dear becaufe weighr, it is bring to Batavia is gold ; but what the tied up with large only fold by weight in Chincfe ufe to heighten the llips of red filk, which packets der the parcels heavier. colour of the gold, and they renof it, but carry it to the The Dutch make no ule they make confiderable Malaian teritories, where Cca profit of it. 3. Toutenaque, --- Page 398 --- Obfervations upon ASIA, which is a metal partaking of the nature naque, and which they gain a hundred, of iron tin, by hundred and fifty cent. : and fometimes a rhubarb. 5. Vaft per quan4. Drugs, and efpecially tities of copper utenfils. from Batavia, I. Silver in piafters: They bring Tortoife-fhells, of which they 2. Spiceries. beauriful 3. works, and for ten-pence can make very fnuff-boxes, made upon European mofell elegant Sanders-wood both black and red, and dels. 4. Cut agate-ftones, with which the brazil-wood. 5. their ufe as buttons fix'd to Chinefe adorn girdies, the beads which they their bonnets, and compofe 6. Yellow amber in lumps, wear about their necks. European. ftuffs, which they buy very cheap. 7. and which they which they alfo have very cheap, fell at Japan. Chinefe alfo, tho' rarely, go to Achen, MaThe Char, Patana, Ligor, which depends on the laca, and fome other parts. kingdom of Siam,Cochinchina, little back from thefe countries except They bring Chibirds-nefts, which arethe moftdelicious fpiceries, rice, camphor, rotin (a kind oflong canes nefe repafts, like fmall cords) torches made of woven leaves together of trees which burn like pitch and ferve the tin, &cc. as flambeaux, gold, which the Europeans carry As for the commerce few except that of on with China, there are carried ports thither cloths, cryCanton. They formerly telefcopes, lookingftals, fwords, cloaks, watches, but fince glafits, and other things of a like nature; thefe the Engith go thither regularly every year, commodities are become as cheap as in Europe, be and coral, formerly fo much valued, can hardly fold without lofs. Thus and ferve the tin, &cc. as flambeaux, gold, which the Europeans carry As for the commerce few except that of on with China, there are carried ports thither cloths, cryCanton. They formerly telefcopes, lookingftals, fwords, cloaks, watches, but fince glafits, and other things of a like nature; thefe the Engith go thither regularly every year, commodities are become as cheap as in Europe, be and coral, formerly fo much valued, can hardly fold without lofs. Thus --- Page 399 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. it is only in filver that we Thus in general to China, and we find can traffic advantageoully the gold which gain in purchafing a confiderable fale. We alfo purchafe excelis expos'd to kinds may of tea, gold wire, mufk, lent drugs, different quiek-filvers &c. but the precious ftones, pearls, carry on there, confifts greateft trade the Europeans china, and all kinds principally in varnifh'd works, of filk ftuffs. CHAP. XLIII. and mamufaglures ef Of tbe warnifh MaE2 Whole fammer is hardly fufficient to give a A varnifh'd work all the perfedtion it ought kind to of and the Chinefe rarely have thefe have ; but wait the arrival of the fhips in veffels ready, themfelves to the tafte of the Euorder to conform ropeans. which the Chinefe call th, is a redThe varnith which flows from certain trees by incilions difh gum, in the bark as far as the wood, however, made it. Thefe trees are found in the without fpoiling and Se-tehuen 3 and thofe of provinces of Kiang-fi one of the moft fouthe territory of Kian-tcheou, of Kiang-fi, afford the thern cities of the province varnifh moft efteem'd. varnith from thefe trees, we muft To obtain the old, fince that wait till they are feven or eight years be The extracted before this time would not which good. begin trunk of the youngeft trees, from they to Cc 3 poiling and Se-tehuen 3 and thofe of provinces of Kiang-fi one of the moft fouthe territory of Kian-tcheou, of Kiang-fi, afford the thern cities of the province varnifh moft efteem'd. varnith from thefe trees, we muft To obtain the old, fince that wait till they are feven or eight years be The extracted before this time would not which good. begin trunk of the youngeft trees, from they to Cc 3 --- Page 400 --- Obfervations upon AsTA, 390 draw this varnifh, is more than a foot in circumto and 'tis faid, that the varnifh flowing from ference, better than that diftilling from the old thefe is much lefs of it. trees, but that they whofe yield leaves and bark pretty much Thefe trees, thofe of the alh, are rarely more than fifrefemble and when they have arriv'd at this teen feet high, trunk is two feet and a half in cirheight their bear neither Aowers nor fruit, cumference. They snd multiply in the following manner. to fend forth In the ipring, when the tree begins fhoots, they chufe one of thele about a foot young which comes from the trunk, and not from iong, branches, and cover its bafis with mortar made the earth. This covering begins about two of yellow the where it arifes from the inches above place fivé inches lower on the trunk, defcends four or inches thick. They trunk, and is at leaft three it carefully cover this earth with a mat to defend from the rains and injuries of the weather, and the leave the whole in this ftate from the vernal to after which they gently open the autumnal equinox, in what ftate the roots are, which earth, to examine fends into it, and which are dithe fhoot generally and if thefe filaments vided into feveral filaments; colour, they think it àre of a reddifh or yellowifh from the tree, which they time to feparate the fhoot it, and then plant do dexteroufly, without injuring are it. If the flaments are white, Ptis a fign they fo that they again put on the covertoo tender, and defer cutting the fhoot till next ing of earth, whether it in fpring or aufpring 3 but they plant of afhes in tumn they muft put a large otherwife quantity the ants would the hole in which itis fet, leaft deftroy the roots which are as yet tender, or at extraét their wholejuice, and render them dry. The then plant do dexteroufly, without injuring are it. If the flaments are white, Ptis a fign they fo that they again put on the covertoo tender, and defer cutting the fhoot till next ing of earth, whether it in fpring or aufpring 3 but they plant of afhes in tumn they muft put a large otherwife quantity the ants would the hole in which itis fet, leaft deftroy the roots which are as yet tender, or at extraét their wholejuice, and render them dry. The --- Page 401 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA, The fummer is the only feafon in nith can be extraéted from thefe which the varnot flow in the winter, and that trees, fince it does in the pring and autumn is which is difcharg'd ter : befides, the varnifh always mix'd with wanight, but never in the day-time. flows only during the In order to obtain the rows of incilions on the varnifh, fame they make feveral the trunk, which level in the bark of according as it is can afford more or lefs of thefe, of thele incifions greater is or fmaller. The firft row about feven inches ground, the fecond, feven inches from the from feven to feven inches, higher, and fo on but alfo in the branches not only in the trunk, nough. which are large eFor making thefe incifions, micircular knife, and each they ufe a fmall felittle oblique from below incifion ought to be a bark is thick, and no upwards, as deep as the it with. one hand, has more in ; while he who makes edges he forthwith the other a fhell, whofe can, and thefe fhells puts into the incifion as far as he oylter-fhells feen in are much largerthan the largeft made in the evening, Europe. and Thefe incifions are ther what is colleéted in the morning they infert the fhells in in the thells; at night gathe fame they to do fo thro'the whole incifions, and continue The fiammer. from thefe proprictors do not generally extraét varnifh trees, but merchants, who per feafon agree with them for in the Thele merchants hire five-pence a Roc only a crown a month workmen, both for to whom they give fltence; and one of thefe their labour and fubtake care of fifty feet of thefe workmen is fufficient to There are certain trees. to guard the workmen precautions to be taken in order againft the malignant imCc 4 preflions The fiammer. from thefe proprictors do not generally extraét varnifh trees, but merchants, who per feafon agree with them for in the Thele merchants hire five-pence a Roc only a crown a month workmen, both for to whom they give fltence; and one of thefe their labour and fubtake care of fifty feet of thefe workmen is fufficient to There are certain trees. to guard the workmen precautions to be taken in order againft the malignant imCc 4 preflions --- Page 402 --- Obfervations spon ASTA, muft havein readiprefions of the varnifh. They which have boil'da nels the oil of rabette, in they which are incertain quantity of flefhy filaments, which are not termix'd with the fat of hogs, and fix melted in boiling. When the workmen go to the Thells in the trees, they carry with then fome of this cil, with which they rub their face and hands. In the morning, when after having gathered the var- -nifh, they return to the merchant, they rub themfelves ftill more carefully with this oil. their After taking fome refrefhment, they wafh whole bodies in warm water, in which they have boil'd the external rough bark of chefnut trees, which the and an herb bark of fir, faltpetre cryftaliz'd, refembles tricolor all thele is a kind of blit, and f fubftances are cfteem'd cold. tin bafon full of this Every workman Aills him(elf a fmall with it. When they liquor, and wathes cover their head with a work near thefe trees, they tie about their neck, and in of filk, which they holes to their eyes, Leat there are only two oppofite which They cover their breafts with a doe's-fcin, they fufpend about their necks with cords, fixingthe boots other end to their girdles. They have alfo of the fame fkin, and very long gloves. have veffel When they gather the varnifh they and a with made of an ox's fkin fix'd to their while girdles, with the other one hand difengage the fhells, fmall inftrument of iron they fcrape them with all the a varnifh out of them. At till they have taken a in which they the foot of the tree there is panier, facilitate the leave the fhells till night, Inorder to of the trees harveft of the varnifh, the proprietors diftance from each take care to plant them at : a imall other. The with made of an ox's fkin fix'd to their while girdles, with the other one hand difengage the fhells, fmall inftrument of iron they fcrape them with all the a varnifh out of them. At till they have taken a in which they the foot of the tree there is panier, facilitate the leave the fhells till night, Inorder to of the trees harveft of the varnifh, the proprietors diftance from each take care to plant them at : a imall other. The --- Page 403 --- and. AMERICA. AFRICA, have in readinefs a takes care to wooden frame The merchant veffcl, on which is a table, large carthen feet almoft like a fquare fupported by four On this frame is a This thin empty in the middle. at the four corners. the varcloth fx'd with rings Nack, and pour has run cloth they hold pretty when the moft liquid reft. nifh into it ; and the cloth to prefs out the thro' it, they wring the cloth they icll to the drugWhat remains in of fome ufe in medicine. gifts, becaufe it is the harveft, when in one They are content with yield twenty pounds of varnight a thoufand trees hus nifh. is over, the merchant puts the outWhen the harveft veffels well caulk'd on A varnifh into wooden fixt with ftrong nails. fide, and their covers varnifh comes to about forty this pound of new-made merchant gets the double of the pence, and the fometimes more, according to fum by it, and to which it is tranfportred. if diftance of the place the varnilh fuffer, The workmen. who gather we have menneglect to take the precautions their faces and whole they tioned'; for in a day's time kind of tetters : foon after bodies are cover'd with a inflated, and appear to be the vifage and body are cover'd with a leprofy. attacked with this diforder, To cure a patient drink fome cups of a medicated they frft make him ufe to prevent thefe accidents, water, which they violently. Then they fumigate him and which purges the fame water, and cover him ftrongly with is gone 5 but the fkin is not well up till the inflation it chops in feveral places, and fo foon cur'd; fince deal of water. To remedy this, difcharges a great that kind of blit which refembles they take fome of dried and burnt it, apply and after having its tricolory --- Page 404 --- Obfervations upon AsIA, its afhes to the affedled parts of the body. Thefe athes imbibe the acrid humours of the. lacerated parts, after which the fkin dries, falls off, and is renewed. The Chinefe varnifh, befides the fplendor it to works on which it is laid, alfo preferves the gives and hinders all moifture from wood, We penetrating into it. may fpill as much of any liquid upon it as we will, and by rubbng a wet cloth over it, there remains no mark, nor fo much as the fmell of the liquid fpilr. But there is a particular art in it, fince however good it may be naturally, applying it requires a Gilful hand to lay it on. 4 The workman muft in particular have a gréat deal of patience to find the juft temperament of the varnifh, that it may. be neither too thick nor thin; without which precaution, he would fucceed but indifierently. The varnifh is laid on in two manners, the moft fimple of which is to apply it immediately to the wood; after having fmooth'd it well, they two or three times lay over it thât fpecies of oil which the e Chinefe call tong-yeou, and when this is fufficiently dry, they lay over it two or three layers of varnifh. If they want to hide all the matter on which they work, they muliply the number of layers, by which means it becomes fo fplendid as to refemble a looking-glais. When the work is dry, they paint on it in gold and filver, various kinds of figures, as Rowers, men, birds, trees, mountains and palaces, over which they alfo lay a flight bed of varnifh, which not only gives them a fplendor, but alfo preferves them. Their lefs fimple method requires more tion; for it is done on a kind of thin maftic preparavioufly applied to the wood. Ofpaper, rags, iE and becomes fo fplendid as to refemble a looking-glais. When the work is dry, they paint on it in gold and filver, various kinds of figures, as Rowers, men, birds, trees, mountains and palaces, over which they alfo lay a flight bed of varnifh, which not only gives them a fplendor, but alfo preferves them. Their lefs fimple method requires more tion; for it is done on a kind of thin maftic preparavioufly applied to the wood. Ofpaper, rags, iE and --- Page 405 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA, well beaten, they make a kind and orher fubftances which they glue to the wood, and of pafteboard, fmooth and folid bottom, over which forms a very of the abovewhich they put two or three layers the varnifh in diffemention'd oil, and then apply after another; but rent beds, lecting them dry one fecret, which renevery workman has his particular according as, he ders his work more or lefs perfcôt, is more or leis fkilful. that by fpilling tea or hot liIt often happens, works their luftre is effaced, quors on varnifh'd affumes a yellow colour 5 but the fince the varnifh its firft fhining black, is to expofe means to reftore and it is ftill better it in the night to the hoar-froft, time in the fnow. We now to let it lie for fome of China. proceed to the flk manufactures China is the country of filk, It may be faid that inexhauftible fource of that comand feems to be an furnifhes filk to a great nummodity. Ic not only and Afia, but alfo the ember of nations in Europe the literati, the peror, the princes, the mandarins, all thofe in eafy circumwomen, and in a word and are cloathed with ftances, wear habits of filk, the vulgar, or Very few, except fattin or damafk. cotton blue. people, wear painted country of China furnifh perfealy The feveral provinces fuch as come from Tche-hiang beautiful filks, yet the beft and fineft. The Chinefe are undoubtedly flk by its whitenels, foftnek, and the judge of good for if in handling it, it is rough to finenefs; Sometimes to make it look touch, it is a bad fign. certain rice water mixed well, chey prepare it with a and renders it incapable with lime, which burns it, into Eumanufactured when tranfported of being This rope. fealy The feveral provinces fuch as come from Tche-hiang beautiful filks, yet the beft and fineft. The Chinefe are undoubtedly flk by its whitenels, foftnek, and the judge of good for if in handling it, it is rough to finenefs; Sometimes to make it look touch, it is a bad fign. certain rice water mixed well, chey prepare it with a and renders it incapable with lime, which burns it, into Eumanufactured when tranfported of being This rope. --- Page 406 --- Obfervations spon Asta, This is not the cafe with that which is pure; for nothing can be more eafily wove; and a Chinefe workman will work upon it an hour without breaking a fingle thread, different from thofe of EuTheir looms are very windles and much more fimple. Two or three rope, wheel are fufficient to prepare it; and in a and a to fee the fimplicity -of the word, 'tis furprizing make the moft beautiinftruments with which they ful ftuffs. there is a fort of filk, which comes At Canton but it is not comparable to that from Tong-hing, of provided brought from the province Tche-hiang, to bethis laft is not too moift, which we ought of; for the Chinefe, who generally want to ware fometimes put into the heart of the packet cheat, of coarfe filk, widely different one or two parcels from that on the furface. beautiful ftuffs are made in Of this filk the moft this the province of Kiang-nan 3 for to province moft of the good workmen repair, and it furnifhes he Ehe with all the filks he ufes, and thofe emperor of to the and lords of his makes prefents trade of grandees Canton, where foreign court. The great merchants abound, alfo draws a vaft numberofgood tradefmen to it. make ftuffs as rich as thofe of EuThey could were fure of their fale; but they gerope, if they themfelves on the moft fimple kind, nerally employ of what is ufeful than becaufe the Chinefe are fonder of what is beautiful. but they do not They indeed make gold ftuffs, do in their gold thro' the drawing mill, as they pafs in order to twift it with the thread, but are Europe, leaf of which they cut content to gild a long paper, inta make ftuffs as rich as thofe of EuThey could were fure of their fale; but they gerope, if they themfelves on the moft fimple kind, nerally employ of what is ufeful than becaufe the Chinefe are fonder of what is beautiful. but they do not They indeed make gold ftuffs, do in their gold thro' the drawing mill, as they pafs in order to twift it with the thread, but are Europe, leaf of which they cut content to gild a long paper, inta --- Page 407 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. with which they cover thei Glk into narrow fips, with a great deal of dexterity. beautiful at firft, but do not Thefe ftuffs are very for wearing laft long, neither are they very the proper moifture foon tarapparel, becaufe the air and are moft pronifh the fplendor of the They and the ornafor curious pieces furniture, Ste per of churches ; and none but the mandarins and ments cloath themfelves with thefe ftuffs, and their wives that very feldom. of filk moft ufed by the Chinefe, are The picces and flower'd kind, of gauzes, both of the plain habits; damafks of all which they make fummer fattins, and the-black forts and colours; ftrip'd corded taffeties which wear fattins of Nanking ; forts of taffeties, fome with well; feveral other in a beautiful manner : flowers, and others' ftrip'd different forts of velvets ; of crapes, brocades, and is, the deareft, but 'tis eafy. to this laft the crimfon the beft method of difcovering be deceiv'd in it; mix'd with lime, the fraud, is to take lemon-juice of it on different parts, and and fprinkle fome drops 'tis a fign that it is bad. if the colour changes, numbcr of The Chinefe alfo make a prodigious ufed other ftuffs, two of which are molt generally among them. and lefs glofly Firit, A fort of fattin, ftronger, Thisis fometimes plain, than that madein Europe. with flowers, trees, birds, and fometimes adorned and butterfies. taffety, "of which they Secondly, A and particular other forts of wearing appamake drawers, and fo pliant, that we may rel. It is thick, yet without leavfold it and prefs it with our hand, alfo wafh it like ing any. mark in it. They other are molt generally among them. and lefs glofly Firit, A fort of fattin, ftronger, Thisis fometimes plain, than that madein Europe. with flowers, trees, birds, and fometimes adorned and butterfies. taffety, "of which they Secondly, A and particular other forts of wearing appamake drawers, and fo pliant, that we may rel. It is thick, yet without leavfold it and prefs it with our hand, alfo wafh it like ing any. mark in it. They other --- Page 408 --- Obfervations upon ASIA, other ftuffs, without its lofing a great deal of its luftre. The Chinefe workmen give the luftre to this taffety with the fate of the river porpoife, which they by wafhing and boiling. Then with a fine purify they give the taffety two beds in the fame brufh, direction, on the fide they intend to render glofly. When they work in. the night time, they ufe this fat melted in their lamps inftead of oil, becafe its fmell banifhes the flies from the plaçe, which is lookfince thefe infeéts by ed upon as a great advantage, detrimental to it. lighting on the work, are very The province of Cang-tong furnithes a particular filk, which is found in large quantities on the trees and in the fields. When it is fpun, they make a ftuff of it called kien-tcheou, and this filk is produced by fmall infects, which nearly refemble caterdo not fpin it round nor oval, as pillars. filk-worms i They do, but in very long threads, which adhere to the bufhes and fhrubs as the wind pufhes them to one fide or another. They gather thefe threads, and make of them filk ftuffs, coarfer than thofe which are fpun in houfes. Thefe worms are the leaves of the mulberwild, and eat indifferently and thofe of other trees. Perfons unacquainted ry, with this ftuff, would take it for a rough ftuff, or a coarfe drugget. The worms which fpin this filk are of twokinds ; and the firit, which is larger and blacker than our filk-worms, is called tfouen-kien ; and the fecond, which is fmaller, is called tiao-kien. The cotton of the firft is of a reddifh gray 5 but that of the other js blacker; and the ftuffs made of them retain thefe two colours. Ir is very clofe, does not cut, lafts walhes like ftuff, and when it is good fpots long, do worms which fpin this filk are of twokinds ; and the firit, which is larger and blacker than our filk-worms, is called tfouen-kien ; and the fecond, which is fmaller, is called tiao-kien. The cotton of the firft is of a reddifh gray 5 but that of the other js blacker; and the ftuffs made of them retain thefe two colours. Ir is very clofe, does not cut, lafts walhes like ftuff, and when it is good fpots long, do --- Page 409 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. it, not even thofe of oil, but come out do not fpoil accord. This ftuff is much efteem'd of their own and is fometimes as dear as the fatby the Chinefe, beft made filks. As the Chinefe are very tins and they make falfe kiendextrous in the counterfeiting, refufe of the Gik of the the-hiang, tcheou with be deceiv'd if we are not very and 'tis very eafy to careful. The workmen of Canton alfo make ribbands, filk ftockings and buttons to great perfeétion, CHAP. XLIV. the Chinele nobility; tbe Tbe diferent degres bonours vndh preregatices they enjoy; 5 rigbts, and dependance in aobicb tbe tbe fiubjeélion princes of tbe blood are kept. is not hereditary in China, tho' there which remain in fome families, are dignities to thofe of the No and which are given by the emperor talents. Here family he judges to have the greateft there is no rank, but in proportion to capacity and merit. Tho' a man was ever fo illuftrious, and had arrived at the firft dignities of the empire, the children he leaves behind him have their fortunes to make, and if they want fenfe, or are addiéted to idlenefs, they muft grovel with the vulgar, and be often obliged to follow the meaneft employments., indeed fucceed to the fortune of their They may and repuration; for father, but not to his dignities which --- Page 410 --- Obfervations zpon ASIA, make ftudy their principal bufiwhich reafon they be if they have nefs, and feldom fail to advanced, condition may a turn for learning, whatever their no lels be. Hence in China we daily fee promotions the ecclefurprifing than thofe obfervable among loweft extracfiaftics in Italy, where perions of the tion arrive at the firft dignities. the denomination of At China all come under and none but people, whether literati or mandarins, They thofe of the reigning family are diftinguilhed. their favour have the rank of princes : and it is in been eftathat five degrees of titular nobility have titles of blifhed, almoft refembling the European marquiffes, counts, vifcounts and lords. dukes, thefe titles to the defcendants of the They grant fuch as the children of the emperor, royal family, whom the emperor has joined in alliance and thofe them his daughters in-r marriage. to him, by giving to fuftain their They affign to them revenues proper There are dignity, but they give them no power. allied to the imhowever other princes who are not defcended from perial family, and thefe are either the title the preceding dynafties, or have acquired fervices done to the empire. The provinces are by by the mandarins fent from the emonly governed to the principal peror, who nominates confirms immediately thofe who have drawn employments, and call'd them before him. and by, lot, after having examin'd them in perfon. his own The emperor who conquer'd of all the eaftern. Tartary, the kingdom country, and the province of Leao-tong beyond the Corea, wall, having been affifted in his conquefts by great bis brothers, who were very numerous, gave them titles of honour. He made fome of them tuinvang, governed to the principal peror, who nominates confirms immediately thofe who have drawn employments, and call'd them before him. and by, lot, after having examin'd them in perfon. his own The emperor who conquer'd of all the eaftern. Tartary, the kingdom country, and the province of Leao-tong beyond the Corea, wall, having been affifted in his conquefts by great bis brothers, who were very numerous, gave them titles of honour. He made fome of them tuinvang, --- Page 411 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. and pai-le. The Euvang, and others kiun-vang, thefe kinds of dignities by the ropeans have called of the firt, fecond, and name of regulos, or princes that among the third order. It was then determined, fhould be always chochildren of thefe regulos, one fen to fucceed his father in the fame dignity. Befides thofe three dignities, the fame emperor fome others of an inferior nature, which eftablifhed the other children which render themare given to of them. Thofe of the fourth felves moft worthy thofe of the fifth congdegree are called the peitfe, reft; and this fifth degrec is heou, and fo of mandarins of the empire; but above the which greateft fucceed it have nor, like thofe now the others marks which diftinguith them mention'd, external either in their equipage or from the mandarins, which is drefs. They wear only a yellow girdlc, whether common to all the princes of the blood, dignities or not : but thefe laft are they poliels when their indigence puts it out of their afhamed fuitable to their rank power to have an equipage and birth. of wives is the reafon why thefe The plurality incredibly faft, by which means they princes multiply to each other, fince they have no terare prejudicial and fince the emperor cannot, or wili not, ritories, them all penfions ; fo that they live in extreme give tho' they wear the yellow girdle. Thefe poverty, befides their lawful wife, have gencrally princes, others, to whom the emperor gives titles, three are inferted in the tribunal of the and whofe names the children born by them have their princes : and children, and are morc conrank afterthe thofe legitimate born by the concubines, of whom fidered than a number as they pleafe, they may have as great D d They Voi. II. they live in extreme give tho' they wear the yellow girdle. Thefe poverty, befides their lawful wife, have gencrally princes, others, to whom the emperor gives titles, three are inferted in the tribunal of the and whofe names the children born by them have their princes : and children, and are morc conrank afterthe thofe legitimate born by the concubines, of whom fidered than a number as they pleafe, they may have as great D d They Voi. II. --- Page 412 --- Obfervations upon AsIA, 402 They have alfo two kinds of domeftics, fome who are properly flaves, and others who are Chinefe tartaris'd, whom the emperor gives in a greatin to the dignity er or fmaller number, proportion the blood. with which he honours the princes of Thefe laft conftitute the equipage of the regulo, the of his train. and are generally-called perfons There are among them confiderable mandarins, viceroys, and even tfong-tou, or mandarins who have the charge of feveral provinces 5 and tho' thefe are not flaves like the former, yet they are almoft equally fubjeéted to the will of the regulo, fo long his and into the fervice of as he retains dignity, honour'd go with the fame his children, if they are dignity. his life fhould fall from his If the prince during fhould rank, or if retaining it till death his dignity this of fervants are not pafs to his.children, fpecics other of kept in referve, and given to fome princes the blood when rais'd to the fame dignity. The bufinefs of thefe princes in afcending from the fifth to the firft order, is to aflift at the publick ceremonies, to fhew themfelves every morning at the palace of the emperor, and then to retire to their own palaces, where they have nothing to do but to govern their families, the mandarins and other officers, of whom the emperor has compofed their houfe. They are not permitted to vifit each other, nor to lie our of the city. without an- exprefs permifion, tho' fome of them are employ'd by the emperor in publick affairs, and are very ferviceable to the empire. alfo clafs the number of the nobles, They among have been mandarins : firit, thofe who formerly fecondly, thofe who not having had capacity to arrive mandarins and other officers, of whom the emperor has compofed their houfe. They are not permitted to vifit each other, nor to lie our of the city. without an- exprefs permifion, tho' fome of them are employ'd by the emperor in publick affairs, and are very ferviceable to the empire. alfo clafs the number of the nobles, They among have been mandarins : firit, thofe who formerly fecondly, thofe who not having had capacity to arrive --- Page 413 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. have by intereft or certain rive at literary degrees, means of prefents procured titles of honour, by with the which they carry on a commerce of vifits mandarins, which makes them feared and refpeéted by the vulgar ; and thirdly, an incredible number of of ftudents, who from fifteen to forty years before age, come every. three years to the examinations the the tribunal of the governor, who prefcribes fubjeét of their compolition. marks of nobility, is to One of the principal fuch titles of hohave received from the emperor nour, as are only given to perfons of thefe diftinguifh'd for five, merit. The prince fometimes according gives to the ferfix, cight or ten generations, and it is thefe honourvices done to the ftate; by themfelves able titles that the mandarins denominate of their in their letters, and on the frontifpieces houfes. nobility paffes from fathers to fons; In Europe China it fometimes paffes from fons to fabut in When a man has diftinthers and grandfarhers. merit, the emguifh'd himfelf by an extraordinary not only raifes him to the honours now menperor extends thefe titles tion'd, but by as many patents and to the father and mother, the grandfather of him whom he has honour'd, or to grandmother he gives each a particular title fpeak more properly, for having brought of honour, as and a recompence educated a man of a meric fo into the world and fo ufeful to the ftate. diftinguifhed, From what has been faid 'tis evident, that except the family of Confucius, which is preferv'din a direét line in the perfon of one of his nephews, and of the princes defcended from the reigning family, no one is noble in China, except in as much as his meric is --- Page 414 --- Obfervations upon ASIA, 88c. the amperor, or as he is elevated to is rewarded by he thinks him worthy. All thofe a rank of which among the who are not graduated are reckon'd and confequently the fear is obviated, vulgar, themfelves in a certain left families perpetuating nobility, fhould think of fplendor convey'd by authority, which eftablifhing in the provinces any might be dangerous to that of the fovereign, Tbe End of VoL. II. ef NPe a0 M CON- 88c. the amperor, or as he is elevated to is rewarded by he thinks him worthy. All thofe a rank of which among the who are not graduated are reckon'd and confequently the fear is obviated, vulgar, themfelves in a certain left families perpetuating nobility, fhould think of fplendor convey'd by authority, which eftablifhing in the provinces any might be dangerous to that of the fovereign, Tbe End of VoL. II. ef NPe a0 M CON- --- Page 415 --- NTS CONTE VOL I. CHAP: I. and pearls, and of tbé. ffbing for tbe xanxus Dutch carry on witb tbem. oF tbe trade sobicb tbe pag. I. CHAP. Indians II. bave bad of tbe of tbe kmwoladge wbicb the pag. 9. true veligion. 1 : CHAP. Cbineje III. velfels: a deferipof tbe. Angular form oftbe Pongbon, and of ibe ifand tion of tbe Hands mawners. of and cAptoms of tbe inbaof Formola 5 tbe tbe of tbe ifand of bitants of tbefe ifands Dutcb ; by conqugt tbe Cbinele. p.25Formofa froms tbe CHAP. IV. LU1S andtbe wbat tbe matter ofit is, tbe warnifs Origin of porcelain, preparing if, cimpoftion of manner of pecies ofif's 3 marner ofgildlaid upon i; diferent tbe furnaces for burning it 5 ing i ; Arusture of idol ; its origin : wberecafes 10 bake it in : from ofit tbe modern porcelain, in the ancient difors P-37. 88c. E'e CHAP. VoL. Il. --- Page 416 --- CON.T ENTS CHAP. V. Wbetber tbe traditions of Cbina derive tbeir origin fromt Egypt. Wbetber tbe comqueps ef Sefofris - bavebeen carried as far as Cbina. a The diference cbaof tbe Egyptian bierogbypbics and tbe in Cbinefe Cbina. Tbe raëters. Wbetber tbere are Raves origin of tbe famous fetival dof lantborns. Canfe of the frequent Famines and burnings in Cbina. p-70. CHAP VI. Cbaraster ofabe Cbiriguanes, difpoftion oftbair towns, thbeir ornanients, their. apparel, marriages, cuftorhs witb at tbe birtb of their cbildren, tbeir tbe ceremonies Rate of tbe tbe dead, tbeir opinisn concerning jouls roben joparated froms tlic body. p.86. sis Sxconk CHAP. VII. :y Oribe ifle fafong-ming 3 tbe fruits, wubich grow in if; the metbod ofeultieating tbe rice ; the kind crop ef cotton, bow it is prépartds a particulah of cartb.from sbence thry take tbeir falts the manner of abtaining tbis falt from tbe eartbs tbe cbatalter A p.89. of ihejiiflentlers: a : CHAP. VIII. Oftbe arts and tbé medicinte ofitbe Indians. p. 97. CHAP IX. - abe ef Guagbe majely and energy of tbe.l languageof raniss tbe ebaraster of tbat nation 5 a defcription efube animals found ini tbeir couniry, and efpecially p.101. ef-afngular injast. CHAP. X. from tbe mieleaOf tbe. pintade, aobetber itis teild diferent p. 103. gridés efibe tame aud pintades. CHAP. and tbé medicinte ofitbe Indians. p. 97. CHAP IX. - abe ef Guagbe majely and energy of tbe.l languageof raniss tbe ebaraster of tbat nation 5 a defcription efube animals found ini tbeir couniry, and efpecially p.101. ef-afngular injast. CHAP. X. from tbe mieleaOf tbe. pintade, aobetber itis teild diferent p. 103. gridés efibe tame aud pintades. CHAP. --- Page 417 --- CONTENTE Ralei CHAE XI. efjupice, abjervdty tbe Indiass, in tbé wwbat tbe ainty ghalities of the wbicb tbe judgé adnibadfeuers cugbsio barve, fervé as lacis to the jadger. pleaders is, maxims sobicb Pog. Dejpriptiai of CH AP. XII, accapations of Califorwia tbe inbebitants ; charaëler, maniers, and remarkabls plants, fraits;, and of animals tbat Mand ; tbe found tbere. of tbe cbitjs ibe CH AP XIII: P. 128, and of tbe Howers lit-ebi, oftbe wvillowo, tbe boarebu, tbe cottons tbem litiei, i madicinal Cbina: propertier, and tbe tbeir a/es wuirtues, made quaef P. 133: bgptary of tbe Caroline CHAP, XIV. gion, and articlés of ands ; Bhemi of tbe reli: tbeir poligys gevermment, fantb and of the aobale: dexterity rAbabninrs IBAORE for Of tbe lminons CHAP XV. P:145tbe fea ; of tbe particles oifero'd Oni the farface ef formad in the wigbt-time. fa-rainioa, and the exbalations P. 156. Of thé origin efsiuf, CHAP XVI. mowripmxent ef tbe animal aubereit sbich is fermed, anid ef tbé produces, il:pil6o. The meibod CHAP XVII. célain ; tbe giuing diferent a lufreto kinds tbe gold laid 013 por: given to tbe warmifes and tbefe didrifes and porclain colaurs 5 % metbod ef coleurs lain cuorks, mantier of : new dufgus Dreparing ef porceeniboftnig poreclain. Ec 2 p:161: CHAP. be animal aubereit sbich is fermed, anid ef tbé produces, il:pil6o. The meibod CHAP XVII. célain ; tbe giuing diferent a lufreto kinds tbe gold laid 013 por: given to tbe warmifes and tbefe didrifes and porclain colaurs 5 % metbod ef coleurs lain cuorks, mantier of : new dufgus Dreparing ef porceeniboftnig poreclain. Ec 2 p:161: CHAP. --- Page 418 --- CONTENTS CHAP. XVIII. and feveral otber aromatic and Defeription medicinal sfsbubars plants, tbeir virtues and ufes : the manner of preparing and ufing tbem; tbeRill of tbe Cbinefe phyficians. p.178. CHA P: XIX. Regulations oblerved in examining the Chinefe graduates and mandarins ; tbe particular manner in wbich tbey are punifbed oT rewarded : tbe formalities obferved in criminal affairs. p.188. CHAP. XX. The thannor oftravelling in tbe plains ofl Buenos-ayres, and Tucuman ; the multitude of Hocks found tbere, the manner of catcbing tbe game ; tbe order obferoed in tbe fecular adninifration: tbe berb paraguai tbe Inmucb cAconed ; tbe revenue it produces to dians. P. 200. CHAP XXI. Tbe extreme mifery of tbe Indians of Madura. Tbe means tbey bavé of enricbing tbemfelves ; tbeir avarice : tbeir delicacy, witb refpett to tbe precedence of tbeir tribes ; tbeir employments and go- tbe vernment ; the occupations of tbeir women ; fruits, berbs, and animals of tbe country. p.206. CHAP. XXII. The forab sbich produces cotson ; manner of carding, fpinning, working and bleacbing it. p.220. CHAP. XXIH. Defeription of the ifle of Bourbon ; Aature animals of tbe imbalitants, trees, frsits, and particular found --- Page 419 --- CONTENTS of tbe lizzard, Found in tbis ifand : filb defcription 3 of tbe borned ffo, tbe Aying jquirrel, fying p. 225. racoon, and tbe mar/ouin. CHAP. XXIV. of thbe Indians ; tbeir religion, She fabuleus paradife difinétion of tbeir tribes, temples, and facrifices 5 tbe labourers; maxims of extraordinary cuftom of manner in zobicb tbey treat tbe Indian phyficians; ; P: 234. their fick. CHAP. XXV. Tbe Buffs in tbe Indies ; tbeir manner and applying of defigning tbem: ; Rowers, preparing indigo, colours, bow tbey prepare it : G fecret to bleacb make tbe web to prepare it for the reboro tbey ef tbe Inception of diferent colours 3 defeription P. 241. dian pencils. CHAP: XXVI. tbe at CaiDifcovery of G nen fmagogue of ews of Honan, in fomfou, tbe capital of tbe province P, 258. Cbina. CHAP. XXVII. A fecret to make perfumes, and give tbe exbaling fire C12 wapour an agrecable fgure 3 to preferse 19 extraët tbe water witbout being extinguifbed, tbe fecre: of cbangmercury from wild purfane ; the ing lead into pewvter, and to give peruter lufre of filver : mans ofreforing a conpafseuitb- Bone o out a loadfone 5 fecret. of: the pbilofogibers P. 265. ufed in China. CHAP. Ec3 umes, and give tbe exbaling fire C12 wapour an agrecable fgure 3 to preferse 19 extraët tbe water witbout being extinguifbed, tbe fecre: of cbangmercury from wild purfane ; the ing lead into pewvter, and to give peruter lufre of filver : mans ofreforing a conpafseuitb- Bone o out a loadfone 5 fecret. of: the pbilofogibers P. 265. ufed in China. CHAP. Ec3 --- Page 420 --- CONTENTS CHAP. XXVIII. gbe different languages ef tbe Hurons, eftbe Ainakis, tbe Algonkins, tbe Iilinefe, the Outaouacks, and feveral otber nations of New-France, tbeir employments, drefes, and dexterity in /booting with the bow; their't tendernefs for tbeir cbildrens ceremonies oftbeir funerals; cruel mamner oftreating captives of war. P. 277. CHAP. XXIX. Of nitre, fal-armoniac : of the Bones and marbles of Egypt; eftbe cbicken-oven : oftbe eagle-honess andof tbe petrification of wood. P.287. CH A P. XXX. of tbe diferent kinds of filbing in Egyp: 5 ef tbe birds of the Nile ; of the Jea-borfes and CTOcodiles. p. 299. CH AP. XXXI. Oftbe tree wbich bears wad; of tbe pepper, and lacca tree ; of tbe wax produced by wild laitrel trees. P: 306. CHAP, XXXII. Of tbe favage Natcbes, tbeir religion, laws, ef femblies, and fefivals, form of tbeir governuent; ceremonies ef tbeir marriages and funerals: tbeir manner of carrying 07 war 3 tbeir marcbes, encampments, and metbod of entertaining the ambafadors zubo come to treat of. peace. p. 310. CHAP. XXXIII. Tbe) fngular dextcrity of tbe Chinefe in imitating fruits, infets, and Dutterflies, tbe forub tbat furnifbes ef femblies, and fefivals, form of tbeir governuent; ceremonies ef tbeir marriages and funerals: tbeir manner of carrying 07 war 3 tbeir marcbes, encampments, and metbod of entertaining the ambafadors zubo come to treat of. peace. p. 310. CHAP. XXXIII. Tbe) fngular dextcrity of tbe Chinefe in imitating fruits, infets, and Dutterflies, tbe forub tbat furnifbes --- Page 421 --- ÇONTENTS tbefe fowers ere furmifus tbe matter ofsobicb and tbe manner of made ; colours iaid 07 them, P. 324: giving tbem tbeir lufre. CHAP. XXXIV. Tartary 2 tbe augituation and extent ef tbe the lelfer kan : mamners, cuftbority and revenues of. wbetber called tomns, and religion of tbe Tartars, Kalmoucbs. p-329Precops, Nogais; Cireafiahijor CHAP. - XXXV. wbicb tbe The courfe of tbe Ganges; river's tbe opinion defcription of tbe Indians bave of tbis tbe names of the Mogul emifand of Ceylan ; ef pagod of Cacbi; of Pondiperors ; of tbe famous of Galconda : of Maduras cheris of St. Tbomass cities of tbe Indies.p-341. and fome other principal CHAP, XXXVI. among tbe inoculating tbe fmall-pox Tbe manner of rules to be obferoed for tbat purpofe ; Cbinefe 5 afed in tbis artifcial pock; a perticular remedies tbe fimall-pox. p-359. fecret to remtove oT mitigafe 400 CHAP. Tartar XXXVII. language : tbe great Singularities of terms tbe in tbis tongue : four diferent wariety soriting of it : tbe Tariar cbaratlers legible ways of p-364. in every direétion. CH A P. XXXVIII. Albanias tbe of tbe province of Sirvan, fertility or antient of tbe feil, the extent of tbis prouinces wubicb grow there, $ fruits, plants and pocvers, culticating tbe Lands, tbe particular manner of efCbaand getting in ibeir barvef : deferiptien 372 make, Derbent and Bakou. EIAP Ec4 : tbe Tariar cbaratlers legible ways of p-364. in every direétion. CH A P. XXXVIII. Albanias tbe of tbe province of Sirvan, fertility or antient of tbe feil, the extent of tbis prouinces wubicb grow there, $ fruits, plants and pocvers, culticating tbe Lands, tbe particular manner of efCbaand getting in ibeir barvef : deferiptien 372 make, Derbent and Bakou. EIAP Ec4 --- Page 422 --- CONTENTS CHAP. XXXIX. Tbe loadfone ufed by tbe Chinefe pbyfcianss properties wbich tbey attribute to bellevedere; tbe Cbinefe campbire ; manner of tbeir extratting ii from tbe tree, and preparing i, tbe qualities wbich they attribute to it. p: 384. CHAP XL. Tbe Indians opinions about the tranfmigration of fouls, P-395. : ÇON, --- Page 423 --- T E N TS cON yOL. II. CHAP. I. : origin ofibe Mamalukes, tbe fimation and Penf THE tbeir towns; ; tbeir robberies, frauds, inbabited by tbe ties. 1 Tbe nature of tbe country religion, ceremonies, and Manacicas, tbeir genius, of tbéir caciques, the form cufoms, tbe autbority Tbe manners and uJages of of tbeir government. P. I. tbe Marocotas. II. ", CHAP. of the celebrated caravan of Tbe curiaus particulars p. 13Mecca: CHAP. III. tbeir religion of tbe bracbmans, Indian literature, sbeolog), and pbilofopby, zbe morality, poetiy, Indian pbilafopbers, expefidifferent fetts oftbe p.19. tion of tbeir dofrines. CHAP. IV. tbe celebrated rock called Tentalio : A defcription of bead 5 efibe , eftbe mould of tbe golden calf's Cleopatra's E ramids 5 of Pompey's and pillar fepulebres ; of ef tbe kings of lifks; of tbe palaces P. 33Thebes CHA P. V. tbe ancient Defeription of tbe land of: fire ; error to tbe ef extent eftbat and mnodern maps wvitb refpea laxd; AP. IV. tbe celebrated rock called Tentalio : A defcription of bead 5 efibe , eftbe mould of tbe golden calf's Cleopatra's E ramids 5 of Pompey's and pillar fepulebres ; of ef tbe kings of lifks; of tbe palaces P. 33Thebes CHA P. V. tbe ancient Defeription of tbe land of: fire ; error to tbe ef extent eftbat and mnodern maps wvitb refpea laxd; --- Page 424 --- CONTENTS land ; cbaragters, cufsoms, ufages, aliments and babits of tbe natives: ; error of tbe maps wwitb refpest to tbe Atuation cape Horn 5 dejcription of tbe town of Lima, : of tbat called tbe Conception. p.41. CHAP VI. gbe properties of tbe famons plant gin-Feng ; the manner ofpreparing it; tbe places wbere it grows; the order and metbed abferved by tbofe zobo gatber it. Tbe Fgure and dejcription of tbis plant. P.45CHÀ P. VII. Tbe flavery of tbe inbabitants eftbe tbeir kingdom bramins, efCar- tbeir naie ; tbe feperfitians of tbe world; opinions concerning the diferent and agesef motion ef tbe as alfo concerning tbe courfe fars. P. 53CHAP VIII, of tbe temple of Ifs. Defeription of tbe grottcs An- of the lower Tbebaide ; of tbe celebrated. cily of tbe tipoe 5 of the pillar of Alexander Severus; of lake of Maris or: Cheroas ofa facrifice ed'to tbe fa; of Spbinx ; of tbe cataraiis :. tbe labyrintb; of the famoas wvell ef Tolepb; - tbe palace of Acbemognain: p.61. CH A P: IX, oftbe religion and morality of tbe Cbineles efsbeir phyfcs and goverwment : cbaratler and geuius tbeit ancient books; tbeir languages and of nation. p. 8I. tbe antiquity of tbé Cbinefe CH A P. X. Of tbe falagraman; explication of tbis fpecies w2- of fint, andcobere itis found 5 tbe particxlar its le tbe Indiaos Jet upon it 5 defeription. ofits diferent fpecies. p.93CHAP. be Cbineles efsbeir phyfcs and goverwment : cbaratler and geuius tbeit ancient books; tbeir languages and of nation. p. 8I. tbe antiquity of tbé Cbinefe CH A P. X. Of tbe falagraman; explication of tbis fpecies w2- of fint, andcobere itis found 5 tbe particxlar its le tbe Indiaos Jet upon it 5 defeription. ofits diferent fpecies. p.93CHAP. --- Page 425 --- CONTENTS CHAP. XI. Armenias tbe tbe ancient and prefent fate of Erivan, Of ofits a dejeription of Erzerum, cbadivifior and mount Ararai : the manners, genius, P.99tbe Armenians. raser, and occupations CH A : XII. remarkable. trees in Cbina : ef Defeription feveral yields tbe warnif, and tbat bears from tbe tree r wbich oil is obtained, of tbe and tree tbe wubich tree aubicb feset,tbat cobiçb predacaitua, tbe tree wubicb difyields tbe dragon's blood : of tban incen/e of tbe fufes a more agreeeble tbe fneli tea. P. III. forub wbicb bears CHAP. XIII. ani of tbe tbree Defeription of mount and Caucalus, religion of tbe Tbibetians. Tbibets ; manners p.117: CHAP. XIV. bonzes : tbeir. manDoéirine and fuperfition oftbe tbey emplay to get 130Her of living 5 thbe means tbeir ; tbeir byposiey ; bono tbey bold afembler 10 feduce and dedebaucbery, and artifices crif, and married qwomen. p.121. baucb girls CH. A P. XV. known in all An enguiry into tbe difcovery unknoun ofiron, alfeobere : wbetber ages in China, and tban Females born in China ; there are more males, of tbofe swbo attribule tbe falboed of tbe opinion and Cbinefe 5 tbe tbe fame erigin to tbe Egyptians by subom Cbina becrigin idolatry in Cbina extent ; and beauty of tbe gan t0 % peapied, tbe tbe falje opinion of rivers and lakes in China 5 commerce of Cbina. Mr. Huct, wwitb refpe8t 10 tbe P. 128. CHAP. ales born in China ; there are more males, of tbofe swbo attribule tbe falboed of tbe opinion and Cbinefe 5 tbe tbe fame erigin to tbe Egyptians by subom Cbina becrigin idolatry in Cbina extent ; and beauty of tbe gan t0 % peapied, tbe tbe falje opinion of rivers and lakes in China 5 commerce of Cbina. Mr. Huct, wwitb refpe8t 10 tbe P. 128. CHAP. --- Page 426 --- CONTENTS CHAP. XVI. Tbe manners, cufoms, and ufages of tbe favaga tbeir Miao-fes ; their origin; tbe fituation of country ; tbeir babitations, commerce, cloatbing, mufcal inAruments, and their dances. 3 p. 141. CH. A P. XVII. wbicb reSbe manner. of making artificial pearls, tbeir femble tbe natural; the metbad ef reftoring original beauty wben loft ; manner ef mending broken porcelain wvelfels; manner of tbe painting colour por- to celain already bakds of reforing old old clouded canes ; of wafbing Cr renewing to prints OT famps : ofgising an air efantiguity tbem yellosu, copper vefels ; tbe fecret ofcolouring P. 146. or tinging themt wwvith a beautiful green. CH AP. XVIII. Ofibe borfe-bart, the borfe-tyger, tbe odoriferous decr, tbe bait-fings the blue Crow0s, and feveral atber animals peculiar to China, and Cbinefe Tar: tary ; tbe bunting ef barts, tygers, and tbe taelP. 155pi. CHAP. XIX. Of tbe ifland of St: Domingos bow populous cbaratter it was; swben the Cafilians firf landed in it; ef Cbriftopber Columbus; bis departure for Spains diforders of the Cafilians in bis abfence 5 infurreEion of tbe Indians; return of Columbus to St. Domingo ; tbe long and cruel war made on the, Indians ; tbeir Havery, sbradirtaulgpukospig) CHA P. XX. Oftbe genius and cbaraôter ofibe Cbinefe 5 Of their waitb drefs, modes, boufes, and the furniture wubich tbey are adorned. P: 172. CHAP. - briftopber Columbus; bis departure for Spains diforders of the Cafilians in bis abfence 5 infurreEion of tbe Indians; return of Columbus to St. Domingo ; tbe long and cruel war made on the, Indians ; tbeir Havery, sbradirtaulgpukospig) CHA P. XX. Oftbe genius and cbaraôter ofibe Cbinefe 5 Of their waitb drefs, modes, boufes, and the furniture wubich tbey are adorned. P: 172. CHAP. - --- Page 427 --- CONTENTS CHAP XXI. bethes tbe Extent of Paraguai ; waft Peru continent of tbe Chiriver of Paraguai and 5 province courfe ofsbe riquites ; extent of tbis provinces and animals wbicb it "vers wbicb water it : fruits it is. to léarn. tbeir lanproduces ; bow dificult manners, cu/fomis, and OCCLguage ; tbe religion, P.185: pations of tbe CHAP. Cbiquites. XXII. of tbe country of tbe Moxes, their governSituation religions, minifters, and fomeni, occupations, Ceremonies of tbeir interments and marcieties. ufedfor tbe cure of their difriages smedicines wbich grow in tbeir country : pareajes; Aimples of an animal called ocorame. p-194dicularities CHAP. XXIII. Kouli-kan, till Revolutions of Perfa under Thamas P-.204bis expedition in tbe Indies. XXIV. CHAP. bindered. tbe Cbinefe from perReafons wobicb bave tbeir. turn for judicial aftrofeating apronomy; ; and fincerity of tbeir biforys logy ; tbe fidelity ancient books prejirid by an emperor bowo tbeir tbe Cbineje paper, and tbe bave been preftreds bow its defest waS time wben it was inuented, circulation of tbe Japplied before its invention; extraordinary dijcoblood long known wbere in China tbe ; gall of tbe elepbant is very ofibe part a p.229. lodg'd. CHAP. XXV. of fome iflands of tbe Arcbipelago; of SyDefcription Serpbo, Tbermias Andros, and-Apane pbainto, the extent and ferility ef tbefe fands 5 Cafro 5 fraits its defest waS time wben it was inuented, circulation of tbe Japplied before its invention; extraordinary dijcoblood long known wbere in China tbe ; gall of tbe elepbant is very ofibe part a p.229. lodg'd. CHAP. XXV. of fome iflands of tbe Arcbipelago; of SyDefcription Serpbo, Tbermias Andros, and-Apane pbainto, the extent and ferility ef tbefe fands 5 Cafro 5 fraits --- Page 428 --- CONTENTS fruits and animals found tbere : cbaragler of the inbabitants. p..239: CHAP. XXVI. Ufefulnels of the Cbinele gazette ; fefival in every for city to bonour tbe perfons muef difinguifhed probity ; another regulation to encourage merit 3 S/bing of pearis, extratted from a memorial; and ancient laws renerved in favour of.i infirm aged parents 3 the emperor. offers a facrifice in the be- tbe gimming eftbe Ppring, and fers about tilling grownd. p.243: CH-AP. XXVH. tbe Defeription of tbe city of Ganjam 5 bifory of exiraidol ador'd theres defcription ofBrempeur tbe temple : and wagant ceremony of tbe bramins; pagod ofTogrenats ; bifory ef its origin ; tbe prodigions concourfe of pilgrims to Jagrenat, andtbe excels ef tbeir auferities. p.255: CH A P: XXVIII. Particular government of tbe ifland ef7fon-ming 5 employment of tbe mandarins efuar : autbority ef tbe mamdarins efleuters $ ceremony of afing for rain : order of tbe literati ; order of tbe poople 5 cbaratter of ibefe ifanders. P.260. CHAP. XXIX. Defcription of tbe inand of4enerift 5 tbe ainiage wine ef tbe ifand % tbe-malufy Cuba; of tbe port 5 and defcripiion city of tbe Havanna $ ef La Vera Cruz; oftbe Pusbiode los-angelos 5 : and the kingdom Mexico ; ef Avapuico of p.265: Queda. CHAP; ; order of tbe poople 5 cbaratter of ibefe ifanders. P.260. CHAP. XXIX. Defcription of tbe inand of4enerift 5 tbe ainiage wine ef tbe ifand % tbe-malufy Cuba; of tbe port 5 and defcripiion city of tbe Havanna $ ef La Vera Cruz; oftbe Pusbiode los-angelos 5 : and the kingdom Mexico ; ef Avapuico of p.265: Queda. CHAP; --- Page 429 --- CONTENTS CHAP. XXX. of : Senar 5 deSeserelterticatars of the, and kingden palace 3 order oèfers'd feription fits cepital to tbe CONNITy : thc manner in coben ibe king goes ricbes and fertility robicb jofice is adminifer'ds coins current in its ef the -COuntTy 3 different and conumerce of tbe inbabimonners, Angular cufoms, drelfes of tbe ladies of quality ; tants ; trees feund in teisicountry. p. 272. uncommon CH A P. XXXI. Etbiopia its Defpription Gordar, wubich tbe capital are current ef in tbe emgreat trade : coins Etbiopias, ricbes andfertilipire $ naf extent of of tbe emperor 5 caufe ty eftbe EGZNIT). 3 power tbôu Nile; Jources ef ibat ofibe somfeuiatef of the perfons of quality, of tbe river : drefes and tbe manner ofcatcbing tbem 5 : civet, fea-borjes, ahforoelty tbe defeription chhadirers 3 ceremosies P.278. Etbiopians in tbeir fuuerals. XXXII. CHAP. medicines ufed by tbe Indian pbySeveral very fimple varions kinds of dijeajes. P. 288. 1 ficians, for CHAP. XXXI. and Situation and extent of Egpts Niles its gouerament and tbe jeveral produces ; tbe. courfe of Alexandries the and. Thebes. antiqailies of Cairo, P- 292. CHAP. XXXIV. in tbeir Ceremonies oferced by tlae Cbinefe in tbe paxing lesters cobicb compliments, in tbeir their vifits, P. 304: tbey write, and in feals. XXXV. CHA P. Kouli-kaninto tbe cmpire Tbe expedition of Tbamas P. 317. of tbe great mogul. CHAP. --- Page 430 --- CONTENTS CHAP. XXXVI. Oftbe autbority, power, revenues, and afual expenices oftbe emperor. of China ; of the magnifitence of bis march wben he comes oilt of bis palace. P:336. CHAP. XXXVII. Ujages, manners, cuftoms, dréfs, and occupations tbe Mogu! ladies,. edsication of tbe young ladies : quality." p-3 344. CHAP: XXXVIIL. : Of the Cbinefe government, witb refpect to tbe priefts, taxes, and pofts, p:351. CHAP: XXXIX: Of tbe mandarins of letter's, and tbofe of arms 5 ibeir dignities, employments, andfunitions. CH AP. XL. US Ceremonies oblerved bry tbe Cbinefe at tbeir marriages and funerals. 'P. 3614 CHAP. XLI: 3 Of tbea different kinds of punifoments wbicb. tbey. infia 08 criminals in China. P. 373. CHAP. XLII. Oftbe agriculturé andtrade of tbe Cbinefe. P-379CH-AP. XLIII. Oftbe varnifh and flk manufaftures sof China.p-389: a CH AP: XLIV: Tbe diferent degrees of tbe Cbinefe. mobility; tbe rights, bonours, and prerogatives tbey enjoys the fubjetion and dependance in wbich tbe princes of the bloed are kepr. P. 399. 08 criminals in China. P. 373. CHAP. XLII. Oftbe agriculturé andtrade of tbe Cbinefe. P-379CH-AP. XLIII. Oftbe varnifh and flk manufaftures sof China.p-389: a CH AP: XLIV: Tbe diferent degrees of tbe Cbinefe. mobility; tbe rights, bonours, and prerogatives tbey enjoys the fubjetion and dependance in wbich tbe princes of the bloed are kepr. P. 399. --- Page 431 --- --- Page 432 --- --- Page 433 --- --- Page 434 --- --- Page 435 --- E7SS Laaat v.a --- Page 436 ---