--- Page 1 --- --- Page 2 --- A374 3labit Carter Brolwx Citrny BnumtMntbtrsitg --- Page 3 --- Jourec firns Book nois Jomar yenu --- Page 4 --- un tmye dombut, Blande tran gunlo WOI --- Page 5 --- T R A V E L S, THROUGH ASIA, AFRICA, and AMERICA, CONTAINING A Curious account of the Manners, Cuftoms, Ulages, different Languages, Government, Ceremonies, Rcligion, Hiftory, Commerce, Arts, and Sciences, &c. Of thofe Several Nations, By EDWARD HOWARD Efq; VOL, I, LONDON: Printed for M, COOPER, in PATAR-Norran-Rew: MDCCLV. Price Ten Sbillings bound. --- Page 6 --- AI Hagosur DINHMA brth ADIIA AIBA - 110023 aiign A 8:5 ns2 auu P 22 213 30LA a00 311 a imne auh 30 Usawou CRAwOE VIE JOV DSM --- Page 7 --- TH E P R E aL F AC E. N inquiry into the manners, A laws, and religious ceremonies of diftant nations, has been cfteemed, not only an entértain- always.- ing, but'a very ufeful ftudy ; and is by. fome preferred even to civil as it partakes of it in fome meafure, hiftory, and yet has a varicty of matter never to be found in that kind of writing. The following obfervations are focurious in themfelves, and tho' related in a fimple and plain manner, yet - with them thate evidence, which always carry accompanies a faithful writer, and one who is entirely mafter ofl his fubjeat. A Our --- Page 8 --- iv PREFACE Our author indeed had n advantage mcft émiof which few, or none of the could avail nent of his and predeceffors what Sir John Charthemfelves 3 the want of, in his preface din laments I'méan aknowledge of to his travels, ofChina, which the learned language the key, not only to their is, as it were but alfo to acquire particular opinions, of their of the compofition a knowledge which our molt beautiful produdions, demonfirated in author has abundanly origin of porcelain, his chapter on the minute dewherein he gives a more of tail of the matter and manner of the LER it, compolition manner of ERES fpecies, the Mat cafcs fruéure of the furnaces and in what theanwhich it is baked, the modern, than cient differs from before him; author who has gone from his a wbich he draws not only accurate but from an own obfervations, of what Chinele writers examination have faid on that curious fubjeet. work, he reThro' the courle oft the acggnciles the fceming contradiatory çounts the matter and manner of the LER it, compolition manner of ERES fpecies, the Mat cafcs fruéure of the furnaces and in what theanwhich it is baked, the modern, than cient differs from before him; author who has gone from his a wbich he draws not only accurate but from an own obfervations, of what Chinele writers examination have faid on that curious fubjeet. work, he reThro' the courle oft the acggnciles the fceming contradiatory çounts --- Page 9 --- PREFACE V counts of the moft eminent natural hiftorians, as Varro, Columella, Pliny; and by his allufions to the ancient fhews that he is as eminent in poets, the learned languages of Europe, as in that of.t the Brachmans. - To enumerate all - the beautics, excellencies of this work, and peculiar would furpals my intended brevity 5 and therefore I Thall content myielf with faying, that he has been fo happy into things hitherto unas to enquire and confequently is fure of attempted, fhould he the merit of an original, and even have failed in the elegance beauty of his defcriptions. fince he alfo difBut this is not all, fome of the laft imcovers in myfteries the manufaéture of filks portance, and ftuffs of various kinds, in dying, and the art of preferving colours ; in the method of painting and japaning all forts of utenfils and furniture, whether of wood, brafs, copper, &c. But in no refpeét can our author be accounted more valuable,than in his juft and lively defcriptions of the arbitrary and --- Page 10 --- PREFAGE vi of the feveral and tyrannical power by which means, princes be mentions, muft, a evcry honeft Englithman Mat comparifon ofhis own which happinef, the Tarthe ftate of flavery in rejoice tars and Chincfe are involved, that he was born in England. CURIOUS --- Page 11 --- A a 6 G G CURIOUS OBSERVATIONS ONTHE Manners, Cuftoms, 88c. Of the feveral NATIONS of Afia, Africa, and America.. CHAP. I. Of the Mbing for tbe xanxus and pearls, and of tbe trade abich tbe Dutch carry on wwitb tbem. Tis precifely at cape Comarin t that the coaft fo famous for the pearl I fifhery begins. It forms a kind of bay, which extends upwards of forty leagues, from cape Comarin, to the point of Romanacor, where the ifland of Ceylan is almoft united to the mainland by a chain of rocks, which fome Europeans call Adam's bridge. VoL. I. B The t In the occidental Peninfula of the Indies, abich tbe Dutch carry on wwitb tbem. Tis precifely at cape Comarin t that the coaft fo famous for the pearl I fifhery begins. It forms a kind of bay, which extends upwards of forty leagues, from cape Comarin, to the point of Romanacor, where the ifland of Ceylan is almoft united to the mainland by a chain of rocks, which fome Europeans call Adam's bridge. VoL. I. B The t In the occidental Peninfula of the Indies, --- Page 12 --- upon. ASTA, was Obfroations" fay, that this bridge The natives of the placc times. They are foolbuilt by the apes of former thefe animals being more ifhly Derfasdedy that than the modern apcs, ifland made of brave and induftrious into the from the main-land mafters of a pallage that they rendered themfelves wife of one of their Ceylan, this ifland, and refcued the off. Itis certain, that who had been carried height is not gods, the fea at her greateft floops in this place, fve feet deeP, fo that, only above four or between theintervals ofthele inacor flat veffels can whole pafs coaft of the fifhery of is the ter- - rocks. The veffels, on account pafs the ceflible toEuropean of the fea, and fhips can only covered by rible raging that harbour being winter at Tutucurin, which are its greateft fecurity. in two illands, of the Dutch has decayed the Athery Since the power find on the coaftof of the Indies, we only wrerched towns, the principal Pendimiferable and Manapar, Alandaley, and which which are Tala, however except Tutucurin, whom cael. We muft inhabitants, fome of contains ffty thoufand and fome Pagans. beauare Chriftians, fea a very the To perfons at Sutucorinappesres high buildings on tiful city. We fee coverit. pretty A fmall. fortrefs which themtwo ifands which built fome years ago to defend who came the Dutch the attacks of the Pagans felves from and feveral large magazines from the main-land, brink of the fea, make a very we grand come built on the but as foon and as we find and beautiful all appeatance: this beauty difappears, built with on fhore, village almoft intirely revenues from only a homely Dutch draw confiderable mafters of it. turf. The tho' they are not abfolute partly to Tutucurin, whole coaft of the ffhery belongs to the prince of The of Madura,. and partly the king Wicl Marava. land, brink of the fea, make a very we grand come built on the but as foon and as we find and beautiful all appeatance: this beauty difappears, built with on fhore, village almoft intirely revenues from only a homely Dutch draw confiderable mafters of it. turf. The tho' they are not abfolute partly to Tutucurin, whole coaft of the ffhery belongs to the prince of The of Madura,. and partly the king Wicl Marava. --- Page 13 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA, With refpect to the commerce of the Dutch on this coaft; befides the ftuffs brought to them from Madura, which they, exchange for the leather of : Japan, and the fpiceries of the Moluccas, they draw a confiderable profit from two kinds of fitheries, that of pearls and of xanxufes. The xanxufes are large fhells refembling thofe with which we generally paint Tritons. "Tis incredible how jealous the Dutch are of this it would.coft an Indian his life who fhould venture trade.; to fell a xanxus to any but the Dutch company. The members of this company buy them at a very low price, and fend them. to Bengal, where they Tell them very dear. They faw thele fhells according to their breadth : as they are round and hollow, when they are faw'd they make bracelets of them, which have as much luftre as the fineft ivory; thofe which are catch'don this coaft in large quantities, haveall their volutes from right to left, and if there fhould be one found whofe volutes were from left to right, the natives would account ita treafure worth a million of money, becaufe they imagine, that it was in a Xanxus of this kind that one of their kings concealed himfelf, to avoid the furyrof his cnemies, who purfued him, fea. by The fifhery of pearls alfo enriches the Dutch company in another manner. The pearls are not fifhed for on the company's account, but they mit every inhabitant of the country, whether TL gan, Mahometan, or Chriftian, to have as boats for that purpofe as they think proper; many and every boat pays to them fixty crowns, and fometimes more. This tax raifes a confiderable fum, fince we fometimes fee fix or feven hundred boats employed in this fifhery. The company does not permit evéry one to in queft of his pearls where he pleafes, but marks go B 2 out on the company's account, but they mit every inhabitant of the country, whether TL gan, Mahometan, or Chriftian, to have as boats for that purpofe as they think proper; many and every boat pays to them fixty crowns, and fometimes more. This tax raifes a confiderable fum, fince we fometimes fee fix or feven hundred boats employed in this fifhery. The company does not permit evéry one to in queft of his pearls where he pleafes, but marks go B 2 out --- Page 14 --- Obfercations upon ASIA, Formerly place for that purpofe. tlie a out particular in the month of January appointed for that year, the Dutch the time for the fthery of it; but as it place and making a previous tryal or the place marked without that the feafon were wanting, often happened and as oyfters to thofe who were not favourable, prejudice which proved a confiderable they have now method. changhad made great preparaion and oblerve the following fend ed this cuftom, of the year, the company they intend In the beginning boats to the place where into ten or twelve thould be. Thefe boats catches feparate a thouthe ffhery. each of the divers open different parts which 5 they bring afhore ; they they fand oyfters, and lay. the pearls of thofe cach thoufand feparately, If the value take fromit by themfclves. amounts to a crown rich or more, and found in a thoufand the fifhery will be very take it is a that : but if the pearls they there copious ME that place: worth half a crown, not from a thoufand are only becaufe the profits would is no fifhery that year, and it is declared defray the expences. has fucceded, time When the tryal ; at the appointed there, will be a fthery quarters a prothat on the coalt from.all with merchanthere appears number ofboats and people, commiffaries come digious ofall kinds. The Dutch of the ifland of Ceylan, dize Colombo, the capital The day it begins it is from over the fthery. the difcharge of a to prefide early in the morning boats by fet out, preceded opened Upon this all the which anchor one upcannon. Dutch Noops, the left, in order to by two large and the other on Then the divers on the right, for the fifhery. or five fathoms mark the, boat place plunge chree, four, who go inof each Each boat has feveral divers, one returns anodeep. turns ; as foon as whofe end to the waterby They are tied to a rope, is ther plunges. of a to prefide early in the morning boats by fet out, preceded opened Upon this all the which anchor one upcannon. Dutch Noops, the left, in order to by two large and the other on Then the divers on the right, for the fifhery. or five fathoms mark the, boat place plunge chree, four, who go inof each Each boat has feveral divers, one returns anodeep. turns ; as foon as whofe end to the waterby They are tied to a rope, is ther plunges. --- Page 15 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. : . 5 is fo fixed to the ftern of the bo:t, that the failors can by means of a pully eafily flacken oF draw it, according as occafion requires. The diver has a large ftone tied to his feet, to make him fink the fooner, and a bag about his waift to hold the oyfters. As foon as he is at the bottomhrqucklygahen all within his reach,and. puts them into his bag. When he finds more than he can carry off, he lays them in a heap, and returning to take breath, he either dives again or fends one of his companions to bring them up. In order to return to the air, he has nothing to do but ftrongly to pull a fmall rope, different from that whichis fixed to his body. A failor who is in the boat and holds the other end ofthe rope, forthwith gives the fignal to the others, who immediately draw the diver up; who to come up the more fpeedily, loofes. if he can, the ftone which was tied to his feet. The boats are not at fo great a diftance, but that the divers frequently beat one another under water, for having taken away the heaps ofoyfters they had gathered. One of the divers perceiving that his companion had robbed him feveral times fucceflively of what he had been at great pains to gather, judged it expedient to put a îtop toit for the future. He pardoned him the frt and fecond time, but fecing that he continued to pillage him, he let his neighbour dive firft, and following him immediately with a knife in his hand, he murder'd him under water, which was not perceived till the body was drawn without life and motion. This is not the only up thing to be dreaded in this fifhery 5 for there are in thofe feas fharks fo frong and large, that they often carry. off and devour the diver and his oyfters. B 3 As the future. He pardoned him the frt and fecond time, but fecing that he continued to pillage him, he let his neighbour dive firft, and following him immediately with a knife in his hand, he murder'd him under water, which was not perceived till the body was drawn without life and motion. This is not the only up thing to be dreaded in this fifhery 5 for there are in thofe feas fharks fo frong and large, that they often carry. off and devour the diver and his oyfters. B 3 As --- Page 16 --- upon ASIA, O@fersations their which the divers put into As for the oil bell in which.they include mouths, or the enable glafs them to dive, thefe been are ill thernfelves, advanced to: by perfons who coalt have arefrom falihoods As the pcople of that and to reinformed. accutomed to diving, dexterous at it, their infancy their breath, they become their dexterity : but tain according to is fo fatiguing, and are paid this, the bufinefs times notwichlanding plunge feven or eight that they can only of them are fo much tranfported than their Some a day. ardour to gather more oyfters and prewith that they lofe refpiration that not thinking to neighibours, of mind fo much, fuffocated, if the fence they are foon when make the fignal, boat do not draw them up, failors in the This excrcife is continued fhore. they ftay too long. all the boats come to the all 3 till noon, when boats land, the mafter orders into a When the belonging to him to be carried them two the oyfters area, where he leaves kind of yard or may open, and eafily three days, that they : When they or to be extracted. five 'or fuffer the pearls well wafh'd, they have taken out and like a fieves are bafons piere'd that fix fmall copper each other in fuch a manner which go into fome fpace between the of upper- each there remains The holes of moft and. the undermoft. diameters. Thefe bafon are of different than thofe of the firit, and the fecond are leis leis than thofe of the the fethofe of the third the others. They throw and fo of after they are cond, both great and fmall, bafon, and fuch of pearls, into the firft to be well wafhed, thro' this are thought the them as do not pafs Thofe which remain in fo on of the firft order. of the fecond order, and the fecond bafon are pierced receives the laft, which not being feeds to L are leis leis than thofe of the the fethofe of the third the others. They throw and fo of after they are cond, both great and fmall, bafon, and fuch of pearls, into the firft to be well wafhed, thro' this are thought the them as do not pafs Thofe which remain in fo on of the firft order. of the fecond order, and the fecond bafon are pierced receives the laft, which not being feeds to L --- Page 17 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. feeds of the pearls. Thefe different orders of pearls generally determine their price, unlefs the figure or water augment or diminifh their value. The Dutch always referve to themfelves the right of purchafing the largeft; yet if the perfon to whom they belong, will not fell them for the price they offer, they do him no vioJence, and he may difpofe oft them to whom he pleafes. All the pearls caught the firft day belong either to the king of Madura or to the prince of Marava, according.to the fituation of the coaft where the fifhery is carried.on. The Dutch have not the fithing of the fécond day, as has been. reported by fome; but they have a fufficient number of other ways to enrich themfelves by the pearl trade. The fureft and fhorteft method is to have ready money ; for if people pay upon the fpot, they have great bargains upon thole coafts. But if the pearl fithery produces great riches, it alfo brings on terrible difeafes, either on account of the prodigious confluence of people from all parts, who live fo poorly that many of them eat only oyfters, which are of a difficult digeftion, and a malignant quality 5 or laftlv, on account of the infection of the air; for, the. oyfters being expofed to the heat of the fun, are corrupted in a few days, and exhale a ftench, which alone may produce contagious diftempers. Very beautiful pearls are alfo fourd in Colo and Mindano, which are two of the Philippine iflands. The divers, before they plunge, have a cuftom of rubbing their eyes with the blood of a white cock. Butitis in the Perfian gulph, in the ifle of Baharens, and on the coaft of Califa in Arabia Felix, that the moft confiderable pearl fifhery Îs carried on. Here the filbing B 4 hap- and exhale a ftench, which alone may produce contagious diftempers. Very beautiful pearls are alfo fourd in Colo and Mindano, which are two of the Philippine iflands. The divers, before they plunge, have a cuftom of rubbing their eyes with the blood of a white cock. Butitis in the Perfian gulph, in the ifle of Baharens, and on the coaft of Califa in Arabia Felix, that the moft confiderable pearl fifhery Îs carried on. Here the filbing B 4 hap- --- Page 18 --- upon AsIA; Obfercations the frft in the month of twice a year, in thofe of happens and the fecond and March and April, The Banians of Augult and September. the greateft part Moors generally purchale buy cheap and fell very which they thefe pearls, the dear in Perfia. California, particularly from The coaft of the White cape, the coaft cape of St. Lucar to of Panama, alfo produce of of Peru, and that thefe have not the water large pearls. But and are of a blacki(h and bad the oriental pearls, from the leaden colour, which proceds formed, and which bottom in which they are deep. only one or two fathoms that is fometimes of the ancients, the from att As to opinion of the dew which falls in every were formed that there was only one pearl fince ven, and is more oppofite to truth, bottom oyfter, nothing immoveable in a we fee that they are where the dew cannot often ten fathoms deep, find feven penetrate : and fince we fometimes fizes in one oyfter. pearls of different fo in the or eight if I may ipeak, the largeft They are ingendered, with the eggs inahen, while the fame manner towards the orifice, order to advancing always remain. at the bottom, in pcarl the fmalleft formed. Thus the largett at the be compleatly and the fmaller ones remain their nacomes frft : till they arrive at bottom of the fhell, however do not include tural bulk. All oyfters certain that a great many conpearls, fince it is tain none at all, CHAP. --- Page 19 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. CHAP II. O the knorledge aubich tbe Indians bave bad 9f tbe true religion. B Y reading the ancient books of the 12 1 may eafily be convinced, that Indians We religion from the booksof Mofes and thcy drew. their In a word, all the fables of which their the Prophets. full, do not fo far cloud and darken the books are that it may be known. truth, but theHebrews, of which the Indians Befides, the religion of ledge partly to their trade with the Gwe their knowgyptians, we may difcover Jews and Emarkable traces of the Chriftian among them very rewas preached to them by the religion, which by Pantaenus, and feveral other apoftie Thomas, primitive ages of the church. great men in the It is certain that the * by no means fall into the commonalty abfurdities of the Indians They have pretty juft ideas of the of atheifm. tered and corrupted by the Deity, tho' alworfhip of idols. acknowledge an infinitely perfect They from all eternity, and is God, who exifts cellent attributes : fo far, poffeffed of the moft exful and conformable to the nothing is more beauticoncerning the Deity ; but fentiments of Chriftians the following extravagancies. idolatry has fuperadded Moft of the Indians affirm, that the berofgods whom they now adore great numnate deities, fubjected to the arconly fubordiis équally lord over gods and fovereign Being, who God, fay they, is infinitely exalted men. This great ings; and this infinite diftance abové all behaving any commerce with weak hinders him from proportion, continue they, is there creatures. between What an infinitely fentiments of Chriftians the following extravagancies. idolatry has fuperadded Moft of the Indians affirm, that the berofgods whom they now adore great numnate deities, fubjected to the arconly fubordiis équally lord over gods and fovereign Being, who God, fay they, is infinitely exalted men. This great ings; and this infinite diftance abové all behaving any commerce with weak hinders him from proportion, continue they, is there creatures. between What an infinitely --- Page 20 --- Obfervntions apon ASTA, IO and beings créated full finitely perfeét being, weaknefles. Tis for this and of Imperiections to them, that Parabaravaftou, reafon, according God, called Bruma, Vichnou, that is, the fupreme the firft he has given the powér and Routren, to fecond the of preferving, of creating, to the of deftroying. power and to the third the adored power by the Indians, are in the But thefe gods learned men, the fons of a woman opinion of their that is, the fupreme whom they call Parrachatti; this fable to what it was in Power. If we reduce difcover the truth, tho' its origin, we fhall eafily ideas which the fpirit darkened by the ridiculous of error has added to would it. only fay, that all things The firft Indians either by creation, in the world, which happened afcribe to Bruma; by prefervation, different which they the office ofVichnou : or by the of which is which are the work changes and revolutions, from the abfolute power Routren, proceed folely God. They afor the fupreme and of Parabaravaflou, woman of their Parrachatti, terwards made a three children,. which are onhave afcribed to her of omnipotencé. In a word, ly the principal effects fignifies power, and Chatti in the Indian language Para fupreme or abfolute, Indians have of a Being inThis idea which the other deities, at leaft denotes finitely fuperior to the adored only one God, that their anceftors in reality introduced among and that polytheifm was which only it fpread thro' all them, in the manner in the idolatrous countries. of a God, does not indeed with This frft knowledge of the Indians evidently prove the commerce for it is a fandamental the Egyptians or the Jews: minds ofall men, and is netruth engraved on the and corrupver altered; except tby the irregularity tion of the heart, The aft denotes finitely fuperior to the adored only one God, that their anceftors in reality introduced among and that polytheifm was which only it fpread thro' all them, in the manner in the idolatrous countries. of a God, does not indeed with This frft knowledge of the Indians evidently prove the commerce for it is a fandamental the Egyptians or the Jews: minds ofall men, and is netruth engraved on the and corrupver altered; except tby the irregularity tion of the heart, The --- Page 21 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. 1, TheIndians explain the refemblance of man with God in this manner : <6 Imagine to yourfelf, 66 one of their moft celebrated authors, a million fays 66 oflarge veffels full of water, on which the fun 66 diffules his rays. This fine ftar, tho' one, 66 multiplied and reprefented in a moment in each is CC of thele veffels. We every where fee an 66 refemblance of the fun. Our bodies are exact 66 veffels full of water, the fun is the of thefe figure the fupreme Being, and the image of the fun <., edi in each of thefe veffels, paint6c naturally enough reprefents our fouls createdafter theimageofGod." Ît was Bruma, fay the Indians, who created the frft man, and formed him of the duft ofthe carth, as yet quite newa and recent. He had indeed fome difficulty to finith his work, neither did his meafures fucceed till he made the third attempt. Fable has added this laft circumftance to truth, and it is not furprifing that a god of the fecond order fhould require an apprenticefhip to create man in the juft and beautiful proportion of all his parts. This is not all; Bruma/the new creator had no fooner formed his creature, than he was fo much the more charied, as it had coft him more pains to perfect it. The next thing to be done is to place this creature in a habitation fuitable. to its worth and dignity. The fcripture is very magnificent in the tion it gives us of the terreftrial paradife. defcrip. The Indians have been willing to imitate it in the reprefentations they give us of their Chorcam, which according to them is a garden of pleafures, where all fpecies of fruits are found in great abundance. We there fee a tree, whofe fruit, according to them, would communicate immortality, ifit were lawful to eat ofit. It would have been very ftrange, if people who had never heard of the terreflrial paradife, is very magnificent in the tion it gives us of the terreftrial paradife. defcrip. The Indians have been willing to imitate it in the reprefentations they give us of their Chorcam, which according to them is a garden of pleafures, where all fpecies of fruits are found in great abundance. We there fee a tree, whofe fruit, according to them, would communicate immortality, ifit were lawful to eat ofit. It would have been very ftrange, if people who had never heard of the terreflrial paradife, --- Page 22 --- Obfarcaticns upon ASIA, knowing it, give fo fimilara dife, thould without of the Indian defcription. in the fyftem the What is marvellous who: from doctors i is, that the inferior gods, to an infinite creation of the. world are leaft multiplied were not fure of hav- : number, had not, or at which however the privilege of immortality, With refpeêt to this ing they, muit have wifh'd relate for. the following ftory, fubjeet, the Indians has certainly no other which however fabulous, of the Hebrews, and perorigin than the doctrine haps that of the Chriftians. try'd all ways to arfay the Indians, ways C. The gods, After trying various the tree of rive at immortality. to have recourie to means fucthey thought which was. proper in the Chorcam. then This of the fruit of lifes and by eating now and a treafure, ceeded, to thennfelves A-fathis tree, they much preferve their intereft not to lofe. the which it is fo Chiven, perceived that mous ferpent called difcovered by the gods of the tree of life had been the care of this tree had fccond order. As probably he conceived fo to the ferpent, been entrufted he forthwith SES at the difcovery, that all the earth was a rage of poifon, that the fo large a quantity and no man efcaped. But god in infected by it, human nature, appeared all the Chiven took pity upon fwallowed the form of man, and cheerfully malicious ferpent had inwith which the poifon ieéted the whole world. eafily trace the In the following fable, we may Routren, who is of the deluge. The god beings, one day hiftory deftroyer of created with whom the great to drown all men, His formed a refolution have reafons to be diffatisfied. forehe pretended to be fo fecret, but that it was His delign could not of creatures. Vichnou, the preferver the exefeen by extend Io far as to fufpend cution power did not on ieéted the whole world. eafily trace the In the following fable, we may Routren, who is of the deluge. The god beings, one day hiftory deftroyer of created with whom the great to drown all men, His formed a refolution have reafons to be diffatisfied. forehe pretended to be fo fecret, but that it was His delign could not of creatures. Vichnou, the preferver the exefeen by extend Io far as to fufpend cution power did not --- Page 23 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. cution of Routren's project, but his preferver of the creatures gave him a quality of der, if poffible, the moft right to hinwhich he did in the pernicious efleéts of ity He one day appeared following manner. confident, and to Sattiavarti his great very foon be told'him in fecret, that there would would be an univerfal deluge, that the earth covered with water : and that means Routren intended no lefs than the total by this ftruction of men and animals. He 'dethe fame time, that he had affured him at that in fpite of Routren he would nothing to dread, and ferve and proteêt him, in order take care to preearth. to repeople the His defign was to make a wonderful bark pear, the moment when Routren leaft and toinclude in it expeéted eight hundred and fufficient provifion for about of It forty millions of fouls and feeds the beings. was alfo neceffary that at the time mit delugebegan, of a Sattiavarti fhould be on the fumvery high mountain, which he pointed out to him. Some time after carefully as had been prediéted to him, Sattiavarti, number of clouds affembled. He perceived an infinite faw the ftorm formed over the lieads with tranquillity tals. The moft terrible rain that ofguilty morfrom the heavens: The rivers ever was feen fell to cover the furface of the whole were enlarged fo as. overflowed her banks, and earth. The fea foon covered the higheft mixing with the rivers, animals, men, cities, and mountains, fo that trees, whelmed. All animated kingdoms were overwere deftroyed. beings perifhed, and In the mean time Sattiavarti, with fome virtuous friends, had betaken themfelves of his pointed mountain. He there waited tothe apance the god had promifed him; for the affiftments was not free from and forfome moapprchenfions: The Waters, her banks, and earth. The fea foon covered the higheft mixing with the rivers, animals, men, cities, and mountains, fo that trees, whelmed. All animated kingdoms were overwere deftroyed. beings perifhed, and In the mean time Sattiavarti, with fome virtuous friends, had betaken themfelves of his pointed mountain. He there waited tothe apance the god had promifed him; for the affiftments was not free from and forfome moapprchenfions: The Waters, --- Page 24 --- Obfertations upon ASIA, affumed new force, and gra- him ters, which always now and then gave dually approsached to him, the inftant when he thought terrible alarms: but at which was to to be loft, he faw the bark went appear into it with the virfave him. He forthwith him. This veffel who accompanied offouls, tuous perfons hundred and fortymillions contained eight and the feeds of beings. the bark, and fupThe difficulty was to manage of the billows, her againit the impetuolity The god Vichport which were in a furious agitation. he forthwith became a nou took care ofthis; of for his tail as a helm 1-to dircêt fifh, and.made ufe was fo fkilful a pilot, that the fhip. The god-filh in his afylum in great repofe, Sattiavarti remained from the face of the carth. till the waters retired with fables, and the moft In this recital mix'd who does not perceive what the whimfical conceits, the deluge, teaches us concerning his ramily. the fcripture of Noah, and deark, and the prefervation here, fince after The Indians have not ftopt of Sattiavarti, they Ncah under the name advenfcribing Brama the moft fingular have applied to of Abraham. The following tures of the hiftory this. incidents feem to confirm the names feems at firft to The conformity of for there is but little diffupport my conjeétures; and Abraham. This Braference between Brama is fo like to that of Abraham, call ma, whofe name whom all the Indians was married to a woman of this word are, Sarafvadi. The two laft fyllables : an honourable appellation This in the Indian language, to our word Madam. diftinthus Vadi is cquivalent in feveral names of termination is found in that of Parguithed women 5 as for example, It is therefore evident, vadi the wife of Routren. of't the words Sarafvadi, that the two firft fyllables whole name of Brama's which are properly the wifcs om all the Indians was married to a woman of this word are, Sarafvadi. The two laft fyllables : an honourable appellation This in the Indian language, to our word Madam. diftinthus Vadi is cquivalent in feveral names of termination is found in that of Parguithed women 5 as for example, It is therefore evident, vadi the wife of Routren. of't the words Sarafvadi, that the two firft fyllables whole name of Brama's which are properly the wifcs --- Page 25 --- AFRICA and AMERICA. wife, are reduced to Sara, which is that of Abraham's wife: There is, however, fomething ftill more. fingular, Brama among the Indians, as Abraham among the Jews, was head or chief of many tribes, and the number of tribes is exaétly alike. At Ticherapali, where is now the moft fàmous temple in the Indies, they yearly celebrate a feftival, in which there is a venerable old man with twelve children before him, who reprefent, fay the Indians, the twelve chiefs of the principal tribes. "Tis: true, fome oftheir doétors think, that in the cetemony this old man reprefents Vichnou : but this is not the opinion of the literati, nor of the people, who generally fay that Brama is the chief of all the tribes. The Indians honour the memory ofone of their faints, who like the patriarch Abraham, thought it. his duty to facrifice his fon to one of the gods of the country. This god demanded this viétim of him, but accepting of the will of the father, did not fuffer him to proceed to the execution of his purpofe; fome of them, however, fay, that the child was flain, but that the god raifed him from the dead. We find a very furprizing cuftom in one of the Indian tribes, which is called the tribe not that there is an intire tribe of robbers, ofrobbers; that all who follow this trade are affembled into nor a particular body, and have a privilege to rob exclufive of all others : the meaning is that all the Indians of this tribe rob with great only, but unfortunately they are not the only liberty 5 who ought to be diftrufted. perfons Now, in this tribe of robbers they obferve the ceremony of circumcifion: But it is not ed in infancy, but on. perfons about twenty performof age; neither are all fubject to it, fince only years the principal men of the tribe fubmit to it. This cuftom I , and have a privilege to rob exclufive of all others : the meaning is that all the Indians of this tribe rob with great only, but unfortunately they are not the only liberty 5 who ought to be diftrufted. perfons Now, in this tribe of robbers they obferve the ceremony of circumcifion: But it is not ed in infancy, but on. perfons about twenty performof age; neither are all fubject to it, fince only years the principal men of the tribe fubmit to it. This cuftom I --- Page 26 --- a upon AstA, dif16 Obfercations and it is very difficult idolatrous to tom is very ancient, it arofe amidft an intirely cover whence let us people. of Noah and Abraham, From the that hiftory of Mofes. than the proced to feems more to refemble Mofes into Chrichnen, Nothing of the Indians transforntds black. This Vichnou which in the Indian language fignifics came from a country intimate that Chrichnen The Indians is to inhabitancs are of this colour. of Chrichnen whofe that one ofthe neareft relations fmall cradle, on a add, his infancy expos'd in a of bcing was in where he was in great danger as he was a very large river, He was taken up, and drown'd. to a great princels, child, he was brought and edubeautiful of his inaintenance who took the charge this cation. induce them to apply to What could pofmbly relations ratherthan not event to one of Chrichnen's are It was Of this we ignorant. his relations, who washimfelf? then, but ône of certain great princefs. Chrichnen at the court of a Mofes: is deledtive 5 brought up with In this the comparifon in fome meafure recompenfes but what follows this defcét. a was born, he was from alfo ex- the As foon as Chrichnen river to fcreen him of pofed - on a great who waited for the river moment out of wrath of the king, order to kill him. The fo his birth, in itfelf, and would not difturb from rasis relpeck divided The infant was taken thepherds. cious a treafure. and brought up among of thefe dangerous place, married with the daughters thein flocks. He afterwards and for a long time kept his companifhepherds, himfelf among He then perHe foon dntinguilica chole him for their chief. and thofe ons, who wonderful things for the Aocks who had de-, formed them. He killed the king clared who kept fo his birth, in itfelf, and would not difturb from rasis relpeck divided The infant was taken thepherds. cious a treafure. and brought up among of thefe dangerous place, married with the daughters thein flocks. He afterwards and for a long time kept his companifhepherds, himfelf among He then perHe foon dntinguilica chole him for their chief. and thofe ons, who wonderful things for the Aocks who had de-, formed them. He killed the king clared who kept --- Page 27 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA, clared a cruel war againft them, Hewas his enemies, and as he was not in a condition purfued to iby refift, he retired to the fea, which opened a road for him, and fwallowed up thofe who purfued him. this means he efcaped from the torments By for him. prepared Is it after this poffible to doubt that the ancient Indians have known Mofes under the name of Vichnou, transformed into Chrichnen? But to a knowledge of this famous conduétor of the people of God, they have joined that of feveral cuftoms which he has defcribed in his books, and fevèral laws which he has publifhed, and which were obferved after his death. Among thefe cuftoms which the Indians could have drawn from the Jews, and which. only are ftill preferved in their country, we may reckon the frequent bathings and purifications, the extreme horror of dead carcafles, by the touch of which they think themfelves polluted ; the different order and diftinétion of the tribes, and the inviolable law which forbids them to marry out of their own tribes. But let us continue our parallel. The Indians make a facrifice which they call Ikiam, which is the moft celebrated of all thofe made in the Indies : in it they facrifice a and repeat a kind of prayer, in which with a fheep, loud voice they pronounce thefe <6 the faviour be words, When Thall born, when fhall the redeemer appear?" Does not this facrifice of a fheep feem to bear a near refemblance to that of the pafchal lamb; for it is to be obferved, that as the Jews were all obliged to eat their fhare of the victim, fo the Bramins, tho' they dare not eat fleth, are neverthelefs difpenfed from their abftinence at the facrifice of the ikiam, and are obliged to eat of the fheep Voi. I. C which born, when fhall the redeemer appear?" Does not this facrifice of a fheep feem to bear a near refemblance to that of the pafchal lamb; for it is to be obferved, that as the Jews were all obliged to eat their fhare of the victim, fo the Bramins, tho' they dare not eat fleth, are neverthelefs difpenfed from their abftinence at the facrifice of the ikiam, and are obliged to eat of the fheep Voi. I. C which --- Page 28 --- Obfercations upon AstA, the facrifice, and diftribute among which they and even their reft. Indians adore the fire, clement. There Many have offered viétims to that of Oman, gods for the facrifice fhould always is a particular precept that the fire by which it is ordered fuffered to go out. He be preferved, and Ikiam never is every morning and evenwho, amifts at the the fire, in order to keep the ing to put wood upon care correlponds c6 to * And jt in. This ferupulous in the book of Leviticus, in it, it command given the altar hall be burning 66 the fre upon out, and the pricit fhall pur- <6 Thall not be put The Indians have ce wood on it every moming," in confideration of fre: done fomething more themfelves into the midft of. for they precipitate the fames. high idea of ferpents, They have alfo a very thefe animals have fomefince they believe that and that the fight of them thing divine in them, of them adore ferpents, and is lucky. Thus many homage : but fo little them the moft profound animals, that they cruelly Pay have thele the brazen ferpent which gratitude bite their adorers. If of God, and which cur'd ferMofes fhewed the had peoplc béen as cruel as the live never by being feen, Ifancy the Jews would pents of the Indians, to adore it. the Indianshave been tempted the charity of their: We muft not forget they treat almoft like to their flaves, whom take care to bring them well own children. They, liberally for them. They marry up, and provide almoft always give them their the book liberty. of them, and feem that the precepts in Does it not Mofes addrctied to the Indians, Leviticus were by : as well as to the Ifraelites What * Chap. vi. ver. 123 of the Indians, to adore it. the Indianshave been tempted the charity of their: We muft not forget they treat almoft like to their flaves, whom take care to bring them well own children. They, liberally for them. They marry up, and provide almoft always give them their the book liberty. of them, and feem that the precepts in Does it not Mofes addrctied to the Indians, Leviticus were by : as well as to the Ifraelites What * Chap. vi. ver. 123 --- Page 29 --- AFRICa, and AMERICA, What appearance is there that the Indians 19 not formerly fome acquaintance with the law had Mofes? What they fay concerning their law, of Brama their legillator, feems ,andof all doubts of this kind. evidently to deftroy Brama has given a law to man. This or book of the law,. the Indians Vedam; fallible. : It is, look upon as'inof God, declared according to them, the pure word who by Abadam, that is, cannot be deceived, and who is by him truth. The Vedam, or law ofthe Indians, effentially vided into four parts. But in the of is diral learned there opinion fevewhich has Indians, was anciently a fifth, perifhed by the injury of which it has been time, and The Indians have impoffible to recover. law which an inconceivable eftcem for the they have received from their The profound refpect with which they hear it Brama. the choicé of proper perfons for this read, preparations forit, and a hundred fimilar purpofe, circum- the itances, of the are perfeétly conformable to what We know Jews with refpect to the holy law, and who promulged it to them. Mofès But this relpect of the Indians for their law ceeds fo far, that they want to kecp it an protrable myftery from Chriftians : but yet we imperethe following particulars concerning it. The know firft part of the Vedam, which they call treats of the firft caufe, and the manner Irroticouredam, in which world was created. They yfay that in the the there was nothing but God and water ; and beginning that God moved upon the water. Does not this, in fome meafure, refemble the firft chapter of Genefis? In the third book, which they call there are a great many moral Samavedam, which a great analogy withthe moral precepts, have: thro Genefis. precepts difpers'd C & The. they call treats of the firft caufe, and the manner Irroticouredam, in which world was created. They yfay that in the the there was nothing but God and water ; and beginning that God moved upon the water. Does not this, in fome meafure, refemble the firft chapter of Genefis? In the third book, which they call there are a great many moral Samavedam, which a great analogy withthe moral precepts, have: thro Genefis. precepts difpers'd C & The. --- Page 30 --- Obfercationt upon Astay which they call AdavanaveThe fourth book, different facrifices to be offered, dam, contains the to the viétims, the. feflivals manner the qualitiés requifite and the different of butlding the temples, all which are fo many Deutero- plans to be celebrated, books of Leviticus and taken from the As it was upon nomy. render the parallel perfcét, received the To mount Sinai that Mofes mountain of the famous the celebrated the VeJaw, fo it was that upon Brama was found of with the Indies, Mahamerou, the Indians. This mountain. have called dam of fame with that which the Greeks was born, and is the where they fay Bacchus The Indians to Meros, the, feats of the gods were. mountain the Chorwhere affirm, that in this fituated. this day different paradifes àre of Mofes chams or feen what the Indians think of Mary We have Let us hear what they fay uells and the law. prophet. The fcripture the ffter of that great the miraculous paffage thro'tlies us of her, that affembled after the Ifraclitith women, compa- proRed-Sea, fhe inftruments, and with her of the vided mufical dance, and fing the praifes the nions began to very, like this, is woA paffage 7n82 moft high. told of their famous Lakeoumi, delivered out Indians as well as thefifter of Mofes, had no fooner man was, fea, by a kind of miracle, and of the than fhe made a magntificent entertinment, danced to the efcaped which all the gods and goddelics in found ofinftruments. tcll another ftory of ArichanThe Indians alfo ancient king of the Indies, diren. This was a very and fome circumftancts, and. excepting the name, is the Job of the feriptures. met in their Chorcam, of or paThe gods one day Devendiren the god croud glory of radife of pleafures. illuftrious affembly. A prefided in their gods entertinment, danced to the efcaped which all the gods and goddelics in found ofinftruments. tcll another ftory of ArichanThe Indians alfo ancient king of the Indies, diren. This was a very and fome circumftancts, and. excepting the name, is the Job of the feriptures. met in their Chorcam, of or paThe gods one day Devendiren the god croud glory of radife of pleafures. illuftrious affembly. A prefided in their gods --- Page 31 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. '21 godis and goddeffes were prefent. The famous daints had alfo their place there, efpecially the fcven principal hermits. After fome indifferent difcourfe, the queftion was propofed, Whether among men there was a perfect prince. Almoft all of them maintained that there was not one who was not fubjeét to very great vices; Vichouvamoutren put himfelf at the head of this party : but the famous Vachichten was ofa contrary opinion, and maintained that king Arichandiren his difciple was a perfect prince, Vichouvamoutren being of an imperious temper, and impatient of contradiction, flew into a violent paflion, and affured the gods that he would fhew them the defeêts ofthat prince, ifthey would abandon him to his management. The challenge was accepted by Vachichten, and iewas agreed, that he who fhould be conquered fhould yield to the other, all the merit he had acquired by a long penance. Poor king Arichandiren was the victim of this difpute. Vichouvainoutren put him to all kinds of tryals. He reduced him to extreme poverty, and ftript him of his kingdom. He kill'd his only fon, and even carried offhis wife Chandirandi. Notwithfanding fo many calamities, the ftill perfifted in the praétice of virtue, with an prinec èvennefs of foul, of which the gods who tried him fo feverely, would not have been capable; but rewarded him with great magnificence for it: they A embraced him one after another ; and the they goddeffes paid their compliments to him. very. reftored his wife, and raifed his fon from the They dead. Thus Vichiouvamoutren, according to agreement, yielded all his merit to Vachichten, who made a. prefent of it to king Arichandiren ; and he was conquered went, with regret, to begin a long who C 3 penance, feverely, would not have been capable; but rewarded him with great magnificence for it: they A embraced him one after another ; and the they goddeffes paid their compliments to him. very. reftored his wife, and raifed his fon from the They dead. Thus Vichiouvamoutren, according to agreement, yielded all his merit to Vachichten, who made a. prefent of it to king Arichandiren ; and he was conquered went, with regret, to begin a long who C 3 penance, --- Page 32 --- of Olfersations sfon AsIA, of vira if pofible, a frefh ftock penance, to ger, which comes very gue. The Indians tell another ftory They fay that their god near to that of Samplon, to conquer Ceylan, and Ramen one day attempted could only think of the following levied an god as he was, carry on his defign. He a diffratagem to and for a general gave them He army of apes,. whom they called Anouman: with fevetinguilhed ape tail to be covered of oil ordered the general's which large quantities ral pieces ofi ftuff, on thisftuff he fet fire, and the ape To and the villages, were poured. thro' the corn, the towns in his way, fo that running burnt every thing that came reduced to alhes. Afthe wholeilland was of it could almoft the conqueft to be a ter fuch an. expedition, and it was not neceffary, ends. not be diffcult; order to aecompih.his have had of god Such ofgreat is the powerin knowledge the Indians and it is no lefs true; the religion of the Hebrews : of the Chriftinam that they have had a knowledge times of the church. a religion, from- the primitive but that they, ftill preferve three It cannot be denied Trinity : their confufed idea of the adorable Vichnou, and Routren. Principal gods are Bruma, indeed affirm, that thefe But are Moft of the Indians and really feparate deities. affert that tbree different Maniqueuls or ipiritual men, are in reality many three gods, apparently feparate, when he crethele who is called Bruma, when but one god, his omniporence ; Vichnou, and difpenfes ates and exerts the beings created, when he dehe preferves of his bounty 5 and Routren, and inakes-the prcofs cities, chaftifes the be guilty, felt. We muft, fay ftroys wrath to God effects of hisjuft reprefent to ourfelves ta fome Indian doctors, names, which correfpond under and his three attributes, nearly the his chrce principal who is called Bruma, when but one god, his omniporence ; Vichnou, and difpenfes ates and exerts the beings created, when he dehe preferves of his bounty 5 and Routren, and inakes-the prcofs cities, chaftifes the be guilty, felt. We muft, fay ftroys wrath to God effects of hisjuft reprefent to ourfelves ta fome Indian doctors, names, which correfpond under and his three attributes, nearly the his chrce principal --- Page 33 --- AFRICA, and' AMERICA. the idca of thofe triangular -pyramids, ereéted before the entries of fome churches, All the Indians grant that God has been feveral times incarnated ; and almoft thewhole race afcribe thefe incarnations to"Vichnou, the fecond in their trinity ;' and this god, according to god was never incarnated, except in quality of faviour them, and deliverer of men. With refpect to facraments, tbe Indians that bathings in certain rivers intirely efface fins, fay, and that this myfterious water not only wafhes the body, but alfo purifies the foul-in an admirable manner. The remains of the facrifices, and the rice diftributed to be eaten in the temples, are called'by the Indians Parajadam, which in our language fignifies Divine Grace, the meaning of the Greck word Eucharift. It is. a kind of maxim among the Indians, that he who Chall confefs his fin, fhall. receive a don. They celebrate a feftival every year, parwhich they go to confeis upon the borders ofa during river, that their fins may be entirely effaced. In the famous facrifice called Ikiam, the wife of him who prefides is obliged to confefs, and defcend to a detail of her moft humbling vices, and even to declare thenumber of her fins. The Indians with relpect to this fubject relate thc following fable. When Chrichnen was in the world, the famous Draupadi was married to five celebrated brothers, all kings of Madura. One of thefe princes one day fhot an arrow at a tree, and ftruck an admirable fruit from it. The tree belonged to a celebrated faint, and had this quality, that month it bore fruit, which gave fo much every to him who eat it, thatfor the whole of the ftrength month that fingle repaft was fufficient for him : but as in thefe remote ages, people were more afraid oft the malediction of the faints than of the gods, thefive C4 brothers to five celebrated brothers, all kings of Madura. One of thefe princes one day fhot an arrow at a tree, and ftruck an admirable fruit from it. The tree belonged to a celebrated faint, and had this quality, that month it bore fruit, which gave fo much every to him who eat it, thatfor the whole of the ftrength month that fingle repaft was fufficient for him : but as in thefe remote ages, people were more afraid oft the malediction of the faints than of the gods, thefive C4 brothers --- Page 34 --- upon * AstA, Obfurcatisnr fhould curfe afraid left the hermit brothers were reafons they prayed to Chrichnen The god them : for which in fo delicate an affair. them, as to amit thei transformed into Chrichnen told that he faw Vichnou who was prefent, an evil, than well as Draupadi, ofr repairing fo great the fins of no other means confelfion of all fallen was the making an entire the tree whofe fruit had them their lives : that that in proportion as each in the of air to fix cubits high; the fruit would be elevated the end of the confefid, of a cubit ; and that at to the tree as it the height it would be fixed laft confeffion, before. but it was neceffawas remedy, was bitter, themfelves to the The to take it, or expofe fve brothers ry either of the faint, The was to enmaledilion declare all. The difficuley became confented to to do the fame. Afterit felt only an gage the woman of her faults, fhe by necellary to fpeak and filence. However, inclination for fecrecy ofthe malediatito her the fatalefieats what they reprefenting they made her promife on of.the faint, behad a mind. the cldeft of the princes After this affurance, and made a very this troublefome ceremony, life. In proporcion gan confeffion of his whole of itfelf, ând was exact the fruit afcended of this frft conas he fpoke one cubit at the, end the exonly clevated Thé four other princes followed which means the fellion. of their eldeft brother, thatis, by at the end of the ample happened, only five cubits fame prodigy the fruit was fifth confellions cubit : but high. now wanting but one After Nothing was referved for Draupadi. the laft. effort was fhe began her She confelion, faid fhe a great many Aruggles clevated. a cubit and the fruit was gradually the fruit wanted half to. had done, and yet followed which means the fellion. of their eldeft brother, thatis, by at the end of the ample happened, only five cubits fame prodigy the fruit was fifth confellions cubit : but high. now wanting but one After Nothing was referved for Draupadi. the laft. effort was fhe began her She confelion, faid fhe a great many Aruggles clevated. a cubit and the fruit was gradually the fruit wanted half to. had done, and yet --- Page 35 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. to rejoin the tree whence it had fallen. It was evident fhe had forgot, or rather concealed fomething. The five brothers begged her with tears in theireyes, not to ruin herlelf thro' a culpable fhame, and not to involve them in her misfortune. Their prayers had no effect; but Chrichnen coming to theiraffiftance, fhe declared an intentional fin which fhe wanted to keep fecret. Hardly had fhe fpoke till the fruit began its marvellous courfe, and ofits own accord fix'ditfelf on the branch where it hung before. CHAP. III. Oftbe fingular furm oftbe Cbinele wefels ; a defeription ef tbe iflands ef Pongbou, and of the ifland gf Formofa ; tbe manners and cuftoms oftbe inbabitants oftbele iflands. The conquel? of the ifand gf Formofa from tbe Dutcb by tbe Cbinefe. largeft Chinefe veffels of war are from one hundred and THE fifty to three hundred tons burden. They are, properly fpeaking, but flat boats with two mafts. They do not exceed eighty or ninety feet in length, and fixty or feventy in breadth. The mafts, fails, and rigging of thefe veffels are ruder than their built ; for their mafts are made of trees no otherwife fafhioned, than by lopping off their branches. Thefe veffels have neither mizen-maft, bowfprit nor top-gallant-maft. - All their mafts are the main-maft and the fore-maft, to which they fometimes add a fmall top-gallant-maft, which is not of grcat ufe, The main-maft is placed almoft where , fails, and rigging of thefe veffels are ruder than their built ; for their mafts are made of trees no otherwife fafhioned, than by lopping off their branches. Thefe veffels have neither mizen-maft, bowfprit nor top-gallant-maft. - All their mafts are the main-maft and the fore-maft, to which they fometimes add a fmall top-gallant-maft, which is not of grcat ufe, The main-maft is placed almoft where --- Page 36 --- 1A Obforsations upon ASTA, and the fore-maft is on the where we place ours, of the one to the' fore-caftle. The prôportion three ; and that of the other is generally as two to is nearly fo, being mmain-malt to the veffel, of che length the Sa rally more than two thirds veffel. made of mats of bamboo, or a I Their fails are in China, firengthened kind of canes common rib of the fame every three feet by bottom an horizontal are two pieces ofwood;. wood. At top and that below made in that above ferves as a yard than : a foot broad, and form of a plank, more retains-the" fail, whén they about fix inches thick, Thefe veffels are by no want to hoift or furl it. however they hold more wind means good failors; to the ftifinefs of their than ours, This is. owing to the wind. But as the fails, which do not yicld they conftruétion of them is not advantageous, in this point over lofe the advantage they have ours. their fhips with picch, € Chinefe do not caulk a 9 The Their caulking is made of paras in Europe. that the veffel is kept ticular gum, and is fo good the hold. They have as dry by a well.or two of in the pump. Their anchors and yet no knowledge but are made ofa hard are not iron, as which ours, they call iron-wood. They weighty wood anchors are much better than pretend that thefe becaufe, fay they, thofe laft are of thofe of iron, which never happens to thole fubjeét to bend, fteerfwood., have neither pilot nor mafter. for The the workThey conduet the fhip, and give orders failors and merr thcy are pretty good in the ingr However, coafting pilots : but very bad oft a the ones compals Eood main-fea. They fteer by that point they are bound which leads direatly to the fhocks place the veliel receives. for without minding the This ofe laft are of thofe of iron, which never happens to thole fubjeét to bend, fteerfwood., have neither pilot nor mafter. for The the workThey conduet the fhip, and give orders failors and merr thcy are pretty good in the ingr However, coafting pilots : but very bad oft a the ones compals Eood main-fea. They fteer by that point they are bound which leads direatly to the fhocks place the veliel receives. for without minding the This --- Page 37 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA, This negligence, or rather ignornc.procad.fiom their not making long voyages. A Defeription oftbe iflands ofPongbou, andef tbe ifand eFFormofa. iflands of Ponghou form a fmall archiof THL pelago thirty-fix barren iflands, which are only inhabited by a Chinefe garrifon, As thefe iflands confift intirely of fand and rock, the neceffaries of life muft be brought either from Hiamen or from Formofa. When the Dutch were mafters of the bridge of Formofa, they built a kind of fort at the end of the great ifland of on the harbour, in order to defend its Ponghou entry. This up: harbour, tho' in an uncultivated and uninhabited country, is ablolutely neceflary for the tion Of-Formofa, which has no harbour preferva- thar can admit veffels which draw more than- cight feet of water. All the ifand of Formofa is not under the vernment of the Chinefe. It is, as it' were, ed into anRg two parts, eaft and weft, by a ridge of bigh moungains. The eaftern part, fay the Chinele, is only inhabited by barbarians, The is mountainous, uncultivated, and favage. country The part of Formofa which the Chinefe poffefs, certainly deferves the name it bears. The air is there pure and always ferene. - The country is fertile inall kinds of grain, and watered by a great many rivulets delcending from the mountains which divide it from the eaftern part. The foil here produces abundance of corn, rice, &c. We here find moft of the Indian fruits, fuch as bananas, 2nanas, goyaves, papayas, COCOS, &c. Herealfo we find peaches, apricots, figs, grapes, chefnuts, pomgranets, and mclons, Tobacco and fugar thrive ene. - The country is fertile inall kinds of grain, and watered by a great many rivulets delcending from the mountains which divide it from the eaftern part. The foil here produces abundance of corn, rice, &c. We here find moft of the Indian fruits, fuch as bananas, 2nanas, goyaves, papayas, COCOS, &c. Herealfo we find peaches, apricots, figs, grapes, chefnuts, pomgranets, and mclons, Tobacco and fugar thrive --- Page 38 --- A Obfercations zpon. AsIA; All the trees are fo agrecably the thrive very well. when the, rice is tranfplanted, a ranged, that part rather refembles vaft plain of the meridional field. bemuniful garden than a hitherto fimple been only inhabit: As this country and has uncivilized people, horfes, hens, ed by a barbarous are very rare in it. But There. thecp, and goats are found in great plenty. ufed inducks, and geefe many oxen, which are back are alfo a great mules, and affes. They and as fait ftead of horfes, foon, and they go as well faddle, and them very beft horles. They ufc bridle, value. as the which are fometimes ofgreat common, but crupper, and apes are here very, there are Stags rare. If in this country as deer are very boars, lions, tygers, and leopards, bears, wild found in the mouintains in China, they are only Here there are véry few birds, of the eaftern common part. are pheafants. and the moft divide the territories they poffefs, The Chinefe Formofa, into three. fubordinate This in the ifand of which depend on the capital. be comgoveramentel which is called Tail-ovan-fou may cities capital, with moft of the beit and moft that populous can be withed pared China. We there fnd all of the ifland, of by the natural produce tobacco, falt, for, partly fugar-candy, the fuch as rice, fugar, of all kinds, cotton, hemp, which venifon, fruits trees, and of a certain plant mebark of certain refembles a nettie, a great many in Eupretty, much molt of which are unknown fuch as dicinal herbs, commodities are imported, varnifhes, Other China and the Indies, flks, of EuRR from the different manufactures and porcelains, place, and as rope. Formofa is a very important in the emAs Chinefe might excite great troubles the Tartars kecp the get posiefion of it, in pire, if they venifon, fruits trees, and of a certain plant mebark of certain refembles a nettie, a great many in Eupretty, much molt of which are unknown fuch as dicinal herbs, commodities are imported, varnifhes, Other China and the Indies, flks, of EuRR from the different manufactures and porcelains, place, and as rope. Formofa is a very important in the emAs Chinefe might excite great troubles the Tartars kecp the get posiefion of it, in pire, if they --- Page 39 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA, in it a garrifon of ten thoufand men, commanded by two lieutenant-generals, two major-generals, and feveral fubaltern officers, who are changed every three years, and oftener, if there is realon forit. The ftreets of the capital are very regular, and all covered feven or cight months of the year to defend the inhabitants from the heat of the fun. They are only about thirty or forty feet broad, but very near. a league long in fome places. They are almoft all full of merchants houfes, and fhops a= dorned with filks, porcelains, varnifhes, and other merchandizes, admirably well arranged, in which the Chinefe excel. Thefe ftreets appear like fo many charming galleries. The houfes are covered with ftraw, and moft- of them are only built of earth and bamboo, but the tents which cover the ftreets, only permitting the fhops to be feen, çonceal the difagreeable appearance of the houfes. The houfe which the Dutch built when they were mafters of it, is of confiderable value. It is a large houfe three ftories high, and defended by a rampart of four demi-baftions. This houfe looks to the point, and could, in cafe of neceffity, pofc the landing ofan enemy. opTai-ovan-fou has neither fortification nor the Tartars do not place their ftrength and walls; courage in inclofures and ramparts. They love to fight on horfe-back in open fields. The harbour is pretty good, and defended from all winds, but the entry into it becomes daily more and more difficult. Formerly there was a pollibility of entering it in two places; one where the largeft veffels anchor'd cafily ; and the, other, whofe bottom is a rock, is no more. than nine or ten feet deep in the higheft tides. The former is not at prefent navigable, and is daily flld paflage up more and and ramparts. They love to fight on horfe-back in open fields. The harbour is pretty good, and defended from all winds, but the entry into it becomes daily more and more difficult. Formerly there was a pollibility of entering it in two places; one where the largeft veffels anchor'd cafily ; and the, other, whofe bottom is a rock, is no more. than nine or ten feet deep in the higheft tides. The former is not at prefent navigable, and is daily flld paflage up more and --- Page 40 --- obfervations tipon AstA, the fand which the fea conveys and more by to the to it. of Formofa which is fubjcct : Ehe part of two kinds of- peoples the inChinefe, is compofed of the country. The Chinefe, and the natives who are fubjeêts to the habitants of Formofa, villages, of Chinele, are divided into the forty-five north, and nine towhich thirty- fix lie toward villages towards the north ward the fouth. The and the houfes nearly reare pretty popalous, China. Thofe towards the fouth femble thole of built of earth and bamboo, three covered or are cottages and raifed upon a bed the form of. with ftraw, They are built in four feet high. and are fifteen, twenty, inhabi- thirty, a reverfed funnel, In thefe hutts the feet in diameter. beds, nor or forty have neither chairs, ftools, tables, thére is a tants In the middle any kind of furniture: fove three or four feet high. kind of chimney. or rice, fmall grain, and They generally feed-upon catch, either by purfuing the animals which they them with their arms. They this them, or by killing than the beft horfe ; and this, run more fwiftly the Chinefe, procceds from fwiftnefs, fay of fourteen or fifteen they entirely have that till the age and loins. For arms they or fwaddle theirkncesa which they throw feventy Tho' noa kind of javelin, with the greateft exactnels. and arrows, eighty, paces fimple than their bows as we do thing is more Aying as furely in they kill a pheafant They are very Rovenly T Europe with a gun. what they have prepared, they with their repafts, and of wood or mat, and eat their it feth lay upon a piece almoft like apes. They but eat a little at their fingers and provided it has been For a bed half raw, excellent to them. which is" the fire it appears frefh leaves ofa tree they gather the them. They extend themvery common among felves thing is more Aying as furely in they kill a pheafant They are very Rovenly T Europe with a gun. what they have prepared, they with their repafts, and of wood or mat, and eat their it feth lay upon a piece almoft like apes. They but eat a little at their fingers and provided it has been For a bed half raw, excellent to them. which is" the fire it appears frefh leaves ofa tree they gather the them. They extend themvery common among felves --- Page 41 --- AFRICA and AMERICA, felves either on the ground, or on the Aloorsoftheir cottages, when they go to fleep. For habit they have only a'bit of fimple ftuff, with which cover themfelves from the middle to the knees. they Upon their fkins they cut many grotefque of trees,, animals and flowers. This produces figures fuch intenfe pains, as would. prove morial if the ration was performed at once, but they opcfeveral months, and very often a whole year employ for this purpofe. During this time they are under the fevereft torture, in order to gratify their fity to diftinguifh themfelves. from the propen- for it is not permitted to all perfons croud'; bear thefe figns of magnificence. indifferently This to is only granted to thofe, who in the privilcge - the moft confiderable men of the town judgment have fur- of paffed the reft in running or hunting. All of them, however, may black their teeth, wear ear-rings, and bracelets above the elbows or. wrifts, necklaces, and crowns of fmall beads of various colours and many rows. The crown is terminated by a kind of tuft, compofed of the feathers of a cock or pheafant, which they gather with care. great In the northern part, where the climate is not fo hot, they cover themfelves with the fkins ofthe ftags which they take. Their habit has no fleeves, and they wear a bonnet in form of a cylinder, and made of the lesverofbanana-trecs Thefe bonnets they adorn with feveral crowns placed over each other, and : tied with fillets of different colours. To the top of the bonnet they alfo fix a tuft of feathers, as thofe in the fouth do. Their marriages have nothing barbarous in them. They do not buy women as at China, They have no regard to the riches of each other, and the parents almoft nevercontraét for any thing. When a young man wants to be married, and finds a a cylinder, and made of the lesverofbanana-trecs Thefe bonnets they adorn with feveral crowns placed over each other, and : tied with fillets of different colours. To the top of the bonnet they alfo fix a tuft of feathers, as thofe in the fouth do. Their marriages have nothing barbarous in them. They do not buy women as at China, They have no regard to the riches of each other, and the parents almoft nevercontraét for any thing. When a young man wants to be married, and finds a --- Page 42 --- upon AsrA, Oéfroatious fevéral days agrecable to him, he before goes the door of a woman and ferenades her If the woman likes fuccellively, houfe in which fhe lives. They agree upon the fhe goes out to him. their fathers and mohim, their articles, and acquaint who prepare the wedthers with their intention, in the woman's houfe, ding fcaft, which is kept without returning to his the where the man that remains time the man looks upon is the father. From as his own, and like male houfe of his father-in-law The iflanders do not bring fupport ofit. but rather daughters, who them may in their children, to fupport them grand-chnldhon fubjeét to the. old age. the inlanders are intirely of their anTho' have ftill fome remains chufes three or Chincfe, they Every village charaéter of e cient government oldeft men who have the over four of-the candour, and : thefe are judges of all probity reft. and They give a final determitation to fland to their the and if any one refules out of the vildifferences 5 he is forthwith banifhed returning to it, judgment, without any hopes- : of ever receive him. They lnge, other village dares to in To reand no tribute to the Chinefe grain. there is in each pay their what concerns this tribute, learns the language gulate native ofChina, who But thele village a to the mandarincs. of in order to interpret mercilefs and cruel extortioners interpreters are neither villainics, the poor people. thefe iflanders, we fnd are equitable, Among nor procefies. They attentive to the nor robberies; love each other. They who are have a right to and fignal from thofe and exfmalleft them. They are circumfpest, command modeft in their words. tremely The" , learns the language gulate native ofChina, who But thele village a to the mandarincs. of in order to interpret mercilefs and cruel extortioners interpreters are neither villainics, the poor people. thefe iflanders, we fnd are equitable, Among nor procefies. They attentive to the nor robberies; love each other. They who are have a right to and fignal from thofe and exfmalleft them. They are circumfpest, command modeft in their words. tremely The" --- Page 43 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA: Tho' Formofa is not far from China, yet th:. Chinefe, according to their hiftory, only to: know it in 1430, when the eunuch began from Ovan-fan-pao réturning the weft, was thrown upon it by a. tempeft. He carried feveral plants out of ity and: feveral medicinal herbs, which are ftill ufed with fuccefs in China. In 1564, a fhip of the Chinefe. fquadron cruif, ing on the eaftern fea of China, met with a, corfair, who had taken poffeflion of the iflands of Ponghou, where he had left fome of his men. He no fooner faw the Chinefe mhip thar he made a, violent attack upon her; but after a combat: of. five hours he was obliged to fly to the iflands of Ponghou. His enemy purfued him fo that by break of day the corfair found the entry clofelys of, the port of Ponghou fhut up by a part of the Chi-. nefe fquadron, which obliged Lint-ao-kien, which: was the corfair's name, to moor at Formofa. Chinefe fhip took the iflands-of Ponghou. Lint- The, ao-kien matter of Formola ordered all its inhabi-, tants to be killed, and fetting fail he retired to. the province of Canton, where he died miferably. About the end of the year 1620, a Japonele fquadron arrived at Formofa, and made themfelves mafters of it. About the fame time a Dutch veffel was thrown by a tempeft upon Formofa. They found the Japonefe not in a condition to annoy them. The country appeared beautiful to the Hollanders, fays : the Chinefe hiftorian, and advantageous to their commerce. They reprefented the neceffity they had of fome provifions, and. other things to refit their veffel, which, had been much damaged by the tempeft. They of the Japonele, that they would permit begged them to, build a houfe on the frontiers of the ifland, which lies at one of the entriés of the : harbour, from You.I, D which country appeared beautiful to the Hollanders, fays : the Chinefe hiftorian, and advantageous to their commerce. They reprefented the neceffity they had of fome provifions, and. other things to refit their veffel, which, had been much damaged by the tempeft. They of the Japonele, that they would permit begged them to, build a houfe on the frontiers of the ifland, which lies at one of the entriés of the : harbour, from You.I, D which --- Page 44 --- Obfereatiots upon ASTA; affiftance afterwards reap fome with Japan. which they might they fhould carry on but m the commerce firft the propolal, at rejeéted that they would The Dutch Japonefe infifted. fo ftrongly, could be contained the no more ground than at laft confented. take up ox's fkin, that the Japonefe they cut inin an Dutch took an ox's fkin, each which other. With this The fraall fhreds, and fewed to which was to meafured the ground they wanted, chey enough to build a fort upon, rendered the Dutch large building of'this fort thro" The and of the only paflage mafters of the veffels port, can éntér into it. Perhaps.the this too Jate. which-large knew the importince of fort them Japonefe whether the new gave inand, Be this as it will, whether they did not find this they umbrage, oF to anfwer their puirpole, Dutch to reA as yet Bncultivaned, it, and fuffered the foon after quitted of-it. partmain mafters China was all in an uproar, it car- - At this time and partly by the war took it. by the civil wars, who at laft the Tartars, opM on againtt Chinefe, who moft courageounly whofe One of the Tartars, was a man of fortune, at his own poled the He, was foon folname was fitted Tehng-telnacone out a fmall Rect, and veffels. By this ekpence, of Chinefe lowed by a multitode mafter of a very. formidable of a means he became Tartars offered himi the dignity He Fefeet. The would become their friend. his good king if he offer, but did not long énjoy in the comfufed the His fon who fucceeded him feveral confortune. Aéet, belieged cut mand of his numerous which he took, after having came to fiderable towns, of the Tartars which did not to pieces the Thele army firft inftances of fuccels by their relief. He was, at laft, conquered the long continuc. formidable of a means he became Tartars offered himi the dignity He Fefeet. The would become their friend. his good king if he offer, but did not long énjoy in the comfufed the His fon who fucceeded him feveral confortune. Aéet, belieged cut mand of his numerous which he took, after having came to fiderable towns, of the Tartars which did not to pieces the Thele army firft inftances of fuccels by their relief. He was, at laft, conquered the long continuc. --- Page 45 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. the Tartars, and abfolutely expelled out of He then formed a defign upon Eormola, China. which he refolved to expel the from - der to eftablifh a new kingdom Hollanders, there. This. in orpened in the year 1661. He firft made hapmafter of the ifands of Ponghou, then advanced himfelf towards Formola, entered the port with his which confifted of nine hundred fail, and fent flect, body of his men on fhore, in order to attack the a fort by fea and land. The fiege lafted four during which the Dutch, who were only eleven months; in number, defended themfelves by their more happily than could be expeéted. cannon, tchin-cong was reduced to great defpair, Tchinging fo much courage and refiftance from this upon hand. fecful of Europeans, againft fo numerous an. his own. army as As the Chinele had not the ufe of could not anfwer thofe of the Dutch, cannon, fo that they had no hopes of reducing them but they which requited a long time, during which by famine, could receive fupplies from their they or from thofe which went to trade Barbary at thips, Tehing-tehin-cong knew the whole Japan. his enterprizes but he was. out of China, difficulty without of! any hopes of ever. entering it again under the Tartars, on whom he had: made war.. Befides, knew that if Formofa was fhut up againft he fhould have no expedient left to make his him, he For this reafon he determined to ufe his utmoft fortune. forts againft the Dutch. Thefe laft had four effels in the friver, and had put. one of their vefinto each, with a guard of Indians. The men other Hollanders had fhut themfeves feven citadel or fort of Zealand. The Chinefe up in the refolved to facrifice fome of his veffels which captain had converted into fire-fhips, and taking .the ad- he D.2 Vantage make his him, he For this reafon he determined to ufe his utmoft fortune. forts againft the Dutch. Thefe laft had four effels in the friver, and had put. one of their vefinto each, with a guard of Indians. The men other Hollanders had fhut themfeves feven citadel or fort of Zealand. The Chinefe up in the refolved to facrifice fome of his veffels which captain had converted into fire-fhips, and taking .the ad- he D.2 Vantage --- Page 46 --- Oifervations upon ASTA, he fent them north-eaft wind, his vantage of a violent veffels, and fucceeded beyond among the Dutch of four fhips three were burnt. expectation 3 for the Hollanders in the fort Upon this he demanded that he would permit them. to furrender, declaring all their effects ; but that if they with E to retire themfelves, he would give fifled to. defend Dutch who had only one thip The loaded no quarter. voluntarily accepted the offer. They the place to left, with all their effects, reftored the fhip Chinefe, and retired. eftablithed the the Tehing-techin-cong at Formofa with thofe fame laws, cuftoms, and government his new conbut he did not long enjoy afof China : and fome months queft: : for he died a year of his ifland. His fon ter he, took poffefion fucceeded him, but did which little Tehing-echin-cong cultivate the country or nothing to obtained for him with fo much his his father had For a fuccellor he left the care and fatigue. young, and under fon Tehing.ke-fan very who were intirely attached to care of two officers 1682, the Tartar emperors abohim. In the year of Formofa, and eftablifhed to lifhed the title of king was obliged vice-roy in it. Tching-ke-fan where a his ftates and return to Pekingg create him a abandon favour fhewn him was to all the count. CHAP; --- Page 47 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA, CHAP IV. Origin of porcelain, wbat tbe matter and tbe manner ofitis, preparing it; tbe warnifs laid. upon it; ; diferent compofition /pecies of of it; manner ofgilding gits Aructure the furpacesfor burning its cafes to bake * in ; idol ofits its origin ; wberein tbe ancient from tbe modern porcelain, 88c. difurs annals of the city of Feou-leam relate, that fince the THL celain have year 442, the workers in porand that always fupplied the emperors with it, one or two mandarines fent from court had the care of that work. "Tis however the probable, that before the year 442, in ufe; and that it has been gradually porcelain Was fuch a degree of perfeétion as determines brought the to eft Europeans to ufe it. It is not faid who richthe inventor of it, nor to what was chance we owe it. The fine porcclain, experiment which is or a bright and lively white, and of a beautiful of blue, is all brought from fky is porcelain made in other parts'; King-te-tching. but it is There different from this both in colour and finenefs, very The emperors have brought to Peking workers in celain, and all the materials employed in porit, but their work never fucceeded. making tching alone, has the honour of fending King-teto all the parts of the world. The porcelain to buy it at. China. Japonefe come but walls in grder to King-te-tching make it a city. wants There nothing eighteen thoufand families in it. The mérchants are are rich, and their-houfes fo large as to contain a prodigious number of workmen. It is commonly D.3 faid in celain, and all the materials employed in porit, but their work never fucceeded. making tching alone, has the honour of fending King-teto all the parts of the world. The porcelain to buy it at. China. Japonefe come but walls in grder to King-te-tching make it a city. wants There nothing eighteen thoufand families in it. The mérchants are are rich, and their-houfes fo large as to contain a prodigious number of workmen. It is commonly D.3 faid --- Page 48 --- Obpercatisti upon AstA, who it contains a million of inhabitants, of rice, and . faid that confume ten thoufand loads every day than a thoufand hogs. on a - plain, farroundmore King.te-tching is fituated That towards the caft, ed by high mountains. back; forms a kind of Temiwhich ftands at its The mountains at the fidesgive One circle externally. rivers which meet éach other. large, pafiage to two butithe other is very of thefe is but fmall, port near a league deal in extent, of its and forms a beautiful whereit lofes a grear fee two or in a waft bafon, In this port we fometimes end to the other. rapidity. three rows of fhips from when one. we enter by one ofthe flame Such is the fipectacle, harbour. The clouds of difmouths into the rife in different parts cafily, and fmoak which and windings of Tangescking on çover the cxtent would think.he faw a whole city PerAt nightione furnace with many: vents: a. fituation fire, or a great eof mouintains, forms haps this inclofure Borcelain. of for making which it is made is compoled imatter of lofi which is called Petunie one m with two kinds of'earth, Kaolin. This laft 'is intermixed but and the other which have a kind of fplendors fine to. tlie corpufcles white, and very number of the other is fimply fame time that a' gréat ta touch. At the afcend the river of Jaorcheou almoft jarge barques to be loaded with porcelain, Kimuen, loaded King-te-ching fmiall ones defcend frum to the form of as many and Kaolin; reduced none of the withPgtunic produces The Petunfes, bricks:" for King-te-ching for the porcelain. cle but pieces materials proper is foif fine, are nothing ând moulded into: suhofe grain dug out of quaries, for this pur: oftocks All ftores are not proper to ga this form. it would not be neceflary, for pofe, otherwife leagues into the other province ite ewenty or thirty : cend frum to the form of as many and Kaolin; reduced none of the withPgtunic produces The Petunfes, bricks:" for King-te-ching for the porcelain. cle but pieces materials proper is foif fine, are nothing ând moulded into: suhofe grain dug out of quaries, for this pur: oftocks All ftores are not proper to ga this form. it would not be neceflary, for pofe, otherwife leagues into the other province ite ewenty or thirty : --- Page 49 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. it. The Chinefe fay, that the ftone ought to be 39 of a greenifh colour. The firft ftep of the preparation is this; break thele pieces of flone with a large bar they after which Ehey pur the broken pieces into ofiron, mortars, and with peftles which have heads of ftone fine covered with iron, they reduce them to a very powder. Thele peftles play continually either the labour of men, or by water, as the hammers our b paper-mills do. After this they throw the powder into a large urn full of water, and ftir'it brifkly about with an iron peftle. When allow it to reft fome minutes, a kind of they or five fingers breadth thick, cream, four This they take off and into flgats another on the furface. of water, Thus they Bemni times agitate veffelfull the ter of the firl urn, gathering the cream each watill there remains none but the groffer parts, which time, fublide to the bottom. Theie are taken out and pounded afrefh. With refpect to the fecond urn, into which ghrow what they had colleéted from the they Wait till a kind of pafte is formed at the bottom firft, they it. When the water above this pafte appears of clear, they pour it off by inclination, that very may not difturb the fediment, and they throw they palte into large moulds proper to dry it. this it is quite hard they divide it into fmall Before pieces, which are fold by the hundred. fquare This Agure Petunfe. and its colour have made it get the name of The moulds into which this pafte is gre a kind of very large and broad cafes. thrown bottom is filled with bricks laid The to make the furface equal. Over this eud-ways, bed of fo as chus ranged, they fpread a cloth, as large bricks, as the eavity of the mould. Then they pour in the matter, which they cover with another cloth, over D 4 whicls pieces, which are fold by the hundred. fquare This Agure Petunfe. and its colour have made it get the name of The moulds into which this pafte is gre a kind of very large and broad cafes. thrown bottom is filled with bricks laid The to make the furface equal. Over this eud-ways, bed of fo as chus ranged, they fpread a cloth, as large bricks, as the eavity of the mould. Then they pour in the matter, which they cover with another cloth, over D 4 whicls --- Page 50 --- ASTA, 1 Obfertations upon laid fat on m each 46 they place a bed of bricks to force out the which This is done in order any thing of-the other. the fooner, without lofing becoming hard, water of the porcelain, which bricks. by There would matter the form of this labour, if the eafily receives more to be added to alter their merbe nothing not accuftomed to of Chinefe were who roll fmall grains with chandize ; but people in order to cover them do not pafte in pepper, them with genuine pepper, fediments it; and mix Petunfe without mixing fome to pucare to fell which reafon they are obliged make ufe with it; for before they rify them at King-te-reling of the of them. Kaolin which enters the compofition the Petunfe; naThe gives lefs trouble than it. There porcelain, hand in producing ture has a greater in the bofom of certain reddifh mountains, earth. are mines ofit covered internally with a contain the which are deep, and in Thefe mines are which - pretty they cut into fquares, The whité Kaolin in lumps, with the Petunfe. Paul's carth, the fame manner commonly called St. tho' the forearth of Malta, refemblance to the Kaolin, with which the has a great the little filver grains mer has not the fine porcelain latter is interipertedl, from the Kaolin, that it is the mixture. of "Tis Thus Petunfes, derives all its ftrengeh. gives ftrength to the Some a foft earth which from the hardeft rocks. and which are taken Dutch bought fome Petunfe, make and countries to porbroughtit Englifh into their own failed, becaufe they celain ; but their enterprize Petunfe and had no Kaolin. loaded with are. Befides the which barques the fkirts of King-terehing fubKaolin. with others full of a whitifh liquid 3 covereds we fee ftance its ftrengeh. gives ftrength to the Some a foft earth which from the hardeft rocks. and which are taken Dutch bought fome Petunfe, make and countries to porbroughtit Englifh into their own failed, becaufe they celain ; but their enterprize Petunfe and had no Kaolin. loaded with are. Befides the which barques the fkirts of King-terehing fubKaolin. with others full of a whitifh liquid 3 covereds we fee ftance --- Page 51 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. ftance; and this is the oil; which gives the 4r lain its whitenefs and luftre. This oil porcenifh-is drawn from the hardeft ftone, or Varfurprizing, fince it is thought that ftones whichis, not cipally formed of the falts and oils of the are prinwhich mix and are intimately united with carth, other. each Tho' the fpecies of ftone, of which the tunfes are made, may be ufed Peobtain the oil, indifferently to which is whiteft, yet and they has the generally chufe that the hiftory of Feu-oleam does greeneft fpots. Tho' detail, yetit fays, that the not defcend into a is that which has fpots, of the good ftone for the oil, colour ofa leaf, or which has red marks on a brownifh cyprefs This ftone muft be firft well wafh'd, after ground. it.undergoes the fame preparations with the which tunfe, When they have in the fecond Pehardeft parts they could take from the urn the throw a pound of ftone or mineral - like firft, they upon a hundred pounds or thereabouts of alum, -cream. It muft be made red by the fire, and this terwards pounded. This is, as it were, the affure which gives it confiftence, tho' they take prefto keep. it always liquid. care F This oil of ftone is never employed alone. mix another with it, which is, as it were, the They -of it. The compofition is' as follows foul take large pieces of quick-lime, ; they throw a little water to diffolve and reduce on which they pieces. Then they make a bed of dry them to which they lay another of flak'd lime. fern, Of over they pur feveral alternately over each other. thele ter this they fet fire to the fern. When the Afis confumed, they fpread thefe afhes whole of dry fern. This is done five on new beds the oftener they do it the oili isthe or fix times, and ly, fays the hiftory of Feou-leam, befides better. Former. fern they ufed olve and reduce on which they pieces. Then they make a bed of dry them to which they lay another of flak'd lime. fern, Of over they pur feveral alternately over each other. thele ter this they fet fire to the fern. When the Afis confumed, they fpread thefe afhes whole of dry fern. This is done five on new beds the oftener they do it the oili isthe or fix times, and ly, fays the hiftory of Feou-leam, befides better. Former. fern they ufed --- Page 52 --- ay spon AsIA, Obferoations whofe fruit is called Se-tfe, ufed the wood of a tree the fournefs of the fruit of this tree by we Mhould lf we judge and by its fmall top, before it is ripe, kind of medlar. "Tis no longer too take it to be a becaule it is become want ufed at prefent, probably Perhaps, 'tis for is not fcarce in that country. that the prefent porcelain nature of this wood, thofe of former times. - The to the fo beautiful as and fern alfo contributes that what ofthe quick-lime of the oil : and it is obfervable, than what comes goodnels from fome parts is better is brought others, of the afhes from When they have a certain quantity throw them into an and fern, they pounds they of qpick-lines Upon an hundred the mixurn full of water. : of Ke-kao, itir on muft diffolve one allow pound it to reft, till there appear ture well, and which they take off, the furface a cloud or cruft, This they repeat feand put into a fecond urn. kind of pafte is formed at veral times. When fecond a urn, they pour off the the bottom of the and keep this liquid the pafte, forwater by inclination, fecond oil, to be mixed with oils which is the mixture of thefe two. depurated of mers for a juft thick. In order to judge of them they muft be feveral equally times plunge into each they fee this, they Petunfe, by taking which out, thick. pieces of furface whether they are equally two oils. upon their what relates to thequality ofthole to mix ten This is the beit way is of As for the quantity, the oil of ftone, with one meafure who are meafures of and fern. They the oil of quick-lime leis than three meafures. moft fparing never who put fell this oil have the leaftin- its bulk If the merchants they can ealily augment clination to cheat, into it, and adding a propor- and by throwing water of Ke-kao, to cover this fraud, tional quantity the oil from being toQ liquid, Befare hinder is the beit way is of As for the quantity, the oil of ftone, with one meafure who are meafures of and fern. They the oil of quick-lime leis than three meafures. moft fparing never who put fell this oil have the leaftin- its bulk If the merchants they can ealily augment clination to cheat, into it, and adding a propor- and by throwing water of Ke-kao, to cover this fraud, tional quantity the oil from being toQ liquid, Befare hinder --- Page 53 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA, Before I explain the manner of this 43 or rather varnith, I fhall defcribe applying how the oil, dain is made, We fhall firft begin with the porce- work performed in the leaft frequented parts of King-tetching. There in an inclofure of walls, they build vaft piles, where we fee one ftory above another a prodigious number of earthen urns. Inthisinclofure live and work an incredible number of labourers, each of whom has his tafk fet him. fore a piece of porcelain is taken out of this to Be- be carried to the furnace, it paffes thro' more than twenty hands, and that without confufion. haveno doubt found that by this means the They work is much more quickly carried on. The firft labour confifts in purifying the Petunfe and the Kaolin from the again main in them when dregs which rethe they are fold. They bruife Petunfe and throw it into an urn full of water. Then they diffolve it by ftirring it about with a dlarge fpatula, They let it reft fome moments, and take off what fwims on the furface, and foof the reft, in the manner above explained. As for the pieces of Kaolin, it is not to break them. They only put them into neceffary a which they immerfe into an urn full of bafket, The Kaolin is eafily diffolv'd ofitfelf; there water. nerally rémains a fediment, which muft be thrown geaway. In a year's time the dregs are and form great heaps of white fand accumulated, the Kaolin. Thus prepared there muft feparated be from mixture of them. For fine porcelain, they a juft as much Kaolin as Petunfe 5 for ordinary put in lain they put four parts of Kaolin to fix of tunfe. The leaft FR -Kaolin to three of Petunfe. they ever put are five parts of After this firft operation they throw this mafs into a large caviry well paved and cemented every avhere, time the dregs are and form great heaps of white fand accumulated, the Kaolin. Thus prepared there muft feparated be from mixture of them. For fine porcelain, they a juft as much Kaolin as Petunfe 5 for ordinary put in lain they put four parts of Kaolin to fix of tunfe. The leaft FR -Kaolin to three of Petunfe. they ever put are five parts of After this firft operation they throw this mafs into a large caviry well paved and cemented every avhere, --- Page 54 --- Obferoationis upont ASIA, knead it till Then they tread upon it and where.. becomes . thick. take diffeit From this mals thus prepared, they large flates. On rent pieces, which they form extend them upon into all different thele they knead and that there be no Aaws in it, fhapes, taking care bodies ; fora hair, nor no mixtures of would, extrancous fpoil the whole.work; or a grain of fand, managing this mafs, the thefe porfor want of rightly cracks and warps. Tis from beautiful celain fplits, that we have fo many made on firft clements, fome-of which are works of porcelain, made upon moulds, the wheel, others are only by the chiffel. the and aferwards perfeêted fmooth works are. made in it All the plain or for example, when former manner. -A cup, more than a kind of comes off the wheel, is no like the crown of a hat imperfect cavity, almoft the block. The workman before it is formed on and height he wants, frft gives it the diameter his hands almoft as foon as he and it comes for out he of has only. three farthings Englith twenhas begun, and every fhelf contains time money for a thelf, The foot fof the cupis at that ty-fix pieces. [ of earth of the bulk and diameter only,a piece to be of, and which is hollowedout and has which itought when the is dry, received with the confiftencys chiflel, that is, cater it has from the acquired This cup, on coming who allits ornaments. frft received by anorher workman, it is whecl is A little.after given places it upon its bottom. it to its mould,. and gives to a third, who applies This mould is a kind of turning itthe fame figure. this cup with the chiffel, whecl. A fourth polithes to render it thin and tranfefpecially near the lips, feveral times, moiftening fhould parent. He ferapesrit ifit is too drys left it it a little with water, break. on coming who allits ornaments. frft received by anorher workman, it is whecl is A little.after given places it upon its bottom. it to its mould,. and gives to a third, who applies This mould is a kind of turning itthe fame figure. this cup with the chiffel, whecl. A fourth polithes to render it thin and tranfefpecially near the lips, feveral times, moiftening fhould parent. He ferapesrit ifit is too drys left it it a little with water, break. --- Page 55 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA: break. When the cup is taken off the muft be rolled gently on the fame mould, it out prefling more on one fide than : mould, without which there will either be flaws another, withwarp. It is furprifing to fee with what init, orit will of thefe cups paffes thro' fo many different fpeed one Some fay that a piece of porcelain-has hands. the hands of feventy workmen. paffed thro; The large pieces of porcelain are made at different times. One half is raifed on the two by three or four men, who fupport each wheel the fide next to him, to give it its it, on other half being almoft dry is figure, The united with it by the matter of applied the to it, and luted in water, which ferves as a kind porcelain of dior cement. When thefe pieces, thus mortar tirely dry, they with a knife united, are inand external fides of the where fcrape the internal which by means of the part varnifh with the union was, cover it, becomes equal to the reft, "Tis which they. manner that they. apply handles, in this ornaments to veffels. This ears, and other porcelain made upon moulds, principally or regards the fuch as ribbed pieces, or fuch as are by the hands, cal figure ; fuch as animals, ofa whimfithe Europeans idols, or bufts, which befpeak, and other fimilar nature. Thefe kinds of things of a are made in three or four picces, which moulded works to each other, and afterwards they join ments proper to hollow, polifh, perfeét and with inftruferent parts which had efcaped the repair the diffor their flowers and other mould. As not raifed, but, as it were, engraved, ornaments which are plied to the porcelain with feals and moulds. they are ap-. alfo apply raifed work, prepared almoft in They. fame manner that gold lace is fewed on a coat. the What are made in three or four picces, which moulded works to each other, and afterwards they join ments proper to hollow, polifh, perfeét and with inftruferent parts which had efcaped the repair the diffor their flowers and other mould. As not raifed, but, as it were, engraved, ornaments which are plied to the porcelain with feals and moulds. they are ap-. alfo apply raifed work, prepared almoft in They. fame manner that gold lace is fewed on a coat. the What --- Page 56 --- L Obforeatious upoit ASTA, of moulds. follows relates to thefe linds of What have the model of the cannot piece' be Eote When which they is wanted, and which of the workian, celain the wheel by the hands for the tated on the model, carth proper and they apply over earth receives the imprellion, ofwhich moulds. This of feveral pieces, each the mould is made fuffer the mould to become When is pretty, large. They is imprinted on it. fre for hard, when the figure it, they place it near the they want to ufe which they fll it with porcelain, to fome time, after the thicknels they want give and in proportion to with their hands on all to parts, the fire. it; they prefs prefent the mould from then for a moment figure is forthwith detached which a little The mould imprinted by the action of the fire, this matterto the the humidity which glew'd of the whole confumes The different pieces with the the mould. are afterwards re-united, In dràwn feparately matter of the poreelain. of animalsy fomewhat liquid they make the figures this mafs to this manner all folid. They leave which are it the figure propofed. formed perfectie feparateharden, the chiffel, give or add the parts made with great with Thefe kinds of works work are is finifhed they ly. and pains. When the it. Then, if they care the varnifh and bake and gild it. lay on it of various colours Pieces of pleaft, they bake paine it a fecond time. dear. PRI Then théy thus finifhed, are fold ektremely from the cold s celain works ought to be defended they are not dried thefe makes them iplitwhen fomnetimes kep humidity for which reafon they equally, fres in thefe laboratorics. made of a fat yellow carth, Thefe moulds are near Kingste-tehing which is found in a place and when itis well united, and This carth is kneaded, colours Pieces of pleaft, they bake paine it a fecond time. dear. PRI Then théy thus finifhed, are fold ektremely from the cold s celain works ought to be defended they are not dried thefe makes them iplitwhen fomnetimes kep humidity for which reafon they equally, fres in thefe laboratorics. made of a fat yellow carth, Thefe moulds are near Kingste-tehing which is found in a place and when itis well united, and This carth is kneaded, --- Page 57 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA, and become a little hard, they take a quantity of 47 it neceffary for the mould, and beat it When they have given it the defired figure, ftrongly. dry it, and form it on the wheel. This kind they of work is fold dear. In order fpeedily to anfwer a commiffion, they make a great that vaft numbers of labourers quantity be ofmoulds, at once. If thefe moulds are taken may care employed of, laft a long time. A merchant who they for the porcelain works befpoke hasthem ready may feli his commodity better, by an European, and-make a more confiderable gain than another, who muck have them to make. If thefe moulds fhould fhould pen to crack.or have their furfaces fpintered, hapare no longer of any fervice, except for they sof the fame figure but of a fmaller fize. porcelain In this cafe they put theni on the wheel and fmooth them, that they may ferve a fecond time. They often embellifh their porcelain it pafs thro' the hands of painters, who by making much richer than the other workmen. At are this not need not be aftonifhed, fince except a few. ofthem, we. they would only pafs in Europe for who had been fome months at the bufinef. apprentices, whole fcience of-thefe, and ofithe Chinefe The in géneral, is founded upon no principle, and painters only confifts in following a certain beaten fifted with a narrow and confin'd track, afThey are ignorant ofall the beautiful imagination. rules of art. We muft however confefs, that this flowers, animals, andl which they paint on the landikips, are admired porcelain, as well as on fcrcens, and the window-blinds of fine gauze. The painting is divided in the fame among a great number of hands. One laboratory the frft coloured circle near the only: of forms china. The other traces theflowers, edges which. the asthird paints. and confin'd track, afThey are ignorant ofall the beautiful imagination. rules of art. We muft however confefs, that this flowers, animals, andl which they paint on the landikips, are admired porcelain, as well as on fcrcens, and the window-blinds of fine gauze. The painting is divided in the fame among a great number of hands. One laboratory the frft coloured circle near the only: of forms china. The other traces theflowers, edges which. the asthird paints. --- Page 58 --- Obfercatichs upon As1A, another One is for rivers and mountains, Human figures paints. for birds, and others for animals. by them. Certain moft mangled carried are generally and plans of cities illominated, afford us the lilandikips Europe to China, hardly method of paintfrom at the Chinele berty of laughing they ing. for the colours of the Chinefe painting, in Europe is As of all forts. The moft common There are are blue on a white ground. that ofa of a lively which this ground refembles and fome in Some are intirely red, others among are of burning glafs. coloured in oil, while thefe fome are intermixed with fmall points two blown red, and When thele a almoft like our water colours. which they fucceed to their perfeétion, valuable, works they are accounted extremely rarely do, fold at a great price. the landand are fome in which all forts There are poreelains of almoft formed of a mixture Thefe are fkips are heightened by the gilding. but the orof colours when of the right kind, to very beautiful ofthis fort, is not comparable dinary porcelain with azure alone. that formeriy that. painted annals of King te-tching, fay, white porcelain. The meaner people only ufed they had not the happened, becaufe found a lefs This probably of Jao-tcheou the finett porcein the beighourboa than that us'd for valuable azure farand fold dear. lain, which is brought who dealt in porcelain Tis faid that a merchant found itheremuch being than he had loft. As he wandered a fmall nesieearan greater riches while the crew were building that on the coaft, wrecks of the fhip, he perceived azure bark of the for the moft beautiful a large the ftones proper there. He brought cargo were very common of Jao-tcheou the finett porcein the beighourboa than that us'd for valuable azure farand fold dear. lain, which is brought who dealt in porcelain Tis faid that a merchant found itheremuch being than he had loft. As he wandered a fmall nesieearan greater riches while the crew were building that on the coaft, wrecks of the fhip, he perceived azure bark of the for the moft beautiful a large the ftones proper there. He brought cargo were very common --- Page 59 --- AFRICA, and AMERICAI cargo with him, and it is faid that by this means there was never fo beautiful an azure feen at Kingte-tching. The Chinefe merchant in ed to find that coaft again, on which vainattempt- he had been thrown by chance. The azure is prepared in the folloying manner. They bury it in gravel, which is about half a foot high in the furnaces here théy bake it four hours." Then-they reduce it to an impalpable twentypowder as well as the other colourss not marble, but in large porcelain mortars, whofe upon, toms botare without varnifh, as well as the peftles employed to pound it. The red colour is produced with copperas. put a pound of copperas in a crucible, which They they lute with another crucible, in the end of which is a fecond aperture, which is fuperior covered in fuch a manner, that it may be eafily uncovered, if necefity requires. They furround the whole with a large char-coal fre; and that they may have the ftronger reverberation of the heat, they inclofe the whole with bricks. So long as the fmoke rifes black, the matter is not duly prepared. Butas very foon as a fimall, fine and fubtil cloud arifes, itis fufficiently, done. Then they take a little of this matter, dilute it in water, and make tryal of it upon a piece of board. Ifa beautiful red is produced it, they remove the fire which furrounds it, and by in part covers the crucible. When the whole is cold they find a fmall cake of this red at the bottom of the crucibie: but the beft red adheres to the rior part of it. A pound of copperas fupefour ounces of the red, with which they paint yields the Porcelain. Tho' the porcelain is naturally white, and dered ftill more fo the varnifh, there rencertain figures for Hi yet are white upon the they apply a particular veral colours, porcelain, which is pairited of feThis white is made of the powder VoL.I, E of they find a fmall cake of this red at the bottom of the crucibie: but the beft red adheres to the rior part of it. A pound of copperas fupefour ounces of the red, with which they paint yields the Porcelain. Tho' the porcelain is naturally white, and dered ftill more fo the varnifh, there rencertain figures for Hi yet are white upon the they apply a particular veral colours, porcelain, which is pairited of feThis white is made of the powder VoL.I, E of --- Page 60 --- upon AsIA, ge oljercatisns which is calcin'd in the far: of tranfparent Aints, manner as the azure. To half nace, in the fame they add an ounce of cean ounce of this powder For example, to make the green, ofthe rufs pulverized, and half an ounce to one ounce of cerufs, add three ounces of what all powder of Aints, they which, according to they call Tom-hos-phien, fineft fcorice of copper reducappearances, are the :4 64 of the ed to powder. becomes the matter The prepared made green adding a proper quantiviolet, which is SIF more of the prepared ty of white. They want the violet more in proportion as they taking feven drams green, The yellow is made by add three drams deep. white, to which they laid the porge of prepared All the colours upon do hot of copperas. bak'd.alfterthey are varnifhed, till they are lain already violet, red, or yellow, colours, appear green, fecond time. Thefe different cerufs, baked a Chinefe book, are applied with fays the Some fay, that they only faltpetre, and copperas. which is mixed with the colour, employ they cerufs, diffolve it in gum-water. mixing the when The red colourin oil is produced the red by, I havé menor even and red Tom-lou-hum, with the ordinary oil of porcelain, the fame mantioned, another oil made of white Aints, : in Several trials difwith the frit fpecies of oil. each to be ufed. ner the particular quantity of and bake it cover Jeave the porcelain, to dry, the Then they furnace: - If, after the baking, the in the ordinary and fparkling, without red comes out pure thentattained to the perfecleaft ftain, they haver kinds of porcelains do not tion of the art. Thefe ftruck: à found when they are of blown red is made thus of : The other fpecies : they take a pipe, they have the red prepared covered with fne gauze. which the apertures are They and bake it cover Jeave the porcelain, to dry, the Then they furnace: - If, after the baking, the in the ordinary and fparkling, without red comes out pure thentattained to the perfecleaft ftain, they haver kinds of porcelains do not tion of the art. Thefe ftruck: à found when they are of blown red is made thus of : The other fpecies : they take a pipe, they have the red prepared covered with fne gauze. which the apertures are They --- Page 61 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. They gently apply the lowerend of the to the 3i, colour laid on the gauze, after which pipe blow into the pipe againft the porcelain, which they is that means beautified with red fpots. This fort by of porcelain isftill dearer and rarer than the ing, becaufe the produétion of it is more. precedif the workman obferves all the difficult, tions. requifite proporThe black porcelain has alfo its and Jue. Itis called Oumien. The beauity Vaand refembles that ofour black is leaded, Iaid upon it renders it ftill burning glaffes. The gold give this black colour to the more agreeable. They dry ; and for this purpofe, they porcelain mix when it is azure with feven ounces of the an ounce of ftonc. Trials exaétly teach the ordinary oil of mixture, according to the deeper proportions or fainter oft this they intend to give to the porcelain. When colour this colouris dry, they bake the porcelain, after which they lay on the gold and bake it again in a cular furnace. partiThere is alfo a kind of porcelain made, which externally isall pierced like pinking. In the middle is a cup proper) to contain the liquor. The ever is but one fubftance with the cup how-, There are other porcelains on which pinked the work. Tartar ladies are painted to the life. Chinefe or the complexion, and.the features are all The drapery, At a diftance thefe works are taken for preferved. It is to be obferved, that when enamel. other.oil.on the porcelain than that of chey white lay no this porcelain is of a particular fpecies,and is called. flints, Tfou-tchi. It is all marbled and crofled inall directions, with an infinite number ofveins.At a one would takeit for broken the diftance. of whofe pieces remained in porcelain, their whole it refembles Mofaic work. The colour places, fo that which this E 2 oif are taken for preferved. It is to be obferved, that when enamel. other.oil.on the porcelain than that of chey white lay no this porcelain is of a particular fpecies,and is called. flints, Tfou-tchi. It is all marbled and crofled inall directions, with an infinite number ofveins.At a one would takeit for broken the diftance. of whofe pieces remained in porcelain, their whole it refembles Mofaic work. The colour places, fo that which this E 2 oif --- Page 62 --- aipon ASIA, Oljforbation If the is a white fomewhat cineritious. lay this oil Of oil Eives is all azured, and if they marbled when the porcebin both cut and it, it will appear and : colour is dry. apply the gold they pound veffel it, till When they the bottom of a porcelain of diffolve it in the water a fmali canopy to gold. ufe they fee under and when they want They fuffer it to dry, quanticy of it in gumit, they diffolve a fufficient of gold they incorporate water. With thirty parts and lay it on the porcclain Ehree parts of cerufs, with the other colours. in the in the fame manner of porcelain made There is alfo a fpecies They give it the ordinary following manner. then paint it with different des varnifh and bake it, They fometimes colours and bake it again. till after the firft delay the painting have recoarfe to the fignedly baking, Sometimes alfo they the faults of the porcefecond baking, to conceal colours to the defective places: Iain, by applying which is full ofcolourings is Itgene- agreeThis porcelain the talte of a great many people. on this fort able to that we féel inequalities neceffary either rally happens and thefe have been or cover. the of porcelain, the fhades of the painting, the is to fupply When painting defcôts of the porcelain. if there is any, they dry, as well as the gilding, and putting the fmall make piles of the porcelain, place them in the furinto the large veffels, nacc, be of iron when they are of Thefe furnaces may they are of earth. Some wide as fmall, but generally and almoft as them are as high as a man, for wine. They are the one ofour largeft hog/heads of the fame matter with shade offeveral pieces, They are large pieces and" cafes for the porcelain, foct high, and a foot about'an inch thick, a an gilding, and putting the fmall make piles of the porcelain, place them in the furinto the large veffels, nacc, be of iron when they are of Thefe furnaces may they are of earth. Some wide as fmall, but generally and almoft as them are as high as a man, for wine. They are the one ofour largeft hog/heads of the fame matter with shade offeveral pieces, They are large pieces and" cafes for the porcelain, foct high, and a foot about'an inch thick, a an --- Page 63 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA, an halflong, Before they bake them they give them a figure proper for becoming round. are They placed over each other and well cemented. The bottom ofthe furnace is raifed about a foot and an half above the ground, and placed two or three rows of chick, but not very broad upon bricks. Round the furnace is a well-built inclofure of bricks, which at its bottom has two or three aire holes, which ferve as bellows to the fire. This inclofure is a foot and an half diftant from the furnace, except in three or four places which are filled up, and ferve as fupports to the furnace. They at the fame time remove the furnace and the inclofure, without which the furnace cannot ftand. They fill the furnace with the porcelain they want to bake, a fecond time, piling the fmall into the large veffels. When this is done they cover the mouth of the furnace with pieces like thofe of which its fides are built. Thefe pieces, whofe are laid over each other, are clofely united edges with mortar, or a kneaded earth fit for that purpofe. They only leave an aperture in the middle, in order to obferve when the porcelain is bak'd. They afterwards kindle a quantity of coals under the furnace. They alfo kindle coals on the whence they throw the afhes into the fpaces covering, between the inclofure of bricks and the furnace. The aperture in the top of the furnace is covered with a picce of a brokén pot. When the fireis burning, they now and then look thro' this and when the porcelain appears to be thining aperture, and painted with brifk and lively colours, they remove the fire and take out the porcelain. Theremayr natunllyanieathonghr colours which are incorporated with concerningthe porcclain already bak'd and varnifhed with cerufs, to which, according to the annals of Feou-lcam, they added E 3 fals: of the furnace is covered with a picce of a brokén pot. When the fireis burning, they now and then look thro' this and when the porcelain appears to be thining aperture, and painted with brifk and lively colours, they remove the fire and take out the porcelain. Theremayr natunllyanieathonghr colours which are incorporated with concerningthe porcclain already bak'd and varnifhed with cerufs, to which, according to the annals of Feou-lcam, they added E 3 fals: --- Page 64 --- Oifarvations upon ASIA, in If we employ'd cerufs of and copperas. the falpetre with which we paint fquares kind- of the colours give them a fecond anglafs, and afterwards this cerufs reftore to us the baking, might not glafs without deftroying cient fecret of painting ? but this is only to any thing of its tranfparency bejudged ofl by expetience. the art of painting The Chinefe had formerly veffels, fifh and other on the fides of porcelain when the animals, which were only perceptible They call this fpeveffel was full offome liquor. is prefs, on acthatis, azure, putin laid on, cies Kia-tlin, in which the azureis count of the manner retained of this fecret. Perhaps a Fhis is all thatis conjeéture at what the Chinefe in Europe we may The to be painted thus are ignorant of. porcelain When it is dry we oughr ought to be very thin. colour, not externally, asas" to apply a pretty faint the fides. They paint ufual, but within on when the cup is fth as moft proper to When appear. the colour is once filled with water. bed of ftrong but dry they lay over it the a Qight fame carth as porcelain. fine glue, made of between thefe two laThis bed inclofes the When azure the bed is dry they mince of earth. ea varnifh on the infide ofthe poreelain. and wheel. the put it on the mould time after they in the infide, thcy As it has received a body as pofmible, without rénder it externally as flender Then we muft put the penetrating to the colour. into the varnifh; and when outfide oft the porcelain bake it in the common the whole is dry they is extremely nice, and refurnace. This labour which the Chinefe arc no quires a dexterity of however, every now longer mafters. They are, the art of this magical and then trying to recover rainting; but to no purpofe. Be cy As it has received a body as pofmible, without rénder it externally as flender Then we muft put the penetrating to the colour. into the varnifh; and when outfide oft the porcelain bake it in the common the whole is dry they is extremely nice, and refurnace. This labour which the Chinefe arc no quires a dexterity of however, every now longer mafters. They are, the art of this magical and then trying to recover rainting; but to no purpofe. Be --- Page 65 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA, Bethis as it will, we may at prefent fay, that the beautiful azure appears again upon the porçelzin, after having difappeared for fome time. When it is firft applied, it is of a palith black COlour. When it is dry and has received the varnifh, it is totally eclipfed, and the porcelain appears white. The colours are then buried under the varnifh. The fire makes them blow, almoftin the, fàme manner, as the natural. heat brings out the moft beautiful butterflies with all their variety of colours. It is to be oblerved, that before the varnifh is laid upon the porcelain, itis to be polifhed, and its irregularities removed. For this purpofe they ufe a pencil made of very fine feathers, which they moiften a little with water, and pafs every where with a gentle hand. Befides, there is great art in the manner of ing the varnifh on the porcelain, both in layOnl a fufficient quantity, and fpreading it equally putting on all parts. To very thin and Aender porcelain give, at two different times, two flight beds ofvar-. they nith; ; forif thefe beds were too thick, the weak fides of the cup would not bear them, but bend immediately. Thefe two beds are as good as an ordinary varnifh, which they give the fine and ftrong china. They lay on the one by impreflion, and the other by immerfion. At firft they take the cup in one hand on the out-fide, and holding it Aloppingly over the urn where the varnifh is, they with the other throw as much into it as is fufficient to varnifh it every where, This is done fucceflively to a vaft number of When they are dry within, they varnifh the cups. outfile in the following manner: : they hold one hand on the cup, and fupporting it with a fmall ftick under the middle ofits bottom, they it into the vefiel full of varnifh, and immediately plunge take. it out, E 4, A "Tis the urn where the varnifh is, they with the other throw as much into it as is fufficient to varnifh it every where, This is done fucceflively to a vaft number of When they are dry within, they varnifh the cups. outfile in the following manner: : they hold one hand on the cup, and fupporting it with a fmall ftick under the middle ofits bottom, they it into the vefiel full of varnifh, and immediately plunge take. it out, E 4, A "Tis --- Page 66 --- AsTA; A Obfercations upont the foot of the cup Tis to be remembered-that it is not till it has reremains folid. In a word, becomes dry, that they put ccived the varnifh and hollow the bottom, after which it upon the wheel to fmall circle, and often a Chinefe they paintupon ita dry thèy varnifh the letter. When this paintingis under the cup; and this is cavity they have made fince it is forthwith carried the laft hand puttoi it, the furnace to be baked. from the laboratory to man fhould keep in an Itis furprifing that a two long and upon his thoulders, is ranged : equilibrium planks on which the poreclain feveral very narrow that he fhould thus pais thro' the ware. Tis and ftreets without breaking for they would, populous people avoid him carefully 3 Butitis afto= true the lofs done. rebe obliged to repair himfelf fhould fo well nifhing that the porter all the motions of his body, gulate his fteps, and of his equilibrium. us as to lofenothing where the furnaces are, prefents The place In a kind of area or entry with another fcene. fee heaps of cafes deflined before cach furnace we Every piece of the porcelain, which Fe to contain however coarfe, as well thofe has its cafe, lain, thofe which have not, the lower lids, as but weakly attached to a Thefe lids are difengaged by in baking, and are eafily them. As for the part îmall froke which they fuch give as tea and chocolate imall porcelain ware, cafe common to many of them. cups, they have a imitates nature, who, in orThe workman in this fruits includes them der to concoct and maturate that the heat oft the fun under a common covering, : and that his them gradually may only penetrate not be too much interrupted the internal action may thre cold damps of by the external air during Thefe night. --- Page 67 --- AFRICA, aRdAMERICA. 57. Thefe cafes have in the infide a kind * of bed of fand, which is covered with the powder of Kaolin, that the fand may not adhere too much to the foot ofthe cup, which is placed upon this bed, after having preffed it and given it the figure of the porcelain, which does not touch the fides of the cafe. The mouth of the cafe has no covering. A fecond cafe of the figure of the firft, furnifhed in like manner with porcelain, is fo fitted into it, as to cover it intirely, without touching the celain below. In this manner they fill the nace for: with large piles of earthen cafes all furnifhed with porcelain. By means of. thofe thick the beauty, and if we may ufe the expreflion, coverings, the complexion of the porcelain is not exhaled by the fire. With refpeét to the fmall picces of porcelain, which are contained in large round cafes, each of which is placed upon a fupporter "of earth about the thicknefs of two crowns, and as wide as its foot. The bottoms ofthefe are alfo covered with the powder of Kaolin. When thefe cafes are large they put. no porcelain in the middle, becaufe it would be too far from the fides, by which means the cale being deftitute of due ftrength would break and fall down, which endangers the whole pile. : We muft. obferve that thefe cafes are the third of a foot in height, and fome of them are not bak'd no morethan the porcelain. - However, they. intirely fill thofe which have been already baked, and are ftill-ft for ufe. We muft not forget the manner in which the porcclain is put into thefe cafes. The workman does not touch it immediately with his hands; for by thàt means he might either break it, or produce irregularities in it. He draws it' from off the plate by means of a fmall cord. This cord is fixed of a foot in height, and fome of them are not bak'd no morethan the porcelain. - However, they. intirely fill thofe which have been already baked, and are ftill-ft for ufe. We muft not forget the manner in which the porcclain is put into thefe cafes. The workman does not touch it immediately with his hands; for by thàt means he might either break it, or produce irregularities in it. He draws it' from off the plate by means of a fmall cord. This cord is fixed --- Page 68 --- Olfersntions upon AstA, two fomewhat crooked fixed at one end to which he takes in one of a fork of wood the two ends : bganches while with the other he holds to the hind, cord croffed and open, according he furof the In this manner bulk of the porcelain. and places it on the. rounds it, raifes it gently, cale. All this .is done with fmall pedeftal in the incredible expedition. that the bottom of Wel have already obferved, with a bedofgravel a foot the furnace was covered defigned for the thick. This gravelis whofe and anhalf placing the piles of porcelain, are at more fecurely in the middle of thé furnace foot rows which are : The two cafes at the not leaft feven foot high. becaufe the fire does of cach pile are: empty, and bécaufe they are in below, for the act fuffciently meafure covered by the. gravel: of the pile iome reafon the cafe placed at the the whole fame PAr left empty. In this manner they at the place is leaving no vacuity, except furnace, under the vent. the which is immediately furnacc they place piles In the middle ofthe At the bottom fuch as of the fineft porcelain. the entry fuch as are of a are coarfer; and at of an equal colour, which are compoled and on which deeper ofPetunfe and Kaolin, of the ftone which quantity have laid a varnifh made becaufe that oil they a little black or red, All thefe has fpots body than the other. and united has a ftronger near-each other, piles are placed very the middle, with fome pieces below, above, and at apply. to them, in fuch of earth which they that the Rame has a free however, on all fides. a manner, infinuate itfelf equally of the paflage to on the eye. and dexterity to fucThis depends neceliary workma, and is abfolutely avoid certain accidents ceed in his attempt. and nearly fpots body than the other. and united has a ftronger near-each other, piles are placed very the middle, with fome pieces below, above, and at apply. to them, in fuch of earth which they that the Rame has a free however, on all fides. a manner, infinuate itfelf equally of the paflage to on the eye. and dexterity to fucThis depends neceliary workma, and is abfolutely avoid certain accidents ceed in his attempt. and nearly --- Page 69 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA, nearly fimilar to thofe which arife from obftructions in theanimal body. All earths are not proper for the cafes which contain the porcelain. There are three forts ufed. The one is yellow and very common. It is ufed . in the greateft quantity, and conftitutes the bate. The cther is called Lao-tu, that is, a ftrong earth. The third, which is an oleous earth, is called Yeoutou. Thefe two laft earths are in the winter time taken from very deep mines, where it is not fible to work during the fummer. If they were pofmixed in equal quantities, which would coft a little more, the cafes would laft longer. They bring thefe carths, ready prepared, from a large at the foot of the river, about a league from village te-tchin. Before they are bak'dthey are Kingbut when baked they are ofa dark red colour. yellowifh, As the workers are very fparing they put in moft of the yellow earth, which is the reafon why the cafes do not laft above two or. three bakings, after which they fplit altogether. Ift they are but flightly fplit, they tie them round with a band ofofiers; the band is burnt, but the cafe ferves for that time without doing any harm to the porcelain. muft not fill a furnace with new cafes which They have not been ufed before. The halfof them muft be fuch as have been baked before. Thefe are placed at top and at bottom. In the middle of the piles they place fuch as are new-made. Formerly, according to the hiftory of Fou-leam, all the cafes were bak'd feparately in a furnace, before were ufed for baking the porcelain, no doubt, they becaufe at that time they had lefs regard to the expence than te the perfeétion of the work. It is not fo at prefent, becaufe the workers in lain are multiplied to an incredible number, porceWe as have been baked before. Thefe are placed at top and at bottom. In the middle of the piles they place fuch as are new-made. Formerly, according to the hiftory of Fou-leam, all the cafes were bak'd feparately in a furnace, before were ufed for baking the porcelain, no doubt, they becaufe at that time they had lefs regard to the expence than te the perfeétion of the work. It is not fo at prefent, becaufe the workers in lain are multiplied to an incredible number, porceWe --- Page 70 --- Olfervations zpon AstA the ftructure of the fur: We Thall now confider at the bottom of a pretty naces. They are placed ferves as a bellows to them, and long entry, which ufe: as the arch of the Dlaf-founders were is oft the fame larger than they The furnaces are, at prelent, in former times, accordfome ages ago, fince book, they were only fix ing to the Chinele breadth.. At prefent they foot in heighth and and almoft four fathoms are two fathoms high, well as the body of the broad. The arch, as that they may be able furnace, is pretty thick, being incommoded by to walk upon it without in the infide, is neither flat the fire. This arch, but runs flanting, and formed into a point, the nor narrower in proportion as it approaches and thro' grows which 1s at the extremity, Begreat vent, Aames and fmoke are difcharged. which the furnace has in its top. fve fmall fides this vent the it were, the eyes of it. apertures, which are, as fome broken pots, in They cover them with that they affift the air fuch a manner howéver, "Tis by thefe eyes that and fre of the furnace. the porcelain is baked. they judge whether which is a little before They uncover the eye with an iron tongs open one the great vent, and is enough baked, of the cafes, The porcelain fire in the furnace, when when there is a clear hot, and when the colours all the cafes are red Then they difcontinuc the are clear and bright. the door of the furnace for Sre and clofe up furnace has a decp fire all over fome time. The into the cavity They pals over a plank the it. porcelain. in order to range forthwith of the furnace, kindled the fire they When they have leaving in it an aperture necefla- but fhut the door, of wood, a foot long a ry to throw in picces firtt heat the furnacc for day very fmall. They the cafes are red Then they difcontinuc the are clear and bright. the door of the furnace for Sre and clofe up furnace has a decp fire all over fome time. The into the cavity They pals over a plank the it. porcelain. in order to range forthwith of the furnace, kindled the fire they When they have leaving in it an aperture necefla- but fhut the door, of wood, a foot long a ry to throw in picces firtt heat the furnacc for day very fmall. They --- Page 71 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA, "day and a night. Then two men, who relieve each other, conftantly throw wood into it. For one baking they generally burn fourfcore loads. Toj judge of this matter, by what tht Chinefe book fays, that quantity cannot be fufficient. In it we are affured that they. burned two hundred and forty loads for this purpofe, arid twenty more if the weather was rainy, tho' at that time the furnaces were fmaller by one half, than thofe us'd at prefent. They at firft kepf up a gentle fire in them for feven days and fevén nights, and on the cighth day they made a very ftrong fire. It is to be obferved, that at this time the cafes of the fmall porcelain were baked apart, before they were put into the furnace. It muft alfo be owned, that the ancient porcelain had more fubftance than the modern. The old workers alfo obferved one thing which is neglested at prefent. When there was no more fire in the furnace, they did not open the docr till after ten days for large porcelain, nor till after five days for the fmall. At prefent indeed they delay opening the door and taking out the large porcelain for fome days ; for without this precaution they would fplit. But for the fmall, ifthe fire has been extinguifhed in the evening, take them out the next day. The defign is they bably to fpare wood for the next baking. As pro- the porcelain is exceffively hot, the workman, in' order to lay hold of it, ufes long Dings hung about his neck. After havingin one day burnt a hundred and fourfcore loads of wood in the entry of the furnace, it is furprifing thac the next day no afhes fhould be found. They who attend thefe furnaces muft be well accuftomed to the fire. "Tis faid they pur fait into their tea, that they may drink a3 to fpare wood for the next baking. As pro- the porcelain is exceffively hot, the workman, in' order to lay hold of it, ufes long Dings hung about his neck. After havingin one day burnt a hundred and fourfcore loads of wood in the entry of the furnace, it is furprifing thac the next day no afhes fhould be found. They who attend thefe furnaces muft be well accuftomed to the fire. "Tis faid they pur fait into their tea, that they may drink a3 --- Page 72 --- Objarvaticns upon AstA, the without being of it as they pleafe, how this as much But it is ealy to compreljend worfe. allays their thirft. falted liquor has been faid, it is not furprifing It After what fhould be fo dear in Europe. gain that porcelain that befides the great their is alio to be obferved, and thar which of the European merchants, make of them, it is rare Chinele commillioners intirely ; that often the that a baking fucceeds the furnace they whole is loft, and that on cafes opening reduced to a mais as find the porcelains and a fire, or ill-temhard as a rock 5 and too great the whole; that itis not pered cafes, may deftroy which ought to beapplieds eafy to regulate the fire the weather inftantancouly that the nature of ofthe fire, the quality ofthe fubchanges the action and that of the wood which jeét on which it acts, who becômes fupports it. Thus for one workman others who ruin themrich, there are an hundred from the hopes they felves, and tempt wherewithallto fortune, fet up a merchant's have ofamalling fhop. tranfported into Europe Befides, the porcelain new models, which are is almoft all made upon in which it is difficult to fucoften whimficals and has but the fmalleft fault it.is ceed. Provided it who will have nothing difliked by the Europeans, for this reafon it remains in but what is perfeôt; who cannot fell it to the hands of the workmen, it is not agrecable to their the Chinefe, becaufe neceffary, that the pieces tafte : it is therefore of fuch as are refold fhould defray the expence the je@ted. to the hiftory of King-te-tehin, wasmuch greatAccording formerlys lyarilingfrom porcelain be believed ; for gain This can hardly. erthan at prefent. that time fo great a vent fer porthere was not at celain but what is perfeôt; who cannot fell it to the hands of the workmen, it is not agrecable to their the Chinefe, becaufe neceffary, that the pieces tafte : it is therefore of fuch as are refold fhould defray the expence the je@ted. to the hiftory of King-te-tehin, wasmuch greatAccording formerlys lyarilingfrom porcelain be believed ; for gain This can hardly. erthan at prefent. that time fo great a vent fer porthere was not at celain --- Page 73 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. Celain in Europe. This happens becaufe the living is at prefent dearer than before ; becaufe the wood in the neighbouring mountains being exhaufted, they are obliged to bring it a great way, and at a vaft expence ; becaufe the profit is divided among fo many different perfons; and laftly, becaufe the workmen are leis fkilful than they were in former times, and confequently lefs fure in fucceeding. This may alfo proceed from the avarice of the mandarins, who employing a great many workmen, make rich prefents to their proteétors at court, and pay the labourers ill, which are fufficient reafons why the merchandize fhould be dear, and the merchant poor. The difficulty of imitating certain models fent from Europe, is one of the circumftances which augment the price of porcelain; 2 for all the workmen cannot labour upon all the models fent from foreign countries. Some of them are impoflible to be imitated in China, juft as fome of their work furprize ftrangers, and are thought impoffible to be done. The following are fome of this. We there fee a large porcelain examples lanthorn, thro' which a flambeau enlightens a whole room. This work had been befpoke by the hereditary prince, who alfo befpoke feveral mufical inftruments, and among the reft a kind of fmall organ called T-feng, which is near a foot high, and compofed of fourteen pipes, whofe melody is very agreeable. They alfo fucceed perfeétly in flutes, flagelots, and another inftrument called Yun-lo, which is compofed of feveral fmall round and fomewhat concave plates, each of which has a particular found. They fufpend nine of them in a fquare which correfponds to different which are touched with fticks like the ftages, drum. There ft a kind of fmall organ called T-feng, which is near a foot high, and compofed of fourteen pipes, whofe melody is very agreeable. They alfo fucceed perfeétly in flutes, flagelots, and another inftrument called Yun-lo, which is compofed of feveral fmall round and fomewhat concave plates, each of which has a particular found. They fufpend nine of them in a fquare which correfponds to different which are touched with fticks like the ftages, drum. There --- Page 74 --- Obforoatidits upon ASIA, chime which agrees with thefoimd There is'a fmall and the voice of muficians. of other inftruments, fay, to make a great many It is neceflary, they order to difcover the theknehand experimentsy in for the tones neceffary that the the degrce of baking proper imaginé, We may perhaps the fecret of incorfor harmony. have for this purpofe of thefe porceChinefe littie metalin the body littlecapaporating a metalis fo jains to vary theirfounds.Bur with porcelain, that if a copper ble of being united the top of a pile of porcelain farthing was put on this farthing being melted, placed in the furnace; all the cafes and all the have porcelains a hole would penetrate fo that each of them (hews would what motion oft the bottom. pile, Nothing better the furnaces in its to every thingincladedin every thing there the fire gives affure us, that for the workmen Auid and fluctuating, works as are is, as it were, to fuch of the Chinefe in grotelque To return they fucceed principally, The workmen curious, and the figures of animals. which Aoat upon the pieces ducks and tortoifes in the natural make They make cats painted head carry a fmall water. which upon their forms the two eyes of manner, the Aame of which the rats are frighted jamp, animal. By this means alfo make a great many the time. They in Chiin the night a goddefs celebrated infant in her ftarnes of Kouan-in, her holding an women who na. They reprekent fhe is invok'd by barren be compared to arms, and have children. She have may of Venus and want to ftatues which we that the ftatues of the antique with this difference, Diana, are very modeft. the making Kouan-in is another kind of porcelsin, that it is very unThere is very difficult, fo is extremeofwhich The body ofthis porcelain ly common. in the night a goddefs celebrated infant in her ftarnes of Kouan-in, her holding an women who na. They reprekent fhe is invok'd by barren be compared to arms, and have children. She have may of Venus and want to ftatues which we that the ftatues of the antique with this difference, Diana, are very modeft. the making Kouan-in is another kind of porcelsin, that it is very unThere is very difficult, fo is extremeofwhich The body ofthis porcelain ly common. --- Page 75 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. ly thin, and its furface very even, both within and without. It has mouldings however in it, groupcs of flowers, for example, and other fimilar ornaments. It is made in the following manner. : when it is taken off the wheel, they. put it on a mould on which the figures are engraved, and thefe are imprinted on the infide. Externally they renderit as fine and fmooth as poffible, working it with the chiffel, after which they varnifh it and bake it in the ordinary furnace. The European merchants fometimes defire the Chinefe workmen to give them plates of china for tables, the feats of chairs, or the frames of pictures: : but thefe cannot be had. The largeft and longelt plates are about a foot fquarc. If they are mace larger, let them be as thick as they will, they warp. For this reafon, inftead ofmaking thefe plates thick, they make them with two furfaces which they unite, leaving the infide hollow. Ini the two fides they make two apertures, to enchafe them in joyners work or in the backs of chairs, where they make an agrceable appearance. The hiftory of King-te-tchin fpeaks of feveral works ordered by the emperors, which they. in vain attempted to make: The grandfather of this prefent emperor befpoke urns almoft of the fame figure with thofe pots in which We put orangetrees. Thefe urns he wanted to contain fmall red, gold, and filver-coloured fifh, which are accounted curiofities. Perhaps he alfo intended to bath in thefe veffels; for they were to have been three feet and an half in diameter, and two, feet and an half high. The bottom was to have been halfa foot thick, and the fides were to have been the third of a foot in thicknefs, The workmen laboured three years fucceffively at thefe vefels, and made twO hundred, none of which fucceedVor.I. F ed, filver-coloured fifh, which are accounted curiofities. Perhaps he alfo intended to bath in thefe veffels; for they were to have been three feet and an half in diameter, and two, feet and an half high. The bottom was to have been halfa foot thick, and the fides were to have been the third of a foot in thicknefs, The workmen laboured three years fucceffively at thefe vefels, and made twO hundred, none of which fucceedVor.I. F ed, --- Page 76 --- a Oéfarcations arpon ASIA, ordered plates for the ed. The fame emperor Every plate was to be porch of an open gallery. feet and an half broad, and threé feet high, two thefe things, fay the annalshalf a foot thick: could All not be made, for which. of King-te-tchin, of that province petitioned reafon the mandarines have the work difcontinued. the emperor to has its idol; and as divinity is As every profeffion as the quality of count there as eafily communicated it is not furprizing that or marquis in Europe, of The Poula, there thould:be a god idol, porcelain. owes its origin to which is the name ofthis cannot execute. thefe defigns which the workmen would abfoTis faid that formerly an emperor which he gave. Jutely have porcélain upon a model to him, that the It was feveral times reprefented but all thefe remonftrances thing was impofible 5 his curiofity. The emperors; only ferved to excite the moft formidable deities: during their lives, are often believe that nothing in China, and they defires. The officers thereoughr to oppofe their and ufed all manner of fore redoubled their care, Thefe unfortunate crearigour to theworkmen. took a great deal of tures' fpent their money, blows. One of themtrouble, and only received threw himfelf into a burning in a fit of defpairy confumed in an inftant. The porfurnace,. and was baked in that furnace, came out celain, as is faid, and agreeable to the tafte ofthe perfeétly beautifal, no more fince that time. emperor, who demanded a hero, and afterThat unfortunate man pafs'dfor which prefides over works wards became the jdol of porcelain: has been in great effeem for fo to: As porcelain the reader may want from many wherein ages, perhaps that of former times differs of the Chiknow and what the judgment nele the prefent, IR urnace,. and was baked in that furnace, came out celain, as is faid, and agreeable to the tafte ofthe perfeétly beautifal, no more fince that time. emperor, who demanded a hero, and afterThat unfortunate man pafs'dfor which prefides over works wards became the jdol of porcelain: has been in great effeem for fo to: As porcelain the reader may want from many wherein ages, perhaps that of former times differs of the Chiknow and what the judgment nele the prefent, IR --- Page 77 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. nefe is in this particular. It is not to be but China has its antiquaries, who doubted in favour of their ahcient works. are prepoffeffed are certainly admirers of Tho' the Chinefe them ftand up in defence antiquity, of the yet fome of But the porcelain does modern work, us an acquaintance with not, like old medals, give Porcelain may be adorned remote with fome times. The old racters, which, however, denote Chinefe chatory ; fo that. the curions find no point of hifthe tafte and colours to make nothing in it but that of the prefent days. "Tis faid them prefer it to porcelain muft be long buried in the in Europe that arrives at its perfedtion. This is a falfe earth, before it which the Chinefe laugh. The opinion, at tchin, fpeaking of the moft beautiful hiftory. of King-teformer times, fays, that it was fo much porcelain of after, that the furnace was hardly foughe merchants were difputing with opened, till the fhould have the firft parcel. each other who fuppofes that it was buriéd in the This by no means *Tis true, in digging in the ruins earth. of old ings, and elpecially in buildfometimes beautiful cleaning old wells, there are have beem hid pieces of china found; which porcelain is beautifuly during revolutions in the ftate. This what was valuable; that becaufe the natives only hid tvhen the troubles they might find it ed, it is not becaufe were at an end. Ifit is efteem- again; gree of beauty in the it earth, has acquired but any new detained its ancient beauty becaufe it has reimportance in China; ; and this alone is ofg great for the fimalleft veffels, where they give large fums emperors Yan and Chun, which were ufed under the before the dynafty of who reigned many ages lain began to be ufed Tang, at which time porceporcelain acquires by the emperors, Ail that by lying long in the earth, is F 2, fome - again; gree of beauty in the it earth, has acquired but any new detained its ancient beauty becaufe it has reimportance in China; ; and this alone is ofg great for the fimalleft veffels, where they give large fums emperors Yan and Chun, which were ufed under the before the dynafty of who reigned many ages lain began to be ufed Tang, at which time porceporcelain acquires by the emperors, Ail that by lying long in the earth, is F 2, fome --- Page 78 --- Objarcations upon Asta; which fome change in its colouring or complexion, to marble fhews that it is old. The fame becaufe happens the varnifh and ivory, but more fpeedily, infinuating itfelf fo ealihinders the moifture from ly into the porcelain. annals ofl King-te-tchin, there According to the or fifty-nine formerly urns fold at fifty-eight crowns. were which amount to more than eighty have been worth taels, What an immenfe fum muft thefe that there was a in Europe ? The book for fays, each of thefe urns, furnace built on purpofe on them. and that no expence was fpared their proteétors at court Certain mandarins, to which they have make prefents of old themfelves porcelain, ; that is, they have the talent of makng ancient porcelain, OF found the art of imitating old. The matter of thefe at leaft fuch as is pretty antiques, is a yelor counterfeit of falfe Kou-tongs, A plate low earthfound near King-te-tchin. ten ones of this earth weighs as much as porcelain particular in the fame fize. There is nothing ifnot that. they making this kind of porcelain, ftone mixed it a varnifh made of yellow moft in the give oil, which prevails a with ordinary This mixture gives the porcelain throw compofition. colour. When it is baked, other they viétufea-green rich broth of fowls and it it into a very After this they put als, in which it is boil'd. can find, and there leave into the filthieft fink they When it comes out of this it a month or more: or four hundred years old, or fink it paffes for three of Ming, when the at leaft, as old as the dynafty and thicknels was much porcelain of this colour fpurious antiques likeefteemed at court. Thefe ones in this, that when wife refemble the genuine and when they do not found, humthey are ftruck, the cars they produce no they are applied to The ming noile. --- Page 79 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA, 6g The natives of China are almoft as curious about glaffes and cryftals which come from Europe, as the Europeans are of the Chinefe porcelains: but whatever elteem the Chinefe have for our commodities of this kind, they do not crofs the feas for European glaffes, finding their own porcelain-of more ufe, becaufe it bears hot A perfon may hold a cup.of boiling tea without liquors. burning himfelf, if he knows how to take itinthe Chinefe manner ; which cannot be done with a filver of the fame thicknefs and fize. Porcelain has SE fplendor as well as glafs, and the lefs tranfparent, the lefs brittle it is. What to newly-made glafs, alfo happens to happens which excellently denotes a nearly Aimilar porcelain, conftitution of parts. Good porcelain has a clear found, like glais ; and if glafsis cut with a diamond, this laft is alfo ufed for joining pieces of broken celain ; and this conftitutes a particular trade por- in China. The natives ufe a diamond like a needle to make fimall holes in the body of the porcelain, thro' which they put a flender piece of tin weir 3 and by that means render the porcelain fit for ufe, when at the fame time the place where it was broken is hardly obfervable. F 3 CHAP. Good porcelain has a clear found, like glais ; and if glafsis cut with a diamond, this laft is alfo ufed for joining pieces of broken celain ; and this conftitutes a particular trade por- in China. The natives ufe a diamond like a needle to make fimall holes in the body of the porcelain, thro' which they put a flender piece of tin weir 3 and by that means render the porcelain fit for ufe, when at the fame time the place where it was broken is hardly obfervable. F 3 CHAP. --- Page 80 --- Obfercatiois ufon AsTA, CHAP. V. Cbina derine tbeir Wbetber tbe traditions of. Mbetber tbe conquelis of origin. from carried as far as Cbina, bave oEa Selgfris of tbe Egypian bierogbypbics tbere gbe diforence charatlers. Wbether and the Cbinefe Cbina. The origin of tbe are, Paves in Caufe AF ti16us fefival glansbonti and burnings in Cbind. quent famines traditions affert that moft of the Chinefe and found SE derive their origin from which Egypt, informs us that their affertion on the hiftory nations on the other fide the Sefoftris fubdued the as the main ocean : that Ganges, and advanced as far to China, and have he might therefore colonies have gone there 3 and that this côn- of eltablifhed fome by an enumeration jeéture may be confirmed, almoft cntirely conformTeveral Chinefe cuftoms, able to thofe of the Egyptians, which feem to deftroy this The hiftorical faêts thofe : Sefoftris the conque- Chrift. conjeéture are about bricfly fifteen centuries before wâr againft ror reigned pretty, certain that he and waged that he fubdued It appears and Scythians, Afia Minor. The the Phanicia, Afyrians Syria, and almoftall thathe wasnot nine CAS Greek ulorianciniorn Umd that he intertrupted his broabfent from his ftates, return to them, becaufe conquefsin orderto tehadenerufted Ithe governither Armais, to whom of the throne. ment, wanted to take poffeffion that he carried his conBut is it equally certain and that he there fubquefts as far as the which Ganges, he conld not do till after the ducd the nations, anicia, Afyrians Syria, and almoftall thathe wasnot nine CAS Greek ulorianciniorn Umd that he intertrupted his broabfent from his ftates, return to them, becaufe conquefsin orderto tehadenerufted Ithe governither Armais, to whom of the throne. ment, wanted to take poffeffion that he carried his conBut is it equally certain and that he there fubquefts as far as the which Ganges, he conld not do till after the ducd the nations, --- Page 81 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. the expeditions we have related; ; that from the Ganges he paffed to China, there eftablithed COlonies, and erected pillars as monuments of his victories, as we are told he every where did, and afterwards returned to Egypt to expel his brother? Jf all this is not impoffible, it is at leaft very hard to be believed; ; for at that time the paflage from the Indies to China, was muchmore impraéticable than it is at prefent, efpecially for an army. It is very uncertain whethcr the towns of Bochara and Samarcand, fo ufeful to the caravans, exifted at that time; and whether there were other fimilar places of refre(hment for merchants and travellers. Perhaps it may be faid, that Sefoftris only fent a detachment of his army into China, to inform themfelves of the nature.of the country, and the charaéter of the inhabitants. But at that time, and even before, the entry of China was forbidden to all ftrangers, cxcept ambafladors, who were only admitted' with a fmall retinue. The Chincfe treated them well, made prefents to them, and fent them back to their frontiers, attended by a crowd of people, without fuffering any oft them to remain in China, or fettle in it; and this cuftom is ftill -obferved to all people. Shall we fay that Sefoftris, whomnothing refifted, and who thought himfelf mafter of the werld, humbled himfelf fo far as to fend an ambaffador to China, fuppofing he knew it? Would he not rather have formed a defign of entering it as a conqueror 3 and would he not haveimagined that the Chincfe would give him as little trouble as the Indians? Of this we have not a word in the Chinefe hiftory, tho'it fpeaks of the irruptions which have been made by fome more neighbouring nations, among whom there might be fome F Egyp4 tians the werld, humbled himfelf fo far as to fend an ambaffador to China, fuppofing he knew it? Would he not rather have formed a defign of entering it as a conqueror 3 and would he not haveimagined that the Chincfe would give him as little trouble as the Indians? Of this we have not a word in the Chinefe hiftory, tho'it fpeaks of the irruptions which have been made by fome more neighbouring nations, among whom there might be fome F Egyp4 tians --- Page 82 --- Obfercation: zepon As1A, this mixed. It is probable, that at tians cafually and Chinefe had no knowleige nations time theEgyptians and that each of thefe two the of each other; the firft, or rather thought its own empire cnly one in the cuftoms world. of the two nations are only The fimilar which when compared feem to deftroy probabilities, each other, hieroglyphics in both We fee, fay fome the people, fame divifion of tribes in nations. There is the fame attachment to ancient China as in Egypt, to parents and old peocuftoms, the fame love refpeét for the fciences, efpecially ple, and the fame feftival of lanthorns in China, The and aftronomy. the metemplychofis, that of lamps in Egypt, of trades, fay they, are be- all perhaps the perpetuity which prove a communication circumitances tween thefe two empires. that this parallel is at frft It muft be confelled and favours the commuview fomewhat ftriking, However, if we exanication now mentioned. and circumftantially, we mine matters narrowly does not prove the point intendthall find thatit with the hicroglyphics. of ed. Let us begin to the two Greck words Thefe, according fignify no more which the name is compounded, fymbols or figures, by which than certain facred the tenets of ufed to reprefent were admired the Egyptians and morality. Thefe In imitation their religion extolled by the Greeks. them enand greatly Europeans feeing of the Gréeks, many pillars, have the more eafily graved on beautiful there was fome latent myftery in believed, that could not comprehend. them which they when China was not known, If, in thefe days an infeription in Chineie we had sccidenrally got thefe characters would have gharacters, perhaps becn the tenets of ufed to reprefent were admired the Egyptians and morality. Thefe In imitation their religion extolled by the Greeks. them enand greatly Europeans feeing of the Gréeks, many pillars, have the more eafily graved on beautiful there was fome latent myftery in believed, that could not comprehend. them which they when China was not known, If, in thefe days an infeription in Chineie we had sccidenrally got thefe characters would have gharacters, perhaps becn --- Page 83 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA, been equally admir'd, and fome one or other of the literati, a fet of men who pretend to be ignorant of nothing, would have given a defcription of it in his own manner. Were the hieroglyphics of Egypt immoveable? Was the meaning reprefented by them fo fix'd that it could not be changed, but always fignified the fame thing? Were there no hieroglyphics but for the myfteries of religion ? Were there not alfo fome appropriated to ordinary ufes? When did the Egyptians begin to have theni ? Thefe are all queftions of which we are ignorant, but which yet ought to be known, before we can tell which. of thele two nations had the advantage of the difcoveries of the other. The Chinefe charaéters are but improperly hieroglyphics, and have not been inftituted for religious more than other ufes. They are arbitrary figns, which give us the idea of a thing, not by any relation they have with the thing fignificd, but becaufe it was intended that fuch a fign fhould fuch a nify thing, without any regard to the founds figfo that the different nations who afterwards ufed the Chinefe charaÉters, as the Japonefc, theCoreans, and the Tongkinefe, read them with the founds of their own particular languages, and affix the fame ideas to them as the Chinele do. Thefe figns are fo arbitrary, that often their number of ftrokes may be changed, and their external configuration altered, without producing any variation in the meaning and idea affix'd to them. Is this the cafe with the. hieroglyphics of the Egyptians ? Do the neighbouring nations ufe them : Had they any ofthem for all the ufes of civil life ? Could 1 the fame hieroglyphic have different fenfes according as it was differently ufed in difcourfe, as to : happens the Chinefe characters? The do. Thefe figns are fo arbitrary, that often their number of ftrokes may be changed, and their external configuration altered, without producing any variation in the meaning and idea affix'd to them. Is this the cafe with the. hieroglyphics of the Egyptians ? Do the neighbouring nations ufe them : Had they any ofthem for all the ufes of civil life ? Could 1 the fame hieroglyphic have different fenfes according as it was differently ufed in difcourfe, as to : happens the Chinefe characters? The --- Page 84 --- Obfercations upon ASIA, Tlang74 characters were invented by Chrift. TheChinefe who lived two thoufand years before at this time? kiai, hieroglyphics fubfift Did the Egyptian we can draw from circumThe only conjecture and Chinefe having - ftances, is that the Egyptians of two great monarchies, daid the foundations occafion for figns and charaéters to muft have had the people, and that write their laws and govern have invented fome of its each monarchy muft for this purpofe that own. It was not neceffary with each other. Do we shey thould communicate inventions appear, almoft at the not often fee new different parts of Europe? fame timc, in of trades, it never took As for the perperuity On the contrary, there are very place in China, like to learn the trades of their few Chinefe who thing but neceffity conftrains fathers, and never any are mafters of a little them to it. As foon as they merchants, and fome of money, they commence to become petty mandarins. into them even attempt the metemplycholis to enter timess Neither ought fince it is a doétrine of later Chinas and the parallel, always been unknown in it which has have been made to introduce it, as when attempts been rejefted and anathematifed, the Indies. The has conftantly imported from books a kind of pellilence Chinefe have wrote numberlefs which howlearned the abettors of this do8trine, among the againft has fpread confiderably, efpecially but bonzes ever We every where fee nothing has multivulgar. which the prefent emperor and pagods, ftill more than his predecefiors. tribes faid to be plied to the flaves or circumLet us proceed following are the only at China. The could give rife to this error. ftances which China perfons who are infamous, There are in the profeflion they exercife, but by Thele not originally, ettors of this do8trine, among the againft has fpread confiderably, efpecially but bonzes ever We every where fee nothing has multivulgar. which the prefent emperor and pagods, ftill more than his predecefiors. tribes faid to be plied to the flaves or circumLet us proceed following are the only at China. The could give rife to this error. ftances which China perfons who are infamous, There are in the profeflion they exercife, but by Thele not originally, --- Page 85 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. Thele cannot be received as mandarins, and the people contract no alliances with them ; fuch are the comedians who play upon the public theatres: the minifters of debauchery ; the corrupters of youth ; jailors ; and thofe who in courts baftinade criminals, when the fentence of the judge orders it. Thefe people are not particular cantons, Tis mifery, and not birth, which engages them inthefe fhameful profeffions, and their defcendants may forfake them, when they have wherewithal to live honourably. There is ftill another kind of infamous people, whom they call To-min. Thefe are only found in 2 the province of Tchekiang, cfpecially in the town of Chao-hiing, where they are obliged to live in a ftreet by themfelves. They are only permitted to carry on the loweftand moft ignoble kind of bufincis, fuch as that of felling frogs and fugar'd çakes to children, and playing on the trumpet before the dead; when they are carried to the grave. "They are precluded from. going to examinations, in order to take any higher degrees. When hard tafks are impofed on the people of the town; make thefe poor creatures perform them, becaufe they every onehas a right to ufe them ill with None of the reft of the people contraét impunity. alliances with them. Their wives haveparticular marks on their ftalls to diftinguifh them from others. They are the only perfons who treat of marriages, and have acceis to the ladies who have either fons or daughters to difpofe ofin marriage. They accomthe fpoufe when the goes to the hufband's Rtk On this occafion in they gain more or lefs proportion to their dexterity in concealing fromi the two partics (who never fee each other till the wedding.day) thele faults which are not perceived a: firft fight. "Tis alls to diftinguifh them from others. They are the only perfons who treat of marriages, and have acceis to the ladies who have either fons or daughters to difpofe ofin marriage. They accomthe fpoufe when the goes to the hufband's Rtk On this occafion in they gain more or lefs proportion to their dexterity in concealing fromi the two partics (who never fee each other till the wedding.day) thele faults which are not perceived a: firft fight. "Tis --- Page 86 --- Obfearcations tpon AsIA, in all this there is fome appearance the "Tis true,thar have been fo much of llavery, and deceived people in this refpeét, becaufe the more eafily of that city will not admit to infamous baptifm Chriftians whom they look upon as an have no the To-min, and with whom they will flavefet of people, However, there is no abfolute cxamine converiacion. we will but be at the pains to and zy in this,f ofthis matter; for all agree, that into the origin inhabitants ofthe town of Koo-hing, even the the defcendants of the principal thefe To-min are end ofthe dynatty of the A nobility who livednearthe becaufe thele Songs, whom the Guers delroy'dsand the greateft trouble, nobility gave the conquerors fuch of them as furyivand refus'd fubjeftion, condemn'd to live inchaoed the laughter were ftate in which they hing, and in the mortifying of the reign have remained fince the beginning which E who in a declaration decreed, that the Yong-tchings, made fo odious a ftatute, his other fubTo-min, againit fhould be looked upon as and take dethat they might be examined of them jeêts ; order to enjoy places, if any grecs, in of fo doing, and met were. capable every where, This order was publifined from the literati ofChaowith no oppolition made except a part of their glory tp hing, who cruelly ofthefe miferableereatures. confift in the opprelion favour which was to be fhewn They oppoled the manner to make them, and went in a tumultuous of the town, who their to the governor for when there found complaints himfelf in great perplexity the 3 governor is fure is a mutiny among the pcople, as a man who wants to be divefted of his authority, He was upon his guard, howabilities to govern. which fucceeded. ever, and hit upon a chiefs ftratagem of the To-min before He fummoned the his in the opprelion favour which was to be fhewn They oppoled the manner to make them, and went in a tumultuous of the town, who their to the governor for when there found complaints himfelf in great perplexity the 3 governor is fure is a mutiny among the pcople, as a man who wants to be divefted of his authority, He was upon his guard, howabilities to govern. which fucceeded. ever, and hit upon a chiefs ftratagem of the To-min before He fummoned the his --- Page 87 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA, his tribunal, and in magnificent terms to them the clemency of the reprefented added of his own accord, that emperor, there and then tions annexed to this bounty, the firft of were which condithat they fhould no longer exercife, their ordinary wasy profeflion. Upon this the poor creatures cried out, that in order to-honour them they make them die of wanted to hunger $ fince they had no means of fublifting, Difficulties were other each fide, and both feparated without ftarted : on any. conclufion. After this the richer fort coming of the to To-min quitted Chao-hing, and fettled elfewhere! Some of them came to Peking and bore The reft gradually delivered themfelves offices: flavery, from this - Another clafs of people, whom they call is not much lefs Kankia, who from the contemptible. Thefe are the men loaded with rice provinces for the bring to the capital, barks emperors Yuen firft made imperial this canal magazines. The rice and other to tranfport the court. things by water for the fervice - of They looked upon the thefe barks as a hard and laborious management of and therefore fiubjeéted thofe to it, who employment, for crimes had been condemn'd to banifhment. perfonal were made captains of the barks, and others Some mon failors. They puz them into thefe barks comtheir whole families, and they have no other with whether the bark fails or lies at anchor. houfe, are furnifhed with rice and They celfary for'their fubliftence. every thing necame rich, becaufe without Many of them beor duty, they put into their paying barks either freight commodities on their own account a great many at Peking. This which they fold bited to take practice lafted till it was on board, either for themfelves prohiothers, above an hundred or weight, the cuftom of which other with whether the bark fails or lies at anchor. houfe, are furnifhed with rice and They celfary for'their fubliftence. every thing necame rich, becaufe without Many of them beor duty, they put into their paying barks either freight commodities on their own account a great many at Peking. This which they fold bited to take practice lafted till it was on board, either for themfelves prohiothers, above an hundred or weight, the cuftom of which --- Page 88 --- Oéfercations spon AstA, before they paid three oF four times to which they Thus the favour granted arrived at Peking, the others, of being examined, them as well as becaufe being poorer than before, obtain cofts them dear, their children till they they cannot fupport occafion to fome This degree. is, no doubt, what has flaves given in China : but fay that there were clafies in of like manner fay that per. if it was fo, we might the or to exile, conftifons condemned to of gallies, flaves. The reft of the tute particular bodies been divided into men of let- in Chinefe have always and tradefmen, as ters, foldiers, merchants, fo other countries. confider the feaft of lanthorns. withs Wenow cometo and which may be compared derivs famousin China, from which it fecms to have more that held at Sais, for the Chinefe feaft is much that of ed its origin leait ; in point of fame, than feaft of recent, recorded at by Herodotus. The the empeEgypt Janthorns was inflituted to congratulate in the be: and afford the people a ipedtacle author fpeaks rors, of each year. A Chinefe ginning ofit in the following manner: of the dynafty of Under the emperor whofe Youi-tong name was Poto afk'd in Tang, a certain man hundred thoufand lanthorns The leave to light a of the frit moon. the night, on the 15th of his palace to be witnels emperor came out and that the people might have to the fpeétacle : he ordered that the declared ports the fame diverfion, be fhut the whole night, and the Areets fhould not walk thro" all that every one might In the famebool bewithostanyitear of beingareted OfChrift g5ojthe empire icisfaid, tharinthe Year and the plentilial, the the ing in a profound that peace the feaft ie3i laft till rSth emperor decreed I nels emperor came out and that the people might have to the fpeétacle : he ordered that the declared ports the fame diverfion, be fhut the whole night, and the Areets fhould not walk thro" all that every one might In the famebool bewithostanyitear of beingareted OfChrift g5ojthe empire icisfaid, tharinthe Year and the plentilial, the the ing in a profound that peace the feaft ie3i laft till rSth emperor decreed I --- Page 89 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. 18th of the fame month, in order to divert the literati and the people 5 but after him thefe diverfions were reduced to three days. This feaft is accompanied with feveral pieces of fire-works. The fame author adds, that under the dynafty of the Ycheou, they lighted lamps at the facrifices offered to the Chan-bi, and that in the nafty of Han when the fect of To had penetrat- dyed into the palace of the emperor, this prince ordered lanthorns to be lighted, to render it more famous. There is another book which fays, that under the dynafty of the Tcheou, which lafted more than cight centuries, an emperor whofe name is not mentioned, on the rgth of the firft moon permitted people to come abroad into the ftreets in, the night; that is to fay, continues the author, they lighted lanthorns. This is all we find concerning the feaftof lanthorns. Tho' it is very old at China, it neverthelefs appears that it has not been celebrated under Youi-tiong. Let the world after this judge whether the Chinefe or Egyptians had this feaft firft. As for the other refemblances found between the two nations ; fuch as their inviolable attachment to ancient cuftoms, the refpect paid to parents, the laws, and old people, the love of arts and fciences 5 we may reafonably think of them in the following manner : Before the difperfion of the, nations, the three fons of Noah, Shem, Ham, and Japheth, had learnt from their father, at leaft by verbal inftruction, what related to the fciences, and the doctrine of morals, not to mention the knowledge they might receive before the deluge from thoie who were elder, fince they were married before they entered into the ark. Noah, no. doubt, continued people, the love of arts and fciences 5 we may reafonably think of them in the following manner : Before the difperfion of the, nations, the three fons of Noah, Shem, Ham, and Japheth, had learnt from their father, at leaft by verbal inftruction, what related to the fciences, and the doctrine of morals, not to mention the knowledge they might receive before the deluge from thoie who were elder, fince they were married before they entered into the ark. Noah, no. doubt, continued --- Page 90 --- apon ASIA, Olfarsatians If he had inclined to fatinued to inftruét them. he would not have vour one more than another, that wicked and accurfed made choice of Cham, fprung, but rather fon from whom the Egyptians who were bleffed of the of Shem and Japheth, and his defeendants foon forgot fo Lord. This laft received ; bot it was not they China. the inftructions of Shem who peopled they atwith the defeendants empire, whieh They foon formed a great had been a fingle famitempted to govern as ifit of perpetuating the im: This was the means and the other ly. rules relating to- received morality from their an* portant which they had fciences, the frft, or if ceftors. were alfo among firit who formThe Egyptians abfolutcly the we can believe thems cultivated the fciences. They eda an empire and than the Chinefe, becaufe, pcFfucceeded better and greater applica- that haps, they had finer after geniules all, it may be faid, tion to ftudy. But Chinefe, without having any and relemble the Egyptians fince their feparation, each having communication many things, each : other in a ftock great drawn from the fame fource, is improved their of genius, which ge- ftill according to their diverlity among brothers, and nerally very their different defcendants. hould commore among that people of But it is aftonifhing the in point the Chinefe with Egyptans, and old people. Thefe pare to their parents horror at oftheir refpect therefore have had a great The diflaft muft againft their parents. nations, is, fences committed between thele two extinét, ference at prefent love of parents is almoft What that in one this other it fublits in full force. are whereas in the of the. Egyptianat Where. Nothing is now become fciencess and cuftoms? now their laws, their the in point the Chinefe with Egyptans, and old people. Thefe pare to their parents horror at oftheir refpect therefore have had a great The diflaft muft againft their parents. nations, is, fences committed between thele two extinét, ference at prefent love of parents is almoft What that in one this other it fublits in full force. are whereas in the of the. Egyptianat Where. Nothing is now become fciencess and cuftoms? now their laws, their --- Page 91 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA: now temains oftheir grandeur, but fome ruins and fome fhattered pillars with their infcriptions. Their conquerors have deftroyed every thing, becaufe their kingdom was neither large nor populous enough to ftop the courfe oft their conquefts. China, for a. quite contrary reafon, bcing fevétal times conquered; has reduced its conquerors, by fubjecting them to its own cuftoms, and has fo. changed them, that in a fhort time they were no longer known for ftrangers. The conquerors of this nation have never been able to alter either its charaéter or language. They have not fo much as had it in their power tointroduce their own' languages into the cities where they held their courts. In a word, their defcendants are become Chinefe: The dynafties of the Kin and the Yuen are fenfible proofs of this, which is alfo confirmed the by theTartarian Mantcheous who are ftill upon throne. Tliey have only been able to the form of the habits, and make their fubjects change cut off their hair. Every thing elfe fublifts in its former ftate; and tho'it is not much above a hundred years fince they became mafters ofChina, they are already Chinelein their morals, cuftoms and appearances. Nothing is fpoken but Chinefe in Peking, and in the houfes of the Mantechous. are even obliged to E fend their children to.fchool They tof learn to read and write the Tartar language, that they may have places in the judicatories where both languages are ufed ; and in the provinces no onc Can fpeak the Mantecheu language. But from which of the fons of Shem did the Chinefe derive their origin ? *Tis that it Was from Jectan, the younger highlyprobable brother of Phaleg, both the fons of Heber. This opinion is fupported by the following reafons, VoLi i. G Firit, - .fchool They tof learn to read and write the Tartar language, that they may have places in the judicatories where both languages are ufed ; and in the provinces no onc Can fpeak the Mantecheu language. But from which of the fons of Shem did the Chinefe derive their origin ? *Tis that it Was from Jectan, the younger highlyprobable brother of Phaleg, both the fons of Heber. This opinion is fupported by the following reafons, VoLi i. G Firit, - --- Page 92 --- Obfervations upop AStA, the the fcripture after the enumeration.f * C And their Firft, children of Jectan, fays thou unto Sethirteen was from Mefha, as goelt country 66 dwelling of the caft." The fkirts of CG phar, a mountain inhabited extended from the lying which they which isa mountain Mefha as far as Sephar, Sephar is in Arabia, as of is thefe gein the eaft. Mount It is by no means Imaus, one whofe nerally granked. which form mount is called Canmountains extremity in the Thibet Ganges takes its fouthern Another part whence The northern parts as tiffas. fource is called Lanquer. called Belgians, and at prefent which far as Tartaryare Thefe are - the pallages Thefe to names China, are poAlthai. not known to Jeftan. the mounwere thofe who frft inhabited fterior to Yao is tains. fecond reafoniss that the emperor a name which The the Chinefe called Yao-tang, whom, or his alfo by refembles Jeétan, by very much China moft certainly was fons peopled. of Shem the children, Burfrom which ever of the that on. entering it is plain and have Chinefe are defcended, fhut the doors behind them, them, exChina, they been very careful not to is open that éver fince ambafladors. It furpriling Thibet in cept to forcign on the eaft from alfo the are EtSer their. neighbours far as Chamo, who from the ing north as Shem, fhould be fo different features of the dants of language, Chinefe in difpolitions, of the body. and deceitful, face, and (hape are brutal, ignorant Chinele. The Tartars bad qualities, but rare amongthe if a perfon three very of them come to Peking, proceeds, When any Chinefe whence this difference is, from fire afks the chont-ton caches that and they anfwer Gens X. 30, their. neighbours far as Chamo, who from the ing north as Shem, fhould be fo different features of the dants of language, Chinefe in difpolitions, of the body. and deceitful, face, and (hape are brutal, ignorant Chinele. The Tartars bad qualities, but rare amongthe if a perfon three very of them come to Peking, proceeds, When any Chinefe whence this difference is, from fire afks the chont-ton caches that and they anfwer Gens X. 30, --- Page 93 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. and water, or from the nature of the produces this change both in the country which its inhabitants. body and mind of We Thall now fpeak of the famines at China. How can it be, fome fo frequent laborious, fober, and induftrious may fay, that a the moft beautiful and fertile people, livingin and governed by the wifeft country in the world, often fubject to famines, while princes, fhould be fo tries inhabited by people who. we fee barren counadvantages, which want many of thefe fhocks of famine? rarely or. never ' feel the make To anfwer this objedtion, it will be the following obfervations: In fufficient to mine China can receive no afliftance from a time offabours, but is on the contrary her neighthem. obliged. to Beginning at the province of fupply pafling to the north thro' the Yun-nan, and tcheou, Se-tchuen, and provinces of Koerwall, we find nothing but Chenfi, dreadful as far as.the great habited for the moft mountains, in: their own chiefs and' laws, part by; and favages, who have language. They often make fpeak a different low countries, and lay vaft tracks incurfions of into the but have never yet been fubdued. it defolate, To the north of China are the indeed fubjedted to China, but Mongals, a nation that they only fow millet for naturally their fo lazy, port. Their flocks fupply them with own fupfood.. their other To the north-eaft is the It is very fertile, but fo far province diftant of Leao-tong. that its from ther, and produce this cannot be eafily tranfported Peking, feafon. is even impracticable in the winter thivinces Corea furnifhes no grains to China. of Kiang-naro and The proTche-kiang have the fea G 2 on that they only fow millet for naturally their fo lazy, port. Their flocks fupply them with own fupfood.. their other To the north-eaft is the It is very fertile, but fo far province diftant of Leao-tong. that its from ther, and produce this cannot be eafily tranfported Peking, feafon. is even impracticable in the winter thivinces Corea furnifhes no grains to China. of Kiang-naro and The proTche-kiang have the fea G 2 on --- Page 94 --- Obfercations apon AsTA, and are three or four days journey vefOn the eaft, However, none of their diftant from Japan. either becaufe Japan fels go thicher for provifions, that it has none to fparc, or is already fo populous they would be' expofbecaufe after its gates are fhiut, ed to too many dangers: of Foukien on the fouth, borders ForThe province to it is the ifland of on the fea, and oppofite only a part belongs to China, mofa, of which with when it fufwhich muft fupply it provifions, fers faminé. has nothing on The province of Quang-tong land ; fo but the fea, and uincultivated the fouth, thro' all the provinces ofChina, that in running that fhe herfelf is obliged to fupport we muft fee, crowd ofinhabitants. or one her numberlefs the crop: fails in one province, inWhen or fome fudden ofa province, by drought, have recourfe to part uindation, the great mandarins them empty, they granaries, but finding becaufe the public informations, tho' very unwillingly, or medraw bad news. Thele informations thro' many they carry when fent to Peking, pafs till morials, fo that they do not reach the the emperor to hands, He then orders grandees after fome days. on the means of relieving affemblc, and deliberate On this occafion he - the mifery of the diftreffed. after which the court makes very fine fpecches, They nominate mandarins If comes to a refolution. relief of the affliéted provinces. to go to the they furnifh them with poft- no difpatch is required If they get horfes aad bear their expences. in whichhorfes, they go at their own expence, for their deparcafe they demnand time to prepare delays, they fet out ; ture. Aiter a great many die of hunger before they but the ditretited may If kegsiva any fuccour. makes very fine fpecches, They nominate mandarins If comes to a refolution. relief of the affliéted provinces. to go to the they furnifh them with poft- no difpatch is required If they get horfes aad bear their expences. in whichhorfes, they go at their own expence, for their deparcafe they demnand time to prepare delays, they fet out ; ture. Aiter a great many die of hunger before they but the ditretited may If kegsiva any fuccour. --- Page 95 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. If the public granaries are often -empty, 1this happens, becaufe the great mandarins who the care of them, entruft the keeping of them have true harpies, who are like hungry. wolves to ing a fheep-fold. Thefe villains ufe a thoufand guardartifices to rob and plunder, by which means famine happens. The public granaries are almoft a entircly pillaged. The mandarins and fabaltern -officers are punifhed : but this does not remedy the prefent evil. The.people wait hope, and die out relief. withThe fecond caufe offamineis, that they do not manage their well, but confumeg tities of them Ereem making wine, aqua-vita great quanrack. .and.arThe famine is not the only inconveniency attending moft this preparation of-arrack. It is alfo the common caufe of the frequent which happen in the cities of china, conflagrations and in Peking. The Chinefe neither drink wine cipecially arrack, till they have warmed them. nor ufe thefe liquors, efpecially at night when They bed, elpecially merchants, tradelimen, going and to diers. Every one has in his foiwith a fire of charcoal, with bed-chamber which a furnace rice and tea, and at the fame warm they the alcove boil their bricks in which they lie. On the fame furnace of they warm this fort of drink, eating falted with it, fo that they get themfelves herbs a fmall expence, if thro' intoxicated at cation, they let any of the arrack careleffnefs, fall on or the intoxithe flame foon reaches the roof, which fire, of ofier matts, or of paper, and is no is-only more made three or four feet higher than a man's head. than this occafion the whole chamber is On fire; and becaufe the fhops where the inftantly merchants on lie, and moft of the otber houfes are not feparated G3 from fmall expence, if thro' intoxicated at cation, they let any of the arrack careleffnefs, fall on or the intoxithe flame foon reaches the roof, which fire, of ofier matts, or of paper, and is no is-only more made three or four feet higher than a man's head. than this occafion the whole chamber is On fire; and becaufe the fhops where the inftantly merchants on lie, and moft of the otber houfes are not feparated G3 from --- Page 96 --- spon AStA, Obfercations thick walls : and becaufe the from each other by together, the fire fpreads beams are often faftened damage before it can with rapidity, and does great be extinguithed. CHAP. VI. Chiriguanes, difpeftion oftbeir Charaser efthe ornaments, tbeir appareh, martouens, tbeir tbe birtbef tbeir cbildren, riages, cufoms at qvitb tbe dead, tbeir opitheir ceremonies tbe Bate of ibe foul, woben nion concerning tbe body. Rparatedjren towns of the people of South in América the cenin form of a circle, fubTHE are difpofed - They are very ter of which intoxicated is the capital. by a very ftrong liquor jeét to their get women prepare. They acknowledge own houles which When they are in their howno deity. quite naked. They have, moft they oiten go of leather, which-t they travel gene- they ever, coverings on their arms. When they from rally carry to defend themfelves put on this which covering their forefts are full. fome thorns, of women only cover themfelves with watte. to Their which hang down from their and beautiful. old rags, knces. Their hair is long which. their their heads they wear a kind of crown, their On air. They generally paint their bohas a pretty good colour, and all the reft of to faces of a fre there i3 any feaft where they are of SE dies, when only mark fome lines drunk. The men fame --- Page 97 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. 87. fame colour on their faces, ' to which they add. fome Jarge black ftrokes. When both men and. women are painted in this manner they have a terf rible air. The women pierce their inferior and hang to it a fmall cylinder of brafs, filver, lip, or tranfparent refin. Boys and girls have not the leaft clothing till they are twelve years old, and this cuftom is univerfally eftablifhed thro' all South-America. Their arms are fpears, bows and arrows, which the. women manage as dexteroufly as the men. Their marriages, if they may be fo call'd, have nothing certain. A hufband quits his wife when. he pleafes. Hence it is that they have children in almoft all the towns. In fome they marry fort two. year's, after which they go and marry in another. The pretended marriage is made without much ceremony. When a man wants a woman for his wife, he endeavours to gain her affection, he regales her for fome time with fruits of his own growth, and with fowls he has taken in after which he lays a bundle of wood before hunting, her door. If fhe takes it in, the marriage is concluded, but if fhe does not, he muft feek for another. They have no other phyficians than one or twu of the cldeft men in the town. The whole knowledge of thefe pretended phyficians confifs in whiftling round the patient to banifh the difeafe. When a girl arrives at a certain age. they her to remain in her hamock, which they oblige fuf pend at the end of the cottage. The fecond: month they lower the hamock half and thethird month old women enter the cottage way, armed with batons. They run up and down every thing they find,and purfuing, as they ftriking the inake which ftung the giri, till at laft one oft fay, them G 4 congludes whiftling round the patient to banifh the difeafe. When a girl arrives at a certain age. they her to remain in her hamock, which they oblige fuf pend at the end of the cottage. The fecond: month they lower the hamock half and thethird month old women enter the cottage way, armed with batons. They run up and down every thing they find,and purfuing, as they ftriking the inake which ftung the giri, till at laft one oft fay, them G 4 congludes --- Page 98 --- sfon As1A, killed Olpresatitts faying that fhe has concludes this farce by the world, the fnake. a child into fo : brings rigid When a woman for the hufband to oblerve that he is not it is cuftomary for three or four days, They do not aan abftinence to drink. nations fo much as permitted dead, as the other barbarous put him bandon their of their family dies they the bulk of do.. When any veffel Hroportioded their to own cottage, in an earthen and inter him near thefe cottages we iee the carcals, this reafon, all round to the number For of carth' raifed in proportion, interr'd in them. heaps veffcls which have been déad thrice a day, in the of the This cet: The women bewail and in the evening, as they morning, at forfeveral noon, months, or as long as foon, as remony laits This fort of lamentation begins Threc or four pleale: difeafe is thought dangerous. bed, and utter. the the furround the patienes The patient women dreadful cries and howlings. broke than not be be: moft rather have his head if they failed in perwould wailed in tbis manner ; for it would be an infallible imforming this ceremonys beloved. They believethe what befign that he is the not foul, without knowing the body. inortality of after jts feparation from down in the comes of it that it wanders up they ând go to feek it They imagine round their towns, wherc it theydent from woods till not finding every ufelefs morning, labour. from the fong of certain their They 'draw bad omens of a cineritious colours efpécially of one If, after they birds, than a fparrow. fing, they which is no larger they hearit are fet out on a but journey, return home dircétly. make fortunes go no farther, and forcerers who abhor'd : theim The magicians other favages, are among among the as publick pelts, CHAPE ana-look.d upon every ufelefs morning, labour. from the fong of certain their They 'draw bad omens of a cineritious colours efpécially of one If, after they birds, than a fparrow. fing, they which is no larger they hearit are fet out on a but journey, return home dircétly. make fortunes go no farther, and forcerers who abhor'd : theim The magicians other favages, are among among the as publick pelts, CHAPE ana-look.d upon --- Page 99 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. 8g CHAP VII. Oftbe ifle 0f9 Tong-ming; tbe fruits wobich in it; tbe metbod of cultioating tbe gros the crop efcotton, bono it is rices cular kind of earth subence prepared; a partiJalts tbe manner of ebtaining tbey ibis take tbeir tbe eartb 5 tbe cbarailer efibeje Jalt from fanders. ifland of Tlong-ming in the province from which T" rated towards Nangking, the weft it is only fepamore than five or fix leagues by a branch of the fea, not the thirty-third degree of north broad, latitude. is fituated in The manner in which - this ifland began to be peopled, is not very much to its honour. It formerly a favage and defart all was with briars. They fent thither country, all the robbers covéred the profligate wretches, of-whom they wanted to and empire. The firft people fent thither liged either to die of were rg aliments from the bofom "hunger, of the or to draw their of living rendered them active carth. and The defire They improyed this uncultivated induftrious. the ufelefs plants, and fowing the few land, tore up had brought with them, they were not grains they they reaped the fruit of their labours. long In before years a great part of the ground which a few cultivated became fo fertile, that it they had with plenty of neceffaries. furnifhed them, This induced fome Chinefe families, who hardly fubfift on the continent, to come to a could try, the culture of which would releafe them countheextreme indigence in which they were. from They there- and fowing the few land, tore up had brought with them, they were not grains they they reaped the fruit of their labours. long In before years a great part of the ground which a few cultivated became fo fertile, that it they had with plenty of neceffaries. furnifhed them, This induced fome Chinefe families, who hardly fubfift on the continent, to come to a could try, the culture of which would releafe them countheextreme indigence in which they were. from They there- --- Page 100 --- upon AsiA, Obfercetions themfelves into this ifand, therefore tranfporied among them ; but and divided the whole could ground not improve it all, they finding that they families from the continent. They on fent for other for èver a part of the ground, granted them that they thould every year condition, however, commodities, a rent prothem in different pay to their crop. was not then fo Portioned The ifland of Tiong-ming of time feveral fmall / large as it isnow. In to procefs it, form'd one continued fix illands being anited leagues long and fve or track about twenty broad. but .one town in the whole country, with There is the third. order, when compared is which is of of the empire. The country which the other towns infinite number of canals, the fea. divided by. an and convey. it to The receive the rain-water, and free from mountains. the: The land is even, high banks, to fecure canals are fenced by very wholinundations. and fields again(t air ofithe country is temperate efpeci- : The tho? the rains, which fall of plentifully, the fummer, renfomes in the fpring and middle excellive cold does not laft ally der it very. moift. The days, but the intenfe heat con- ifit therei above twelve and would be intolerable, with tinues two. months, by rains, accompanied was not moderated Twice or thrice a north-eaft, ycarthere thunderand lightning. hurricanes from the the come terrible. every thing. In other refpects of houfes which overthrow The multitude us with a country is very and agrecable. down the fields prefents there we fee fcatrer'd up. fpectacle. Here and who moft charming full of the fhops of merchants, large villages of every. thing, Beepjoy abundance - be intolerable, with tinues two. months, by rains, accompanied was not moderated Twice or thrice a north-eaft, ycarthere thunderand lightning. hurricanes from the the come terrible. every thing. In other refpects of houfes which overthrow The multitude us with a country is very and agrecable. down the fields prefents there we fee fcatrer'd up. fpectacle. Here and who moft charming full of the fhops of merchants, large villages of every. thing, Beepjoy abundance - --- Page 101 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. Befides, between every village there are as 9t houfes fcatter'd up and down, as there are many employed at work. The high roads, which families narrow, becaufe the inhabitants are iparing of their, are: ground, are full of fmall fhops on each fupply travellers with neceflarics. fide, to ready to imagine, that almoft: all the beft Strangers are parts of the ifland make but one cultivared an immenfe extent, continued city of But what appears aftonifhing is, how.the berlefsmultitude ofthe inhabitants ofthis numfifts. Geefe, ducks and fowls, ifland fubmon food. In winter the are the moft comwith wild ducks, which fea-coaftsare all cover'd have a large quantity of they take in gins. They for labour, and are fo oxen, which only ferve lead them where he tractable, that a child can The foil produces pleafes. few beft is the fetle, which is fruits, and of thefe the We there find water as large as our apples. full of a frefh and fwveet, melons, which are red, and no vines, but the whole water. ifland The foil produces Theinhabitants havefound has plenty of wine. good wine of a kind ofrice the fecret ofmaking very they ufe for food. differentfrom that which following manner They 'make this wine in the : They leave the rice water, with fome other to foak in and fometimes forthirty ingredients, for twenty, the whole. When it days; is after which they boil with a volatile froth, fermented, it is covered wines. Under this froth very like that of our new which when rack'd, is is a very purel wine, carthen veffels. Ofthe poured into well varnifhed moft as ftrong as that of lye France. they make a brandy alTho' the fituation of the ifland would ftrangers think that almoft all its inhabitants make were fifhermen, forthirty ingredients, for twenty, the whole. When it days; is after which they boil with a volatile froth, fermented, it is covered wines. Under this froth very like that of our new which when rack'd, is is a very purel wine, carthen veffels. Ofthe poured into well varnifhed moft as ftrong as that of lye France. they make a brandy alTho' the fituation of the ifland would ftrangers think that almoft all its inhabitants make were fifhermen, --- Page 102 --- Oiferoations rpon ASIA, few of them fuch by fifhermen, yet there are very of fith, and an inprofellion. They have fmall allkinds veffels come loaded with credible number feafons of of the year. them at feveral fith which the Chinefe moft cfteem, One of the about forty pounds, is by it them has and which Encunvaffe. weighs They call it fo, becaufe of cutcalled back, belly, and two fides, a range laid over on its fcales, placed in a right tiles linc, of and a houfe. Itis each ting other, almoft like the colour, and in tafte excellent fifh, of a whitifh an relembles veal. is ferenc, they catch another When the weather which they call the meal-fifh, black very delicious fifh, its extreme whitenefs. Its on account ofi be fetin two fmall and fhining cye-balls feem to circles of filver. overtill large veffels come with This athing is hardly loaded from the province of Tche-kiang, which they call the yelanother kind of frefh fifh, it refembles the low fth on. account of its colour; cod of Newfoundland, the ffh-trade of the ifland is, inha- it However great for the fupport of the would not be fufficient quantity of falt-fith bitants, unlefs a prodigious the fea-coafts, between the brought from of Chanwere of ghe Kiang, and the province mouth tong. the fame in all the ifland. There The foil is not different from each other. are three kinds of it very the north, and is quite unculThe ârft lies towards fhrubs, which grow there of fponta- them zivated. The value : fome the are of confiderable and neoully, the country-houles, are ufed in building not only to all the countrys but reit ferves as firing, , between the brought from of Chanwere of ghe Kiang, and the province mouth tong. the fame in all the ifland. There The foil is not different from each other. are three kinds of it very the north, and is quite unculThe ârft lies towards fhrubs, which grow there of fponta- them zivated. The value : fome the are of confiderable and neoully, the country-houles, are ufed in building not only to all the countrys but reit ferves as firing, --- Page 103 --- APRICA, and AMERICA. but alfo to fome of the coafts tinent. adjacent to the conThe fecond kind of foil is that which former extends to the fea on the fouth. from the ers in this have The iflandgrain, which in every year two crops ; the one of the other is of rice general is in the month of : or cotton, the former May tember, and the latter a little after. in Scpare wheat, barlcy, and a kind of Their grains which, tho' like rye, is neverthelefs bearded corn, nature. ofa different The culture of the riceis the moft From the beginning of June troublefome, with the water of the canals, they cover their fields rous. For this purpofe they ufe which are very numelike thofe employed in certain machines fhy grounds, or Europe for draining marland three different emptying times ponds. They till the feet conftantly under water. fuccellively, with their clods of earth with a mattock Then they break the machine, on which a : and by a wooden which is drawn man ftands upright, and as to make the water by an OX, they level the ground fo of it. Then at an equal height in all parts month before they pull up the rice, which a canton, and they had fown very thick in another tranfplant it more ground thus prepared. When regularly into the appear, they are very careful to the rice begins to which might choak it. In pull up the weeds, endeavour that their fields fhould great be droughts they the waters of the fea, which fills their covered with is furprifing is, that thefe waters canals. What the reft of the year, which are falt all fertilife the land at the become-fweet and proper to tants intend to till it. very time when the inhabia Their thick in another tranfplant it more ground thus prepared. When regularly into the appear, they are very careful to the rice begins to which might choak it. In pull up the weeds, endeavour that their fields fhould great be droughts they the waters of the fea, which fills their covered with is furprifing is, that thefe waters canals. What the reft of the year, which are falt all fertilife the land at the become-fweet and proper to tants intend to till it. very time when the inhabia Their --- Page 104 --- Oéjereatisnr upon ASTA, is of clearing gthericeof its hufks; Their merhod with a hard and. rough ivery fingular. It barley. grows When it is in this ftate, and fkin, like tharof in water, dry. it in the time fun, they they boil it gently feveral times. The firt the red unhutk it the at. coarle fkin, and the fccond to the take off which differs in colour according morc than thirty pellicle, kind of rice; of which there farinacious are and broken, forts. Their rice is. not beautiful and whole. like that.of Europe, but very lefs troableand.f fatigue Thecropofo cotton The requires) very day they cut down and than thiat of" rice: fowthe cotton in thé famefield, rake. their corn, furface they of- the earth over it with rain or a dew, turn the this earth is moiftened by the two feet high. When rifes a fhrub about or there gradually which appear abput thebeginning fomeThe Howers of Auguft, are generally yellow,and a bud, middle red. The fower is fuccceded as large times whichis of the.form'of a goo/eberry, is forty days old, it nut. : When this bud three different as: a of itfelf; and, being fplit in of cotton exopens contains three fmall parcels form with the parts, white, and of the fame are Ax'ditothe cremely, offilk-worms. Thefc parcels contain ithe feed for cods bottom of the open hufk, then and time to reàp the haryear.: Icis they leave the the following but when the weatheris itwo good, or three days, bevelt, expoled to.thc fun for renders it more vafruit the heat inflates it, and caufe luable. the fibres of the cotton are, Rrongly-adher the natives As all feeds which they include, two rent to the them.. This wheclhas and the ufe a whecl to feparate rollers, the one. of wood thick. very fmooth about a footl long and an inch other of iron, to each other, that therea appears no They are loapplied but when the weatheris itwo good, or three days, bevelt, expoled to.thc fun for renders it more vafruit the heat inflates it, and caufe luable. the fibres of the cotton are, Rrongly-adher the natives As all feeds which they include, two rent to the them.. This wheclhas and the ufe a whecl to feparate rollers, the one. of wood thick. very fmooth about a footl long and an inch other of iron, to each other, that therea appears no They are loapplied --- Page 105 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. no diftance between them, the firft of thefe rollers, and While the one hand moves the other hand applics the cotton foot the fecond, is feparated by this motion, and to them, which fide, while the feed remains bare pafles from one They then card and fpin the on the other, make ftuffs ofit. cotton, in order to There is a third kind of foil, parently barren, is yet more which, tho? reft. It is a kind of profitable than R in feveral cantons of the pinguous carth meafured out They obtain fuch : a northern part oft the ifland. not only fupplies the whole quantity of falt from it,, as habitants of the ifland, but alfo the inin the night time. continent, who come for it fecretly price, on account of They the purchafe it at a fmall they are caught by the rilques they run; for if falts are confifeared, and mandarins, their boats and work in the gallies four or themfelves five condemned to It is not cafy to explain how years. earth difperfed thro' a whole certain. portions of full of falt as not to country, fhould be fo while other portions juft produce a fingle herb, duce abundance of corn contiguous and to them, pens that thefe laft cotton. It often portions are ar while the former become filled with falt, cotton or cOrn. This is proper to be fown with ture, which the human mind one of the fecrets of napenetrate. in vain attempts to They obtain the falt from this carth in the lowing manner. They firft make the folasag glafs, and then raife it in earth fmooth order to hinder the water from floping ridges, in When,the fun has dried the furface remaining on it. it appears all white with the of it, and when raife it.in finall heaps, which particles of falt, they fides, to hinder the rain from they beat clofe on all entering into them. Then --- Page 106 --- Dijfroations upon AsTa, planks fpread this earth upon have large lips three Then they declivity, and which a certain with a gentle inches high: Then they which pour penetrating, or four offrelh water upon it; with it all the quandicy whole carries along earthen veffel, Tara shro'che of the falt into a large thro' a fmall canal ticles which it falls drop by drop, on thataccount, made earth porpole: thus purg'd does not,on and when it is The ufelefs: They put it by, which they fpread become reduce it to powder; took it. În Teven dry they whence they an infinite numon the ground days it is mixed with they colleét in the or eight of falt; which ber of particles work in the fields; fame manner: the men are thus at in cottages While and children are employed the falt waters. They the women the in boiling iron bafonsy built on into fpot, very large and deep furnace fo preput them upon an earthen dnftriboted which are placed the Rame may be equally thro' a pared; that and exhaled in imoke the tO all the bafons, built like a chimney at have extremity boiled long vent furnate. When thefe waters and gradually of the they are infpillated, they ftir confome time, white falt, which dry: changed into a' very till it is entirely Rantly with an iron fpatula, CIAP, into fpot, very large and deep furnace fo preput them upon an earthen dnftriboted which are placed the Rame may be equally thro' a pared; that and exhaled in imoke the tO all the bafons, built like a chimney at have extremity boiled long vent furnate. When thefe waters and gradually of the they are infpillated, they ftir confome time, white falt, which dry: changed into a' very till it is entirely Rantly with an iron fpatula, CIAP, --- Page 107 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA, CHAP VIII. Oftbe arts and tbe medicine oftbe Indians. nation equals the Indians in what relates the mechanic No have a arts. Their tradefmen furprifing fkill and particularly excellent at dexterity, . and are very broad and long making ftuffs fo fine, that thro' an' 'ordinary pieces of them can be drawn If we tear a piece gold of ring, muflin and mended by the Indian give it to be fible to difcover where fine-drawers, it it is impof4 fo has been join'd. celain dexteroully unite the piecesof an earthen or They. veffel, that we cannot porhave been broken. perceive where they neatnefs, The goldfmiths work in filigrin with incredible tho' their and perfeétly imitate the European forge and other utenfils works, coft them no more than a crown. forthat purpofe, The loom which the weavers ufe and with this loom we may fee them cofts no more, their courts, or on the road fides, at work in beautiful ftuffs fo much weaving thole world. fought after by all the for They have no need of wine to make they make it of fyrup, fugar, brandy 5 fome roots, This fome barks, and better than that of brandy is as ftrong, and burns They paint Europe glafs. We flowers, and gild very well veffels Cannot help admiring fome of upon their proper for cooling no thicker than two leaves water, of and which are ther. paper pafted togeVoi.I; H The --- Page 108 --- Olfervations upon ASTA, boat-men row in a different manner The Indian They tug at the oar with from the Europeans. while their hands ferve them as a rudtheir feet, der. which their dyers ufe lofes nothing The liquor of its colour in the labourers lie. prick their oxen with The European make them mend their pace, goads, in order to twift their tails. Thele whereas the Indians only that they are taught to lie animals are fo traétable in order to receive or depofite down and rife up, burdens. ufe a * hand-mill which cofts no In the Indies they the fugar-canes. more than fixpence, for breaking himfelf with lack and A miller forms his ftone the place where the emril. A mafon paves kind of cement which he meal is received, with and a lime; and this pavement makes ofbrick-dult ftone much harder than feems to be one fingle freeftone. fire-vents fometimes forty feet long, They make and four "or five inches thick, which eight broad, the wall on one fide, without any they fix to only other fupport. line of feveral knots that their piIt is with a put one end of lots make their foundings. teeth, by means of a their A this between fixed to the cord they eafily obpiece of wood tail of the leffer bear, which is commoaly ferve the ftar. called the north or polar made with fea-fhells. The lime is generally fnail-Inails is ufed in whitenThat prepared with that of ftone is ing the houfes 5 and Some prepared of the Indians ufe chew'd with beet leaves. of this every day. a quantity as large as an in egg the firft veffel that comes The butter is made of wood into four, and to hand. They fplit a piecc the veffel where the milk extend it in proportions to Ki ferve the ftar. called the north or polar made with fea-fhells. The lime is generally fnail-Inails is ufed in whitenThat prepared with that of ftone is ing the houfes 5 and Some prepared of the Indians ufe chew'd with beet leaves. of this every day. a quantity as large as an in egg the firft veffel that comes The butter is made of wood into four, and to hand. They fplit a piecc the veffel where the milk extend it in proportions to Ki --- Page 109 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA, is, after which they turn it in different by means of a cord fix'd to it: : and in a fhort direétions the butter is made. time The people who fell the butter have the art of making it pafs for frefh, when it is old and rancid. - For this purpofe they melt it, throw fmells and coagulated milk into it, and four take it out in lumps, which they eight thro' hoursafter cloth. pafs a linen The chymifts employ the firft pot they find, to revivify cinnabar and other preparations of mercury, which they do in a very fimple manner. They cafily reduce all metals into powder, and greatly efteem talc and yellow copper, they fay, confume the moft vifcid which, as remove the greateft obftructions. humours, and The phyficians are more referved than thofe of Europe in the ufe of fulphur, which they with butter. They alfo make a broth with correct pepper, and boil the Indian pine apples in long They with fuccefs employ againft all fevers, milk. henbâne correêted in COWS urine, and redted in lemon juice. orpiment cortient, A.phyficianis till he finds not admitted to prefcribe to a paout his diforder, and mour which predominates in him, which he the huknows by fecling the pulfe. eafily The principal difeales which in the are firft, the cholera morbus. reign The Indies ployed for the cureof this diforder confilts method eming all drink from the patient, aud in keepfoals of his feet. 2dly, The burning the cure by putting pepper beat with lethargy, which they eyes. 3dly, An obftrudion of the vinegar into the no other fpecific butthe practice ofthe fpleen, which has tees. They make a fmall incilion over Indian the devoand then infert a Jong needle between the Aefh fpleen, H 2 and fkin. for the cureof this diforder confilts method eming all drink from the patient, aud in keepfoals of his feet. 2dly, The burning the cure by putting pepper beat with lethargy, which they eyes. 3dly, An obftrudion of the vinegar into the no other fpecific butthe practice ofthe fpleen, which has tees. They make a fmall incilion over Indian the devoand then infert a Jong needle between the Aefh fpleen, H 2 and fkin. --- Page 110 --- Obfercations upon Asia, 1OO by fucking thro' a horn fkin. From this incifion, matter which they obtain a cèrtain pinguous pipe, relembles havea cuftom of throwMoft faes their phyficians urine. If it ing a drop of oil into this the is patient's a mark that he is too fpreads, they fay that the contrary it remains whole, hot internally, if he on is defeétive in heat. it is a fign that people have very fimple reme- of The common they ufe the powder dies. Forthe megrim, the pounded with the dried bark of in pomegranet the form of tobacco. For four grains of pepper they fmell to a mixture of the common head-ach, lime and water. Thefe veraromatic falt, quick from a cold and grofs blood, tigos, which proced wine in which fome grains are cured by drinking For a deafnefs which of incenfe have been fteeped. of cold humours, they proceds from a redundancy into the ear. When the brain drop lemon jhice obftructed with phlegm, they fmell is loaded and of black cumin. For thet etooth-ach, of the to the powder of the crumbs of bread, and a pafte made applied to the aggricved tooth, a feeds of ftramonia the pain. They order numbs it fo as to remove tofimell to labouring under an hamorrhage perfon Fortheheareburn feverfeu or brubdworm-wod blood, they covera giramont (anlnand fpitting of ofacitron) dian fruitof the form olagourdandtate bake in the oven,and drink with a pafte which they from it. For the Ratulentand the water which comes four fpoonfuls of water, pituitous colic they anife give and ginger. They alfo boil'd to two with with ginger, and apply it to the bruife a raw onion feel the pain. For the lientery when they part where they under the alhes, and out roaft a head of garlick it into their mouths to fuck going to bed put They ufe the juice of cucumber the juice of it. leaves Fa ,and drink with a pafte which they from it. For the Ratulentand the water which comes four fpoonfuls of water, pituitous colic they anife give and ginger. They alfo boil'd to two with with ginger, and apply it to the bruife a raw onion feel the pain. For the lientery when they part where they under the alhes, and out roaft a head of garlick it into their mouths to fuck going to bed put They ufe the juice of cucumber the juice of it. leaves Fa --- Page 111 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA, IOI leaves bruifed for purging and vomiting. A difficulty of making water is. cured by a fpoonful of oil of olives well mixed with an equal quantity of water. For fluxes they roaft fome white cumin, and a little bruis'd ginger, which they fwallow with fugar. They cure the fevers which with thiverings, by making the patient take begin three large pills of ginger, cumin, and black pepper, before the paroxyfm. For tertian fevers they make him take for three days three fpoonfuls of teucrium, or the greater germainder, with a little falt and ginger. CHAP IX, The majefy and energy of tbe language of tbe Guaranis 5 tbe cbarader of that nation ; a defcription oftbe animals found in tbeir country, and e/pecially ofa fingular infett. form a judgment of the majefty and of the energy ToHe language Guaranis, a people of South-America, it is fufficient to tell the that every word ofi it is an exaét definition, reader, which explains the nature of the thing to be and conveys a clear and diftinét idea of expreffed, it. In thofe point of nobility and harmony it yields to none of charms fpoken in Europe ; befides it has and delicacies ; but they require a many great many years application to. become acquainted with them. perfedtly The nation of the Indian Guaranis is into thirty cantons, in which there divided chan a hundred and fifty thouland are more inhabitants. H3 This --- Page 112 --- AstA, - Obfarcations upon and with wild beafts, efpeThis country is infefted find various forts of fercially tygers. Here we number of infects not known pents, and an.infinite thefe infects, there is a par- the in Europe. Among the' Spaniards call pique and ticular one which It is no longer than a fmall and flea, the Indians infinuates tung. itfelf between the fkin and in parts and efpecially under the nails, it forms a neft flefh, where there is any callus. this There neft is not quickand leaves its eggs. If itfelf on all fides, and Jy. diflodged, it terrible fpreads effeéts in the part where EeAE of a duces the moft finds himfelf all is lodg'd; fo that a the perfon ufe of his hands or fect, acJudden deprived of where the infeétis fituated. The cording to the part its feat with the point remedy is gradually to reach otherwife there is and extractit entirely, ofa pin, of the wound's becoming putrid. and widely diffedanger Birds are here very numerous, There are in this counrent from thofe ofEurope. kindsof fparrows, the of largeft ours. more than twenty than the fmalleft M7 which is no bigger like that of the linnet. Theyare Their note is nearly tamed, that in eight and blue, and fo cafily they come and perch on green days after. they are taken, who calls them. -the finger of any one the marfhes that we fee birds Tis principally in furprize by the variety of which their of all kinds, which of their beaks, ar. colours, and the diverity Birds of prey likewife are ofa fingular form. fome of them are ofan enormous bound here, and Aze. CHAF. that of the linnet. Theyare Their note is nearly tamed, that in eight and blue, and fo cafily they come and perch on green days after. they are taken, who calls them. -the finger of any one the marfhes that we fee birds Tis principally in furprize by the variety of which their of all kinds, which of their beaks, ar. colours, and the diverity Birds of prey likewife are ofa fingular form. fome of them are ofan enormous bound here, and Aze. CHAF. --- Page 113 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. 103, CHAP X. Of tbe pintade, subetber it is meleagride diferent from the 5 oftbe tane and soildpincades, pintade is that bird which the Romans Afra avis, and which THLM indifferently call an African, in Europe we Numidian, Tunis, or Mauritanian Barbarian, Guinea, generally a pintade. hen, but moft have Amonga confiderable number of authors who fpoken of the pintade and as Varro, Columella, and meleagride have fome, ed and made only one fpecies Pliny, of confoundas Suetonius and Scaliger, have made them. Others, fpecies of them ; with this difference, two that different Scaliger queftion, pretends to have Varro on his fide of the We fhall firft give the this queftion is founded, paffage This ofVarro on which chapter of his book on agriculture, author, in the 3d three forts of different fowls, by as diftinguithes guifhing names. He calls the firft many diftinfecond Ruftica, and the third Africana, Villatica, In the ing C of this laft. fpecies he expreffes himfelf IpeakGallina aliae thus : EG melcagrides funt grandes, varia, gibberae. quas 6c in triclinium appellant Graeci. Ha noviflima, Cc propter faftidium gancarum introierunt e culina, 66 penuriam magno." hominum veneunt propter The fingle reading ofthis paflage, could neither more thowsthat Varra himfelfro evince, that clearly the nor precifely explain are of the fame fpecies. pintade and meleagride H Scaliger has however imagined agrides funt grandes, varia, gibberae. quas 6c in triclinium appellant Graeci. Ha noviflima, Cc propter faftidium gancarum introierunt e culina, 66 penuriam magno." hominum veneunt propter The fingle reading ofthis paflage, could neither more thowsthat Varra himfelfro evince, that clearly the nor precifely explain are of the fame fpecies. pintade and meleagride H Scaliger has however imagined --- Page 114 --- Céferoations upon ASIA, he found in it two diftinét fpecies, imagined that there to be a full point by fuppofing that that ought then we ought to read, aiter gibbera, and Graeci, hae novifli- * Quas meleagrides appellant befides, that this punétuation C6 ma, &cc." But of Scaliger, and no mark of is only the invention different copies, it would make itto be found in the contradiction, becaufe in Varro fall into a palpable laid it down as a principle this cafe, after having ofhens, he would add a that there are three which fpecies is abfurd. Firft fourth to them, this paffage of Varro. to Let us now explain funt, fays hc, the pintade ought all the then, Gallina of hens. It has be clafs'd under the genus of them, a creft, a attributes, and all the qualities a fet of eggs, and a great beak, plumage, a rooft, In the fecond place, the diffecare of her young. hens are very well defcribed rences of the pintade. words, 66 Grandes, varize, gibby Varro, in thefe they are really larger than com66 berae. Grandes, their plumage is all mottled; and mon fowl. Varice, fome have black they are of two colours, form, and white fpots difpofed in a rhomboidal colour. Both others are of a cineritious and grey the extremities of kinds have their bellies, Gibberae, their back rifes in their wings, whitc. naturally reprefents the back a bunch, and pretty This bunch, however, is when only ofa fmall tortoife. of their wingss for formed by the pofition off them, thereis no longer the feathers are F bunch on their bodies. is What that any makes appearance the bunch appear more confpicuous, and not tails are fhort and funk downwards, clevated their like thofe of common fowls. of the pinwhich Varro gives The pinThis defcription but it is not complete. tade is juft, fhort, Nlender, and Dightly tade's neck isi pretty covered , however, is when only ofa fmall tortoife. of their wingss for formed by the pofition off them, thereis no longer the feathers are F bunch on their bodies. is What that any makes appearance the bunch appear more confpicuous, and not tails are fhort and funk downwards, clevated their like thofe of common fowls. of the pinwhich Varro gives The pinThis defcription but it is not complete. tade is juft, fhort, Nlender, and Dightly tade's neck isi pretty covered --- Page 115 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA, covered with down. Its head is IOS it is not covered with feathers, very fingular; for geous, rough, and wrinkled but with a fponwhite colour, with a fmall fkin, of a blueifh the top. This creft is half creft, like a crown on cartilaginous fubftance. an inch high, and lof a of the head, which From the inferior part cheeks of the pintade, may properly be call'd the and flelhy beard, of the hangs fame on each fide a red with the creft of cocks. In nature and colour terminated by a beak, three a word, its head is of common hens, times larger than that beautiful red colour. very fharp, hard, and of a Its The pintade roofts and fits like common eggs are fmaller, and lefs white. fowls. fomewhat of a flelh colour, and mark'd They are fpecks. The pintades are with with black to lay in the hen-houfe, difficulty brought thickeft hedges or copfe, where They fearch for the or a hundred and fifty they lay a hundred fome are only left in the eggs neft. fucceffively, provided nerally permit the tame People do not geown eggs, becaufe the mothers' pintades to hatch their enough, and often forfake their do not fit clofe eggs are oftener hatch'd by chickens. The hens. Nothing is more beautiful Indian or common pintades, they refemble fmall than the young their red feet and beak, partridges, and mage ,which is grey like that joined to their plu- P der them very agrecable. of a partridge, renThe pintade is an extremely turbulent fowl. It runs with lively, reftlefs, and nefs, almoft like the extraordinary fwiftnot fly very high. It quail or partridge, but canon trees, or the tops of delights houfes, however to perch all night, rather than in the where it remains harth, difagreeable, thrill and hen-houfe, Its cry is almoft continual. Be: that joined to their plu- P der them very agrecable. of a partridge, renThe pintade is an extremely turbulent fowl. It runs with lively, reftlefs, and nefs, almoft like the extraordinary fwiftnot fly very high. It quail or partridge, but canon trees, or the tops of delights houfes, however to perch all night, rather than in the where it remains harth, difagreeable, thrill and hen-houfe, Its cry is almoft continual. Be: --- Page 116 --- Obfereations upon ASIA, and wants to be miftrefs Befides, itis quarrelfome, and even the Indian of the walk. The largeft, to her. The hardnefs P hens, are obliged to yield ofher motions, make of her beak, and the method agility of fighting nearly reher refpected. Her Salluft afcribes to the Numidian fembles that which charges, fays he, are : rafh their and cavalry. Their if they are refifted, they turn The precipitare ; turn about abruptly. have backs, and immediately the place of their Indian origin, cocks, pintades refembling the Numidian genius. The themfelves that preferv'd large, Mattering which are very. beat the pintades, advance againft they can eafily pride and gravity : but the pintades 5 them with their marches and cointer-marches defeat them by make ten turns, and give retire. twenty they hardly force their antagonifts to but blows, till they are not natives of America, them The pintadés Guinea. The Genoefe brought to come from which they were engaged with the frft negroes, Caftilians in 1508. The Spaniards carry to the thought of keeping them at in home. the have never left them to roam at pleafure, wild, They have thickets, where they have become walk in the woodsand incredibly. We cannot and multiplied without finding prodigious Spanith territories, Thefe are call'd wild pintades. delicate flocks of them. are reckon'd the moft is The wild pintades be fet upon a table. Their flefh food that can tafte that of phealants. tender, and of a furpafing is not fo- finc, tho' The tafte of the that tame of pintades other poultry. itis better than we Thall enquire, whe- from After thefe difquilfitions, ought to be ditinguitied but ther the pintade Suetonius is of this opinion, the melagride. when compared hisauthoricy isof no Columella, importance, and Pliny. Thefe with that of Varro, were flefh food that can tafte that of phealants. tender, and of a furpafing is not fo- finc, tho' The tafte of the that tame of pintades other poultry. itis better than we Thall enquire, whe- from After thefe difquilfitions, ought to be ditinguitied but ther the pintade Suetonius is of this opinion, the melagride. when compared hisauthoricy isof no Columella, importance, and Pliny. Thefe with that of Varro, were --- Page 117 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. were profeffed naturalifts, whereas Suetonius 107 fidered chiefly the hiftory and politics of conThe meleagride, fay fome, in courts. and is not the wild pintade found dclights alfo marfhes ; and marfhy places ? If the in aqueous care of her young, which meleagride fhe often takes little it not the fame cafe with the ? abandons, is tade, fay fome, islarger and pintade fatter But the pingride. Some than the meleaare. larger than pintades others. are dry and lean, and fome found in Is not this fame diverfity ordinary fowls P : Should we count eftablifh different fpecies on this acfaid by fome, that the flethy and among them? It'is pendices, which hang from the cheeks cartilaginous of ap: tades, are red ; whereas the the pinblue. But let us confider the meleagrides head of have them and a part of its neck, which the pintade, fhall fee, that this are blue, and we error, and that, for pretended difference is only an have fometimes want of attention, people with the fkin, and confounded the bearded appendices pendices. fometimes the fkin with the apBefides, when the beards do not hang down pintades are young, thefe ferv'd. We fufficiently to be well obinferior of only at firft fee the blue fkin at the part the head. When the old, the Befhy beards affume pintades are whereas the fkin of the a deep red colour, in the neck being more fhrivell'd e change young, which has ftrikes the eye more. Tis this authors, who have given rife to the miftake of the and laid a foundation wrote of the Numidian hen, between the for the pretended difference gride, of which appendices of the pintade and melealy been made. two fpecies have very improperWe fhall now examine a of feems not to agree with that paffage Pliny, which quoted from Varro, This the fkin of the a deep red colour, in the neck being more fhrivell'd e change young, which has ftrikes the eye more. Tis this authors, who have given rife to the miftake of the and laid a foundation wrote of the Numidian hen, between the for the pretended difference gride, of which appendices of the pintade and melealy been made. two fpecies have very improperWe fhall now examine a of feems not to agree with that paffage Pliny, which quoted from Varro, This --- Page 118 --- Oiferuations upon ASIA, of pintades, fays; This laft, when fpeaking gancarum introiin triclinium <6 He noviffima, faftidium hominum vecs erunt e culina, propter magno." It follows <s neunt propter penuriam that the pintade meleagrides from thele words, introduced into Rome; and were fometime before tables, found nothing that pcople who kept good their appetites, which renmore proper to excite dear. This is confirm'd in dered them extremely of the works of Horace, Juvenal, Petronius, feveral places and Martial. that they were very Pliny fays on the contrary, Rome, c propter ingratum much fought after at from thefe words, to conclude cc virus." We ought did not underftand the propter thefe either that Pliny, hominum of Varro 5 or that been foifaftidium virus" have words, 6 propter ingratum fted in, and the text corrupted. that the pintade and Varro and Pliny grant, fame fowl; both agrec, that meleagride are the fought after by the Romans, they were very much dear in Italy, and accounted a that they were very beft tables. But Varro pretends, delicacy at the fought: cafter by pcople who keep' that that they were only hominum," good tables, < propter faftidium and procure a ftomach 5 is, to relifh their appetite, that they were rare, c propter in- or and Pliny thinks, What relation is there here, be 65 gratum virus." drawn ? Can food where is the confequence after, for no other reafon dear, and much fought and naufcous? than that it is abominable CH AP. --- Page 119 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA, ICg CHAP XI, Rules obferv'd by tbe Indians, in tbe adminiAration of juftice, qualities wbich the ougbe to barve, wbat thbe duty gf tbe judge is; maxims wbicb ferve as lans to the pleaders judges. Indians have neither code nor record, nor book THE any in which thofe laws'are which they ought to obferve in determining written, thofe differences which happen in families. have indeed the Vedam, which they look They facred book ; but it is not from it that upon as a the maxims they ufein regulating their judicial they draw cedures. They have another book which they pro- call Vichna-churam, which contains a great many fine fentences, and fome rules for the different of the people. In this book is related the tribes nious manner in which fome of the ancients ingecovered truth, when people endeavoured to dif her by various artifices. Tho' the Indians conceal the wit and fagacity of thefe admire very folicitous to imitate their judges, they are not their commands. In a word, we example, there find and obey many admirable fentences of the ancient a great this who work taught a found morality ; butit is not that tnam decifions. they draw the principles of their All the equity of their' judgments is on certain inviolable cuftoms and ufages which fispported rents tranfmit to their children. They look pathefe ufages as certain andi infallible rules for main- upon taining the peace of familics, and determining the fo differences not only of private perfons, but alof. princes. When a perfon can prove that his claim entences of the ancient a great this who work taught a found morality ; butit is not that tnam decifions. they draw the principles of their All the equity of their' judgments is on certain inviolable cuftoms and ufages which fispported rents tranfmit to their children. They look pathefe ufages as certain andi infallible rules for main- upon taining the peace of familics, and determining the fo differences not only of private perfons, but alof. princes. When a perfon can prove that his claim --- Page 120 --- Obferoations upon ASIA, in the I1O is founded on the cuftom there followed is no more claim it is enough for and him he 3 gains his caufe. is tribes, reafoning on the point demonftrate : that this cuftom Tho' you thould and fubject to great inconveniencies, gets the betill dtabithed, would gain nothing, the cuftom How, fay they, you of the ftrongelt reafons.. eltablifhed by the ter act againft ufages by thofe who can people confent of our anceltors, thofe now. alive? general followed them, and by what has have be madnefs to contradiét and authoWould it not by fo many wife men, been regulated concinual experience. cuftoms, becaufe, rifed by have not wrote thefe in books, none but They if they were written whereas being tranffay they, learned could read them, all the people the from age to age by tradition, with them. This, fay mitted acquainted laws and univerfal are perfectly is the ftate of the general cuftoms, they they, but as for the particular which were cuftoms engraved ; on plates of copper, court at Cangibouwere preferved in a great almoft totally deftroyed carefully The Moots having to difcover what was ram. city, it was not pofmible only know that that of thefe plates. They to every one of the become what related order which they they contain'd and the tribes in obferve particular, among each other. to the tribes, ought to for other affairs not relating fenfe, and the - As eafily determined. Good a man who they are are fufficient to guide to Belight of nature, judgment according equity. which ftand defires to give certain general maxims, every fides, there are and which are known to the by tribess inftead of laws, rules relating body. The prinsipal known, The are univerially what related order which they they contain'd and the tribes in obferve particular, among each other. to the tribes, ought to for other affairs not relating fenfe, and the - As eafily determined. Good a man who they are are fufficient to guide to Belight of nature, judgment according equity. which ftand defires to give certain general maxims, every fides, there are and which are known to the by tribess inftead of laws, rules relating body. The prinsipal known, The are univerially --- Page 121 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. The Indians facredly III of fome of their preferve the remembrance felves famous by kings, the who have rendered them-. The moft celebrated of equity thefe of their judgments. men. The kings was Mariadiraand has fome followingis a fentence which he Solomon. analogy to that formerly pafled paffed, by A rich man had married two tho' ugly, had a great wives ; the firft, for fhe had had a child advantage above the fecond; other had none. The by her hufband, and the : her fterility, was fuch fecond, in recompence for abfolute miftrefs of the a beauty, that fhe became wife, provok'dat feeing hufband's heart. The firft rival was careffed and herfelf delpifed, while her be ador'd, took a reveng'd on her, and had recourfe refolution to tagem as cruel as it is to a ftraans. Before fhe executed uncommon her among the Indineighbourhood, that the defign, the told the band's contempt for her, but was fenfible of her huf him, who fhould for the that fhe had a fon by comfort, She future prove her only marks of tendernefs accordingly fhewed all the external who was then at the breaft. and affection to the infant, After having thus convinc'd the exceffive love ihe bore her fon, the world of the him, and acordingly refolv'd to kill one night when her hufband twifted his neck about, and laid the murdered infant was in a diftant town, who was faft by the fecond wife, to feek for her afleep. In the morning, rival, and there fon, the ran into the chamber pretending of ber upon the finding the, child. dead, fhe fell moft terrible ground, tore her hair, and made the bourhood howling and lamentation. The judiced affembled, and were neighagainft the other univerfally it is. not poffible, that woman ; for, faid a mother LE fhould kill her own diftant town, who was faft by the fecond wife, to feek for her afleep. In the morning, rival, and there fon, the ran into the chamber pretending of ber upon the finding the, child. dead, fhe fell moft terrible ground, tore her hair, and made the bourhood howling and lamentation. The judiced affembled, and were neighagainft the other univerfally it is. not poffible, that woman ; for, faid a mother LE fhould kill her own --- Page 122 --- Obfercations upon AstA; fhould be fo unna fon; and tho' a mother cannot be fufown tural as to do fo, yet this her woman fon, and look'd upon peéted, fince fhe ador'd The fecond wife faid him as her only comfort. is more cruel, vioin her defence, that no paffion more tragical efJent, and capable of This producing affair was brought before each feêts than jealoufy. was appointed for Mariadiramen. A day They did fo, with that woman to plead her caufe. generally infpires. natural eloquence which heard paffion both parties, pats'd Mariadiramen having Let the woman who is inthe following fentence. that her rival is culpable, nocent, and who pretends in the pofture which take a turn thro' the affembly This pofture was fuch as did' he fhould fhew her. woman. Upon this the monot become a modeft faid, In order to convince you to ther of the child I not only confent that my rival is culpable, this affembly, in the manner take one turn before but alfo a hundred, if requir'd. yet I you have ordered, faid the fecond, tho' innocent, cruel death, if As for me, to the moft frft wife ought to be condemn'd of me. The I did what is now requir'd but the judge ordering anwanted to make a that reply, fhe was guilty, and her who filence, declared for, added he, a woman, an indetagonift innocent 5 death will not do at the profpest ofcertain have committed fo great action, could never who having cent on the contrary, a woman, coma crime : without trouble loft all fenfe of modeftys actions, fuficiently declares, mits themoft indecent the blackeft that The is capable of perpetrating confounded to fee herfelf crimes. The firft wife, forc'd publickly to acknowthus difcover'd, was ledge her crime. The , declared for, added he, a woman, an indetagonift innocent 5 death will not do at the profpest ofcertain have committed fo great action, could never who having cent on the contrary, a woman, coma crime : without trouble loft all fenfe of modeftys actions, fuficiently declares, mits themoft indecent the blackeft that The is capable of perpetrating confounded to fee herfelf crimes. The firft wife, forc'd publickly to acknowthus difcover'd, was ledge her crime. The --- Page 123 --- APRICA, and AMERICA, The Indians relate another ftill example of the fagacity of the more furprifing A man, whofe name was fame judge. his ftrength and extraordinary Parjen, remarkable for peaceably with his wife for fome agility, lived very were married. But one day, time after they at her, he left her, and went falling into a pafion dom. During his into a remote kinggods affumed the abfence, one of the fubaltern houfe, and made up figure his of Prajen, came into his mother-in-law. peace with the father and' They had three or four months, when the cohabited together home. He threw himfelf true Prajen came and at the feet of his father confeffing mother-in-law, ferioufly, in order to regain his wife, fly into a paffion that he was in the to on fo llight an wrong begg'd that his firft fault might be occafion; and father and mother-in-law forgiven. The this difcourfe; for they could were grearly furprifed at Prajen fhould fue a feeond time not comprehend how' which had been granted him for the pardon Their furprife was much fome time before: feit Prajen camhe home. greater When when the countermet, they began to quarrel, and the two Prajens each other from the houfe, wanted to banifht hood affembled, and none could Thewhole neighbourwas the true Prajen. At laft the determine affair which juft like the two Sofias of Plautus. turned out being heard before by the The difpute laid before Mariadiramen. king, was ordered to be perplex'd, when, after This judge was greacly declare his name, that of hearing his the true Frajen ther, and other relations in the father, of his moborn, togéther with fome remarkable town where he was life, the counterfeit Prajen events of his fpcken is a counterfeit faid, The man who has my name, of ; he has been inform'd of Vor. I. my relations, of my birth, and of: I every The difpute laid before Mariadiramen. king, was ordered to be perplex'd, when, after This judge was greacly declare his name, that of hearing his the true Frajen ther, and other relations in the father, of his moborn, togéther with fome remarkable town where he was life, the counterfeit Prajen events of his fpcken is a counterfeit faid, The man who has my name, of ; he has been inform'd of Vor. I. my relations, of my birth, and of: I every --- Page 124 --- Obfervations uton AstA, for that realon that relates to me, and true Prajen. I cvery thing here to declare himfelfthe for the truth of my. afcomes man, and here prefent, who am the genuine to all thofe and agilicy. fertions I appeal witneffes to my, ftrength ftone, which have been fecing a large in the folUpon this Manaditramen could hardly move, fpoke fays, puts it feveral men : What each of but I have at lowing manner to a e of my power give method of difcovering out fame time an infallible has the reputation of the truth. The true Prajen ; let him give a the Arengeh and agility ftonc. The true Prahaving great by lifting this the fpectators were proof Forthem and the The jen did his endeavours fee him lift it from ground. and lifted furprifed to tried it in his turn, this the afcounterfcit had Prajen bcen a feather. Upon true Prajen. But it as if it aloud, This is the in favour ofthe fembly cry'd pronouaced fentence the ftone from the Maniaditramen who had only raifed reafon for his procedure. former, and gave this has done what a man. ground, who Grft lifted the ftone, do; but he who took He ftrengch can be able to tofs it up inof extraordinary and feemed to or one ofthe fubit eafily, air, is certainly a demon, the figure of Prajen to cHke who has affumed what he has cicte altern gods, capableof doinig fo confounded, for no mortalis the falfe Prajen was Upon this in an inftant. fhew the eideas which that he difappeared cxamples fufficiently They triumph when Thefe have of a judge, heought tohave. A the Indians the qualities which be entirely aequaintesd they exprefs fay they, ought to He ought pericetly law. to judge, with the cafe difpuced. which are fubfervient he to may be know all the maxims man of fubftance, that He Hc ought to be a and corruption. ought to proof againt bribery an inftant. fhew the eideas which that he difappeared cxamples fufficiently They triumph when Thefe have of a judge, heought tohave. A the Indians the qualities which be entirely aequaintesd they exprefs fay they, ought to He ought pericetly law. to judge, with the cafe difpuced. which are fubfervient he to may be know all the maxims man of fubftance, that He Hc ought to be a and corruption. ought to proof againt bribery --- Page 125 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. to be more than twenty years of age, that indif- 115 cretion, which is peculiar to youth, may not render him rafh in his decifions. He ought to. be. der fixty years of age, becaufe at that period unlife people begin to lofe fome degrees of their of netration. If he is a relation or intimate petance of one of the contending parties, he: acquain- is not to appéar in quality of judge. He is never to alone, however upright or knowing he may judge be, His principal care oughtto be to examine the witneffes, who are cafily corrupted, and very dexterous in giving equivocal anfwers, an art in which the Indians excel i fo that the judges order their anfwers to interrogations to be written ; then dif-, mifs the partics, and order them to return two they after, when they propofe the fame queftions days them in a fomewhat different manner ; and becaufe to the judges are generally as artful as the they turn their anfwers into all the fenfes witnefles, bear, that they may not allow them the they can explaining what they have faid, otherwife liberty than of a natural fenfe. in Patience, fweetnefs of temper, and a great attention to what is prefcrib'd by cuftom, efpecially alfo qualities ftriétly recommended to their are They have a kind of proverb which they judges. ofter repeat ; which is, that the judge ought never look either at the countenances or hands of the to perfons who plead their caufes. With refpect to witneffes whom is ten obliged to interrogate, they think ajudge chat he ofto be diffident of fuch as are ought years of age, or poor. As for yonng, paft fixty never to be admitted, except in women, cafes of they are neceffity. They have a comical notion ablolute of the teftimony given by people who have but One and tiole who are hump-back'd, or labour under eye, any or hands of the to perfons who plead their caufes. With refpect to witneffes whom is ten obliged to interrogate, they think ajudge chat he ofto be diffident of fuch as are ought years of age, or poor. As for yonng, paft fixty never to be admitted, except in women, cafes of they are neceffity. They have a comical notion ablolute of the teftimony given by people who have but One and tiole who are hump-back'd, or labour under eye, any --- Page 126 --- Obfircations upon ASIA, Experience, fay they, other deformity. fuch people is alany that the teftimony of much teaches uS, and that they are ways very corrupted fufpicious, than others. more eafily chief man of- a town is the natural And that AAE Every fuits carried on in the town. of the be paffed with the greater equity; judgment may three or four of the moft experienced and in he choofes who are like amiftants to him, his feninhabitants with whom he pronounces is not content conjunétion condemned tences. If the perfon from it to the with his fentence, he may appeal who has feveral maniscarren, a kind ofi intendant, In a word, he towns under his government. this fentence to the immediate may appeal from from whofe fentence there is officers of the prince, relates to the tribes, the Ifthe matter it. Relations no appeal. of the tribes determine and they head men be affembled on thefe occafions, or may alfo equitably. The gourous, generally judge very of the Indians, decidea great part ipiritual fathers which arife among their difciples, to of the difputes people at law refer their difference in the Sometimes and in this cafe they acquiefce recourfe to arbitrators, without having fentence pronounced, other judiges. none take money exAmong all thefe judges who are not always guilty cept the maniscarrens, If the fam is an hundred crowns, and the of this pra@tice. to the maniacarren : to there are tén given the fuit, is generally obliged perfon who gains he who lofes being fuficiently pupay this fum, what he owed. nifhed, by paying let us pafs to the parties. own From the judges plea muft plead their of Thofe who have any friend does them that piece caufe, unlefs fome themfelves in a pofture fervice. They muft keep that --- Page 127 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. that teftifies refpect in the prefence of their 117 They do not interrupt each other, but are judges, with ufing a particular motion of the content teftify that they can confute what the head, to When the pleaders have done, the otheradvances. witneffès are remov'd, after which, the parties and the the counfellors confer together and judge and have ; when agreed on what is to be pronounced, they the judgerecalls the parties, and As moft proceffes in the Pronouhosthcfentence Indies relate and borrowed fums, it is proper the reader to debts know the manner in which thefe debts fhould traéted. Tis then the cuftom for him who are conrows to give a mourri, that is a bond, to bor- the creditor the principal, with intereft. pay fhe intereft is of three forts, one of which is' virtuous, another finful, and the other virtuous nor finful. The virtuous intereft neither is per cent. every month'; for they fay a one takes no more exercifes a great act perfon of who The finful intéreft is four per cent. virtue. And the intereft which is neither finful every month. tuous, is two per cent. every month, that is nor virfour every year. twenty Whena creditor has.waited fevéral year or two, he has a right to arreft months, his debtor or a the name of the prince, and then the debtor is ob- in liged to ftay at home, under pain of a rebel. He is not, however, being declared immediately before but obliged the to appear who thejudges firft go paft intercede for him, and perfoas creditor to give him fome months refpite. oblige the this time is expir'd, the creditor When the debtor in the name of the may again arreft prifing to fee the exact obedience prince. of thofe It is furarrefted, for they not only dare not make who their are sfcapc, but alfo can neither eat nor drink till the creditor , being declared immediately before but obliged the to appear who thejudges firft go paft intercede for him, and perfoas creditor to give him fome months refpite. oblige the this time is expir'd, the creditor When the debtor in the name of the may again arreft prifing to fee the exact obedience prince. of thofe It is furarrefted, for they not only dare not make who their are sfcapc, but alfo can neither eat nor drink till the creditor --- Page 128 --- Obfarvations upon ASTA, Then they are Creditor gives them liberty. who alfo gives them brought before the judge, which time the intereit fome months refpite, ifthe during debtor fails to pay at the kind time of runs on. Atlaft, condemns him to a to be appointed, the orders judge his cattle and moveables of prilon, and creditor generally abates fomething fold. intereft The due. and there the is accufed of a robbery, him When a man againft him, they oblige hand into a are ftrong his prejudices innocence, by putting his out his to prove oil. When he pulls which cauldron of boiling it up in a piece oi fuff, view hand, they wrap wrift. Three days after they he they feal On his if no mark of the fcald appears, 2 his hand, and innocent. This fpecies of trial whom 1ARes can < is declared the Indians, feveral of faund as common among hands out of boiling oil, as this take their in. When the indians require when they went the criminal's hands to be fome walh'd, retrial, they order left there fhould be and his nails pair'd, in order to prevent the fcalding. which medy conceal'd. alfo recourfe to another trial, a They have among them. They take than is large fufis very common whofe. mouth is no wider into this vound veffel, admit one's fift. They put bite is morficient to of thefe large eferpents whole alfo put a veffel one Temedied. They of tal, if not inftantly and oblige the perfons fufpeéted who is bit ring into it, take it out, and the firit the robbery to they is declared before culpable. it comes to this extremity, the accufed too But precaution not to expole it is a neckufe great luch trials. If, for inftance, that is ralhly to other trinket lace of gold, or thirty any or forty perfons robber rounda may ftolen, they almoft give like a bowl, that the fecretly vcffels, oblige the perfons fufpeéted who is bit ring into it, take it out, and the firit the robbery to they is declared before culpable. it comes to this extremity, the accufed too But precaution not to expole it is a neckufe great luch trials. If, for inftance, that is ralhly to other trinket lace of gold, or thirty any or forty perfons robber rounda may ftolen, they almoft give like a bowl, that the fecretly vcffels, --- Page 129 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. fecretly flip the thing.ftolen into his. II9 are made of a fubftance which is Thefe veffels water. Every one Carries his veffel eafily diffolv'd in ciftern, where all the veffels to a kind of the thing wanted is found, are diluted, and where of difcovering the robber. without any pofibility In trials for murder, if the law of takes place in any tribe, it is to be retaliation the utmoft rigour. Murders obferv'd with all the Indies ; and this are is very rare thro' there is fo little juftice for perhaps fuch the reafon why derer gives a certain. fum to the crimes. If a murpagods, for example, he prince, a hundred what is furprifing is, that obtains if a pardon ; and officers is kill'd, the murderer will one, be of the king's anchundred crowns. A hufband acquitted for E-to.tie Jaw, kill his adulterous wife may, and according Jant : but he muft kill both, and then her galbe no action againift him. there can It is never lawful to kill a bramin crime he may commit, he can only be 3 whatever by having his eyes pull'd out. Thisis the punifhed in which juftice is adminiftred method The following are fome of thofe among the Indians. ferve as laws.to direét their judges in maxims the which Ehey pafs. fentences FIRST MAXIM, Wben male tbere are Jeveral cbildren in a the cbildren are the only beirs, and famity, tbe bave no pretenfions of beritage. females This maxim appears unjuft, and Jaw of nature, fince the girls have the contrary to the and mother with the fons, But the Indians fame father that it is cuftom; and as it has been eftablifhed anfwer, I 4 the by the which Ehey pafs. fentences FIRST MAXIM, Wben male tbere are Jeveral cbildren in a the cbildren are the only beirs, and famity, tbe bave no pretenfions of beritage. females This maxim appears unjuft, and Jaw of nature, fince the girls have the contrary to the and mother with the fons, But the Indians fame father that it is cuftom; and as it has been eftablifhed anfwer, I 4 the by --- Page 130 --- Obfervations upon AsIA, it cannot be unjuft, the confent of the nation, have no reafon to They add, that the daughters fathers and mothers, or if becaufe the to provide complain, dead, the brothers are obliged they are hufbands ; that by thus tranfplanting as them witi, into another family, as noble their them, as it, were, cannot marry out of their own (for they a girl reaps in the family own tribe) the advantages to a dowry. into which The goes, are the equivalent fathers and mothera Tis however true, that advantage arifing from the almoft all the to them that the reap of their daughters. Tis which he parchafes marriage hufband carrics the fum with forit is to be obferv'd, deftin'd for him 3 and to, the lady the Indians, to be married, that among wife, is the fame thing. the purchafe a anfwer, that the fum given by all The Indians has been almoft of hufband to the father-in-law, for the bride, that the reft colts laid out in trinkets and that itoften it goes for the marriage-iealt, from the hufband. the father more than he received kingdouns in the There are, however, petty have g eat privileges, Indics, where the princeltes becaufe the which place them above their brothers, fide. If a of fucceflfion is on the mother's by a wile of right has a daughter wife king, for example, tho' he have a fon by another to the his own blood, the princefs will fucceed Tho of the fame tribe, whom ihe pleafes. kingdom, and may marry yet herfons her hufband is not of the blood-royal, are of the blood always kings, becaufe they father being acare the mother's fide, the by royal on and this right coming only counted nothings that the mother. we ought to conclude, and From this principle has a boy and a girl, if this princefs who reigns of the biood royal a there cannot be a princefs found Tho of the fame tribe, whom ihe pleafes. kingdom, and may marry yet herfons her hufband is not of the blood-royal, are of the blood always kings, becaufe they father being acare the mother's fide, the by royal on and this right coming only counted nothings that the mother. we ought to conclude, and From this principle has a boy and a girl, if this princefs who reigns of the biood royal a there cannot be a princefs found --- Page 131 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. found to be married to the prince, the the daughter will reign in children of brother. preference to thofe ofher SECOND MAXIM. Tl is not akways tbe eldeft fon oftbe kings, paleacarrens, and cbiefs of towns, wwbo princes, to thefate and goverument of bis fatber. fuccéeds The Indians diftinguifh two forts of thofe which defcend from the father dignities ; and thofe which are only attached to the. fon, without neceffarily to fome perfons, Thefe laft the devolving to their children. But prince may dilpofe of at we here fpeak of hereditary ftates. pleafure. has eftablifhed that the eldeft fhould fucceed, Cuftom their good qualities render them when ing; but when they are dull and capable ofmanagvern, and when the improper to gofor difcharging the office younger of brother has talents difpofes of things foi as make the a prince, ftàtes the king fhare oft the younger fon. If he fhould fall to the the relations would affemble after his not do fo, make choice of the death, and eftablifhed the eldeft younger. does As this cuftom is dition is not the worfe not take it ill. His conon this for out having the chagrin and toils account; withhe enjoys a ftate equally grand. attending royalty, thing which can alleviate the trouble They omit no: a forced fubmiflion. What is here faid produced by and princes, is alfo to be underftood of of kings rens, and the chiefs of cities. The palleacarways preferred to the elder, when younger he has is almerit. more The conduet of the Mogul is rent. He who has the greatelt princes forces very diffeand gains the conon this for out having the chagrin and toils account; withhe enjoys a ftate equally grand. attending royalty, thing which can alleviate the trouble They omit no: a forced fubmiflion. What is here faid produced by and princes, is alfo to be underftood of of kings rens, and the chiefs of cities. The palleacarways preferred to the elder, when younger he has is almerit. more The conduet of the Mogul is rent. He who has the greatelt princes forces very diffeand gains the --- Page 132 --- Objersations upon ASIA, brothers, fucceeds to . the vaft the viétory over his The wanquith'd are always ftates of the Mogul. This is a ftrange poeither imprifoned or killed, which induces brothers to a licy of the Moguls, of murdering each other. kind of neceflity, THIRD MAXIM. bave. not. been divided. after tbe. cbildren deatis Wben tbe.efcats all tbe ricbes wbicb ane ofube and of aj fatber, fock, bas acquired; are . added to tbe.common divided equally. #1 maxim appears ftrange, butit is to generally this rule followed 1 This by the indians, and according law-fuits. An exthey iterminate e a great many more: obvious. Let ample will render the who thing has five children, to us fuppole an Indian hundred pagods, which aleave at his 5 death hundred a pounds of a our money. mount to five: each of the fons ought to If tlie divifionis made, ; but ifit is not. made, are as havea hundred pounds when any. of the brothers ten it rarely iS, efpecially. then tho? the cldeft has acquired them to onmarried, pagods; he is obliged to divided put among thoufand ftock to be equally. the friends and the the common: brothers. 2 Fon this purpofe cldeft makes any all and iifthe relations are he affembled, is fure to be worfted, cuftom : for refiftance, The Indians haveranother fingular dull, and the reft when fome of the. brothers the. are. portion.of the former men of parts, they' than make that of the latters becaule, a great deal morel is' dull is incapable.ofi improving fay they, he who whereas he of quick apprehene his browhat is left him, much richer than fions, will foon bécome ther, --- Page 133 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. ther, to whom the greateft part of the left. heritage is In fome families there is never made; the ftock is common, and any live divifion in perfeétly good they a fome one of the underftanding. family is able This happens when He is at all the expence, and to fupport the reft. rior to the others, who have is, as it were, fupework no other care but to agrecably to his orders. He for the fons and grandfons of his provides brothers. wives furnifhes them with the neceffaries of He and other things life, cloaths, requilite ; and what is is,. that there are fome women capable of furprifing ing feveral families in this manner. In fome governlics they never make a divifion, and yet thefe fami- are as rich as the generality of Indian families, FOURTH MAXIM, Adopled cbildren bave an equal Jbare witb tbe Hctural cbildren, in the efeals of tbe fatbers and motbers wbo bave adepted tbem. When a man has no children, he often one of fome of his relations. The adopts ufed on this occafion are very remarkable. ceremonies In large houfe they affemble the relations of the. a fon who adopts, There perper veffel ofthe fame figure they with prepare a large copplace it in fuch a manner that the our child plates. to be They ed: can put both his feet into it, and fand adoptif he is able. Then the hufband and the upright nearly to the following purpofe. wifepeak We acquaint you that having no children we are defirous-t to adopt him whom you fee. We fo make choice of him for our fon, that henceforth effects fhall belong to him, as ifhe was really our begot adopts, There perper veffel ofthe fame figure they with prepare a large copplace it in fuch a manner that the our child plates. to be They ed: can put both his feet into it, and fand adoptif he is able. Then the hufband and the upright nearly to the following purpofe. wifepeak We acquaint you that having no children we are defirous-t to adopt him whom you fee. We fo make choice of him for our fon, that henceforth effects fhall belong to him, as ifhe was really our begot --- Page 134 --- Obfereations upon ASIA, any thing to hope gott by us. He has no longer We are therefore going from his natural father. if you confent to it. drink the faffron water, by a nod to give their approbation and the wife, The byftanders After this the hufband and of the head. faffron water into the veffel, they ftooping, pour walhed the child's feet with minute it, of after having Then they take a drink the remainder. which is figned by the company. chilwhat has paffed, and wife afterwards have whohas If the hufband brothers of him eldren, they are the younger the privilege of the been adopted, and he makes enjoys no difference between delt, fince the other law children. has not adopted and another kind ofa Fadoption which finThere is advantages, but has fomething and very fee athe fame have lofta child this other to gular in it. Ifparents him, they defire which nother who refembles father and mother, to look upon them as confents, his and then the. adoption of the the child readily adoption is in the language is, is made. This oppari. What is remarkable take country called ofa low tribe may, by oppari, like his that an Indian his fon, if he has features but a bramin for the bramin will call him father'; they are of child, and eat together, becaufe they muft tribes. never mother with redifferent What is faid of the father oppari, and is alfo to. be fpect to the fon adopred by and fifters, who in dead like uinderitood of brothers her who refembles a as manner adopt him They or afterwards treat them and brother or fifter. amit them in their wants, The Inbrothers and fifters, and misfortunes: alleviate fhare their happinefs this means they greatly whom dians fay, that by relations, fince in thole and their grief for their find other children, brothers fifters, they adopt they ari, and is alfo to. be fpect to the fon adopred by and fifters, who in dead like uinderitood of brothers her who refembles a as manner adopt him They or afterwards treat them and brother or fifter. amit them in their wants, The Inbrothers and fifters, and misfortunes: alleviate fhare their happinefs this means they greatly whom dians fay, that by relations, fince in thole and their grief for their find other children, brothers fifters, they adopt they --- Page 135 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. filters. But this fort of relationfhip is terminated 125 by the death of the perfons who adopt, and does not pafs to their children: FIFTH MAXIM. Orpbans are 1o be treated like the cbildren of to wbom they are enirufted. tbofe One of the wifeft regulations among the Indians is, that relating to orphans. If have uncles and aunts, thefe are by the law they deemed their fathers and mothers, and obliged to them up as the other children of the family. bring The reputed father is obliged to marry them when they are of a proper age, and to lay out the expences neceflary to put them in a way In confequence of this cuftom, when of"living. a man loft his wife, he endeavours to her has This maxim marry fifter. they, this appears admirable to them ; for, fay by means there is no the children of the dead fifter always ftep-mother, become and of the living one. If this' man did not thofe his wife's fifter, he muft efpoufe another, who marry in all probability would abufe her hufband's children the advantage of her own. Whereas, ifthe fifter for the deceas'd marries her of dower, fhe will brother-in-law,who is a widren as her always look upon her fifter's chilown, In a word, if orphans have neither elder uncles nor aunts, they affemble the relations, brother, who make choice of fome one to take care of them. They write down what the orphan's father has and he is obliged to quit him as foon as he is left; of age. Thofe who bring up orphans, make earn their bread as foon as they are able to work. them If --- Page 136 --- Objeroations upon AsIA, n'ofparts they put them to-fchool If they'are children write, and to manage accounts. to learn to read; SIXTH MAXIM. cbildren may commit againf tbeir Wbatever crimes never be difinberited. fatbers, tbey can that this cuftom is very The Indians imagine Thus, when a fon ftrikes and wife and equitable, even makes an attempt on wounds his father, or the father is obliged his life, without fucceeding, ifa father fhould declare on his to pardon him ; and of his fons fhould not have death-bed, that any one account of his bad behaa fhare of his heritage, who on fhould pretend to execute viour, the brothers would be caft in all the the will of their father, courts of the Indies. that it is contrary to When we tell the Indians, father cannot detain common fenfe, to fay that a fon, who has defpifhis effeéts from an ungrateful anfwer, that on the coned and infulted him, they fcandalous than to fee trary, nothing is more ofhatred to his childie with fentiments to his a father. they, is obliged pardon dren. A father, fay and unnatural he may be; fon, however ungrateful this fon begotten by the fafor, in a word, is not of himfelf; and ther? he is therefore a portion hand,. becaufe it who everlaw a man cut his right had cut his left? reafon children cannot difinherit For the fame unreafonable he has been to a father, however fon dies very rich, and them. Thus, if an only father is his fucceffors and without children, his him of the heritage. nothing can deprive SEVENTH may be; fon, however ungrateful this fon begotten by the fafor, in a word, is not of himfelf; and ther? he is therefore a portion hand,. becaufe it who everlaw a man cut his right had cut his left? reafon children cannot difinherit For the fame unreafonable he has been to a father, however fon dies very rich, and them. Thus, if an only father is his fucceffors and without children, his him of the heritage. nothing can deprive SEVENTH --- Page 137 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA, SEVENTH MAXIM. Tbe fatber is obliged lo pay all tbe debts wubich tbe cbildren bave contraded, and the cbildren tbofe contraëted.ty tbeir fatbers. This is a general rule, and ferves to decide proceffes of this kind. cuftom if a debauched fon borrows According to this where, and gives lawful notes for it, money the father every obliged to pay his debts. He, in vain, 1S he does not deferve this favour, fince the fays, that he borrowed only ferved to monéy bauchery. They anfwer, that the augment his defather does not permit him to ufe this goodnefs of a fame rule is obferved with rigour. The which the fathers refpect to the debts contract, fince the children are obliged to pay them. Tho': they could that the father has fquandered away the prove, borrowed on foolifh, or perhaps wicked money and even tho? the fon fhould, renounce the purpofes, inheritance, he is always fentenced to pay.t the his father. debts of The fame holds true of the debts the brothers contraêts before the which one of heritance. The eldeft is divifion of the inthe fquanderer has his obliged to pay them, and as the other children. thare.of the common ftock is founded The reafon of this couduét on this maxim, that after the the father, tle eldeft brother becomes, death of the father of his brothers. In as it were, throw themfelves at his a word, the others them as his children. feet, and he looks upon liged to Pay the debts of Thus, his as the father is obbrother, whois in the place of children, a the eldeft to pay their debts before the divifion father, is obliged of the inheritance: --- Page 138 --- Obfervations upon ASIA, divifion is always made very late: ritance. But this extend to the fifters, fince neiThis rule does not brothers are obliged to pay their ther fathers nor debts. maxims which ferve as Thefe are the gerieral and which are exaétly laws among the Indians, of juftice. followed in the diitribution CHAP P. XII: ef California ; charaglet, manners, Defeription of tbe inbabitants eftbat and occupations plants, fruits, and ifand;, ibe remarkable animals found tbere. as in other beautiful countrics, and N California, plains, agrecable vallies, there are fpacious and imall cattle; fine excellent pafturage for large and rivers whole fprings of frefh water, rivulets, willows, reeds, and wildl banks are covered with vines? fummer the heats are very intenfe During the rains. But in the the coaft, and it rarely and the heat upon main-land the air is more holds temperate, nearly true with reis never exceffive. This In the rainy feafons there is a fpeÉt to the winter. and when it is over, inftead of kind of deluge, every morning, that rain, the dewis fo copious had rained, which renders one would think it fertile. In the months of their grounds very there falls with the dews April, May, and which June, is congealed and h irdened a kind of manna, of the réeds. It is not quite fo under the leaves but is equally fweet. whité as fugar, The This In the rainy feafons there is a fpeÉt to the winter. and when it is over, inftead of kind of deluge, every morning, that rain, the dewis fo copious had rained, which renders one would think it fertile. In the months of their grounds very there falls with the dews April, May, and which June, is congealed and h irdened a kind of manna, of the réeds. It is not quite fo under the leaves but is equally fweet. whité as fugar, The --- Page 139 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA: The rivers are fall of fith, and efpecial'y 129 of crabs, which they put into fifh-ponds, to be taken out as occafion requires: There is alfo great ty ofai fruit which the Spaniards call xicarnes; plen- and which has the fineft tafte of all the fruits in MexiCO. Thus, we may fay, that California is a very fertile country, During the winter, and at all fea fons, we find on the mountairs large piftacho trees of all kinds, and among the reft, that which the Chinefe, who are the natives of the country, call palofanto. it bears a great deal off fruit, and an cXcellent incenfe.is obtained from it. Ifthis country abounds in fruits; it is fiot lejs fertile in grains, of which the natives have four teen kinds. They alfo ufe the roots of fevend trees and plants, and among others that of to make a kind of. bread. Here are produced yguca, excellent cherries; a kind of red lentils; of which they eat a great deal, citrons, and water-melons an of extraordinary fize. The country is fo fertile, that it is common for fome plants to bear three times a year. Thus, with labour in cultivating the ground, and fkill indiftributing the waters, the country would be extremely fertile, fince without thefe fruits and grains of all kinds are found advantages, in plenty. great Belides feveral forts ofi animals known among us, which are found here in great plerty, and are good food, as goats, hares, rabbets and others; there are two forts of fallow beafts unknown in Europe. They call them fheep, becaufe they have fomething of the figure of our fheep. The firtt fpeciesisas largeas a calf one or two years old. Their head has a great refemblance to that of a and their horns to thofe ofa a ram. Their tail ftag, and hair which are fpeckle:i, are fhorterthan thofe of a Voi. I. K. ftag. Bus abbets and others; there are two forts of fallow beafts unknown in Europe. They call them fheep, becaufe they have fomething of the figure of our fheep. The firtt fpeciesisas largeas a calf one or two years old. Their head has a great refemblance to that of a and their horns to thofe ofa a ram. Their tail ftag, and hair which are fpeckle:i, are fhorterthan thofe of a Voi. I. K. ftag. Bus --- Page 140 --- Objarvations afon ASIA, like round, and cloven, deliBut their hoofs are Their large, fefh is very good and are thofe of an OX. fort of fheep, fome of which from cate. The other others white, are lefs different deal of black, and and have a great ours. They are larger, fpun, and proper for making wool, which is eafily there are cloth. animals ufed for food, found Belides thefe and many others like thofe Califorlions, wild cats, have brought into They of fmall cattle, in New-Spain, and a great number have multiplied nia COWS, and goats, which a many fuch as theep They havealfo imported the great country incredibly. in order to ftock. horfes and mares, and almoft with them. all thofe of Mexico, There As for birds, are found in California. parall thofe of Spain, larks, turtles, and a great ducks, many and are pigeons, excellent taftes geefe, tridges of an and frefh-water fowls. many other fea in fth of an excellent tafte. which They Thefea: abounds anchovies, and tunies, hand on the there catch themielves pilchers, to be taken with whales the feen there, fuffer There are very often The fhores are full of fea-fhore. all kinds of tortoifes. from which the moand much larger than thofe "Tis not from the fea fhells of is obtained. have falt-mines, ther pearl their falt, fince they like cryftal : that they get which is white and fhining are often the falt of time fo hard, that they but at the fame break it with a large hatchet. was - obliged to centuries fince California of It is near coafts two are famous for the of ifhing the deknown. Its has rendered it the objeét formed pearls. This who have often fires of the Europeans, thmefelves there. Tho* fehemes for eftablithing , ther pearl their falt, fince they like cryftal : that they get which is white and fhining are often the falt of time fo hard, that they but at the fame break it with a large hatchet. was - obliged to centuries fince California of It is near coafts two are famous for the of ifhing the deknown. Its has rendered it the objeét formed pearls. This who have often fires of the Europeans, thmefelves there. Tho* fehemes for eftablithing --- Page 141 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. Tho' heaven has been fo bountiful 131: fornians, and tho' their foil to the Caliduces, what does not grow fpontaneougv progreat deal of trouble and pains, ellewhere withour a regard to the riches and abundance yet they have no try. Content with the neceffaries of their counlittle follicitons about of life, they are ing they ufe fmall boats, every without thing elfe. For fifhger, becaule they are excellent any dread ofdanThe country is very fwimmers. northérn parts ; and tho' populous, there efpecially in the roughs which do not confift of are very few boforty, or fifty families, yet twenty, thirty, The trees defend them from they the have no houfes. by day ; and of the branches and heat of the fun a kind of bower, to fcreen leaves they make juries of the nocturnal air. themfelves In from the inable number of them fhut winter, a confiderwhich they dig in the earth. themfeives .up in caves The men go quite naked, and heads with a fort of very fine only cover their of net-work. For an ftuff, or with a kind their necks, and fometimes ornament in they carry abont of mother of pearl very well their hands, figures gantly adorned with fmall round cut, and very elebeads. For arms they have fruit almoft like arrows, or-javelins, which nothing but bows and their hands, either for they always carry in felves againit their enemies hunting or defending themquently make war upon each ; for the boroughs freThe women are cloathed a other. little wearing from their middle to their more modeftly, of cloth made like the fineft knees, a kind their fhoulders with the fkins mats. They cover the men wear very fine of beafts, and like Thefe nets are fo fine that the nets about their heads. up their hair with them. The Spanifh officers tie K2 womep, as well as the they always carry in felves againit their enemies hunting or defending themquently make war upon each ; for the boroughs freThe women are cloathed a other. little wearing from their middle to their more modeftly, of cloth made like the fineft knees, a kind their fhoulders with the fkins mats. They cover the men wear very fine of beafts, and like Thefe nets are fo fine that the nets about their heads. up their hair with them. The Spanifh officers tie K2 womep, as well as the --- Page 142 --- Obfercations upon AstA, mix necklaces of mother of pearl, which the men, wear kernels of fruits and fhells, of ed with the and bracelets made hang down to their middle, and the fame materials. of the men The moft general employment The thread is made of long and women is fpinning, them ferve inftead of flax herbs, which with fubftance refembling cotton, the which finwool ; or ofa the barks of certain fruits. Of which is found in make the feveral ornaments facks elt thread they and of the coarfeft they make The men they feveral wear; ufes, and nets for fifhing. are extremely for feveral herbs, whofe fibres know alfo with flamentous, and which they, kitchen compaét and dexterouly, make pieces of ferve for how to handle fizes. The fmalleft pieces as furniture ofall middling for plates, and fometimes for bafkets cups, the for the women, the largeft for bafors bonnets the fruits, and' fometimes veffels muft be for gathering them in. But thefe the fres left for boiling mov'd while they are on which would continually fhould lay hold of them, the foon Aame burn them. deal of vivacity, The Californians have a great We find no naturally addieted to raillery. almoft any and are among them, nof adore the form of government worihip. They religion, or religious honour of her cut off their hair-which moon, and in to be employed in various laws they give their priefts Every family makes the reafon kinds of fupertitions. and this is probably to itfelf at pleafure: often fight with each other. why they fo CHAP. burn them. deal of vivacity, The Californians have a great We find no naturally addieted to raillery. almoft any and are among them, nof adore the form of government worihip. They religion, or religious honour of her cut off their hair-which moon, and in to be employed in various laws they give their priefts Every family makes the reafon kinds of fupertitions. and this is probably to itfelf at pleafure: often fight with each other. why they fo CHAP. --- Page 143 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. CHAP XIII, Oftbe cbi-tfe, the lit-cbi, the ton, and eftbe boarchu, the cotvirtues, Hovers the woilloco, tbeir gualities, tbe TLLA ufes made of tbem in Cbina. propertics, and chi-tfe or fe-tfe, is not lefs account valuable THE ofits fruit. ofits In the beauty, than of the goodnefs on i Honan the fields are all provinces covered of Can-tong and trees, fome of which are with this kind of Thofe which grow in the as large as nut-trees. better fruit than that province Tehe-kiang bear fkin is' always green without produced elfewhere. The or reddifh, like that of the ever others, becoming yellow continue frefh during the whole Thele fruits form The leaves of the chi are of the winter, fame with thofe of the nut-tree, colour and pointed and rounder at the only they are lels of it is not unwholefomé like extremity. The fhade under which itis that of the nut-trée, nefe author has thefe dangerous to fall alleep. A Chiadvifes the literati trees in fo great efteem, that and to to have them near their he repofe under the fhade of clofets, The thape of the fruit is them. fame. Some are round, others not univerfally the fome are flat, and in a manner oblong and oval; ; almoft divided into two, is as large Hketwoapplectjomnelint as an orange the middle. This fruit mon, and then ofan orangecolour. oralemon, and is firft ofa ledelicate, fmooth, and even. The The fkinis tender, is firm, and fourifh to the fubftance ofthefruit as it becomes riper, It tafte, but becomes milder at laft becomes redifh, K3 and are flat, and in a manner oblong and oval; ; almoft divided into two, is as large Hketwoapplectjomnelint as an orange the middle. This fruit mon, and then ofan orangecolour. oralemon, and is firft ofa ledelicate, fmooth, and even. The The fkinis tender, is firm, and fourifh to the fubftance ofthefruit as it becomes riper, It tafte, but becomes milder at laft becomes redifh, K3 and --- Page 144 --- Obfarcations upon ASIA, fweet and agrecable tafte. Before and acquires a when the fkin is taken off, its perfec maturity, mixture of acidity and the fruit has a certain agrecable, and givesit an fweetnels, which is very and falutary virtue. four hard and ftony' aftringent This fruit includes three or Some of them which contain the feed. and thefe pippins, are, without pippins, become railed artificially Thefe fruits rarely are moft efteemed. and are gather'd in autumn, ripe on the trees, arrived at their natural bulk they When they have ftraw, or on hurdles to ripen. lay them on is only true of the tree, which chi This account As for the wild they take care to cultivate. and its branches which are it has a crooked trunk, Its fruit is not interwoven, have fmall prickles. larger thana fmall apple. confifts in The culture of this tree for principally when it has feveral times : the art of graltingit the pippins of the fruit become been thus grafted, the fruit fometimes grows with- almuch lefs, and The peach, or rather the out any pippin at all. on a chi, produces large berge tree, when grafted tafte. yellow fruit of an exquifite that the fruit of The Chinefe botanifts pretend, and cold. They fay, firft, the chi is naturally mild after it is pull'd that when it is eaten immediately the hearing and fmell from the tree, it renders that it cures diforders of acuter. Secondly, Thirdly, the abdomen, and remowesheatibuma that this that it keeps the mouth cool. their Fourthly, wine, which is : drinking fruit eaten by perfons of rice, renders them fooner a kind of beer made would otherwife be. A faintoxicated than they thatthis only holds true mous Chinefeauthor that fays, this fruit removes intoxiof warm wine, and cation on other occafions. The eaten immediately the hearing and fmell from the tree, it renders that it cures diforders of acuter. Secondly, Thirdly, the abdomen, and remowesheatibuma that this that it keeps the mouth cool. their Fourthly, wine, which is : drinking fruit eaten by perfons of rice, renders them fooner a kind of beer made would otherwife be. A faintoxicated than they thatthis only holds true mous Chinefeauthor that fays, this fruit removes intoxiof warm wine, and cation on other occafions. The --- Page 145 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. The fame author quotes another who enumerates feven more ancient, in the chi, Firft, it very lives confiderable advantages conftantly a great many years, ly. producing fruit, and decays very flowSecondly, it fpreads a grateful fhade to a their great diftance. Thirdly, the birds dare not build nefts in it. Fourthly, it is free from and all other infeêts fo worms, prejudicial to other trees. Fifthly, when it has been.covered with a hoar its leaves affiume various and agreeable colours. froft, Sixthly, its fruit is not only beautiful to the but grateful to the tafte. Seventhly, when thel elcaves eyc, fall, they enrich the foil, as well as the beft nure. maA third author, after fome encomiums tree, pretends, that its fruit eaten crude, and on this plentifully, produces defluxions 5 and that tho' too is wholfome when dry, yet it will then give rife to it flatulences, if eaten to excefs. The defire of having it foon, often makes them - it is ripe, but there are feveral gather it before this defect. If they it ways of fupplying place, it lofes its natural keep ten days in a proper fweet like acidity, and becomes fugar or honey. They alfo forward its maturity, by letting it lie two or three days in water, which they change often. But that by being thus macerated, it affumes they fay, a cold quality. Some, in order to ripen it, bury it in falt, which is a means of removing its but does not render it the more wholfome. acidity, Others put it three or four times into a warm lixivium of alhes; but this forc'd maturity has its inconveniences, elpecially with refpect to fick perfons. The Chinefe have a cuftom of drying this fruic almoft in the fame manner in which figs are dried. They make choice of the largeft, and fuch as have no pippins 5 or, if they have any, they dexteK 4 roufly --- Page 146 --- Obfervations upon ASIA, 136 extraÉt them : Theh they prefs the fruit beroully their hands, to renderthem flat ; after which, tween them to the fun and dew, Whenthey are theyexpofe they put thepi in a large veffel, tillthey apdry, cover'd witha kind of white jelly, which is pear juice, appearing on the furface, their fpirituous renders this fruit beneficial The juice thus labour prepar'd under diforders of the Jungs. to thofe who remark made the fame We muft not forget a the by meal Chinefe author, which is, that at fame muft not eat crabs and chit-fe. He pretends, you between them, and that that there is an antipathy there is a reciprocal combat by thefe two aliments which excites violent produced in the ftomach, flux. gripings, and often brings.on a dangerous whofe fruit, We thall now confider another tree, fince in it we called lit-chi, is not lefs furprifing, and all the fnd ajuft temperature of heat, cold, and vigour to the other qualitics, Itgives frength and folidity to the body, and vivacity, fubtilty, it is heating. there is an antipathy there is a reciprocal combat by thefe two aliments which excites violent produced in the ftomach, flux. gripings, and often brings.on a dangerous whofe fruit, We thall now confider another tree, fince in it we called lit-chi, is not lefs furprifing, and all the fnd ajuft temperature of heat, cold, and vigour to the other qualitics, Itgives frength and folidity to the body, and vivacity, fubtilty, it is heating. The genius. If it is eaten to exçefs, friable, reduced ta kernel gently roafted, rendered warm fine and taken in the morningwith a powder, the infupportwater, is a certain remedy againft colic. Itis able pains cf the gravel, and nephritic to daid, that before the hand of man begins gather the nor infect dares come near the - lit-chi, no bird one has touched the tree : but as foon as all any forts of voracious birds, branches and the fruit, the fruit, and largeand fimall, come to prey But upon there is nothing doagrcat deal of damage. gather thele marvellous in this, fince they only birds arc fruits when they are ripcs and of thisthe as good judges as men. and allow'd to When this fruit is intircly ripe, it changes yomain but onc day longer on the there tree, is a change as colour. JE it is left two days, --- Page 147 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. ip its tafte ; and if we wait till the third change is ftill more remarkable. It day, the with this fruit as it is with the beft is probably melons, fince it muft be eatenin the European thefe trees grow. Could they country where and import them into preferve them frefh, fome dried ones, the Europe, as they have done imperfeétly oftheir Europeans could only judge to Peking for the goodnefs, The lit-chi brought veffels full of emperor, and put up in tin other ingredients, brandy, have mix'd with honey, and frefhnefs, but lofe a great indeed deal of an their appearance of We fhall now ipeak of another tafte. known in France, and in the laft tree more thither from America. This is the age brought the Chinefe call hoaichu. acacia, which feeds taken from their They pretend that the medicine, and that the code, flowers are fuccelsfully ufed in very particular yellow colour. tinge paper with a With refpect to the ufe made of thefe feeds medicine, the following is a in Chincfe author. In the recipe given by a we muft put the feedsof beginning the of the winter, of the gall of an OX as will acacia into as much Then after having dried the whole totally cover them. hundred days, We are in a fhade for a thefe feeds after meals, every day to fwallow one of that by continuing this The author affures us, becomes better, the hemorrhoids practice daily, the fight hairs already grey with are cured, and The fecond age are rendered black. Aowers, which advantage of acacia arifes from its çolour. In order tinge to fuccced paper or filk with a yellow pound of the flowers in this, take half a blown, and ready to fall. gathered Toaft before they are full a fmall clear fire, ftirring them them gently over pan, in the fame often in a copper manner as you toaft the little buds hemorrhoids practice daily, the fight hairs already grey with are cured, and The fecond age are rendered black. Aowers, which advantage of acacia arifes from its çolour. In order tinge to fuccced paper or filk with a yellow pound of the flowers in this, take half a blown, and ready to fall. gathered Toaft before they are full a fmall clear fire, ftirring them them gently over pan, in the fame often in a copper manner as you toaft the little buds --- Page 148 --- Oljervations upon ASIA, tea. When in buds and leaves of new-gathered perceive them toafting and ftirring the Aowers, throw three you fmall porrinto affume a yellow colour, them, and boil the whole till full of water upon becomes decper 3 gers and the colour coarfe Glk. it is infpiflated, of then pafs - the whole thro' a piece add half an ounce When the liquor is expreis'd, of calcin'd oyfterof alum to it, and an ounce When the whole is incorfhells fnely pounded. will have the yellow tinéture. of porated, you ufe the feeds and Aowers The Chinefe dyers different forts of yellow. Havacacia to dye three acacia flowers, they add to ing firft toafted the ripe, and taken from the them the feeds intirely lels of the feeds than of cods 5 but they ufe much intend to give the colour the Alowers. Îf they which is the moft lively, and of ngo-hoang, fix yards of filk, they ufe a are to dye five or and four ounces of alum, pound of thefe flowers, in proportion to which quantities breadth they augment of the pieces they have to the lengeh and that is the dye. To give the colour king-hoang, firit give the colour we yellow, they dry, they add a fegold-colourd mention'd, and it being little have colour, in which there is a fame brafil-wood. manner as cond make the pale yellow in the inftead of four, They with this difference, that the firft, add three ounces of alum. all they only is beft for dying, yet Tho' the river-water not good: That, the waters of this kind are bad equally taite, is leaft proper for inftance, which has a if none elfe can be for the purpole. However, the dyer muft give the had, inftead of one dip,. obtain the beauriful COcloth two, before he can lour he wants.. of acacia are toafted, they When the flowers be kept during a whole may, as well as the feeds, year, they only is beft for dying, yet Tho' the river-water not good: That, the waters of this kind are bad equally taite, is leaft proper for inftance, which has a if none elfe can be for the purpole. However, the dyer muft give the had, inftead of one dip,. obtain the beauriful COcloth two, before he can lour he wants.. of acacia are toafted, they When the flowers be kept during a whole may, as well as the feeds, year, --- Page 149 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. - year, and may be employed in dying. But when both are thus kept, they muft be longer boil'd than if they were recent. When they are old, their juice is more difficultly extraéted, and lefs in quantity. Befides, the recent flowers always give the moft beautiful colour. of The Chinefe botanift teaches us the method cultivating this tree, in fuch a manner as to make it grow quickly, and keep the better. When,, fays he, have gathered the acacia feeds, dry them in the fun, you and a little before the fummer folftice throw theminto.water, When they have budded there, fow them in a fat foil, mixing hemp-feed with them. Both feeds will rife, but you muft cut the hemp in a proper time, and tie the young acacias to fmall props. The following year fow hemp again, which may be alfo done the third year, in order to preferve thefe delicate plants from the injuries of the weather. When the fhrubs are become ftrong, they are to be tranfplanted, and will become very beautiful trees. A celebrated Chinefe chymift highly recommends an artificial medicinal itone, to which great virtues are afcribed. Its compofition is as follows. Take twenty or thirty pints of the urine of a young man, about fifteen years of age, and of 2 found and robuft conftitution. Put it into an iron veffel, and hold it over a clear charcoal fire, till you fee a white froth on the furface ; then pour intoit, drop by drop, fome of the frefh oil of turnips. Into a veffel full of this urine, pour a common tea-cup-full of this oil. The whole is to bc boil'd till no more remains than a dry fediment of a blackifh colour. This is to be reduc'd into a fine powder, after it is fo fprinkled with oil, that the oil has penetrared all its parts. This powder is put upon a tile, over which is laid anothery and botia th on the furface ; then pour intoit, drop by drop, fome of the frefh oil of turnips. Into a veffel full of this urine, pour a common tea-cup-full of this oil. The whole is to bc boil'd till no more remains than a dry fediment of a blackifh colour. This is to be reduc'd into a fine powder, after it is fo fprinkled with oil, that the oil has penetrared all its parts. This powder is put upon a tile, over which is laid anothery and botia --- Page 150 --- Olfervations upon ASTA, 14o covered and furrounded with burning both are But Ewo crucibles would be better, if a charcoal. the one. When you think vent was leftin fuperior when no fteam apall the humidity what is diffipated; remains is cold, you are to pears, and when When it is retakeit and pound it in a mortar. it is to be put into a duc'd to a very fine powder, which is to be carefully COlarge porcelain veffel, and clean mat. Over this there ver'd with a fine of cloth, and over both muft be another covering Then boiling water a double one of coarfe paper, thro' the coverings, is pour'd, drop by drop, for this which are left Nack in the middle veffel purpole. with To finifh the operation, they place where the the matter is its contents in a is copper and pan, firm. This is the mebak'd again till it dry call the autumnal ftone. dicinal ftone, which China they for the dropfy and the It is ufed in pretend, that it is an phthifis. Their for phyficians diforders of the lungs. This excellent remedy it is called the autumnal ftone, is the reafon why is beft for ir; for this not thatthe autumn preparing meaning. denomination includes a more myfterious that the Tis amaxim in the Chinefe medicine, noble parts of the human body have a of particular the year. relation to fome of the four feafons accordNow as the autumn is the feafon, which, the to the Chinele, has a relation to lungs, ing this medicine is falutary to thofe labouring and as therefore called under pulmonary diforders, 2 itis the artificial autumnal ftonc. If we confider the But to return to.botany. that at the opening willow thoroughly, we find, of froth, of its flowers, there appears a kind dry No doubt with which they are generally cover'd. froth, that the internal fermentation reduces to feeds a of the glutinous fubftançe in which the flowers a relation to lungs, ing this medicine is falutary to thofe labouring and as therefore called under pulmonary diforders, 2 itis the artificial autumnal ftonc. If we confider the But to return to.botany. that at the opening willow thoroughly, we find, of froth, of its flowers, there appears a kind dry No doubt with which they are generally cover'd. froth, that the internal fermentation reduces to feeds a of the glutinous fubftançe in which the flowers --- Page 151 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. Howers as it were fwim, in different cods ; for if the weather is cold or cloudy, it hinders the buds of the willow from putting out their whitifh fubftance. If we put a bud, before it is opened, into a microfcope, we perceive that the matter coming out of its point, refembles the glair of a beaten egg put into a froth, with which the whole Rower is fucceflively cover'd. It may happen that every feed included in its cafe, may fwim in this glairous matter, and be nourifh'd by it in the fame manner as the chick is in a hen's egg. After this the moft fubtil part of the air penetrating this froth as foon as it is detached, gives it the form of network, by infinuating itfelf into the ramous parts,, feparating and raifing them, and drying the glutinous humour, which united them, by which means they lofe the figure of filaments. The Chinefe botanift fays, that the flower of the willow is cover'd with fmall fcales. When the flowers are dry without their feeds and froth, they În a microfcope appear like the comb of wafps, full of open cellules. What is detach'd from the flowers, and floats in the air, is fome times call'd their filk, their wool, or their cotton. When the weather is hot, fuch a quantity of thefe flakes fail from the willows, that they appear like a thick fnow covering the ground. Wlien they fip under the herbs, or the points of pretty high grais, they make the ground refemble a meadow gently overflow'd by the limpid waters of fome rivulet. The Chinefe author ingenioully fports with thefe appearances, and gives a full fcope to his imagination. It is. cotton, fays he, which the willows fpread, and yet it is not really fo 5 for I am all cover'd with it, and yet not cloth'd the warmer. It refembles fnow, which darkens the air, and yet it is not really fuch 3 for the fun; when hotteft, cannot make the ground refemble a meadow gently overflow'd by the limpid waters of fome rivulet. The Chinefe author ingenioully fports with thefe appearances, and gives a full fcope to his imagination. It is. cotton, fays he, which the willows fpread, and yet it is not really fo 5 for I am all cover'd with it, and yet not cloth'd the warmer. It refembles fnow, which darkens the air, and yet it is not really fuch 3 for the fun; when hotteft, cannot --- Page 152 --- Oifervations upon ASIA, in a it. The fwallow, which can fly cannot melt by this cloud of white flakess gencle rain, furprifed fo retarded, that fhe is obliged the to has her Aight thinks that fhe has appear'd before ftop: She feem'd young fpring. Thefe Imnesmstichyehenay feem old and decayed. So fudden and verdant, to-day me a furprife, equal to a change in a garden be gives produced by my feeing a that which would hair, and a florid with yellow friend yefterday me with his countecomplexion, come to to-day, nance pale, and his hairs grey. of"our Chinefe author, 1 But paffing thefe trifles more ferious. It is only let uS come to. fomething caits burrs full of ramous parts, the willow which Thefe burrs are gathered,. and refembling cotton. But it does not feem preferv'da as well as thecotton. cotton, to feparate to be ealy to card this which fpurious are fmall and flat, and to the feeds from it, it fit for ftuffs. Some Chifpin it fo as to render affert, that it was formerly nefe authors, however, beds; and that when the cotton us'd for childrens the winter-boots with it; as was fcarce, they lin'd [and coverings. They alfo alfo mats, cufhions the peoplc, of the Alowers befay, that near China, make aliquor which foon infore they are blown, times of famine, the poor pcople toxicates. In of the flowers, without Ee ther the dried bodies reduce them to a powder, and cotton and the feed, them for their fupport. make broth of pretend, that by applyThe Chinefe phyficians which is very combuftible, and ing the dry flower, they have an excellent remedy fetting fire to it, and convulfions of the limbs. againit the jaundice, them, is equally proper for This, according to when apply'd in form of a the cure of all ulcers, deficcative and abforbent powder. As of the flowers, without Ee ther the dried bodies reduce them to a powder, and cotton and the feed, them for their fupport. make broth of pretend, that by applyThe Chinefe phyficians which is very combuftible, and ing the dry flower, they have an excellent remedy fetting fire to it, and convulfions of the limbs. againit the jaundice, them, is equally proper for This, according to when apply'd in form of a the cure of all ulcers, deficcative and abforbent powder. As --- Page 153 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. As for the cotton detach'd from it, and eff by the wind, the Chinefe carried that it cures all forts of tetters, phyficians affert, made by iron, and the mof obftinate callofities, wounds that it accelerates the fuppuration of chancers : hemorrhages and the lochia in women wounds, after ftops labours : that it is good againft the difficult the fpleen, and is moderately cold. hardnefs of "Tis the common opinion in China, that there a double tranfmnutation of the cotton of the is The phyficians fay, and the willow. shat if this fpecies of cotton falls vulgar in believe, firft, it is in a night's time a lake OF pond, ping, which is feen chang'd into the herb leouand whofe roots do not floating reach the on flagnant waters, ly, that every little flake come from bottom. the Secondand falling upon furs, or habits made of willow, transform'd into a maggot or fmall fkin, is quote many authors who affert the fame worm. They which reafon, when the willows are'in thing, for Chinefe are very careful not to expofe their flower, the lin'd with fkins. habits Tho' the Europeans are far from milar metamorphofis, believing a fiperience, and ufe the yet fame they have the fame exChinefe, which proves the truth precaution of the fact. with the it is probable, that this flake is But fmali eggs of impregnated with live the batter-flies, or fmall worms, which feed upon willows ; or it may happen, that the ferves as aliment to the worms, or as "to them, which muft contribute a fhelter tiply them in a fkin. greatly to mulAs to the aquatic and floating plants, it is bable, that their time of prowith the falling of. the willow blowing happens juft thefe laft only ferve to unite feveral flowers, of and that plants, and render them fenfible tothe thefe fmall eye, The -flies, or fmall worms, which feed upon willows ; or it may happen, that the ferves as aliment to the worms, or as "to them, which muft contribute a fhelter tiply them in a fkin. greatly to mulAs to the aquatic and floating plants, it is bable, that their time of prowith the falling of. the willow blowing happens juft thefe laft only ferve to unite feveral flowers, of and that plants, and render them fenfible tothe thefe fmall eye, The --- Page 154 --- Obfervations upon AsIA, botanift does not forget the thanThe Chinefe cultivating thefe trees, in order ner of planting and and make them grow toa to have them beautiful, willows are fubjeét to be dacertain height. The or to be blafted by a kind maged by large worms, the following direétions of caterpillar. He gives thefe infeéts. When a them from a hole to prelerve willow is we muft make branch of planted, from the part which is to fend two or three inches this hole we are to put a piece offthe roots. Thro' extend two or three inches of fir long enough to kind of crofs fetin the ground over each fide. This it will be'more diffeult to has a good effeét, fince becaufe the. crofs-wood pull up new-fet plants, than their roots would do. keeps them better defend thefe new-planted trees Some, in order to the holes in which they are from worms put into head of and a piece planted a quarter of a garlick, ofliquorice an inch long, thefe flips, is to turn Another manner of planting and fet the top in the d5 the large end uppermoll, a kind of willow will be ground. By this means call the hairy willow, beproduced, which they fome of the largeft, are caufe its branches, except like hairs. The literatilove fmall, and hang down fmall gardens before their to have thefe. in their ftudies. that the willow, tho' naturally It is furprifing and fubject to rot, is nourifhed of the light, porous, in water, as well as piles expeand prelerved This is what they conftantly is hardeft wood. where the wood of the willow for rience in Peking, the wells made in the gardens ufed in building This Invention watering flowers and pot-herbs. be relifhed in Euof the Chinefe may, perhaps, When rope, . in their ftudies. that the willow, tho' naturally It is furprifing and fubject to rot, is nourifhed of the light, porous, in water, as well as piles expeand prelerved This is what they conftantly is hardeft wood. where the wood of the willow for rience in Peking, the wells made in the gardens ufed in building This Invention watering flowers and pot-herbs. be relifhed in Euof the Chinefe may, perhaps, When rope, --- Page 155 --- AFRICA; and AMERICA. When they are determined to make they chufe a place where they think a well, find water. They dig a round hole they can feet deep, and when the bottom is made about three they lay the bafis of the well, on which very even to ereét the mafonry. This bafis is made they are pieces of the wood of the of flat thick, and taken out of the willow, at leaft fix inches frefh tree. Thefe trunk of a Jarge and other in a round form, pieces and leave are joined to each On thefe large planks they build a the large vacuity. the well, and in mafonry of cover all the outfide proportion with the as they raife it, they earth up. - Then they dig in the middle, and they have dug tion as they advance. they take all the in proporfrom under the wood-work which earth equially fonry. This laft gradually fuftains the mamented above ground. This fubfides, labour and is augand- the workmen dig in the fame is continued they have founda fure and copious manner,. till fpring, CHAP XIV. Difevery oftbe Caroline ifands, religion, and articles BRem nof the tants; tbeir of faitb of tbe inbabipolicy, guvernment, and dexterity inppoingfar aubale, I N. 1721, a foreign bark little thole of the Marian iflands, arrived different from place in the ifle of Guahan in a defart which they call Tarafofo. on the eaflern coaft, were In this bark twenty - four perfons, eleven there women, and fix children. A Marian men, feven Vos. I. L Indian fithing tants; tbeir of faitb of tbe inbabipolicy, guvernment, and dexterity inppoingfar aubale, I N. 1721, a foreign bark little thole of the Marian iflands, arrived different from place in the ifle of Guahan in a defart which they call Tarafofo. on the eaflern coaft, were In this bark twenty - four perfons, eleven there women, and fix children. A Marian men, feven Vos. I. L Indian fithing --- Page 156 --- Olfiroations apon ASIA, and told the head of the ing on that coaft, went went to the affiftance of borough, who forthwith and his good ufage engaged thefe poor iflanders, them to come on fhore. remarkable built. Her Their bark was of a the leaves of the palmfail was a mat made of ftern were of the fame figure, tree. The ftem-and rifing in form of a doland terminated in a point four fmall apartments in phin's tail. There were of pallengers. The her, for the accommodation at the ftern, and the one was at the ftem, the of other the maft to which the other two on the fides ftood out from the bark fail was fixed, but.t they had roofs Thefe apartments like two wings. leaves in form of a canopy, to denade of palm from the rain and the heat of the fend paflengers hold of the bark were feveral divififun. In the of the. cargo and other provions for the ftowage in this bark was, fions. What was furprifing her, tho' the planks were that there was no nail cords in that no water could get fo tied together with between them. with four others beThis bark was in company and bound for longing to the ife of Farroilep, they were bya that of Ulcea, but in their paffage fome one way, andi north-weft wind difperfed, fome another. other cloathing than a The iflanders have no tie about their loins, and piece of ftuff which they Their chiefs have a kind of between their legs. which comes as low as robe open on the fides, befides their girdle hâve their knees. The women comes almoft to their a kind of petticoat which knees. their bodies, and pierce their The nobility paint fix in them flowers, aromatic cars, in order to if they can get it. herbs, cocoa feeds, or glafs, In ome another. other cloathing than a The iflanders have no tie about their loins, and piece of ftuff which they Their chiefs have a kind of between their legs. which comes as low as robe open on the fides, befides their girdle hâve their knees. The women comes almoft to their a kind of petticoat which knees. their bodies, and pierce their The nobility paint fix in them flowers, aromatic cars, in order to if they can get it. herbs, cocoa feeds, or glafs, In --- Page 157 --- APRiCA, and AMERICA. In general the people are tall and well Moft oft them have curled hair, Eme portioned. full and piercing, eyes, and thick beards. nofes, of different colours, fince fome have that They are Indians, while others feem to be ofthe genuine between the Spaniards and the mungrels, begot among them, Indians. There are alfo mulattos and the and thefe are the offspring of the negrocs Indians. The Caroline iflands lie between the fixth and eleventh degree of north latitude, and thro' thirty degrees of latitude run to the eaft of the cape of the Holy Ghoft. Thefe ilands are divided each into five provinces, fpeaking different from languages, one, which is of which feems to be derived probably Mahders the Arabic. have almoft no ideas of religion. The worfhip, and are They live without any publick of reafonable generally deftitute of the knowiedge beings. They, however, acknowledge the exiftence their of good and bad fpirits : but according and have to each opinion thefe fpirits are corporeal, believe them to be cetwo or three wives. They from thofe which inhabit leftial beings, different this world. handed This is the foolifh fyftem The traditionally oldeft of thefe fpidown from their fathers. who rits Sabucour, whofe wifeis called Halmecul, which in their had a fon, whom théy cail Eltulep, language fignifies the great fpirit, and a daughter called Ligobund. The fon married Letenhieuel, who was born in the ifle of Uldea. She died in the flower ofher age, and her foul forthwith afcchded had a fon by her, called into heaven. Ejtulep. the middle'of heaven. Lugueileng, which lignifes ofwhich He is rever'd as the great lord ofheaven, he is prefumptiveheir. Eitulep, L2 whom théy cail Eltulep, language fignifies the great fpirit, and a daughter called Ligobund. The fon married Letenhieuel, who was born in the ifle of Uldea. She died in the flower ofher age, and her foul forthwith afcchded had a fon by her, called into heaven. Ejtulep. the middle'of heaven. Lugueileng, which lignifes ofwhich He is rever'd as the great lord ofheaven, he is prefumptiveheir. Eitulep, L2 --- Page 158 --- Obfervations spont ASIA, not fatisfied with one child, Eltulep, however, man, adopted Refchahuileng, a very They accomplifhed fay, that being and a native of Lamarce. world he afcended into heaven, in difgulted at this of his father; that his order to enjoy the Lamaree, pleafures in a decrepit old age 3 mother is now in from heaven to the middle and that he defcended order" to converle with his region of the air, in the heavenly myfteries mother, and communicate to her. fifter of Eltulep, finding herfelf in Ligabund, defeended to the earth, and the middle of the air, children. She was furprized to brought forth three and barren ; but at her powerful find it parched covered with herbs, flowers, command it was She enriched it with all kinds and fruit-trees. it with rational creaof verdure, and pcopled tures. of the world death, according In this infancy fince it was only a fhort to them, was unknown, life on the laft day of the fleep. Peoplerquitted and as foon as The againapdecreafe of the moon, they wak'd, as it were, peared on the horifon, But one Erigiregers, an from a pleafant Aeep. with the happinefs ofmen, evil fpirit, who fported which there was procured a kind of death, againft died, they reremedy, fo that when people Élusno dead. They alfo call him mained for ever in their language fignifies a malemelabut, which whereas they call the other fpirits volent ipirits which fignifies benevolent fpirits. Elus-melatus of bad fpirits they place one Among the number banifhed from heaven for Merogrog, who being firlt brought fire into the world. his mifbehaviour, Son of Eltulep, had two wives, the Langucileng, whom he had two children, one in heaven, by and the other on this earth, Carrer and Melibiau, ofHougoleu, by burn at Folalu, in the province whom fpirits volent ipirits which fignifies benevolent fpirits. Elus-melatus of bad fpirits they place one Among the number banifhed from heaven for Merogrog, who being firlt brought fire into the world. his mifbehaviour, Son of Eltulep, had two wives, the Langucileng, whom he had two children, one in heaven, by and the other on this earth, Carrer and Melibiau, ofHougoleu, by burn at Folalu, in the province whom --- Page 159 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. 149 I whom he had a fon called Oulefta. This young man knowing that his father was a celeftial fpirit, and being impatient to fee him, like Icarus, took flight to heaven ; but he had no fooner mounted into the air, than he fell down. Tho' this fall difcouraged him fo much as to make him bitterly lament his fatal deftiny, yet he did not defift from his attempt. He kindled a great fire, by the fmoke of which he was a fecond time carried up into the air, and conveyed into the arms of his father. The fame Indians fay, that in the illand of Folalu there is a fmall frefh-water pond in which the gods bath themfelves : and out of refpect to this facred bath, none of the iflanders dare approach it, for fear of.incurring the difpleafure of their gods. This ftory is not unlike that cf Diana and Acteon, who incurred the difpleafure of that goddefs by his defire of fecing her in her bath. They think that the fun, moon, and ftars have reafonable fouls, and are inhabited by numberlefs celeftial beings. This notion favours of the fables of Homer, and the errors ofthe Origenifts. This is the doctrine of the inhabitants ofthe Caroline iflands, but they are not diftraétedly fond of it; for tho' they acknowledge all thefe fabulous deities, yet they have neither temples, idols, facrifices, offerings, nor any external worfhip. They only pay a fuperftitious worlhip to fome of their dead. They throw their carcafles as far as they can into the fea, to ferve as food to the tiburrons and whales. But when any perfon of diftinétion dies, or any one whom they loved, they perform his obfequics with pomp, and great demonftrations of grief. As foon as the perfon dies, they paint all his body yellow. The friends and relations flock L 3 abouc external worfhip. They only pay a fuperftitious worlhip to fome of their dead. They throw their carcafles as far as they can into the fea, to ferve as food to the tiburrons and whales. But when any perfon of diftinétion dies, or any one whom they loved, they perform his obfequics with pomp, and great demonftrations of grief. As foon as the perfon dies, they paint all his body yellow. The friends and relations flock L 3 abouc --- Page 160 --- Obferoations upon AstA, 150 the corpfe to bewail the common lofs. On abdut occafion nothing but hideous cries and groans this heard. Thefe are fucceeded by a profound fiare and a woman with a voiçe interrupted by lence, the funeral clegy of.the deceas'd. fighs, extols pronounces his beauty, his nobility, his agility in She his fkill in fifhing, and all his other vadancing, Thofe who want to give more juable qualities, of thein grief, cut off their hair and fenfible proofs and throw them upon the corpfe. their beard, faft.all that day, but eat They obferve a rigid heartily at night. the dead in a fmall ftone Some of them bury while others inbuilding in their own houfes, and inger them far from their habitations, They place feclofe the grave with a ftone wall. veral kinds of aliments near the deceaft, being foul fucks and is nourilhed fty fuaded that his them. believe that there is a paradife, where They rewarded, and a hell where the the virtuous are They fay that the fouls of wicked are punifhed. heaven, on the fourth day return thofe who go to remain invifible among their reto the earth, and lations. among them, There are priefts and pricfteffes with the fouls of who pretend to have a commerce with full authority dethe deceaft. Thefe priefts and who to hell. They clare who go to heaven, fpirits, and call themn honour the firft as benelicent Every faTahuput, which fignifies holy patron. whom addrefs mily has their Tahuput, to If they they are fick, themfelves in their exigencies. to fifh, or employed undertaking a journey, going their Tajn the culture oft their lands, theyinvoke reftitution of their huput, and of him afk for the the abundance health, the fuccefs of their jourmey, of who go to heaven, fpirits, and call themn honour the firft as benelicent Every faTahuput, which fignifies holy patron. whom addrefs mily has their Tahuput, to If they they are fick, themfelves in their exigencies. to fifh, or employed undertaking a journey, going their Tajn the culture oft their lands, theyinvoke reftitution of their huput, and of him afk for the the abundance health, the fuccefs of their jourmey, of --- Page 161 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. I5I oftheir fifh, and the fertility of their ground. They make prefents to him, which they fufpend in the houfe of their Tamoles, either from intereft to obtain the favour they afk ofhim, or from gratitude to thank him for the kindnefles he has done them. The inhabitants of the ifle ofYap have a more ridiculous and barbarous worlhip, fince a kind of crocodile is the object of their veneration. There them inchanters who pretend to have a are among with the evil fpirit, and by his means commerce difeafes and even death to thofe they want procure to get rid of, to The plurality of wives is not only permitted thefe iflanders, but is alfo look'd upon as a mark of honour and diftination. They fay that the Tamol ofthe iland ofHuogolen had nine wives. Tho'they he who is abhor adultery as a great crime, yet fome guilty of it obrains a pardon by making with whom prefent to the hufband of the woman he committed it, divorce the wife when fhevioThe hufband may ties. The wife may alfo divorce Jates the conjugal to her. the hufband, when he ccafes to be agrecable In this cafe they have certain laws for the difpofal of the effects. When a man dies without iffue his widow marries his father. When they go a fithing they take no provifion Februin their barks. Their Tamoles affemble in and judge by way. of lot whether the fifhing ary, and This lot confifts in will be happy plentifal. leaves. certain knots which they make on palm-tree Thefe they count one after another, and the odd or number determines the good or bad fuccefs of even the enterprize. the rudenefs and barbarity of Notwithftanding which thefe iflanders, they have a certain policy fhews L4 take no provifion Februin their barks. Their Tamoles affemble in and judge by way. of lot whether the fifhing ary, and This lot confifts in will be happy plentifal. leaves. certain knots which they make on palm-tree Thefe they count one after another, and the odd or number determines the good or bad fuccefs of even the enterprize. the rudenefs and barbarity of Notwithftanding which thefe iflanders, they have a certain policy fhews L4 --- Page 162 --- Olfervations upon AsIA, fhews them to be more rational than moft of the other Indians, who have little more than the human form. The authority of the government is divided among feveral noble families, the chiefs of which are called Tamols. There is alfo in each province a principal Tamol, to whom all the reft are fubject. Thefe Tamols let their beards grow very long' in order to procure the greater refpect. They command in an arbitrary manner 2 fpeak little, and affect a grave and ferious air. When a Tamol gives an audience he fits on a high table. The people as foon as they come in fight of bim walk with their heads as low as their knees, and when they are come quite to him they fit down on the ground, and with down-caft eyes receive his orders with the moft profound refpeét. When the Tamol difmiffes them they retire bending their bodies in the fame manner, till they are entirely out of his prefence. His words are is rever'd as fo many oracles. A blind obedience paid to all his orders; and people kils his hands and feet when they afk any favour of him. . The ordinary houfes of the iflanders, are only low huts covered with palm-tree leaves. Thefe of the Tamols are built of wood, and adorn'd with fuch paintingsas-the natives can produce. They do not punifh crimes either by imprifon- but ment, or theinfliction of corporal punifhment, ifland. In only banifh the criminals into another education of every town there is a houfe for the boys, and another for that ofgirls; but they only Jearn fome vague principles of aftronomy, on ac- has count of their ufe in navigation. The mafter a globc on which the principal ftars are marked,and teaches wood, and adorn'd with fuch paintingsas-the natives can produce. They do not punifh crimes either by imprifon- but ment, or theinfliction of corporal punifhment, ifland. In only banifh the criminals into another education of every town there is a houfe for the boys, and another for that ofgirls; but they only Jearn fome vague principles of aftronomy, on ac- has count of their ufe in navigation. The mafter a globc on which the principal ftars are marked,and teaches --- Page 163 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. teaches his fcholars the point of the compafs by which they ought to fteer. buildThe principal occupation of the men is ing barks, fifhing, and tilling the ground. The employment of the women confifts in the management of the family, affifting their hufbands when they fow the ground, and preparing a kind of wild plant, arid a tree call'd balibago for making ftuffs. As they have no iron, they make ufe of wedges and hatchets of ftone to cut downthe wood; ifby chance any foreign veffel fhould leave any pieces of iron, they belong to the Tamols, who order utenfils to be made of themin the belt manner poffible. Thefe utenfils are a fund from which the Tamols reap a confiderable advantage, fince they lend them out at a very high rate. They bath themfelves in the morning, at noon, and in the evening. They go to reft at fun-fet, and get up carly in the morning. The Tamol never goes to fleep without a concert of mulic form'd by a croud of young people, who affemble. round his houfe, and in their manner fing certain fongs, till they are ordered to defift. the they from time to time af- : During and dance night, and fing before the houfe of femble, their Tamol. They dance.to the voice, for they have no inftrumental mufic. The beauty of their dancing confifts in the exaét uniformity of the motions of the body. The men place themfelves oppofite to each other. After this they move their heads, their arms, their hands and their feet in concert. The ornaments with which théy adorn themfelves, give, in their opinion, a new beauty to this kind of dance. Their heads are cover'd with feathers or Rowers. They have aromatic herbs hanging from their noftrils, and palm leaves curioufly interwoven, fix'd to their ears 3 on their arms, ancing confifts in the exaét uniformity of the motions of the body. The men place themfelves oppofite to each other. After this they move their heads, their arms, their hands and their feet in concert. The ornaments with which théy adorn themfelves, give, in their opinion, a new beauty to this kind of dance. Their heads are cover'd with feathers or Rowers. They have aromatic herbs hanging from their noftrils, and palm leaves curioufly interwoven, fix'd to their ears 3 on their arms, --- Page 164 --- Olferoations apon ASIA, 154 hands and feet, they have other ornaments arms, proper women to them. have a kind of diverfion more fuited The fet themfeves down, and lookto their fex. They begin a pathetic and moving on each other, the found of their voices ing fong, accompanying motions of their heads and arms, for with the this diverfion is in their language which reafon, which fignifics the complaint of calld tanger-ifaifil, the women. end ofthe dance, when the Tamol affeêts At the he holds up in the air a piece of to be liberal, hé fhews to the dancers, and which is ftuff, which who firft lays hold of it. . given to him they have feveral other diverBefides dancing, proofs of their dexterity fions, in which they give the fpear, throwing and ftrength, in handling into the air, and each feafon ftones and balls up itfelf. has a diverfion peculiar to fpeftacle to thefe Whale-fthing is a charming of their iflands difpos'd iflanders. Ten or twelve of harbour where the fea in a circle, form a kind calm. When a whale apenjoys a perpetual the iflanders forthwith getting pearsin this gulph, toward the main into their canoes, and frightning keeping the animal, and fea, advance gradually, them, till they have got it into the driving it before far from land. Then the moft thallow water, not themfelves into the fea, and fkilful of them throw into the whalc, while others inftrike their fpears which are fix'd on the tangle him with large ropes, acclamations of joy, land. Then there are loud of whofe Cu* crowd people, among a numerous them thirher. They drag riofity has brought land, and the labour of the day 1S the whale to feaft, concluded with a great enmities among thefe iflandWhen there are any cach other by fome ers, they generally appeafe pre: ilful of them throw into the whalc, while others inftrike their fpears which are fix'd on the tangle him with large ropes, acclamations of joy, land. Then there are loud of whofe Cu* crowd people, among a numerous them thirher. They drag riofity has brought land, and the labour of the day 1S the whale to feaft, concluded with a great enmities among thefe iflandWhen there are any cach other by fome ers, they generally appeafe pre: --- Page 165 --- AFRICA, and AMERICAL ISS prefents. "Tis thus that fingle men determinetheir quarrels ; but when the enmities are public, between two boroughs, forinftance, nothing bur war can put an end to them. They have no other arms but ftones, and fpears arm'd with fifh-bones. Their method of fighting refembles a duel, fince only one man engages with another. When the differing parties refolve to come to a decilive action, theyafiemble ina large field, where the troops on both fides form a fquadron of three ranks. The youth compofe the frf rank, the fccond confifts of thofe of a higher ftature, and thole moft advanc'd in years form the third. The combat begins in the firft rank, where they fight man to man with ftones and fpears. When any one is wounded fo as to retire, his place is fll'd by one of the fecond rank, and if he is alfo difabled, by on ofthe third. The war is terminated by triumphal arches, rais'd by the viétors, who infult over the The vanquifh'd. inhabitants of the ifle of UJlcea, and of the adjacent iflands, are more civiliz'd and reafonable than the others. Their air and manners denote greater decency. They have a certain gaity of ipirit, but are referv'd and circumipeét in their words. They are extremely compaflionate, and ready to commiferate the infirmities and miferiés of their neighbours. and fome They have a great many mungrels, mulattos and negroes, whom they employ as their fervants. It is probable that the negroes come from New Guinea. As for the whites, their origin in this part is as follows. f Martin Lopez, commander of the fnt veffel, which fail'd from New Spain to the affiftance of the Philippiné ifands in the year 1566, confpired with twenty cight more, to put the reft of the crew A and miferiés of their neighbours. and fome They have a great many mungrels, mulattos and negroes, whom they employ as their fervants. It is probable that the negroes come from New Guinea. As for the whites, their origin in this part is as follows. f Martin Lopez, commander of the fnt veffel, which fail'd from New Spain to the affiftance of the Philippiné ifands in the year 1566, confpired with twenty cight more, to put the reft of the crew A --- Page 166 --- Oljervations upon ASIA, crew into a defart ifland, make themfelves mafters of of the mhip, and go a pyrating on the coafts China. The plot, however, was difcover'd, and, the of thefe ruffians, the crew to prevent defign of fituated to the left them on an ifland Barbary, caft of the Marian iflands. Itis I not to be doubted, but thefe rebels were convey'd into one of the Caroliné iflands, where they married the Indian women, who brought forth a fet of mungrels who have multiplied extremely in thefe ifands. Thefe iflanders live entirely on fruits, roots, and fifh. They have hens, and other birds, but no quadrupeds. The foil produces neither rice nor wheat, nor barley, nor Indian corn. In thefe iflands thereare many woods, the timber of which is excellent for building fhips. CHAP. XV. tbe of tbe luminous particles cbfero'don furface tbe and tbe exoftbe fea ; of fea-rainbon, balationsform'd in tbe nigbt-time. a fhip is under full fail, we often great light in her rakc, thatis in the broken WEN water fhe has run thro', and, as it were, in her pafiage. Thofe who do not look narrowly the at this light, often attribute it to the moon, little ftars," or the lanthorn on the ftern. But by a attention, this miftake is eafily redtified, fince the is greateft when the moon is under the holight when the ftars are cover'd by clouds, when rizon, the candle in the lanthorn is extinguifh'd, and on thefurface of thefea. when no otherlight appears fince, on fome This light is not always equal, fometimes it is occalions, it is hardly difcernible 5 clcar, little ftars," or the lanthorn on the ftern. But by a attention, this miftake is eafily redtified, fince the is greateft when the moon is under the holight when the ftars are cover'd by clouds, when rizon, the candle in the lanthorn is extinguifh'd, and on thefurface of thefea. when no otherlight appears fince, on fome This light is not always equal, fometimes it is occalions, it is hardly difcernible 5 clcar, --- Page 167 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. clear, and at others languid 5 fometimes it is far extended, and at others not. This light is fometimes fo great, that we may read by it, nine or ten feet above the furface of the water. As for its extent, fometimes the whole rake appears lumino us for the fpace of thirty or forty feet ; but the light decreales in proportion as itis farther from the thip. Sometimes we may. in the rake eafily diftinguifr the luminous from the obfcure parts 5 on which occalion the rake appears like a beautiful river of milk. the luminous from the When we can diftinguifh all of the other parts, we perceive that they are not fame figure, fince fome are only fparks, while others appear as large as the ftars do to us. Some are globular, and one or two lines in diameter. Others are globes as large as a man's head. Thefe luminous bodies are often form'd into fquares, three or four inches long, and one or two broad. Sometimes thefe bodies of different figures are feen at once. Sometimcs the rake of the veffel is full of luminous vortices, and oblong fquares. At other times, when the motion of the vefiel is flow, thefe vortices fuddenly appear and difappear like lightning. this Not only the rake of a fhip produces light, fince the motion of fith affords a light fufficient to diftinguifh their bulk and fpecies. Sometimes a numerous fhoal of thefe fifh, when fporting in the fea, excite a kind of artificial, but very agreeable fire. Very often a rope oppos'd to the motion of the waves, is fufficient to render them luminous, If fea-water is but ftirr'd in the dark, we find an infinite number of fhining particles in it. If we dip a piece of linen in it, and wring it in the dasis of fith affords a light fufficient to diftinguifh their bulk and fpecies. Sometimes a numerous fhoal of thefe fifh, when fporting in the fea, excite a kind of artificial, but very agreeable fire. Very often a rope oppos'd to the motion of the waves, is fufficient to render them luminous, If fea-water is but ftirr'd in the dark, we find an infinite number of fhining particles in it. If we dip a piece of linen in it, and wring it in the dasis --- Page 168 --- Oifervations zpon ASTA, dark, we fee the fame thing, and alfo perceive à number of fparks flying out of it, when we but fhake it after it is half dry. When one of the (parks is form'd, it lafts a long time 3 and if it falls on any folid body, fuch of a veffel, it will laft for feveral as the edge hours. Itis not always when the fea is moft agitated, or when the fhip goes fafteft, that molt of thefe Neither is it the fimple fhock of fparks appear. each other, which produces thems the waves the againft action of the waves on the fhore fomefince of them. At times generates a great quantity with Brafi the fhore fometimes appears all on fire thefe fparks. of them depends in a great The produétion meafure on the quality ofthe water, and, the generally fea is fpeaking, this light is greatefts when moft foaming; for at full fea the water is not every Sometimes a piece of linen where equally pure. Itis dip'd in the fea comes out all over glutinous. the obfervable, that when therake is moft fhining, is' moft vifcid and fat. A cloth dip'd in this water moft when it is mow'd. water gives of light the fea there are parcels of matIn fome parts fometimes red and fometer of different colours, It times yellow, Aoating on her furface. failors appears it is like the fawings of wood, and the however fay we the fry or feed of the whale 5 of this drawn out of cannot be certain. When water is vifcid. the fea in thofe parts, itis found to be very. feas there The failors alfo fay, that in the northern fhoals of this which fometimes apare large tle fry, even when pear quite luminous in night-timc, of fhip or they are not agitated by the motion any Ath. To ors appears it is like the fawings of wood, and the however fay we the fry or feed of the whale 5 of this drawn out of cannot be certain. When water is vifcid. the fea in thofe parts, itis found to be very. feas there The failors alfo fay, that in the northern fhoals of this which fometimes apare large tle fry, even when pear quite luminous in night-timc, of fhip or they are not agitated by the motion any Ath. To --- Page 169 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. that the wateris the more luminous in To prove the following experiproportion to its vifcidity, catch'd a ment has been made. They bonite. one day The infide fifh, which fome took to be a of the throat of this fifh, in the night-time, othcr appeared like a live coal ; fo that without any the could have read as well as by light, a perfon rake. The throat was full of ar moft luminous when a bit of wood vifcid matter, with which, forthwith became luminous 5 was befmear'd, it humour was dried, the light was but as foon as the extinguilh'd. examine whether all thefe particuLet us now of thofe who Jarities may beapplied to the fyftem be the motion of take the principle of this light to occafion'd by the the fubtil matter, or of globules violent agitation of the falts. the iris, or Let us add' fome obfervations on after violent rain-bow of the fea. Tis principally tempefts that fuch rain-bows appear with greateft "Tis true the celeftial has this advantage fplendor. the fea iris, that its colours are more lively, over and various. In the fea iris there are harddiftinét than two colours, a dark yellow towards ly more on the oppofite fide. the fun, and a pale green to be diThe other colours are not lively enough the fea. rainftinguith'd. In recompence for this, bows are much more numerous, fince at them mid-day at a we fometimes fee twenty or thirty of celeftial time, in a fituation oppofite to that of towards the the iris, that is, with their arches turn'd bottom of the fca. which beWe muft not forget thefe cxhalations, ftreak of ing inflam'd in the night-time, form in a the Indies light in the air. Thele exhalations freak than in Euleave a much more extenfive feem to be real rockets. rope. Some of them They numerous, fince at them mid-day at a we fometimes fee twenty or thirty of celeftial time, in a fituation oppofite to that of towards the the iris, that is, with their arches turn'd bottom of the fca. which beWe muft not forget thefe cxhalations, ftreak of ing inflam'd in the night-time, form in a the Indies light in the air. Thele exhalations freak than in Euleave a much more extenfive feem to be real rockets. rope. Some of them They --- Page 170 --- Olfervations upon AsIA, very near the earth, and diffufe a They like appear that of the moon on the firft days of. her light Increafe. Their fall is flow,. and they defcribe ina curve line falling. CHAP. XVI. wobere it isform'd, and Of thbe origin ofmusfe, tbe animal aubich proof tbe nouripomnent of duces it. people have talk'd differently of the.origin of mufk. Some authors pretend, but of the animal; HLero that it is form'd in the navel fince it is form'd in they are certainly This animal miftaken, is a fort' of fmall goat, the bladder. that is to which the Chinefe call hiang-tchang-tfe, figfay, the odoriferous or mufk-goat. Tchang-tle odour. nifies goat, and hiang properly fignifics of mounOn the eaft of Peking is a long ridge of thefe mufktains, where there are great numbers them fometimes fell goats. The people who kill of the muik to thofe the Aefh by itfelf, and difpofe the bladder of this who deal it it. They cut out tie it animal, and left the muik fhould evaporate, want to pretight about the neck, and when they ferve it for a curiofity, they dry internal it. coat of,t the The mufk adheres to. the. That in is the bladder, in form ofa falt. grains The moft valuable, and is call'd theou-panhiang, lefs eiteem'd, other, which is calld mi-hiang, The is female bears and much fmallerin the grain. in her refembles that no mufk, or at leaft what fubltance has no fmell. Scr- --- Page 171 --- APRICA, and AMERICA: are the moft common food of thefe Serpents and tho' thefe ferpents are of an enormous goats ; becaufe as bulk, yet . the goats eafly kill them, diftance of a foon as a ferpent is within a certain of the mufk fo goat, the former is by the fmell ftupified, thatit can move no more. people whogo This is foevident, thatthe make char-coal country on the mounto feek for wood, or fecret to themfelves tains, have no better preferve which are very from the ftings of thefe ferpents, of dangerous, than to carry two or three grains fecurely mufk about them. In this cafe they fhould fleep come near after dinner, and if any ferpent the fmell of the them, itis forthwith laid afleep by mufk, and can go no farther. CHAP: XVII. a luftre to tbe laid Ori Tbe metbid of giving kinds arnifbes tbe diferent tains, have no better preferve which are very from the ftings of thefe ferpents, of dangerous, than to carry two or three grains fecurely mufk about them. In this cafe they fhould fleep come near after dinner, and if any ferpent the fmell of the them, itis forthwith laid afleep by mufk, and can go no farther. CHAP: XVII. a luftre to tbe laid Ori Tbe metbid of giving kinds arnifbes tbe diferent porcelain 5 to tbe porcelain ; tbe metbod and colours given rvarnifbes and colours 5 of preparing tbefe aworks ; manner of new defigns ef porcelain embolfing porcelain: is; in procefs of S gold laid upor porcelain deal of its A time, effac'd, and lofes a great wetting the luftre, they reftore its fplendor, by with an porcelain with pure water, muft and take rubbingit care to rub the aggate ftone : but they for example; from the veffel in the fame direction, right to the left. are principally fubject The lips of the porcelain thisinconvenicncy, they to fcale off. To remedy M fortify VoL. I. --- Page 172 --- Obfervatiens upon ASIA, bamboo162 them with a certain quantity with of the varnifs fortify which they mix and which gives it a coal pounded, the that is laid on porcelain, colour. Then with the pincers grey or cineritious border of this mixture round the a wheel. MVEn they make dry, putting it on the the border as celain already they apply the varnifh to and when it is it is time the reit of the porcelain, As there they do to are extremely white. bak'd, the edges its place maybe fupplied which is no bamboo in Europe, rather that of elder, by willow coal, to or bamboo. the bamboo more approaches firit, that before taken off, It is to be obferv'd, its green fkin muft be 3s reduc'd to coal, of that fkin make the porcelain workbecaufe the afhes Secondly, That the break in the furnace. touch the porcelain with greafy man, ought not to this means the part touch'd hands, finceby or oily infallibly crack in the baking. ofthe COwould fourth chapter, when fpeaking that there In the the we have faid, and éxJours laid on blown porcelain, upon the porcelain, But was a red one manner of applying that colour. alfo a blue plain'd the obferve, that there was The we did not there which it js eafier to fucceed. not too one blown, in agrec, that if it was and filver Chinefe workmen could alfo blow gold that is, expenfive, they of a black or blue ground, over it.- This upon porcelain, gold or filver equally tafte all could not fail to diffufe of a new fort of porcelain the red. They pleafe. blow the varnifh as well works as fo delicate and They for the emperor made them on cothave they were oblig'd to place fo tender, fine, that they could not handle pieces as it is not ton, becaufe of breaking them : and without without danger them in the varnilh, touching pofiible to plunge , they of a black or blue ground, over it.- This upon porcelain, gold or filver equally tafte all could not fail to diffufe of a new fort of porcelain the red. They pleafe. blow the varnifh as well works as fo delicate and They for the emperor made them on cothave they were oblig'd to place fo tender, fine, that they could not handle pieces as it is not ton, becaufe of breaking them : and without without danger them in the varnilh, touching pofiible to plunge --- Page 173 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA: them with the hand, they blow the varouching nifh upon them. that in blowing the blue; PTis to be obferv'ds to preferve the COthe workmen take a precaution the china, and to lofe lour, which does not fall on is to as little of it as poffible. This precaution over a large place the veffel on a pedeftal ferves for placed fome time. When piece of paper, which take it off, by rubbing the the azure is dry, they paper with a fmall brufh. fubftance to enThey have found a new This proper is a ftone ter the compofition called of porcelain. hoache, which the Chior fpecics of' chalk which they fay renefe phyficians ufe in a ptifan, They moves wearinels, is aperient and refrefhing. take fix parts of this ftone, and fix of liquorice, which they pulverife. They put half a fpoonful of this powder into a large draught of frefh water, which they order the patient to drink. They and tem- pretend, that this ptifan refrefhes the blood, internal heats." The workers in porcelain the perates have thought fit to employ this ftone inftead of fuch parts kaolin before - mentioned: Perhaps be found, may of Europe, where kaolin It cannot is call'd hoa, becaufe furnifh the ftone hoache. it is glutinous, and refembles with the foap. hoache is rare, and The porcelain made the other kinds. It has an exmuch dearer than and with refpeét to the work tremely fine grain, it with the ordinary of the pencil, if we compare what vellum is to paper. porcelain, it is almoft light, which Befides, this porcelain is extremely handle other furprifes a perfon accuftom'd to than the common porcelains. It is alfo more brittle is very hard fort, and the true degrec of! bakingit the be at. Some workmen do not ufe to guefs'd the body of their work, but make a hoache for thin M 2 tremely fine grain, it with the ordinary of the pencil, if we compare what vellum is to paper. porcelain, it is almoft light, which Befides, this porcelain is extremely handle other furprifes a perfon accuftom'd to than the common porcelains. It is alfo more brittle is very hard fort, and the true degrec of! bakingit the be at. Some workmen do not ufe to guefs'd the body of their work, but make a hoache for thin M 2 --- Page 174 --- Olfervations sipon AsIA, of it, in which they dip the porcelain and the thin glue before it receives the colours fome degree when dry, which means it acquires varnifh, by. of beauty. the hoache in the following manner. They ufe have taken it from the mine, from they Firft, when they to feparate it walh it with river or rain-water, adheres to it. Secondly, the yellow earth which it into a veffel to diffolve, they break it, and put it in the fame manner after which they prepare They affirm, that porcelain other may with the kaolin. alone, without any be made of the hoache workmen however fay, mixture. Some Chinefe they put two of of hoache Pin that to eight that parts in other refpeêts they proceed tunfe, and as in making ordinary. porcelain of the fame manner and kaolin. : In this new ipecies but with petunfe hoache isin place of the kaolin, kaoporcelain the than the other. The load of it is much dearer pence, whercas that of. hoache that lin cofts only twenty Thus it is not furprifing, comes to a crown. fold dearer than the common porcethis fhould be made on the lain. There is another obfervation to and be form it into hoache ; when they prepare it, they diffolve in walike the petunfe, of which fmall fquares quanticy of thefe fquares, In this ter a certain clear glue or cement. on they form a very, and draw various defigns it the they dip the pencil, and when it is dry they give the porcelain, the porcelain is bak'd we perceive the varnifh. When be of a different white from on thefe défigns feem to to be a delicate fteam fpread fiareft. They, whiteof the hoache is call'd the furface. The white. myane; or ivory on porcelains with chekao, They paint figures which gives it anôther as with hoache, fpecies as well they form a very, and draw various defigns it the they dip the pencil, and when it is dry they give the porcelain, the porcelain is bak'd we perceive the varnifh. When be of a different white from on thefe défigns feem to to be a delicate fteam fpread fiareft. They, whiteof the hoache is call'd the furface. The white. myane; or ivory on porcelains with chekao, They paint figures which gives it anôther as with hoache, fpecies as well --- Page 175 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA: of white colour : but the chekao has this. fpecies that before it is prepar'd like peculiar to it icfelf, muft be toafted on the hearth, after the hoache, broken, and prepar'd in the fame manwhich itis They throw it into a veffel ner with the hoache. it there. They at diffefull of water, and agitate the cream which Aloats upon it : rent times take off finda pure mals, and when all this is done, they as the which they employ in the fame manner the purified hoache. The chekao cannot ferve as body Hitherto nothing but the haoche of the porcelain. the of the kaolin, has been found to fupply place If, according and. give folidity to the porcelain. they were to put. more to the Chinefe workmen, to two parts of the than two parts of the petunfe be deftroy'd hoache, the porcelain would infallibly in baking, becaufe its parts are not fufficiently united. of a kind cf varnifh We have not as yet fpoken burnigh'd varnifh of call'd tle-kin-yeou, rather that call is, it varnifh of a bronze, gold. We might of the colour of a wither'd or coffee-colour, varnifh is or ofa latei invention, and in order -leaf. This take common yellow earth, and to make it, in they the fame manner they do the petunfe. manage it they employ only, the moft deWhen itis of prepar'd which they throw. into water, and licate part it, as as the ordinary varwhich forms a gluc, which liquid is made of picces of nifh, call'd peyeou, varnithes, the and the rocks. Thele two and peyeou, for this purpofe tle-kin are mix'd together, Of this they ought to be render'd cqually the liquid. petunfe into they make a- tryal, by plunging its both ; and if each of the varnithes penetrares and petunfe, they judge them equally liquid, alfo pro- mix with each other. They per to incorporate tle-kin varnifh or oil of quick lime, with the M 3 and the and the rocks. Thele two and peyeou, for this purpofe tle-kin are mix'd together, Of this they ought to be render'd cqually the liquid. petunfe into they make a- tryal, by plunging its both ; and if each of the varnithes penetrares and petunfe, they judge them equally liquid, alfo pro- mix with each other. They per to incorporate tle-kin varnifh or oil of quick lime, with the M 3 and --- Page 176 --- upon ASTA; Oljotiarinas the fame manner as ànd afhes of ferns, prepardin and of the fame lidirested in the fourth chapter, but. they mix more or lefs quidity with the peycous with the tfe-kin, according khown as of thefe varhithes or fainter. This may be they want it deéper for example, mix two cupfuls then feveral tryals : with eight of the peyeou : of Ey the tfe-kin, add one cupful four cupfuls of this mixture to varnith of lime and fern. the fecret of the >Tis not long fince they the found toui, which is ofa painting the porcelain with it. They have tried violet colour, and gilding jearwith the varnifh make a mixture of gold in the to offints, which they but applied this varnifh and powder manner as the red, with bil : found that the fame and théy have does not fucceed, tfe-kin had more beauty and fplenvarnifh of the dor. made cups to which they, gave the Formerly they and the infide and the ourfide 'a gnided varilh, afterwards vafied; white varhifh. They, to varnith, they pure or veffel they intended circle of to a cup applied a fquare or in one, or two., parts laid"on the varnith, they paper : and after and having painted the unvamnifh'd fpace rais'd the paper,, When the porcelsin was dry, they or red or blue. ufual varnith, whether by blowing a gave it the Some fill thefe empty fpaces with the otherwife. of blue or black, in order this to apply we ground after the firft baking. In according relpedt to gilding feveral cocubinations may imagine fort of porceour fancy. have alfo invented a new and which they lain They which is of an olive colour, was formerly call This fpecies a fruit among called long-tfiveh. thinko, the - name of that of olives. This them, whofe colour refembles by mixing feven colour is given to the porcelain, cups empty fpaces with the otherwife. of blue or black, in order this to apply we ground after the firft baking. In according relpedt to gilding feveral cocubinations may imagine fort of porceour fancy. have alfo invented a new and which they lain They which is of an olive colour, was formerly call This fpecies a fruit among called long-tfiveh. thinko, the - name of that of olives. This them, whofe colour refembles by mixing feven colour is given to the porcelain, cups --- Page 177 --- and AMERICA: AFRICA, varnilh call'd tfe-kin, with four cups of the of the oil CF peyeou, two cups, or thereabouts, and one of tfouyeou, of quick-lime and ferns, from Aints. The tfouycou which is an oil obtain'd of veins appear on the pormakes a large quantity ufe it alone, the porcelain is celajn. When they found when ftruck 5 but when brittle, and without the other varnithes, it is varieit is mix'd with fmall veins, and neither renders gated by beautiful fonorous nor more brittle than the porcelain lefs the common fort. which is, that We muft not omit one thing, the they the varnifh to porcelain; before they and give fmooth all its fmalleft inequalities. a polifh it, made of very fine feathers, This is done by a pencil with water, and gently which they moiften whole but it is principally with pafs it over the ; ufe fo much pains. the fine china that they black is given to the The fhining or refedting it in a liquid mixture comporcelain by plunging azure. In this cafe it is.not nepos'd of prepar'd the fineft azure, but the compoceffary to employ and mix'd with the fition muft be a little thick, tfe-kin, adding a little of varnifh of peycou and of the athes of fern. For exthe oil of lime, and of azure pounded in 2 ample, with ten ounces one lcup mortar, we muft mix one of cup the oftle-kin, oil of ferns, burnt of peyeou, and two This cups mixture carries its varnifh with quick-lime. fo that itis not neceffary to give it another. with it, bake this fpecies of black china, they When they of the furnace, and not near place it in the middle fre has the forcé. the vault where the the red greateft laid on with oil, - It is' not true, that is drawn from the red of called the yeou-ci-hune, which is in pailit copperas, fuch as that red. employ'd This red laid on ing, the rebak'd of porcelain. the of red copper, and of with oilis made grains che M 4 ake this fpecies of black china, they When they of the furnace, and not near place it in the middle fre has the forcé. the vault where the the red greateft laid on with oil, - It is' not true, that is drawn from the red of called the yeou-ci-hune, which is in pailit copperas, fuch as that red. employ'd This red laid on ing, the rebak'd of porcelain. the of red copper, and of with oilis made grains che M 4 --- Page 178 --- Obfervations upon AsIA, the powder of a certain ftone or Aint of a redifh caft. "Tis thought that this ftone is a kind of in medicine. The whole is pound-, alum employed with the urine of a young ed in a mortar, along This mixture is apman, and the oil of peyeou. and plied to the porcelain, before it is bak'd, they varnifh, muft take care give it no other that the They. red colour fall not to during the baking, veffel. The Chinefe workmen the bottom of the, this red to the fay, that when they want to give they do not make ufe of the petunfe to porcelain, form it, but that in its ftead, they employ together the with the kaolin a yellow earth, prepar'd in that fame manner with the petunfe. Itis probable this kind of to receive / fuch an earth is more proper colour. the reader will be glad to know how the Perhaps In China there is grains of copper are prepar'd. ufe it in no filver coin, fince in commerçe they bad. lumps, and there are a great many pieces it is There are however certain occafions on which for exneceffary to refne thefe bad pieces, when, taxes or fimilar contributionsare to be paid. ample, Then they have recourfe to workmen, whofe made only bufinels it is to refine the filver in furnaces for that purpofe, and to feparate it from the the melted copper is RECEIT and lead. Before fmali broom, which and congeal'd, they take a on the they dip lightly in water; then by ftriking the melted handle of the broom, they fprinkle the with water. Apellicule is form'd on copper which they take off with iron pincers, and furface, it in cold water, where the grains are plunge form'd, and multiplied in proportion as they reIt is evident, that if they iterate the operation. diffolve their copper, the employ'd aquafortis to for making the CQpowder would be more proper lour al'd, they take a on the they dip lightly in water; then by ftriking the melted handle of the broom, they fprinkle the with water. Apellicule is form'd on copper which they take off with iron pincers, and furface, it in cold water, where the grains are plunge form'd, and multiplied in proportion as they reIt is evident, that if they iterate the operation. diffolve their copper, the employ'd aquafortis to for making the CQpowder would be more proper lour --- Page 179 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA: But the Chinefe are unlour.of which we fpeak. and aqua. regia, and acquainted with aquafortis their inventions are all extremely which fimple. were thought They have executed defigns three feet high and Thefe are urns foot impracticable. without the cover, which rifes a high more Thefe urns confift of three difielike a pyramid. that they feem to rent pieces, fo clegantly join'd, make but one. of porcelain which they There are alfo pieces tranfmutation. This çall yao-pien, which caus'd fignifies either by the defeét or extranimutation is other caufes which are not cefs of the heat, or by which have not eafily difcover'd. Thefe pieces of the workfucceeded agrecably to the effects intention of chance, are not man, and are the valuable pure than the others. lels beautiful and intended to make veffels with A workman were entirely red flowers blown; a hundred pieces loft, while only one came out of the furnace, perfectly like a fpecies ofaggate. the rifk, and be at the exIf they would run they might effectually pence of different tryals, what chance at that difcover the art of making reafon have thought time produced. For this they black, which fit to 1e make porcelain of a fhining of the furnace has they call oukom. The this caprice refearch, in which they determin'd them to have fucceeded. varnith, which renders When they want to givea add to thirteen porcelain extremely white, they the oilof fern afhes as cups of peyeou, one cupof This varnifh is ftrong, and liquid as the peyeou. the which is to ought not to be given to porcelain the colour be painted bluc, becaufe after baking, The would not appear thro' the varnifh. porce- withjain which has got the ftrongeft varnifh, may out have fucceeded. varnith, which renders When they want to givea add to thirteen porcelain extremely white, they the oilof fern afhes as cups of peyeou, one cupof This varnifh is ftrong, and liquid as the peyeou. the which is to ought not to be given to porcelain the colour be painted bluc, becaufe after baking, The would not appear thro' the varnifh. porce- withjain which has got the ftrongeft varnifh, may out --- Page 180 --- Obfervations upon AsrA, be * to the greateft heat of out any dread Thus expos'd they bake it all white, either the furnacc. it in that colour, or to gild it, witha view to keep colours, and then bake it a or paint it in diffetent But' when they want to' paint porcefecond time. that the colour fhould aplain blue with a defign only take feven cups of pear after the baking, they of or ofthe mixture peyeou, with one cup varnifh, of lime and fern afhes. in that the porceTis to be obferv'd general, deal of fern lain whofe varnifh contains in a the great moft temperate afhes, ought to be bak'd either after the three part of the furnace, that is, about a foot or a frft ranks, or at the bottom, If it was bak'd at the top foot and a half high. afhes would be fus'd with of the furnace, the fern the bottom of the and fall to with the red laid precipitation, The cafe is the fame poreclain. oil, the blown red, and the long-tiven, in on with of the grains of copper contain'd of the on account on the contrary, in the top thefe varnifhes : to which they have furnace they bake the porcelain; which is the varnilh only given the tfoui-yeou, fo many veins, that it that gives the porcelain together. feems to confift of picesjoin'd laid on the rebak'd The red of copperas, mention'd PE the lains, is made in the manner call'd tfao-fan. But fourth chapter, with copperas of compofing this CObéfore we give thé method the proportion and mealour, we Thall frft explain fure of the Chinefe weights. confifts of fixteen The kin Or Chinefe call leams pound or taels. ounces, which they ounce. The leam or tael is a Chinefe of the leam or The tfien or mas is the tenth part tael. The red of copperas, mention'd PE the lains, is made in the manner call'd tfao-fan. But fourth chapter, with copperas of compofing this CObéfore we give thé method the proportion and mealour, we Thall frft explain fure of the Chinefe weights. confifts of fixteen The kin Or Chinefe call leams pound or taels. ounces, which they ounce. The leam or tael is a Chinefe of the leam or The tfien or mas is the tenth part tael. The --- Page 181 --- APRICA, and AMERICA. fuen is the tenth part of the then or mas. The of the fuen. The by is the ténth part of the by. The hoa is the tenth part cerufs théy add two mas of To a leam or tael of the cerufs and the red thro' a this red. They pafs dry: Then they infieve, and mix them together with comcorporate them with water impregnated of mouthreduc'd to the confiltence mon glue, fixes the red to the porcelain, glue: This glue As the colours, if laid and prevents its melting. inequalities on the on too thick, would and produce then dip the pencil in water, furface, they now colour which they intend to ufe. and then in the white colour, to a leamn of In order to obtain a and three fuen of the ceruis théy add three mas Aint calcin'd, after powder of the moft tranfparent of which having luted them in a veffel porcelain, before they héat they bury in the fand ofthe furnace They it. This powdér ought to be mixture impalpable. of gluc, in ufe fimple water without with any the cerufs. order to incorporate it they add to one In order to make the deep green, three fuen of the tael of cerufs three mas fuen, and or near a mas of der of fint, with eight They muft wafh it hoa-pien, to make the green. the grains of copper well, and carefully withit, feparate and which are not proper which are mix'd only employ the fcoriae, that for the green, They of the metal which are feparated is to fay, the parts when they work it. colour, it is made by adding As for the yellow three mas and three fuen of to a tael of cerufs and one fuen and eight by ofred, powder of flint, mix'd with ceruls. To make a which has not been muft add two fuen and a beautiful yellow, you" half of this primitive red. A tael I are not proper which are mix'd only employ the fcoriae, that for the green, They of the metal which are feparated is to fay, the parts when they work it. colour, it is made by adding As for the yellow three mas and three fuen of to a tael of cerufs and one fuen and eight by ofred, powder of flint, mix'd with ceruls. To make a which has not been muft add two fuen and a beautiful yellow, you" half of this primitive red. A tael I --- Page 182 --- Obferuations upon. ASIA, three mas and three fuen of A tael of cerufs, and two by of azure, form a, powder of fint, caft. Some workmen add deep blue of a violet eight by of azure. and white, for example, The mixture of added green to two of white, makes one, part of green which is very clear. the water-green of and yellow, for example, The mixture green added to one of yellow, two cups ofdeep green which refembles a leaff fomeproduces the colour, what faded. black, they dilutethe azure In order to produce muft be very thin. They in water, but the folution glue macerated in mix with it a little common to the confiftence of mouthlime water, and with boiled this black they have painted glue. When which they intend to bake-a fecond white. the porcelain the black parts with time, they cover this white is incorporated with blue the In the baking, varnifh is with the black, juft as the common of the common porcelain. colour called thin, which is There is another mineral refembling Roman prepared of a ftone or that this fubftance is taken vitriol. Itis probable and that carrying imperfrom fome lead mine, with it, it inceptible particles of the lead along, without the help finuates itfelf into the porcelain the ychicle of the other COof the cerufs, which rebak'd is porcelain. lours given to the that they make the deep violet. "Tis of this tln and-at Pekin, but that found Itis found at Cantong is by far the beft. It is at the laft of thefe places and fix pence a pound. The fold at feven mhillings whenit is fo, filver-fmichs by tfin is fus'd, and filver works, They way of enamel lay it upon fmall circle of tlin will put, for, inftance, will a enchafe it by way ofa about aring, or they itone. deep violet. "Tis of this tln and-at Pekin, but that found Itis found at Cantong is by far the beft. It is at the laft of thefe places and fix pence a pound. The fold at feven mhillings whenit is fo, filver-fmichs by tfin is fus'd, and filver works, They way of enamel lay it upon fmall circle of tlin will put, for, inftance, will a enchafe it by way ofa about aring, or they itone. --- Page 183 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. - of enamel comes off at laft, ftone. This fpecics this by laying it on but they endeavour to prevent of mouth or common gluc. a Aight ground well as the other colours we have The tfin, as ufed for the rebaked porcelain. mentioned, is only in the following manner. The tfin is prepared do the azure, but They do not toaft it as they fine break it and reduce it to a very powder. which it into a veffel full ofwater, Then they put little. Then they pour out the wathey agitate a there is fome naftinefs, and keep the ter, in which has funk to the bottom of the veflel. cryftal which thus diluted lofes its beautiful colour, This mais its violet colour when the porbut the tfin recovers The tiin may be kept as long as celain is bak'd. When they want to paint any porcethey pleafe. with this colour, they muft dilute it lain veffel a little common gluc with it, with water, mixing unneceffarys but this which by fome is thought muft be determined by experience. the porcelain, they In order to gild or filverize mas of diffolved add two fuen of cerufs to two the varnifh gold or filver leaf. The filver. upon If they gild fome, tle-kin has a beautiful fplendor. the filveris'd and filverize others, they do not leave work fo long as the gile in the fmall before furnace, the otherwife the filver would difappear obtains the degree ofbaking neceffary to give gold it its luftre. fort of coloured porcelain, There is another than thofe painted with the COwhich fells dearer Perhaps the account I lours we have mentioned. it be of fome ufe for perfcéting am to give of may obtain the the Dutch ware, tho' we cannot perfection of the Chinefe porcelain, kinds ofworks, itis not neceffaTo make thefe employed fhould be extremery that the fubftance ly obtains the degree ofbaking neceffary to give gold it its luftre. fort of coloured porcelain, There is another than thofe painted with the COwhich fells dearer Perhaps the account I lours we have mentioned. it be of fome ufe for perfcéting am to give of may obtain the the Dutch ware, tho' we cannot perfection of the Chinefe porcelain, kinds ofworks, itis not neceffaTo make thefe employed fhould be extremery that the fubftance ly --- Page 184 --- Obfervations upon ASIA, 174 fine. They take cups which have been already bak'd y. in the large furnace, without being varnifhall white, and have no ed, which are confequently them in luftre. They colour thém by plunging when they the veffel where the colour is prepared, But if they want want them ofthe fame colour. the works called them of different colours, fuch as into a kind of hoan-tou-houan, which are divided fquares, fome of which are yellow and others green, This they apply thefe colours with a large pencil: of is all the ornament they give to this fpecies little por- vercelain, only after the baking, they lay a the milion on certain places 5 as for examples colour 'is on not beaks of certain birds ; but this for which baked becaufe the fire would deftroy it, reafon it does not laft long- When they have : ap- in plied the other colours they rebake the porcelain which have the large furnace, with other porcelains be at the not been bak'd before. It muft placed bottom of.the furnace, and below the air-vent, where the fire has lefs activity 3 becaufe an intenfe fire would deftroy the colours, for this fort of porcelain The colours proper manner. In order are prepared in the following faltto make the green they take tam-hoa-pien, When they have petre, and powder of Aint. : reduced them feparately into an impalpable pow- with der, they dilute and mix them together water. The moft common azure together with faltand powder of flint; forms the violet. petre, The yellow is prepared by adding three mas of the red of copperas to three ounces of the powder of Alint, and three ounces of cerufs. the For producing the white, to four mas of All powder of Aint they add a tael of cerufs. and thefe ingredients are to be diluted in water; this powder of Aint. : reduced them feparately into an impalpable pow- with der, they dilute and mix them together water. The moft common azure together with faltand powder of flint; forms the violet. petre, The yellow is prepared by adding three mas of the red of copperas to three ounces of the powder of Alint, and three ounces of cerufs. the For producing the white, to four mas of All powder of Aint they add a tael of cerufs. and thefe ingredients are to be diluted in water; this --- Page 185 --- AFRICA, and AMERICAS is the whole of what relates to the colours this of this fort of porcelain. of the furnaces where they reWhen fpeaking we have obferved, bake the painted porcelain, of porcelain veffels, putthat they make piles the and thus ranging the fmaller into larger, Care muft be taken, ing them in the furnacc. each other in the that. the veffels do not touch for in this cale parts which have been painted ; The foot of one all the veffels would be loft. the bottom of anocup may be fupported becaufe by the edges of the ther, tho' it. be painted; are not painted : but bottom of the fmaller muft cup not touch thofe of anothe fides of one cup have cups which do not ther. Thus, when they choenter into each other, fuch as the long eafily the Chinefe workmen range them in colate cups, the following manner. laid in the botUpon a bed of thefe porcelains either of they lay a covering tom ofthe furnace, of the earth with which the furnaces plates made of the of cafes for.t the porcelain; are built, or picces. thing is ufed to the beft advanfor in China Above every this covering they lay another bed tage. and continue to do fo to the oft thele porcelains, very top of the furnace. have before obferved, that Itis not true, as we is they know that the painted or gilt porcelain baked when they fée the gold or colours fparkle diftinwith all their luftre. The colours are becomecold. not guilhed, till the rebak'd porcelain baked is in the fmall They judge that the porcelain when looking furnace is ready to be taken out, the botthro' the aperture at the top, they to very when tom fee all the porcelains red with the each fire, other, they diftinguith the pil'd cups from thofe inequaliwhen the porcelain has no longer ties the painted or gilt porcelain baked when they fée the gold or colours fparkle diftinwith all their luftre. The colours are becomecold. not guilhed, till the rebak'd porcelain baked is in the fmall They judge that the porcelain when looking furnace is ready to be taken out, the botthro' the aperture at the top, they to very when tom fee all the porcelains red with the each fire, other, they diftinguith the pil'd cups from thofe inequaliwhen the porcelain has no longer ties --- Page 186 --- Obferuations upon ASIA, 176 formed by the colours : and when the colours ties in the body of the porcelain, irt are incorporated that the varnifh laid upon the the fame manner is incorporated with it by the heat beautiful azure, of the large furnace. rebak'd in the large furAs for the porcelain that it is fufficiently bak'd, ift, nace, they flame judge which comes out is not of a very When the ofa whitifhi colour. 2dly, When red, but rather of the they perceive looking thro' one apertures, When after havthat the cafes areall red. gdly, and taken a piece of ing opened a cafe at the top, when it is cold, out ofit, they perceive the condition inl porcelain that the varnifh and colours are in When lookwhich they want them. And 4thly, they perceive the ing in at the top of the furnace, all thefe inits bottom to be fhining. By gravel judges whether the porcelainis marks, a workman perfeetly bak'd. would have the blue intirely to When they ufe leao or azure prepared cover the veffel, they due and in and diluted in water to a As confiftence, for the blown blue this they plunge the veffel. in it ufe the moft beautiful called tfui-tfim 5 they the manner before mentioned. azure prepared in the veffel, and when it is dry They blow it upon varnifh either alone, or they lay on the ordinary if they would have the mixed with tfoui-yeou, porcelain veined. this azure, whether blown Some workmen upon with the point ofa long draw figures or otherwife, needle removes as many fmall grains needle. The to reprefent the fiof the dry azure as is neceffary the varnifh. When after which they lay on gure, is bak'd, the figures appear painted the porcelain in miniature. There it is dry They blow it upon varnifh either alone, or they lay on the ordinary if they would have the mixed with tfoui-yeou, porcelain veined. this azure, whether blown Some workmen upon with the point ofa long draw figures or otherwife, needle removes as many fmall grains needle. The to reprefent the fiof the dry azure as is neceffary the varnifh. When after which they lay on gure, is bak'd, the figures appear painted the porcelain in miniature. There --- Page 187 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. There is not fo much labour as may be imaginthe porcelains on which Aowers, ed, in making other fimilar figures are embofs'd. dragons, and them with the on the body They firft trace make graver fmall incifions of the veffel; then raife they them 3 and laftly they round them, which apply the varnith. things are to be obferved in the The following the leao, or azure. ift, Before manner of preparing ofthe furnace, whereitisto burying it in the gravel be well walh'd, in order to rebe toafted, it muft It move the earth which adheres to it. 2dly, luted. a muft be included in a cafe of porcelain well and When itis toafted it muft be pounded, gdly, thro' a fieve. Then they put it into a well-varpafs'd nifhed veffel, and pour boiling water upon it. Afit a little, they take cf the froth ter having agitated and out the water by inclining on the furface, pour This of azure the veffel to one fide. preparation twice. After with boiling water is to be repeated inthis they take the azure thus moift and reduced of thin pafte, and putting it into a morto a kind time. tar, pound it for a confiderable of rock-coal, or The azure is found in the mines mines. It fomcin the red earths adjacent to thofe and times appears on the furface of the ground, this is. an infallible fign, that by digging farther, of it be found: In the mine it prefents more may as as a man's thumb, but itfelf in pieces large The coarfe azure is pretty flat, and not round. is and not eafily common, but the fine very rare, make tryal ofit difcerned by the eye 3 and we muft This conbefore we can judge ofits value. with it, tryal and then fifts in painting a porcelain veffel beautiful baking the veffel. If Europe produced kind of and fine tfin, which is a leao or azure, thele would among the Chinefe, be violet colour; N comVoL. I. arfe azure is pretty flat, and not round. is and not eafily common, but the fine very rare, make tryal ofit difcerned by the eye 3 and we muft This conbefore we can judge ofits value. with it, tryal and then fifts in painting a porcelain veffel beautiful baking the veffel. If Europe produced kind of and fine tfin, which is a leao or azure, thele would among the Chinefe, be violet colour; N comVoL. I. --- Page 188 --- Obfercations upon ASIA, of great value, and eafily tranfportcommodities bring back the moft beautied, fo that we might for them. We have alful porcelain in exchange of tfn is fold for a ready obferved that a pound for feven thillings and tael and eight mas, that is, fell a box of beautifix pence. For two taels they fix ounees, and this ful leao, which contains only amounts to twenty pence an ounce. fome porcelain vefThey have try'd to paint of the Chinefe ink : but fels. black with the fineft for when the porcethis attempt had'no fuccefs; ; be white. As lain was baked it was found to very of this black have not a fufficient body, the parts by the aétion of the fire, or they were diffipated force to penetrate the rather they had not enough a colour diferent bed of varnifh, and produce from it. CHAI P. XVIII. rbubarb and Jeveral otber aroDefeription of tbeir virtues and matic and medicinal. plants, and ufing ufes; tbe manner of preparing ibem ; tbe Fkill oftbe Chinefe pbyficians. moft fingular plant produced in China, which fignifies TH is the hia-tia-tom-chom, thefummer, butin that this plant is an herb during If the the beginning of winter becomes it will a worm. be found that matter be duly confidered, been to it without reafon. this name has not given three Nothing better reprefents a worm colour. quarters We fee of an inch long, and ofa yellowith the feet on each fide the head, the body, the eyes, of pbyficians. moft fingular plant produced in China, which fignifies TH is the hia-tia-tom-chom, thefummer, butin that this plant is an herb during If the the beginning of winter becomes it will a worm. be found that matter be duly confidered, been to it without reafon. this name has not given three Nothing better reprefents a worm colour. quarters We fee of an inch long, and ofa yellowith the feet on each fide the head, the body, the eyes, of --- Page 189 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA, and the foldings on the back diftinétof the belly, Thefe things are beft obferved when ly formed. for in time, efpecially when it the plant is recent ; blackith, and is is expofed. to the air, it becomes foft. This foon corrupted, becaufe its fubftanceis in China for one of the exotic kind, plant paffes fince few are to be feen except at and is very rare, in the Thibet, and is the palace,. It alfo grows on the frontiers found, tho' in a fmall quantity, which borders on of the province of Tfe-tcheouen, the kingdom of Thibet. refemble thofe The virtues of this plant nearly that with this difference, afcribed to the gen-feng, the frequent ufe ofit does not producehemoriages does. It fortifics and reftores parts as the gen-feng either by excels of labour, or long proweakened difeafes. It is ufed in the following mantraéted ner. take five drams of it whole, with its They ând with thefe they fuff the belly of a tame tail, roaft before a flow fire, and duck, which they roafted they take out the when it is fufficiently has into the flefh of medicine, whofe virtue paffed eats fo much, the duck ; of this duck the patient bur this reme- 'morning and evening, for ten days : account dy is not much ufed, except at court, medicine. on of the great rarity of this precious becaufeitisap plant The fantfi is more eafily found, of without culture in the mountains which grows Quoecheou, Sfetchouen. the provinces of Yunnam, which have no branches. It fends out cight ftalks is the longelt and roundThe ftalk in the middle which are like thofe of eft. It bears three leaves, fixed to the ftaik by pretty mugwort, and are butthining, and large tails. They are not The rough, feven other ftalks, of a deep green colour. foot and a half high, and whofe which are only a bodies N 2 the mountains which grows Quoecheou, Sfetchouen. the provinces of Yunnam, which have no branches. It fends out cight ftalks is the longelt and roundThe ftalk in the middle which are like thofe of eft. It bears three leaves, fixed to the ftaik by pretty mugwort, and are butthining, and large tails. They are not The rough, feven other ftalks, of a deep green colour. foot and a half high, and whofe which are only a bodies N 2 --- Page 190 --- Obfervations zpon AsIA, rife from the principal ftalk, bodies are triangular, and four on the other. Thefe three on one fide, have each but one leaf at the fuperior extremity for which reafon it is called fantii, which . becaufe the ftalk in E nifies three and feven, and the feven others but middle has three leaves, feven among ftalks them. arife from a round root four All thefe diameter. This root fends off feveral inches in as large as a man's little others which are oblong, hard and rough bark, but their finger, and have a and ofayellowifh inernalpartis ofafofterfubflance,s ufed in' colour. Thefe fmall roots are principally medicine. The ftalk in the middle is the only which bears white flowers, which grow at one in form of grapes, and blow towards the its point of the feventh month, that iS, in the month end ofJuly. When they intend to multiply this plant, they the root into Aices, which théy put into cut carth large about the fifteenth day of the ipring. A the after, it fends forth ftalks; and at the end of month and as ever it will three years it is as large high be. The Chinefe ufe it in the following manner. About the fummer folftice, they take the ftalk and and beat them in a mortar, in order to Jeaves, the juice from them, which they mix with preis lime reduced - to powder. Of thefe they common mais, which when dried in the fun, they ufe form a of wounds. They ufe this fame juice forthe cure of blood. But mix'd with wine, to cure fpittings this remedy has no virtue except in the fummer, and to thofe who are on the fpot;for which reafon, the: towards the end of autumn, they pull up and large roots, cut. off the fmall oblong ones, indry them in the air, in order to be tranfported to lime reduced - to powder. Of thefe they common mais, which when dried in the fun, they ufe form a of wounds. They ufe this fame juice forthe cure of blood. But mix'd with wine, to cure fpittings this remedy has no virtue except in the fummer, and to thofe who are on the fpot;for which reafon, the: towards the end of autumn, they pull up and large roots, cut. off the fmall oblong ones, indry them in the air, in order to be tranfported to --- Page 191 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. The heavieft of thefe fmall to other provinces. blackifh colour, roots, which are of a grey reckoned and grow in a dry foil on the coafts, are the beft. Thofe which are light, of a yellowilh colour, and grow on the edges of rivers, have of A dram of the powder little or no virtue. and fpittings of thofe roots cures hemorrhages of we blood. If we were to make an analyfis it, lefs fhould pcrhaps find it poffeffed of other no valuable qualities. the in feveral The tai-hoam, or rhubarb, grows Sfe-tchouen ; of China. The beft is that of parts in the of Xenfi,and but that which grows is province far inferior to it. the kingdom elfewhere of Thibet, is of fo little value, that it What grows The ftalk of the rhubarb is like the is not ufed. Chinefe canes. It is hollow fmall bamboos, or four feet and and 4 very brittle three or high, of a dark violet colour. In the fecond moon, that is, in the month of March, it fends forth long and thick leaves, which grow four and four and' on towards each other, - the fame tail, looking The flowers are of a yellow, forming a chalice. In the fifth and fometimes of a violet colour. it a fmall black feed, as large moon millet. produces In the eighth moon they pull as a and find the root large and. long. it up, and moft marbled in the That which is heavieft, efteemed. This root is heart, is the beft and moft difficult to, be of fuch a nature, as renders it very dried. clean'd The Chinefe, after having pulled upand inches the roots, cut them in pieces about two under large, and dry them on plates of ftone, which they kindle'fires. They turn thefe picces had dry. If they till they are thoroughly ovens N3 and. long. it up, and moft marbled in the That which is heavieft, efteemed. This root is heart, is the beft and moft difficult to, be of fuch a nature, as renders it very dried. clean'd The Chinefe, after having pulled upand inches the roots, cut them in pieces about two under large, and dry them on plates of ftone, which they kindle'fires. They turn thefe picces had dry. If they till they are thoroughly ovens N3 --- Page 192 --- Obfervations upon ASIA, like thofe in Europe, they would not make ovens of thefe plates. As this operation is not fuffiufe draw out all the humidity, they make a cient to and them in the great-, hole in each piece, fufpend in a condition to eft heat of the fun, till they are be kept, without being corrupted. the Chinefe are nearAs to the ufe of rhubarb, Howly ofthe fame opinion with the Europeans. crude and in fubever they. rarely ufe rhubarb and ftance 5 for they fay it tears the bowels, pro- iove duces gripes; and as the Chinefe generally better not to be cured, than to be relieved by great take rhubarb by way pain, they more chearfully other fimples, of decoction, with a great many the rules of their which they combine according to but ifit is neceffary to take it in fubftance, art; they prepare it. in the following manner. of rhubarb as they They take as many pieces them twenty-four have occafion for, and fteep would be better hours in rice wine (that of grapes foft, and can be if they had any) till they are very a furcut into thin flices. Then they put is upon two feet in nace a kind ofkettle, whofe mouth to the diameter, and which diminifhes gradually fill this kettle bottom in form of a cap. They inverted fieve with water, and cover it with an the bottom of made of fmall flips of bark. Upon covering the fieve they lay the pieces of rhubarb, which they the whole with a piece of wood, over not throw a felt, that the fteam of the water may and out. Then they heat the furnace, come fo that the fleam raifed thro' makethe water boil, of rhubarb, and dethe fieve, penetrates the flices this fteam refolvitroys their acrimony. At laft into the boiling ing, as in an alembic, falls down wbich the kettle, and renders the water yellow, Chinefe I they lay the pieces of rhubarb, which they the whole with a piece of wood, over not throw a felt, that the fteam of the water may and out. Then they heat the furnace, come fo that the fleam raifed thro' makethe water boil, of rhubarb, and dethe fieve, penetrates the flices this fteam refolvitroys their acrimony. At laft into the boiling ing, as in an alembic, falls down wbich the kettle, and renders the water yellow, Chinefe I --- Page 193 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA: e for cutaneous diforders. Thefe lices Chinefe kcep hours in this circulamuft remain at leaft eight which they take them out, tion of the fteam, after repeat this and dry them in the fun. They opera- andis tion twice, and then the rhubarbis prepared, and formofa blackifh colour. It may be pounded fix drams at leaft Five or ed into purgative which pills. gently, and without make a dofe, urine is purges that day more copious and gripes. The which, according to the Chinefe, red than ufual, heat is diflipated in that denotes, that an unnatural averfion to fo many way. They who have an of the dried Alices, pills, take the fame quantity veffel, boil them in and in an earthen or filver which they drink nine ounces of water to threc, mix fimples with it. warm, but fometimes they rhubarb produces This manner of effeéts. preparing An obftinate conftipathe moft falutary mandarin to the extion had reduced a could greateft him a ftool; tremity, and no remedics them as procure foon as they were the patient vomited up whether taken fwallowed, as he alfo did rhubarb, made A Chinefe phyfician in pills or decodtion. of a double dofe of this him take a decoction which he had mixed Bme pared rhubarb, with which means the patient had no virgin honey, by freed from his diforder, without naufeas, and was any pains or gripes. phyficians fay, that a dram of Some European of that of the rhubarb where they the powder part fafting, in a glais ftring it, given in the morning remedy of rofe or plantain water, is an infallible think for Auxes. The Chinefe phyficians, rhubarb always d otherwifes and fay, that hole the that the powder gins to corrupt at that ufe that 3 it ought to be found there is of no ; the internal part of thrown away 5 and that only the N 4 Some European of that of the rhubarb where they the powder part fafting, in a glais ftring it, given in the morning remedy of rofe or plantain water, is an infallible think for Auxes. The Chinefe phyficians, rhubarb always d otherwifes and fay, that hole the that the powder gins to corrupt at that ufe that 3 it ought to be found there is of no ; the internal part of thrown away 5 and that only the N 4 --- Page 194 --- Obfervations upon ASIA, the root, which is weighty and well marbled, ought to be us'd. It may happen, that in China they undervalue this part of the rhubarb, becaule. it is there worth no more than four pence a pound ; or becaufe, being much dearerin Eu- of ropc, the natives are unwilling to Iofe any it. Thereis a fourth root, which on account ofits aromatic nature, feems to deferve our attention. The Chinefe phyficians who ufe it, do not know all its virtues, becaufe they are unacquainted with the method of analyling it. They. call it tamIt becaufe it is oleous. Its coue. is always moift, nourifh the blood, and to virtue, they fay, is to It is an promote and ftrengthen the circulation. ealy matter to have a large quantity of it at a fmall price. It may be tranfported without any fear of corruption, provided we ufe the Tame precautions with the Chinefe, who from the province of Sfe-tchouen tranfport to other provinces whole roots ofit, which they keep in large ftore-houfes. Out of thefe the petty merchants who keep fhops furnifh themfelves. They cut this root, as well as others, in fmall flices, andfell it by retail; for which rcafon, ifthe European merchants want to purchafe Chinefe drugs at Cantong, they ought to takethem from the ftore-houfe, and not from the fhops where the roots are fold in fmall flices. and ufed There is a fifth drug much efteemed in China, called ngo-kiao, which ought to be prepared in the following manner. The province of Cantong has feveral metropolifes, one ofwhich is calld Yentcheoufou, in whofe diftriét is a town of the third order, call'd Ngohien. Near this town is a natural well, or-a hole in form of a well, near feventy feet deep, which, fub as the Chinefe fay; communicates with fome terraneous flices. and ufed There is a fifth drug much efteemed in China, called ngo-kiao, which ought to be prepared in the following manner. The province of Cantong has feveral metropolifes, one ofwhich is calld Yentcheoufou, in whofe diftriét is a town of the third order, call'd Ngohien. Near this town is a natural well, or-a hole in form of a well, near feventy feet deep, which, fub as the Chinefe fay; communicates with fome terraneous --- Page 195 --- and AMERICA. AFRICA, of water. The water terraneous lake or collection clear, and heavier than drawn from itis extremely is mix'd with turbid water, common water. Ifit the it renders it pure at once, by precipitating as alum of the veffel, juft foulnels to the bottom us'dto make the does. . The water of this wellis but the glue which is nothing the made ngo-kiao, of the fkin of a black afs. kill'd, take the fkin of this animal juft They in the water drawn fteep it fve days fuccellively after which they take it out to from this well, both fides of it. They afterfcrape and cleanfe and boil it in the wawards. cut it in fmall pieces, till the pieces are reduc'd to ter of the fame well, hot thro'a'c cloth, in order to gluc, which they pafs which could not be ieparate the coarler parts, the humidity of it, melted. Then they it diffipate the form he pleafes. The and every one gives moulds, with characters, and Chinefe caft it into of their fhops onit. put the feals or figns importance in China, and is This well isofgreat with the governor's feal, till thut.up, and feal'd for the emperor. This operathey make the glue after thea autumnal harveft, tion is generally begun the of March. Durand continued till beginning people bargain ing this time, the the neighbouring well, and the workmen are with the keepers of the glue for the emperor. employed in making of it as they can, They make as great a quantity fome of it with this difference, that they prepare affes, coarfer, and are at lefs pains to provide however, all. which are fufficiently fat and black : made here is as much efteem'd at Peking the glue of the place to the as thât fent by the mandarins court and to their friends. and as the As this drug is in great repute, is not fufficient quantity prepared at Ngo-hien for for the emperor. employed in making of it as they can, They make as great a quantity fome of it with this difference, that they prepare affes, coarfer, and are at lefs pains to provide however, all. which are fufficiently fat and black : made here is as much efteem'd at Peking the glue of the place to the as thât fent by the mandarins court and to their friends. and as the As this drug is in great repute, is not fufficient quantity prepared at Ngo-hien for --- Page 196 --- Obfervations for the whole upon AstA, of it elfewhere, empire, of the they. fkins a fpurious kind and mules, REPAu horfes, fometimes of old camels, or it the fame form and boots. They give and expofe it with fome famp of as near as poffible, the large and beautiful thegenuine kind in moft as many fools who fhops'; and as there are alit, there is a great demand buy, as villains who fell It is, however, forit in the provinces. genuine from the eafy enough to diftinguifh the has neither a bad fmnell fpurious kind, The former brittle and friable, and nor is difagreeable tafte ; itis ther entirely only of two colours, eiruvian balfam. biack, or of a blackifh red, like PeThe fpurious kind has a bad even when made of the fmell and tafte, approaches neareft to the true fkin.of kind a hog, which not brittle, and is never like ; befides, it is The Chinefe afcribe very the other. this remedy, and affirm a' that great many virtues to mations, is it refolves inflammotion of the friendly to the breaft, facilitates the lungs, removes ipirits, and reftores a free oppreflion of the flicted with a fhortnefs of refpiration to thofe affrefhes the blood, and breathing; that it recondition for keeps the inteftines in a fit ftrengthens the performing fcetus in the their funétions ; that it pates wind, expels heat, mother's belly, diffiprovokes urine, ftops bloody fluxes, and This medicine taken fafting, is eafes of the lungs, as good for difed 5 for patients who experience have has often evincthemfelves furprifingly us'd it, have found therefore reliev'd: It is flow, and in decoctions ought to be long continued ; it is us'd powder, but with fimples, and fome times alfo in more rareiy, In ; that it pates wind, expels heat, mother's belly, diffiprovokes urine, ftops bloody fluxes, and This medicine taken fafting, is eafes of the lungs, as good for difed 5 for patients who experience have has often evincthemfelves furprifingly us'd it, have found therefore reliev'd: It is flow, and in decoctions ought to be long continued ; it is us'd powder, but with fimples, and fome times alfo in more rareiy, In --- Page 197 --- and AMERICA. AFRICA, vaft numbers of aromatic and In China there are butthe beft and moft fought after, medicinal plants; of Quamfi, Yunnam, only grow in the provinces Sfe-tchouen, and Quou-tcheou. the of Tartary On the mountains of provinces We beautiful tho' not cultivated. we fnd tracks angelica, full of white dittany, parfnips, alfo fee large and fennel, celandine, cinquewild afparagus penny-royal, and the foil, agrimony, pimpernel, In the fmall vallies greater and leffer plantains: there are fields of beautibetween the mountains, different from that ful mugwort and wormwood, fern is only feen upon the tops of Europe. The and there are. no fuch of the- higheft mountains, mathings to be found there as kermes, gentian, fer-wort, juniper or afh-wood. for the moft part, The mountains. of Tartary, which is generally have trees only on one fide, but not the fouth. Thisrule is univerfal, cover'd generally with one or both fides are bare, and only hay, without eia few herbs, and fome parched We may readily conjecther flowers or fhrubs. and what confirms itis, ture, that there are mines, Gehe often find gold in the that the labourers near which they carry to the bottoms of the torrents, them for their pains. emperor, who rewards are fmall and low The trees on thefe mountains and with few branches, oaks, firs, ill-nourifh'd, fo clofc, that they afpin-trees, elms, and nut-trees abound in nuts, form a thicket. They, however, troops for their food. and draw the wild boars in with wild rofes and Thofe treés are intermix'd of the wild fruits thorns. We there find none mountains. obfervable in moft of the European thefe territories, The Mogul Tartars who inhabit with cultivate no fruit trees, and are content have but in two kinds'of wild fruit, which they fome parts of Tartary, The that they afpin-trees, elms, and nut-trees abound in nuts, form a thicket. They, however, troops for their food. and draw the wild boars in with wild rofes and Thofe treés are intermix'd of the wild fruits thorns. We there find none mountains. obfervable in moft of the European thefe territories, The Mogul Tartars who inhabit with cultivate no fruit trees, and are content have but in two kinds'of wild fruit, which they fome parts of Tartary, The --- Page 198 --- Oljervations The firft is in their upon AstA, which refembles a large red language call'd' oulana, 2 fmall ftalk three inches cherry. It grows on up among the grals in the high, which fprings of the mountains. The fecond vallies, or on the fides on a beautiful tree twenty five grows in clufters, high, and in fize refembles fmall or twenty fix fect When the firft froft falls Corinthian grapes. red, and are of a tartifh, upon but them, they become In the Chinefe very delicate tafte. nor fage, nor gardens we find neither nor marjoram, nor borrage, nor hyffop, der thyme, in the nor creffes, nor bafilicon, nor fennel, lavenforefts. Neither plains, nor lilly of the do we there find valley in the full quils, nor tuberofes. In the tulips, norjonof violets, which however fpring the fields are nor fmell; but in have neither tafte fo many plants, roots, recompence, trees the Chinefe have in Europe, that they and Alowers, not found with the want of thole may which be very well fatisfied they have not. CHAP XIX. Regulations obfere'd in examining the graduates and Cbinefe mandarins; tbe manner in wbich tbey are particular ed; tbe formalities punifsd or rewardafairs, olferu'd in criminal is the cuftom in China for the three years an court to fend ILaa vince. His bufinefs is examinator into each procompofitions which carefully to examine the prefent him with, every graduate is oblig'd to Hepunifhes thofe whofe compofition . Regulations obfere'd in examining the graduates and Cbinefe mandarins; tbe manner in wbich tbey are particular ed; tbe formalities punifsd or rewardafairs, olferu'd in criminal is the cuftom in China for the three years an court to fend ILaa vince. His bufinefs is examinator into each procompofitions which carefully to examine the prefent him with, every graduate is oblig'd to Hepunifhes thofe whofe compofition --- Page 199 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. and breaks thofe intirely polition is indifferent, bad. whofe compofition is who extremely does not appear at this, Every graduate is from that time detriennial examination, and plac'd in the rank of the priv'd of his title, two cafes in which the peoplc. There are only when he is fick, and law excufes him : namely, for his father or his mowhen he is in mourning after havingin their laft ther. The old graduates, of their fkill and age, examination given freed from proofs thefe examinations 3 but are ever after the bonnet, and the prerogatives retain the habit, annéxed to the ftate of a graduate. of honour, of the mandarins who govern The examination is much more fevere than that of the the people, examine whether they are infirm, graduates, They fevere in their chaftifements, 'whewhether they are or negligent in exether they are too whether indulgent, they are fo attached to cuting bufinefs ; the commands of their duty, as punétually to whether obey they exact mothe fuperior mandarins ; and laftly, whether ney unjuftly ofthe people : indifferent talents for they have extraordinary or is call'd the laft or governing. This examination this examination, the general examination. mandarins During of the province, viceroy, and general vifits tillthe catalogue and neither pay, nor receive the fubaltern officers are notes they. have made on this occafion there are fevefent to the court. On and recommended as exral mandarins propos'd merit, with whom no fault cellent officers of great can be found. and informations of the Upon the teftimony orders to bring thefe viceroy, the emperor gives where they are examin'd excellent officers Since to court, they are taken from fuch a a fecond time. by the viceroy, he ought provincc, and propos'd to ither pay, nor receive the fubaltern officers are notes they. have made on this occafion there are fevefent to the court. On and recommended as exral mandarins propos'd merit, with whom no fault cellent officers of great can be found. and informations of the Upon the teftimony orders to bring thefe viceroy, the emperor gives where they are examin'd excellent officers Since to court, they are taken from fuch a a fecond time. by the viceroy, he ought provincc, and propos'd to --- Page 200 --- Obfervations upon AsIA, them, and anfwer for their extraordinary to know In this choice he is not permitted to act talents. nor to follow his particuby intereft or friendfhip, inclinations. However, if the emlar views and find them fuch as they had been reperor does not it fhould be afterwards found, prefented, or if behav'd illin his government, that fuch an officer the to exact the tribute or had not been at pains fuch another officer, after for fome years 3 or that confiderable poft, has combeing rais'd to a more the vicemitted crimes in his preceding for charge, he either knew roy is always judg'd culpable 5 of the faults of his fubaltern, or he was ignorant accufe them. If he knew them, why did he not inftead of propofing him as a man of rare him, them, he is looked meeit. - If he did not know either vigilance or upon as a weak man, fubalterns without do not dread him, penetration. Ifthe deceive him, heis judg'd unworthy and can only of fo high a rank. that they For this reafon the emperor ordered, the thould more clearly determine and explain fhould punifhment due to thefe viceroys, when The they firlt of the be found faulty in this whofel refpect. bufinefs itis tot tranfaét fixfovereign tribunals, the mandarins of the emall the affairs relating to made the following regula- : pire, aflembled, and tions. fhould be ftriétly obFirft, That the viceroys of their fubaltern liged to watch over the conduct bufinefs to know them, officers, to make it their and diftinguithing and to be careful in choofing propofe as excellent. Secondly, thofe whom they fuffer'd themfelves to That ifin their choice they recommendations, be infuenced either by avarice, Thall be broke, and deOr other felfifh views, they another officc. clar'd incapable of ever bearing Thirdly, obFirft, That the viceroys of their fubaltern liged to watch over the conduct bufinefs to know them, officers, to make it their and diftinguithing and to be careful in choofing propofe as excellent. Secondly, thofe whom they fuffer'd themfelves to That ifin their choice they recommendations, be infuenced either by avarice, Thall be broke, and deOr other felfifh views, they another officc. clar'd incapable of ever bearing Thirdly, --- Page 201 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. That ifafter the examination of thefe Thirdly, they fhould be found to have officers at court, have committed faults during little merit, or to who the viceroy propos'd their mandarin.hip, That if before them fhould be broke. Fourthly, fhould be thing is difcover'd, notice given any out E himfelf, of any fault he found the viceroy them, this notice fhould be attendter he propos'd not be Fifthly, ed to, and he fhould officers punith'd. being rais'd to a fuThat if thefe excellent fhould behave ill, it fhould perior mandarinthip, how they had behav'd a fecond time be examin'd and if it be found in the preceding mandarinthip 3 the like faults, that they have before committed fhould be degraded to a mandarinfhip the viceroy order. Sixthly, That if after exof the third that the officer behaved well amining and finding charge, but became corrupted in his preceding when he was rais'd to a fuperior mandarinthip, but judg'd to the viceroy fhould not be molefted, have fulfird his duty. of the fovereign tribunal, To thefe regulations added his own. He declar'd, firft, the emperor fubaltern officers who fhould be found That the of money from the people, or too greedy extorters fhould be forthwith fevere in their chaftifements, without any hopes of depriv'd of their charges, Sccondly, That all ever being re-eftablithed. whom the fovercign tribunal, the other officers of the viceroy, fhall have according to the notes reafon, for example, broke or degraded for any affairs, becaufe they were negligent in terminating of their too weak and cowardly in the manner or fhould be by the emperor permitted government, themfelves, if they to come to court to juitify unjuft : that the fovethought the information hear their reafons, and that reign tribunal fhould his ever being re-eftablithed. whom the fovercign tribunal, the other officers of the viceroy, fhall have according to the notes reafon, for example, broke or degraded for any affairs, becaufe they were negligent in terminating of their too weak and cowardly in the manner or fhould be by the emperor permitted government, themfelves, if they to come to court to juitify unjuft : that the fovethought the information hear their reafons, and that reign tribunal fhould his --- Page 202 --- Obfarcations upon AsIA, himfelf would grant them a hearing. his majefty That for the execution of fuch orders, Thirdly, themfelves before they thofe who come tojuftify have been manda-. leave the province where they from the viceroy, cerrins, fhould obtain officer a pafs has been broke or detifying that fuch an and that becaufe he wants graded for fuch a fault, the court, this atteftato make remonftrances to That the viceroy tion is granted him. Fourthly, cannot refufe him being alk'd by the faid officer, left his error or inthis atteftation ; or if fearing he fhould refufe it, juftice fhould be difcover'd, the where the faid officer fhall return into province of that he fhall declare to the viceroy he was born, been broke ordegraded that province, that having has refus'd him a in fuch a province, the viceroy the reafons patent to go to court, he thall to reprefent demand one of the which juftify him, and be refus'd to him. faid viceroy, which cannot examin'd the reafons Fifthly, That if after having of the vice-. of the faid officer, and the refponfes been it fhall be found that he has unjuftly roy, he thall be re-eftablifh'd into a broke or degraded, with that which he had charge of the fame degree it fhall be found before ; but if, on the contrary, on the viceroy, that he is culpable, and impofes to the lols of his by accufing him ofi injuftice, accordcharge, they add a corporal punifhment, Sixthly, That if ing to the balenefs of his crime. injuftice or error, he the viceroy is conviéted of to an inferior emthall be either broke, or degraded ploy ment. the third and fourth article, For underftanding the reader, that without it is neceflary to apprife which is rarely order of the emperor, a fpecial cannot be a mandarin of the peogranted, a man nor even in the confines ple in his own province, of add a corporal punifhment, Sixthly, That if ing to the balenefs of his crime. injuftice or error, he the viceroy is conviéted of to an inferior emthall be either broke, or degraded ploy ment. the third and fourth article, For underftanding the reader, that without it is neceflary to apprife which is rarely order of the emperor, a fpecial cannot be a mandarin of the peogranted, a man nor even in the confines ple in his own province, of --- Page 203 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. one. The mandarinthip granted of a contiguous the muft be at leait to an officer to govern from people, the fkirts of his own fifty leagues diftant folicitations of relations and province, that difturb the him in the difcharge of his friends may hinder not him from executing juftice in office, nor his fentences. mandarins of each province have The fuperior all the mandarins of their feorders to diftinguilh three claffes. The firft confifts veral diftriêts into and manners, of thofe who have polite rich, engaging who are men of who do not want to become with the laws and cuflearning, and acquainted and full of toms of the empire, who are young, contains thofe ftrength and héalth : The fecond but who who are poffelled of the fame talents, have either an infrm ftate of health, or are advanc'd in years : The third confifts of thofe who, tho' found and robuft, have yet but indifferent talents. nor better calcuNothing is more remarkable, than the means us'd lated for good government, emulation between the inin China, to prevent the For thofe who differior anid fuperior mandarins. honourable difcharge their duties well, there are diligence. tinétions, allotted as the rewards oftheir call"d kiThefe marks are in the Chinefe language or lo, that is, to be mark'd upon the catalogue, mark. Thefe marks are given to to have a good courts of Pethe firft mandarins by the fovereign the king, and to the fubaltern mandarins by gover- the nors and viceroys, who are oblig'd to acquaint confirm the fovereign courts with it, that they may marks granted. Thefe diftinétions were inftituted to thofe, who in the difcharge of asa their recompence office have done fome action which deferves a fimall reward ; for example, if they have jultly O deVoL. I. courts of Pethe firft mandarins by the fovereign the king, and to the fubaltern mandarins by gover- the nors and viceroys, who are oblig'd to acquaint confirm the fovereign courts with it, that they may marks granted. Thefe diftinétions were inftituted to thofe, who in the difcharge of asa their recompence office have done fome action which deferves a fimall reward ; for example, if they have jultly O deVoL. I. --- Page 204 --- Olfervations upon Asta, dificult and embarrafs'd caufe 5 if determin'd a colleéted the king's taxes; if they they have exactly and fidelity executed the comhave with equity mandarin. Thefe marks mands of the fuperior them honourare both honourable and ufeful to able, becaufe they. are fpecified in all the public writs, in all the orders or advertifements which they publifh to the people ; for example, I with - fix firft mandarin of fuch a town, honour'd ofthe (or twelve) marks of my diligence, by ordér the viccroy, my fuperior, acquaint the nobility, ufeJiterati, and the people, that, &c. They are ift they have committed fome - ful to them, becaufe, of them of their. flight fault, inftead depriving erafe from the catalogue office, the governors only marks. one or more of thefe honourable marks to recomBut as there are honourable reward fox penie fuch actions as deferve a light there are marks of lazinefs and negligence to Thele punilh thofe who are guilty of light faults. confift in depriving the mandarin of a fmall part of the falary he receives from the emperor 5 for example, if a mandarin has committed a light effault, if he has marks. of diligence, they are him of one, fac'ds if he has none, they deprive which to the two, or more months falary, goes mandarin, emperor. If a viceroy, or any great affair, if has prefented a memorial concerning if he has omitted any fome he is miftaken in a letter, or obfcure exwords, if he has us'd an improper underpreffion, or if what he fays is not clearly the remits the memorial to a tri-: itood, emperor of thefe negligences. This bunal, which judges and prefents its fentence tribunal examines, judges, confifts, according to the emperor, which generally of three, and to the law, in depriving this viceroy either fometimcs fix weeks falary.. The emperor abfolutcly is miftaken in a letter, or obfcure exwords, if he has us'd an improper underpreffion, or if what he fays is not clearly the remits the memorial to a tri-: itood, emperor of thefe negligences. This bunal, which judges and prefents its fentence tribunal examines, judges, confifts, according to the emperor, which generally of three, and to the law, in depriving this viceroy either fometimcs fix weeks falary.. The emperor abfolutcly --- Page 205 --- and AMERICA. 1 195 AFRICA, fubfcribes the judgment in thefe terms, ablolutely or he fays, for I approve of this determination, he Thall not be depriv'dofhis this time grant, that be fent back to him to falary, but lethis.memorial attentive for the future. render him more has been committed Six months after a robbery of a province, the viceroy enquires in any part robber is taken ; if he is not, he inwhether the that on fuch a night one robber, forms the court, into the houfe of fuch a meror more, enter'd fuch of the mandarins of the people, chant ; that of war, are fpecially oband fuch of the mandarins hinder robberies, and to lig'd their charge to for fix months the robber 1 fearch Mders robbers ; that that thefe mandarins has not been taken, and to the law, to be deought therefore, according The fovercign court priv'dof fix months falary. and makes a report : examines this reprefentation, who fubfcribes it : At Canof it to the emperor, four hundred leagués to,. for inftance, a place breaks the prifon, and from court, if a prifoner to the this fact is commtnicated faves himfelf, well as the affairs of the firft confeemperor, as who has the charge of and the mandarin is depriv'd of fome months falary, frpak prifoners, for the prifoner till he find and has orders to feek be that there has him : if, however, it can prov'd, and fubjeéted to been collufion, he will be broke, dies of any If a prifoner a corporal punifhment, before the officer calls the difeale in the prifon, remedies, the court being phyfician to give him him of three months faapprifed of it, deprives firft of the town is lary, and often the governor It is the fault depriv'd of three months falary. if he went often, acof the fuperior, fay they vifit ; the the fubcording to his duty, to be fo negligent, prifons, nor fo altern officers would not cruel O 2 before the officer calls the difeale in the prifon, remedies, the court being phyfician to give him him of three months faapprifed of it, deprives firft of the town is lary, and often the governor It is the fault depriv'd of three months falary. if he went often, acof the fuperior, fay they vifit ; the the fubcording to his duty, to be fo negligent, prifons, nor fo altern officers would not cruel O 2 --- Page 206 --- Obfervations ufon ASIA, cruel to fick prifoners. But if thefe officers had fome marks of diligence, the court, after having agreed, that, according to the law, fuch a mandarin ought to be depriv'd of fix weeks falary, yet of: becaufe he had formerly obtain'd fucha number marks ofdiligence, only they efface two or three of thefe honourable points. By this explications fees the ufe of thefe marks. the reader fufficiently which rife Let us now confider the mannerin they to a more honourable charge. There is another method in the Chinefe government, of recompenfing or punifhing the great and: fmall mandarins, without either fhedding. blood or fpending money. To have the right of being clevated to a more honourable rank, is call'd in Chinefe kia-kic, that is, to add one deand to deferve to be degraded to an inferior gree degrec 5 is call'd kiang-kie, to be degraded one deWe muft conceive of this addition of gree. two, or three degrees, as we do of the marks one, of diligence. The ule of them is the fame, and they only differin point of their being greater and imaller : for if the degrees added are much more of efteem'd than thefe marks of diligence, four fuch marks are only equivalent to one of thefe forwhich reafon they are only beftow'd on degrees, actions which deferve them ; for example, if in a time of famine a viceroy takes care, by his vigi- the lance and good conduét, to obtain rice from other provinces, and fupply the wants of the peoif a mandarin purchafes rice at his own exple 3 for a confiderable fum ; if he has fo well repence the moles, that notwithftanding the violence pair'd of the waters, there Ahall be no inundation ; one of the fovercign courts being inform'd of thefe fervices, affembles, deliberates, and grants him two or three of thefe degrecs. They are dignifed - the lance and good conduét, to obtain rice from other provinces, and fupply the wants of the peoif a mandarin purchafes rice at his own exple 3 for a confiderable fum ; if he has fo well repence the moles, that notwithftanding the violence pair'd of the waters, there Ahall be no inundation ; one of the fovercign courts being inform'd of thefe fervices, affembles, deliberates, and grants him two or three of thefe degrecs. They are dignifed --- Page 207 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. mified with this honourin all the ediéts and adver- I tifements, which they intimate to the honour'd public. with firft governor of this city, 8cc. If they are three degrecs, intimate, that, illuftrious mandarinafterwards elevated to a more them; or if they have fhip, thefe degrees follow the fovercign court, which fallen into fome fault, examines the fact, and dejudges of thefe matters, according to law, they clares, that for fuch a faôt, inferior but ought to be degraded to an have charge, obtain'd that fince, by their paft merits, they of them. If, three degrees, they will efface two break them abhowever, the fault is great, they the they folutely, without any regard to degrecs and judghad acquir'd. All thefe deliberations who with his ments are prefented to'the emperor, the guilty, own hand confirms them, or pardons always he The fovereign court ought as pleafes. the withour having re- -to be conformable to law, the paft fervices, the gard to the friendfhip, rank of the criminal : but if heisa quality or the for example, a viceroy, who has great mandarin, ferviceable, or who has uncommon abibeen long to fhew that he does not forlities, the emperor, .or that he may not lofe a man get his paft-fervices, conforms himfelfto the law, of fo much merit, but, without appointbreaks him from his charge, him in the exercife of ing him a fucceffor, leaves to have the charge, and it. Heis no longer thought funétions of it, as if he yet he performs all the of another. By held it for a time in the abfence with the means this means they furnith the criminal This is a method lett of repairing his paft fault. favour, without fuddento him of returning into of an excellent officer 5 for ly depriving the public fecond fault, he is irretrievably if he commits a difcharges his duty with equity Joi, whereas ifhe and 0.3' , leaves to have the charge, and it. Heis no longer thought funétions of it, as if he yet he performs all the of another. By held it for a time in the abfence with the means this means they furnith the criminal This is a method lett of repairing his paft fault. favour, without fuddento him of returning into of an excellent officer 5 for ly depriving the public fecond fault, he is irretrievably if he commits a difcharges his duty with equity Joi, whereas ifhe and 0.3' --- Page 208 --- Obfervations upon ASIA, and" exaétnefs, the emperor, after one or two and fometimes alter fix months, reftores him years, to the charge of which he has been depriv'd. By the explication of the degree added, it is eafy to underftand what it is to be degraded a degree. It is not always to be tranflated to an inferibut to have merited to be fo. Someor times charge, the changeis not made on the fpot, and a of a town of the fecond order is fent to govérnor a town of the third order. One may, by different faults, deferve to be degraded three or four times, or for one fault be degraded three or four degrees, kinds without being depriv'd of his office. Thefe of degradings are alfo, to the fcandal of the mandarin, inferted in all the writs which he publifhes. of fuch a town, who I 2 firft governor &c. If by hàve deferv'd to be thrice degraded, the addidiftinguifh'd action, he has merited any tion of two or three honourable degrees, they retrench a number of the difgmaceful degrees, and courts deliberate and judge of thefe the fovereign the report of the fuperior mandamatters upon for all deliberations and rins 3 but not finally ; who, with judgments are prefented to the emperor, his owni hand, confirms, changes, or even rejeéts afthe determination, and orders the tribunal to femble and deliberate a fecond time : For this rcafon the firft prefidents of the fovercign courts, and the counfellors, are very attentive to what they examine, and to the judgment they pals on each af- be fair; forthey are fure that their judgment will read by his majefty, who often reprehends, punifhes, and fometimes breaks them, as officers ignorant of the laws, and incapable of difcharging their duty, The i hand, confirms, changes, or even rejeéts afthe determination, and orders the tribunal to femble and deliberate a fecond time : For this rcafon the firft prefidents of the fovercign courts, and the counfellors, are very attentive to what they examine, and to the judgment they pals on each af- be fair; forthey are fure that their judgment will read by his majefty, who often reprehends, punifhes, and fometimes breaks them, as officers ignorant of the laws, and incapable of difcharging their duty, The --- Page 209 --- APRICA, and AMERICA. is no lefs admirable in The Chinefe government all criminal affairs. Itis the forms oblerved in in fome extraordifirft to be obferved, that except in the body of the nary cales, which are fpecified tribunal Chinefe laws, no mandarin nor fuperior death. pronounce a fentence-of can. definitively crimes worthy of death muft be All judgmentsi in and fubfcribed by the empeexamined, decided, fend an account of the proror. The mandarins out the article of cefs to the court, determined pointing them to pronounce e the law, which has éxample, fuch a man is in fuck a manner. For the law fays,that thofe conguilty of fuch a crime 3 therefore condemn viéted of it fhall be frangled;1 Thefe informations befuch a man to be hanged. tribunal of crimiing come to court, the fuperior the circumftances and nal affairs examines the faét, laid down, the decifions. If the fact is not clearly it if the tribunal requires new informations, or the containing the prefents a memorial to emperor, the decifion of the infeaccount ofthe crime, and 46 In order to judge rior mandarin 3 and adds, be farther to acquainted 66 rightly, itis neceffary Thus we think it exCG with fuch a circumftance. affairto fuch a mandarin, <6 pedient to remit the we want. G6 that he may give us theinformations he but his i orders what pleafes, The emperor induces him to remit the affair, clemency always lifeis at ftake they may not dethat when'a man's without the moft convincing cide rafhly, and tribunal has received proofs. When the fupcrior again prefent their the informations wanted, they who cither fubfcribes deliberation to the emperor; of the chaftifement, it, or mitigates the rigour fends back the memorial, and fometimes even his own hand, 66 Let the writing thefe words.with once more on this affair, and 6E tribunal deliberate 66 make O 4 lifeis at ftake they may not dethat when'a man's without the moft convincing cide rafhly, and tribunal has received proofs. When the fupcrior again prefent their the informations wanted, they who cither fubfcribes deliberation to the emperor; of the chaftifement, it, or mitigates the rigour fends back the memorial, and fometimes even his own hand, 66 Let the writing thefe words.with once more on this affair, and 6E tribunal deliberate 66 make O 4 --- Page 210 --- Obfervations upon EC make their AsIA, the Chinefe report to me." We may fay, that tion, when a government man is to be ufés a ferupulous attenThis is the ftate condemn'd to death. ofjufticein China. CHA P.. XX. The manner oftravelling in the plains and Tucuman ; the multitudé fBuepesREC tbe fHocks games tberes, the order manner ef catching tbe obferved in the Jecular adminifration ; tbe berb paraguai cd; tbe revenue it much dfcomproduces to the Indians. who take long the THOSE: plains of journies-in vaft of Paraguai, Buenos-ayres, and in the defarts they take three generally or four, uie carriages. Of thefe their baggage, and. the more or Jeis, according to Thefe number of their carriages are covered with fervants, oxen, and that of the mafter is the fkins of fince there is in it a the moft beautiful, and a table. The other chamber, which contains a bed the fervants and carriages are deftined for drawn by large provifions, and each carriage is which in that oxen, the prodigious number of not' fpare them. country is the reafon why they do Tho' thefe carringes are or twelve leagues a day. heavy, yet they go ten fcarce any other They take with them wine, and falted provifion than bread, bifcuit, never want them meat; as for frefh victuals, on the road. There they ty, or Gfty thoufand are thirty, forup and down in thefe oxen and COWS wandering immenfe plains. It is unlucky , the prodigious number of not' fpare them. country is the reafon why they do Tho' thefe carringes are or twelve leagues a day. heavy, yet they go ten fcarce any other They take with them wine, and falted provifion than bread, bifcuit, never want them meat; as for frefh victuals, on the road. There they ty, or Gfty thoufand are thirty, forup and down in thefe oxen and COWS wandering immenfe plains. It is unlucky --- Page 211 --- and AMERICA. AFRICA, into the midft of them, lucky for a traveller to get four days before he can fince it is often three or difengage himfelf. from Spain to BuenosThe ihips which come for their cargo. On this OCayres, take in hides as the Spaniards call cafion, the grand mantanea, thoufand oxeh, it, is made. They kill a hundred to the burthen and or perhaps more, actording It is furprizing, that if a number of the Ahips. the parts where this great few days after we gointo find the bones flaughter has been made, we only and a kind of of thefe animals. The wild dogs, of Europe, deftroy ravens different from thofe would infect the air them fo foon, otherwife they of the country. he can eafily obtain it Ifa traveller wants game, he has,tied a ftring with a with a ftick, to which without going out of loop or nooze. He may, his catch as his carriage, or Alopping on They. journey, do not Aly many partridges as he pleafes. by them, and they away when the carriages when pals they are hid under the think themfelves fafe far from having fuch a good grafs; but they are They are dry, have but tafte as thofe of Europe. almoft as fmall as quails. little tafte, and are of thefe forefts is fomeThe vaft extent tracks of barren and fandy times interrupted by two or three days to tragrounds, which require When travellers are obliged to vel over them. the heat of the fun, thirit and pafs thefe tracks, the want oft the woods wearinefs, makethem regret and the woods into which out of which they came, make them forget the fandy they enter again foon defart woods plains. Sometimes,in the midftofthefe fince all that. they find the moft delicious fpots, invent to render a the art and induftry of man can place, andy times interrupted by two or three days to tragrounds, which require When travellers are obliged to vel over them. the heat of the fun, thirit and pafs thefe tracks, the want oft the woods wearinefs, makethem regret and the woods into which out of which they came, make them forget the fandy they enter again foon defart woods plains. Sometimes,in the midftofthefe fince all that. they find the moft delicious fpots, invent to render a the art and induftry of man can place, --- Page 212 --- Oéfarvation upon ASIA, place agrecable, comes not near the fimple nature produces in them. beauties which But it is dangerous to travel in of country. The this vaft extent dreaded, who continually Guaycarus are greatly to be have feveral times fcour the ficlds, and of Santafc, They attempted to furprize the town who fall into their never hands giveany hav8 quarter, and thofe cut off. They tear off the their heads forthwith crect thefe as fo many fkin and hair, and naked, and paint their trophies. whole They go intirely face, with different colours. bodics, except, their heads with a cap of feathers. They adorn their and arrows, a fpear and a dart, Their arms are bows five ells long, and which is four or it with fo much fharp at both ends. They throw man's body. They force, fix that they ftrike it thro? a that they may it this dart to their it. puil out after they have thrown wrift, Thefe barbarians are not only attack their enemies naturally brave, and but before they by laying fharcs for them; ings, which fo frighten engage, they make terrible howled to them, that the moft thofe who are unaccuftomdated, and remain defencelefs, courageous are intimi-. ly afraid of fire-arms They are extremeoft their men fall, ; and as foon as they fee one not they all take flight. eafy even for the moft dexterous But it is hit them, becaufe, when markfinan to not remain one moment in on the horfeback, they do lie fometimes flat, and at others fame pofture.. They or under the belly of the are on the fide, fix to their horfe, whofe bridle fifting of four great. toe, while. with a they or five of whip, conmake the dulleft horle thongs Jeather, they felves clofely purfued, run. When they fee themand arms, and cither they abandon their horle throw themfelvcs into the I river, remain one moment in on the horfeback, they do lie fometimes flat, and at others fame pofture.. They or under the belly of the are on the fide, fix to their horfe, whofe bridle fifting of four great. toe, while. with a they or five of whip, conmake the dulleft horle thongs Jeather, they felves clofely purfued, run. When they fee themand arms, and cither they abandon their horle throw themfelvcs into the I river, --- Page 213 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. fwim like fifh, or betake themriver, where they from which they rarely or felves to thick forelts, of time their fkin is fo never venture far. In procefs infenfible to the prickhardened, that they become thro' which they run withing ofbriars and thorns, out any concern. made frequent incurfions into Thefe barbarians but they have been fo the villages of Paraguai, defeated, that they dare not often repulfed and The form of government now fhew themfelves. fo that it ought carein thefe villages is fingular, fully to be related. of that country have a peculiar geThe Indians arts ; fo that there are a nius for the mechanick in which they excel. They great many trades and ftuffs for which they have make all the cloths they are cloathed with cotoccafion. In fummer woollen As this ton, and in winter with confiderabie, garments. when the inhamanufaéture is very provided, they fend the furbitants are fufficiently Corduba, and Tucuman. plus to Buenos-ayres, from thefe commodities ferves The money arifing which come from Europe, to buy feveral things among them. They alfo and are not to be found certain herb which grows traffic confiderably-in which a is much ufed in Chili and in Paraguai, and the Chinefe tea is in Europe. Peru, juft as that it is only on the mounItis to be obferved, two hundred leagues from tains of Maracayu, near that the trees which prothe villages of Paraguai, efteem'd fruit grow naturally. duce this fo much ftand in ablolute need of The Indians of Paraguai and an exchange for aliit, both for their drink, It was formerly ments and other commodities. feveral months of the. necellary for them to fpend thefe mountains. By this year in travelling were to often expoled to theincurmeans the villages fions is only on the mounItis to be obferved, two hundred leagues from tains of Maracayu, near that the trees which prothe villages of Paraguai, efteem'd fruit grow naturally. duce this fo much ftand in ablolute need of The Indians of Paraguai and an exchange for aliit, both for their drink, It was formerly ments and other commodities. feveral months of the. necellary for them to fpend thefe mountains. By this year in travelling were to often expoled to theincurmeans the villages fions --- Page 214 --- Offervations fons oftheir enenics. upon AsrA, out, a-great many never Of feveral thoufands who fet of the climate, and the vaft returned, becaufe a change ney, deftroyed incredible fatigues of the jourried with the toil, fled into numbers. Others, weawere never afterwards feen. In the mountains, and thefe inconveniencies, order to remedy from Maracayu, and planted they brought young trees lages. Thefe plants them near the vilthe feeds, which refemble fucceeded very well; ; and of ed nurferies ; but the fruit thofe ofivy, they formtivated trees has neither the produced by thefe cultue with that which fame ftrength nor virThe king of Spain has grows allowed on thofe that are wild. villages of Paraguai the Indians of the town of-St. Foi, or to every the year to bring to the twelve thoufand arobes Trinity of five (an arobe Buenos-ayres, pounds) of the fruit of the weighs twentycan hardly bring above fix Paraguai, but they what they bring 1S not the fineft thoufand. Befides, ni, which is very fort, called caamiwhich is the moft rare, but that called pabos, this common. The current commodity at St. Foi,. price of royal receipt where the tributes Buenos-ayres, and the four piafters for each arobe fo are colleéted, is dians bring every ; that what the Infand pounds. The year amounts to about one thoufor this piece of merchandize, money or' commodities got among the inhabitants ofeach are equally divided Their houfes are village. they are Arong, only one ftory high ; and tho* naments ofa architedture, yet they have none of the ornabuilding them have no other becaufe the inhabitants in themfelves from the view than to defend church is large, injuries of the air. Their All the inhabitants magniticent, are and extremely rich. the following manner, fupplied with provifions in Thofe --- Page 215 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. Thofe who reap are obliged to lodge all the taken care of by pergrain in public magazines of all that they receive. fons who keep a regifter month, the officers who In the beginning of each deliver to the chiefs of have the care of the grain, neceffary for all the fathe quarter, the quantity and thefe chiefs forthwith milies of their ditriéts; according to the greater or diftribute more or lefs, fmaller number ofeach family. obferved in the diftribuThe fame cuftom is number of oxen tion of Aefh. Every day a certain into the hands of perfons appointand fheep are put who, after the animals are killed to kill them ; chiefs of the who take ed, inform the each quarter, family a quantity whatis neceflary, and give proportioned to their number. they have no In confequence of this regulation, abun-. nor beggars 5 but all énjoy an equal poor dance of the things neceffary to life. There fome are feveral for the fick, in each town others largehoufes for the women. In thefe for the men, and to take different houfes there are perfons appointed care of the fick, and to fee that they want nothing which may be neceffary for them. CHAP. , and give proportioned to their number. they have no In confequence of this regulation, abun-. nor beggars 5 but all énjoy an equal poor dance of the things neceffary to life. There fome are feveral for the fick, in each town others largehoufes for the women. In thefe for the men, and to take different houfes there are perfons appointed care of the fick, and to fee that they want nothing which may be neceffary for them. CHAP. --- Page 216 --- Olferrations ufon Ast.a, CHAP XXI, The extreme mifiry of the Indians The means they barve of ef Medura, tbcir avarice 5 tbeir enricbing themfetues 5 the precedence of their delicacy tribes with refpeét to ments and ; their guvernment ; tbe empler tbeir awomen ; tbe fruits, occupations ef mals oftbe berbs, and antcointry, A T Madura we find, as in other places, rich. people The who are poor, and others who fome and number of the former is are many of them are fomctimes very great, their children, and even obliged to fell Some of them labour the themfelves, for fubfiftence. flaves, and whole day like hardly earn what is juft galleyfupport themfelves and their families. fufficient to multitudes of widows, who have There are ply their wants, befides a kind of nothing to fupSuch is the extreme fpinning wheel. both men and women, indigence who have of many others, their nakednefs, except a finall nothing to cover in rags, and who have not fo much piece of ftuff all lie upon. The houfes of the as a mat to Europe are palaccs, in comparifon country of people in hovels in which thefe Indians the miferable four earthen pots make up all lodge, the Three Or their cottages. furniture of Agrirulture, Thère are, however, rich men in the Indics. there the ordinary commerce, and employments, are the poor have a great means deal.of of becoming rich 5 but difficulty to preferve then- have not fo much piece of ftuff all lie upon. The houfes of the as a mat to Europe are palaccs, in comparifon country of people in hovels in which thefe Indians the miferable four earthen pots make up all lodge, the Three Or their cottages. furniture of Agrirulture, Thère are, however, rich men in the Indics. there the ordinary commerce, and employments, are the poor have a great means deal.of of becoming rich 5 but difficulty to preferve then- --- Page 217 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. from opprellion. Fraud and ufury prethemfelves and the exercife of the public vail in commerce ; Theft is another and offices is a true robbery. rich. It is very comfhorter means of becoming and there is perhaps no country mon in the Indies, robbers are more deteftin the world where petty fcreened from ed, and where great ones are better there is a whole punifhment: Among the Indians, of robbers, tribe who do not blulh at the name The and publicly profefs to be bighwaymen. efpecially in the labourers muft be very careful, fhould be carried night, left their COWS and oxen all their care and ciroff. But notwithflanding their loffes of this kind are very frecumfpedtion, They thought to prevent thefe nocturnal quent. eftablifhing guards in each village, robberies, by and by the labourers : but who are fupported worfe paid than the difeafe, fince e the remedy is become the worft of all robthefe guards are themfelves bers. and lords, by their opprefThe kings great but the common ufe fion, amafs great riches ; is to bury them unthey make of their treafures, would be very comder ground, otherwife Itis gold faid, that thofe who thus' mon in the Indies. facrifice human viétims to debury their riches, take the charge ofthem, and mons, that they may into other hands than their not permit them to fall fearch for thefe treafures, own. Many, however, difcover them, make other faand that they may women to the crifices of children and pregnant demons. it is a crime at Madura to Generally fpeaking, accufation more willingly be rich. There is no They heard, and no fault more feverely on punifhed. the rack, to forthwith put the accus'd perfon to difforce him, by the violence of the torments, cover mons, that they may into other hands than their not permit them to fall fearch for thefe treafures, own. Many, however, difcover them, make other faand that they may women to the crifices of children and pregnant demons. it is a crime at Madura to Generally fpeaking, accufation more willingly be rich. There is no They heard, and no fault more feverely on punifhed. the rack, to forthwith put the accus'd perfon to difforce him, by the violence of the torments, cover --- Page 218 --- Obferoations upon ASIA, where he has hid his money. Hence it hapcover that the rich conceal their fubftance carefulpens, better cloathed, nor. lodged, ly, and are neither Hence it alfo nor fed, than the moft indigent. really happens, that tho' there are vaft numbers'ofr others poor people, there are alfo a greit many who affect to appear fuch, when they are very rich. the Indies affect to If, on the ône hand, of theyin riches, they are, on the be poor in the midit diftinctions, and oft the rank other, very jealous of them. There is hardly which their birth gives with renation which has fo much delicacy any fpect to thefe kinds of prerogatives. feveral claffes of The Indians are divided into and who perfons of the fame rank and birth, and laws. have their particular ufages, cuftoms, that of the braThere are three principal clafles, that mins, which is that of the frft nobilitys of the kchatrys or rajas, which correlponds and that to what in England we call gentry 5 common of the choutres, which fignifies the which Befides thefe three tribes orclaffes, people. there is a fourth called the are of great extent, which is compofed of the clafs of the parjas, of the it is by all vileft and bafeft people. infamous tribe, with others looked upon as an without which they cannot have any commerce, have at lofing their honour. The horror they he touches fo far, that every thing a. praja goes and unft to be ufed. They is thought defiled, diftance, and do only fpeak to them at dwell a great in the towns, from not permit them to and build their habiwhich they muft remove, them. tations at the diftance preferibed to into Each of thefe principal claffes is divided than the others, fome of which are more noble reft. cannot have any commerce, have at lofing their honour. The horror they he touches fo far, that every thing a. praja goes and unft to be ufed. They is thought defiled, diftance, and do only fpeak to them at dwell a great in the towns, from not permit them to and build their habiwhich they muft remove, them. tations at the diftance preferibed to into Each of thefe principal claffes is divided than the others, fome of which are more noble reft. --- Page 219 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA: reft. The clafs ofthe choutres contains moft of the fubordinate clafles, fuch as that of the merchants, that of the labourers, the filver-fmiths, the the mafons, the painters, the weacarpenters, 8cc. Every trade is included in the fame vers, clafs, and only thofe of that clafs can be employed init. would be feverely punifh'd Thus a carpenter of the filver-Imith. for working at the bufinefs to which There are, however, certain of profellions, the claffes of the every one belonging himfelf, to any firch as thofe of the choutres may apply and the labourer: : but foldier, the merchant, which greatly vilify there are other occupations in feveral thofe who follow them. For example, thc rank of the parts of the Indiesu théy place in and geneprajas, fifhers, fhepherds, fhoemakers, rally all thofe who work in leather. that an The fecond thing to be obferved, is, Indian cannot, without being degraded, eat with a perfon of a clafs inferior to his own, nor clafs. even eat the aliments prepared by a perfon of that who Thus it muft be a bramin, and not a choutre, fame dreffes the victuals of another bramin. The holds true with refpeét to marriage, which no one out of his own clafs. He who fhould can contraét would be contract an alliance with an inferior clafs, infamous, difhonoured for ever, looked upon as When the and totally expelled from his clafs. made Portuguele firit came into the Indies, they no diltinétion of claffes, and mixed themfelvesindifferently with the prajas, fome of whom they even took into their fervice. From that time, the contempt which the Indians had for the prajas paffed alfo to the Europeans, and has continued ever fince. P It Vor. I. can contraét would be contract an alliance with an inferior clafs, infamous, difhonoured for ever, looked upon as When the and totally expelled from his clafs. made Portuguele firit came into the Indies, they no diltinétion of claffes, and mixed themfelvesindifferently with the prajas, fome of whom they even took into their fervice. From that time, the contempt which the Indians had for the prajas paffed alfo to the Europeans, and has continued ever fince. P It Vor. I. --- Page 220 --- Ofervations apon AstA, that tho' honour and It is to be obférved, by great aétions, yet nobi-- riches may be acquir'd ni the fame manner, butis lity cannot be attainedi birth. The king can neither bethe pure gift of purchafe it. The king Rowit, nor private the perfons claffes, nor can, he himfelf has no power over pafs to a fuperior one- various employments 3 fome * The men have others cultivate the land, fome ferve. the prince, and others labour at the meapply to commerce, In the Indies, there are neither taxchanic arts. The intendants or govergatherers nor lawyers. with the adminiftration of juf nors are charged of the taxes,. and the military gotice, the raifing vernment. without any-noife or tumult, Juftice is difpenfed thofeofimall confequence, mndmnetcadfendliesalyt in the town. Every one. pleads his are determined and the principal men are the own caufe, from their fentence, E They do not often appeal as it generally hapcially if thefe judges. ofthe arc, clafs. When they pens, the leading men the procefs is terhave recourfe to the the governor, fame manner, except that minated almoft fines in both parties 5 for he knows the he generally both guilty. Prefents often caft means of finding fide, but it becomes equal when the balance on bribed one by both parties. thejudge is government, the governors As for the military raife foldiers according to the from time to time ftate. The king fometimes fends cxigence of the the but this is genedetachments into provinces; of the rebellious lords who rally to fubdue fome or to, chaftife thofe who refufe to pay the tribute, terrible picce of injuftice. have committed fome fortrefles, on which occalion They befiege their the the balance on bribed one by both parties. thejudge is government, the governors As for the military raife foldiers according to the from time to time ftate. The king fometimes fends cxigence of the the but this is genedetachments into provinces; of the rebellious lords who rally to fubdue fome or to, chaftife thofe who refufe to pay the tribute, terrible picce of injuftice. have committed fome fortrefles, on which occalion They befiege their the --- Page 221 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. 21I play, but very weakly, and there is the cannon bloodfhed on either fide. Provided the very little in fault has money, and is willing to make perfon compofition, they give him good a reafonable to defend himfelf by quarter, and he is permitted Thefe lords new taxes which he lays on the poor. their fovercigns, who govern are, as it were, petty and whofe whole dependance territories abfolutely, which they to the king. confifts in the tribute the pay and They are hereditary, whereas governors of the intendants are difplaced at the pleaftire Some governors continue only four days, prince. become rich in that time, if they are cunand yet Thefe governors are often put to the rack, ning. thein what they have in order to make give up in acquired, after which they are re-eftablifhed have their charges, whatever oppreffions they may been guilty of. law is not exercifed with a great deal Criminal If we have faid that a man was alof feverity. criminal when he was rich, we may in like ways that as foon as he is rich he is innomanner fay, of the public taxes is the office cent. The raifing is real, make of the intendants, who, as the fublidy of the lands, and tax them as they an eftimate find fo many pleafe. But they generally the labourer, and pillage him, M ents to cheat and fometimes under times under one pretext, bénefit from his another, that he often reaps no his toil, and the harveft on which he grounded hopes, paffes into the hands of others. As for the women, they are lefs the companions than the flaves of their hufbands. Itis cuitomary to his wife, for the hufband to fpeak contemptibly and of him, with the and for her to fpeak to him, refpeÉt. A wife muft never pronounce greateft of her hufband, but muft ufe periphrafes the name and P 2 aps no his toil, and the harveft on which he grounded hopes, paffes into the hands of others. As for the women, they are lefs the companions than the flaves of their hufbands. Itis cuitomary to his wife, for the hufband to fpeak contemptibly and of him, with the and for her to fpeak to him, refpeÉt. A wife muft never pronounce greateft of her hufband, but muft ufe periphrafes the name and P 2 --- Page 222 --- Obferoations upon AstA, her refpeÉt. Ie and circumlocutions to exprels them beat their is no furprifing thing to the fee moft terrible manwives, and abule them in why fhouid ner. Ift théy commit faults, them. fay they, The wife is nenot théy be correêted table for of the hufband, but tferves ver admitted to the and the children, as if fhe was him like a flave, it that the children. their fervant. Hence happens, her as fuch, accuftomed to look upon are gradually her with contempt, and even fometimes to treat The is a rigid miftrefs, to ftrike her. burden (tep-mother of the houfhold labour on always lays the and continually gives her orthe ftep-daughter, manner. Very ofders in a harlh and imperious reduce their hufbands to ten, however, the wives to their behaviour, by making an elopement occagood who take their part 3 and on thefe triends, and imprecations are not fpared. fions reproaches does not return till the hufband, or fome The wife come for her; and the fometimes of his relations, many ufelels jourobliges them to a great give a nies. When The confents to return, they him feaft to the husband, and reconcile fumptuous follows him. home. to his wife,who in domee themfelves The women employ wood, pounding rice, ftic affairs, in gathering of that nature. The making oil; and other things botanifts oil is made of a fhrub, by fome boil European the fruit gently, called palma chrifti. three They days to the fun. Then and expole it two or which they they pound it and reduce it to meafures pafte, ofwater on dilute in water, pouring two fruit, after which two meafures of the pounded When the oil fwims on the they boil the whole. take it off with a fpoon, or by inclinfurface, they fide. Then they waih the feing the veffel to one and drawa little more oil from diment in water, it, The gently, called palma chrifti. three They days to the fun. Then and expole it two or which they they pound it and reduce it to meafures pafte, ofwater on dilute in water, pouring two fruit, after which two meafures of the pounded When the oil fwims on the they boil the whole. take it off with a fpoon, or by inclinfurface, they fide. Then they waih the feing the veffel to one and drawa little more oil from diment in water, it, The --- Page 223 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. The manner of pounding the rice is very fingu- fkin Mar. The rice grows with a hard rough nellike barley, and in this condition it is called boil it in water, dry itin the fun, lon. They feveral gently times. By the firft poundand pound it by the fecond ing it is freed from its coarfefkin,and it, fo that Ît from the red pellicule below appears of the more or lefs white according to the fpecies forts. nellon, of which there are morethan arifi. forty Two When it is thus pounded, it is called of arifi. It is meafures of good nellon yield one It does not mealy and broken like that of Europe. not fwell in boiling, neither can itbekept long. emIft the women have any leifure time, they the ploy it in fpinning : for they never work at needle, and do not fo much ras knowhow to handle it. There are fome tribes in which the women to others in which they are are not permitted fpin, bafkets and mats, only employed in making the rice, and others and thefe cannot pound which is the in which they cannot go for water, husband. În genebufinefs of a flave, or of the learn to ral, it is not cuftomary for the women of to this to read and write 5 they leave the charge fing the the flaves of the pagods, that they may praifes ofthe demons. of the Indians. The following are the aliments becaufe they Water is their common drink, not thefe are but becaufe want intoxicating the liquors, of the people, and are only ufed by dregs ofthefe abhor'dby the better fort. The principal of liquors, is that which flows from the branches their the palni-tree into a veffel fixed to receive ofthe juice. With a certain bark and the powder like palm-tree, they make a brandy which burns Others ferment certain grains, that from of Europe. chem obtain a wine which intoxicates. and Rice P 3 , not thefe are but becaufe want intoxicating the liquors, of the people, and are only ufed by dregs ofthefe abhor'dby the better fort. The principal of liquors, is that which flows from the branches their the palni-tree into a veffel fixed to receive ofthe juice. With a certain bark and the powder like palm-tree, they make a brandy which burns Others ferment certain grains, that from of Europe. chem obtain a wine which intoxicates. and Rice P 3 --- Page 224 --- Obfervations upon ASIA, Rice is the moft common food, and thofe who can afford it, boil it with fleih, fifh, or pot-herbs. Sometimes they catit with herbs, boil'd like fpinkind of fmall beans whiçh their nage, or with'a They alfo eat it with milk, country produces. eat it with boiled herbs, and the vulgar and poor whey, or fimply with a little falt. They have not rice in every part ofthe country, have fincein fome they have only millet. They very beautiful wheat on fome of the mountains, but very few except the Turks and Europeans and ufe the it. The Turks form it into thin cakes, thofe Europeans make bread of it, and bifcuits like ufed by failors. fruits In the Indies there are almoft no European da except fome oranges and lemons, which they them and prenot allow to ripen. They gather in order to preferve them in fome ftrong pickle, vent their fpoiling, and eat them with rice. InThe moft ordinary fruit is the hanana, or dian fig. There are alfo mangos, efpecially towards the mountains. Their kitchen gardens produce gourds of various kinds, cucumbers, and other herbs peculiar to the climate. They forrel, the want of which is made up by have tamarinds. no They have onions ; butcabbage, turtho' they nips, and, lettuce, are foreign plants, grow very well when they fow them. As to the animals, there are in the mountains wolves, apes, ftags, boars, elephants, and rabbits. tygers, They leave the game pretty hares, tho' is permitted to every much at reft, hunting hunting or fowlbody. The lords fometimes goal ing for their diverfion, but they do not purfue thefe amufements with keennefs. and horfes. Some princes havedomeftic elephants fmall and The hories produced in the country are weak, --- Page 225 --- and AMERICA. AFRICA, from Thofe ufed in the army are brought sveak. and are very dear. Incredible pains other countries, them 3 fince every day itis is requifite to preferve them fome drug or other. Before necellary to give and when they make the leaft they drefs them, muft rub them down, in ftop on the road, théy their Aefh and nerves. If this order to ftrengchen their nerves are fhriveled ups care is not taken, time become good for nothing, and' they in a fhort them a kind of lentils Inftead of oats they give which they boil. ufe in the Indies, and a The oxen are of great of by the number of his man's riches are judged ufed for tilling the ground, and oxen. They are Moft of them havea large for drawing carriages. When they yoke them in bunch on their necks. cord about theif necks, the carriages, they put a crofs the breafts of the to this cord they fix a pole the beam of tlie car: two oxen, and to this pole riage is fixed. have no wheels, and the iron Their ploughs inftead of a coulter, is fo narrow, that which ferves where they fow the millet: it onlyferatches the place more toil and culture: The rice requires much fown are always on theedges The fields where itis to keep the rain water, of ponds, made on purpofe the ground in times of with which they moiften drought. to this cord they fix a pole the beam of tlie car: two oxen, and to this pole riage is fixed. have no wheels, and the iron Their ploughs inftead of a coulter, is fo narrow, that which ferves where they fow the millet: it onlyferatches the place more toil and culture: The rice requires much fown are always on theedges The fields where itis to keep the rain water, of ponds, made on purpofe the ground in times of with which they moiften drought. chariots which are They. have a great many The wheels are very genteelly enough made. joined to eacht imall, and made of large planks than a hole in other. They have no other nave The body ofthe chathe middle of thefe planks. adorned with carving, riot is very high; and forts. of figures. Thefe chafculpture, and all contain the idols which riots are of no ufe, but ftreets to in proceflion. The they carry about the P great --- Page 226 --- Obfercations upon AsIA, lords are carried in chairs, but not without great the prince's permiffion. buffaloes, At Madura there are a great many and which they employ in tilling the ground, which. they yoke in the fame manner with the oxen. It is a capital crime to kill an OX, a coW, The Indians have as great a horror or a buffalo. animals, as the Europeans have at the fefh ofthefe of horfes. None but the moft contemptible at claffes that dare eat thefe animals when they die oft themfeves. They are not of the fame opinion with refpeét rats, lizards, and even certain white to bald mice, become and takants. When thefe ants winged, there ing flight fail in the marfhes, the Indians gather them, and reprefent them as a very delicious food. Goats, theep, and fowls are the moft ordifood. There is a fpecies of fowls, whofe nary fkin and bones are entirely black, but they are as as the others. The Indians alfo love filh, good which" they dry in the fun, but they do not generally eat them till they are fpoiled and corrupted. They then think it beft, becaufe it gives a relifh to the rice, which is infipid. EuThe affes are ufed in the fame manner as in But 'tis fingular, that there is a whole rope : tribe who to be defcended from clafs or direét line, pretend and boaft of it. This clafs an afs in a the and is even that to which the is one of beft, Thofe belonging to this clals treat king like beiongs. their brothers.. They ftand up in defence affes of them, and do not permit too heavy loads to be laid on them : nor do they fuffer any one to beat them exceffively. as in But 'tis fingular, that there is a whole rope : tribe who to be defcended from clafs or direét line, pretend and boaft of it. This clafs an afs in a the and is even that to which the is one of beft, Thofe belonging to this clals treat king like beiongs. their brothers.. They ftand up in defence affes of them, and do not permit too heavy loads to be laid on them : nor do they fuffer any one to beat them exceffively. If they faw perfon thefe cruelties, they, would bring feratela uling where he would be fined. They him to juftice, a fack on the back of that are pernitted to lay animal, --- Page 227 --- AFRICA, and ANERICA. but if they lay any thing above the fack, animal, (the name of this clafs) the cavaravadouquer him fuffer for taking fuch a liberty. would make lefs charity for men than for thefe They have for inftance, they will give creatures 5 in rain, and refufe it to his driver, unlefs fhelter to an afs, tribe or clals. he belongs toa good feveral kinds of rats, and In the Indies there are of thefeanimals juft as the the Indians in queft of rabbits ; fome ofthem Europeans 80 in fearch the fmoothnefs of their greatly refemble nioles in black. The Porfkins, but they arenot: altogetherfo which is faid to attack tuguele callit thet fcented rat, There is another fpecies and deftroy the ferpents. the earth like the mole, but thefe which digs into in houfes. are generally found only which yield mufk, and There : are alfo cats fubftance by rubbing produce this odoriferous and from this ftake they themfelves againft a ftake, are very nutake the mufk. As for ferpents they that a and fome of them fo venomous, merous, them down dead before he can perfon bit by drops for which reafon they are walk feven or cight paces, There is another çall'd ferpents of cight call paces. cobra de capelo, the which the Portuguele becaufe, when it is provok'd, it houded ferpent, of its body, and creeps on its tail 3 raifes the half in form ofa domino, on which its neck is enlarg'd which, in the opinion of the are three black ipots, this for which Indians, add a beauty to ferpent, reafon they call it the good or beautiful that ferpent: if they They have fo great a refpeét for themfelves it, guilty fhould kill it, they wonld think of facrilege. other infects there are green fies, Among thine in the night, and delight in moift which When there is a grcat many of them, and placcs. when , on which its neck is enlarg'd which, in the opinion of the are three black ipots, this for which Indians, add a beauty to ferpent, reafon they call it the good or beautiful that ferpent: if they They have fo great a refpeét for themfelves it, guilty fhould kill it, they wonld think of facrilege. other infects there are green fies, Among thine in the night, and delight in moift which When there is a grcat many of them, and placcs. when --- Page 228 --- Objervatie:s upon ASIA, when the night is dark, they make a very beauti- ftars. ful appearance, like fo many fmall Auttering ants offeveral kinds, but the moft perniThere are call'd caria. This infeét is the ordi: cious is that lizzards, and fome birds. nary prey of fquirrels, from fo many enemies, it has the To fecure itfelf bank of earth almoft as high as cunning to form a mora man. For this purpofe it brings together fo firmly, which it moiftens, and compaôts tar, and almoft continual rain is neceffary that a ftrong fhock. The fields are full of to give it a fenfible the labourers do not beat them. thefe banks, and firm, or down, either becaufe they are extremely built becaufe in a few days they would be form again. of Thefe banks are full of apartments, in certain canals. The caria comes out at irregular cuts the grafs very hours to go a foraging, into its habitation. quickly, and carries fmaller it fpecies of caria, which There is another itfelf in houfes, In the center of generally fhelters comb almoft like that in a its habitation there is a infeét climbs to the roofs of bec-hive. Hence this advances in proportion, as it the houfes, but only with the earth coyers itfelf, and by forming which ferves as a which it brings, a certain pipe, of the palm-tree, road to it. It gnaws the leaves with which the houfes and the itraw and flubble but are not at the They have bees, are thatch'd. make hives for them 5 however, they pains to both of which they neither want wax nor honey, which the wild bees have take from the hives made for themfelves on the mountains. the manner We fhall conclude with confidering Their fhoes' in which the Indians are cloath'd. unlike thofe us'd in are a kind of pattins, not of the order of France by fone of the religious on by a are kept peg'of St. Francis. They only wood, M ch'd. make hives for them 5 however, they pains to both of which they neither want wax nor honey, which the wild bees have take from the hives made for themfelves on the mountains. the manner We fhall conclude with confidering Their fhoes' in which the Indians are cloath'd. unlike thofe us'd in are a kind of pattins, not of the order of France by fone of the religious on by a are kept peg'of St. Francis. They only wood, M --- Page 229 --- and AMERICA. AFRICA, the toe and that wood, which is put between great lords ufe flver next to it. The king and the great that fhoes of this pattins. The Indians pretend and commodious for kind are the moft proper the moft proper, their country: They are at all times, La they, becaule they can wafh which them is very neccfary, wafh their feet in them, they fay they are the moft on account of the heat 5 is more eafily put commodious, becaufe nothing reckon'd to wear off and on. Tis not always genteel throw them fandals, for which reafon they who merits reoff before they approach any perfon fpeêt. for the Indian modes, they are almoft always As fince that people rarely vary theit the fame, in their manner of cloathing ufages, efpecially The common people give themfelves themfelves. trouble about it, for they cover their body little of cotton 3 and it often happens only with a piece fort have fome difficulty to prothat the poorer themfelves. The cure a piece of this ftuff to cover ac: great lords cloath themfelves the very heat of elegantly, the climate. cording to their tafte, and with very white, fine, and. They cover themfelves which defcends to their heels. tranfparent cotton, breeches and ftockings all of a They have red farther than the inftep. piece, which come kind no of red leather pumps emThey wear a behind fold under the broidered, whofe quarters of gold or pearls. heel. They wear ear-rings of fiik embroidered with Their girdle is bracelets a piece are filver. They wear gold gold; and their beads about their necks. chains or gold the fame drefs, and are The ladies have nearly from the men, by the only to be diftinguithd in which they adorn their heads. Bliffcrent manner CH AP. --- Page 230 --- upon ASIA, Obfervations CHAP. XXII. Tbe fbrub nubich produces cotton ; manner of carding, /pinning, avorking, and bleacbing it. grows in the Indies, on a fhrub COTTON orfourfeet high, which when fullgrown, bears a green fruit, of the bignefs of a young walnut ; and when this fruit begins to ripen, it opens in the form of a crofs, at which time the cotton begins to appear. When it is quite ripe, it divides itfelf into four equal parts, which are fupported only by the ftalk. They then gather the cotton mix'd with the feed. But as this feed adheres clofely to the cotton, they feparate it by means of a fmall and pretty curious machine, about thirteen or fourteen lines in diameter, and four inches in length. Two axes enter into two pieces of wood, which are in height about a cubit, and two,inches in thicknefs. Thefe two cylinders or axes are placed immediately over each other, at the diftance of a line, or a line and a half at moft, in fucha manner that the feeds of the cotton cannot pafs betwixt them. But what is moft ingenious in this machine is, that by by the motion of the handle, which holds the cylindérabove, thefe two cylinders move in a contrary direétion : This is perform'd by means of the two pieces of wood, which communicate with the two axes, on the fide oppofite to the handle, and beingin theform of icrews, grapple in each other, whence it happens, that the handle making the higher cylinder turn in a certain direction, the end feeds of the cotton cannot pafs betwixt them. But what is moft ingenious in this machine is, that by by the motion of the handle, which holds the cylindérabove, thefe two cylinders move in a contrary direétion : This is perform'd by means of the two pieces of wood, which communicate with the two axes, on the fide oppofite to the handle, and beingin theform of icrews, grapple in each other, whence it happens, that the handle making the higher cylinder turn in a certain direction, the end --- Page 231 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. grappling in the end of end of the fame cylinder in an direétion. the other, makes it turn oppolite to it that the cotton applied Hence happens, and drops is drawn through, thefe two cylinders mixed with it in its paffage. the feeds that were to fow the lands that are Thefe feeds are preferv'd proper for cotton. the cotton, which is firft done They then card much after the manner of makwith the fingers, it on a fort of ing lint ; alterwards they fpread it with a pretty long mat, and finifh carding it, and draw the cord, bow, which they lay upon frequently and ftrongfo that the vibrations falling as it were, and make it ly upon the cotton, whipit, very fine and delicate. it out to-be fpun, to men and They then give with a wheel, fmaller women, which is perform'd The beauty and-goodthan thofe us'd in Europe. almoft intirely on the nels of the thread depend there is a fine and a coarfe fkill of thefe artifts ; thefe extremes there are many fpecies, and between forts and degrees. wath the thread, but after Befides, they do not he immediately having given it to the weaver, for the woof, and rechufes the largeft thread which fuppoles ferves the fineft for the weft, fame kind there is plainly, that in thread of the boil fome time in water alwaysa difference. for They the woof, and when it is the thread defign'd it in cold water ; which is very hot, they plunge before they put in all the preparation neceffary, the huttle. which ferves for the weft is The thread manner : They EE par'd in the following have diluted a fmall it well in cold water ftrain out the water, quantity of COWS dung, thread wet for three days, and fo leave this in is plainly, that in thread of the boil fome time in water alwaysa difference. for They the woof, and when it is the thread defign'd it in cold water ; which is very hot, they plunge before they put in all the preparation neceffary, the huttle. which ferves for the weft is The thread manner : They EE par'd in the following have diluted a fmall it well in cold water ftrain out the water, quantity of COWS dung, thread wet for three days, and fo leave this in --- Page 232 --- Oftreations inan open veffel, and then tpon AstA, it is fufficiently dry, they dry it in the fun ; when manner. divide it in thefollowing little They laths in a ftrait line, and in a of bamboo, of the clean place, plant and at the diftance of a cubit height of three feet, a fpace equal to the of from cach other, in to make; afterwards length the web they defign in the little laths. of children interlace the thréad threads being complete, bamboo ; the number of new laths among the they take care to infert even, and to prepare former, it the to keep the thread they roll up the thread and better ; after this, asit were a long hurdle, and laths, which form, ry it to a pond, where, thas they carquarter of an hour, and having let it fteep a that the water may trampling it under foot, it. After this they penetrate more eafily, they them in-order; examine the threads to dry hurdle forwhich purpofe put upon the ground they replant the and the weavers feated by the ends of the laths, the threads onelafter near the hurdle, look over are.out of their places. another, and range thofe that After this operation thread the necefary they think of giving the Then they pull up the preparation hurdle, for working it. horfes or fupports placed at and ftretch it upon height of the laths, and equal diftances, of the cange, This give it what they call the but the liquor cange of or cleanfing is nothing elfe been kept a long time, boil'd is rice, which having rub the thread with this become very acid. They fingers;. and afterwards cange, firit with their kind of brufh, the hairs more of thoroughly with a twixt the threads, cleanfe which infinuating be: them, and prefs them perfectly, unité ration requires fome together all the parts. This time ; for, firft, they cover opethe ange, This give it what they call the but the liquor cange of or cleanfing is nothing elfe been kept a long time, boil'd is rice, which having rub the thread with this become very acid. They fingers;. and afterwards cange, firit with their kind of brufh, the hairs more of thoroughly with a twixt the threads, cleanfe which infinuating be: them, and prefs them perfectly, unité ration requires fome together all the parts. This time ; for, firft, they cover opethe --- Page 233 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. the thread with a glue made of boil'd to fpread it the better, ufe the brufh rice, and, time. They then allow this thread a fecond condition, and for the laft to dry in this is done by brufhes dip'din that operation oil it,: which obferve, that thefe different liquor. We muft thread muft be preparations of the in fuch applied to both fides of the a manner, that after hurdle, fide, they turn the hurdle on the having prepar'd one a like preparation. other, to give it When the thread thus prepar'd is is fo beautiful, fo neat, clean, and very dry, it refembles filk. Without this equal, that it preparations, the cotton cange, and other beauty it has; for the would not have near the and clofes at once the cange minute being acid, unites compofe the thread, and the glue filaments, which it, holds and binds them in this being put upon giving them more body and more condition, by order to be work'd. confiftency, in foften and render the thread Laftly, the oil ferves to it is thus prepar'd, they more flexible. When mullins, put itto the loom, make beautiful falempores, ftuffs which and, in. general, all: thofe the difference of which We meet with in the Indies, the fkill of the weaver. depends on the thread, and : The manner the weavers have of cotton ftuffs, is making thefe 6 Europe. When the nearly like that followed in bleach it,. and web is finifh'd, they muft giveit that pleafing luftre for cotton is fo famous. which bleacher, They therefore put it into the hands of the who fteeps it firft fome time in cold ters then taking it out, and water, he ftecps it again in a fecond prefling out the Wamix'd with cows dung; when he water, has which is this water, he fpreads it on the ground, wrung and out leaves it like that followed in bleach it,. and web is finifh'd, they muft giveit that pleafing luftre for cotton is fo famous. which bleacher, They therefore put it into the hands of the who fteeps it firft fome time in cold ters then taking it out, and water, he ftecps it again in a fecond prefling out the Wamix'd with cows dung; when he water, has which is this water, he fpreads it on the ground, wrung and out leaves it --- Page 234 --- Olfervations upon ASIA, it fome time in the air ; then he twifts it in the form of a concave cylinder over the mouth of a great veffel of boiling water. The vapour arifing from this boiling water penetrates the web, pre- of vioufly impregnated with the moft fubtile falts the COWS dung, and by its heat diffolves, and gets out the foulneis and dirt of the web : This is the firfl lie which they give it. They leave it in this condition a whole night, and the next day wafh and beat it very well upon a ftone ; fo that a part of the dirt is feparated from it. The fecond day they put the fame web into a great earthen jar, where they dilute quick lime with a kind of white and light earth, which without doubt is filled with a great deai of falts: They mix this quick lime and earth in equal quantities, and then dip and rub the web thoroughly a in this liquid 3 after which they wring out the waand leave the web fome time ftretched out, and ter, the it. again, and havexpofed to air ; they about wring the' mouth of a great ing rolled it as before, have water with the earthen veffel, wherein they put it, the fecond lie, fame mixture, they give thro' all the parts of which by filtrating of again thofe falts with which it is the web, by the help foulnefs, impregnated, removes all the remaining find the and makes it perfeétly white. If they white, they repeat this lie 5 web not fufficiently cleanfe it, and beat it well after which they and afterwards dry it:in the in clear water, fun. There is another method which they ufe for the falempores, and other fimilar ftuffs. They make ten or twelve foldings ; and after fmoothing them on an even board, beat them with a luftre. proper irftrument, to give ethem their finifhing CHAL all the remaining find the and makes it perfeétly white. If they white, they repeat this lie 5 web not fufficiently cleanfe it, and beat it well after which they and afterwards dry it:in the in clear water, fun. There is another method which they ufe for the falempores, and other fimilar ftuffs. They make ten or twelve foldings ; and after fmoothing them on an even board, beat them with a luftre. proper irftrument, to give ethem their finifhing CHAL --- Page 235 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. CHAP XXIII, Depription tbe of tbe ife of Bourbon inbabicaus trees, ; hature of animals found : tbjs fruits, and particular tbe lizsard, Aying hand, defaription of the borned Bo, tbe Iquirrel, Aring AIb ; of Jouin. racoon, and the marN the inle of Bourbon all cellent. are to be found, and the air forts is of refrefaments It belongs to the particularly ex-. inhabited pany, who have a governor French there. Eat India comthe by fome French It was at firft became ifland Dauphine, which refagees, is who came from don that peopled by degrees, pretty near it. a It was given from time efpecially by the rates, who infelted thofe feas. to time to the parThe chief Pyare St. Denis, boroughs St. or habitations of this neither harbour Paul, and St.Sufanna. ifland are. neither nor fortifications ; fo that There is raging of thelter'dfrom the fea. the violence of winds, thips nor The ifland of Bourbon is about eireumference, high and in fome places fifty leagues in Alames, mountains, and one of which abounds with fills the belches out nous matter. This neighbourhood fire is with bitumitime, at the diftance of perceiv'd in the are fine fpacious twenty-five leagues. nightof trées very proper forefts, for where we find a There is full of cattle, fowis, the building of thips. number Ic ful in rice, fugar, and a and game, and is fruitfruit trees 5 and among the great number of excellent yield very good wines. reft, fome vines which Yor. I, Q The --- Page 236 --- Obfercations upon As1A, The beft animal found here, whether for taite is thé land tortoife; and the moft or wholfomnels, fruit is the ananas. This tortoife is of agrecable the fame figure with thofe in Europe, but very different in fize ; they fay it lives a prodigious time, that feveral ages are requir'd to bring it to its full growth, and that it can live feveral months without food. fome ones in the ifand, Théy have kept young increas'din bulk which at the end of iwenty years only fome inches. it.is a fruit of an oblong As for the ananas, It is COfigure, and of the bignels of a melon: much in the vered with fhort leaves, difpos'd very and fame manner as the divifions of a pine apple ; it is crown'd with a tuft of leaves fomething longan artichoke, er : It grows on a plant relembling fruits but more efpeand has the tafte of feveral cially of a quince. feveral forts of curious trees and In this ifland are the plants 5 the fhrub that bears coffee, benzoin tamarifk, difthe cocoa-trees the tree from whence tils, the cotton-tree, the aloes-treey and the ebony. 'd very and fame manner as the divifions of a pine apple ; it is crown'd with a tuft of leaves fomething longan artichoke, er : It grows on a plant relembling fruits but more efpeand has the tafte of feveral cially of a quince. feveral forts of curious trees and In this ifland are the plants 5 the fhrub that bears coffee, benzoin tamarifk, difthe cocoa-trees the tree from whence tils, the cotton-tree, the aloes-treey and the ebony. the Black ebony is not moft efteem'd, pecaufe is beautiful. Wild colfee very yellow is more common, and tho' wild is very good. and one The bat of this iflandis very fingular, much might call it the fying fox, fince it very refembles this animal in fize, hair, the head, ears, and even teeth. The female has two teats, and under each wing a bag to carry her young in. The length of their wings is above four feet from one to the other. Their Aefh is fo good to extremity for t.em with the eat, that they go a hunting parfame eagerncls as with us they go a fhoeting tridges. But --- Page 237 --- AFRICA, and But tho' this ifland be fo AMERICA tome near to the beauty of the agreeable; it does n t Sumatras plains cover'd with coafts of Java and coa, and other fruit-trecs, otange-trees, Corivulets, which water with a number of ligheful groves, forefts them; fore hills adorn'd with detowns thining with all the ever green 3 villages and render thefe coalts the moft rural graces concur to The Javanefe are neither charming in the world: a reddifh purple : black nor white, but of complaifant. They are mild; familiar, and is In the fame road we find a little archipelago, about Poulo-coitlor, whicht Itic leagues to the fouth of the fifteen or twenty confifts of cight or ten kingdom of Camboge. greateft of which is not illands, above or rocks, the length, Thisas the four leagues in is no more than one only one inhabited, and there plain found in i. village fituated in the only The houftsof thefe illanders pile of Bamboo, covered are only a confufed which they cut on the with a very In thefe huts there borders of their long grafs, a window to admit is neither a door to enter rivulets. of their the light. They leave at, nor make the habitation quite open; and on that one lide their floors covering fome Or roof lower: fide that means feet from the They raife for avoid the ground, and by their domeftick dampnefs, and obtain a whofe fmell docs animals during the placé The floor at not offend them at that night, inches certain diftances diftance. : They receive is-rais'd four or five mats : Their ftrangers in the middle, on they entertain reception them is kind and affable, and pipe. lide their floors covering fome Or roof lower: fide that means feet from the They raife for avoid the ground, and by their domeftick dampnefs, and obtain a whofe fmell docs animals during the placé The floor at not offend them at that night, inches certain diftances diftance. : They receive is-rais'd four or five mats : Their ftrangers in the middle, on they entertain reception them is kind and affable, and pipe. with arrack, intircly They are very much betony, and a in naked, except in their tann'd, and almoft they drefs ceretonies, wherethemfelves, and fome of them Q2 pretty neatly. --- Page 238 --- Obfervatins upon AsIA, The blackeft tecth are efteem'd amongft neatly. the moft beautiful, wherefore they omit nothem increafe this colour.* They let their hgir thing to which commonly is very long. grow, There is but very. little rice in this ifland ; fome and fome very good ananas. The mounpotatocs, almoft intirely cover'd with beautiful tains are for all forts of works, and even the trees, of proper There is a very common tree mafts which thips. diftils a rofin, which the inhabitants from ufe of for their Aambeaux. To gather this make and make it diftil more freely, they make a rofin, in the trunk of the tree, the bottom cavity of receiver. In a cer of which forms a kind in thts tain feafon of the year they lightafire the to flow, cavity, the heat of which caufes liquor and fll the receiver., In this liquor they dip'little then of wood, and afterwards inelofe thin flips of trees. . When the whole is dry, in long leaves cover'd with rofin enligigen a wholé thefe chamber, pieces but foon fill it with fmoak. -0 Nothing is morc common at Poulo-condor than the arrack nut, and leaf of betony. The iflanders chew this laft about with them, which they this carry No game is to be found in continually. wild fowl and ftock-doves ; but there ifland abundance gxcept of ferpents and lizzards of a monare feet ftrous fize. There are ferpents twenty-two that and lizzards, which fome call govenas, long, feet are feven or moft cight curious long. in this ifland'is the Aying What is The Aying lizzard is little, lizzard, and fquirrel. inches and is not more than feven or eight long Both the fquirrelis of the fize of thole iit Europe. extend of them have very fhort wings, the which hinder feet 5 along the back, from the fore to thin Ane hair : the iquirrel has them cover'd with a Thofe , which fome call govenas, long, feet are feven or moft cight curious long. in this ifland'is the Aying What is The Aying lizzard is little, lizzard, and fquirrel. inches and is not more than feven or eight long Both the fquirrelis of the fize of thole iit Europe. extend of them have very fhort wings, the which hinder feet 5 along the back, from the fore to thin Ane hair : the iquirrel has them cover'd with a Thofe --- Page 239 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA, Thofe of the lizzard are pellicule. They are feen compos'd to of a delicate atthe diftance of twenty fly from tree to tree,' they could fly further is orthirty paces, but.whether. has this further particular, unknown. The lizzard: purfe of a confiderable viz. bencath his head a which is inflated from length, and pointed below, when he flies. time to time, elpecially The ifland of Poule-condor king of Camboge, which is fubjeét to the thefe of Cochinchina and kingdom, as well as vern'd. Thefe nations have Tlompa are badly with their fcarce any goonamong neighbours, and have little commerce afchele them(elves. The cuftoms orderoruni- and cuftoms of people the approach in certain manners the indians, and in things to the well Chingie Fhey believe the many to thefe of as Che Indians, tran/migration as hinder them from which, however, docs not They have a great eating all kinds of animals. elephant, and have veneration for the horfe and houfes ; the nobleft piétures of them in their his opinion, a man can have recompence after which, in their foul fhould pafs into one his death, is, that look on Confucius as the of thefe beafts. univerfe, and pay chief philofopher of They the anceftors, and all thofe great of honours to their dead have during life their own nation, who have, for this dilinguifra themfelves. little chapels, purpofe, in' their houfes, and They cakes of where they burn abroad, irankincenfe. incenfe, or little But the moft facred publick iquare, in the midft place of among them is the beam, crofs'd by which is ereéted a is a another of They the anceftors, and all thofe great of honours to their dead have during life their own nation, who have, for this dilinguifra themfelves. little chapels, purpofe, in' their houfes, and They cakes of where they burn abroad, irankincenfe. incenfe, or little But the moft facred publick iquare, in the midft place of among them is the beam, crofs'd by which is ereéted a is a another little near the on it a kind of inclin'd, probably they top, Round it colours, which they call place are. placed certain little touvo. Q3. oratories, where --- Page 240 --- Obfervations upon ASTA, 230 they make their profound proftrations, where number of fmall candles, offer rice, burn facrifice a viétims, efpecially goats. A great and follows thefe ceremonies, wherein they never feaft drunk with vaque, which is a kind fail to get diftill'd from rice : then they have of brandy and often blows and quardancing, buffoonry, rels. from Poulo-condor to China is The pallage hundred leagues, which they comfcarce three The monly perform in I eight or ten days. çoafts of the fouthern parts of China are midft bordered of of little iflands, in the with an infinity to find the mouth of the river which it is not eafy than the Canton. Nothing can be more charming On each fide profpeôt which this river prefents, as the moft plains of rice, green àre ipacious in which the fight is ioft, and' beautiful mcadows, mumber ofcawhich are interfeéted with a great nals fo that the boats which one fees coméand go : without fecing the water which bears at a diftance, fail the At a greater dithem, feem to on grafs. covered with trees, ftance one fees rifing grounds the vallies, as the ancient and difpos'd by art along All this is mixed theatre of the tuillery garden. rural caft, and fo vawith fo many villages of a of fecing them, riegated, that none- can-be weary and muft feel a regret to leave them. than Paris, and The city of Canton is larger The ftreets are contains at leaft as many pcople. are pav'd long, ftrait, clofe, and narrow. however, They are not with large Aat ftones, which, number of found every where. There is a fmall and there find broad ftreets, where we here pretty arches. There are fome very beautiful triumphal furrounded with the cells of temples of their idols and magtheir bonzes, which have a very fingular nificent to leave them. than Paris, and The city of Canton is larger The ftreets are contains at leaft as many pcople. are pav'd long, ftrait, clofe, and narrow. however, They are not with large Aat ftones, which, number of found every where. There is a fmall and there find broad ftreets, where we here pretty arches. There are fome very beautiful triumphal furrounded with the cells of temples of their idols and magtheir bonzes, which have a very fingular nificent --- Page 241 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA, nificent appearance, the academy where the Confucius's literati hall, as well as their exercifes, are curious affemble to compofe The gamens or palaces cf pieces their of architecture. likewile their beauty and mandarins have to what is call'd beautiful grandeur, and tho' not equal The houfes inhabited by grand in Europe. and almoft all fhops. The the moft people are very low, femble pretty much the ftreets beautiful of parts reduring the fair. There St. many are almoft Germain, fo that people it as at this fair, when moft every where as few is difficult to pafs and frequented ; women, and moft of the men repafs. in We fee poor people loaden with the ftreets are other method of burdens ; for there is no chandizey but on the tranfporting the goods and merters have fhoulders of men.. Thefe fome of them moftly their heads and fect porhave a large ftraw bare, tho? figurc, to defend them from hat, of an odd we have faid fun and rain. has no refemblance gives us a new idea of a city which What thing but houfes to Paris. Tho' there were noduced on the only, what effeét would be no windows, and eye by intize ftreets, where one but TEOS moft part with nothing fhops, clofed for the doors. hurdles, or bamboo, inftead of the When old we come from the into the new country, and go from agrecable gates. It city, is we fee a vaft number of gates at the end of all the remarkable that there are a little later than the ftreets, which are clos'd muft retire to his city gates, fo that every one to fail. This quarter as foon as the day policy remedies a great begins veniencies, in the and caufes all to be as calm many inconmily. night in this city, as if it was but almoft in one faQ4 The country, and go from agrecable gates. It city, is we fee a vaft number of gates at the end of all the remarkable that there are a little later than the ftreets, which are clos'd muft retire to his city gates, fo that every one to fail. This quarter as foon as the day policy remedies a great begins veniencies, in the and caufes all to be as calm many inconmily. night in this city, as if it was but almoft in one faQ4 The --- Page 242 --- Obfervations upon ASIA, The apartments ofthe mandarins have fomething furprizing in them to ftrangers. We muft pafs a number of courts before we come to the place where they give audience, and reccivetheir friends. When they go out, their retinue is majeftic. The Tfonglour, a kind of mandarin, who has the fuperintendency of two provinces, nevergocs-abroad without an hundred men at leaft. This train caufes fince each oneknows his poft; a part no before trouble, him with different fymbols, and very 8G There is likewile feveral foldiers that dreffes. - foot: The mandarin is in the midft of march on and this attendance, feated on a high richly gilt chair, which fix or eight men carry on their fhoulders. This cavalcade often takes up a whole ftreet, while the people place themfelves on both fides, and out of refpeét ftand ftill till all is pafs'd. The bonzes are very numerous, and wear Jong robes that fall down to their hecls, with huge fleeves which very much refemble thofe of fome European clergy. They live together in their paas in convents, beg in the ftreets, rife in the gods, night to adore their idols, fing in feveral choirs, in a manner that has fome refemblance to ours. fort Yet they are very much defpifed by the better of them of people, becaufe they know that moft are perfons abandoned to debauchery. Another particularity which we are not to omit, is, that there is a kind of floating city on theriver Canton ; the boats touch each other, and make a kind of ftreets. Every boat or barge lodges a whole family,and like regular houfes, has all the neceffary thefe apartments. The poor people who live in fithfloating houfes, go in the morning either a ing, or to labour in the rice fields, which are fowed and reaped three times a year, Let ons abandoned to debauchery. Another particularity which we are not to omit, is, that there is a kind of floating city on theriver Canton ; the boats touch each other, and make a kind of ftreets. Every boat or barge lodges a whole family,and like regular houfes, has all the neceffary thefe apartments. The poor people who live in fithfloating houfes, go in the morning either a ing, or to labour in the rice fields, which are fowed and reaped three times a year, Let --- Page 243 --- AFRicA, and AMERICA. Let us finifh this chapter the fome particular animals. The by defcription of devil, has its body made like horned fifh, or the at one end, with a flat tail, a cheft, tho' fmaller equal fides, and almoft of the very long, with four one end to the other. All its fame breadsh from marked every where with body is hard, and larly placed, and mixed with hexagonal fmall figures regufhagreen. afperities, like The requin, or fhark, is one of the gerous animals of the fea; there molt dantaken above twelve feet are fome ofthem capable of long. He has a throat rows of teeth, Iwallowing which a man whole. He has five He isa always are likea grove offteel points. which fwim before accompanied by feveral fmail fifh, pilots. There him, and are called the fort, which ftick are other fmaller fith of a fhark's to his different taken, and which they call body, fuccais. even when he is fometimes follow a two A fhark will of fome prey. thip or three days in hopes The marfouin is a true over his body a thick fat, fea-hog. He has all He has no ears, but has which is very white. ing, by which it is faid that on his head an certain he is fometimes he breathes. open- Tis water, and replunge himfelf feen to raife his head above lungs, and all the inward foon after. He has his blood is warm ando parts refembling a hog 5 dible fwiftnefs, and copious, leaps hefwims with incretwenty feet above the water. fomctimes fifteen or well as the fhark, brings forth her The marfouin, as reftrial animals. The young like terone time, ten ortwelve females have commonly, at ly very fat. young, which are generalTherea are two forts of that has but two Alying the fith 3 one fmall, hgs four, The wings, other large, which greatelt is not in length above a foot hog 5 dible fwiftnefs, and copious, leaps hefwims with incretwenty feet above the water. fomctimes fifteen or well as the fhark, brings forth her The marfouin, as reftrial animals. The young like terone time, ten ortwelve females have commonly, at ly very fat. young, which are generalTherea are two forts of that has but two Alying the fith 3 one fmall, hgs four, The wings, other large, which greatelt is not in length above a foot --- Page 244 --- Obferoations upon AsIA, foot or fifteen inches. They both fly a confiderable way ; and when the bonita, or gold fith, purfues them, we fee them rife from the fea like a covey of partridges, and replunge themfelves at the diftance of a hundred, or a hundred and fifty The bonita leaps after them a great height ; paces. and ifit fails of its delign, it follows on the furface of the water, to catch them when they alight. when This chace is a pleafant fight, efpecially there are a great number of fifh, which purfue, This is entire, when and are puriued. fometimes pleafure join the birds of prey, as it happens, in the fray; then the 1 Alying fith has no retreat, either in air or water. CHAP. XXIV. Tbefabulous paradife of tbe Indians 3 their religion, temples, and Jacrifices ; difinaion % tbeir tribess extraordinary cufom ef labourers ; maxims ofthe Indian pbyicianss manner in wbicb tbey treat tbeir fick. the of the InHE - chorkam, or paradife of thofe who have T dians, is the recompence The offered the famous facrifice of the Ognan. moft beautiful women are fuppofed to conftitute the happinefs of this place, where there is a tree imagined to furnifh all that can be defired. of The Indians acknowledge thirty millions funcgods ; there are three principal ones, attribute whofe the tions are different. To the firft, they creation of the world ; to the fecond, its prefervation; and to the third, the power of deltroyingit. Thele ans, is the recompence The offered the famous facrifice of the Ognan. moft beautiful women are fuppofed to conftitute the happinefs of this place, where there is a tree imagined to furnifh all that can be defired. of The Indians acknowledge thirty millions funcgods ; there are three principal ones, attribute whofe the tions are different. To the firft, they creation of the world ; to the fecond, its prefervation; and to the third, the power of deltroyingit. Thele --- Page 245 --- AFRICA, and Thefe three AMERICA; and have cach gods their are independent of each other, 235 fought together, and beheaded refidence ; they have often have likewife, as they fay, each other. They under different often appeared on Every objeet. that forms, as of a filh, a carth has been hog, &cc. gods is deified, for which fublervient to thefe all their temples, the reafon we fee in almoft they offer facrifices, becaufe figure of an OX, to which that gods rode upon it. But what formerly is one of their thefe people have a moft fingular is, Chriften, born at god, whom they cali ed thepherds. midnight in a ftable, and adorof % feltival, which They obferve a faft on the eve noife. The life of this they celebrate with great famous actions. god is a medley ofinIn this confufion all the val confifts, folemnity of the fefti. of debauchery. whichalways The Indians concludes with an excefs door, temples, where no light comes feldom but meet in their cient Thofe who revere their by a narrow fift of facrifices to the prieft, which gods, fend fuffirally flowers, incenfe, rice, or generally confered none are prefent at the pot-herbs. Gene- ME in the following facrifice, which is ofThe prieft prepares the manner: : temple; then he pours repaft in a corner of the of water, and wafhes them upon the idols feveral puts fire on a potfherd, in for fome time; he then jars and prefents it to the noftrils which he puts incenfe, nouncing at the fame time of each idol, words, After this he certain proor five leaves ftitched puts on a platc, myfterious viz, four herbs, and walking together, round the rice and potveral bows to them, as it the idols makes fethe feaft; then he were to invite them to begins to eat with a keen appetite the idols feveral puts fire on a potfherd, in for fome time; he then jars and prefents it to the noftrils which he puts incenfe, nouncing at the fame time of each idol, words, After this he certain proor five leaves ftitched puts on a platc, myfterious viz, four herbs, and walking together, round the rice and potveral bows to them, as it the idols makes fethe feaft; then he were to invite them to begins to eat with a keen appetite --- Page 246 --- Oljervations upon AsIA, what he has' prefented to the deities he petite adores. Moft of the princes of thefe countries are exfuperftitious, and it cofts feveral of them tremely the feaftsof theiridols. They Jargefums to celebrate and tedious voyages, fometimes undertake long diconfiderable fums of money to certain to carry but thefe fums foon fall into the hands of vinities, the Moors who are mafters of the country. One of thefe princes orders one of his gods to carried before him in an open vebe continually a horfe and an elehicle, which is preceded by of. The phant, which he has made him a prefent an innoife of feveral inftruments brings together credible number of Indians who come to worlhip fithe idol. Now and then a herald commands and makes a fpeech in praife of this deity. lence, into tribes, as the Thefe people are divided they have Jews formerly were, with whom itfeems ceremohad fome commerce ; for in cuftoms, traces nies, and facrifices, we difcover many by a ofthe old law, which they have disfigured number of extravagant which bears fables. the lingan ; this is There is a tribe wear about their an infamous figure which devotion they to one of their necks, to denote their and offer gods. They keep this with great care, that daily facrifices to it. They are perfuaded, but death can fhould they once lofe it, nothing atone fuch a crime. that one of thefe linWe read in their hiftories, went to confefs to ganifts having loft his lingan, He declared, that his gourou, or fpiritual father. and that his death he ought to refolve on death, of the gods, at the only could appeafe the anger in order to fame time conducting him to a feemed pond, contented ; drown him. The favour linganift of the gourou to lend but he begged the him they once lofe it, nothing atone fuch a crime. that one of thefe linWe read in their hiftories, went to confefs to ganifts having loft his lingan, He declared, that his gourou, or fpiritual father. and that his death he ought to refolve on death, of the gods, at the only could appeafe the anger in order to fame time conducting him to a feemed pond, contented ; drown him. The favour linganift of the gourou to lend but he begged the him --- Page 247 --- AFRICA, and him the lingan about AMERICA. for the laft his own neck, to had got it he time, let it a holy facrifice. As foon perform; as he both now," cried he, drop without into the water ; We are ought in lingan, pond to company to throw ourfelves wherefore we appcafe the fury of our into the mediately that he began to pull him gods ; and imthey might fhare the fame by the legs, gourou taking the linganift fate ; when the Stay, my'fon, I can by the hand, faid, ty; Iwill repair your difpenfe fault with the juft penallingant by giving you another There isja very odd cuftom in the bourers, for when they pierce clafs of lary, they are obliged to cut off their ears, or marthat gers, and prefent them to the two of their finday to the-temple in idol. They go on prefence of the idol, triumphs and there; in two of their fingers with they whip off in an the actual cautery, in fciflars, and then inftant apply orderto People are excufed this ftop the hemorrhage. Others prefent two fingers of folid ceremony when cut they off the nofes of gold to the idol. coy, and their prince thofe they can detion to the number of recompenfes the them in orders them afterwards nofes they bring to be A him : hangs them up at the carefully frung, and defles. temple-doors of their godIn France We mark luce. In the kingdom criminals of with a flower-de. ney to have their thoulders Carnate, they give momen croud toi the burnt. Men and Wohot iron in a chating-dith. gourou, who has always a red mony by being well paid, He begins the cereprayers nor tears can without which neither they afk of him. When oblige him to do the favour he charitably he has got the iron, which applies to their fhoulders the monéy, red imprints the hot images of their gods, wibous kingdom criminals of with a flower-de. ney to have their thoulders Carnate, they give momen croud toi the burnt. Men and Wohot iron in a chating-dith. gourou, who has always a red mony by being well paid, He begins the cereprayers nor tears can without which neither they afk of him. When oblige him to do the favour he charitably he has got the iron, which applies to their fhoulders the monéy, red imprints the hot images of their gods, wibous --- Page 248 --- Oifervatious upont ASTA, 238 without their fhewing the lealt impatience during the operation. is as odd and ftrange as their Their government will takes of all religion, fince the prince's areina kind place offlavejuitice. The common lands people which can properly ry, and poffels no all belong they to the princes call their own, fince they his fubjedts. who orders them to be cultivated by to be At the harveft time he orders the fubliftence produce for the carried off, and fcarce leaves in miferable labourers. Itisa crime private perhave $ and thofe who have it, bury fons to money undera thoufand falfe it with care; ctherwife, of them FT tences, they find means defrauding thefe cruelties towards Their princes becaufe only exercife the Moors, who have inflaved the people, demand exorbitant tributes of them, the Indies, to furnifh, otherwife the which they are obliged country would be plundered. with death, The greateft crimesare not punifhed they are and provided they can but find money, fure of impunity, the chief families are in poffefion of In Europe there is thrones, but of all the princes ofCarnate, fome of them are not one of the firft clais, Whence and it happens, that of the loweft tribes. whofe cooks would think there are fome princes, and would be fo in effects themfelves difhonoured, with their mafters ; and their reif they fhould eat them from their tribes as perlations would expel fons loft to honour. in the kingdom of Phyficians are not wanting Carnate; butthey are true quacks, very of thofe ignorant; they and make experiments at the expence are found in attend. Their drugs and medicines from the woods, and confift of certain fimples, it to the which they exprefs the juice, and give patient. ome princes, and would be fo in effects themfelves difhonoured, with their mafters ; and their reif they fhould eat them from their tribes as perlations would expel fons loft to honour. in the kingdom of Phyficians are not wanting Carnate; butthey are true quacks, very of thofe ignorant; they and make experiments at the expence are found in attend. Their drugs and medicines from the woods, and confift of certain fimples, it to the which they exprefs the juice, and give patient. --- Page 249 --- and AMERICA, AFRICA, days duraIn fevers, of thirty or. forty a littie hot patient. they only give the fick perfon the diftemper by tion, Their maxim is to remove dies, It is, water." nature, and if the patient which carries weakening the violence of the difeafe nourifhment. fay they, ând not the want of proper famous cerehim off, that we fpeak of two of Carnate. It remains ufe in the kingdom monies that arein which is oblervThe firft of thefe is the pavadam, ed in the following manner. dafferis (thefe are the men who One of the chief honouring the god make profcflion of particularly wound in the thigh or Vichnou) gives himfelf a with cries, noifc, the air refounds which the fide : inftantly horns, and brafs plates, a the found of each other. They raife - dafferis ftrike againft mad fool, who has thus kind of feat for the and if we may believe them, drefwounded himfelf; without drink, meat, or even they leave him fome famous dafferis comes fing his wound, until dead man to life. For to raife this prétended to him on whom which reafon itis alwaysexpenlive the pavadam is performed. that if the dead As the Indians are perluaded, misfortune will rais'd, fome public the be not quickly is to accommodate every one eager about the fum E" - When they are noife agreed and outcries are rethat is to be paid, the of confus'd newed 3 and we hear, a Govinda: multitude Then he who voices, which bawl out after feveral is to call the dead to life again, PPNS as if he was poffefs'd by on ers and grimaces, orders the tent to be open'd, begins god Govinda, dead man inmediately which the pretended reft of the dafferis 3 after which to dance with the to the city, and the he is conduéted in triumph feafl, to which they ceremony is ended by a great invite 'd newed 3 and we hear, a Govinda: multitude Then he who voices, which bawl out after feveral is to call the dead to life again, PPNS as if he was poffefs'd by on ers and grimaces, orders the tent to be open'd, begins god Govinda, dead man inmediately which the pretended reft of the dafferis 3 after which to dance with the to the city, and the he is conduéted in triumph feafl, to which they ceremony is ended by a great invite --- Page 250 --- Obfercations upon AsIA, and alfo prefent them with invite the dafferis, pieces of ftuff. thefe impoftors ; forif The Moors do not pay that the it happens, which is very uncommon, of in the dafferis perform this kind pavadam it is by blows places. where they are mafters, the tuthat they raife them to life, and diflipate mult. comes the famous facrificeof After the pavadam celebrated with extraordinary egnam, which is They facrifife a ram in pomp during nine days. out of the city. The it, and offer the facrifice is aflifted whom they call faumeage, high prieft, or bramins, who are by twelve other minifters, colour. They drefs'd in new habits of a yellow of the build for this purpofe a houfe out They city, dig where the facrifice'is to be perform'd. which is to in which they light a fire, a ditch, and which for'this reafon they burn night and day, throw into it different call the perpetual fire; they wood, and pour in oil, kinds of odoriferous while they recite cértain prayers butter, and milk, books of their law. They then taken from the of the ram. They tie proceed to the laughter his noftrils and ears to his feet and nofe, and ftop which the ftrongeft deftroy refpiration ; after with their fifts, while they pricfts give him blows words with a loud voice: pronounce he is certain half dead, the high prieft opens his When the with the fat; belly, and draws out peritonatum bundle of thorns, which which is put upon a little fire in fuch a man-- they hang over the perpetual falls in it drop ner, that the fat, as it melts, a drop. The remainder of the peritonaeum, and all the the fat, being mixed with butter,is fry'd, diftribute facrificers muft tafte of it. They of the part of it to the moft confiderable perfons affembly, rieft opens his When the with the fat; belly, and draws out peritonatum bundle of thorns, which which is put upon a little fire in fuch a man-- they hang over the perpetual falls in it drop ner, that the fat, as it melts, a drop. The remainder of the peritonaeum, and all the the fat, being mixed with butter,is fry'd, diftribute facrificers muft tafte of it. They of the part of it to the moft confiderable perfons affembly, --- Page 251 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. thing, wliile the ret of the affembly, as à holy morfels, which they boil, and viétim is cut into into the fre ; for nothing throw in little pieces this kind of holocauft. The facrimuft remain finifh'd, of they give a feaft to a thouland the fice being whichi is likevife practis'd during bramins, whole nine days: the high ptieft is carried into On the ninth day drawn bramins; and thé the city in a chariot, prefents ELb to thefe, and ceremony ends by prielt arid his twelve afefpecially to the high confift of pieces of cotfiftants. Thefe prelents ear-rings of gold. whichi ton and Glk, and large fhoulders. This. is the mark reach almoft to theit prieft; and the chief which diftingnithes the high doétor of the law: CHA P. XXV: in the Indies; tbeir manner eFdifighing Tbe Bufs colouirs, and applying Aonseri, proparins to mnake indigo, bow they tbent 5 a jecret bono tbey Weacb tbe aveb to prez préparé it; ef different colourss pare it for tbe reception defeription of tbe Indian pencils webs derive their value and price Indian tenacity, and duraTE from the fprightlinefs, with which théy are painted; - tion of the colours that inftead of lofing their which are fo contriv'd, they become more beautiful. luftre when walh'd, i the ftuff, they Before they begin to paint preparations: - Firft, muft give it the following R Take VoL. I. préparé it; ef different colourss pare it for tbe reception defeription of tbe Indian pencils webs derive their value and price Indian tenacity, and duraTE from the fprightlinefs, with which théy are painted; - tion of the colours that inftead of lofing their which are fo contriv'd, they become more beautiful. luftre when walh'd, i the ftuff, they Before they begin to paint preparations: - Firft, muft give it the following R Take VoL. I. --- Page 252 --- Obfercations zpon AsIA, of new and clofe ftuff, the ufual Take a picce which is nine cubits, and half bleach it, length ot Thall hereafter mention. Secondin the manner fruits we call'd cadou, or cadoucalestothe ly, Takedried or, tofpeak more exactly, number of twenty-five, This Indian weight the weight of three palams. fince foris equal to an ounce and half a quarter, : Break teen palams and a quarter make which a pound is of no ufe, this fruit to get out the kernel, The Indians and when dry reduce it to powder. for this purpofe ufe a flat ftonc, and a cylinder, which is likewife of ftone, and which they employ when much after the manner of paftry-cooke, Pafs this powthey prepare their pafte. and Thirdly, it in about two pints of der thro a fieve, put the milk and weight of buffalo's milk, increafing the of the ftuf. she cadcu, according to after quantity the ftuff as often Fourthly, A little time that it dip may be well moias you find it neceffary, milk. You muft then takeit out, ften'd with the and dry itin the fun. Fifthly, wring it ftrongly, muft fightly wafh the ftuff in The next day you out the water again, and afordinary water, wring muft leave it at leaft ter drying it in the fun, you a quarter of an hourin the which fhade. may be call'd inAfter this preparation, which, to another, ifyou ternal, we muft procced call external, becaule it regards pleafe, you may of the web. To make it fmooth, only the outfide obfruct the pencil, they and that nothing may and with a piece of fold it in four or fix doubles, beat it upon another wood for that purpofe, obferving to beat it equalpiece of fmooth wood, fufficiently beaten in one direclys and when itis and repeat the fame zion, they fold it differently, aperation. It which, to another, ifyou ternal, we muft procced call external, becaule it regards pleafe, you may of the web. To make it fmooth, only the outfide obfruct the pencil, they and that nothing may and with a piece of fold it in four or fix doubles, beat it upon another wood for that purpofe, obferving to beat it equalpiece of fmooth wood, fufficiently beaten in one direclys and when itis and repeat the fame zion, they fold it differently, aperation. It --- Page 253 --- AFRICA, and it is AkiskiCA: which will Proper to make here fome fruit call'd not be intirely ufelefs. obfervations, tree of a moderate cadou, is found in the woods, Firft, This every where, but height, which grows upon almeft a mountainous principally in extends itfelf country, as its name lignifies, Malleialam, a labar. Secondly, confiderably The along the coat of which the fize of a fruit dried, which is Maby phyficians, nutmes, and is employed in the of dicines. which they is an ingredient in thofe Indies Thirdly, tho'it-is give to women newly mekecps a little bit of very it tharp to the tafte, deliver'd. yet will find in it fometimei in the mouth, ifone Fourthly, If after fomething we of the tafte of he and chew'd have liquorice. our a piece in the moiften'd moderately, to thefe fingers, we mouth, We take it in two qualities, mdikpluimasto viz. its : Itis partiy tuolity, the colours that wé are to attribute tharpnefs and owing uncfharpnefs, in the Indian itois, but the adherence of painters, This isat leaft the opinion elpecially of to its Itis the Indian fixing colours long fince they have fought adherence in Europe, and after the art of ftuffs 3 which is fo much admir'd giving them that they once perhaps the fecret would be fourd in Indian cadoucaic, perfecly underftood the nature out, if its tharpnels. elpecially its principal quality, of the fruits in Europe Might P Do they not find out which is before they are not galls, and medlars analogous participate very ripe, much and the bark of dried dou P of the qualities pomgranate, of the Let us add to thefe câLime ménts that have been made obfervations fome experidifolv'd in an infulion upon the cadou. green; if there-is of cadou Firit, too-much lime, the colour produces beR2 comes elpecially its principal quality, of the fruits in Europe Might P Do they not find out which is before they are not galls, and medlars analogous participate very ripe, much and the bark of dried dou P of the qualities pomgranate, of the Let us add to thefe câLime ménts that have been made obfervations fome experidifolv'd in an infulion upon the cadou. green; if there-is of cadou Firit, too-much lime, the colour produces beR2 comes --- Page 254 --- Olfornatiens upon AsIA, comes -brown 3 if they pour tincture too great a quantity of upon this this brown "colour appears firft infulion, the lime is precipitated to whitifh, the and afterwards the condly, A white cloth bottom of the veffel. Se- "of cadou, contraéts dipp'd in a ftrong infufion very faint and a yellowith colour, that is mix'd palc ; but when the buffalo's milk is lour. witlrit, the linnen takes a faint Thirdly, Hlaving mix'd a little orange of COropeanink, with the infufion of the cadou, our Euoblerv'd'in the feveral parts of the they have pellicule, like that which is found liquor a blucifh waters, with this difterence, that this on ferruginous within the water at fome diftance pellicule was It would be eafy to make from the furface. cadou, in Europe becaufe experiments it upon the the Indies, this fruit may be had from As for buffalo's being very cheap there. infufion of cadoucaie, milk, which they mix with the becaufe it is much fatter they prefer it to cow's milk, This milk produces the fame and more unétuous. às gun, and other effeét in thefe ftuffs, that it may not fink: preparations In ufed for paper, rienced that ourink reality they have expecadou, extends itfelf painted on a web prepar'd with the other fide, which very is alfo much, the and penetrates to paint of the Indies. fault of the black What 2. yct remains to obferve is, that not ufe indifferently all forts of wood they do ftuffs, and fmooth them. -The to beat the 'they put them, and that with which woods on which them, are gencrally the they beat calld porchi, becaufe tamarifk, or another tree grain'd when they are extremely clofeing, is call'd they are old. What is ufed in beatthereabcuts catta pouli. It is round, a cubit or long, and as thick as the 'at the extremity, which ferves as thigh, except a handle. Two workmen , and fmooth them. -The to beat the 'they put them, and that with which woods on which them, are gencrally the they beat calld porchi, becaufe tamarifk, or another tree grain'd when they are extremely clofeing, is call'd they are old. What is ufed in beatthereabcuts catta pouli. It is round, a cubit or long, and as thick as the 'at the extremity, which ferves as thigh, except a handle. Two workmen --- Page 255 --- and AMERICA: 245. AFRICA, each other, beat thofeated oppofite to and experience has Borkmen the ituff. The fight when the Auff roughly them by degrees fmooth'd to know as it thould be; taught beaten and is fufficiently II: they muft defign The web being thus prepared, which they want. on it flowers, and other workmen things, have nothing partô paint: The Indian but ufe the fime method care to ticular in their manner, The painter takes Aas our embroiderers pricks the prineipat to draw his delign on needle, paper, thienapplies this paper" of gures with a fine afterwards patfes the, powder meins the ftuff, and the prickings, which kind of charcoal thro' the PuN Every that of the defign is traced for upon this purpofe, except of the Incharcoali is proper. becaufe in the opinion Afterwards over the pala-tice it would tear .t the web. black or red, dians, they draw with a penci! the work is thefe figures require : after which as the places in its defign. is, to paint colours compleated concern now colour applied is The principal The frit ufed, except on this which deligning, however is not much ftalks of Rowers. black, ccrtain outlines, and the manner : Firlt, for prepare it in the following of the fcoria of irons They take feveral pieces other, to make the They frike them againit each fuch picces as and fall off, and referve Secondmoft brittle parts times as large asan egg. or new are nine or ten four or five pieces of old ly, They add material which is us'd. Thirdly:, iron 3 for ir is theiron not and its fcoriac on leaves the laid with the Ferel Having make a fre over them, beft for this they which are red Ee banana trec, iron and the fcoriae becomc they When the R 3 fuch picces as and fall off, and referve Secondmoft brittle parts times as large asan egg. or new are nine or ten four or five pieces of old ly, They add material which is us'd. Thirdly:, iron 3 for ir is theiron not and its fcoriac on leaves the laid with the Ferel Having make a fre over them, beft for this they which are red Ee banana trec, iron and the fcoriae becomc they When the R 3 --- Page 256 --- Olferuations upoz AsIA, they take them out, and let them ly, They afterwards put them into cool. Fourthcontains cight or ten pints, and a veffel that boil'd upon them ; thatis to fay, water in which pour hot canje rice, taking care that there be they have Fifthly, after They expole all to the hotteft no falt in it. having left it a whole fun ;. and. je on the ground, and fill day, the they pour the can- 1 that is to lay, with veffel with callou S They expofe it again palm, or. cocoa wine. days together, and the to the fun for three Sixthly, or four black is then prepared. colour which ferves for There are tome obfervations to be made above preparation: : The firft is, That on this four or five pieces of iron you muft not pyt pints of canje, otherwife the to eight or nine reddith, and corrode the fuff tindture would grow gards the quality of the The fecond reled from the. cocoa-tree, palm-wine, or that diftillew days, that they make which grows fo four in a ufe inftead of yeaft, to ferment. vinegar ofit, which they is, That the want of this wine is pafte. The third keyaron, a fmall grain, fupplied by the ans live upon. This which a great many Indivery much refembles the grain feed for colour and fize ftalk and leaves are quite of turnips ; but the ploy likewife the varagon, different, They emthey prefer to the kevaron. another fruit, which, two, handfuls, which they They pound about and pour this water into the afterwards boil in water, and its fcoria are. They add veffel, where the iron or three nutmegs of the native the bignefs of two tree, taking care not to fugar of' the palm colour would not laft put more, otherwife the. by walhing, The fifth long, and would be effac'd Jour finer, they join to the is, callou That to make the COprepar'd varagon, as we have faid; the The kevaron, or fixth and laft pour this water into the afterwards boil in water, and its fcoria are. They add veffel, where the iron or three nutmegs of the native the bignefs of two tree, taking care not to fugar of' the palm colour would not laft put more, otherwife the. by walhing, The fifth long, and would be effac'd Jour finer, they join to the is, callou That to make the COprepar'd varagon, as we have faid; the The kevaron, or fixth and laft --- Page 257 --- APRICA, and laft obfervation is, That AMERICA, appear very black, nor hold this tindure would not not prepar'd by the cadou. upon a fuffthat Was After having III all the places deligned that and painted with black with red, defign the réquire this colour, they that muft be finifhed flowers- and other be obferved with this colour. parts lines 5 for it is they have now only drawn the Itinuft fince it is necefary not proper to paint with red, outwhich requires feveral previoufly to apply the biuc, They muft firtt preparations. the and leave it for half put web in boiling the fuff two an hour, and if water, or three they put with more beautiful. In the cadous, fecond the black will be folved fheeps and goats place, having dif put the web in it to dung, in this water, they but muft take it out the fteep, and leave it a night, pofe it to the fun. following day, and exWhen the Indian the defign of this laft painters are afked what that it takes from the web operation is, they all from the: cadoucaic, that quality it agree, the blue which which if it ftill received become black. they afterwards put on, preferved would which Another is reafon makes this to render the ftuff operation neceffary, mentioned before, that it was whiter: for we have they begin to paint it. but bleached, when the fun they do not let it When they expole it to water on it now and then. entirely for dry; but pour but they beat it on a ftone on the a day, after which not with a beating ftaff edge of the river, The Indians fold it in feveral as they do in Europe. R doubles, and beat, ic on, preferved would which Another is reafon makes this to render the ftuff operation neceffary, mentioned before, that it was whiter: for we have they begin to paint it. but bleached, when the fun they do not let it When they expole it to water on it now and then. entirely for dry; but pour but they beat it on a ftone on the a day, after which not with a beating ftaff edge of the river, The Indians fold it in feveral as they do in Europe. R doubles, and beat, ic --- Page 258 --- Gbfercations upon AsIA, it ftrongly on a ftone, in-the fame manner as lockImiths and farriers Arike the iron on the anvil with thir large ham mers. beaten in a certain When the webis fufficjently pofition, they beat it in another, tho' twenty or thirty ftrokes are fofficient for this' 'operation, after which they the fuff in a canje of rice. The beit method, es had the materials, would be to take kevaroa, pound it, put it on the fire with water, and before this water is infpiffated, to dip the ftuff, take it out immediately, let it dry, and beat it with the cattapoulli, ras they did in the firft operation. but is As the blue is not painted with a pencil, applied by dipping the ftuff 'in prepared indigo, there is a necellity of painting or covering the web with wax, genérally every where, except the places where thére is black, bluc, or green. This wax is painted with an iron pencil, as flightly as poflible on one fide, taking care that no places are left without wax, except fuch as we have mentioned, otherwife there would be blue fpots which could not be wafhed out. This being done, they expofe to the fun the fuff waxed in this manner; bur they muft be careful, that the wax melt not, more than is neceflary to penetrate to the 'other fide. Then they quickly withdraw it, turn it, and rub thé whole furface ofit ftrongly with their hands. The better method would be 'to ufe a copper veffel with a round bottom, fince by this means the wax would be diffufed every where, even to the places of the other fide, which are to be tinged with blue. This préparation being finifhed, the painter gives the web to the blue-dyer, who returns it in a few days; for it is to'be obferved, thaty the are not ordinary painters, but fkilful workmen or particular dyers, who are'employed for this purpole. e Theig better method would be 'to ufe a copper veffel with a round bottom, fince by this means the wax would be diffufed every where, even to the places of the other fide, which are to be tinged with blue. This préparation being finifhed, the painter gives the web to the blue-dyer, who returns it in a few days; for it is to'be obferved, thaty the are not ordinary painters, but fkilful workmen or particular dyers, who are'employed for this purpole. e Theig --- Page 259 --- AFRICA, and Their AMERICA, dried leaves indigoist of averei, sthus prepared. They take the 249 them to powder which or indigo tree, and well veffel fuli of water. they put in a very reducé fun with a bamboo They ftir it ftrongly in large lower extremities plic in four the each ocher. are confiderably parts, whole a fmall hole in They the then let the water diftant run from bottom of which the lower part of the veffel, through at it out, and divide it indigo remains. che a pigeon's into pieces abour the They take fhade, on which egg. They then pread afhes fize of dry the indigo. they,lay the web, and in a After this upon it thofe webs they nothing remains but to after having reduced delign to colour. The prepare it for ty of indigo, it to Powder a certain workman, which he fills with puts cold into a great carthen quantitionable quantity of lime, water, adding a veflei, know powder. Then he fmells reduced likewite propor- to ifit is four; and in at the more lime, as much that cafe hc indigo, to that fcent. Then as is necelliry to mal:e adds it ftill bufhel of the feeds taking of about a quarter of lofe Water for a day and a tavarei, he boils a full of water. After night, the them in water and feeds, into this he pours keeping out the veffel digo. This dye is the veflel of the whole, muft take kept forthree prepared infirring it four great care to mix all days; and they the indigo fhould or five times a day weli with together, by add a proportion ftill haye a four a ftick. If Thé blue oflime. Bavour, they, in it, after being thusprepared, they manner that having. the folded it double, dip the web. ed, while the right fide of the ftufr in fuch a which they' let wrong fide is not may be tingif fteep about an hour fouched, and aftcr half, and then to mix all days; and they the indigo fhould or five times a day weli with together, by add a proportion ftill haye a four a ftick. If Thé blue oflime. Bavour, they, in it, after being thusprepared, they manner that having. the folded it double, dip the web. ed, while the right fide of the ftufr in fuch a which they' let wrong fide is not may be tingif fteep about an hour fouched, and aftcr half, and then --- Page 260 --- Obfervations upon ASIA, then 250 take it out tinged with blue in the proper One fecs by this, that the Indian ftuffs places. may be faid to be dyed, as well as painted. The length and multiplicity of all thefe operations to dye in bluc, naturally excites a doubt, viz. Whether they ought rather to paint their blue flowers with a pencil, efpecially when there is little of this, colour in the defign. The Indians agree, that this might be done; but, they fay, blue thus painted would not hold; and that after two or three wafhings it would difappear. and adherence of the blue colour The tenacity, of ought to be attributed to thefeeds ravarei,which grain grows in the Eaft-Indies, tho' not every where; and it is ofa clear olive colour, cylindrical, of the thicknefs of a line, and, as it were, end. It is difficult to break it with % cropt teeth at each and tho' it is infipid, yet it leaves a the ; little bitternefs in the mouth. V. After the blue, the red muft be painted; but they muft frft take the wax off the web, bleach it, and prepare it to receive this colour. The wax is taken off in the following manner. by which They put the web in boiling water,. the fire, that the wax is melted, then diminifhing take it may float on the furface more eafily, they jt out with a fpoon as carefully as poffible obtain they make the water boil again, that they may beçome the remainder of the wax; and tho' it is dirty, will ftill ferve for the fame purvery yetit polc, To bleach the web, they wafh it in water, beat it nine or ten times upon a ftone, and put diffolved it to ftcepin other water, wherein they have fheeps melted, then diminifhing take it may float on the furface more eafily, they jt out with a fpoon as carefully as poffible obtain they make the water boil again, that they may beçome the remainder of the wax; and tho' it is dirty, will ftill ferve for the fame purvery yetit polc, To bleach the web, they wafh it in water, beat it nine or ten times upon a ftone, and put diffolved it to ftcepin other water, wherein they have fheeps --- Page 261 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. fheaps three dung. They wafh it days to the fun, again, and expofe it water on it from time taking to care to throw. a little cold Water a kind of earth time. called They then dilute in bleachers; and in this ola, ufed the an hour. Then they water they leave the webfor by and when the water kindle a fire under the veffel; the web, to wafh it begins in to boil, they take out which they give it about a pond, on the border of a ftone, and four hundred it fora day and wring it ftrongly. Then ftrokes on diffolyed a little a night in water, whercin they fteep buffalo. After cows dung, or that of they have again in the pond, this they take it out, a wafh female a day in the fun, and and unfold it to fpread it half iit water upon it. They now then and then throw a little veffel full of water, and put it on the fire in ed a little, they take when the Water has a in the pond, beat it out the web to walh it boilIn a word, to a little and dry it. again and retain the red, make the fuff proper to of the they muft reiterate the receive that is cadoucaie, to as has been faid in the operation infufion of fay, the that they dip the web in boginings the jt on a ftone, let cadoucaic, it dry, that they wafh it, fimple beat faloes milk, then ftir it, after this fteep it in buf: with their hands and rub it for pregnated with ; that when it is fome time it, and dry it; the liquor, they take thoroughly it imbe made with that if there are, red out, wring paint thele with white ftreaks and other Aowers to cil they lay on the wax, and then with an defigns, they beforehand. red which they had Indian penChildren, becaufe it is lefs painful, commonly paint prepared the red, required. unlefs great We how accuracy is. red. Take proceed to the manner off tharp. water, that is. to: preparing the lay, water of par- , and dry it; the liquor, they take thoroughly it imbe made with that if there are, red out, wring paint thele with white ftreaks and other Aowers to cil they lay on the wax, and then with an defigns, they beforehand. red which they had Indian penChildren, becaufe it is lefs painful, commonly paint prepared the red, required. unlefs great We how accuracy is. red. Take proceed to the manner off tharp. water, that is. to: preparing the lay, water of par- --- Page 262 --- Obfervations upon ASIA, #52 wells in which this taiteis found. Into particular of water, two ounces of alum reEWO pints add put to it four ounces of redduced to powder; wood rewood named vertangen, or ofthe fapan, duced likewife to powder. Expole all to the fun during two days, taking care that nothing fharp lofe or falt fall into it: otherwife the colour would much of its ftrengch. Ifthey would have the red deeper, they add alum ; and pour more water inwhen they would have it fainter ; by to the veffel, make the red for the fhadings which means they and variations of this colour. VI, In order to produce a colour refembling the lees of of wine with a violet caft, we muft take a part the red before mentioned, and an equal part ofthe black, whofe compofition we before fpecified. They then add an equal quantity of canje, drawn the from rice kept a month ; and by this mixture of intended colour is produced. A ridiculous piece fuperftition prevails among thefe people with reHe that has it muft gard to this tharp canje, in the weck ; but on funmake ufe ofit every day he muft refufe it to days, thurfdays, and fridays, to others who want it. It would be, fay they, drive their god from their houfe, to give it on thofe days. Inftead ofthis vinegar of canje, they make ufe of the vinegar of callou, or the wine may of the palm-tree, VII. We compole various colours of a reddifl caft, about may which we need not at prefent give any, direétions, only it is to be oblerved, that they muft be laid on at the fame time, with the: deep red; that is to fay, before we proceed to the ope: , drive their god from their houfe, to give it on thofe days. Inftead ofthis vinegar of canje, they make ufe of the vinegar of callou, or the wine may of the palm-tree, VII. We compole various colours of a reddifl caft, about may which we need not at prefent give any, direétions, only it is to be oblerved, that they muft be laid on at the fame time, with the: deep red; that is to fay, before we proceed to the ope: --- Page 263 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. operations of which we Thall made fome obfervations fpeak, after we have Firft, thefe wells, whofe upon what precedes, are not common in the water is acrimonious, there is not one of them Indies, fince city: 2dly, This fpecies to be found in frequently a whole fome trials the of water, according to tafté the Indians Europeans attribute have made, has not the be worfe than ordinary to it, tho' it feems to this Water to any other, water. that the 3dly, They prefer beautiful according to the red may be more according to others there isa opinion of fome, and becaufe the red would not hold. ncceffity of ufing it, Achen they import good 4thly, It is from to the Indics. alum, and good fapan Whatever virtue this render the red adherent, it fharp water may have to hold nor be beautiful, if Would not the tincture of imbourre. they did not mix fofliciently with it monly call chaiaver, This is what they comfore they ufe it, they muft or root of chaia. Buc bewalhing it in the pond in prepare the web, it feveral times, that the morning, by which they have. it may imbibe the plunging water, not done foon, on principally in view, and which is the buffalocs milk, account in which of the unétuolity of ped the web, after which they had before dipblows on a ftone, and then they half give it about thirty While they ufe this dry it. muft likewile method with the web, done in this prépare the root of chaia, which they this root well manner: : take a proper is by it dried, reduce it. to a fine quantity: of tar, pounding which is in a ftone, and not wooden, powder, and then throw exprefly into recommended: and morTake about three it a little of this acid now them into two pounds of this powder, and water, mcafures of common put Water warme ed give it about thirty While they ufe this dry it. muft likewile method with the web, done in this prépare the root of chaia, which they this root well manner: : take a proper is by it dried, reduce it. to a fine quantity: of tar, pounding which is in a ftone, and not wooden, powder, and then throw exprefly into recommended: and morTake about three it a little of this acid now them into two pounds of this powder, and water, mcafures of common put Water warme ed --- Page 264 --- Obfaroatiuns upon Asia, ed a little, and take care to agitate the whole. Tho* this water becomes red, yct it only gives the web a faint colour : fo thatit is never ufed, except to give the laft perfeâtion to the other red colours. For this purpofe they mutt dip the web into this dyc ; and that it may take the colour well, agitate and turn it every way for half an hour, while they augment the fire under the veffel. When the hand can no longer fupport the heat of the dye, thofe who would have their work compleat, take out the web to wring it, and dry it well, which they do for this reafon : when they paint the red, fome drops of it muft neceffarily fall where they fhould not be : and tho' the ter is as careful to wipe them off with his L as we do when ink falls upon the paper on which we write, yet fome ftains of the chaia are always to be feen. In order to prevent this, they withdraw the web, and dry it 3 and the workman looks for the fpots, and takes them'out as well as he can with lemon juice. the web The fpots being taken out, they put till the again into the dye, and augment the fire, hand can no longer endure the heat 3 then they take care to turn it over and overfor half an hour; and towards the evening augmenting the fire, they make the dyeboil for an hour or thereabouts. Then, they put out the fire'; and when the dye is tepid, thothey take out the ftuff, which they wring roughly, and kcep it moift till the next day. Before we proceed to confider other colours, it is proper to fay fomething of the chaia. This, plant grows wild, tho' it is alfo fown, onaccount rifes of the abfolute neceflity they have for it. It above than halfafoct, has leaves no higher ground broad, and of a bright green, about two lines about five or fix long. The flower is very fmall, and take out the ftuff, which they wring roughly, and kcep it moift till the next day. Before we proceed to confider other colours, it is proper to fay fomething of the chaia. This, plant grows wild, tho' it is alfo fown, onaccount rifes of the abfolute neceflity they have for it. It above than halfafoct, has leaves no higher ground broad, and of a bright green, about two lines about five or fix long. The flower is very fmall, and --- Page 265 --- and AMERICA. AFRICA, larger than that of blucifh, and the feed is not fends a root and tobacco. This little plant fometimes but this fpeciesis not into the carth, that whofe root four feetdeep fince it is far inferior to half long. This the beft, or a foot and a the earth, is only a foot, (mall, tho' it runs deep into but very root is very fhoots to the right or left, when and it neither fmall filaments. It is yellow Itis onfew and very becomes brown when dry. colour to frefh, and that it gives a red exly when it is dried, they have made a particular of this water, on which workman had fteeped fome the A become red. During periment. rootin water, which was this liquor; ; but he an accident had fpilt the next day, at the night-time to find on was much furprized fome drops of a yellowilh bottom of the veffel, no doubt, proceded colour. This circumftance, of the chaia. - In a from hisufing the beft fpecics reduce this root topowword, when the workmen little water, as has been faid, in a We muft der, by pouring affumes a faffron colour. was thrown it generally that round this veffel, which viooblerve, of a beautiful down, there wasfixed a pellicule is'fold in dry parcels; they and let colour. This plant the dried leaves are, cut off the top, where for this dye. ufe only the roots intirely in this dye, As the web has been dipped with the colour, it may be and confequently tinged fear of its fuftaining which the raken out without any operations, fmalleft lofs by the following mentioned before; that the fame wich thefe a pool, beat are muft walh the ftuffin with is to fay, we times ona ftone, bleach it and it ten or twelve and the third day foap, beat, and then, fheeps treadles, a little water on it, now and dry it, throwing walh it next day, lcave it moift for a night, dry fequently tinged fear of its fuftaining which the raken out without any operations, fmalleft lofs by the following mentioned before; that the fame wich thefe a pool, beat are muft walh the ftuffin with is to fay, we times ona ftone, bleach it and it ten or twelve and the third day foap, beat, and then, fheeps treadles, a little water on it, now and dry it, throwing walh it next day, lcave it moift for a night, dry --- Page 266 --- Obfervaticis upoit AsIA; it in the evening, Laftly, about noon they da it in warm water, to take the foip and dirt from it, and then dry it thoroughly. VIII. The" green which they paint on the fuffs relikewife due preparations, Take a palam; quires little more than an ounce of the flower of caOr a of cadou, a handful of dou, an equal quantity would have the green finer, chiaver, and if you After having readd the bark of a pomgranate. them into duc'd thefe ingredients to powder, put muft boil to three bottles of water, which youi three-fourths : pour out this tinctureinto bottle a veffel, of paffing it through a linen cloth. Toa this tinéture, put half an ounce of alum in powfhake fometimes the veffel, and the colour der; will be prepar"'d. with this colour on blue, a green If you paint wherefore when the workman will be produc'd his ftuff ; blue, he takes care not to has painted the where he defigns to paint with wax places to. the end that the ftuffalready paint: paint green, be in a condition of receiving the ed blue may time. It is fo neceffary to paint green in proper have but a yelupon C the blue, that they would white fluff. : lowith colour, if they painted on does not But itis to be obferv'd, that the green laft like the blue and the red ; fo that having wafhed the ftuff four or five times, it difappears; which and nothing remains but the blue, upon a had it. There is notwithftanding they painted this fo that it will laft as way of fixing which colour; is done in the following long as the ftuff, the onion of a banana tree, bruife manner : Take the To a bottle-of it frefh, and extract juice. grcen erv'd, that the green laft like the blue and the red ; fo that having wafhed the ftuff four or five times, it difappears; which and nothing remains but the blue, upon a had it. There is notwithftanding they painted this fo that it will laft as way of fixing which colour; is done in the following long as the ftuff, the onion of a banana tree, bruife manner : Take the To a bottle-of it frefh, and extract juice. grcen --- Page 267 --- and AMERICA. AFRICA, of this tinéture put four or become five fpoonfuls adherent and green juice, and the will makes the green lofe a indelible, tho' EX juice part of its beauty: IX, of the yellow, which reWe Thall now fpeak fince the colour which quires no long explication, on blue, ferves alfo for ferves for green in painting white fluff. But this colour yellow in painting on and difappears after having when is not very lafting, number of times 2 yet beén wafh'd a certain with, foaping lighcly thele they content themfelves in four whey mix'd with the ftuffs, walh them them in water, wherein juice of lemon, or little fteep cow's dung, which they they have put a thefe fading colours have ftrain'd through a cloth, laft much longer. X. elfe but a little The Indian pencils are fharpen'd nothing and fplit, about piece of bamboo-wood, To this they fix a fmall an inch at the dipp'd point. in the colour, which they in piece of ftuff it with their fingers, for want to paint, preffing it out. That which they ufe order to fqueeze wax is of iron, three fingers breadth, the painting on in length, and Imall at toPs or a little more in a little bit of wood, which which is inferted it, It is fplit at the end, ferves as a handle to in the middle, round which and forms a circle of hair as large as a nutthey fix a thefe quantity hairs abforb the warm wax, kind which of meg, and fows from the extremity of this gradually pencil. CHAP Voi.L. S --- Page 268 --- Obfervations apon ASTR, CHAP. XXVI. efa new Bnagogue ; ef tbe Yeaus af Difovery province gf HoCaifomfou, tbe capital ofthe nan, in China. moft remarkable things in this newly THE difcovered fynagogue, are the inferiptions of the ancient Jews, fome of which are in Chinefe, and others in their own language. They rea- and dily fhew their kints, or books of religion, even let perfons enter into the moit fecret places of their fynagogue, where it is not referv'd permitted for themfelves to enter. This is a place the head of the their cham-kia, that is to fay, fynagogue, who never enters without a profound refpeét. certain tables there are thirteen kinds oftabernacles, Upon each of which is furrounded with little of curtains. - The holy kint, or the pentateuch thefe taberMofes, is contain'd in each of the twelve nacles, twelve of which reprefent Mofes. Thefe tribes ofIfracl, and the thirteenth in a books are written upon long parchments, rolled on fticks. fair and clear character, and faved from One of thefe books was happily river Hoambo, the great inundation of the which overone of the greateft rivers of China, capital of the proflowed the city of Caifomfou, of this book have wince of Honan. As the letters thefe Jews have been wet, and are almoft effac'd, carefully taken twelve copies, which they preferve in the twelve tabernacles before-mention'd. there are In two other places cf this fynagogue, with care feveral old coffers, wherein they prelerve a of thefe books was happily river Hoambo, the great inundation of the which overone of the greateft rivers of China, capital of the proflowed the city of Caifomfou, of this book have wince of Honan. As the letters thefe Jews have been wet, and are almoft effac'd, carefully taken twelve copies, which they preferve in the twelve tabernacles before-mention'd. there are In two other places cf this fynagogue, with care feveral old coffers, wherein they prelerve a --- Page 269 --- and AMERICAR AFRICA, books, into which they number of little which they a great divided the pentateuch of Mofes, At have with other books of theirlaw: of which call takien, they ufe thefe books 3 fome fome old; their prayers in Hebrew 3 fome are new; with are written but the whole are preferv'd and half torn 3 were gold or filver. Thereis more care than ifthey a magnificent high in the midft of their fynagogue embroider'd cufhion. This chair, with a beautiful which on iabbaths, orthe is the chair of Mofes, on place the pentareuch and moft folemn days, they there likewife a vanfcripai; or read it. One finds the name is written, a picture on which emperor's ftatues nor images. Theit but there are neither the weft, and when they pray to fynagogue fronts their faces to that quarter, and God, they turn under the names of Tien; Cham-tien; the. worlhip him 5 all which fignify thefe Cham.-ti, Teowanvoetcher They have taken governor of the univerfe. writings, and make ufe names from Chinefe the fupreme being, or frft of them to exprefs caufe. there is a hall; In coming from the fynagogue parfume-vetband where one feesa great mumberof they honour their. chingins, this is the place where their law. The largett of thefe or.the great men of to the patriarch Abraveffcls, which is confecrated law, is plaeed in the midft ham, the head of their thofe of Ifaacs of this hall. After it children, are placed whom they call Jacob, and his twelve twelve lineages or tribes of IfChel-cumpatife, the thofe of Mofes, Aaron, Jothua, rael; then follow illaftrious perfonages; both Efdras, and feveral men and women. the names and chronology of If we compare Leviticus, Numbers, and DeuGenefis, Exodus; the pentateuch of Moteronomys which-compole fes, S 2 thofe of Ifaacs of this hall. After it children, are placed whom they call Jacob, and his twelve twelve lineages or tribes of IfChel-cumpatife, the thofe of Mofes, Aaron, Jothua, rael; then follow illaftrious perfonages; both Efdras, and feveral men and women. the names and chronology of If we compare Leviticus, Numbers, and DeuGenefis, Exodus; the pentateuch of Moteronomys which-compole fes, S 2 --- Page 270 --- Obfervations upon AsIA, fes, we fhall find. that thefe books conformity with the pentateuch, have an exadt preferve with fo much which thefe Jews berefith, veelefemoth, care, which they call haddebarim. They dividé vaiiera, vaiedabber, and volumes : Genefis into twelve, them into fifty-three vens and the fublequent books Exodus into elecach, which they call kim. into ten volumes Asfor theotherbooks of the bible, of them, but want the others, and they have fome no knowledge of.- What feems fome they have their ancient rabbins have mixed aftonithing is, that fables with the true facts of feveral ridiculous even in the five books of Mofes fcripture, and this room for fufpicion, that thefe 3 which gives mudifts : who corrupt the fenfe Jews of may be TalThefe Jews, who are call'd in China fcripture. kiao, whether they be Talmudifts or Tiao-kinfeveral of the ceremonies of the ola not, obferve ample, circumcifion, which law, for exAbraham ; the feaft of unleavened they fay began-with pafchal lamb, in memory and bread; the for their deliverance from thankigiving paflage through the red fea; Egypt, the and their and feveral other feftivals of the iabbath likewife, The firft Jews that appear'din Old Teftament. der the dynafty of the Hans, and Chinat came un-. were feveral families of them, but at firft there their number * The Talmud is a book very becaufe it contains their Jaws, their much cfleem'd, by the Jews, tions of their rabbins. Thofe who follow cufloms, and the preuiebook, are call'd Talmudifts. the doétrine oft this of t China Of the fince twenty-two the families who have poffeffed the family of Han isthe year fifth, 2607, and bofore the birth of Chrift, empire the it has furn Ched twenty-five onc of the moft illuftrious, fince that nation for 425 years, from emperors the to China, and govern'd of Chrilt, till the ycar 220, afier.his year birth. 205, bcfore the birth book, are call'd Talmudifts. the doétrine oft this of t China Of the fince twenty-two the families who have poffeffed the family of Han isthe year fifth, 2607, and bofore the birth of Chrift, empire the it has furn Ched twenty-five onc of the moft illuftrious, fince that nation for 425 years, from emperors the to China, and govern'd of Chrilt, till the ycar 220, afier.his year birth. 205, bcfore the birth --- Page 271 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA: there remain at prefent only ber being diminilh'd, alliances with each other, who contraêt with whom feven, mixing with the idolaters, in refpeêt of without have nothing common, either even their they ceremonies ; nay, books, or religious turn'd in a different manner. of muftachoes are but in the capital They have no fynagogue, where there is no altar the province of Ionan, of Mofes, with a perfume- with but only the chair and great candlefticks, fimiveffel, a long table, has fome tallow candles. Their fynagogue churches, and is divided litude to the European one of which contains into three illes, the middle Mofes's chair, and the vanthe table of perfumes, of the emperor, with the of taber- the, fcripai, or picure keep the thirteen copics tabernacies, where they of Mofes. Thefe the kchia-kim, or pentatetich and this ifle in nacles are made like arches: choir of : the fynagogue. The middle ferves for the for ; are deftin'd whole mdremasdendies two otheriles beautiful walk round the and there is a infide of the fynagogue. andi are now among, de-, There were formerly, kien-fens, who are a them, batchelors, and All thefe learned Jews above the batchelors. honour Confucius in the gree that they fhould learned honour.. fame agree, manner as the other the folemn gentiles ceremonies them in him, and afift.with in the halls of their grandees. anceftors that are perform'd and. autumn they pay their hall which is In fpring in China, in the offer e the honours ufual tho' they do not indeed In" near their fynagogue, but that of other animals. to then.hog-Reh. they are content with prethe common ceremonies veffels full of fweat-meats fenting to them china accompany with proand prefervés, which they In the hall of cheir found bows and proftrations: de id S 3 in the halls of their grandees. anceftors that are perform'd and. autumn they pay their hall which is In fpring in China, in the offer e the honours ufual tho' they do not indeed In" near their fynagogue, but that of other animals. to then.hog-Reh. they are content with prethe common ceremonies veffels full of fweat-meats fenting to them china accompany with proand prefervés, which they In the hall of cheir found bows and proftrations: de id S 3 --- Page 272 --- Obfersvations upon AsIA, dead they have neither pictures nor images, but only fome perfume-veffeis : yet we muft except for whom only they, put in the tluthe mandarins, their anceftors, 2 picture in which tam, or hall of their name, and the degree of their mandarinfhip aré mark'd. call their law Thrfe Jews in their inferiptions that the hz of Ifraci, yielao-kino : they fay, thrir anceftors came from a weftern kingdom, casod the kingdom of Judah, which Jofhua and con- that qu-red after their departure from Egypt, twas the number of the Jews who came from Egypt thoufand fixty vans, that is to fay, fix hundred fouls. fpeak of the books of Judges, David, They and Ezckiel, who animated the wither'd Solomon, bones ofJonas, who was three days in the and dry that bewhale's belly 5 whence. we may conclude, other books fide the pentateuch, they have feveral of the (cripture. letters, but Their alphabet has twenty-feven commonly they only make ufe of. twenty-two, that the which agrees with what St. Jerom five fays, of which Hebrews haye twenty-two call their letters, fect in Chinefe tiao, are double. They that they abitain from blood, kin-kiao, to fignify the nerves and veins of the and that they cut that the blood may Aow out beafts they kill, more eafily: frft them this name, which The gentiles willingly, gave to diftinguilh themthey received very whom they call heemakino. felves from idolaters, the ancient law tienThey call their law konkiao, law of Ifrael. They kiao, the law of God, or the nor any food on faturdays, light no fires, prepare all that is neceffary for the but prepare on fridays read the bible in their fynafabbath. When they they coyer their faces with a tranfparent gogue, veil, this name, which The gentiles willingly, gave to diftinguilh themthey received very whom they call heemakino. felves from idolaters, the ancient law tienThey call their law konkiao, law of Ifrael. They kiao, the law of God, or the nor any food on faturdays, light no fires, prepare all that is neceffary for the but prepare on fridays read the bible in their fynafabbath. When they they coyer their faces with a tranfparent gogue, veil, --- Page 273 --- APRICA, and AMERICA: down from of Mofes, who came thus pubveil, in memory with his face cover'd, and of God to his the mountain and'the law lifhed the decalogue, have other people. Befides the bible, thefe Chinefe, the Jews ancient rabbins, Hebrew books written by and which are full of which they call fanteo, contain their rituals, and the ekeravagancies which and they ufe at this day. that thefe Jews ceremonies is moft certain is, frit, whom What of-heaven and earth, worfhip the creator as appears evident- that it is chey call derchandt-chamiene inferiptions. Secondly, ly by their' ancient that the learned Chinefe otker Jews Chinefe give no lefs certain, the honours which the that it is to Confucius generally pay him. dead Thirdly, in the tfutam, gentiles fure that they, honour the with the fame cereor hall of their anceftors, China, but without piétures, monies us'd in ufe, becaufe they are forbidden which they do not thing fimilar to them. to have images, or any. that in their defcripFourthly, that it is certain, of their law, which they call tions mention is made of their origin, antiquity, dethe law of Ifrael ; Abraham, ifaac, of fcent, and of their patriarchs, twelve tribes of Ifrael; and Jacob; of the Aaron, Jothua, and EfMofes, which their law-giver the chim-kim, or pentateuch, which is dras; of from Mofes, and they have received books of berefith, veclefemoth, compos'd of the and of haddebarim, which vaiiera, vaiedabber, they call taura, and St. Jewhen join'd together, rome tora. Remarks on what has been faid. of which we have fpoken beFirft, the fynagogue from what we fee in Europe, is very different a temple than a common caule it rather reprefente S 4 - Jewifh ateuch, which is dras; of from Mofes, and they have received books of berefith, veclefemoth, compos'd of the and of haddebarim, which vaiiera, vaiedabber, they call taura, and St. Jewhen join'd together, rome tora. Remarks on what has been faid. of which we have fpoken beFirft, the fynagogue from what we fee in Europe, is very different a temple than a common caule it rather reprefente S 4 - Jewifh --- Page 274 --- Obfervations upon AsIA, Jewith fynagogue, In a word, in the Chinefe nagogue, the holy place, whither it is not fyted any but the, high prieft to enter, has a permit- refemblance with the fanctum fanctorum, where was the ark of the covenant, and the rod of Mofes Aaron, The fpace that is feparated reprefents and the part where the priefts and levites affembled in the temple of Jerufalem, and where the were offer'd. Ina word, the hall at the facrifices where the people pray, and attend at all the entrance, ceremonies of religion, refembles what was called the porch of Ifrael, atrium Ifraelis. formerly Secondiy, the Hebrew infcriptions in the gogue of China, fhew, that the Jews there, in fyna- this point, retain the fame cuftom which is the European fynagogues. But the obferv'din the European. Jews are but the initial infcriptions letters of of tain words, which compofe one or more fentences. cerThirdly, as for the fabernacles or tents of Mofes, and the twelve tribes, thefe are peculiar to the Jews of China, fince no fuch things are. found in the fynagogues of Europe. On the eaft fide there is a kind of coffer or cheft, where they fhut the five books of the law. up Fourthly, the fmall books which the Chinefe Jews preferve, are apparently the fections of the pentateuch, which the fifty-three read every faturday European Jews gogues, and divide them fucceffively fo in their lynaequally, that year they read over the five books of Mofes. every Fifthly, 'tis not furprizing that the Chinefe turntheir facesto the wef, when they Jews the Europcans turn to the eaft. The pray, reafon whereas ofthis difference is,' that among the Jews it is a cient law to turn their face towards the very anwhen they pray. Now, Jerufalem, fituated indeed holy city regard of Europe to the caft, in regard of China is in fituated their lynaequally, that year they read over the five books of Mofes. every Fifthly, 'tis not furprizing that the Chinefe turntheir facesto the wef, when they Jews the Europcans turn to the eaft. The pray, reafon whereas ofthis difference is,' that among the Jews it is a cient law to turn their face towards the very anwhen they pray. Now, Jerufalem, fituated indeed holy city regard of Europe to the caft, in regard of China is in fituated --- Page 275 --- AMERICA. AFRICA, and thatthe the weft. Belides, it is certain; in fuch a manfituated to was difpofed turned towards temple of Jerufalem Ifraclites when praying the ner, that the the Chinele Jewsjollow, perhaps, the welt,and cuftom. that therc is no altar fame It is not furprifing Jews offer no more 6thly, for as the but at in this fynagogue, not to facrifice facrifices, and are would permited be ufclefs to them. had an altar faid, that the Hebrews this Jerufalem, When we in zthly, letters, we are to of comprehend which St. Jerome txenty-feven number the fve final letters, different characfpeaks, which are: not properly manner of writing words, them, rers ; but a different the ftrokes at the end do of in the. beby lengthening them in, as they D which is infteac of turning except the ginning and the middle, entirely clofed. CHAP. XXVII. and give tbe exbalAfecret to make perfunch, 5 to preforue rapour an agrecabio Rgure ing vitbout being intiigaijhed fire 072 tbe water from xeild purpane ; tbe to extratt mercury lead into pesuter, and to feret sfchanging tbe Tufre of ploer ; means efre gice pecter citbout a loadfone 5 Jeeret Horing. a compafs Rome wfedin Cbinc. gfitbe pailelpbers) lovers of perfumes, Chinefe are have great all kinds, fimple and and TW which they found in their own country, Indies. compound, fome from Arabie, and the Someothers imported fire 072 tbe water from xeild purpane ; tbe to extratt mercury lead into pesuter, and to feret sfchanging tbe Tufre of ploer ; means efre gice pecter citbout a loadfone 5 Jeeret Horing. a compafs Rome wfedin Cbinc. gfitbe pailelpbers) lovers of perfumes, Chinefe are have great all kinds, fimple and and TW which they found in their own country, Indies. compound, fome from Arabie, and the Someothers imported --- Page 276 --- Oéfervations upan AsiA, Sometimes théy make odotiferous and other times fticks, compofed of various cakes, at powders, which they put in a veffel full of fcented and thefe ficks having taken fire at afhes ; ends, exhale flowly a fweet and light one of the in proportion as they wafte, the afhes vapour; fall into and the veffel, without falling on the floor. As for other perfumes, fuch as incenfe, and they, like the Europeans, throw odoriferouspowders, them charcoal. on lighted A famous Chinefe author obferves, that in der to combine different kinds of ormuft mix with them perfumes, they cotton, or burrs of wort, that the agreeable vapours of thefe mugrous bodies may unite, and rife to a certain odorifein form of a pillar, without height themfelves in the ambient air. He would dillipating" have almonds joined, Of acid jujubes, after pounding them in a mortar., In this confifts the fecret, but at the fame time he advifes that what is called in China cotton, or burrs of mugwort, is nothing elfe but the fine mofs which is found on old pines. They formerly taught, that a fovereign remedy for the gout was to kindle mugwort buds, and let them confume on the afficted part. If thofe who have tried this remedy have not been relieved, their difappointment might have happened, becaufe by the mugwort buds they did not underftand, as the Chinefe do, that fine mois with which old are covered in certain places. pines The fame author adds another fecret, to the vapours of the perfumes an agrecable give when it rifes in the air. It. is a cuftom in figure, to have large'veffels in their gardens, wherein China cultivate the flowers of water-lily, When in they this root fends out its large leaves, rub fome June, of them with honey; 5 a few days after there will be formed did not underftand, as the Chinefe do, that fine mois with which old are covered in certain places. pines The fame author adds another fecret, to the vapours of the perfumes an agrecable give when it rifes in the air. It. is a cuftom in figure, to have large'veffels in their gardens, wherein China cultivate the flowers of water-lily, When in they this root fends out its large leaves, rub fome June, of them with honey; 5 a few days after there will be formed --- Page 277 --- and AMERICA: AFRICA, which will eat all formed a kind of little of worms, the leaf, of which nothing Thele ghe green fubftance will remain, like gatizs. gather it, but the flaments dried, and you muft then. muftrewill be foon ; after this, you and take off the pellicule fine powder, and when you dnce the gauze into forts of perfumes in a of vellel, this would burn feveral together, add a little unite them will and combine which means the vapour in powder ; by high, and terminating in a body, rifing pretty, of various kinds. a cloud, Or in nigures fecrets related by the fame the author, fepulThe following not only for time are an attempt to account, lamps ufed in the that chral and heninguifhabie emperors, but alfo for fatuus. ipeofthe frit Roman known by the name of ignis which being cies of fire, how to make a ball, extinHe direêts us on the water without being that: lighted, floats Compole it, fays he, oftchangrao, is not very dear, guithed. Chinele camplior, which yields, is to which fay, being purified and cryftallized, as good as and a camphor of tho' in a fmaller quantity, Take then a dram camphor, mix that of Borneo. dram of the refin of pine, and add to it haif a brandy, kindle this it mais, will burn them with good on the water, and yconplace it immediately until it be entircly flowly, and not exinguilh, light for . fumed. that will laft, and give ounce of. To have a lamp in the month of July the an furface of a month, gather which grows on flow running the herb feon-ping, on the banks of To the water in which likes, is called the ever-green. eimall claws rivers, and of quen-tem, or the this add a quantity of thell- ith, and ofhoang-ban: of of ko-fuen, a kind and to an ounce reduce eall to a fne powder, thus prepared. oil add a dram of the powder Another give ounce of. To have a lamp in the month of July the an furface of a month, gather which grows on flow running the herb feon-ping, on the banks of To the water in which likes, is called the ever-green. eimall claws rivers, and of quen-tem, or the this add a quantity of thell- ith, and ofhoang-ban: of of ko-fuen, a kind and to an ounce reduce eall to a fne powder, thus prepared. oil add a dram of the powder Another --- Page 278 --- Otjervations upon ASIA, Another Chinefe writer teaches us how to make candle which will latt the whole night, and during that time confume but an inch or two fingers breadth. The chief ingredients are yellow wax, refin ofthe pine tree, Aowersof the Egyptian thorn, of each an ounce and fix drams. To this add a dram of feouche, which is a light porous ftonc. They then melt the refin and the wax, and afterwards add the Alowers of Egyptian thorn, and the ftone of feouche. They incorporate thefe fubftances, in which they carefully dip the wick, in order to make this candle. fine falt- : Ifthey fhould ufe the dry varnifh, refin, petre,fulphur, andincenfe, reduced to a powder, and then of this varnith compofe little balls of the fizeof a pea, lay one of thefe balls on a plate of iron, light it at night, and tho' expofed to the higheft wind, it will not be extinguifhed till the next morning. The following fecret is fill more furprizing, and the experiment is not difficult. Without rethat may be drawn from gard to thole advantages it, curiofity might incline one to the experiment. of There is a method, fays the Chinefe author, drawing mercury from wild purflane. For this purpole you need only take thelittle leaves ofpur- of the ilane, bruife them in a mortar with a peftle wood of Egyptian thorn ; then expofe them tothe rifing fun for about three days, and when they are dry, toaft them fo as not to deftroy their na-: ture and virtues 5 put this mafs in a well varnifh-: ed earthen veffel, which you muft clofe well, andi bury in the earth forty-nine days; after which take: out the veffel, and you find quick-filver in per-: feétion. Nothing is more certain than this fecret ; andi inthe thopsof Peking they fell two forts of mercurys tothe rifing fun for about three days, and when they are dry, toaft them fo as not to deftroy their na-: ture and virtues 5 put this mafs in a well varnifh-: ed earthen veffel, which you muft clofe well, andi bury in the earth forty-nine days; after which take: out the veffel, and you find quick-filver in per-: feétion. Nothing is more certain than this fecret ; andi inthe thopsof Peking they fell two forts of mercurys --- Page 279 --- AMERICA. AFRICA, and is called chantaken from mines; which which the one the other obtained from plants, choueir ; and tfao-chonien. Chinefe difcois called different operations of the there is Thefe that in the principles of plants that there ver to us, induce Ls to think, if we reiron, which may in certain planits : and for that may be mercury nature. of plants, and fearch we Aect on the contains quick-filver, fo ; for, which moft probably that purlane does have reafon to believe herbalit, who in this agrees in fhort, the Chinefe botanifts of Europe, gives to pur- The with the greatelt that are found in mercury. worms, Aane the virtucs is cold in its nature, kills purllane, fays he, is ufefullye remployed againft and all forts of vermin, which it diffipates ; and obftructi- becaufe noxious humours, it removes in its nature it is volatile, of the human body. ons in the veffels it isvery probable, that quickBe this as it will, the folution and drawn from plants by free from fte filver would be obtained tion of their principles, naturally attend that which into the minutral impurities for by being exalted from the from mines : the it muft be freed which it aeft parts of plants, fibres, with is feparamous and fulphureous and from which it bounds more or lefs, a Aheep's fkin. rated, by paffing it thorough experience, be found Should this reccipt, by it a double advantage : we may reap from where, and in a true, the firft of which is, that every a fufficient quantity fhort time, we may fecond, procure and moft confiderable The from purof mercury. the quict-filver extracted different ufes is, that by judge better of the Alane, we may deterinine more certainly of this plant, and may with what precautions it may, of for what time, and the different fituations according to Belides, be ufed, whether in health or ficknefs. its perfons, where, and in a true, the firft of which is, that every a fufficient quantity fhort time, we may fecond, procure and moft confiderable The from purof mercury. the quict-filver extracted different ufes is, that by judge better of the Alane, we may deterinine more certainly of this plant, and may with what precautions it may, of for what time, and the different fituations according to Belides, be ufed, whether in health or ficknefs. its perfons, --- Page 280 --- Olfercation upon Asia, iesjuice prepared in a certain manner might act upon metals difpofed to receive it. The Following fecrets will ftill farther fhew action of the juice of plants, when mixed the metals in fufion. A Chinele author with melted lead, boiled with the juice fays, that from fumitory with yellow leaves, will be expreffed ed into fila ; which is a Chinefe tin, much changbeautiful than that of Europe. more This receipt, in conjunction with the may perfect thole proofs we chufe to make. following, find in another Chinefe book, that there is a We bility of giving a tin veffel the hardnefs of poffiand the brightnels of filver, iron, the fire in chang-ka, which by is holding it over and in pepi, which is arfenic and only falt. fteel-filings, Another author pretends, that néfc tin with a Sine powder, by rubbing Chiwhich is copperas, and in two compofed drams of of tan-fan, which is alum, the tin affumes the colour of pefan, and that, if they rub iron with this gold : become red. P'erhaps the mixture, it will Chinele manner in which the fofter, and prepare iron for gilding it, renders it nated by confequently more proper. to be impregfollows. copperas and alum. Their method is as They mix a ipoonful of the juice of which is onion and leek, as much four rice, tlung, three heads of pounded garlic, and five drams of greafe. They put the iron into water with dog's this mixture, which they boil, till they iron has taken a pale whitifh colour. perceive the What the fame author relates of the manner of refloring the virtue of the mariner's it may turn to the poles, will compafs, that very appear, no doubt, extraordinary. They have not recourfe, as WC, to the load fone, tho' China is abundantly Pro- four rice, tlung, three heads of pounded garlic, and five drams of greafe. They put the iron into water with dog's this mixture, which they boil, till they iron has taken a pale whitifh colour. perceive the What the fame author relates of the manner of refloring the virtue of the mariner's it may turn to the poles, will compafs, that very appear, no doubt, extraordinary. They have not recourfe, as WC, to the load fone, tho' China is abundantly Pro- --- Page 281 --- and AMERICA: AFRICA, and its other virtues, as fince well with them; well known to them, provided iron, are or the ftone as sttracling it the name of hibieche, of its they give attrasts iron. The knowledge told of a lake, foe which has given rife to a ftory there is, lities veffels, becaufe M they dare not expofe of this lake, fuch a quantity holds tothey, at the that bottom all the iron-work which drawn to the load-ftone, the veffels, being violently Hence algerher the veffel muft fall to pieces. of the Chinefe bottom, the ridiculous opinion the powder of a loadfo proceeds that by, putting draw out the fplinters of phyficians, it will ftone in a plaifter, in a wound. do not employ iron remaining if the Chinefe the needle, But, in a word, reftore the virtue of him in the load-ftone to the reader, by acquainting we muft fatisfy they do it. fome tchucha, what manner fay they, in the frft place, fcarce in Europe; Take, cinnabar, which is very which isorpithe true the fecond place hiun-hoang, tfeloangand in fpecies of which is called andthe ment, a certain and is the deareft, Thiss tle, which is the female, that is to fay, male. fandars, inother hoang-hiung, or the yellow is the realgal, the cinnabar. and orpiment perhaps, to red. To weight of thefe clining fteel filings, reduce an equal which you muft add ingredients to a fine powder, the blood extracted from take mix well together with after which you mult cowhite cocks combs ; needles, which you muft havewenty or thirty with fine this mixture ; and muft after keep ver on all fides them up in paper, you in a little furing wrapped feven days and feven nights keep a them which you muit conftantly cover nace, under After this operation, three days clear fire of charcoal. them with you of the ncedles, and carry, fkin. Then make tryal applied cloie to your your I extracted from take mix well together with after which you mult cowhite cocks combs ; needles, which you muft havewenty or thirty with fine this mixture ; and muft after keep ver on all fides them up in paper, you in a little furing wrapped feven days and feven nights keep a them which you muit conftantly cover nace, under After this operation, three days clear fire of charcoal. them with you of the ncedles, and carry, fkin. Then make tryal applied cloie to your your I --- Page 282 --- Olfervations upon ASIA, your needles, and you will find that they will turn exaétly to the poles, and will be very proper for mariners compaffes. We muft acknowledge, that the which eompofe this receipt feem to. have ingredients no connection with the juft direction of the needles to the pole. In' the firft place we muft for fome time thefe needies over a clear fire ; and it is certain put that the beft load-ftone, and the beft touched needie, lofe their ftrength and virtue by the action of fire. In the fecond place the mixture with which ver thefe needles, is compofed lof minerals, they which COare no ways proper to communicate the quality given by the load-frones fulphur, and arfenic predominate. Ifthere is a quick-filver, mixture of iron, it isin powder, and has no longer the arrangement of its parts, and its pores proper to communicate the magnetic virtue. In a the fulphureous and pinguious parts of the blood word, of cocks, which unite the ingredients, and the fuliginous perfpiration of the human body, which is recommended in the receipt, obftruct the ftrongeft operation of the load-ftone. Befides, we might be furprized, if. upon making tryal of this receipt, we. fhould find that a needle thus prepared for the compals was lefs fufceptible of the declinations and variations, which are found in needles touched by the load-ftone, and which fo much perplex mariners. It feems the Chinefe know nothing of thefe variations, or at leaft make no mention of them. The chimerical fecret of the ftone has been in vogue among the Chinefe, philofopher's before we had any notion of it in Europe. They long fpeak magnificently in their books of the fecd of and of the powder of projection; and what goli, our quacks ible of the declinations and variations, which are found in needles touched by the load-ftone, and which fo much perplex mariners. It feems the Chinefe know nothing of thefe variations, or at leaft make no mention of them. The chimerical fecret of the ftone has been in vogue among the Chinefe, philofopher's before we had any notion of it in Europe. They long fpeak magnificently in their books of the fecd of and of the powder of projection; and what goli, our quacks --- Page 283 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. quacks call the great work, and promife to draw from they call the lien-tan, gold, but alfo a fpecific univerfal crucibles, not only procures tality. to thofe who take it a kind remedy, of which immorWhat is ftill more the Chinefe pretend that furprifing, the in thefe books, luable a fecret, how fkilful depolitaries of fo vain whatever expence they are at, foever they be, and their enterprize, if run a rifk of fuperlative they are not Poffeffed failing tions of heaven degree of virtue, as merits the offuch a on fuch benedicoperations. important and delicate But if fome foolifh this chimera, have not alchymifts, been infatuated with have converted their fubftance undeceived till they are others, who by their deceitful into charcoal, there allured the unthinking herd, promifes have felves at the expence of their and enriched themthe following is a remarkable credulity, of which Oné of thefe inftance, of the firft mafters quacks, of who pretended to be one fions a great air of the art, : affeéted on all occadegree of benevolence probity, and efpecially, fuch a man who can convertthe viler as may be fuppofed in a found means, at metals into gold. He rich nobleman, who length, after to get acquainted with a cmployments of the ftate, having had born the chief country. He infinuated himlelf retired into the houfe; and by little and fubtlely into his well how to manage his little he underftood fo ance and affability, that he humour, by his complaiffidence, Then in feveral entirely gained his concertain expreffions of his converfations dropping tation of metals, the great fkill in thetranfmugreatly excited; curiolity of the mandarin Was ledged to him, that upon he which had the impoftor acknowVoz. I, found the fecret of the T phi- uated himlelf retired into the houfe; and by little and fubtlely into his well how to manage his little he underftood fo ance and affability, that he humour, by his complaiffidence, Then in feveral entirely gained his concertain expreffions of his converfations dropping tation of metals, the great fkill in thetranfmugreatly excited; curiolity of the mandarin Was ledged to him, that upon he which had the impoftor acknowVoz. I, found the fecret of the T phi- --- Page 284 --- Oifarvations upon ASIA, ftoné, and offéred to communicate phillfopher's him. this fecret, merely out of complaifance for to and the fingular marks he bad receivhis civilities, ed of.his. kindnefs. lord fell into the fnare, and was This credulous that he was impatient foinfatuated with alchymy, the He difregarded to fee the operation begun. he fhould find in his expence, being perfuaded mine of gold, and what houfe an inexhauftable infallible method of flattered him the moft, an prolonging his days. need much importunity, The alchymift did not of this old noblebut chofe in the fpacious palace apartment, where man, a commodious, agrecable him, with his prenothing was fpared in treating for this woman was rended wife and domeftics : of extraordinary not his wife, but a courtefan in his beauty, whom he had taken as copartner of and who was to play the chief part quackery, the farce. to begin, the alAs foon as he was prepared the valuable inchymift received large fums to buy which gredients he was to put into the ufe. crucible, What ftill he artfully converted to his own was to fee the more impofed upon this old man, took, to affure care which this impoftor feemingly of heaven. He made himfelf of the protedtion burnta great quantity of frequent proftrations, continually exhorted the manperfumes, and into the laboratory without darin not - to come becaufe the lcaft mengreat preceding ruin purification, the labour of many days. The tal ftain would it chance, fhewedherlady, at times, and as wercby of expofing her felf; but with no vifible delign icharms.- work went on : and at the end of a. cerThe fhewed the credulous tain tint,. the alchymift lord great quantity of frequent proftrations, continually exhorted the manperfumes, and into the laboratory without darin not - to come becaufe the lcaft mengreat preceding ruin purification, the labour of many days. The tal ftain would it chance, fhewedherlady, at times, and as wercby of expofing her felf; but with no vifible delign icharms.- work went on : and at the end of a. cerThe fhewed the credulous tain tint,. the alchymift lord --- Page 285 --- and. AMERICA: AFRICA, tranfmutations, as promifed a lord fuch happy of the grand work ihort paffage to the deluded perfeétion mandarin a fubjeet of This was to the Joon difturbed by the news great joy, which receivedof was the déath of his mo- ani which this quack a fon, and tod cxaÉt ther. He was too good ccremonies of the empires duties. obferver of the religious and pay her the laft by not to go immediately comforted the mandarin; few He notezhtanding he would return in a dayse affuring him that work would not be interrupted; adding, that the leave his wife and fome domef- to be becaule he would cnough for what remained ticks, who knew wife feemed fo thunder-ftruck and cries done. The pretended that her tears hufbands at this abrupt feparations had of following her proved the delirethe him the duties of Alial piety. and partaking with theold man often chaDuringthe arhyeit-alenen while the lady acted in him vifited the laboratory, omitted nothing that mightinipirc ; for racter, and her expedlation withlove. She utowedsibexondl with her charms: the old man was foon captivated became more frequent, The His vifits to the laboratory longer and more fecret. "of and his difcourfes its and it was the intention their know: fervants perceived that nothing fhould efcape were to be witthe lady becaufe in the end they ledge, andcertain nefles: thealchymift returns, in: In the meantime virtuous lady gave him, immediately re figns the what had palled: After having form him of the ufual complimients ceived from the mandarin he goes to vifit the work, on his quick diforder, return, certain and evident and fignss befinds all in was defiled: cried hes that the labbratory mad, he orerthrewcrusbles, wife and coming inappearance and wanted to kill both fers and furnaccs, T2 --- Page 286 --- Obfervations ufon AsIa, The lady throws herfelf at his feet, afks fervants. and acknowledges fhe had becn pardon with tears, with tears in their eyes, feduced, and the domeftics, curfe the day they entered into fuch an abominable houfe. more furious than ever, roars, The alchymift, to the magiand fwears heis going to complain mandarin who ftrates, and demand juftice of the adultery is a has difhonoured him. In China, of ruining the crime worthy of death, and capable houfes. The unhappy old man, moft opulent and endeavouring to avoid the feized with fear, well as the lofs of his fhame of punifhment, as foften the mind of eftatc, does all in his power to confiderable the furious alchymift. He offers him honour fams of gold and filver ; and to repair the and of fo chalte a lady, he loads her with and jewels the lady trinkets of all kinds. The alchymift without difficulty, at laft promifed not yiclding the affair farther, and retired overjoynot to pufh thus fucceeded in finding the philoed for having fopher's ftone. CHAP. ften the mind of eftatc, does all in his power to confiderable the furious alchymift. He offers him honour fams of gold and filver ; and to repair the and of fo chalte a lady, he loads her with and jewels the lady trinkets of all kinds. The alchymift without difficulty, at laft promifed not yiclding the affair farther, and retired overjoynot to pufh thus fucceeded in finding the philoed for having fopher's ftone. CHAP. --- Page 287 --- and AMERICA. AFRICA, CHA P. XXVIIL. of tbe Huurons, of Ou- tbe: Tbe diferent languages the Iilinefes tbe Abnakis, tbe Algonkins, otber nations of Newtaouacks, and feoeral drefes, and dexFrance; tbeir employment, soitb tbe bono ; tbeir tender- tbeir terity W poting ceremonies of tbeir cbildren ; treating captiues mefifer cruel manner of Jieneral ; efscar. oft thel Hurons is the chicflan- and when language of the favages of Canada in leis : than three guage can, THE is mafter ofit, he five Iroquefe a perfon make himfelf underttood by and moft diffimonths, nations. It is the moft majeftic, of the favages. This dif- letcult of all the languages arife from their guttural for ficulty does not only from the diverfity of accents 5 ters, but more of the fame characters often two words compofed have quite different nation fignilications. has its particular tongue the 5 Every favage the Hurons, the have Iroquele, each their, thus the Abnakis, the Illinefe, the Miamis inftruét them, Algonkins, but have no books to language, fince cuftom alone is their guide. whichis but three The Abnakis inhabit a Their foreft, cottages are ranged of leagues from houfes Quebec. in villages, and an inclofure form a much like ftakes, that are very clofe, high poles or defends them from the incurkind of wall, which fions of their enemies. foon reared ; for they plant Their huts are and çover them with barks thick poles that join above, T 3 kins, but have no books to language, fince cuftom alone is their guide. whichis but three The Abnakis inhabit a Their foreft, cottages are ranged of leagues from houfes Quebec. in villages, and an inclofure form a much like ftakes, that are very clofe, high poles or defends them from the incurkind of wall, which fions of their enemies. foon reared ; for they plant Their huts are and çover them with barks thick poles that join above, T 3 --- Page 288 --- Obfercations upon Asta, The fire is.made in the midft of barks of trees. and they lay rounl it matts of bulrufh, their hut, fit in the day-time,and reft at night. on which they drefs conlifts in a frock made of a The mens blue ftuff, and that ofthe fkin, or a piece ofred pr which falls, from the neck to women is a covering, and ferves them as a robe; their the mid-leg, from the knee to the ancle; and a ftockings go lined with hair or wool, fort of pumps ofelk-fkin of fhoes. This kind of fhoe is ferve them inftcad them, to join their feet tQ abfolutely necelfaryfor meansof which they pafs eafily over therackets,by the fnow, and thefe rackets made lozenge-wife, half two feet long, and a foot and a arc more than broad. invention of thefe rackets is of great ufe to The to 1 walk over deep inow, with them, not only, is covered a great part of the year, which the earth wild beaits, efpecially the but likewife hunting which is larger than the largeft orignal, an ceAT walks with difoxen in Europe, and confequently fo that it is no hard matficulty on the fnow : catch and often with a ter for the favages to the end it, ofa ftick they kill çommon knife fixed and to after tanning its fkin, in it, live on its flefh, they trade with the Englith which they are fkilful, them in exchange cloaths, and French, who give and knives. coverlets, cloaks, guns, axes, idea of thefe favages, we In order to form fome tall, active men, of muft reprefent to: ourfelves beards, with black hair, an olive hue, without whiter than ivory. They.have no and with teeth fort of beads, compofed of a ornaments but a which they form inta kind of thells or ftones, and others black, imall globules, fome white, as to reprefent which they ftringin fuch a manner, With thele figures no lefs regular than beautiful, the thefe favages, we In order to form fome tall, active men, of muft reprefent to: ourfelves beards, with black hair, an olive hue, without whiter than ivory. They.have no and with teeth fort of beads, compofed of a ornaments but a which they form inta kind of thells or ftones, and others black, imall globules, fome white, as to reprefent which they ftringin fuch a manner, With thele figures no lefs regular than beautiful, the --- Page 289 --- and AMERICA: AFRICA, above their eafs, and befavages tie thexc hair necklaces, garthe They alfo make car-rings, them, hind. and large girdles of the men is hunting or war, ters, of in the villages, and The employment of the woment to remain fpoons, and and that ofbark, facks, boxes, with roots, and make panniers few thefe barks of-t them. plates: feveral They well-wrought moveables piece of bark, but make canoes are alfo one entire contain above fix OF: Their of them canriot. the largeft thicker ievén perfons. thefe canoes, which are hardly arms oft the fea, It is in that they pais lakes of than a crown-piece, rivers, and.on - fail on the moft hundred dangerous leagues circumference which the far four or fve can equal the tendernefs fince as foon Nothing women have for their them children, on a board, covage are. born chey lay and a little bear fkin, as vered they with a kind of ftuff, and this is their cradle, which they wrap them on ; their backs, in a manin mothers carry them children, and eafy to The for their ner commodious but they are acr ghemfelves. boys fcarce begin to walk, fo dextrous that The to the bow, and become they feldom fail cuftomed of ten or twelve years, at. at the age the bird they fhoor than their of killing can be more dilagrecmble their kettle with Nothing of cating 3 for after Glling three quarters of an manner they boil it at moft the fire, they ferve it cup meat, when taking it off it thofe thac hour vellels : of bark, and divide we among do breagl. in who eatitas fince are in the cottage, fond of tobacco, They are excellively fmoak almoft continually, corn in men, women, and of girls, June they fow with Indian the finger, In the beginning manner. They make oF ghe following T E --- Page 290 --- Obferoations upon AStA, or a fmall ftick, feveral holes in the ground, and throw into each cight or nine feeds, which they cover with the earth they take out, and their har-) veft is toward the end of Auguft. The Miflimakinaks are diftant from Quebec about four hundred leagues, and attribute to their nation an originalas foolifh as ridiculous; for they pretend to defcend from three families, and that each family is compofed of five hundred perfons. Some are faid to be of the family of Michabon, that is to fay, the great hare; and they pretend that this great hare was a man of prodigious fize; that he laid nets in the fea at cighteen fathoms deep ; and that the fea fcarce reached his armpits : that one day during the deluge he fent the beaver difcover the carth ; but that this animal not returning, to he fent out the otter, who brought back a little earth covered with froth 3 that he went to the lake where this earth was found, which formed a little iflands that he walked in the water round about, and that this ifland became extremely great : wherefore they attribute to him the creation of the earth, and fay, that after he had finifh'd this work, he afcended to heaven; but that befgre he left the earth, he ordered that when his defcendants came to die, they Thould burn their bodies, and fcatter theirafhes in the air, that they might more eafily be conveyed into heachatif they negle@ted this, fnow would cerven; cover the face of the earth; that their lakes tainly rivers would remain frozen, aad not being and able to catch any fifh, which is their cuftomary food, they fhould all dic in the fpring. The fecond family of the Outaouaks pretend from Mancipik, that is from the they fprung and lay, that this carpe having fpawn'd gn çarpe, the theirafhes in the air, that they might more eafily be conveyed into heachatif they negle@ted this, fnow would cerven; cover the face of the earth; that their lakes tainly rivers would remain frozen, aad not being and able to catch any fifh, which is their cuftomary food, they fhould all dic in the fpring. The fecond family of the Outaouaks pretend from Mancipik, that is from the they fprung and lay, that this carpe having fpawn'd gn çarpe, the --- Page 291 --- and AMERICA. AYRICA, the fun darting his rays the bank of a river, and from whom they it, therearofe a woman, reafon they call themfelves upon for which are deleended, the family of the carpe. its to the paw of third family attributes call origin themfclves of The machova; or bear, and how they of a bears family, without explaining kill any of theie the from it. When they of his own flefh, proceed make him a feaft to animals, they and make harangues becaufe a fpeak to him familiarly, with us, fay they, him. Be not angry thou haft fenie, thou know'ft love we have killed thec : with hunger : they our children are pinch'd thee for their food ; andisitnot thee, they delign be thus eaten by the children glorious for thee a to hare of a captain. but the family of the great sinter There is. none for the two other familiesi whoburn the dead : captain is deceas'd, they fome. te them. When wherein laying his body his pare a large coffin, cloaths, they inclole. with lead him and thed in his beft his provilion of victuals, coverlet, his gun, arrows, kettlc, difh, powder, his bow, vermilion-box looking-glaf, all the ufual prefents pike, tinder-box, necklace, and that with' his porcelain becaufe they imagine, make his made at a funeral, he will more fucesially will be better this equipage into the other world, of and the nation, who journey received by the great captains them into a region of pleawill carry him with the relafure. in the coffin, While all is packing ceremony, by lamentofthe dead aflift at Re by finging with tions intheir manner : that is to fay, with fticks in coning voice, and beating little bells. a plaintive which they fix feveral Atill cert, to ingerfition of thefe nations' appears more The more fucesially will be better this equipage into the other world, of and the nation, who journey received by the great captains them into a region of pleawill carry him with the relafure. in the coffin, While all is packing ceremony, by lamentofthe dead aflift at Re by finging with tions intheir manner : that is to fay, with fticks in coning voice, and beating little bells. a plaintive which they fix feveral Atill cert, to ingerfition of thefe nations' appears more The --- Page 292 --- Obforvations upon AstA, more extravagant from the worlhip which pay to him, whom they call their manitou. they As they have but little acquaintance, with the beafts they find in the forefts, they except them, or rather in their imagine in of genius, which fkins, or plumage, a kind malter of life and death. governs all things, and is the manitous There are, as they fay, common' to all nations ; and there are particular ones for each perfon. Ouffakita is, they fay, the great manitou of all the beafts tread on the earth, or fly in the air, in confe- that quence ofwhich, when they go a hunting, they offer tobacco to. him, powder and lead, and fkins, which they tye to a pole, and raife prepared it in the air. Ouffakita, fay they, we offer thee for fmoaking, arms for killing beafts, vouchfafe provifion to accept thefe prefents, and fuffer none to our arrows ; grant that we may kill a great efcape number of the fatteft, that our children may want neither cloaths nor food. They call Michibichi the manitou of water and fith ; ànd they make a facrifice fto him almoft the fame manner when in také a This they go a fifhing, or,undervoyage. facrifice confifts in tobacco into the water, victuals, and kettles, throwing ging of him that the water of the river may beg- flow more gently, and that the rocks may not fhatter their canoes ; but that they may make copious draughts of the largeftand beft fifh. Befides thefe common manitous, each has his own, which is either a bear, a beaver, a or fome. fuch beaft, or fowl, whofe fkin buftard, they carry in. war, in hunting, and in their journies, perfuading themfelvés it will preferve them from all dangers, and make them fucceed in all enterprifes. When a favage wants a manitou, the firft animal which occurs to his imagination in fleep, is com largeftand beft fifh. Befides thefe common manitous, each has his own, which is either a bear, a beaver, a or fome. fuch beaft, or fowl, whofe fkin buftard, they carry in. war, in hunting, and in their journies, perfuading themfelvés it will preferve them from all dangers, and make them fucceed in all enterprifes. When a favage wants a manitou, the firft animal which occurs to his imagination in fleep, is com --- Page 293 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. commonly the objeét of his kills a beaft of this kind, choice, fo that he mage, ifit is a bird, in the puts moft its' fkin, or pluof his cortage, and honourable place ir, during which he prepares makes his a feaft in honour of the moft refpectful terms, and then harangue to it in ledged for his manitou. it is acknowThe Ilincle are near tant from Quebec, and cight thele hundred leagues dif cover'd about the middle, have favages the who are only body naked, Several groups ofall reft of their which they engrave on their bodies. in forts offigures, manner, ferve them. inftead of an indelible adorn their heads with feathers of garments, and they which they make garlands and feveral colours of adjuft very well, and take fpecial crowns, which they countenance with, different care to paint their ly that of vermilion. colours, and particularear-rings made of little. They wear necklaces and thef form of jewels, ofwhich ftones, which they cut in and others fome are blue, fotered, nament ofporcelain, whiteasalabatter and then to which they add an orWhen the the collar is hunting, they Illinefe pafs their are not employed in finifh'd, war or and time in kinds, dancing ; of the laft of which gaming, fealting which fince : the one is the fign of they have two ladies they inviter married rejoicing, to of the firf women, and young is intended: to fhew diftinétion, their whereas the other kind the moft confiderable of forrow their for the death of thefe danccs that they nation. It is by and dry up the tears of. Pretend his to honour the dead, natives have a right to, bewail relationss the and all the neighbours and friendsin-t this death of their laft longer or fhorter, in manner, The dances and value of the prefents: proportion to: the price bute them among the dancers. after which they. diftriBor to inter the dead, butto fold Their cuflom is them up in fkins, and their for the death of thefe danccs that they nation. It is by and dry up the tears of. Pretend his to honour the dead, natives have a right to, bewail relationss the and all the neighbours and friendsin-t this death of their laft longer or fhorter, in manner, The dances and value of the prefents: proportion to: the price bute them among the dancers. after which they. diftriBor to inter the dead, butto fold Their cuflom is them up in fkins, and --- Page 294 --- Oljervations upon AsIA, and tye them by the head dnd heels to the of trees. boughs Atthe times when there are neither feftivals, nor dances, the men continue games, mats, and pafs their time either in quiet on their ing bows, arrows, and other lleeping, of maknature, while in the mean time things the a fimilar from morning to night like flaves women work bufinefs to till the ; fince iti is their ground, fow the Indian corn in fummer, and as foon as winter comes to make mats, tan fkins, and employ themfelves in other fuch like works. many Of all the people of Canada, there is none that : lives in fuch plénty of all things às the fince their rivers are cover'd with fwans, Illinefe, ducks, teal, &cc. One can fcarce travel buftards, a without mecting a prodigious number of league Indian turky-cocks, which appear in flocks, fometimes to the number of two hundred, and fome of which weigh thirty-fix : Inthis pounds. country are great numbers ofbears and together with an incredible quantity of oxen and ftags, roebucks. Wemay feein meadows, in whichthe loft, four or five thoufand black cattle fightis ther, each of which has a protuberance feedingtoge- on his and a very large head. Their hair, that back, their head, is curled, and foft like wool, except and their on flefh is naturally faltifh, and fo light, that it be eaten raw, without caufing any may When they have killed an ox, that appears indigeftion. to too lean, they are content with them tongue, and look out for a fatter. taking out the Their arrows are the chief weapons make ufe of in hunting and war, which are pointed they with a fharp ftone cut into. the form of-a a ferpent's tongue, and which, for want of knives, they ufe to cut up the animal they kill. They are fo dexterous light, that it be eaten raw, without caufing any may When they have killed an ox, that appears indigeftion. to too lean, they are content with them tongue, and look out for a fatter. taking out the Their arrows are the chief weapons make ufe of in hunting and war, which are pointed they with a fharp ftone cut into. the form of-a a ferpent's tongue, and which, for want of knives, they ufe to cut up the animal they kill. They are fo dexterous --- Page 295 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. terous in fhooting with the ever mifs the mark, and do bow, that they fcarce they can fooner fhoot this fo a hundred quickly, that European load his gun. arrows than an They take little the variety of wild pains in making nets, becaufe their fubfiftence, makes beafts, them which they find for Yet when they take a indiferentabour fifh. in a canoe with their bows fancy for fifh, they fet out right, the better to fee the and arrows, ftand they fee them, pierce them fifh; and as foon up- as The only means of with an arrow. Illinefe, as among all procuring other eftéem among the reputation of a fkilful favages, is to gain the warrior. They are fo fond huntfman, of and a good in they the undertake journies of four this charaéter, that midft.of hundred bring back the hair forefts, of to maké a flave, leagues led, and defpife the a man whom they have or kil- to they fometimes fuffer, great fatigues - and proach an enemy's efpecially when hardfhips they only wounded, fhould country, left the beafts aptheir bodies, and efcape with the being for their put the enemies on arrows in all other manner of making war, as wella their guard 3 fore they lavages, fend is to furprize an as that of or to examine Ipies to obferve their number, enemy ; whereaccording to whether their they are on their guard, march, and informations, ambufcade, or ruth into their they either lie in the poles in their hands, and never cottages fail with their enemy before they are to kill fome of in form Their pole is made of a prepar'd for defence. of a cutlafs, ftag's horn, or hold this ending in a wood, other pole in one and large knob. ; and as foon as hand, a knife in They the blow on the head of they have an enemy, they difcharg'd the fcalp him, and' and informations, ambufcade, or ruth into their they either lie in the poles in their hands, and never cottages fail with their enemy before they are to kill fome of in form Their pole is made of a prepar'd for defence. of a cutlafs, ftag's horn, or hold this ending in a wood, other pole in one and large knob. ; and as foon as hand, a knife in They the blow on the head of they have an enemy, they difcharg'd the fcalp him, and' --- Page 296 --- Olfervations upon AStA, and take off the fkin and hair- with a furpriling quicknefs. When,a favage returns into his country with a number of thele hairy fkins, he is received with of extraordinary honours 3 but the highelt point them glory is to take many prifoners, and bring as he home alive; upon which cccafion, and, as foon frand in arrives, A all the village affemble, This reranks, where the prifoners are to pafs. nailss ception is very cruel, fince fome puil and offtheir fome beat others cut off their fingers or ears, them unmercifully with fticks. the elders affemble to After this firft reception, Thall grant their prifodeliberate, whether they death. When fome dead ners life, or put them to that is to fay, if any perfon is to be rais'd to life,. been ànd they one of their warriors has him kill'd, in his cottage, think they fhould replace one of the prifoners they put into this cottage of the dead- perfon; and this who holds the place the dead. is what they call raifing to death, they When a prifoner is condemn'd to which immediately fixa grcat ftakein theground, make him fing his they tye his hands, and then. fitting round this death fong ; and all the favages fire, wheregibbet, light a few paces off a great heat axes, and other iron inftrumentss in they then they come fucceffively, and apply red hot : heated to different parts of his body, them thus burn their captives with live coals 5 but others and cut their bodies with knives 3 fome mangle of their burnt flefh, and eat others cut ofa part make wounds and fill then itin their fight; fome and then fet fire to it : in a with gun-powder, torments the poor wretch accordword, cach one and that for five or fix hours,and ing to his fancy, three days. The more fometimes for two or piercing ively, and apply red hot : heated to different parts of his body, them thus burn their captives with live coals 5 but others and cut their bodies with knives 3 fome mangle of their burnt flefh, and eat others cut ofa part make wounds and fill then itin their fight; fome and then fet fire to it : in a with gun-powder, torments the poor wretch accordword, cach one and that for five or fix hours,and ing to his fancy, three days. The more fometimes for two or piercing --- Page 297 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA, piercing the and violent the cries of more agreeable and the captives are, to thefe inhuman favages. diverting the ipedtacie is this kind of death ; anditis The Iroquelcinvoned liation, that the Illinefe in their only by way of retaprifoners with equal cruelty. turn treat theie CHAP XXIX, Of nitre, marbiles of fal-armeninc ; of tbe Rones and Egpi 5 cagle-foneis 5 and wensiecoets ef the gf tbe: wwood, petrification of twolakes, natron, or Egyptian nitre, is one THs. lake, is in length four of which, call'd the produe'd one in breadth, and lies or five leagues, and great or Nitria. It is a in the defart of about Scitia weft of the Nile, and good two day's journey to the Alexandria wards Cairo, and as far from from Memplis, toThe and the fea. Natcrate, towards Nebidee, other is three lake, call'd in the Arabian about one and a half leagues and a half in length, tongue of the mountain fbroad. Irextends to and fifteen miles from on the weft, and about the foot called the ancient twelve or Beheira, Damanchour, the capital of Hermopolis, now Alexandria. near Marcole, and a day's the province of Thefe lakes journey from and autumn, but are in dry during the (pring, which fometimes rifes winter yield a nitrous fummer, four or five fect high, liquor and is about one and a half leagues and a half in length, tongue of the mountain fbroad. Irextends to and fifteen miles from on the weft, and about the foot called the ancient twelve or Beheira, Damanchour, the capital of Hermopolis, now Alexandria. near Marcole, and a day's the province of Thefe lakes journey from and autumn, but are in dry during the (pring, which fometimes rifes winter yield a nitrous fummer, four or five fect high, liquor and is --- Page 298 --- Obfervations zpon AstA, is of a dark red, or blood of thefe lakes is always firm colour, and and the bottom even when they are filled with fmooth as marble, This nitre is fometimes of a water. dirty black, and fometimes of a bright carnation red, tho' the is moft efteemed. The workmen firft getting the nitre ftand naked in the lake employed in -bars about fix feet long, and-as thick with iron ger, and ftriking with thefe bars as one's finend, as they doin quarries, they break pointed off at, the as, large as cakes of foap. pieces In thefe lakes the nitre is covered with a foot or two of water, and is four or five feet deep in the earth, but what is taken out one year, is renewed the next, or. fome years after, by a new nitrous falt, fupplied by the juice of the earth. To preferve this fecundity, the Arabians take care to fill the émpty fpaces with fubftances of all kinds, up as fand, mud, bones, carcaffes of animals, horfes, affes, and fuch like. All which fubftances are converted into true nitre, fo that workmen a year or two after, find a new harveft returning in thole places they had before exhaufted. Pliny is miftaken when he fays; that the Nile acts in the nitre beds, as the fea in thofe of fince thefe two lakes are, by their high fituation, falt, inacceflible to the inundations of the Nile. Itis however certain that rain, dew, and mifts, are the true parents of nitre; that they haften its formation in the bofom of the earth $ that they multiply it, and make it red ; for there is white, yellow, and black nitre. When they have gathered the nitre, they immediately load camels, and other beafts of burden with it, without deterfion, depuration, lixiviation, or other preparation, fince. the nitre comes from the mines pure and perfect. That flible to the inundations of the Nile. Itis however certain that rain, dew, and mifts, are the true parents of nitre; that they haften its formation in the bofom of the earth $ that they multiply it, and make it red ; for there is white, yellow, and black nitre. When they have gathered the nitre, they immediately load camels, and other beafts of burden with it, without deterfion, depuration, lixiviation, or other preparation, fince. the nitre comes from the mines pure and perfect. That --- Page 299 --- on AERICA aedAsesical Terrane That of the great lakcis carried and expofed to to the the Nile,, where it is piled. that up ofNebideis tranfporte air, till they fell ic,and where it is laid up in magaed to Damanchour, falt, and linenx zines. Nitre ferves to whiten copper, glnis-makers, and goldand is emploped by dyers, up their bread wich it,, imiths: Bakers alfo puff and cooks make their mixing it with the palte, by meat tender with it. Terrane are obliged to carry The pealants of lake forty thoufand every year from whichis the great inftead of a rent for the quintals of nitre, fown. lands they have about Nebide are charg'd likewife quinThe peafants their lake thirty-two thoufand to bring from at their own expences to Damanchour. places of tals a year, they gather in certain fine colour, Befides nitre, white falt of a is imthe lakes ordinary, fal-gemmze, which that and they fnd likewife of a prramidal figure, in a ported in imall pieces at the bafe, and in ending the ipring, is to fay, but fquare this laft falt is only found is nothing but point The matter 5 of the Aal-ammonisac from their chimnies, foot, which they fcrape dung mix'd with ftraw. where they burn animals with alcaline urineus it Thefe clods impregnated certain quality, which falts, give the foot from a the fmoak of wood for ori would never acquire however, abfolutely neceffary coal, a quality, of fal-ammoniac. the matter nearly the The production veflels which contain round glais bombs, fince they are large with a neck refemble a foot and half in diameter, theinfide of thefe bottles, fngers long. They cover and fill them with two bottles with pinguious earth, breadth from the neck, foot to about four fingers U which n Vot. I. the foot from a the fmoak of wood for ori would never acquire however, abfolutely neceffary coal, a quality, of fal-ammoniac. the matter nearly the The production veflels which contain round glais bombs, fince they are large with a neck refemble a foot and half in diameter, theinfide of thefe bottles, fngers long. They cover and fill them with two bottles with pinguious earth, breadth from the neck, foot to about four fingers U which n Vot. I. --- Page 300 --- Olfervations tfon AsIA, which remains empty and open. Into thefeveffels about forty pounds of foot, which at the are put about fix of end of the operation yields pounds fal-ammoniac; and the foot of an excellent quality furnifhes above fix pounds, and others in proportion. Their furnaces, or ovens, are difpofed like ours, except that their arches are opened by longitudinal on each of which there are four bottles, apertures, fo arranged, that the bottom of each bottle being expofed to the heat of the flame, the fides are lodg'din the thicknefsofthe vault; and the neck of the bottle is only expos'd to the air ; as for the reft of the aperture itis well cover'd, and luted. Each of thefe furnaces contains fixteen bottles, and each grand laboratory is compofed of eight furnaces, dilpos'd into two chambers, and confequently employs at once fix fcore of bottles. In each furnace they keep up for three nights and days a continual fire made of animals dung mixed with ftraw. The furnace is deep, and the fire diftant from the bottles, toavoid breaking them. The firft day the grofs phlegm ofthe foot exhales, byathick fmoak, rifing from the neck of the bottle, which remains open: Thefecond day the volatile falts being exaled with thofe ofthe alcaline kind, adhere to the upper part of the bottle, whofe neck third they clofe ups by uniting and coagulating. The and day the coagulation is continued, purified, perfeéted ; after which the operator makes a little hole on the fide of each bottle, a finger's breadth beneath the neck, to fee if the matter be fufficiently prepar'd, and if there be nothing to evaporate. After having well obferv'd this, he ftops up. the hole with clay, and opens it from time to time to fee the progrefs of the operation, When part of the bottle, whofe neck third they clofe ups by uniting and coagulating. The and day the coagulation is continued, purified, perfeéted ; after which the operator makes a little hole on the fide of each bottle, a finger's breadth beneath the neck, to fee if the matter be fufficiently prepar'd, and if there be nothing to evaporate. After having well obferv'd this, he ftops up. the hole with clay, and opens it from time to time to fee the progrefs of the operation, When --- Page 301 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. When he fees it cometo the removes the fire, breaks the defired perfection, he the afhes at the bottom, but bottle,and throwsaway tranfparent mafs, of the thicknefs keeps the white, round, fingers, fix'd and of three or four which is called fal-ammonire. fulpended by the neck, and moniac is fixed a black cruft Under this fal-amgers thick, called aradi, under two or three finremain at the bottom of the which the afhes away the afhes, but the bottle ; they caft bottles. Of this cruft keep is black cruft in the the whiteft colour and formed beft a falammoniac, of call mecarrar 5 and this fale is quality, which they In the two towns of dearer than the other. other, called Delta, adjacent to each Maffoure, there Damanger, a league from the befides fome are twenty-five great city of every fmall ones, in which there laboratories, thoufand year, at leaft, fifteen hundred, are made quintals of or two Egypt there are but ial-ammonisc. three, In the reft of third in Cairo, which two in Delta, and the thirty quintals of this falt. produce yearly twenty or The ufe of fal-ammoniac is tinners of copper veffels wel! knowh to the plumbers, and ; to cians. particularly to chymifts goldfmiths, and phyfiEgypt abounds in marbles kinds; the granate, or of different with feveral colours Theban red marble, is mark'd black in others. All 5 prevails in feme, and marble are taken from the thefe kinds of granate Egypt, near the Nile, quarries of the higher and the city of Affouan, between the firft ca:arafts, The white andblack marble formerly Syene. of Affouan, upon the eaftern are found onthenorth There are quarries of borders of the Nile. marble, near the famous yellow, red, and black U 2 monaftery of St. Anshony, marble, is mark'd black in others. All 5 prevails in feme, and marble are taken from the thefe kinds of granate Egypt, near the Nile, quarries of the higher and the city of Affouan, between the firft ca:arafts, The white andblack marble formerly Syene. of Affouan, upon the eaftern are found onthenorth There are quarries of borders of the Nile. marble, near the famous yellow, red, and black U 2 monaftery of St. Anshony, --- Page 302 --- Obfervations apon ASIA, 262 in the defart of the Thebaide, at the wefthony, foot of mount Golzim, in the plain of Araba, tern from the red fea. feven or cight leagues difThere were - formerly quarries of thefe ferent marbles, and of porphyry, in certain of Egypt, and out of it 5 but thefe are not places be found. T The avarice and indolence of now Turks to have long ago made the ways to thefe the forgotten, fince they ufe the ruins of quarries quite themfelves with marble. ancient buildings to all fupply the mountains which furMount Sinai, and but granate, as well as the round it, are nothing to the vallies and mountains, two days journey Catharine, is of north of Sinai. The mount with of St. black veins, rethe fineft fort, and mixed fembling fhrubs. betwixt the Nile and the, Towards AfTouan, cut out of the quarries a white red fea, they called beram, of which they comround ftone make in all the Said, and at Cairo, kettles, monly kitchen utenfils. This ftone bears the and other and when it happens to be broken, they fire, iron rivets, eH neatly join the broken pieces by of the fame cement the joinings with powder Itone. find in the - province of Fioum, forThey Afinoite, a kind of little oblong ftone, merly. colour, intermix'd with little yelof a brownifh almoft which low. fpecks, that are of the fame, imperceptible, colour, in a plain is formed of a fand long, and as many about two hundred call paces this the nut-ftonc, on acbroad. The natives count of its figure. the eaft of Cairo, there is-a Two leagues to fabil-el-allam, covered with plain of fand called which contain a kind of rough pebbles, fome of break the ftonc, from which diamonds. They they a brownifh almoft which low. fpecks, that are of the fame, imperceptible, colour, in a plain is formed of a fand long, and as many about two hundred call paces this the nut-ftonc, on acbroad. The natives count of its figure. the eaft of Cairo, there is-a Two leagues to fabil-el-allam, covered with plain of fand called which contain a kind of rough pebbles, fome of break the ftonc, from which diamonds. They they --- Page 303 --- APRICA, and AMERICA: they take this little and polifh'd, théy make brilliant, of which, when cut The chicken oven is rings and bracelets. carth, and likea a a ftructure buried in the the middle, has dormitory four or 5 the alley which is in fide. five chambers on each The entrance of the is row, and is ftopped with alley very-low, and nartiaual heat through the whole tow, to preferve a coriThe breadth of thefe furnace. five feet, and their chambers is about four or Thefe chambers have length two three times as much. even with the ground ftories 5 that below is wherein there is an ; and that above has a Foof is arched, and opening alfo in the middle, and floor, the Inftead ofa door, open, a foot and a half in each itory has a fmall window Thelower cireumference. fand eggs, and ftory perhaps is filled with four OF five thouundertaker, are in more; ; forthe profits ofthe fides, fuch a multitude proportion of to the number ; beferve the heat, which eggs contributes to all chus heaped communicates itfelf to prea The higher upon each other. them for cight days, ftory but is for the fire, which is ing; for in this cafe is not kept lighted and hurtful. the heat would continnally be burn morning, and They as ligheiconly for an hour exceflive in the they call the dinner long and in the evening; which This fire is made of cows fupper of the chickens, animals dried and mix'd dung, or that of other: clude wood and coal, with ftraw, but they exftrong a fire. which would make 9 The fmoak is' too the) higher difcharged thro' the while it remains ftory 5 but it is to be obferved, aperture of of the lower ftory open, with they ftop the little window that U tow, and the round hole of exceflive in the they call the dinner long and in the evening; which This fire is made of cows fupper of the chickens, animals dried and mix'd dung, or that of other: clude wood and coal, with ftraw, but they exftrong a fire. which would make 9 The fmoak is' too the) higher difcharged thro' the while it remains ftory 5 but it is to be obferved, aperture of of the lower ftory open, with they ftop the little window that U tow, and the round hole of --- Page 304 --- .294 Obfereations uipon ASTA, of the arch, that the heat may communicate it* felf by the opening of the floor to the lower ftory where the eggs are depofited. fince After the eighth day the fcene is changed, they extinguifh the fire ; and the ftory where it was being empty, is filled with a part of the eggs which are taken from below, to them more and diftribute them equally the two ftories room, the doors or little windows of thefe two ftories ; which had been open are clofed, and they half open the hole of the arch, to let in air. affifted This condition of the eggs without fire is only by a heat which is moderate, and concentrated for thirteen days, which added to the former cight, make twenty, one. It is about the cighteenth day, that a vivifying fpirit begins to actuate the white ofthe egg, and the. chick is already formed, fo evidently, that through the fhell we fee it move, and nourifh itfelf with the yolk, which it fucks in by the navel. the chicken Two days after,viz. on the twentieth, applies its beak to the fhell, and breaks it, upon which the manager, with his nail, enlarges a little the breach, to affitt the weak efforts ofthe chicken. On the twenty-firit at noon, or the twenty-fecond in the morning, all the fhells-are broken, and an army of little birds are feen to difengage themfelves from their prifons, whichisa charming fpectacle. Eight chambers, but yefterday, apcovered with inanimate thells, and to-day peared are filled with almoft fo many living birds; Ifay almoft, for the number of eggs.always exceeds that of chickens. will but anfwer for two-thirds of The manager for exthe eggs, fo that the undertaker putting, hands of the ample, fix thoufand eggs into the than four manager, requires from him no. more thoufand engage themfelves from their prifons, whichisa charming fpectacle. Eight chambers, but yefterday, apcovered with inanimate thells, and to-day peared are filled with almoft fo many living birds; Ifay almoft, for the number of eggs.always exceeds that of chickens. will but anfwer for two-thirds of The manager for exthe eggs, fo that the undertaker putting, hands of the ample, fix thoufand eggs into the than four manager, requires from him no. more thoufand --- Page 305 --- and AMERICA. AFRICA, the end of the operation. thoufand chickens at and almoft one third The reft are left to chance, oi : them generally perifhes: that the eggs fuccced But as it often happens, all the profit does not go thare to beyond expeftation, fince the undertaker has a large him for the manager, is obliged to reftore of it. The manager hundred chickens hatched that beyond. the fx medins every and we are to remark, the two thirds : fell the hundred chickens at leaft undertaker will for thirty medins. furprifing is, that in the great there What feems who inhabit Egypt, where but number of men, hundred ovens, there are none are three or four of the village Berme, fituated make the inhabitants whohave the hereditary induftry to in Delta, fince the other Egyptians are entirely thefe ovens, of them. for fix months, ignorant only work in thefe ovens the They and winter, becaufe fpring laduring autumn hot, and contrary to this and fammer are t0O we bour. therefore the autumn approaches, their When four hundred Bermeans quit may fee three or. in order to take on them habitations, and fet out, furnaces that arc built in fevethe direétion of the ral villages of the kingdom. in this labour, employed the They are necellanly who have becaufe they are the only whether perfons they have the knowledge of the art ; or whether no other cunning to keep the fecret, himfelf the trouble to learn Egyptian. cares to give be derermined. and exercile it, can hardly thefe chicken ovens are mainThe directors of have forty or Gfty tained by the undertaker, obliged to pick the eggs crowns falary, and are that none. may be ufed fuch but broughs to them, U 4 the They are necellanly who have becaufe they are the only whether perfons they have the knowledge of the art ; or whether no other cunning to keep the fecret, himfelf the trouble to learn Egyptian. cares to give be derermined. and exercile it, can hardly thefe chicken ovens are mainThe directors of have forty or Gfty tained by the undertaker, obliged to pick the eggs crowns falary, and are that none. may be ufed fuch but broughs to them, U 4 --- Page 306 --- Obferraticns ufon ASIA, fuch as they think proper for the purpofe. fhift They the further engageto watch night and day, to heat eggs continually, and keep up the degree of a proper for this operation, Gnce ever fo fmall degree either of heat or cold, more thian is fufficient, would fpoil the whole. of Notwithftanding all the care and diligence fo the manager, it cânnot happen, but that in in great a quantity of eggs heaped on which each do other not anthe furnace, there muft be feveral indemfwer; but a fkilful operator knows how in this to cafe he nify himfelf from this difafter : for préferves the yolks of fuch eggs as are otherwife chicufelefs, and with them feeds feveral hundred kens, which he brings up, andfattens in a feparate fat place made for that purpole. When they are divides and ftrong, he fells them, and faithfully the profit with the undertaker. e Each furnace has twenty or twenty-five villages The inhabitants of thele which ufe it in particular. order of the bafhaw, and villages are obliged, tribunal by of juflice, to carry all their the fuperior the furnace that is affigned to them; and eggs to forbidden to carry thém elfewhere, or to they àre, unlefs to the lord of the, fell them to any one, of the villages which are place, or the inhabitants which method it' is ealy ofthe fame diftriét, that by the furnaces cannot want emto compreliend, ployment. The lords have yearly by thefe chicken ovens, thouof which they are malters, fifteen or twenty : They which coft them nothing. fand chickens, them to the inhabitants of their lord. diftribute condition that the half of the profit, thips, on the vaffal who has received four thatis to chickens fay, from his lord, muft reftore him hundred hundred, or'an equivalent in money. two Thefc it' is ealy ofthe fame diftriét, that by the furnaces cannot want emto compreliend, ployment. The lords have yearly by thefe chicken ovens, thouof which they are malters, fifteen or twenty : They which coft them nothing. fand chickens, them to the inhabitants of their lord. diftribute condition that the half of the profit, thips, on the vaffal who has received four thatis to chickens fay, from his lord, muft reftore him hundred hundred, or'an equivalent in money. two Thefc --- Page 307 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA) 4 Thefe direétors of the ovens art would fuccced in France, being afked if thei: did not doubt it,; and that it affirmed, would that they: them to direét thefe oyens in fuch be caly for the difference of the. climate a manner, that ftacle to the fhould prove no obNear Terrane, operation. banks of the Nile, a - village fituated upon the fart, which the Arabians we find the great fea of the deut caufeitis a fea without call * Bharbelama, bewater. 1 As we advance into this water, the bottom is plain, or. lake withouttain places deeply hollowed, and in cerafter which the feems, as it were, loft in an idfelfin large ground or bottom rifes, and extends- abyfs, vities and canals, fo which terminate in other caa dried. lake, abyffes than ; that nothing more refembles the ridge of the plain, thofe and hollow places : for on" vaft ditches, we fcé here and at the brink of thefe. the ground, with pieces of wood there mafts laid on come from the wrecks of which feem tof touch them, what appeared fhips ; but if, we tire mafts or broken wood, whether infione; a. change which planks, is found to be the nitre, with which the can. foil only be attributed to: abové one hundred and abounds. There ares mafts'; and we. find fifty of thefe petrified The change of wood many as we advance farther. greateft prodigy found into in ftone is not. the belama, fince the fand there the plain of Bhar-: into the eagle-flone, is alfo' conyerted number of which is found in a below. the places, two or three fingers great fome ground ; and.in. ligtle quarries or breadth, minesdiftant paces from long each and broad, about half a mile its bofom a kind of other. metalic The earth fends out from ments with the burning fand, fubftance, which ferand in fermenting Others call it Baharbalama. affumes * ince the fand there the plain of Bhar-: into the eagle-flone, is alfo' conyerted number of which is found in a below. the places, two or three fingers great fome ground ; and.in. ligtle quarries or breadth, minesdiftant paces from long each and broad, about half a mile its bofom a kind of other. metalic The earth fends out from ments with the burning fand, fubftance, which ferand in fermenting Others call it Baharbalama. affumes * --- Page 308 --- Objervations upon ASIA, affumes a fortuitous round figure, and takes the neighbouring fand, which is after up it' is gradually baked, largers this, black by the heat of the hardened, fun. In this and becomes formed that hollow, manner is which is called the founding, thaggy ftone, eagle-ftone. Itis to be oblerved, that all the eagle-ftones are not naturally black, fince aerites, or are of a violet, yellow, or cineritious colour. fome. aerite in the mine has three qualities, which it The when out of it. It is tender and brittle as lofes mute, and without found ; and is of a an egg, ly and deep colour, but after having been fprightto: the air, it is hardened by degrees like expofed coral. The clay in its cavity being dried gradually takes up lefs ipace, and confequently founds, when it is fhaken; its yellowifh orviolet colour, and darker than it was before. grows brown, The goodnefs of the mine is known by the following obfervation. If the earth you rake is and variegated with different colours, then hot, the eagle-ftones are excellent, and found in great ty. On the contrary, if the clay be plenand ofan uniform colour, will dry, cold, or none confiderable. you meet with few The ancient naturalifts have related abundanceof fables about the eagle-ftone, fome having imagined a kind of propagation in it. The ftone is called by the Arabians maikee ; that eagle- is te lay, containing; probably becaufe it contains its cavity a kind of gravel, which in and loofe on all fides, renders the ftone being dried, when it is thaken; but it is not effential founding to ftone to have cavities. this In the fame plain of Bharbelama, we find a great heap'of fand, which is called the hill ofeagle-ftones, becaufe it is all covered with them, not in. little: pebbles ftone is called by the Arabians maikee ; that eagle- is te lay, containing; probably becaufe it contains its cavity a kind of gravel, which in and loofe on all fides, renders the ftone being dried, when it is thaken; but it is not effential founding to ftone to have cavities. this In the fame plain of Bharbelama, we find a great heap'of fand, which is called the hill ofeagle-ftones, becaufe it is all covered with them, not in. little: pebbles --- Page 309 --- AMERICA. AFRICA, and fame fubftance as but with rocks of the excepted, that the pebbles, this only the fmall cagle.ftones, hollow. pieces are not CHAP XXX. kinds of Bhing in Egypt; 4 diforent the jea-borfes Ofthe of tbe Nile ; of tbe birds crocodiles. and Ro: but the merchants the ofDamiete coafts of Syria the Noam fette tranfport to and only the inhabitants and falt-fith of Egypt ofthe lake 5 of Manzale, Brulos, from the of the banks furnith the falt-ith, exported of the banks of Beheire, fince the inhabitants which they difpole kingdom, other lakes fell only frelh fifh, half of on the fpot. Manzale begins on the eaft, The lake of formerly called Thamifrom Damiette, Thine, formerly a league and ends at the caftle leagues from ealt athis, Pelufium. It is twenty-two fix broad from north to to weft, and five bottom or which is muddy, and fouth, and has a is but four feet deep, or therefull of herbs. place, It and is only feparated moft is from but a abouts, jn any a bed of fand, which doès at not hinder the the fea, broad, by which however with the fea, league lake from having a commenication north by three mouths, viz. which it has to which the is the moft eaftern, called by that of Thine, Pelufian mouth of the Nile; Tanitic : formerly the formerly called the MendenEumme Furrege, formerly and by Dibe, or Pelquient, Benelia. , It and is only feparated moft is from but a abouts, jn any a bed of fand, which doès at not hinder the the fea, broad, by which however with the fea, league lake from having a commenication north by three mouths, viz. which it has to which the is the moft eaftern, called by that of Thine, Pelufian mouth of the Nile; Tanitic : formerly the formerly called the MendenEumme Furrege, formerly and by Dibe, or Pelquient, Benelia. --- Page 310 --- Obfervations Kpo-ASTA, Belides this communication with the Nile falls into the lake by feveral channels feas the fouth, for which reafon to. the months of the year, that during is two or three fimmer, which is the time of to the fay, during the the Nile, the waters of the lake overflowing of fweet, whereas in the other nine months Manzale are year they are falt, and refemble the water of of the jca. This is not the of thé Nile are either furpriling : - for then the. channels that very little runs thro" dry, or fo empty of water, The lake ofE them into the lake. Brulos, which is fifteen or. eighteen leagues long, and four or five broad, is fituated between Damiette and Rofette. The lake of Beheire, which is at moft but feven leagues in circumference, is fituated between Rofette and Alexandria. 5 Every one has not the liberty of this right is confined to two. thoufand, fifhing, fince whom pays about forty each of lake, who accounts for thillings it to the aga of the ro. This is to the bafhaw of Cai-. fifh, frefh nota all, fince every third part of the or falt, belongs to the royal and they: pay for the reft certain duties, fo treafury, that the whole amounts to eighty purfes a and lake of Manzale alone brings in year, the crowns a year to the Grand Signior, forty thoufand Itis furprifing to fee the quantity of are continually employed in boats, that zale, fince there are no lefs than fithing on the Manthem, which are only four fathoms a thoufand of broad, flat bottom'd, and long, and one ftern. pointed at the ftem and Their manper of fithing is fingular, and diverting, fince the fifhermen make an inclofure compos'd of rufhes, which they plant in the lake, catch and intangle the filh, and then furround %2 with. the quantity of are continually employed in boats, that zale, fince there are no lefs than fithing on the Manthem, which are only four fathoms a thoufand of broad, flat bottom'd, and long, and one ftern. pointed at the ftem and Their manper of fithing is fingular, and diverting, fince the fifhermen make an inclofure compos'd of rufhes, which they plant in the lake, catch and intangle the filh, and then furround %2 with. --- Page 311 --- AFRICA, and with their nets, and cach fifher AMERICA, or more of thele inclofures. is proprictor ofd one, round Sometimes net; in they which are contented to fith with throw into the cafe, before they, ufe it a them, a rope of water, ten or twelve they one end a large ftone two fachoms length, paces that bas_at from tom, and at the other proper to fink it to the botfloats on the furface a Piece of wood, which net, while the fifh, which ; they-then covér it with the a prey, are taken in it. flock to the ftone as to full Tis to be obferv'd, that : of little iflands covered the lake Manzale is cops. To thefe iflands the with reeds, rufhes, and fith, when they want to cut Afhermen carry their them, but for fuch - as they up, falt, and barrel they carry them; to delign to fell frel, or cities about the Damiette, lake. or to the towns charming, of on account of the Thefe iflands are which different colours, and multitude of birds only fly. from one ifland, furprifing beauty, and pelican, the to another. the rice-hen, the The headed Nile-goofe, the common water-hen, the coot, black and duck, the teal, the duck, black the green white ibis, the ibis, the rant, the white cormorant grey and white cormochevalier, the dipper, and the with a red bill, the other birds, are there found crane, with feveral The fifhermen in great numbers. have the reft of the only wear a pair of drawers, and The fith taken in body thefe entirely naked. the duced to feven or cight threc lakes may be redeaf fifh, the jamal, forts, to wit, the karous, the mullet, the geran, the quciage, The and the dolphin. nogt, the is of the queiage, fize of which is the beft fifh in the mouth. The a fhad, and lake, deaf fifh and the jamal green under the are much larger ft of the only wear a pair of drawers, and The fith taken in body thefe entirely naked. the duced to feven or cight threc lakes may be redeaf fifh, the jamal, forts, to wit, the karous, the mullet, the geran, the quciage, The and the dolphin. nogt, the is of the queiage, fize of which is the beft fifh in the mouth. The a fhad, and lake, deaf fifh and the jamal green under the are much larger --- Page 312 --- Obfervations upon AsIA, larger than the queiage, and are excellent fifh. The geran, the karous, and the noqt, which has this particular, that it is fpeckled, may pafs for good fith, having an exquifitely fine tafte, which the waters of the lake Manzale give to all the fith that are in it. The dolphins fwarm in this lake, efpecially towards the mouth, which communicates with the fea, and the mullets are ftill more numerous than the dolphins. They falt both the male and female mullet, and dry it either in the fun, or in fmoak, with this difference only; that they fometimes fell.male mullets frefh, but never" the female, becaufe as foon as they have made their draught, they take the which renders them unfit for fale, out fo that they roes, are obliged to falt them. They alfo falt the queiage, and thefe with their roes are the only fpecies of falt fifh in which trade. They tranfport all thefe the Egyptians and Conftantinofpices into Syria, Cyprus, with a fufficient quanple; and furnifh Egypt tity. In Egypt we find no falt fith imported, except the carier, which comes from the black fea. The Egyptians, in exchange for their fifh, other commodities from Cyprus, fuch as bring laudanum, and wine 5 from Syria, carob-bean, and tobacco ; from the Archipelago, cotton and from thered fea incenfe, coffee, and fponges; Indian ftuffs. When European merchants bring yellow amber and coral, the Egyptian merchants and buy thefe goods to tranfport them to Cairo, thence into Jemen and Ethiopia. and theInthis country frefh fith is very plentiful, the lakes. common food of thofe who live about The heat of the climate is the reafon why they cannot tranfport them, as they do in Europe, even to places carob-bean, and tobacco ; from the Archipelago, cotton and from thered fea incenfe, coffee, and fponges; Indian ftuffs. When European merchants bring yellow amber and coral, the Egyptian merchants and buy thefe goods to tranfport them to Cairo, thence into Jemen and Ethiopia. and theInthis country frefh fith is very plentiful, the lakes. common food of thofe who live about The heat of the climate is the reafon why they cannot tranfport them, as they do in Europe, even to places --- Page 313 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA, places at a fmall diftance. The eat no frefh fifh, except thofe inhabitants of Cairo which genérally have neither catched in the Nile, full falutary quality, beanufe the a good tafte nor a of mud, on which the fifh bottom of the Nile is from it a bad fmell and relifh. feed, and tis, a kind of carpe, the Such are the acquire boulchalbe, the bauri, the bayard, the fhad, which thorn-back, are the the chilon, the lebis, the whichnone but the principal fith ofthe Nile, and But yet there are inhabitants in the of Cairo would eat. of fo exquifite a tafte and Nile four kinds off fifhes the Egyptians built goodnefs, that confecrated to their temples and cicies which formetly are the variole, the names. The fifhes of this they kind quarmond. quechouc, the bunni, and the The variole is of a a hundred, and fometimes prodigious fize, and The quechoue is of the fize two hundred weighs very tharp fnout; ; and this is the of a fhad; and pounds, has a ancients. oxirinchus of the The bunni is thirty pounds, and pretty is large, the weighs twenty or tolled by the ancient lepidolus fo much exThe quarmond, Egypthns. of phayob, is black, known in authors by the fifhes, and one of the moft name a Belides, fometimes thefe as large as the bunni. voracious are found in plenty fifhes are never out of fcafon, but We muft add, that throughout the yearin the Nile. they are cafily notwithflanding their fize, caught, fince common net, as frefh water they are taken with a The Egyptians fith in Europe. birdss fuch as ducks, might take both fea and river the Nile is often covered dippers, &cc. with which larly fond of ; but they-are the ffhermanin catching ducks.. For this particuthe night goes into the purpofe water, up te out of fcafon, but We muft add, that throughout the yearin the Nile. they are cafily notwithflanding their fize, caught, fince common net, as frefh water they are taken with a The Egyptians fith in Europe. birdss fuch as ducks, might take both fea and river the Nile is often covered dippers, &cc. with which larly fond of ; but they-are the ffhermanin catching ducks.. For this particuthe night goes into the purpofe water, up te --- Page 314 --- Oéfercation: upon AstA; 304 to the chin, having a black bonnet on his heads gently approaches the fowls, and when he is'near enough, fuddenly throws a net over them; On the Nile there are two forts of birds found fome of which are comin a furprizing quantity, as the flaman; mon, and well known in Europe ; with his bill the ftockdove, the curlieu; the curlieu turned upwards; the heron with a crooked bill, the pelican, the crane; the fnipe, the plover, the buftard, the teal, the green headed duck; the fea duck, the cormorant, the dipper, &c. But the Egyptians do not go a fowling, and the country pcople only take ducks and coots, in gins, in the fame manner as, they do the pelicans, but leave the other birds, to multiply without interruption. The ibis, the with golden feathers; the E goofe the, known formerrice or Diamette hen, faq-laq, birds of ly by the name of trochilus; are of properly them elfewhere; the Nile ; and if thére are any came as in the lake of Manzale, they, originally from the Nile. Yea-horfes and No animals in the Nile, except the crocodiles, can properly, be calied monfters ; former are very common in the of Upper-Egypt, the Nile, tho' efpecially towards the cataracts in the Lower: they are feldom feen about Cairo or Thefe animals fo. feldom go in troops, Egypt. to fee two' of them together 3 that it is a. rarity fwift that nobefides, they are fo timorousiand body attempts to catch them; either by ftratagem or otherwife, But this is not the cafe with refpect to crocodiles, which may be taken two ways 5 the firit of They take the pluck which is entirely fimple. other animal, of a cow, or a buffalo, or any to which they: and thro' the bait they pafs a hook, tie animals fo. feldom go in troops, Egypt. to fee two' of them together 3 that it is a. rarity fwift that nobefides, they are fo timorousiand body attempts to catch them; either by ftratagem or otherwife, But this is not the cafe with refpect to crocodiles, which may be taken two ways 5 the firit of They take the pluck which is entirely fimple. other animal, of a cow, or a buffalo, or any to which they: and thro' the bait they pafs a hook, tie --- Page 315 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. "tie a long cord; one end of which is thore, while the other, to which the fixed on the is thrown into the Nile. As it bait is fixed, face the crocodile catches fwims on the furhook, after. which the at it, and fwallows the and brings the crocodile fitherman to draws his line, bians, who are ufed to fuch fhore, where the ArzThe other method is more exercifes, kill him: watch the crocodile, when heis dangerous, fincet they extended on fomehillockof on land and fleeps fion one of them fteals find,upon which Occaand when he is near enough foftly behind the bank ; or belly a piece of wood-armed hedarts into his breaft which is faftened to a long with a harpoon, crocodile being wounded, rope. Upon this the in the Nile, and drags with runs him to plunge himfelf the fifherman follows the inftrument, but draws it, and brings the monfter him, feizes the cord, he kills him ; and in the fame to the fide, where poifes are caught: manner the porThe flefh of the crocodile is white, quifite food when young. The fat, and extheir eggs but on the and females it nevér lay that their fands; is than they young have come no fooner out of remarkable, the fhell, fwiftnefs towards the ftrength to. run with great not being neceffary either Nile, the care of the mothér Or prevent their to defend the being taken. offspring, monly The crocodiles grow very faft, and are fays twenty or twenty-five feet long. comthey live but forty Plutarch who know them better, years, tho' the Arabians, a hundred. fay, thatfome of them live Yor: T, X H A P. come no fooner out of remarkable, the fhell, fwiftnefs towards the ftrength to. run with great not being neceffary either Nile, the care of the mothér Or prevent their to defend the being taken. offspring, monly The crocodiles grow very faft, and are fays twenty or twenty-five feet long. comthey live but forty Plutarch who know them better, years, tho' the Arabians, a hundred. fay, thatfome of them live Yor: T, X H A P. --- Page 316 --- Obfervations upon ASIA, CHAP. XXXI. Of tbe tree wubicb bears wad; ef the pepper, rwild and lacca tree ; of tbe' wax produced by laurel trees. tree which bears wad, or that kind of TE fine cotton ufed to fuff cufhions, nightwaiftcoats, counterpanes, 8cc. grows fpongowns, and without any cultivation, and the tancoufly, who have muchofi it,callit tonninhabstantsofSiam, of the wad-tree, the ghiou. There are two fpecics former, which is alfo greater and the fmaller; the, nut-tree in its form, and of two forts, refembles a tho' the trunk is the difpofition of its branches, almoft like that generally, higher and ftraiter, abounds of the oak. The bark, in certain places, the bafe, with fhort prickles, which are broad each at other. The regularly dilpofed, and very thofe near of the. nut and chefleaves equally refemble five and five, nut-treé, fince they always grow fhort, unite in a and their pedicles, which which are very is often more thana fixth common The pedicle, Aower is of the form and fize of foot Jong. tulip; but its leaves are thicker, and a moderate kind of down. The calix, covered with a rough is-thick, and of a clear which contains them below, of black; and in the green intermixed with points with this difference, form of that of the nut-tree, in three that it is not denticulated above, except places. is common to the two fpecies This defcription tho' they differ in the folof the large wad-trees, Some bear the flower before lowing particulars. I the of foot Jong. tulip; but its leaves are thicker, and a moderate kind of down. The calix, covered with a rough is-thick, and of a clear which contains them below, of black; and in the green intermixed with points with this difference, form of that of the nut-tree, in three that it is not denticulated above, except places. is common to the two fpecies This defcription tho' they differ in the folof the large wad-trees, Some bear the flower before lowing particulars. I the --- Page 317 --- he leaf, and AFRICA, and AMERICA, The former are others the leaf before the than the latter, more prickly, andfuller Aowcr. which are foft to bearing the flowers of a ofbranches are roughs and of a touch; 3 swhereas citron.colour, the yellowih without. In deep ted within, but others bortom of the flower- each there arifes pale and little buds; which a number of from. the but divided into four ate in a greater or filaments lefs with ten buds cach, and little clufters, numbery flower. Between the fplaced at the bottom confiting of of fifth, midft compofed : of leaves and thefe, there is the of which fixteen ofithefe a at the top. In the there is - a piftil a buds, little in the more numerous, tho' others the buds are opened and as for the fruit, without order or much the wad, it is of or rather the cale ditincion, thofe angular banana an oblong figure, and which contains call figos carocas. figs, which the refembles Portugucle is mewadorceofd much lefs than the branches the fcond.orratier other two. third lfpecies, its leaves refemble thofe of the Its trunk and terminated are of a moderate Egyptian in a fize, of an thorn,and with a down that point, is and covered on oval both figure, principal fibres which very foft to the touch. fides leaf, are very diftinét, fhoot from the midit The hufks which inclofe and well ofthe tubes, terminated the wad are ranged $ and the joined together, in points at compofed each of two and as thick as a commonly man's nine or ten extremity, them are more than little finger; but inches long, broken gteen, a foot long. fome of nous milk, and they difcharge a very When they are we find the wad, within them; when white glutioblong figure with feveral yellow well prefled, Thefe hufss hang pippins of an X2 upon woody pedicles, ofthe tubes, terminated the wad are ranged $ and the joined together, in points at compofed each of two and as thick as a commonly man's nine or ten extremity, them are more than little finger; but inches long, broken gteen, a foot long. fome of nous milk, and they difcharge a very When they are we find the wad, within them; when white glutioblong figure with feveral yellow well prefled, Thefe hufss hang pippins of an X2 upon woody pedicles, --- Page 318 --- Obfervations upon ASIA, the continuations of the pedicles, which are form only their five little foliages on. branches, which their furface. the which Let us now proceed to pepper-trcc, for fhrub, and requires a fupport, is a fcandent at the foot of which reafon it is generally planted twine: for this fometree, about which it may they make ufe in Siam ofa little ALSTEEE pofe elfe fix near. it rods, as they do in Europe or beans. It's ftem has knots like among French and the wood itfelf, when dry thofe ofthe vine, vine twigs, except in the pretty much refembles This ftem fends out tafte, which is very, fharp. of branches, which adhere on all fides a quantity can reach, and the leaf when to every thing they faint green, which the tree is young is of an equable older, tho' the becomes deeper as the tree grows the preferves a faint colour on upper leaf always is oval, but towards its extremity fide; its figure and ends in a point. It has fix little it diminithes, which fpread from the middle, and ramifications towards the bottom, and joined are fo incurvated as to form three ovals, near the top infuch a manner ramifications are to be diftho' only five of thefe communicate with tinguithed. Thefe ramifications fibres, and each other by a congeries of pretty large They leaves are about fix inches long. the greateft tafte, and the feeds before their have a pungent and fix'd in a calix without a maturity are green, oft the form and bignefs of a pedicle. They ball, are and the pepper, altho' green, is large mufket this tree bears but little at a time, very ftrong, feven or eight ounces can be obtainfo that hardly ed from it. it is found at La- : As for the lacca, adhering principally to EwO different hos, and at Camboye, kinds tafte, and the feeds before their have a pungent and fix'd in a calix without a maturity are green, oft the form and bignefs of a pedicle. They ball, are and the pepper, altho' green, is large mufket this tree bears but little at a time, very ftrong, feven or eight ounces can be obtainfo that hardly ed from it. it is found at La- : As for the lacca, adhering principally to EwO different hos, and at Camboye, kinds --- Page 319 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. kinds of trees, and certain red infeéts 399: which bling ants, produce it much after the nearly réfembees make manner in like honey-combs. honey, by forming little cells ed of the excrements Someimaginesen of thefe lacca is formaffert, that it is found about infeêts, while others five feet high, certain thrubs four or an inch and a wholetrunks half in diameter are not aboye an inch or rated by a ipecies of dew, ; that ic is in the months of which falls every genered ants, fond of this June and July; and that certain year with it. Thefe two dew, foon cover thofe trees' rent, may, in my opinion, accounts, be feemingly fo diffefuppofe, this dew that thefe infeéts or red' reconciled, ants if we produce the lacca, do not of dregs, as wax is in regard of which is a kind of which is extraéted from it, honey, but red dyes that are fo much and ferves thatjuice for thofe regard to lacca, they yield eftcemed it ; and that with the excrements duft which they mix with cither the by their own ter, which ofcertain flowers, or other terreftrial dew, or with having they perhaps gather like matalways an bees, nature ons. uniformity in her productiThe iflands fituated between England, are furrounded Acadia and which in autumn bear with wild Newjuniper. They fill feeds not unlike thofe laurels, of the them in water; in cauldrons with them, and boil! wax fwims at the confequence of which the boils. 8 From half top, in proportion as the virgin tain near four a fextier oft thefe feeds water. and beautiful, pounds ofwax, which tho' they obfome trial it has is neither foft nor very pure been yiclding, After an equal quantity ofthe found, that by mixing with it or lamb, they fuct, either no lefs firm may make fine ofbecf, mutton," than ufeful. wax-candles, With which are* X 3 twenty-four pounds the boils. 8 From half top, in proportion as the virgin tain near four a fextier oft thefe feeds water. and beautiful, pounds ofwax, which tho' they obfome trial it has is neither foft nor very pure been yiclding, After an equal quantity ofthe found, that by mixing with it or lamb, they fuct, either no lefs firm may make fine ofbecf, mutton," than ufeful. wax-candles, With which are* X 3 twenty-four pounds --- Page 320 --- Obfiroations upon AStA, of wax, they can make two hundred pounds candles above a foot long. There is fuch a number of thefe laureisin the woods; and on the fhores of the fea, that a fingle perfon may ina day eafitwo fextiers of thefe feeds, which hang ly clufters gather on the branches of the trees. in CHAP. XXXII. Oftbe favnge Natcbes, their religion, laws, afemblie, and fefivals ; form of tbeir tbeir ta svernient ; ceremonies of marriages funerals ; tbeir manner of.e carrying 012 woar ; their marches, encampments, and. metbod of entertaining tbe ambafadors abo come to treat ofpeace. favage Natches live on the right of the THE river Mithiffippi, about a hundred leagues from its mouth, and are the only people on that continent who feem to have a national religion, that of which in a good many refpeéts refembles full of the ancient Romans. They have a temple of thofe fuch idols as reprefent the different figures men and animals for whom they have the profoundeft veneration. Their temple is about an hundred feet in circumference, has a door four feet high and three broad, but is without any win- with dows. The roof of the edifice is covered three matts laid ovef each other, to hinder batthe rain from huring the walls. On the tlement are three wooden cagles, painted red, fort yel- of low, and white, and before the door is a fhed, thofe fuch idols as reprefent the different figures men and animals for whom they have the profoundeft veneration. Their temple is about an hundred feet in circumference, has a door four feet high and three broad, but is without any win- with dows. The roof of the edifice is covered three matts laid ovef each other, to hinder batthe rain from huring the walls. On the tlement are three wooden cagles, painted red, fort yel- of low, and white, and before the door is a fhed, --- Page 321 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. fhed, where the guardian ofthe round the whole there are temple lodges, and of which they fix the heads palifades, of on the points have made captives in war. thofe whom thoy Within the temple there are proper diftance. from each fhelves placed at a placed oval bafkets made of other, on which are cluded the bones of their reeds, wherein are innear them thofe of the victims deceafed chiefs, and themfelves to follow their who have deftroyed world. Upon another fhbelfare mafters into the other gantly painted, and us'd as feveral bafkets eleidols. repofitories for their In this temple they preferve a perpetual fire, and kecactopmretini for ufe the dry wood faming, of the which reafon they the elders or Sla are obliged in their nut-tree, the oak, large billet into. the inclofure turns to bring a The number of guardians for of the palifade. and they ferve the temple 1s ty is like a centinel quarterly, under fo thathe who is upon fixed, duhe fees whether the fire is in the fhed, from whence and keeps it in two danger of going burn by or three out, only at the great logs, which on cach other, to extremity, and are never. put None of the prevent the faming. upgreat chief, have women, the except the fifters of the temple, which is alfo liberty of entering into the even when they bring food forbidden for to the vulgar, thelmanes oftheir reare given to the ini it orcticnien Thefealiments fide of the bafker, guardian, where who carries them to the and this the bones are which the ceremony difhes only lafts for a depofited ; left to the wild are placed On the palifades, month, after The fun is the beafts. and aad their chieft takes. principal object of their upon him the title worfhip, X 4 ofbrother to the food forbidden for to the vulgar, thelmanes oftheir reare given to the ini it orcticnien Thefealiments fide of the bafker, guardian, where who carries them to the and this the bones are which the ceremony difhes only lafts for a depofited ; left to the wild are placed On the palifades, month, after The fun is the beafts. and aad their chieft takes. principal object of their upon him the title worfhip, X 4 ofbrother to the --- Page 322 --- Otfervations upon AsIA, the fun, and has a defpotic power over the His cottage is built on an eminence, and is people. of the fame figure with the temple. Every he honours the levy of his elder brother, morning and falutes him with feveral fhouts when he appears above the horizon, after which he erders them to light his great pipe, and makes an offering to him of the three firft blafts ; then raifing his hands above his head, and- turning from the eaft to the weft, he pretends to fhew him the courfe he is to fteer. On éntering this cottage we fee feveral beds on the left, but on the right only that of the grand chief, adorned with feveral paintings, This bed is inclofed by a palifade of canes, is made of hard rufhes, and has only a fquare of which ferves feooy for a pillow. In the ma of the cottage we fee a fmall ftone, and none muft proach the bed till he has gone round this ftone. apThofe who enter make their falutations by fhouts, and advance to the center of the hut, without looking to the right, where the chief is; after which they make a fecond falutation, raifing their hands above their heads, and fhouting three times. If it is a perfon whom the chief relpects, he anfwers by a gentle figh, and makes him a to fit down, on which occafion they thank him fign for his politenefs, by another fhout. Upon each ftion propos'd by'the chief, they give a fhout fore C they anfwer ; and when they take leave give one continued thout, till they pare out of they his prefence, When the great chief dies, they pull down his cottage, and build another for his fucceffor. The Natches believe the foul's immortality, and when they leave this world, they are going to fay, inhabit another, and be rewarded or punifhed in it. The rewards they expect confift chiefly in feaftings, and Upon each ftion propos'd by'the chief, they give a fhout fore C they anfwer ; and when they take leave give one continued thout, till they pare out of they his prefence, When the great chief dies, they pull down his cottage, and build another for his fucceffor. The Natches believe the foul's immortality, and when they leave this world, they are going to fay, inhabit another, and be rewarded or punifhed in it. The rewards they expect confift chiefly in feaftings, and --- Page 323 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. snid their punifhment in the fures. They foimplicity privation of all pleachief, that none of them obey the will of their head, if he demands it. dare refufe him his articles of religion, One of their principal tics-ofthe chict, is to efpecially honour his among the domefwith him, in order to ferve him in funeral, by dying where they hope to the the other world, nefs in the retinuc of enjoy their moft exalted happiToform an idea of this chief., muft confider, that as foon ftrange ceremony, we heir of the great chiefis as the prefumptive has a fucking child, muft born, each family which they chufe always pay him homage, and number, who are among thele children a certain young prince deligned for the fervice of age, they 5 and when they are of a the their give them an competent talents Some of them employment adapted. to in hunting or fifhing for the fervice pafs their Jives either others are employed in of his table 5 wait upon bim in publick. agriculture, and others only all his domeftics facrifice Ifhe happens to die, fo follow fo dear a mafter, themfelves with pleafure cloaths, go to a piace put on their beft wherc the oppofite to the danced and people are affembled, and after temple, necks fung a long time, having a rope of oxes hair, witha they put round their mediately the proper officers noofc, and imhorting them all the time to ftrangle them, ex-, again, and take in the other world meet their mafters able employments than thofe more honourhere below, they have occupied of the The brothers fame ceremony is alfo obferved on the his wives fuffer and fitters of the grand chief; andali death they may follow themfelves him, to be ftrangled, that dren at the breaft, tho? unlefs fome they have chil of them feek for nurfes, noofc, and imhorting them all the time to ftrangle them, ex-, again, and take in the other world meet their mafters able employments than thofe more honourhere below, they have occupied of the The brothers fame ceremony is alfo obferved on the his wives fuffer and fitters of the grand chief; andali death they may follow themfelves him, to be ftrangled, that dren at the breaft, tho? unlefs fome they have chil of them feek for nurfes, --- Page 324 --- Obfervations upon AstA, nurfes, or ftrangle their children, not to lofe right of facrificing themfelves. the The government is hereditary, tho' itis fon of the reigning chief that fucceeds not the ther, but the fon of his fifter, his faprincefs of the blood, which or of the frft the known policy is founded on incontinency of their are not fure, fay they, that the children wives; for they wives are of the royal blood, whereas of their, the fifter of the grand chief is at leaft fo the fon of of the mother. on the fide The princeffes of the blood never but perfons of a low condition, and have marry any hufband ; but they have the only one him when they pleafe, and chufe liberty to divorce nation, provided he is not of the farne another in the the hufband is unfaithful to the family. If princefs immediatelyonders his brains marriage-bed, the ed out, but fhe is not to be knockihe have fubject to the fame law $ for may as many lovers as fhe out the hufband daring to mutter pleafes,. withher preferice he behaves with the one word ; in never eats with her, and falutes her higheft with refpect, all her domeftics do, fo that the thouts, as enjoys, is to be exempted from labour. only pleafere he The great chief nominates perfons to all the confiderable employments of ftate 5 fuch as rals; the two mafters of ceremonies in the genethe other two officers who temples 3 mônies obferved when prefide over the cerepeace S the inipector of ftrangers all come to treat of others public works ; four appointed to regulate the feafts in which the nation, and thofe itrangers who come to vilit chem, are entertained. feld Every year the people affemble to fow a vaft with Indian corn, beans, pumpkins, and melons, and they meet in the fame manner to reap them, mafters of ceremonies in the genethe other two officers who temples 3 mônies obferved when prefide over the cerepeace S the inipector of ftrangers all come to treat of others public works ; four appointed to regulate the feafts in which the nation, and thofe itrangers who come to vilit chem, are entertained. feld Every year the people affemble to fow a vaft with Indian corn, beans, pumpkins, and melons, and they meet in the fame manner to reap them, --- Page 325 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA: them. Every fummer, towards the anit people affemble by order of the end ofJuly, the at the great feaft, which grand chief, to, days and three nights, Some continues three others filh, on which occafion bring gamc, and perpetuaily. The they dance almoft an elevated apartment, great chief and his fifter are in leaves, from whencc which is covered with their fubjeôts, The they contemplate the joy of thofe of diftinguifhed princes and princeffes, and chief, to whom they rank, are pretty near the mifions by a great number pay of their re(pects and fubNothing can be imagined ceremonics. remonies of their fimpler than the Cefellow intends to marry, marringes; for when a ther of the girl, or elie he he muft fpeak to young to thefa the eldeft brother: : being ablent-d or be paid in fkins or they agree for the price dead, to has been a proftitute, merchandize, and tho' a that account, provided they do not refufe her girl on change her conduct when they think that fhe will the relations of the girl, fhe is married. As for. form themfelves whether the their only Care is to ina fkilful warrior, or an lover is a good hunter, fince thefe qualities excellent of the girl. When confiderably the diminifh hnatandiman, tbe price bridegroom goes a parties are agrecd, 'the when he has hunting with his gale thetwo families, got as much game or fith friends, aS will and where the new married tliey goto the refame plate, are, particularly couple, who bride'shoufe, eat on the being over,. the néw' waited on. to the relations of his married man prefents Therepaft a after which the wife, and then to his pipe the hufband leads company bis retires: and the next own, they fay till the wife to his father's, where day family has built them a cottage. Their his gale thetwo families, got as much game or fith friends, aS will and where the new married tliey goto the refame plate, are, particularly couple, who bride'shoufe, eat on the being over,. the néw' waited on. to the relations of his married man prefents Therepaft a after which the wife, and then to his pipe the hufband leads company bis retires: and the next own, they fay till the wife to his father's, where day family has built them a cottage. Their --- Page 326 --- Oljervations upon ASIA, Their laws permit the Natches to have as wives as they pleafe; but the common people many have generally but one) or two. The heads have becaufe by the privilege of having their more, vated by the people without fields'cultioftheir wives IS noburden any wages, the number themfelves with to them. They content fending for the father of the they have a mind to marry, and declare girl her with their other wives, the they rank. onec marriage is thus at compleated, and tho' they have feveral only two or three ftay in the cottage; while wives, the otherslive with their parents, and their hufbands fit them when they pleafc. viAt certain times of the moon the favages do not cohabit with their wives, and the men are fo litrle inclined to jealoufy, that they fometimes lend a wife to a friend, which indifference arifes from the they have of changing their wives when liberty tho' after a child isborn, nothing but death they pleafe, parate them. can feWhen this nation makes a levy for a war, the chief of the party fixes two ftandards, which two red poles adorned with plumes, are axes of the fame colour, and thefe arrows, and. iron fpikes towards poles are full of the.quarter, on which they defign to make war. Thofe who intend to enter the army, after having bedaubed themfelves with: into feveral colours, come to harangue the and this harangue confifts in a thoufand general, tions of fervice, by which they affure him proteflaare extremely glad to learn under fo fkilful a they the noble art of fcalping, and that for his fake warrior, neither are afraid of hunger, nor the they which they may be expos'd. fatigues to When a competent number of foldiers prefentthemfelves, he orders a certain potion prepar'd at his having bedaubed themfelves with: into feveral colours, come to harangue the and this harangue confifts in a thoufand general, tions of fervice, by which they affure him proteflaare extremely glad to learn under fo fkilful a they the noble art of fcalping, and that for his fake warrior, neither are afraid of hunger, nor the they which they may be expos'd. fatigues to When a competent number of foldiers prefentthemfelves, he orders a certain potion prepar'd at his --- Page 327 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA, his houfe, which they call the and which is an emetic medicine of war, they boil in great cauldrons compos'd of a root, which about three hundred of the of water. Sometimes cauldron, and each has foldiers fit round the liquor given him, which a large quantity of this draught, and vomit ic up with they fuch fwallow at one that they are heard at a confiderable violent efforts, After this ceremony, the diftance, departure, that' each general fixes the day of fion for the campaign, may prepare neceffary provifoldiers repair during which interval the evening and tô vous, where, after morning the rendezploits, they fing the dancing and recounting their exBut thele bravoes fong of death. all thefe ceremonies, are fo fuperfitious, that after fudden, if they but hear they flop. their march all on a manner, a dog howl in a particular In their expeditions they and four or five of the beft always march in files; terof a league beforethe main pioneers go about a quarobferve the poRure and body of the army, to They encamp every dilpofition of the enemy. and lye about a evening an hour before fun-fer, arms by him ; but great before fire, every One having his Carc to difperle twenty foldiers they encamp they take half a league from the to the diftance of furprifed. camp, to prevent their time They never place centinels being 5 but as foon as they have in the nightall the fires. They alfo fix fupped, extinguith are to rally, in cafe they fhould on a fpot where they routed in the night, be attacked, and As the generals always idols, or what they [call carryalong their with them their clofed in fkins, in the evening pirits, carefully inon a little red pole, which they incline they hang them up a lictle, thar ic prevent their time They never place centinels being 5 but as foon as they have in the nightall the fires. They alfo fix fupped, extinguith are to rally, in cafe they fhould on a fpot where they routed in the night, be attacked, and As the generals always idols, or what they [call carryalong their with them their clofed in fkins, in the evening pirits, carefully inon a little red pole, which they incline they hang them up a lictle, thar ic --- Page 328 --- Obfersations upon Asra, it may point to the enemy, and the foldiers before they go to flecp, with their ax in after another dancing before thefe hand, pais one and making great menaces towards pretended pirits, their enemies. the quarter of When the army is confiderable, and enemy's country, they march in five or fix enters the and have many Ipies : and if they columnsy their march is difcovered, perccive that and only a fmall company of they abour commonly return, from the army, to furprife twenty, fparate villages, and on their return any ftragglers from the of the number of the they rejeice, on account them. If they have fcalps they have brought with them fing and dance brought fome any flaves, they make after which they make days before the temple 3 relations of thole who a prefent of them to the who have been killed in the war, weepduring this ceremony, and tears with the fcalps, drying up their who have pay great refpeét to the foldicrs lot it is to be brought burnt. thefe flaves, whofe miferable The Natches, as all the other people of Louifiana, diftinguith by particular names thofe killed a greater or a fmaller number of who have and to deferve the name of a enemies, perfon muft have taken ten great manllayer, a ty heads. Thofe who have flaves, or fcalped twenor fcalped their firft head, do made their firft flave, their return, either not for fome time after flefh, but muft liveon lye with their wives, or eat any If they fhould fifhand broth for fix months. the foul of him negledt to keep this faft, they believe they have Dain would byi incantation, that they fhould deftroy them more advantages over their never moregain any leaft wounds would enemics, and that the They take prove mortal, never expofe his great life care, that the general fhould in battle, and it he fhould be kilied, time after flefh, but muft liveon lye with their wives, or eat any If they fhould fifhand broth for fix months. the foul of him negledt to keep this faft, they believe they have Dain would byi incantation, that they fhould deftroy them more advantages over their never moregain any leaft wounds would enemics, and that the They take prove mortal, never expofe his great life care, that the general fhould in battle, and it he fhould be kilied, --- Page 329 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA, killed, the heads of his warriors are put to death party, and other examples at their principal never happen, by the return; but fuch to prevent this calamity. precautions taken This nation, as all others, are generally old men, whofe has its phyficians, who pieces of legerdemain. art confifts in feveral fwallow the fumes of They dance, fing, fmoke, into fuch violent contorfions, tobacce, and put themfelves naked, and muft foffer cold, that tho' they are quite full of froth. They havea their mouth is always wherein they little kind of fay, little pretend to carry their bafket, roots of different fpirits, that is to owls, little packets of wild kinds, the heads of mals tecth, feveral pebbles and beafts hair, fome anifrivolous things, and ftones, with other cure the fick. pretend to faft, while they They feem perpetually got in the bafket for the toinvoke what they have and fome of them have a certain recovery of the patient, fmell renders ferpents root, which byits After they have well rubbed ftupid, and lays them afleep. with this root, they will hold their hands and out thefe body make fearing their bite, which is animals withan incifion with a fint mortal, while othersand fuck' out all the blood in the part affected, ing it out on a plate, they can ; and in a little picce of wood, they difcharge along with fpit- it they had concealed under or Araw, or leather, which defiring the relations of the their tongue, and then ofit; behold, fay they, the patient caufe to take notice Thefe phyficians are of the diforder. if the patient recovers, always paid beforehand; and but if he dies, their profit is beat out by the they are fure to have confiderable their ; This praétice relations or friends of the brains prevails deceafed. univerfall, and the relations of difcharge along with fpit- it they had concealed under or Araw, or leather, which defiring the relations of the their tongue, and then ofit; behold, fay they, the patient caufe to take notice Thefe phyficians are of the diforder. if the patient recovers, always paid beforehand; and but if he dies, their profit is beat out by the they are fure to have confiderable their ; This praétice relations or friends of the brains prevails deceafed. univerfall, and the relations of --- Page 330 --- Obfervations upon AsIA, of the phyfician find no fault, nor tellify any rei fentment. The fame happensto other jugglers, who undertake to precure. rain or fine weather. Thefe are commonly idle old men, who difiking the labour requifite for hunting, fithing, and the cultivation of theland, exercile this hazardous to maintain their familics. Towards the profeflion this nation tax themfelves to obtain of thefe fprings glers a favourablé feed and harveft time; and jug- if it is confiderable, they gain in proportion but if otherwife, they feize them and knock their brains out. Thus. they who engage in this rifk their lives for a precarious fubfiftence; profefion, but in other refpects theirlife is very idle, having to do but faft and dance with a nothing in their mouth, which is full of water, pipe and or reed ed at the end like a watering-pan, which pierc- blow into the air. towards that quarter where the they thickeft clouds appcar, They hold in one hand their firiouet; which is a kind of coral; and in the other their fpirits, which they prefent to the clouds, calling upon them to burft upon their fields. If.they want fine weather, they make not ufe of thefe pipes, but gett upon the tops oftheir and with one of their arms extended make cottages, a to the clouds, puffing with all their ftrength, fign that it may not hover over their lands, but difperfe 5 when the cloud is difperfed according to their wilh, and they fing and dance about their fpirits, which they place properly on a pillow. On this occafion they redouble their fafting : and when the cloud is paffed, they fwallow the fmoak of tobacco, and make an offering of their pipes to heaven. Tho* they fhew no mercy to thefe knaves when their pretended power has no effect, yet the profit they gain when they happen to fucceed, isfo great, that over their lands, but difperfe 5 when the cloud is difperfed according to their wilh, and they fing and dance about their fpirits, which they place properly on a pillow. On this occafion they redouble their fafting : and when the cloud is paffed, they fwallow the fmoak of tobacco, and make an offering of their pipes to heaven. Tho* they fhew no mercy to thefe knaves when their pretended power has no effect, yet the profit they gain when they happen to fucceed, isfo great, that --- Page 331 --- AFRICA, and - that there are a great number AMERICA. of 32E àre regardlefs of the thefe favages who that he who undertakes danger. We fhould to obferves gages to procure fair procure rain, never enof quacks enjoy this weather; fince another fpecies afked the reafon, they privilege, and when they are the power of anfwer, their fpirits have but obtaining one of the When one of thefe two. ment over him a day, favages and then dies, his relations lahis beft cloaths; ; that is, they cover him with face, and adorn him with his paint his hair and ry him to the grave plumages, then carhis fide his deligned for him, month, his arms, a kettle, and victuals. placing For at the approach relations go at break of a of night, to day, and at over the grave, every one weep for half an hour ofconfanguiaity, widow if itis a mentioning father his degree bewail bawls out, my dear ofa family, the the lofs ofthees the hufband, how much I. loved father, fome, children fay, my be- &c. The neareft relations my uncle; fome, my coufin, for three continue this forrow, ceafe months, cut off their hair to ceremony to to paint their denote their a place of diverfion. bodies, and never go When any forcign nation peace with the favage Natches, comes to treat of give notice of the day and couriers are fent to The great chief gives orders hour.of their entrance. remonies, to. prepare all to the mafter of the ceaétion, and they begin things for this grandtranf tomaintain bynominatingt thofe who are at this expence, theftrangers but daily; ; for the chief fisnever then clear the roads, always his fiubjects. They benches in a great hall, fweep which their cortages, place ground of the is on the His feat, which chief, at the fide of his clevated VoL. I. is on an elevation, is painted cottage. and Y adorned, mafter of the ceaétion, and they begin things for this grandtranf tomaintain bynominatingt thofe who are at this expence, theftrangers but daily; ; for the chief fisnever then clear the roads, always his fiubjects. They benches in a great hall, fweep which their cortages, place ground of the is on the His feat, which chief, at the fide of his clevated VoL. I. is on an elevation, is painted cottage. and Y adorned, --- Page 332 --- Obfervations upon AstA, 322 adorned, and the, bottom is covered with large mats. The day on which the ambaffadors make their entry, all the nation affembles, and the mafter of the ceremonies places the princes, the heads of.vil- -lages, and the elders of families, near the grand chief. When the ambaffadors come, and are fifty paces from the great chief, they ftoop, and fing the fong of peace ; and this embafly generally Six ofthe confifts of thirty. men, and fix women. fineft perfonages, and who have the beft voices, march firft, and are followed by others, who fing likewife, regulating the cadences with their coral, while the fix women form the treble. Whenthechiefbids them approach,they advance; and thofe who have the pipes fing, and dance with great agility, turning round each other, and fometimes appearing in front, but always with violent motions, and extraordinary contorfions. When they are ccme into the circle, they dance about the chair, on which the grand chief is feated, rub themfelves with their pipes from head to foot, and then fall back to thofe of their train. They fill with tobacco one of their pipes, and holding fire in one hand, they advance in a body to the chief, and defire him to fmoke. They blow the firft mouthful of the fmoke into the air, the next towards the earth, and Re others round the horizon : After which they without ceremony prefent the to the princes, and.all the chiefs. NE ceremony being over, the ambaffadors, in fign of the alliance, go and rub their hands upon the breaft of the chief, and rub themfelves all over the bodys after which they place their before the chicfupon fmall forks. The ampipes with the orbaflador who is charged particularly full hour, and ders of his nation, harangues for a when into the air, the next towards the earth, and Re others round the horizon : After which they without ceremony prefent the to the princes, and.all the chiefs. NE ceremony being over, the ambaffadors, in fign of the alliance, go and rub their hands upon the breaft of the chief, and rub themfelves all over the bodys after which they place their before the chicfupon fmall forks. The ampipes with the orbaflador who is charged particularly full hour, and ders of his nation, harangues for a when --- Page 333 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA; when he has done, they make gers to fit down upon feats a lign ' to the franchief, who anfwers them in ranged near the grand fame length: after which, the a difcourle of the monies lights a great mafter of. the ceremakes the ftrangers pipe, or tube of peace, and of the tobacco. The imoke, whofwallow the fumes they are well, while others great chief afks them if the fame politenefs; after about him fhew them to a cottage prepared for which they are conduéted galed. them, where they are reInt the evening, their pipe or reed aboutfiun-fet, in hand the ambafmidorswith chief, and taking him go to meet the him to their own tent on their fhoulders, grand a large fkin, or cottage, where they carry Onc of them places upon which he fits him down. fpread ting his hands upon him@ifbchind bis him, and putwhole body, while the thoulders, agitates his the carth, fing their noble others, feated in a circle Cn temony, which is. exploits. After this cefor four days, the Performed evening and bode, and when he great chief returns tohis morning, own afadors, they fix in theg pays the laft vifit to the'ambaffoot of which they ground fit a ftake or pole, at't the nation put on their fine down: the foldiers of the the pole, and relate in turn dreffes, their dance, and frike they then. make martial confift in prefents to the amballidors, actions 5 The cauldrons, axes, gun-powder, which ted.to following day the ambaffadors ball, &c. not do walkall before over the village, which are permitentertain 5 after which they could and women them with fhews, that they is to every, evening in their beft fay, the men place, and dance till dreflesmeet in the marketare ready to return, the midnight mafters S and when they furnifh them with of the ceremonics Provifions Y2 neceffary for their voyage, cauldrons, axes, gun-powder, which ted.to following day the ambaffadors ball, &c. not do walkall before over the village, which are permitentertain 5 after which they could and women them with fhews, that they is to every, evening in their beft fay, the men place, and dance till dreflesmeet in the marketare ready to return, the midnight mafters S and when they furnifh them with of the ceremonics Provifions Y2 neceffary for their voyage, --- Page 334 --- Obfervations upon ASIA, voyage. Such are the ceremonies, fuch the ge: nius of the favage Natches. CHAP XXXIII. Thefngular dexterily oftbe Cbimefe in imitating fruits, infedts, and butterfies; tbey forub tbat tbe matter of sobich tbefe Howers are EoR ; colours laid 012 tbem, and tbe manner efgiuing tbem tbeir luftre. Chinefe workmen, efpecially thofe in THE palace, manage filk with great inge: nuity, and know how to paint with a pencil all kinds of leaves upon paper. They refemble pretty much thole embroidered papers which are alike on both fides. refemble € Thefe Alowers which fo nearly nature, are neither made of filk, nor any kind of ftuff, nor paper, but of a reed, or fpecies of cane, tho' they neither employ its bark nor root, which feemingly might be divided into fmall fhreds. But we muft firft know what this reed or fhrub is which affords this fubitance. The tong-tiao, or fhrub of which we now fpeak, grows in the moft fhady and covered places. They have likewife given it the name of tongt-mou, becaufc, according to the Chinefe phylicians, it is aperitive, laxative, proper to open the porés, and remove obftructions. This fhrub grows on the de2 clivity of mountains, and its leaves refemble thofe ofthe palma chrifti: The middle of its trunk is full of a white medullary fubftance, which is very which we now fpeak, grows in the moft fhady and covered places. They have likewife given it the name of tongt-mou, becaufc, according to the Chinefe phylicians, it is aperitive, laxative, proper to open the porés, and remove obftructions. This fhrub grows on the de2 clivity of mountains, and its leaves refemble thofe ofthe palma chrifti: The middle of its trunk is full of a white medullary fubftance, which is very --- Page 335 --- AFRICA, and AMERICAT very light, fmooth, and that the ladies make ornaments agreeable to the eye; fo This plant of it. and its leaves, grows more than a fathom femble thofe of fays. the a famous Chinefe high, there is in the middle water lily, but are author, more reof wood like a rced, of the trunk within a oily: is not fo clofe a very white kind fmooth, andlefs as the flefh of a melon fubftance, which, of other ipongeous than ; but is as is trees, elpecially that of themarrow or pith body a mean betwixt wood elder. This light When thefe reeds are and common make a. fyrup. The tender, they boil them, pith, and proaches in. confiftence infpiffated to juice which that of treacle, foft apand if mixed or turpentine, is eleétuaries, fweet, fuch as more exquifite tafte. with fruits, gives them a better agreeable, and Its ftem is divided, the bamboo, by different fays the fame author, like twixt each two of them knots, which and a half long,. which twigs Or tubes have-be-: of a: the plant. are largeft near the foor: the next it fhoots They cut this fhrub every root of from moifture, out again. year, the and: which is Topreferve pith keepitinclofed in a dry pernicious to it, you muft caution it cannot be ufed. place, without which pre-; is Perhaps the fame fome with may imagine, that the marfhes and ditches the papyrus which tong-tfo high, and from the ftalk abour the Nile, fix grows cubits in tracted the pith, and ofwhich the ancients exwith which they made a kind of liquor of tp write on. It muft wafh'd the leaves they it, the pith of be granted they deligned onc would tong-tfao a kind ofleaf, extraét from different from miftake for paper; but this which at firft thatof the papyrus, fince leafis very Y 3 they agree in' apyrus which tong-tfo high, and from the ftalk abour the Nile, fix grows cubits in tracted the pith, and ofwhich the ancients exwith which they made a kind of liquor of tp write on. It muft wafh'd the leaves they it, the pith of be granted they deligned onc would tong-tfao a kind ofleaf, extraét from different from miftake for paper; but this which at firft thatof the papyrus, fince leafis very Y 3 they agree in' --- Page 336 --- Obfervations upon ASIA, in nothing but in this, that their woody parts are equally inflammable: medicinal attributed to the tongThe wiil qualities make it be looked upon as a tfao, perhaps kind of a medullary elder tree. If thefe hints could enable us to find out in Eua fhrub like to that which furnifhes the ChiJope. nele with the matter of which their artificial flowers. are made, it would not be difficult for an European toimitate, or even furpals the Chinefe artifts in this particular, finçe fuch a onev would be able to apply delicately colours to a fubftance more agreeable that is acapted to receive them, and to preferve them in their vivacity and brightnefs 3 but this art ofthe Chinefe deferves explanation. thefe fticks of The firft operation of reducing is not the pith into leaves of a fine delicate texture, work of thofe who make the flowers, fince they are brought prepared from the province of Kianguan, and might be taken, as I have faid, for truereams of paper, cut into fuch a form, with a particular intention. A piece of pith thicker or longer, as they would have the leaves broader or narrower, is put upon a of copper between other two plates ; and at plate the fame time that they make it flide gently with hand between the two plates, with the other, one not unlike a fhoemaker's knife, and an inftrument théy raife off a fine furface, which feparates, juft as we take off with a plane thin thavings from off a of fmooth wood. What is thus taken piece from the pith refembles large rolls of paper, or fine parchment, and is made up in parcels, SALAE the workmen ufe for their artificial flowers : but it muft be obferved, that to hinder thefe films or pellicules of the pith from tearing in handling them, cither in painting or cutting them, muft they an inftrument théy raife off a fine furface, which feparates, juft as we take off with a plane thin thavings from off a of fmooth wood. What is thus taken piece from the pith refembles large rolls of paper, or fine parchment, and is made up in parcels, SALAE the workmen ufe for their artificial flowers : but it muft be obferved, that to hinder thefe films or pellicules of the pith from tearing in handling them, cither in painting or cutting them, muft they --- Page 337 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA; muft be dipped in water by drawing them out plunging them, and might be alfo anfwered inftantly ; and this intention before the operation in by a Jeaving them fome time fo that by means of either cool of and moift place 5 there is no fear of their thefe precautions, There is another breaking or feparating. the colours they obfervation to be made apply ; for the upon employ none but foft Chinefe painters gum, nor colours; which have neither triol, in their mercury, compofition. nor cerufs, nor alum, nor viwater colours, and Thefe are - a fort of We fee in the places confequently where not the ftrongeft. ployed, feveral little leaves their workmen are emgiven different dyes, which to which they have preparation for other are, as it were, the ters are to apply to them, colours, that which different painnature. Tho' this labour, when they may reprefent luable, pence has been laid out on it, is delicate confiderable extho' yer their works are not and vamore than a day is génerally fold dear, fmalleft flowers with cheir ftems required to finifh the give them the different and leaves. They. by prefling them on the figures they ought to have; ftruments made for that palm of the hand with inpincers that the workmen purpofe. It is with fine join them with the take hold oft them, and kind of rice well boiled glue called nomi, which is a of flowers, for and thickened. The hearts fine filaments of example, fax that of rofes; are made of the and the little heads of thefe are delicate and coloured, of the fame fubftance. filaments are formed TheChinefe workmen by applying the give a luftre to the flowers painted on melted pellicules of tong-tfao deal ofart and wax, but they muf ufe a already. too hot, nor cold; artention, fince that the wax be neither great either of thefe inconveY4 niences thickened. The hearts fine filaments of example, fax that of rofes; are made of the and the little heads of thefe are delicate and coloured, of the fame fubftance. filaments are formed TheChinefe workmen by applying the give a luftre to the flowers painted on melted pellicules of tong-tfao deal ofart and wax, but they muf ufe a already. too hot, nor cold; artention, fince that the wax be neither great either of thefe inconveY4 niences --- Page 338 --- Obfercations tpon AsrA, A niences would fpoil the whole work. They muft: likewife chufe a ferene day 3 becaufe rainy weather is not proper for fuch performances. They have an eafier method, which is to dip a pencilin melted wax, to pafs it lightly over the leaf, and rub it with a linen cloth. It is with the pith Or marrow of the fame tree, that they imitate perfectly fruits, the fmall infedts which adhere to them, and efpecially butterflies, than which nothing can be.imagined more natural. They execute their defigns in the following manner : if they want to form a peach fo as to refemble nature, with pieces ofcanes finely fplit they make the body of the work, which they fll with aj patte compofed of the fawings oft that odoriferous wood, of which they. make their perfume fticks, mixing with it the faw-duft of an old peach-tree, which gives the painted fruit the fmell of a peach. Then they apply the fkin, which confifts in one or two leaves. of the tong-tfao, which reprefent the fkin of a peach much more naturally than filk,, or the beft prepared wax ; after. which they give the proper colours and fhadings. - But moft commonly they. take little fticks, or pieces of the pith of cane or common reeds, which they mix' with ftrong glue, and of this make the body of the fruit; after finifhing it with the fciffars, they put on a layer of odoriferous pafte; which and when all is dry, they apply a leaf of paper, after they cover with the leaves of tong-tfao ; which they. paint the fruit, wax it, and make it gloffy, by rubbing it with a linen cloth, The wings of the butterflies, which are fo artfullyimitated, that one would take them for.natural, are made by the fame art las the leaves of certain flowers, and thefearethebutterfiess which are called in the Chinefc language yefer, or fying leaves, Some a layer of odoriferous pafte; which and when all is dry, they apply a leaf of paper, after they cover with the leaves of tong-tfao ; which they. paint the fruit, wax it, and make it gloffy, by rubbing it with a linen cloth, The wings of the butterflies, which are fo artfullyimitated, that one would take them for.natural, are made by the fame art las the leaves of certain flowers, and thefearethebutterfiess which are called in the Chinefc language yefer, or fying leaves, Some --- Page 339 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA: Some of them have fuch fo variegated, that they thining colours, and are Rowers; and indeed may be called the fineft flower gardens. they are always produced Aying in There is a lemon in China, rope,. which is much efteemed for unknown in Eufmell, They is very fweet, and may be its beauty and fwectmeat. candy it with fugar, and it kept is a long time. nefe call it focheou, Its uncommon fhape makes an excellent the the god Fo, fince it which refembles fignifics the hand Chi- of clinched. The workmen, the fingers when with the pith of who imitate this fruit the matter which tong-tfao, form the put fome wires. under the due proportion. This fingers, fruit and givethem lemon. figure, and is fometimes of the fize is ofa furprifing of thel largeit CHAP. XXXIV, Situation and extent of the autberity and revenues eftbe leftr Tartary; ; tbe cufoms, and religion eftbe kan; anners, called Precops, Nagait, Tartars, wubetber mouchs, Circaftant, or Kal. kan of the leffer THE large country, and is Tartary is mafter of hereditary of heirs heir of the Turkifh looked upon as the thefe male of the Ofmans, empire, in defaule grand fepter who titles, he is but Nonwintanding a vaffal of the arbitrarily, yetalways eftablithes, thews and depofes him him fo much relpedt, as , called Precops, Nagait, Tartars, wubetber mouchs, Circaftant, or Kal. kan of the leffer THE large country, and is Tartary is mafter of hereditary of heirs heir of the Turkifh looked upon as the thefe male of the Ofmans, empire, in defaule grand fepter who titles, he is but Nonwintanding a vaffal of the arbitrarily, yetalways eftablithes, thews and depofes him him fo much relpedt, as --- Page 340 --- / Obfervations upon ASTA, as never to put him to death, but only fubftitute a prince of the blood in his ftead. Thefe princes of the. blood of Tartary, who are called fultans, are not excluded from public affairs, and fhut up like thofe of Turky, fince they have great. places, and each his palace and equipage. The dignity of their birth procures them many friends, who are devoted to their intereft and fortunes, which often produces commotions in the ftate, and would caufe more if their fultans. were rich, who indeed are commonly very indigent. The kan himfelf has a fmall revenue for a fovereign prince, fince the rents of his own lands, a part of the taxes, and fome fmall perquilites, are he very near his whole income; tho" it is true, has not occafion tolivein an expenfive manner : his guard, which confifts ofabout two thoufand men, IS maintained at the grand fignior's expence, either in fo that his greateft armies coft him nothing, all follevying or maintaining. The Tartars are fooner diers, and the place of rendezvous is no afligned, than they come - at. the day appointed with arms, horles, and all provifions. The hope of booty, and the liberty of plundering, are their recompence. The Tartars fubjett to the kan are called by the. Circaflians, different names of Precops, Nogais, thofe and Kalmouchs. The Precopian Tartars are which who inhabit the great peninfula of Krimea; was the Cherfonefus Tauricus of the ancients,. Geographers make it about feventy of cighty leagues long, and about fifty broad. Its a the bale of SELK nearly refembles triangle, to the fouth confifts ofa chain of high mountains, into the which run eight or ten leagues high country. The two fides are fpacious open plains, where ogais, thofe and Kalmouchs. The Precopian Tartars are which who inhabit the great peninfula of Krimea; was the Cherfonefus Tauricus of the ancients,. Geographers make it about feventy of cighty leagues long, and about fifty broad. Its a the bale of SELK nearly refembles triangle, to the fouth confifts ofa chain of high mountains, into the which run eight or ten leagues high country. The two fides are fpacious open plains, where --- Page 341 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. where the winds blow with In all the Krimea there are uncommon violence. citics, which deferve the name not above fix or feven Karafou, nikalee Guelo, Orkapi, and the : Bagchfara, Kaffa, : Bagchfara, the fortrefs of the common refidence of capital the of the Yeg- and the midft of his kan, is country, fituated in ing of about a thoufand tertitories, and is a city confifttenanted. houfes, ill built and ill The foil, tho' naturally cultivated, but fuch good, is not of, produce excellent parts as are taken univerfally any care vulets turage take up a great corn. part of The the gardens and paf. many deep are wanting in the plains, but ground, are and rilages with wells, that plentifully fupplied by ly water. The climate would fupply be feveral vilfor temperate, in winter were it not for fufficientPortable. the raging north theimpetoous wind is winds; The hardly fupwell made, Precopian and Tartars are of a have very middling ftature, They are accuftomed betimes robuft contlitutions, thirft, heat and to fuffer hunger and with little, when cold; they have they contént themtelves the fancy takes them, but little; and when greateft exceffes. Their they readily run into the jargon, as ill language is a rant Swifs, ; and pfonounced their as French by an Turkifhi ignocording to the Turkith religion creed, is Mahometifin, ac: them Tho* have the plurality of wives is keep good horles more than one, but allowed, rather few of their law forbids for the purpofes ofy war. chufe to make very free with them it, to drink wine, yet Tho fay it is juftly forbidden when they can get it, they and life, fuch as lawyers, men of letters, and calm bur thar it gives clergymen, merchants, &cc, courage to the foldiers, fuch as they , is Mahometifin, ac: them Tho* have the plurality of wives is keep good horles more than one, but allowed, rather few of their law forbids for the purpofes ofy war. chufe to make very free with them it, to drink wine, yet Tho fay it is juftly forbidden when they can get it, they and life, fuch as lawyers, men of letters, and calm bur thar it gives clergymen, merchants, &cc, courage to the foldiers, fuch as they --- Page 342 --- Olfervations upon AsIA, 332they all are. When they have it not, they fupply the want of it with a very ftrong and intoxicatliquor made of four milk, and fermented ing millet, which they, call bofa. Their common food is flefh, milk, and a pa(te which they make of millet meal fteeped in water. They eat neither nor which, they fay, are the food roots pot-herbs, Horfe-flefh isa delicate repaft for them, of and beafts. their manner of cooking it, is to broil it a little on the coals, or if they are. on a journey, to heat it. under their faddles; and when they have with this a little mares milk, they think their re-. paft delicious. The Precopians have two great faults, fince they areimpudent lyars, and extremefelfith. In the time of war they. can raife from ly twenty to thirty thoufand men. likethe TheNogais Tartars wanderin the defarts, ancient Scythians, whofe favagenels and brutality they have ftill retained. Their country begins at the ifthmus of Krimea, and extends itfelf over immenfe tracks in Europe and Afia, from the Bud. ziak to the river Koubam, which feparates them from the Circaffian Tartars. The Nogais are naturally barbarous, cruel, revengeful, mifchievous in neighbours, and worfe guefts. All this is feen the air of their countenances, which are hideous and deformed. They are born blind, and do not fec for feveral days. Their, language has not fuch Mixture of the Turkith, asthat of thel Precopians; a and.they have not amongit them either villages, or fixed habitations, fince their houfes are towns, in which they tranfport their covered waggons, and families. When they have a mind baggage either for the conveniency of to ftop in any part, pitch their a river, or plenty of pafturage, with they felt, round tents, which are huts covered which they make an inclofure of ftakes tQ fecure their the Turkith, asthat of thel Precopians; a and.they have not amongit them either villages, or fixed habitations, fince their houfes are towns, in which they tranfport their covered waggons, and families. When they have a mind baggage either for the conveniency of to ftop in any part, pitch their a river, or plenty of pafturage, with they felt, round tents, which are huts covered which they make an inclofure of ftakes tQ fecure their --- Page 343 --- AFRIcA, and their families and flocks. AMERICA. ed beys but thofe of They have a captain calllord commiflioned Budziak are governed times a fultan. Their by the kan, and who is fome- by a bofa, in which they commit food is milk, flelh, and exceffes. When a horfe the moft is a great feaft for dies, or breaks monftrous a he their friends, and them, to which leg, Iris from the drink till they are ready they to invite. ber of foldiers, Nogais the kan has the burft. fince they can furnifh greateft numofnecelity, with a him, in cafe man' commonly is hundred thoufand men, Each which he rides, another proprietor of four horfes; that ry his provifions, and the for a change, and to carand booty. Wo to the others to carry hisf flaves come, fince their marches countries into which or hurricanes; for where refemble they nothing but the carth ever they pafs conflagrations they leave A Particular cuftom behind them. which they obferve of the of the at their Nogais is, that bridegroom common : relations marringes, of the fince fome fight divide into two bride and wounds, together, that they may companies and which, from whence a little réceive blood fome lighe that the according male to them, is a fure may fow 5 ftout warriors. children of the prefage, It is another marriage will be àmong the friends them, that at the birth cuftom of eftablifhed father's and relations come their childreni S houfe, and make to the door of and kettles, to a great noife with the Devil, that he fright, as they fay, and fcare pots child. may have no power the The over that two thoufand Nogais fheep, Tartars pay annually to the kan different times. At the which they fend him at three liged to wilh him happy gréat bairam they are obfeftivals, by four of their prinsipal 's and relations come their childreni S houfe, and make to the door of and kettles, to a great noife with the Devil, that he fright, as they fay, and fcare pots child. may have no power the The over that two thoufand Nogais fheep, Tartars pay annually to the kan different times. At the which they fend him at three liged to wilh him happy gréat bairam they are obfeftivals, by four of their prinsipal --- Page 344 --- Obfervations upon AsIA, principal mirzas, who are equivalentto ourknights, birds of with a prefent of fome horfes, and two prey trained up for the game 5 upon which occa- with fion the kan prefents each of thefe mirzas a compleat fuit. againft criminals in this country Theproceedings fhort, fince, when a Nogais has wounded are very of his comrades, they fend for all the neighone bours of the criminal, and the relations and friends ofthe wounded perfon, to come with whips in their hands, with which they often beat the criminal, fo him for dead. If the crime is murder, as to leave the criminal inftantly to death, without they put but ifitisa duel in form, and they the leaft pity 5 done without treachery, find that every thing was the furvivor is not punifhed. remarkable, In all this country we find nothing where there except the remains of an ancient city, and infeveral marble tombs with latin greck are which are now almoft effaced. There fcriptions, fort of fortification near the river, which is a from the neighbourhood of Azak, where comes to watch the motions of the they: have a guard hinder them from invading their Cofacks, and country by furprife. like windmille, and Their tents are is fo fomething contrived as to turn with the their chimney not be incommoded by the wind, that they may mirza is from fmoke. The tent ofa a diftinguithed the of the others by a fabre, painted near top When they cclebrate a:feftival or marchimney. they kill a horfe, make a hafh of the riage, and ferve the head up intire. If there is flefh, the a diftinguifhed perfon, they prefent in with company the fatteft inteftine of the horle, which him is efteemed a great delicacy. In their journies dried C with them fome of thefe entrails carry fmoaked, others by a fabre, painted near top When they cclebrate a:feftival or marchimney. they kill a horfe, make a hafh of the riage, and ferve the head up intire. If there is flefh, the a diftinguifhed perfon, they prefent in with company the fatteft inteftine of the horle, which him is efteemed a great delicacy. In their journies dried C with them fome of thefe entrails carry fmoaked, --- Page 345 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA fimoaked, felves in to regale thole who battlc, or gain the diflinguith themthey never failof dividing in greateft booty, which Thele tartars can bear equal portions. and their horles can do the hunger fame. five or fix days, dertake journies of three months, They often un-. any provifion with them, withour carrying may furnifh them with. relying upon what chance fpacious There are no mountains in their banks they plains, watered by fome rivers, country, but When cultivate, in order to fow whofe they fmell they the are marching to attack a their millet. caufe that air of it above two citys they fay infinitely which they breathe in the leagues off, beIn more purc. open fields is kan with time of war: they are obliged to fupply him forty with thoufand men ; but they furnifh the live but by the fixty booty thoufand, not being able always to enemies or neighbours. they. make on the lands. of The gentlemen carry hand, and there is nothing always that a bird on. their however doan action inconfiftent with their can force: them to, cradition. they have no knowledge nobility, of, but which by oral TFhefe are the maxims of thofe for They which look upon every thirteenth who go to war. is fourtcen reafon al Nogais does not year to, as tinhappys ofbattle in years of age; nor does he go war till he his thet twenty-fixth and enterthe field age, nor do they carry. about ehiny-sinthyease sof years any arms, which, with them in thefe to the bearer.. They fay they, would prove fatal lation from one of their pretend to have had this revethat none of their prophets 5 and, they affirm went to war in thofe warriors ever returned, who generally pend in faftings unhappy and years, which they prayer. On thele occafions age; nor does he go war till he his thet twenty-fixth and enterthe field age, nor do they carry. about ehiny-sinthyease sof years any arms, which, with them in thefe to the bearer.. They fay they, would prove fatal lation from one of their pretend to have had this revethat none of their prophets 5 and, they affirm went to war in thofe warriors ever returned, who generally pend in faftings unhappy and years, which they prayer. On thele occafions --- Page 346 --- Obferevations upon Asta; occafiohs they are forbidden to contraét marriage,df But bear about them the weight of a pound. this climaéteric year bcing over, they makea great feaft for their friends and relations; in which they themfelves with their bofa, which is intoxicate of ferménted millet, and is as ftrong as mnade brandy. have neither corn nor wine, nor The Nogais and the millet of the falt, nor oil, nor of fpices; their cattle, is their common country, and milk fheep, and wild fowl, food. They have oxen, boil their milk till it bebut are fo fenfelefs as to after which they make comes hard as a ftone them : in the fun, and when balls of it, and dry dilute them in water, they want to ufe them, they which is delicious to them and compofe a drink, in hot weather. Tartars inhabit Adda, which is The Circaffian the north by the Nogais, on the fouth bounded on the eaft Georgia, and on by the black fea, on Bofphorus, by and the the weft by the Cimmerian them from the Krimea ; and gulph that feparates there is a ica-port of great trade, upon this gulph from which they export fkins, hocalled Taman, - The taxes are ney, wax, and other commodities. the other paid, one halfto the whom grand fignior,and has three per cent. to the kan, each of Circaffanslive in woods, and are The mountain the reft but thofe who live in not fo fociable as 3 and fome fmall cities on the plains have villages, where there is a trade the borders of the red fea, who them, carried on. The beys, or lords and govérn fathers and deal in the fale of their vaffals, The Gircaffians mothers in that of their children. warriors's and it better hunters than are reckoned them in thât they are the may be faid of general, of the Tartar nations. leaft difpofed to war of any One not fo fociable as 3 and fome fmall cities on the plains have villages, where there is a trade the borders of the red fea, who them, carried on. The beys, or lords and govérn fathers and deal in the fale of their vaffals, The Gircaffians mothers in that of their children. warriors's and it better hunters than are reckoned them in thât they are the may be faid of general, of the Tartar nations. leaft difpofed to war of any One --- Page 347 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA: One fide of Circaflia is deep vallies, fhaded full'of high hills, The capital of this by a number of and the kan of Krimea canton is' Kabartha, large from trees. faves, and draws his greateft which icto be extremely every one who fees the country revenues in pitted with the fmall beautiful, None are allows ing care of their children pox, by the method remarkably of takThere is a bey who in their infancy. under the commands in this officers under authority him, of the kan, who has country, as a tribute tothe kan and thefe are obliged to feveral ly, two hundred three hundred flaves, give are not above twenty girls, and an hundred boys, name- who beys give their own years old. Very often the induce the parents to deliver children, the more eafily to When the Circaffian up theirs. fend to the kan for an beys are at variance, prince of the blood, aga, and they and their to determine their fometimes for a wards, fince commifaries never return differencess and moft valuable they make them prefents without of the beft refay, that in Circaffia things they have: ; and We and women as they do they in other make a traffic of men may commodities. places of. different gais, The fince Circaffian Tartars live better than and very rarely they daily horfe eat beef, mutton, wild the Nofomething from that of flelh. Their bread fowl, made of mille-meal, the Nogais; fince differs it is bake which in they make a foft kneaded pafte, with water, of The carthen moulds, and eat very which they half trees ; and country tho' is fine, and abounds hot. with charming rivulets. uncultivated, Theair is yet watered fruitfome, which is no doubt the is very good and whol with Voz. I, reafon why theCircaf fian that of flelh. Their bread fowl, made of mille-meal, the Nogais; fince differs it is bake which in they make a foft kneaded pafte, with water, of The carthen moulds, and eat very which they half trees ; and country tho' is fine, and abounds hot. with charming rivulets. uncultivated, Theair is yet watered fruitfome, which is no doubt the is very good and whol with Voz. I, reafon why theCircaf fian --- Page 348 --- Obfervations apon AsIA, fian women have a degree of beauty far fuperior to the other Tartars. efteem chriftians, and fay Thefe people greatly who they are defcended from fome Genoefe, long poffeffed the principal pârt of this great country, and fhew in feveral places the ruins of the cities they. had built. The Circaffian beys are generally of Mahometans, and only accept the place out complaifance to the Tartars, with whom they have continual connexions. As for the people, they chriftians nor mahometans, and neither are neither circumcifion. They have a ufe baptifm nor different from the reft ete ticular language quite however, feems to have a great Tartars, which, exercifes of fweetnefs. There are no religion aflemamongft them, but certain fuperftitious blies, which are held at ftated times, beneath large he trees, to which they tye wax candles, their while head who is their papas.or prieft, makes at fome three or four turns round the tree, muttering eat on which occafion they generally prayers, hogs fleth openly, and without referve. The Circallians,who: are fobeautiful, haveforncighwho'are fuch monfters in nabours the Calmouchs, their heknows not ture, that when one looks at where face, their eyes or of what colour to call it, nor Calmouchs are nofes are. As a part of thefe the tributary to the kan, and the others to czar, yéarly at the grand bairam, they are obliged to the kan of Krimea, with to fend a deputation and: fend him their tribute, him a happy feftival, chariots, one drawn which confifts in two covered in by four 3 horfes, and the other by two camels, which are two furs of fable, one for the prince, and the other for the fultana his mother, or the his, wives. They alfo give furs of the chief of - fame % czar, yéarly at the grand bairam, they are obliged to the kan of Krimea, with to fend a deputation and: fend him their tribute, him a happy feftival, chariots, one drawn which confifts in two covered in by four 3 horfes, and the other by two camels, which are two furs of fable, one for the prince, and the other for the fultana his mother, or the his, wives. They alfo give furs of the chief of - fame % --- Page 349 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. fame kind to the firft ther fons or brothers of princes the of the blood; whefirft vizir, and the mufti. kan, as well as to bis The head of the pal Calmouchs, and deputation when is one of the of the iithmus of they are at the princithe kan of their arrival. Krimea, they give notice entrance to that neck of land; which The lictle city built on continent, is in Frenchicalled joins the Kriméa to the Turkifh language Porte-or, and in the the news of their Orkapi. arrival When the kan receives courier with orders for at Orkapi, he fends a to defray their them to enter, and they have an audience expence to the capital; after money kiaia of the vizir the fecond day, and then which the duéts them to the goes palace to their lodginge, and congive them the with their prefents. two kapigis-bachis kaftan, or robe of honour; They then arm, conduct them taking éach of them in that by the partment of the kan, manher to the aand kifs the hem of his where they fall proftrate, them they are welcome, garment. The kan tells puty affures him ofthe upon which the chief deand offers him their fidelity of the to Calmouchs, the apartments of prefents. the vizir, Soon after they go galed with coffce, fhirbet, and where they are reing to the cuftom of the perfurnes, accord-. their ftay at Turks. The kan ence of bread, Bagchfaray, gives them a daily during, meat, fowls, fubfifoats, and ftraw for their fpices, butter, wood, and fuits of cloth cloaths horfes ; and The kahs of at their audience of gives leave. them on the following Tartary take the name of ago, whén the inhabitants account. About two centuries Guirai, were fo deeply of the Leffer princes perifhed, involved in civil wars, that Tartary all their except Z one of ten years of age, whonn --- Page 350 --- Obfervations apon AstA, whom a labourer called Guirai, faved out of comThe' Tartars into feveral faétions, pafion. * feparated and bloody, but being and the war became long able to at laft weary of it, and not being could agree confented, that if they about a prince, they of their kans, would find one of the race which they Guirai place him on the throne, upon then prethe who was cighteen a fented young prince, feveral indubitable years old, and was knowa by him, the public marks. The Tartars obeyed kan willing peace was reftored, and the young and deto fhew his gratitude to his fofter-father, afked him what liverer, made him be fent for, and labourer refavour he defired ; upon which the not what plied, that riches and employments fenfe were of honour, he he wanted, that having ftill a and oblige his defired he would take his name, time the Tartar defcendants to ufeit; fince which receive princes join Guirai to the name,which they in circumcifion. CHAP ored, and the young and deto fhew his gratitude to his fofter-father, afked him what liverer, made him be fent for, and labourer refavour he defired ; upon which the not what plied, that riches and employments fenfe were of honour, he he wanted, that having ftill a and oblige his defired he would take his name, time the Tartar defcendants to ufeit; fince which receive princes join Guirai to the name,which they in circumcifion. CHAP --- Page 351 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA, CHAP XXXV, Tbe couerfe ef the tbe Indians bave Ganges of ; the opinion webich of tbe.sfand of Coylan tbis river ; defeription Mogul emperors ; ef tbe names Cachis ; of tbe famous ef tbe Goleonda gf Pandichari, of St. pagod ef 5 of Maduras Thopras of cipal cities ef the Indies, andfome otber priie - HE Eaft Indies are divided from the chain of mountains of Gata, naturally by that northern extremity of the which extend : terminate part. They begin fouth-fea, at to the moft the moft known at Mount Ima. As the Cape river Comorin, and called by this by ancient Indus was this name all the geographers, they have Delhi river, as far as the people who lived beyond has been long the Eaftern fea; and becaufe the reigns, it has been looked refidence of the foveIndoftan Indies, and at this day upon as the capital of the to this vaft they give the name of Indus and the country, which lies between We cannot fay Ganges. in what believe gins. It is in the part the Indus firft befome Indians, country but others of Cachemira, if we towards among the mountains of Ima. place it the fouth as the It takes its higher courle rence, that the Ganges ; with this and the Indus on Ganges the inclines a little to the diffelaft difembogues contrary to the weft, and eaft, veral mouths, itelfinto the Indian fea, the by feZ 3 The cannot fay Ganges. in what believe gins. It is in the part the Indus firft befome Indians, country but others of Cachemira, if we towards among the mountains of Ima. place it the fouth as the It takes its higher courle rence, that the Ganges ; with this and the Indus on Ganges the inclines a little to the diffelaft difembogues contrary to the weft, and eaft, veral mouths, itelfinto the Indian fea, the by feZ 3 The --- Page 352 --- Obfervations upon ASIA, 342 The Ganges is the largeft, and the moft famous river of all Afia, and its fource, according to the of the Indians, is celeftial, fince they fay opinion of their pours it from his mouth on one gods from whence paffing over many. mount Ima ; its courfe to the fouth, it waftates, and diredting the moft famous of ters many great cities, which is, fay the Indians, Cachi 3 then it pafles inthe of Bengal, and throws itfelf into to kingdom the fea by feveral mouths. the Indians, the Ganges is a If we may believe holy river, whofe virtue confifts in wathing away fins. Thofe whoare fo'happy as todieon its banks, admitted into a delicious region, where they are till their fouls animate other bodies : it is continue, for this reafon that they throw fo many dead carcaffes into this river; that the fick order themielves to be tranfported to the Ganges. and that others who are too far diftant, carefully inclofe in the aihes of burnt bodies, and fend them to urns be caft into the river. which have all over. the This general efteem they Indiesforthe Ganges,is of greatbenefit to the pricfts, wha fill bamboos with the water ofit, which they fix the two extremities of a feven or cight féet to pole fhoulders, it all long, and, putting it on their carry over" the Indies, and fell this falutary water very dear, which they pretend is not fubject to corrupThis idea the Indians entertain of the tion. arifes high from the perfuafion they have with Ganges, idolaters, that great rivers are the abodes of moft befides, it'is certain, that fome god or goddeis; ofthe terreftrial paradife, of the Indians have heard and of the tree of life : the river that watered it, finer riand it is probable, that not knowing any to it ver than the Ganges, they have attributed With this what they have heard of that river. knows rupThis idea the Indians entertain of the tion. arifes high from the perfuafion they have with Ganges, idolaters, that great rivers are the abodes of moft befides, it'is certain, that fome god or goddeis; ofthe terreftrial paradife, of the Indians have heard and of the tree of life : the river that watered it, finer riand it is probable, that not knowing any to it ver than the Ganges, they have attributed With this what they have heard of that river. knows --- Page 353 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA: lanowledge of the terreftrial 343. have' received by tradicion from paradife, which they they have intermixed their forefathers, own tafte ; for example, many fables agrccable to theirs through a delightful garden, that the. Ganges runs: youth to thofe who eat of it, whole fruit reftores their life 5 fo that and adds a century ton at the end of each wholoever fhould be fo happy as: fruit on the banks of century the to find fome of this tained of an immortal life. Ganges, might be afcer-t fact, that they have known They add asa certain three hundred years, fome who have lived found fome of this fruit becaufe, fay they, they had tury ; but not being fo at the end 1 of cach cenbeginning of the fourth, lucky as to find any at the After the of they inftantly died.' let us now defeription the Indus and which are on proceed the to the moft remarkable Ganges, the famousifland banks of the Indus, places, of Ceylan. beginning with gal having one day afked The king of Portufrom the an officer fwered, Indies, an account of this juft come feas that it Was an ifland ifland, was anwere fown with pearls, whofe furrounding namon, its mountains whofewoods were cinverns full of cryftal ; covered with rubies, its cawhich God chofe for the and, in. a word, the place defcription is terreftrial paradife. This be denied but certainly it is the exaggerated, moft tho' it cannot world. The Indians call it beautiful ifland. in the idolaters of Afia look it Cachi, and all the: gods. The famous upon as theabode of their: dian gods, Ramen, the chief of the In-r the Pegouans according to them, refided there which affirm, that 5 and they worfhip, Anouman, a famous apel thither, who was accompanied : Vichnou The Siamefe affirm, metamorphofed that into Ramen. their god Z 4 Somonacodont has: land. in the idolaters of Afia look it Cachi, and all the: gods. The famous upon as theabode of their: dian gods, Ramen, the chief of the In-r the Pegouans according to them, refided there which affirm, that 5 and they worfhip, Anouman, a famous apel thither, who was accompanied : Vichnou The Siamefe affirm, metamorphofed that into Ramen. their god Z 4 Somonacodont has: --- Page 354 --- Obfervations upon ASTA, has left the print of. one of his feet in its and the Chinefe themfelves, who are not willing to be indebted for any thing to ftrangers, acknowledge that one of their principal idols came from Ceylan, which is an ifland about twO hundred leagues in circumference, watered by a number of fine rivers, and bleft with plentiful harvefts. Pondicheri is the largeft eftablifhment the French have in the Indies, fince it has a regular fortrefs, where none of the works neceffary for a good defence are wanting. The city is fpacious, the ftreets parallel, and the houfes, inftead of being, built like thofe of Europe, are but earth COvered with lime; but as they compofe ftrait ftreets they have an agreeable appearance. In fome ofthe ftreets are fine avenues oftrees, under whofe fhade the wéavers work thofe fine cottonsfo much efteemed in Europe. The difference oftime betwixt the meridian of Pondicheri and Paris is five hours, and eleven or twelve minutes, which are equal to about feventy-cight degrees. the followIn going from Pondicheri to north, ing the coaft, we fee the city of St. Thomas, alfo called Meliapam, orto ufe the Indian name, Mailabouram ; that is to fay, the city of peacocks, becaufe the former princes of this country had a peacock for arms, and had it painted on their colours. Itis probably in imitation of the emperors of Bifnagar, that the Mogul emperors place fo beautiful and rich a peacock on the canopy of their throne, the platform of which is all covered with pearls and diamonds, and furrounded with a fringe of pearls. Above the canopy is a peacock, whofe expanded tail is offapphires, and other precious ftones; the body is of gold enamelled with jewels ; and in a word, there ig a large ruby in the middle of the breall, from whence hangs a pearl Itis probably in imitation of the emperors of Bifnagar, that the Mogul emperors place fo beautiful and rich a peacock on the canopy of their throne, the platform of which is all covered with pearls and diamonds, and furrounded with a fringe of pearls. Above the canopy is a peacock, whofe expanded tail is offapphires, and other precious ftones; the body is of gold enamelled with jewels ; and in a word, there ig a large ruby in the middle of the breall, from whence hangs a pearl --- Page 355 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA: pearl in form of a pear, rats. which weighs fifry caThe Indians do not fpeak Cachi, than of the Ganges, fince lefs pompouly of cording to them, isi the abode of the former, ac. by conitquence, a facred their gods, and and the moft celebrated and holy place. Ramen, penances in the woods near hermits, Performed their ever dies in fo holy a the Cachi; and whodoned, and goes place, has all his fins has made a diredtly to heaven 5 a man' pars that account, journey to Cachi, is who of which is tho' he has no other reverenced merit, the upon word, they fupplied by having been there. want ons fublime complain, that they have not In a the fanétity offo enoligh to reprefent, as they expreffi. As for Cachi, venerable a place, oughr, Banares, it is one of which the certainly is the fame'as Indies. Almoft all the houfes beft built cities in the bricks, and there are are of or but the ftreets very beautiful free-ftone, the walls of this are narrow. The Ganges caravanferas wafhés ; the country round city, about whofe fituation is fine, and From the delightful and fertile. ftone ftairs, temple-gate with to the Ganges are feveral This defcription platforms is between each of them. Indians give us of agreeable the to that which thet proves that Banares and Cachi pagod of Cachi, which' The city now called are the fame. only a garden of a Golconda, was from the fortrefs of pleafant that fituation, two formerly firft name. They leagues Bagnagar, and afterwards called it at very near as large as Golconds, which is adorned with beautiful Orleans, well fituated, and runs thro' it, and throws ftreets. The river which fulipatan, is broad and itfelfinto the fea ofMaf have builta magnificent clear, over which they. bridge, and the palace is very fame. only a garden of a Golconda, was from the fortrefs of pleafant that fituation, two formerly firft name. They leagues Bagnagar, and afterwards called it at very near as large as Golconds, which is adorned with beautiful Orleans, well fituated, and runs thro' it, and throws ftreets. The river which fulipatan, is broad and itfelfinto the fea ofMaf have builta magnificent clear, over which they. bridge, and the palace is very --- Page 356 --- Obfervations zpon AstA, very fumptuous. Since this city is become fubject to the Mogul, itis not fo well peopled as before; for Auren-zeb piliaged it entirely, before he took the citadel; and it iS in this kingdom of Golconda, that we meet with the famous diamond mine. Madura is the capital of the kingdoi of this name, and is furrounded. by two walls, each of which is fortified afterthe ancient manner, with feveral fquare turrets with parapets, and furnifhed with cannon. The fortrels, which is fquare, is furrounded with a large deep ditch, a fcarp, and counterfcarp- There are no covered ways to the fcarp; and inftead ofa glacis there are four fine ftreets, which front the fides of the fortrefs. One may walk round it eafily in two hours; and thes houfes of the ftreets have large gardens on the country's fide, which is fine and fertile. The infide of the fortrefs is divided into four parts 5 and thofe on the eaft and fouth contain the king's palace, which is a labyrinth of ftreets, ponds, woods, halls, galleries, colonnades, andfeveral houfes placed here and thére ; foi that when we have once entered it, it is not eafy to find the way out. When the kings of Madura refided here, there were none in it, but women and eunuchs, and thefamous Troumoulansiken, who contributed moft to the embellifhments of it, had a feraglio in this palace, whofe halls of audience were fuperb and grand. At the entrance was a great gallery, fupported pillars of black marble well by twenty From large thence we paffed into a fpacious wrought. court, where we faw the four fides of the buildings which correfponded to the four quarters of the world. Each fide of the building had in the midft a very. elevated dome, ornamented with works of fculpture, and thefe domes were joined by cight it, had a feraglio in this palace, whofe halls of audience were fuperb and grand. At the entrance was a great gallery, fupported pillars of black marble well by twenty From large thence we paffed into a fpacious wrought. court, where we faw the four fides of the buildings which correfponded to the four quarters of the world. Each fide of the building had in the midft a very. elevated dome, ornamented with works of fculpture, and thefe domes were joined by cight --- Page 357 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA, e ciglit galleries, whole angles turrets. The plan of this were flanked with by an European ; for we fée palace in it had been drawn ornaments mixed with Indian many European In the fecond part of the architedture. of Chokanadony which is the fortrefs is the temple Madura. To the eaft oft the idol worlhipped at tiful porticos, and to the pagod are many beau-: is feen a magnificent north of one of thefe the idol in triumph chariot deligned to pagod is furrounded on his feftival day. carry The each of which are with three walls, between well gravelled, and many adorned fine avenucs, very fmooth, rows of lofty trees. There: on each fide with at the entrance of the are four great towers lace, and the reft of the principal gates of the trefs, is divided into feveral ground within the ER public fquares. ftrects, ponds, and The river which runs by beautiful, ifit was. not drawn Madura would be which drain it, and reduce it offinto great lakes, the city there is a canal which toa rivuler. Below fouth, and throws itfelf into five runs from north to on the weft of Madura, which beautiful ponds for conveying the water into the have other canals To: the eaft ofthe fortrefs ditches. umphal chariots, which are we fee three other tried, The greateft cannot be magnificent when adornfay, but by feveral thoufand drawn, as the Indians wonder, confidering the perfons ; which is no machine, which carries four enormous bulk of this leaft, whofe offices are hundred perfons at beams they form five ftories, different. With large feveral each. ed with galleries : and when this machine ofwhich is has ftreamers, painted ftuffs, filks of different coverftandards, umbrellos; feftoons colours, reprefenting different and offlowers, figures 5 when all this-is feen thoufand drawn, as the Indians wonder, confidering the perfons ; which is no machine, which carries four enormous bulk of this leaft, whofe offices are hundred perfons at beams they form five ftories, different. With large feveral each. ed with galleries : and when this machine ofwhich is has ftreamers, painted ftuffs, filks of different coverftandards, umbrellos; feftoons colours, reprefenting different and offlowers, figures 5 when all this-is feen --- Page 358 --- Offervations upon AsIA, deen in the midft of the thoufand night, by the light of a flambeaus, it cannot be denied a very agreeable fpeétacle. The to be a hautboys, and feveral other drums, trumpets, pany the motion of this chariot, inftruments, which accomthat they are three days in is fo flow, fortrefs. drawing it round the On the north fide, above the in ftreet that runs eaft and fortrefs, the Chriftian weft, were formerly the churches, which were overthrown the city was taken and ruined entirely when' of Mayffur. by the king Madura has loft much of its ancient fince the irruptions of the fplendor, the laft kings have removed Mayffurians, their and fince rapali, which is a Jarge well court to Trichicontains above three hundred thoufand peopled city, and Iti is the greateft fort between inhabitants. Golconda, fo that numérous cape Comorin and fieged.it, and always in armies have often bethe Indians fay it is vain; for which reafon inclofure of impregnable. It has a double walls, each fortified with iquare turrets, diftant from each other about fixty ty or a hundred paces. The fecond cighmore elevated than the former; and is inclofure is with a hundred and furnifhed of a pretty large thirty pieces of cannon, ftill divided bore; ; this fecond inclofure is into two fortreffes, which are called therefore the north and fouth; the latter has its internal walls lower than the ofwhich there is an eminence from whence other; and cover an enemy, towards the midft they of can difis the arfenal, and at the bottom the which palace. The infide of this fortrefs is prince's able, and confifts of a great fquare very agreewith ftairs on all fides to. afcend to the amphitheatre, Befides the turrets on the double inclofure, ramparts. there are called therefore the north and fouth; the latter has its internal walls lower than the ofwhich there is an eminence from whence other; and cover an enemy, towards the midft they of can difis the arfenal, and at the bottom the which palace. The infide of this fortrefs is prince's able, and confifts of a great fquare very agreewith ftairs on all fides to. afcend to the amphitheatre, Befides the turrets on the double inclofure, ramparts. there are --- Page 359 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA, are cighteen larger, wherein vifions and ammunition of they lay up the prolodged in the arlenal. war, which cannot be rice provifion ; what is taken They renew yearly the given to the foldiers as part of their from the ftorès is fometimes garrifon confifts of about fix thoufand pay, and the more. men, and The ditch which furrounds the deep, full of water, and abounds fortrefs is large, Trichirapali has four large with crocodiles, only left open, and that gates, two of which are to women belonging to towards the the weft is only free they patrole three times in palace. Every night with the found of drums and the palace; the firt the evening 5 the next about nine trumpets, o towards hautboys and other inftruments clock, with lence, about midnight ; and ; the third in fia fourth about three in the fometimes they make The palace morning. ofTrichirapali is far magnificent as that of from being fo in a heap of halls, galleries, Madura, and only confifts divan, or tribunal and chambers. The high pillars, contrary ofjuftice, to the is fupported by fine and above it there is a fine cuftom of the Indianss dens are very for platform. The four or five little magnificent; we fee in Rem great hall, fountains, and at the deep open on all fides, and entrance a the ditches, which are filled with furrounded with occafion queen comes to enjoy the frefh water when the pillars which air, on which vered with gold, and the fupport roof the, hall are COfeftoons of Alowers, and ornamented with rent colours, picces of damaik of diffeCHAP. --- Page 360 --- Oifervations upon ASIA, CHAP. XXXVI. The manner of inoculating tbe Imall-pox among tbe Cbinefe ; rales to be obferoedfor that purremedies ufed in tbis artificial pock; pole; to remove or mitigate the a particular fecret Imall-pox. perhaps, fhall not be a little furprized W to find that a method very like that which was brought from Conftantinople into England, fhould have been in ufe for above a century in China. It may be afked, whether it was in this empire that this invention had its birth, or in fome neighbouring kingdom ? If the Englith are to be believed, the Greeks of Conftantinople got this fecret from the countrics adjoining, to the Cafpian China fea, which might induce us to believe, that had itfrom the fame fource, by means of the caravans of the Armenian and othér merchants, who have for many years traded to Chiria. Yet from this conjedture will equally prove, that it was China that this fecret came to the Cafpian thore. But what proves that this invention was not brought from Tartary to China is, that the Tartars have hitherto been intirely ignorant of the method of inoculating, and making thereby the fmallmilder and fafer. They look on this difeafe as pox a kind of plague; and as foon as any of them get it, he is abandoned by all, and has : nothing to truft to but providence and his conftitution. difallow Whatever we may conjeêture, none can be but the Chinefe receipts aboutinoculation may of 5 the firft ofwhich is as follows: à great advantage When have hitherto been intirely ignorant of the method of inoculating, and making thereby the fmallmilder and fafer. They look on this difeafe as pox a kind of plague; and as foon as any of them get it, he is abandoned by all, and has : nothing to truft to but providence and his conftitution. difallow Whatever we may conjeêture, none can be but the Chinefe receipts aboutinoculation may of 5 the firft ofwhich is as follows: à great advantage When --- Page 361 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. When you have found a child from years of age, whofe one to feven out any malignant pock came outh happily, withand was well on the ligns, chirteenth who had. them. diftinct, fo that the fcales of the and fourteenth day, up the fcales or pellicules puftules of fell off; put them in a China the dried gather muft carefully clofe veffel, whofe mouth puftules, you may with wax, by which you would preferve their efficacy many means evaporate in one ycars, which a the leaft opening in the veffel. hundred days, was there in It is fuppofed that the child to a good ftate ofh health, and be inoculated is If the preferved fcales be is, at leaft, a year old. they are large two are fmall, take four; if of mufk in fuch a manner, fufficient, that and mix a grain between the two fcales, which the mufk may lie whole muft be put into a piece prefs it; and the up'in form of a tent, which is orcotton, wrapped nofes and you muft fill the left to be put into the boy, and the right ifit is a noftril, if it is a We muft obferve whether girl. tal future clofed; for is thechild has the fromthe child has a ifit not Aux, or any other confolidated, or. proper to inoculate him. diforder, it is not When this remedy is fever comes on, if the put into the nofe, and a third day, we may reckon, puftules that appear not till the eight or nine willdo well. of ten children, out the fecond But fhould they ger, and fhould day, one half will be in come the great danance the firft day of the puftules make their cannot anfwer for the life fever, then the playlician appearFor what remains with ofthe patient. remedy, we muft conduét refpect to the ufe of this ral fmall-pox, and ourfelves as in the natuonly once ufe expellent medicines, , puftules that appear not till the eight or nine willdo well. of ten children, out the fecond But fhould they ger, and fhould day, one half will be in come the great danance the firft day of the puftules make their cannot anfwer for the life fever, then the playlician appearFor what remains with ofthe patient. remedy, we muft conduét refpect to the ufe of this ral fmall-pox, and ourfelves as in the natuonly once ufe expellent medicines, --- Page 362 --- Oifervations upon AsIA, cines, and then give the patient potions and fortifying This cordials. recipe contains circumftances of more importance in praétice, than at firit appears. Firft, they chufe the pock of the youngeit childrer for the feed to be inoculated ; becaufe they judge it is freeft from heterogeneous malignity, and that its virus is not too ftrong for the deligned operation. They alfo judge thatthe puftules of the diftinét kind are better nourifhed, of a milder quality, juft as it happens to fruits which are left in fmall numbers on a tree. Asforthe mufk it feems a meer vehicle; tho' as it is very fpirituous, the morbific feeds with which it is mixed infinuate more eafily. They have probably confidered that good mufk ftrengthens the head and heart; and by its heat opens the pores of the veffels; which has laid a foundation for faying, that being fmelled to fafting, it caufes bleeding at the nofe. But we now proceed to the fecond prefcription. muft chufe the To fucceed in inoculating, we fcales of the beft conditioned pock. Thefe recent fcales ftand in need of a preparation. to correét their acrimony : they cut in little flices the root of fcorzonera, to which they add a little liquorifh, which they put into a china cup full of hot water. They then cover this cup with fine gauze, over which they hold for fome time the pocky fcales, expofed to the benign heat ofthis compofition. After this they remove and dry them, and then they have their proper force. The fcales that have been laid up for a month or two have no need of this preparation, fince it is fufficient to temper them by the gentle perfpiration of a healthy man, who carries them about with him for fome time before they are made ufe of, We china cup full of hot water. They then cover this cup with fine gauze, over which they hold for fome time the pocky fcales, expofed to the benign heat ofthis compofition. After this they remove and dry them, and then they have their proper force. The fcales that have been laid up for a month or two have no need of this preparation, fince it is fufficient to temper them by the gentle perfpiration of a healthy man, who carries them about with him for fome time before they are made ufe of, We --- Page 363 --- AFRICA, We muft adAsexical trunk cfthe obferve that fcales taken the back, are body, the whether on the from the againft ufing thofe beft ; and that We breaft, muft or on: the face, the which are taken from the guard When feet, or hands. head, cifion, we would give the we muft take the down fmall-pox without inegg, and put into it a of a then put it inta the left fufficient quantity filkworm's of fcales into the right noftril, noftril, ifit be a and 3 there three hours. ifit be a girl, and boy, leave making a thick There is another method it by mixing them mixture with of inclofe this with a little warm pulverized crufts, they put into pafte the in a thin! piece of cotton, water. They hours, by which child's nofe, and leaveit which ceed ; and on the means fixth the fever will foon for. fuc- fix pox will begin, and the day the marks of the at the end of twelve puftules will dry, and fmallwater, we muf ufe days. To mix thele fall There are fix a fick of mulberry wood. crufts in clate. 1ft, If the cafes, child in which we muft 2dly, Should it be be under the netinocuIfche a young man age of a year. perfon has at that time paft fixteen. sthly, If he has any external 3dly, ing the fummer, inwardly an ailment. diforder, venture. éthly, and great heats, we sthly, muft Durfavourable kind. When the pocky feed is not of not Itis probably with a they caution us a great deal of reafon but chufe thofe feafons againft inoculating in that tal fpirits are lefs of the year when fummer, the ed, on which occafion dillipated, and more vifheis fortified natare acts better, concentratis far mcre againft the external cold Provided in eafy to guard againft ; which it requifite. fummer, to give precifely the than it would be degree of Vor. I, ftrengch A a In deal of reafon but chufe thofe feafons againft inoculating in that tal fpirits are lefs of the year when fummer, the ed, on which occafion dillipated, and more vifheis fortified natare acts better, concentratis far mcre againft the external cold Provided in eafy to guard againft ; which it requifite. fummer, to give precifely the than it would be degree of Vor. I, ftrengch A a In --- Page 364 --- Obferiations apon ASIA, it dangerons; In both thefe methods, they judge but for the fmall-pox to come out too foon. 5 is common to them with the natural this danger effortof nature is the caufe fmall-pox. A premature reunited; ; as it that her forces are never totally reiterated, fave happens in demicrifes, which being crifis does. The notthe fick perfon as a perfeét bematter which is not prepared, being be pufhed there fuffitwixt the flefh and fkin, cannot which fall ciently conco@ted, juft as the aliments has been into the ftomach, before the firft digeftion and that performed in the mouth by maftication, the faliva. Thus diffolution which is cffcéted by thothefe acids entering into the blood, are never moft roughly expelled from it, and produce the uncommon fymptoms. comprehends the rules which The laft receipt we are to obferve, in inoculating. whom ift, It is neceffary that the child, they and fhould be healthy, robuft, want to inoculate, free from all diftempers. take that the fagittal fu2dly, They muft and care, clofed ; wherefore care ture be perfeély united that children be three fhould be taken in general, are inoculated ; and years old, at leaft, before they fhould not be made, it is an experiment which when they are paft feven. be free from internal and adly, The child, muft ofhis habitual infirmities ; have, on no part body, tetters, nor even the leaft either itch, impoftume, and, in a word, he muft not ebullitions of blood; have the fmalleft fymptom of a fux. when We muft refrain from inoculation, if child 4thly, cafts his eyes on one fide, as a frequently when he is dull of hearing, much he fquinted ; deaf; when his noftrils are more when he is totally with difficulty. ftop'd, or when he makes water sthly, tetters, nor even the leaft either itch, impoftume, and, in a word, he muft not ebullitions of blood; have the fmalleft fymptom of a fux. when We muft refrain from inoculation, if child 4thly, cafts his eyes on one fide, as a frequently when he is dull of hearing, much he fquinted ; deaf; when his noftrils are more when he is totally with difficulty. ftop'd, or when he makes water sthly, --- Page 365 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. if 5thly, Inoculation would be an ufelefs the child had large cyes; without attempt, which are fituate in their the caruncles hircus (that of the corners, or if he had the pointed, and part eye next the temple) have. not round, as the generality of very men 6thly, The feafons of great heat; or cold, would be exceflive likewife thofe prejudicial to this operation, as times, when any epidemical per rages, or when the weather is diftemin refpect of drynefs, irregular, either When we have hamidity, or cloudinefs. all the neceffary obferved, that the child has him difpofitions, we muft by a potion proper to difipate prepare humours, and purify the blood malignant and it muft be at leaft ten or twelve and juices 5 ufe of this-.femedy, before days after the lation. The remedy is we undertake inocumanner : compofed in the following We muft take red, black, and liquorih, ofeach an ounce, and reduce green all peas, and der, which we muft put into a tube to powelder, whofe bark is peeled ofbamboo, or on each end. We muft fill this off, leaving the knot dicinal powder, and clofe the tube with the mewedges of fir, over which We muft two openings with covering of wax, that the leaft put a thick not remain at the extremities of aperture the may being thus difpofed during tube: all this tube in a vault or winter, we niuft hang muft remain for fourteen necellary-houfes, months. where it cleaned the outfide, we muft add After we have, this mixture dried in the fhade, to one ounce of is the tenth part of an ounce)ofthe three mas (a mas which is a wild apricot, that flower maeifte, ters and there are fome of them flowers in winflowers, but we muft not with which have only our fingers gather Aaz 2 thefe tube: all this tube in a vault or winter, we niuft hang muft remain for fourteen necellary-houfes, months. where it cleaned the outfide, we muft add After we have, this mixture dried in the fhade, to one ounce of is the tenth part of an ounce)ofthe three mas (a mas which is a wild apricot, that flower maeifte, ters and there are fome of them flowers in winflowers, but we muft not with which have only our fingers gather Aaz 2 thefe --- Page 366 --- Obfarvations apon AstA, when they are fallen upon the fnow; thefe leaves, take them on the point of a needle, but muft them to the heat of on Ea lay them paper, them expofe : and when they a clear fire to dry entirely: fine muft be reduced to a very are fo, they with the other powder, SNER is der, and mix'd manner: The dofe to be exhibited in the following to the child's is a mas, OF half a mas, in proportion this in a poage 5 and they muft dilute boil powder the creeping ftalks tion of water, wherein they and when of the long, flender, and downy gourd in 5 their ftead thefe ftalks cannot be had, we may ufe the Aowers of xirinhoa. all food muft be When they give this remedy, and acrimonious forbidden, that is of too pungent we may a tafte or fmell. Ten OF twelve daysafter muft chufe in a inoculate 3 and for this robuft purpofe, child, who has a good feafon, a young, and not too clofe, pock that is well conditioned, fcales of thefe puftules, we muft colleét the thickeft veffel, fo that the fpiand fhut them up clofe in'a which rits may not evaporate, after without precaution, lofing they may ferve during a whole year, their efficacy. would inoculate the fmall-pox, we When we fix of thefe feales; tho' if the' mutt take five advancedin or wejoin two grains child is a little age, them together, of hiunghoang, and pounding of cotton, which. is to be wrap them up in a piece of the child, and left two or put into the nofe which the fmall-pox will breaks three days; after two or threc out; but if the child is very young, fcales are fufficient : and we muft proportionably retrench the quantity of mufk, and hiunghoang. make the The fecond day after inoculation, they fcales, child take a dofe of two or three pulverized of chinma, which which are to be put into a broth is , which. is to be wrap them up in a piece of the child, and left two or put into the nofe which the fmall-pox will breaks three days; after two or threc out; but if the child is very young, fcales are fufficient : and we muft proportionably retrench the quantity of mufk, and hiunghoang. make the The fecond day after inoculation, they fcales, child take a dofe of two or three pulverized of chinma, which which are to be put into a broth is --- Page 367 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. is fo called becaufe the chinma prevails but 357 not the only ingredient, fince with the : icales it is alfo boil kotem, choyo, and liquorice. When they this potion, which muft be a pretty dofe, is to boil, they throw into it the powder large of ready three fcales. After which they wait for the two effect or of the remedy ; and if, after the third fee the marks of the fmall-pox, it is day, we omen. a good Should the fmall-pox appear on the fecond there is danger ; and this danger would be day, fhould they appear the firft day. This is greater, what they fay 3 but we need not be difcouraged, fince by obferving the method which we prefcribe, and taking the remedy which diffipates the nity of the humours, there will be no great fear malig- of theaccidents and fymptoms above mentioned. muft then have recourfe to the remedics, We they employ for the natural fmall-pox, when which are dangerous. they In a word, they defire, that if, after the ufe thefe remedies the fmall-pox does not of ther on the fourth nor fifth day, we muft appear, neithe powders put into the nofe of the child, remove have recourfe again to the remedies prefcribed and for abating the malignity of the venom. By this caution they affirm, that the child will prebe proof againft the fmall-pox. We muft afterwards the fourth and fifth moon give this medicine only in fome days fuccellively, and the child will be for from danger after he is ten years old. freed The Chinefe phyficians agree, that artificial fmall-pox are of the fame kind with the that they are fubject to the fame natural; that the venom comes out at the fame fymptoms time : the third or fourth day, and not on the 5 thatis, on it happens in purple fevers, that the feventh, as puftules are Aa 3 fimilar moon give this medicine only in fome days fuccellively, and the child will be for from danger after he is ten years old. freed The Chinefe phyficians agree, that artificial fmall-pox are of the fame kind with the that they are fubject to the fame natural; that the venom comes out at the fame fymptoms time : the third or fourth day, and not on the 5 thatis, on it happens in purple fevers, that the feventh, as puftules are Aa 3 fimilar --- Page 368 --- Obferoations upon ASTA, fimilar in figure, the quality ofthe matter, andin the time requifite for its maturation. They do not, like fome of the authors who have wrote on the Greek method of inoculation, affirm, that the artificial puftules are not proper for feed, and the propagation of other pox; : and it is for this reafon, that phyficians do not chufe to inoculate thofe, who would inevitably be in danger from the natural : adyanced in pox, fuch as perfons confiderably years. obferved, that the We muft, no doubt, have Chinefe are very circumfpeét in ufing expellent remedics, for fear of difturbing nature, which is in: a kind of crifis during the firft days of the morbi: fic fermentation : and the principal care olight to confift in ufing remedies which refift the corrup: tion of the blood, which would otherwife be produced by the too great activity of the introduced virus." It is alfo to be obferved, that they advife to the neceffities of the arus to ufe, according remedies ufed in the courfe of the tificial, all the natural The fame fmall-pox. author gives us the two following reccipts, which the Chincle fay are not only proper the troublefome fymptoms of the fmallto prevent but likewife to preferve us from them all our pox, lives; and thefe receipts ferve to illuftrate what was faid in the laft paragraph upon the artificial pox. When the fmall-pox begin to fpread in a placc, regulate the eating and drinking of the children, let them not go abroad, take Care that they be conveniently clothed, and give them fome gentle prefervatives. Take, fays he, a cup. of red, one of black, and another of green peas, with two ounçes of liquoricc, which you muft reduce to fine powder, and thenput thele four ingredients into an earthen pot, and ate what was faid in the laft paragraph upon the artificial pox. When the fmall-pox begin to fpread in a placc, regulate the eating and drinking of the children, let them not go abroad, take Care that they be conveniently clothed, and give them fome gentle prefervatives. Take, fays he, a cup. of red, one of black, and another of green peas, with two ounçes of liquoricc, which you muft reduce to fine powder, and thenput thele four ingredients into an earthen pot, and --- Page 369 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. and boil them till which they form a kind of you muft make the child eat. The pafte, red peas drive from the heart all the peccant matter, the black are good againit the malignity of the kidnies, and the green againft that of the ftomach. .Other phyficians, as well as the laft mentioned, highly extol the following recipe. Take, fay they, feven eggs of a hen that is ready to fit: Take one of them, pierce it to make the white and yolk flow out 5 then fill it with four mas and nine condorins of very fine a kind of cinabar, (an ounce contains ten tchucha, the mas ten condorins) pafte mas, and and ftop it well up. You muft paper this on the hole, der the hen, to be fat on with the.fix put others. egg unthe others are hatched you muft take the When dicinal egg, from which you muft away take out me- the tchucha, which you muft expofe to a clear and moon during feven or cight days and fun fides, you muft take the beft and ripeft gourd, nights ; and bedry it, and when you have burnt it, without calcination, you muft reduce it to powder ; for each dofe mix five condorins of tchucha, and as much of gourd powder, with a fufficient quantity of honey, which medicine muft be taken three times pure fucceffively, and is an excellent prefervative. They likewife ufe another remedy as agreeable the palate, as proper to prevent and remove the dif- to order, and this is the frequent ufe of Corinthian grapes, which the Chinefe call fofo poutao. Perhaps the Chinefe method of procuring the fmall-pox is milder and fafer than that of which is performed by way of infertion. England, The of latter immediately conveys the virus to the mals blood, whereas in the Chinefe fubtile fpirits, and thofe tempered, or' practice, affifted, Aa * in- the palate, as proper to prevent and remove the dif- to order, and this is the frequent ufe of Corinthian grapes, which the Chinefe call fofo poutao. Perhaps the Chinefe method of procuring the fmall-pox is milder and fafer than that of which is performed by way of infertion. England, The of latter immediately conveys the virus to the mals blood, whereas in the Chinefe fubtile fpirits, and thofe tempered, or' practice, affifted, Aa * in- --- Page 370 --- Obfervations upon AsIA, infinuate themfelves by the olfactory nerves, or fuch as digeftion prepares in different paffages, The pocky virus' has without doubt a kind of malignity 3 but whether it be cold or hot, thick or fubtile, it muft be more dangerous when it is inferted into the flelh than when it is infinuated by refpiration, or deglutition. The yenom ofvipers or toads, fwallow'd or fmelt at a long time, docs not hurtat all, or at leaft much lefs than if it was introduced by incifion, fince every one knows that the Nighteft bite of a ferpent proves mortal. In the management of thole in whom we duce the fmall-pox, we muft have recourfe to pro- the method obferved inthe natural pox. Except in venefection, which is not ufed among the Chinefe, there - isa great analogy betwixt their method and that of the Europeans. The reader will not perhaps be difpleafed, that in the excretion of the fmall-pox, they ufe peas, or little beans. There is a probability that they ufe them to temper the too great acrimony. of the blood and humours 5 and what confirms this is, that the Chinefe phyficians, when the fever continues without the appearance ofthe fmall-pox, in their common remedies a little opium, the virtue UNELRE of uniting the fpirits, and giving them the ftrength of expelling the venom, We muft obferve that the Chinefe authors who treat of the fmall-pox, fpeak ofit asa diftemper known in the earlieft ages, fince, notwithftanding the filence of Hippocrates and Galen, we cannot doubt of its antiquity. When they inveftigate the çaufe of fo common and fo univerfal a diforder, they Pretend that the infant brings the principles of it with him into the world from the mother's womb, which occafional caufes. augment, retard, or u intirely deftroy, But how can it happen that the the fmall-pox, fpeak ofit asa diftemper known in the earlieft ages, fince, notwithftanding the filence of Hippocrates and Galen, we cannot doubt of its antiquity. When they inveftigate the çaufe of fo common and fo univerfal a diforder, they Pretend that the infant brings the principles of it with him into the world from the mother's womb, which occafional caufes. augment, retard, or u intirely deftroy, But how can it happen that the --- Page 371 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. the fmnall portion of matter which caufes the 361 pox, and which commonly the firft time fmall-. fected, isexhaufted intirely, and fecures one is'infecond attack, notwithftanding us from a and our approaching fuch as are external covered caufes, them, fhould remain fo many years in the mafs with blood, or in any other parts, and this in of which is fulceptible of the youth, that in procefs of time this lighteft imprefions 5 nuated nor matter is neither atteand violent difipated, crifes, even after burning fevers, the humours, the which muft have renewed of the blood, and alcalies, all the the acids, the fulphurs health, from whence principles of life and ftitution ? arifes, as it were, a new conwhich has the Nothing leaft is found in the Chinefe writers culty. tendency to illuftrate this diffiHowever, what we have faid nefe method of touching the Chiprôcuring the fufficiently that the fmall-pox, fhews their remedies have knowledge of diltempers and na as fome in Europe not been fo negleéted in ChiWe now perhaps imagine. different proceed to give an explication of.the drugs in the preceding cannot be better known than receipts, which of which the by a Chinefe creatife, The following is a faithful tranflation. plant chirma buds in the three or four feet high. Its fpring, and rifes an obfcure black, refemble leaves, which are of which is called thofe of that hemp hongma. tchama,. and a kind of flax called In the fourth or fifth moon, and the fixth, the plant at the end of root is like that of produces a black feed, and its wormwood; it is hao, which is a kind of blackifh, and the ployed in medicine. As its virtue oniy part emthey think it good againft is fudorific, poifon, the corruption of fcure black, refemble leaves, which are of which is called thofe of that hemp hongma. tchama,. and a kind of flax called In the fourth or fifth moon, and the fixth, the plant at the end of root is like that of produces a black feed, and its wormwood; it is hao, which is a kind of blackifh, and the ployed in medicine. As its virtue oniy part emthey think it good againft is fudorific, poifon, the corruption of --- Page 372 --- Obfervations upon ASIA, of the air, the external incommodities produced heat or cold, and in general againft all kinds of the MRE Koken, that is to fay, the root of the ko, is external pellicule of this creeping plant, which is taken off in long fhreds, and ferves to make the ftuff kopon: The root is medicinal, and they make ufe of it to cure calentures, violent head. aches, and great colds ; in order to procure fweats, to refift poifon, and generaily for all kinds of diftempers caufed in children, by an exceflive heat of the blood. crimfon the Tchi-tiao-teot, are little peas, and the green and black are fufficiently known, folred or crimfon ones are fown after the fummer ftice. Their leaves and flowers are intirely like thofe of kia-teou, that is to fay, peas with ftrait cods, and about a foot long. Thefe tchi-teou have an external covering like green peas, but fomething larger. They eat them either boil'din or reduc'd to a kind of broth : they water, alfo ufe fry'd, them in medicine, and chufe the fmalleft, which are of a faint crimfon. They diffipate the dropfy, diffolve impoftumes, and extravafated blood, and are of great ufe in contagious diftempers. The root of choyo, or piony, is ufed againft impurities of the blood, or diftempers produced by a redundancy of humours, and is alfo thought proto diffipate either clofe or open cancers, to îtop per dyfenteries, or tenefimnufes, and to cure theinconvenienciés which precede or follow child-birth. Kin-in-hoao, a gilded or filver'd flower, is the honey-fuckle, which is found every where. The plant which bears this flower, does not wither in winter 5 they therefore call it gimtomtem, the plant that bears winter. It attaches itfelf to the ndancy of humours, and is alfo thought proto diffipate either clofe or open cancers, to îtop per dyfenteries, or tenefimnufes, and to cure theinconvenienciés which precede or follow child-birth. Kin-in-hoao, a gilded or filver'd flower, is the honey-fuckle, which is found every where. The plant which bears this flower, does not wither in winter 5 they therefore call it gimtomtem, the plant that bears winter. It attaches itfelf to the --- Page 373 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. the neighbouring trecs; and begins to twiftitfelf fon the left fide of the trunk. The ftem is of a violet colour. The leaves come out fomething from each knot, and are downy, and tharp. The which blow the third or fourth flowers breadth, fix'd moon, are a finger's by twos to the fame pedeftal, each confifting of two leaves, the one and and. the other lefs-; they are at firft white greater or three months they become ; after two white and yellow flowers caufe yellow; and as thefe riety, as they come out fooner or an later, agrecable Vathem golden and filver flowers. they call with fuccefs in abceffes, They ufe them tumes, when the blood is heated cancers, in ulcers, impoffift every kind of poifon, and internal : fhort, to reTchuchais a kind of mineral, perhaps malignity. the nabar of Diafcorides, fo rarely to bemet with. cinbeft comes from the city of Chienteou, in the The vince of Houquang, where it is found in pro- the. mines, and is full of mercury. : They affirm wife, that from a pound of tchucha liketract half a pound of they can exis too expenfive for this mercury 5 but the tchucha purpofe. The are dear, and when kept long lofe nothing large of pieces ftrength and colour. It is ranked their nal remedies, and for this énd reduced amongft interpowder 5 and in the lotion they take to a fine what the water, when agitated, raifes nothing but ports. It is an excellent cordial, which up and fupthe fpirits, and all the parts to a ftate of reftores and vigour. They ufe it in health cooling drink, and itis fummer, to make a convulfions, and other diforders particularly of afifting in the children. Hiung-hoang, another mineral, is a fpecies of orpiment, furnifhed by all thofe mines wherein Ehere is finlphur, Isad, iron, or other metals. The coarfeft, . It is an excellent cordial, which up and fupthe fpirits, and all the parts to a ftate of reftores and vigour. They ufe it in health cooling drink, and itis fummer, to make a convulfions, and other diforders particularly of afifting in the children. Hiung-hoang, another mineral, is a fpecies of orpiment, furnifhed by all thofe mines wherein Ehere is finlphur, Isad, iron, or other metals. The coarfeft, --- Page 374 --- Obfervations upon AstA, coarfeft, which they never ufe, contains pieces of and gravel. The lump, which is cut into iron fometimes, tho' very rarely, contains large parts, In phyfick they ufe the moft tranfa diamond. hiung-hoang againft the bites of ferpents parent infects; and have recourfe to and other venomous as it in malignant diftempers, as well epidemical, cither to cure or preferve themfelves. CHA P. XXXVII. eftbe Tartar languages tbe great Singularities in tbis tongue; four difispariety efierms it; tbe Tartar charent ways of aoriting radters legible in every direction. compared with the Tartar language that if, for exTHE French, has this particular, muft be changample, they ufe the verb faire, it that follows ed almoft as often as the fubftantive faire un maifon, faire un € ouvrage, it. They fay un ftatue, faire un perdes vers, faire un tableau, faire croire, 8cc. This fonage, faire le modefte, and burdens not the phrafiology but is commodious, it is what the Tartars cannot bear, memory : have different verbs as often as the fubfince they the verb faire are different ftantives governed by when one fails of this, it is from each other ; and but never in pardoned in common converfation ; writing. - a fet difcourfe, or even in common word in the compafs of The return of the fame their ears two lines is infupportable and to to the Heo duces fuch a monotony, as is contrary to laugh of flyle; whcrefore they are apt mony when ars cannot bear, memory : have different verbs as often as the fubfince they the verb faire are different ftantives governed by when one fails of this, it is from each other ; and but never in pardoned in common converfation ; writing. - a fet difcourfe, or even in common word in the compafs of The return of the fame their ears two lines is infupportable and to to the Heo duces fuch a monotony, as is contrary to laugh of flyle; whcrefore they are apt mony when --- Page 375 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. when they hear a French book 36s the frequent repetition of the read, on account of qu'eux, quand, qu'on, quoi, words, que, qu'ils, The frequent repetition of thefe quelque fois, &c. them greatly; 3 and it is in vain to pronouns tell difpleafes is the genius of the French them, fuch cannot accuftom themfelves. tongue, to which they this very The Tartars avoid carefully, fince the alone fupplies its place pofition of terms producing ambiguities, among them, without ever words, or unnatural allufions. equivocations; a gingle eof Another fingularity in the Tartar is vaft quantity of terms, which it has language the it never needs thofe abbreviared ; for which periphrafes, or out circumlocutions, lengthen a dilcourfe, fince fhort words exprefs with elearncfs what without nervous means could not be exprefed but by a their founds, as is eafily obferved in their multiplicity of domeftic or wild animals, of terreftrial (peaking of tic fools. When we want to or aquation in our give an exaÉt defcriplanguage, how many we neceffarily ufe for want of terms periphrafes muft fy what we mean. But it is not thus. proper to figniTartars, as will be obvious from the among the dog, which, of. all domeftic animals, has example of 2 terms in their the feweft: with a language, which however abounds great many more than ours. Befides common appellations of great and lirtle the maftiffs, grey-hounds, ipaniels, &cc. dogs, of fome words which denote their they have and their good or bad age, their hair, you fay, a dog has the hair qualities. of his Thus would long and thick, the word ears and his tail 1e7 if a dog has his fnout taiha fupplics all; ; hanging lips, the thick and long, with whole. If this fingle word yclo exprefies the dog fhould nary bitch, which has none of couple thefe with an ordiqualities, the whelp cc. dogs, of fome words which denote their they have and their good or bad age, their hair, you fay, a dog has the hair qualities. of his Thus would long and thick, the word ears and his tail 1e7 if a dog has his fnout taiha fupplics all; ; hanging lips, the thick and long, with whole. If this fingle word yclo exprefies the dog fhould nary bitch, which has none of couple thefe with an ordiqualities, the whelp --- Page 376 --- Obfervations upon ASIA; whelp is called peferi: If any dog or bitch has above the eye-brows two tufts of white or yellow hair, we need only fay tourbe ; and if he is marked like a leopard, it is couri. If he has only the fnout marked, and the reft of an uniform colour, then he is called palta. If he has fome hairs upon his head falling backwards, he is called kalia. If his eye is half white and half blue, he is then called tchikiri. If he is of a low fize, the legs fhort, the body thick, the head upright, he is then capari, 8cc. Indagon is the general name of a dog; nieguen that of a bitch. The young are called niha till feven months old ; after that, to eleven months nouquere; and at fixteen months they take the generical name of jndagon. The - fame is obferved in regard to their good and bad qualities, two or three of which are expreffed by one It word. would be tedious to fpeak of other animals, and efpecially of horfes, fince the Tartars, from their great regard to this animal, fo ufeful to them, have multiplied names in his favour, to fuch a degrec, as to give him twenty times more than the dog. They have not only proper words for his different colours, his age and qualities, but alfo for his feveral difpofitions; whether, when tied to a place he cannot ftand ftill; whether he gets loofe of himfelf, runs wildly about, and is fond of being in company with other horfes; whether he is frighted at the fall of his rider, or the fudden appearance of a wild beaft 5 or when he is mounted, how many paces he is mafter of, and how many different jolts he gives his rider. For all thefe, and many other qualities, the Tartars have appropriated particular terms. Whether this variety of words is good, bad, or ufelefs, we fhall not pretend to determine; it is cer- of himfelf, runs wildly about, and is fond of being in company with other horfes; whether he is frighted at the fall of his rider, or the fudden appearance of a wild beaft 5 or when he is mounted, how many paces he is mafter of, and how many different jolts he gives his rider. For all thefe, and many other qualities, the Tartars have appropriated particular terms. Whether this variety of words is good, bad, or ufelefs, we fhall not pretend to determine; it is cer- --- Page 377 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. certain, that if it loads the memory of thofe who 367 learn it, it is a great advantage to them in converfation, and is abfolutely neceffary in fince without this muliplicity of names compolition, for all the external and internal parts of animals, we ver tranflate any of their books which could nethem. defcribe As for (what remains, the Tartar wants none of the terms neceffary for the language tion of the human body'; but it feems not defcripguefs from what eafy to rowed them. neighbours they could have borThéy have to the weft the Tartars ; and in thefe two languages there Mogulabove feven or cight fimilar words; neither are not be faid from whom thefe names can it To the eaft there are found certain little originally came. the fea, who live as favages, and whofe nationsnear they as little underftand as they do the language the northern people. To the fouth language of Coreans, whofe tongue and they have the Chinefe, have no affinity with the alphabet, which are racters of the Tartars. language orchaAfter the conqueft of the Chinefe the Mantcheou Tartars were afraid left their empire, fhould be language impoverifhed, or rather by the oblivion of their terms, and the entirely loft the Chinefe language with their own; for mixture thefe of tongues are incapable of being united. The two Tartars died by degrees in China, and their old dren learned more eafily the language of the chilquered country than that of their conthe mothers and domeftics fathers, becaufe To remedy this were almoft all Chinefe. peror Chuntchi, inconveniency, who under the firft emand fome months, reigned but cighteen years fical books of they began to tranflate the clafChina, and make words ranged dictionaries of alphabetically : but as thefe explications --- Page 378 --- Obfervations upon ASIA, cations and charaéters were not Chinefe, and the could not exprefs the founds and Chinefe of-t language the Tartar tongue, this labour was very words ufelefs. It was for this reafon that the emperor Canghi,in the beginning of his reign, ereéted a college, or of the moft fkilful men in the two lanfociety of Tartary and China, ordéred fome to guages tranflate the hiftory and claffical books, which are and others to tranflate pieces of elonot finifhed, and the greateft to compofe a dictionary quence; of the Tartar language. have butonekind of charaéters, Tho' the Tartars four the firft of which yet they write them ways, on wood or is that refembling fuch as are grav'd manner of ftone. 5 and as this is the moft refpeétful the are writing, the books prefented to emperor, all done in this manner 5 fo that the perfon emin this work cannot write above twenty or ployed Jines a day 5 and if any application of twenty-five too heavy a hand, forms a ftroke the pencil, by than it fhould be; if, by the thicker or broader if the words defeét of the paper, it is not clean, if be too clofe, or at unequal diftances, the or writer any one of them is left out, in fuch a cafe ufe remuft begin again. Itis not permitted to the defeéts in the margin, ferences, nor allowable fupply to begin a line by a fyllable, neither is it. be contained in the foregoing ; which could not writers muft be very cautious, for which reafon, meafure their fpacc, that thefe inand careful to conveniencies may never of happen. their writing, tho' very The fecond manner different from the former, beautiful, and not very to form is yet leis troublefome. Tis not neceffary each word, with double ftrokes the final letters of becaufe nor to re-touch fuch as are made, either the a line by a fyllable, neither is it. be contained in the foregoing ; which could not writers muft be very cautious, for which reafon, meafure their fpacc, that thefe inand careful to conveniencies may never of happen. their writing, tho' very The fecond manner different from the former, beautiful, and not very to form is yet leis troublefome. Tis not neceffary each word, with double ftrokes the final letters of becaufe nor to re-touch fuch as are made, either the --- Page 379 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA, the ftroke is fainter in one becaufe it is a little blotted. place than another, or The third manner of the fecond than the fecond writing from differs more from their running hand, which is the firft. This is the writer can foon fill with fo expeditious, thar leaf. As the pencil it, both fides of a our. pens, little time is. preferves loft the ink better than ink ; fo that when they by dipping it in the we fee his pencil run on the diétate to an amanuenfis, rapidity, without paper with an incredible ufual charaéter for ftopping a moment; and thisis the law-fuits, and other writing the regifters oft tribunals, methods of procedings; but tho' thefe three of them are lefs wwriting beautiful are equally legible, yet fome Tho* the fourth method than others. it is the fhorteft and moft is the coarfeft of all; who compofe, or take down commodious for thofe tracts of a book: In the Tartar the minutes, or exalways a principal line, which falls writing there is ly from the top of the perpendicularon the left of the line, word, to the bottom, and teeth ofa.faw, the vowels they add like fo many ed from each other a, e, i, 0, oft this perpendicular. by points placed on ditinguith- the fite to at tooth, it is the If they put a point righti it is the vowela; if vowel e; if they omit oppo- this, of the word near the they place a point to the left the letter n, and muft tooth, be this word ftands for: was a point read ne ; but if read na. oppofite to it on the right, there there is inftead Belides, if on the right of the you muft the vowel is of a point, an O; this is a fign word that. he, as in the Spanith. alpirated, and muft be read, ha, Now a man who would in the Tartar exprefs himfelf words he wants, language, but is does not readily find politely the VoL. I. perplexed and uneaf;, and Bb when point read ne ; but if read na. oppofite to it on the right, there there is inftead Belides, if on the right of the you muft the vowel is of a point, an O; this is a fign word that. he, as in the Spanith. alpirated, and muft be read, ha, Now a man who would in the Tartar exprefs himfelf words he wants, language, but is does not readily find politely the VoL. I. perplexed and uneaf;, and Bb when --- Page 380 --- Obfervations upon, ASIA, and when onkce he is brought to a good humour, wants to commit his thoughts to paper, if pofliwithout writing them, he then forms the ble, head of the character, and draws the perpendicular to the bottom :- and it is much if he puts one but continues thus, till he has exor two.points, thought. If another thought comes prefled.his his head, he does not give himfelf the trouble into what he has writtens till he comes of reading.over difficult tranfition, in which cafe, he ftops to a and adds fome fhort, examines his perpendiculars, but himfelf itrokes in the places, where none could guefs at his meaning. that he has omitted 2 If in reading he perceives making a mark, word, he adds it on the margin, but if there is'a where it ought to be inferted; orill he does not erazeit, word too much, placed, dafh: in a word, if he but inclofes it witha large or is told fo obferves that the word is good, which de- by others, he adds on each fide two 00, ftands. This notes to the reader, that fuch ai word when laft manner of writing is: legible, elpecially and are; we are well acquainted with the fubjedt, habituated to the language. for writing, Tho' they commonly ufe a pencil cut who ufe a kind of bamboo, there are Tartars but becaufe the Chivery like an European pen alum, : and very thin, a nefe paper is without than a pen. Chinefe pencil is more commodious make ufe of one Yet if they write with a pen, or flowers, trees, or to paint in the Chinefe fafhion, moiften the with mountains, they mult firft paper to. hinder water wherein is. diffolved a little alum, the ink from finking. be omitted iS, that the Tartar A remark not to that one may charaéters are of fuch a nature, that if equally read them inverted, that is to fay, a without than a pen. Chinefe pencil is more commodious make ufe of one Yet if they write with a pen, or flowers, trees, or to paint in the Chinefe fafhion, moiften the with mountains, they mult firft paper to. hinder water wherein is. diffolved a little alum, the ink from finking. be omitted iS, that the Tartar A remark not to that one may charaéters are of fuch a nature, that if equally read them inverted, that is to fay, a --- Page 381 --- AFRICA, and a Tartar prefent AMERICAS pofition, and if you a book open, in the lees the inverted you read it flowly, he who common you, and anticipate letters, will read only it happens that it is you, when you hefirate, quicker than tar language fo as to impoflible to write in the whence thofe in the fame conceal what is writtén Tarare large. room, efpecially if the from We thall finifh this charaéters on the Tartarl chapter by foie confonants, whence langunge. it 127 They cannot obfervations join cannot write the happens, that the twa ftead of the French European languagess fince Tartars fon, friand, they would words prendre, platine, inferiand, gerifon, &c. write, perendee, grif. place a vowel betwixt becaufe they are palatine, 2. Their two confonants. obliged to want the two alphaber initial is defective in this, that reafon, they cannot confonants begin B and D, for which they letters, but are obliged any Words with S, fo that inftead of to fubftitute the P or thefe write peftia, fens. writting beftia, dens; the there are an Whence it they they cannor infinity of European proceeds, that 3. They write, tho they Can founds, which broad, and" pronounceand never write the pronounce vowel e them. of fome words, which ufe the e mure, but at the always fign for this. cnd Mn: but they have end 4. The Tartar no of and pointed ftile, languageis upon account very unfit for a concife long words, which of the etry, becaufe the clifions makes it ufelefs redundance for with.thisl languages : thus and rhime are potempted to give us none oftheTantars inconfiftent ons of the Chinefe any other than prole ever atIn the Tartar poets. tranflatiand thofe fo delicate, language, there are few and difficult to tranfitionss B b 2 comprehend, that no of and pointed ftile, languageis upon account very unfit for a concife long words, which of the etry, becaufe the clifions makes it ufelefs redundance for with.thisl languages : thus and rhime are potempted to give us none oftheTantars inconfiftent ons of the Chinefe any other than prole ever atIn the Tartar poets. tranflatiand thofe fo delicate, language, there are few and difficult to tranfitionss B b 2 comprehend, that --- Page 382 --- Obfervations upon ASIA, that they perplex the moft fagacious. We time fome- in: times fee a Tartar hold his pencil a long the air, before he proceeds from one fentence to anôther ; and after having paufed, heis obliged to blot, out what he has written 5 when they that are afked the reafon, they give none but this ; lanfounds ill, that is harlh, this is not current &c. guage, there is need of another connexion, but few but what proves that thefe tranfitions are in this language is, that thofe who are not perfeat- letly mafters of it, generally lengthen the final ters, by adding the word yala, which fignifies this nothing. Ifin a converfation they only repeat to be word, once or twice, they think they ought eleefteemed for it. But in a compofition of an gant nature, the Tartars dare not ufe it, efpecially but the fince the emperor has difapproved of it; themfelves authors, who would avoid it, find puzzled, when they are to pafs from one fubject to another. CHAP XXXVIIL. Oftbe province of Siroan, or antient Albania; tbe extent of tbis province 3 fertility of tbe foil, tbe fruits, plants and Aowers, wbich tbere; tbe particular manner of cultigrow tbe lands, and getting in tbeir. bar-. wvating of Cbamake, Derbent and wef ; defeription Bakou. province which at this day. is called SirTHE van, is the ancient Albania, bounded on the north by mount Caucafus, now called the King's the mount 5 on the eaft by the- Cafpian fea; on fouth is province 3 fertility of tbe foil, tbe fruits, plants and Aowers, wbich tbere; tbe particular manner of cultigrow tbe lands, and getting in tbeir. bar-. wvating of Cbamake, Derbent and wef ; defeription Bakou. province which at this day. is called SirTHE van, is the ancient Albania, bounded on the north by mount Caucafus, now called the King's the mount 5 on the eaft by the- Cafpian fea; on fouth --- Page 383 --- - AFRICA, and AMERICA. fouth by the river of the Araxes, and by a Cyrus, river, above its union with felf into the Cyrus, called by which difembogues itAzaron, on that fide of Sirvan ancient which geographers Georgia. It is about thirty borders on fouth, as broad from eaft leagues from north ta but three cities, Chamake, to weft, and contains the reft are but villages, of Derbent, which and Bakou ; fixty inhabited by Armenians. there are about Strabo, Pliny, and nia is fituated betwixt Ptolomy agree that Albapian fea, and the river mount Caucafus, the Cafries have not been Cyrus, and thefe boundathey do not agree in changed other fince their time; but Prolomy particulars. mouths of fuppofes a great diftance betwixt the life of Pompey Cyrus is and Araxes. Plutarch in the rivers fall into the fea uncertain, by the fame whether thefe two ther they do not fall mouth, or whePliny fays, that feparately, near to each other. opinion, Cyrus carries according with to the moft common leagues before it falls into the it the Araxes, twenty that the Araxes lofes its fea; and it is true from the fea, name, about twenty leagues feveral According to Pliny, Albania was watered rivers, which with pian fea, among others, difembogued with the into the Caf les, Albanus, Cafius, and Cyrus, Cambywhich are not to be found Gernus, the four laft of are reduc'd to rivulets. at prefent, unlefs they above The Pirfahade is the only river in Sirvan, Chamake, and has a large runs only fill'd by the meling of the channel which is has been divided into three fhow. This river flowed. near the city branches, one of which byt a little water. garden, tho' all three furnifh'd B.b 3 Ptolomy Cyrus, Cambywhich are not to be found Gernus, the four laft of are reduc'd to rivulets. at prefent, unlefs they above The Pirfahade is the only river in Sirvan, Chamake, and has a large runs only fill'd by the meling of the channel which is has been divided into three fhow. This river flowed. near the city branches, one of which byt a little water. garden, tho' all three furnifh'd B.b 3 Ptolomy --- Page 384 --- Obfervations spon ASIA, 374- Ptolomy reckons up a great number of cities in Albania, and in the province of Capulaca, which Pliny thinks was the capital, and gave itsname to But the province. we muft fay of thofe cities what Ptolomy faid of the riverss for if thefe cities eyer fubfifted, they are now no more. to be believ'd than Strabo appears more Albanians liy'd Pliny, in when he iays that the Afiatic the manner of the Nomades, without towns or fix'd habitations, employing themfelves folcly in breeding and feeding cattle. of Perfia, of which ChaSirvan is a province and the refidence of the kan, make is the capital, Derbent and the Perfian name for a governor. Bakou are two fmall feparate ftates, under itil'd fultans, who are E vaffals of the king E "Perfia. Derbent fhuts up the entry of Albania on the north, takes about a league from Cauçafus to the fea, and at probably what Ptolomy built calls the gates of Albania. Strabo talks of a wall near this place, to prevent the irruption of favage people who liy'd * beyond ity and this long wall, whère ruins are yet feen on the mountain, and which the inhabitants fay reach'd the Euxin fca, may have been what Ptolomy calls the gates of 'Albania. The inhabitants boaft of haying Alexander for the founder oftheir city,and maintain that this is the Alexandria which that conqueror built near Caucafus.. Quintus Curtius and Arrian réport, thatthe the Macedonians, to flatter Alexander, took away Alexname Caucalus from the Scythians, and that ander near this mountain built a city, to which he gave his own name. But it is certain Alexander never enter'd Media Albaziia, which was cover'd by that part of - which omy calls the gates of 'Albania. The inhabitants boaft of haying Alexander for the founder oftheir city,and maintain that this is the Alexandria which that conqueror built near Caucafus.. Quintus Curtius and Arrian réport, thatthe the Macedonians, to flatter Alexander, took away Alexname Caucalus from the Scythians, and that ander near this mountain built a city, to which he gave his own name. But it is certain Alexander never enter'd Media Albaziia, which was cover'd by that part of - which --- Page 385 --- Fa AFRICA, and AMPRICE: which Atropatos preferv'd from his that quefts. Atropatos was a lieutenant of rapid conpart of Media which he Darius, and Atropatenian Media, of which preferv'd he was call'd mafter, and in the time of always continu'd were ftill in pofleffion of it. Strabo, his fucceffors is what is called at this day This part of Media, Derbent is fituated on the Guylan. tain, and defended by a caftle declivity of the mounwhere the fultan refices. built a little aboveit, fea retains the name of the The plain down to the only fec a few ruins in the Grecian city, and we Icis alfo obferv'd, that plow'd lands. called the gates of Caucafus, Derbent is not what was Pliny were oppofite to which according to Iberia." Thefe Harmafis, the capital of for we fee, fays gates were a great work of parated Pliny, the mountains nature, to form a' paflage betwixt naturally fepeople who inhabit on this fide the them, but the ing the irruptions of a numerous paflage, dreadbeyond it, clos'd this entrance people who liv'd thick as beams, under which with bars of iron as donis. Not content with this flow'd the river Yroupon the rock a caftle call'd defence, they built cur'd them from theirenemies. Camania, which feStrabo, who exaétly defcribes four tering into Iberia, fays ways of enthe leaft relation with nothing that feems to have but perhaps thefe memorable Towards the they were not. made in his gates, time. Nomades, three north, adds he, and on the fideof the mountain, and then days defcend are requifite to afcend the fage where the river Aragus flows. into a narrow paf ties.of this pallage are fortified The extremion the fide of Albania, and with a good wall ly cut out of the rock, and there isa way formeron. the fide of Armenia. a marfh to be paffed Thisis a neck or ftrait, Bb 4 where were not. made in his gates, time. Nomades, three north, adds he, and on the fideof the mountain, and then days defcend are requifite to afcend the fage where the river Aragus flows. into a narrow paf ties.of this pallage are fortified The extremion the fide of Albania, and with a good wall ly cut out of the rock, and there isa way formeron. the fide of Armenia. a marfh to be paffed Thisis a neck or ftrait, Bb 4 where --- Page 386 --- Obfercations upon ASIA, where the Araxegus falls into the Cyrus. Above the junétion of thefe rivers, and upon the mountains, are the cities of Harmozica, Saumara, or Subamara; the firft near the Cyrus, and the other near the Aragus. It was thro' this paffage that Pompey, and 1 afterwards Canidus, paffed into Iberia. Bakou is fifteen leagues above the mouth of the Cyrus, upon the fhore of the Cafpian fea, to which this gives its name ; foritis often called the fea of Bakou. C The adjacent country is of a. light foil, and abounding with faffron, but its principal riches confift in its mines, which are wells, from which they draw naphtha in fuch abundance, and with fo much profit, that they.affure us, the king's revenues' from it, amount yearly to : ten thoufand tomans, or fix hundred thoufand abaffis ; each abafSis is worth about twenty pence, and each toman about four pounds which is a kind of oil, rifes with The naphtha, and draw the water, from which they feparate it, it offby pipes : there is a black and a white fpecies of it, and the latter being efteem'd the beft and propereft for fale, is tranfported to foreign countries, whereas the former is confimed at home in fuch plenty, that they burn it in lamps, and put wicks intoit as thick as the thumb. Sirvan agrees with the elogium Strabo gives of 'Albania : for the air is wholfome and temperate. The neighbouring mountains covered with fhow, and the fea-breezes, moderate the heat; befides, the whole country is unequal and mountainous, which contributes to keep the air in motion, and confequently to purify and cool it. The winters are commonly more. moift than cold, and the fnows which fall there do not lye long on the ground. Fine put wicks intoit as thick as the thumb. Sirvan agrees with the elogium Strabo gives of 'Albania : for the air is wholfome and temperate. The neighbouring mountains covered with fhow, and the fea-breezes, moderate the heat; befides, the whole country is unequal and mountainous, which contributes to keep the air in motion, and confequently to purify and cool it. The winters are commonly more. moift than cold, and the fnows which fall there do not lye long on the ground. Fine --- Page 387 --- 33 a AFRICA, and AMERICA, Fine weather, rain, and fnow feafons according to the have their regular fo that if all the years neceffities be of the climate; ; none are abfolurely not equally plentiful, port the inhabitants, barren, who or infuficient to fuptheir harveft. often neglect part of The lands are fo good that manuring, but are only leftfallow they have no need of and infpring they give them the for a year Or two, hufbandman always puts in the firft opening. The oxen, whole yoke is as long plough five pair of rope, but of lighter wood. again as thofe of Euthe yoke of the two firft The labourer fits upon motions. The plough has oxen, and regulates their wheel, and the plough fhare but one fmall fide is neceffary to turn up the enters no further than roots of grafs and weeds, which clods fill'd with the during its lying fallow Thele have Iprung fummer thus expos'd to the clods remain SR reduce them to a very light rays of the fun, which The fecond earth. chey likewife ploughing is in autumn, in which difference, that employ each five pair of oxen, with this and thefe five ploughs pair draws a particular make five plough, perpendicularly The cut thofe made furrows, in the which ploughs are follow'd the féed mix'd with by a man, who pring. fows may not fall in one place; carth, and that too much of it harveft the reapers cover their at the time of the fkins, tof fave themfelves from bodies with Without ftooping the ftings of fheepbeneath the ears, which they cut the ftraw about gnars. a foot fledge, and tread out the they corn carry away on a the fifth part of the corn is for the with horfes ; but Jand, and the reft for the owner of the is very beautiful, and makes husbandman. This corn ufe no lieves, nor feparate the bran fine bread, tho' they from the corn. The of the fkins, tof fave themfelves from bodies with Without ftooping the ftings of fheepbeneath the ears, which they cut the ftraw about gnars. a foot fledge, and tread out the they corn carry away on a the fifth part of the corn is for the with horfes ; but Jand, and the reft for the owner of the is very beautiful, and makes husbandman. This corn ufe no lieves, nor feparate the bran fine bread, tho' they from the corn. The --- Page 388 --- Olfervations upon ASIA, The great quantity of ftraw which remains on the ground after harveft is not ufelefs, fince they either cut it at the end of autumn for fuel, or for food for their cattle, or elfe fet fire to it to burn the rats, which are fo very numerous, and caufe fuch a ravage, that without the plentiful rains which regularly fall; they would- be oblig'd to abandon their country. is a kind of A part of the tillage manag'd by of the Tartars call'd Turquemis, becaufe they are Turkifh feét. They live in tents, which they erect in the winter in the plains, and in fummer on the of the mountains. The greateft part of the tops inhabitants of this province were formerly tranfported to the other extremity of Perfia, which lies in the mountains betwixt Belk-kaboul, and Candahar, where they, have preferved their ancient name, and are call'd with very little change, Akvans. But the favagenefs of the place has perverted their natures ; for they are become robbers, and are formidable to the caravans which travel into the Indies, bear excellent The vines, without cultivation, make excellent wines grapes, of which they might mix them with about did they not at the vintage black is of two a tenth part of water. The grape the kinds, the one very little, the other véry larges white is without ftones, and has the relifh of mufcatel. There is not in all Sirvan eithera vault or cellar, fo that: they bury their veffels in the gardraw their wine as they do water, den or court, veffel is they content themand when a empty, without removing it from felves with walhing it, its Hsein fruit-trees, which are of all kinds, grow promifeuoully in the mountains and forefts as well as in the: plains, and their fruit is as good as can be I tones, and has the relifh of mufcatel. There is not in all Sirvan eithera vault or cellar, fo that: they bury their veffels in the gardraw their wine as they do water, den or court, veffel is they content themand when a empty, without removing it from felves with walhing it, its Hsein fruit-trees, which are of all kinds, grow promifeuoully in the mountains and forefts as well as in the: plains, and their fruit is as good as can be I --- Page 389 --- AERICA, and be expected from tncultivated AMERICA, bitants of Sirvan, are trecs; : for the inhaing and inoculating. ignorant of the art of graftfruits found in Europe; They but the have almoft all the penters, and for fuel, is wood ufed carmountains, from whence only to be had tz the it. they are obliged to bring there Pulfes are here very plentiful, as are melons, well as fruitss general, all kitchen cucumbers, herbs and afparagus, and, in Europe: for the ; but it feems as if nature roots found in where the faffron country, delfigned Sirvan foil is cxtremely efpecially about Bakou, faffron and pure, but mix itin light, a They do not fell then cut it out in fmall pan with a little wax, All the country is covered cakes. herbs, fuch as thyme, with odoriferous low flowers, from which marjoram, balm with yelcordial. they draw an excellent Among thofe different able one which grows on the plants, fides there is a remarkPidrakou, about three of the mountain Chamake. Its ftem is very quarters of a league from fmall man's leg ; it fpreads at the high, and as thick as a fmell, wind-mill, and diffufcs top, as wide as 2 the but drics up in autumn, a agrecable fpring. 307, revives in and The their ficlds are adorned with and imall, tulips and are very fine 5 fome a.thoufand Rowers, black yellow others red and large, being which yellow mixed in the ground; and if thefe have, a in the world. leaves, It it would be the colours fineft were in tilled or corn ficlds, is feen every where, not flower and rofe and but even, in the only forefts, and caper trees grow high-ways 5 among the cops. fpontancouly in the The ficlds are adorned with and imall, tulips and are very fine 5 fome a.thoufand Rowers, black yellow others red and large, being which yellow mixed in the ground; and if thefe have, a in the world. leaves, It it would be the colours fineft were in tilled or corn ficlds, is feen every where, not flower and rofe and but even, in the only forefts, and caper trees grow high-ways 5 among the cops. fpontancouly in the The --- Page 390 --- Obfervations upon AsIA, The. lands which are untilled, nourifh innumerable herds of cattle and flocks of fheep. Oxen are made ufe there for carriages, and bear the burdens on their backs. different methods in Sirvan of They have horfes. two When the Tartars come there managing let their horfes feed at large in the to trade, and they thefe horfes continue together like a plains, Aock of fheep, and will never quit each other. The Perfians, on the contrary, take great care of for cover them with a thick theirs; 2 both they in always fummer and winter 5 and if they cloth, turn them out to grafs, they tie them, or put a great clog to their feet. When the grals fçalon is over,. they only give them towards the evening a fack of ftraw cut Imall, with four or five handfuls of barley, yet thefe horfes, with loads on their backs, will travel, without refting, twelve or fifteen long leagues in a day : and what is very commodious is, that ten, or twelve loads of ftraw, and half a load of barley, will maintain two hundred horfes two days march. of Befides domeftic animals, the forefts are full wild boars, ftags, foxes, and wolves. There is at Chamake a confiderable trade in foxes fkins for Aftracan. Larks and quails are fcarcer'in Sirvan than in Europe; but as a reçompence, partridges are very common, as well as buftards, heathcocks, and pheafants : and there are likewife geefe, ducks, pigeons and cranes. Storks come there in fummer to build their nefts, and bring up their young, but foon after difappear. When the winter becomes fharp, one may pur- for chafe four heathcocks for five pence, a buftard five or fix, and a live pheafant for ten pence 3 thefe fufbirds thrufting their heads into the fnow, and fering themfelves to be taken, A athcocks, and pheafants : and there are likewife geefe, ducks, pigeons and cranes. Storks come there in fummer to build their nefts, and bring up their young, but foon after difappear. When the winter becomes fharp, one may pur- for chafe four heathcocks for five pence, a buftard five or fix, and a live pheafant for ten pence 3 thefe fufbirds thrufting their heads into the fnow, and fering themfelves to be taken, A --- Page 391 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA, A country fo happy, and which furnifhes fo liberally every thing which renders life commodious and agreeable, is inhabited by a miferable people, either becaufe their natural poor lazinefs hinders them from profiting by the ftores which nature offers them, or becaufe they are rifhed by the exceflive taxes laid impoveit is faid that the king of Perfia upon them; for of Sirvan two millions of abaflis; annually the draws out food of the inhabitants is garden herbs and common Their moft delicate repafts conlift of fruits. curds and cheefe. Their rice, four like a caffock, under which cloathing is coarfe ftuff and few of them have another they for wear'a loofe thirt, makes them to be eaten with change, which what is moft aftonithing is, up that vermin: but patiently their bad they fuffer fo: themfelves company, that they never give any trouble to be freed of them. Their fhoes are made of the fkin of an head, or the head of a wild boar, and ox's ty high on the foot, are'tied with rifing pret- - They are efteemed cheats and cords. faid of them, that lyars ; and it is they are perfuaded without lye, no bufinefs can fucceed; but in other a they behave themfelves tolerably. refpects There are three languages fpoken in the try ; the Turkifh, which is' the moft counthe corrupt Perfian, and the common : which they learn, and fpeak thefe Armenian three ; all of without confufion. à languages In Sirvan the different by the different head-drefles. nations are diflinguifhed the red turbant, they call them As the Perfians love caps ; the Armenians kara-bafchi, kefel-bafchi, orredand the Georgians, who have a. very little blaek-cape; bafchi-achouk, bare heads. bonnet, Let is' the moft counthe corrupt Perfian, and the common : which they learn, and fpeak thefe Armenian three ; all of without confufion. à languages In Sirvan the different by the different head-drefles. nations are diflinguifhed the red turbant, they call them As the Perfians love caps ; the Armenians kara-bafchi, kefel-bafchi, orredand the Georgians, who have a. very little blaek-cape; bafchi-achouk, bare heads. bonnet, Let --- Page 392 --- Obfervations upon Asta, Let us proceed to the defcription ofChamake, furwhich was formerly no more than a fortrefs rounded with a wall, with turrets bere and there, of which there nothing remains now but a few ruins. The city is enlarged on the fouth-fide, and extending over five or fix little hills, is quite open, vithout walls. or ditches, and compoled of about feven thoufand houfes, fome of which are buiit of: itone, with earth inftead of mortar ; but the greateft part are only of earth and clay, tho? fome have covered with boards, inftead of flate a raifed-roof, tile, and others have flat roofs. Thefe are of or the door and windows on the one ftory, fide, having and feveral houfes have only the door to. fame give them light, as thefe Aat roofs are only,of with a mixture. of chopped SAOREr pared and laid. earth, about a foot thick on lietle pofts or beams, they cannot ftop the rains, if they conconfiderable time, but the whole houfe is tinue any deluged. People of eafy fortunes take the precaution of: having a tin roof, and that the fun may not prejudice it, they fmeer it with naphtha. building Thereis not in all Chamake any public worth notice, nor one fine mofque, and yet it is a of trade, and the ftorehoufe of Muftown great Perfia. TheMufcovites havea magazine covy and and bring toit tin, copper, fkins, furs, and there, from their country. The Perother merchandizes and Indians there fell their ftuffs, filks, and fians with embroidery in gold and filver, and cottons, of coftly flowering and ornaments. The variety hither horfes and flaves, and there is Tartars bring where feveral ftreets meet together, with a: market on each fide fhaded from the fun. fhops exerçifed at ChaAs for the religions almoft of publicly all forts s; mahometifmis make they are pre- from their country. The Perother merchandizes and Indians there fell their ftuffs, filks, and fians with embroidery in gold and filver, and cottons, of coftly flowering and ornaments. The variety hither horfes and flaves, and there is Tartars bring where feveral ftreets meet together, with a: market on each fide fhaded from the fun. fhops exerçifed at ChaAs for the religions almoft of publicly all forts s; mahometifmis make they are pre- --- Page 393 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. that Bredominant, of Jonis but is divided into two followers of and Cahis, or Jehais ; the feêts, viz, Omar, and the others of one. are: continually curfe and deteft each Ali, andt they, The Jews have a other. pagod, and thefe laft, fynagogue, who. are and. the Indians ay two hundred, in number the richeft merchants. carry. on the greateft trade, and about. The Chriftians who inhabit are nians, and have not above the city are Arme-. and the Mulcovites havea two hundred The priefts of both chapel in their houfess green, and have this in thefe nations are drels'd magazine. in wineexeufively. common, that they love has The the title governor of of the city and all the trufted with kan, and the proxince, the police and magiftrate the who is injuftice is called kalenter. adminifration of calamities Ir rarely happens that Sirvan is of of war; ; for tho'it is at expos'd the to the Perfia, its fituation extremity cafus is a rampart which fecures it; for mount Cauthro' 3 noewithitanding enemics cannot break for the fake of peace from which, the king of Perfia, penlion of thirty-five thoufand this quarter, gives a kal; for thus they call abaflis to the chama Tartar nation who inhabit the prince of the Lefchi, tains in the Dagueftan; whence beyond the mounchus, firft prince of Poland, they fay that LefIn this place, and all came. brate, during ten days, the over Perfia, they celethe fon of Ali. In the nine firft memory of Ufain beggars, half naked, belimeer'd days we feelittle divided into with black, and city with drums, companies, run, up and down the all their ftrength, Ufaint finging and bawling out with day they carry thro' the ftreets Ufain! On the tenth a child upon a kind ft prince of Poland, they fay that LefIn this place, and all came. brate, during ten days, the over Perfia, they celethe fon of Ali. In the nine firft memory of Ufain beggars, half naked, belimeer'd days we feelittle divided into with black, and city with drums, companies, run, up and down the all their ftrength, Ufaint finging and bawling out with day they carry thro' the ftreets Ufain! On the tenth a child upon a kind --- Page 394 --- Obfervations upon AsIA, kind of bier, fupported by twenty men. The bier is ornamented with rich ftuffs ahd looking-glaftes, The which make them ftill more fplendid. child counterfeits death, that he may reprefent Ufain, and during the proceffion, trumpets, drums, noife. and the fhouts of the people, make a hideous This burlefque ceremony is changed the following into a battle, which is fought in the great day of the city, which is above five hunmarket place and one hundred and fifty broad. dred The paces city long, is divided into two parties ; the one called Leideris, and the other Clahmedautais, from of the names of two brothers, formerly with princes fticks Chamake. The combatants are, armed fireof half a pike length, with lings, and without even bloodarms, fo that the battle never ends this diffhed. The governors endeavour to ftop who glory order; but they cannot curb the youth, themfelves in this fkirmifh. in fignalizing CHAP. XXXIX. Tbe loadpone ufed by tbe Cbinefe pbyfcians 5 wubicb attribute to Aisulh perties tbey tbeir extbe Cbinefe campbire ; manner of if; traging it from tbe tree, and preparing tbe qualitics wwbich tbey attribute toit. fuccefsfully ufe the loadftonein China T"EL againft all fudden, painful, and malignant this tumors, fince Chinefe phyficians look upon it remedy as admirable; ; becaufe, as they evilin judge, its oriattracts the venom, and deftroys the made as fine gin. They take fteel flings, that are as be Cbinefe campbire ; manner of if; traging it from tbe tree, and preparing tbe qualitics wwbich tbey attribute toit. fuccefsfully ufe the loadftonein China T"EL againft all fudden, painful, and malignant this tumors, fince Chinefe phyficians look upon it remedy as admirable; ; becaufe, as they evilin judge, its oriattracts the venom, and deftroys the made as fine gin. They take fteel flings, that are as --- Page 395 --- AFRICA, and as pollible, and throw them AMERICA. gar; ; they then mix both well into the ftrongent vinethrec or four boilings, take together, and ' after fpread it on the affected out the fteel, and take a large loadftone, and part, after which they filings, which attract the hidden apply it often to the lady, and diffipate the caufe of the maHow many doubts may malignity be of the poifon. this remedy? Can the propcfed concerning filings, as it does the needle? load-ftone vivify the fteel ings prepared in this boiling Can the fteel filper to be agitated by the liquor be more acids of the vinegar with which load-ftone ? Can pro- the render it, by a new it is impregnated, prepared for the motion arrangement ofits pores, better After all, may it not happen, given by the load-ftone ? may have fome virtue that the load-ftone never exerts, but againft the poifon, which it pregnated with the conjointly acids of with the filings ima particular vinegar, which From the impreflion on the affected caufes to thofe which properties the of the load-ftonc, part, letus vedere, This Chinefe attribute to the pafs grows in the end plant, of as the Chinefe botanift belleApril; its fprours, when March, or the bexinning fayss of inches high, affume the they are eight or nine when it is half clofed; it extends figure of a child's fift, with pufhes out an infinity of afterwards, and leaves like thofe of flax. branches, ornamented dually become round as Thefe branches are naturally they crofs each graPyramid. The difpoled in the form of an other, and the bellevedere, làme author adds, that thej agrecable ofan agrecable while they are tender, have leavesof Jad with tatte; that they may be a juice vinegar, if you mix but eaten infalger; ; that being fome flices boiled with the prepared as other ofgin. Voz. I. mcat, they give it a pot-herbs, fine and deli- and Cc cate crofs each graPyramid. The difpoled in the form of an other, and the bellevedere, làme author adds, that thej agrecable ofan agrecable while they are tender, have leavesof Jad with tatte; that they may be a juice vinegar, if you mix but eaten infalger; ; that being fome flices boiled with the prepared as other ofgin. Voz. I. mcat, they give it a pot-herbs, fine and deli- and Cc cate --- Page 396 --- Obfervations upon ASIA, cate tafte ; that when it is in all its beauty, ie Jeaves become hard, but that then they find in its ftalk and root a food that will fupply the neceffity of life in years of famine. When the plant, fay they, is arrived at its natural height, they feparate the principal ftem, and draw from it a lixivium of afhes, which foftens, purifies, and cleanfes itfrorn the fkin and bark. After this fteeping they expofe it to: the fun; and when it is dry, they boil and feafon. it. As for the root, whofe colour inclines to violet, they take off the fkin. in filaments, or fhreds, which after being boiled, are eatable. But what they principally feek is the white fubftance of the root, which they eafily reduce to meal, of which they only take what remains in a pafte at the bottom oft the veffel, which they afterwards bake in little loaves or rolls. The botanift quotes the example of four mountaineers, who liv: ing generally on the leaves, ftems, and roots of bellevedere, which their country furnifhed in plenty, preferved themfelves in perfeét health to extreme old age. Befides, this author advifes, that to render the bellevedere more plentiful and fubitantial, they fhould fet fire. to thefe mountains which are covered with it, fometimes in one place, and fometimes in another, becaufc its own afhes enrich its plants, and give them a more nutritive juice. He then proceeds to the medicinal virtues of this plant. The bellevederc, fays he, has no hurtful or malignant quality, 1S cold by nature, of a fweet tafte, full of benignjuice, frees from exceffive internal heats, is diuretic, opens the urinary paflages, and procures fleep; being toafted, reduced to a powder, and taken in a draught to about two drachms, it expells flatulencics of the abdomen, and is a wholfome remedy againft all diftempers . He then proceeds to the medicinal virtues of this plant. The bellevederc, fays he, has no hurtful or malignant quality, 1S cold by nature, of a fweet tafte, full of benignjuice, frees from exceffive internal heats, is diuretic, opens the urinary paflages, and procures fleep; being toafted, reduced to a powder, and taken in a draught to about two drachms, it expells flatulencics of the abdomen, and is a wholfome remedy againft all diftempers --- Page 397 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA: pers caufed by exceffive root of the plant reduced to heats. In a word, the little oil, and afhes, diffolved other applied to the bite of in a it out, venomous and infeéts, deadens the ferpents, and cian has cures the wound. The poilon, draws lies, whether neither recourfe to falts, acids, Chinefe phyfiextraéted from intrinfical to the plant, or nor alkafecis. and it, but only relates chemically leaves to fkilful plainly its efunravel the hidden caufes of chemiftsto feck outand If thefe effeêts be them. as they are, true, fuch mifts and ought to induce our difcoveries, fimple to phyficians, to European checonvince themfelves makediferent plant, which, of the properties experiments, of this we are ignorant perhaps, of its virtues. is only negleéted, becaufe What we are about to not appear lefs relate of camphire, will we have related amazing, of the or interefling, than what fuaded in Europe, that bellevedere. this We are. from the ftem and branches precious gum diltils per: leéted near the foot of of the trec, andiscolmixed with earth. The it, where they take it for 66 a truth, that this dictionary of arts takes E They gum diftils from 66 China bring, fays the author, a trée. 6c but intol Europe entirely camphire from as it has not paffed the crude, and in cakes; coarfe, and is foin 33 fire, it is reputed The extraét of a Chinefe reality." affords fuch difcoveries book lately on this publithed, attention ; for the book has fubject as deferve was printed by the order and great authority, and Changi, who has inferted care of the They cite a great number in it his own emperor been the authors, of learned men, teflections. affure us, that the or revifers of the work whohave does not camphire brought from ; and drop to the China, Cc2 ground, as it happens in other a Chinefe reality." affords fuch difcoveries book lately on this publithed, attention ; for the book has fubject as deferve was printed by the order and great authority, and Changi, who has inferted care of the They cite a great number in it his own emperor been the authors, of learned men, teflections. affure us, that the or revifers of the work whohave does not camphire brought from ; and drop to the China, Cc2 ground, as it happens in other --- Page 398 --- 388. Oeferuations upon Asta; other refinous trees, which for their own preferva-- tion only difcharge what is too unétuous in their and that it does not diftil from the fubftance of the ; tree to the bottom, by an incifion which top made in it. They would ufe this art in. they China, if they could do it with fuccels; for fuch incifions made in refinous trees are much ufed in that country. In the article preceding that which treats of camphire, it is related, that to lofe nothing of the varnifh, they always fix to the place ofthe tree, where the incifion is made, a little tube, which the mixture of and to it a veffel, prevents the eyadirt and foulnefs, and as much as poffible, article, poration of the diftilling juice. In another furwhere mention is made of the pine-trec, which nifhes a refin, to which they attribute great virof a method of incifion, which tues, they fpeak the perhaps is unknown in Europe. They dig earth, fays the author, round about anrold pinetree, and uncover one of its principal roots, in which they make an incifion, from whence diftils a fpirituous juice 3 but they muft take care, that during the operation, the place above the root be covered, that the light of the fun OF moon never reach it; without doubt the defign of this method is to extract from the pine a liquor which is naturally fluid, and will continue fo. But it is in a quite different manner that they extract camphire in China from the tree called tehang 5 for they take, fays the Chinefe author, frefh branches from this tree, cut them into fmall parts, and fteep them three days and nights in foft water. When they have been macerated in this manner,. they throw them into a kettle where they are boiled, during which time, they perpetually ftir them fce. with a ftick of willow-wood 5 and when they that the particles of this juice adhere copioufly the to is in a quite different manner that they extract camphire in China from the tree called tehang 5 for they take, fays the Chinefe author, frefh branches from this tree, cut them into fmall parts, and fteep them three days and nights in foft water. When they have been macerated in this manner,. they throw them into a kettle where they are boiled, during which time, they perpetually ftir them fce. with a ftick of willow-wood 5 and when they that the particles of this juice adhere copioufly the to --- Page 399 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA, the ftick in form ofa hoar-froft, they frain it 389 taking care to throw away the lces, or off, Then this juice is gently pour'd into a fediment. new nifhed earthen veilel, where they leave it for varnight, and on the next day find the juice a ed, and become a kind of mafs. coagulatIn order to purify this frt a copper bafon, look for fome produétion, old mud they ufe which they take a part, and reduce it to wall, of fine powder. They put this a very of the bafon, and upon this bed'of powder earth at the bottom another of camphire, and thus diipofe them they fpread nately to the number four; and on the alteris finely pulverized, they make a laft, which leaves ofthe plant called covering of the copper bafon being thus poho, or penny-royal. The ther balon; and filled, is covered withano- - ly clofed ; and that they take care that both are exactthey fecuré them they may exactly fit each other, which at the edges with a yellew unites them ftrongly together. carth, The bafon being fall of this mixture, it on the fire, which muft be regular, they place neither too ftrong, nor too weak but equal, and lone can teach the due proportion. 5 praétice acare that the earth which We muft take both clofe, and leaves joins the bafons, holds rituous no chink, for fear the parts fhould efcape, which would ruin fpiwhole operation. When they have the ficient heat, they wait till the bafons given it a fufthen feparating them, they find the are cold, and limed, and adhering to the cover. camphire fubthe Ifthe operation is repeated two or three times, camphire will come out in beautiful Whenever they chufe to make ufe of it in parcels. certain the quantities, they put it betwixt two earthen edges of which they bind round with veffels, folds of wet paper, and keep this veffel feveral Cc over a.mo3 derate heat, they wait till the bafons given it a fufthen feparating them, they find the are cold, and limed, and adhering to the cover. camphire fubthe Ifthe operation is repeated two or three times, camphire will come out in beautiful Whenever they chufe to make ufe of it in parcels. certain the quantities, they put it betwixt two earthen edges of which they bind round with veffels, folds of wet paper, and keep this veffel feveral Cc over a.mo3 derate --- Page 400 --- Obferuations apon ASIA, derate and cqual fire about an hour : then letting the veffel cool, the càmphire is found in its perfeétion, and fit for ufe, freth branches An European chemift who had of the tehang tree, would certainly abridge thefe with fome advantage with regard to operations, the quantity and purity of this gum. Perhaps alfo all the Chinefe operations have their particular ufe, fince they know how, in lefs time, and at a fmaller expencé, to fublime mercury $ forinftance, in two well luted crucibles, fuch as filver-fmiths ufe jn the fufion of filver. affirmed in At leaft, we cannot fay truly, as is the dictionary of arts, that the Chinefe camphire is brought into Europe crude, without having paffed thro' the fire, fince we find that it is fubjected to it feveral times, tho' it may happen, that the Chinefe, to increafe the quantity, and the Euro- profit from it, fell, or have fold it formerly tothe merchants in crude lumps 3 that is to fay, pean given to their mafs, or mixafter a flight boiling and the plant pennytureof earth and camphire, cakes royal. The form of the camphire imported from Holland, which, according to Mr. Lemery, refemble the çover of a pot, eafily lays a foundation for fuch a fufpicion. camphire Befides, this manner of extracting from the inmoft part of the tree, may be practifed in all the feafons of the year; which never could flow be, was it extraéted like other refins; which the not but a fhort time, Befides, by Thaking camphire tree, it :is lefs hurt than by extracting itsi juice by incifions, which are always prejudicial. which is fold to the Whatever the camphire is, of Pekin Europeans, it is certain, that in the fhops they iell fome very cheap, which yet is well granulated, I , may be practifed in all the feafons of the year; which never could flow be, was it extraéted like other refins; which the not but a fhort time, Befides, by Thaking camphire tree, it :is lefs hurt than by extracting itsi juice by incifions, which are always prejudicial. which is fold to the Whatever the camphire is, of Pekin Europeans, it is certain, that in the fhops they iell fome very cheap, which yet is well granulated, I --- Page 401 --- Rae AFRICA, and AMERICA. nulated, falliciently porated, and when inclofed pure, very fubtile, eafily evabe. preferved a long time.. But in a double veffel may camphire, in the opinion of the Chinefe the beft Chinefe cannot be compared to the good themfelves, Borneo. camphire of of Might the not one procure at Canton a little plant the French camphire trec, and tranfport it to fome of and it iflands, where it might eafily them there, may poflibly tho' happen, that there are fome grows of "Tis faid the not known, Jand into Francé; Chincfecarplire fo comés from Holhave found it in their that, perhaps, the Dutch parts tranfported the own iflands, or from other phire, which chey fell trees, which bear that camcamphire; but it is under the name of Chinefe nelc. of Batavia buy it more in probable that the Chithe Dutch. China, and then fell it to They had reafon to fay, in the arts, that the Chinefe camphire is extraéted dicionary of high large tree, fome of which, from a ne2 author, are found fays the Chibits high, and fo thick, one that hundred and three cuextended arms, can hardly grafp twenty them. perfons with fome feen that are computed to be three Thereare years old 3 and this wood, which is hundred the conftruction of houfes and of fervice for with beautiful veins, and feveral fhips, is intermixed made of it. fine works are larger This tree grows faft, and about its foot for roots, fhoots forth fuckers that are and of fire, tranfplantation. The old trunks emit fparks proper ten, and probably, full of becaufe this wood, which is rotawhich are the natural worms, effeéts produces thofe falfe fires, of the cffufionof camCc 4 phorated houfes and of fervice for with beautiful veins, and feveral fhips, is intermixed made of it. fine works are larger This tree grows faft, and about its foot for roots, fhoots forth fuckers that are and of fire, tranfplantation. The old trunks emit fparks proper ten, and probably, full of becaufe this wood, which is rotawhich are the natural worms, effeéts produces thofe falfe fires, of the cffufionof camCc 4 phorated --- Page 402 --- Obfervations tpon AsIA, phorated fpirits, which are inflammable by the leaft motion, when continued but a few moments. The flame is fo fubtile, and there is fo little fear ofi its communicating itfelf, that the fofteft hairs are not fet on fire by it, as is' proved by the experiment of burning camphire in the fpirits of wine in the clofeft places. It now remains that we fhould fpeak of the virtues which the Chinefeafcribe to camphire. Tho', fays the fame author, itis fomewhat acrid and hot, yet. it is fo far from being hurtful and deftruétive, that it opens the feveral veffels of the body, ferves to diffolve and carry off the phlegm of the inteftines, diflipates the impurities of the blood, removes the inconvemicndter-anifing from cold and humidity, appeafes violent cholics, the colera morbus, and the pains of the heart and ftomach. It cures tetters, the itch, and troublefome cutaneous diforders, and is fuccelsfully ufed in faftening loofe teeth, and is fo efficacious a remedy againft worms, that it delivers thofe who are fubject to them, and prevents that diforder in others. All the low part ofthe tree impregnated with the fubftance ofthe camphire, has almoft all its qualitics, in a much inferior degrec. This wood is of a moderately fharp tafte, and may be ufed internally without any apprehenfion of its difordering the ftomach or abdomen 5 and if there is any violent indifpofition in thefe, it dries up the humours which caufe it, or ifthere be a necefity of throwing them up at the mouth, this effect is produced without any violent efforts, by fwallowing a pretty rich decoction of the powder of this wood, which alfo refolves indigeftions after meals. Thofe who are. troubled with acid cruétations, ought to ufe a decoction of this wood in a rice-wine, which is ftomach or abdomen 5 and if there is any violent indifpofition in thefe, it dries up the humours which caufe it, or ifthere be a necefity of throwing them up at the mouth, this effect is produced without any violent efforts, by fwallowing a pretty rich decoction of the powder of this wood, which alfo refolves indigeftions after meals. Thofe who are. troubled with acid cruétations, ought to ufe a decoction of this wood in a rice-wine, which is --- Page 403 --- - A AFRICA, and AMERICA. is weaker than fmall-beer. wood remove obftinate Fomentations of this the fect. troublefome fiveatings of Let us finith thefe obfervations cacious remedy ufed with a very effeyes, which is very againft a diftemper of the common in China than exirordinary, in and far more called nyétalopia. This Europe, and which is. on of the eyes as caufes malady is fuch an affectiday, imperfedtly in the perfons to fee well in the during the nighr. The evening, but nothing at all cal diftemper, which is acceffions of this periodirope, come on at the thought incurable in Eugyen is the name which approach the of night. Kimundiftemper, and the three letters Chinefe give to this in the Chinefe which language, this compole, Chinefe fubject to be darkened, like thofe word, of fowls, fignify eyes ed imagine, that by The eyes of the patient to comparing the diforderare darkened towards the thofe of a fowl, which clofed the myftery of this evening, they have dif. flecting, that this effeÉt in fowls diforder, is without refalling ofthe eye-lids in a perfon as naturalast the fleep. oppreffed with fince But the cafe is not the fame in the the patient, tho' his nyétalopiz, thing, but gropes about even eyes are open, fees nohe is moft accuftomed, in the places to which flammation, heat, nor the and leaft perceives neither ineyes : and if he be placed in the twitehings in his place, with the leaft light he day-time in a dark when the nighe comes on his fees ditinctly; but fuch a degree, that ifa diforder feizes him to he perceives no object taper be prefented to him, not even the taper itfelf; enlightened in the room, light, he perceives ; and inftead of a clear nothing but a large blackifh globe, flammation, heat, nor the and leaft perceives neither ineyes : and if he be placed in the twitehings in his place, with the leaft light he day-time in a dark when the nighe comes on his fees ditinctly; but fuch a degree, that ifa diforder feizes him to he perceives no object taper be prefented to him, not even the taper itfelf; enlightened in the room, light, he perceives ; and inftead of a clear nothing but a large blackifh globe, --- Page 404 --- Obfervations upon ASTA, 394 without any Juftre. This imperfe&t fenfaglobe, tion feems to indicate, that the membrane of the retina, become Aaccid and obftructed, cannot, for want. of its natural fpring, feel the gentle impreffions of the vifual rays, and is only agitated by fuch as are, very ftrong. If the eye is darkened gradually as the night approaches, it is not enlightened in the fame manner, nor fucceffively, which is a. comfort to the patient; for he knows that the following day his fight will be good till fun-fet. The following is the remedy which the Chinefe phyficians ufe againft this diforder. Take the liver of a fheep that has a black head, cut it with a knife made of bamboo, or hard wood; take out the nerves, pellicules, and filaments : thén cover it with a leaf of water-lily, after having powdered it with a little good falt-petre. Then put all into a. pot, and let it be flowly boiled; ftir it often while it boils, having on your head a large linen covering, which hangs down to the ground, that the fmoak which exhales from the liver in boiling may not be diffipated, and that you may receive the whole. This falutary fteam riling up which muft be will make to your eyes, kept open, and the morbific humour diftil from them, you will be cured. If you fhould ufe this remedy about noon you will find yourfelf in. - the evening perfeétly relieved from this fymptom; ; but fome, to render the remedy more eflicacious, advife the liver thus and patient to eat a part ofthe prepared, that this drink the broth ofit; but others affirm, is not neceffary : and that perfons have been cured by fumigating themfelves at leifure with the fmoak of the fheep's liver while it was, boilings and that to. the. colour of the it was equally ufelefs regard Shecp, whether black or white. This from this fymptom; ; but fome, to render the remedy more eflicacious, advife the liver thus and patient to eat a part ofthe prepared, that this drink the broth ofit; but others affirm, is not neceffary : and that perfons have been cured by fumigating themfelves at leifure with the fmoak of the fheep's liver while it was, boilings and that to. the. colour of the it was equally ufelefs regard Shecp, whether black or white. This --- Page 405 --- - a AFRICA, and AMERICA, This is an ealy, fpeedy, and whofe virtue has been efficacious remedy, ber of Chinefe for a experienced malady by a great numlooked upon as incurable; and known in Europe, fucceed in Europe, China muft fhould be this remedy made it a beneficial prefent, judged to have CHAP XL, The Indians opinions about tbe Jouls, trasfnigration of Mosr. immortal, of the and Indians believe the foul to be of God himfelf; but fome think that it is are perfuaded of this tho' the generality aparticle of them prove it by the immortality ; yet they only of fouls into different metempfychofis bodies. or tranfmigration the Not only the Indians beyond the Tonquin, people of Aracan, Pegu, Siam, Ganges, but the fame opinion, Cochinchinas, and China, and Japan, Camboya, are of fonings as the other Indians fupport it by the fame reaWe even find in America do. the tranfimnigration of fouls; fome light traces of count fort the introduction of but this how can we acamong the reft a people, who were fo fenfelefs notion that it of the world? Itis not long unknown to Egyptians fhould fpread in Africa and equally furprifing, may have taught it to the. Europe. The Pychagoras, blifhed itin the head of the Italian fect, Africans, had and two Gauls, feveral nations, but eftabalis and where the druids looked particularly in the foundation of their upon it as the religion 5 andit even entçr- --- Page 406 --- Obfervations upon AsIA, entered their policy, fince when their generals defigned to infpire into their armies a contempt of death, they affured them that their fouls would no fooner leave one body, than they wouldimmediately enter another to aétuate it. This doétrine was taught in the infancy of Chriftianity by the Simonian heretics, and the Bafilidians, the Valentinians, the Marcionites, the Gnoftics, Manichzeans, and even many Jews embraced this extravagant fyftem; fo that we read in the talmud, that the foul of Abel pailed into the body of Seth, and afterwards into that of Mofes. Some imagine, that this doétrine was originally taught by the ancient Egyptians, and that from them it fpread itfelf to the Indies; and over the reft of Afia. Others, on the contrary, afcribe the invention ofit to the Indians, who afterwards communicated it to the Egyptians. Philoftratus affures us, that Pythagoras was the inventor of this fyftem; 1;7 that he communicated it to the bramins, in a voyage which he made to the Indies; and that from thence it was imported into Egypt. According to the Indian chronology, feveral thoufands of years are elapfed fince this doctrine was in vogue there, but unluckily the chronology of thefe nations is filled with fuch incoherences, that no credit can be given to them : fo that it is more probable, feveral ancient authors have faid in exprefs as rather terms, that it . was from the Egyptians, than the Indians, that Pythagoras and Plato drew what they have written about the metempfychofis. The Indians, as.well. as the Pythagoreans, underitand by the metempfychofis, the paffage of feveral different bodies, which it a foul through thofe fucceffively animates, to produce operations which are ptoper to it. At firft they only fpoke of , feveral ancient authors have faid in exprefs as rather terms, that it . was from the Egyptians, than the Indians, that Pythagoras and Plato drew what they have written about the metempfychofis. The Indians, as.well. as the Pythagoreans, underitand by the metempfychofis, the paffage of feveral different bodies, which it a foul through thofe fucceffively animates, to produce operations which are ptoper to it. At firft they only fpoke of --- Page 407 --- ar AFRICA, and AMERICAN of the paflage of fouls into 397dies, but afterwards different human bothe Indians have enlarged their fyftem, and of Pythagoras and tillimproved Plato. upon the difeiples rft, The tem, founded Pythagoreans their in eftablithing their fyf rity of their mafter, principal whofe proof on the auchofuch oracles, that it was words were to them entertain the leaft doubt about not permitted them to advanced has by this great any thing that was faid it, would the philofopher. Our mafter pute : and this anfwer Pythagorcans reply, in difproofs. fupplied the place of all This is juft they, is the chief theanfwerof of the the Indians. Bruma, the Indies; it was he who three gods worthipped fay in trine; it is therefore taught this celeftial docis Abadens that is, who infallible. It is Bruma, who able to truth, and all whofc Ipeaks effentially conformhas, add they, a perfect words are oracles. He all paft, prefent, and to knowledge of what is the circumftances of come; the it is he who writes he who has taught all fciences; life of each man ; itis this, doubt of the of and can we, after fince it has been revealed reality the 2dly, The by Bruma metempopcholis, P filence for a certain. difciples number of Fythagoras were to were allowed to of years, before keep they were propofe their doubts 5 after they of his permitted to make which bered difeiples having afked theirobjections. of Some to have exifted him, if he rememthat he hada appeared in before, the he anfwered of Etalides the fon of world under the them, name wards he was born Mercury ; and that bus, and finally killed again in the perfon of afternelaus; that afterwards at the fiege of Troy Euphorhe was known by the by Mename of were propofe their doubts 5 after they of his permitted to make which bered difeiples having afked theirobjections. of Some to have exifted him, if he rememthat he hada appeared in before, the he anfwered of Etalides the fon of world under the them, name wards he was born Mercury ; and that bus, and finally killed again in the perfon of afternelaus; that afterwards at the fiege of Troy Euphorhe was known by the by Mename of --- Page 408 --- Obfervations upon AStA, 398 of Hermotimus ; that he afterwards was a fithers man in the illand of Delos, and went by the name of Pyrrhus; but at that time was the individual. Pythagoras. The Indians, on their fide, quote an infinity of changes in their gods, beginning with Bruma, who, they fay, has appeared under a thoufand different and the metamorphofes of Vichnou arealfigures ; There is one which théy arei moft as numerous. of, which they call Kelki-vadaftill in expectation Vichnou turned to a horfe; ran 5 that is to fay, ofand they mention many other changes, efpecially Routren. of Vichnou prétend, that this The worlhippers inlightens fome favougod, by an heavenly light, and informs them of the rite fouls of his votaries, to them in different changes which have happened and the zeathe bodies which they have animated ; that this god lous worfhippers of Routren affirm, them the feveral has revealed to feveral among in the various ftages of being in which they were, tranfmigrations of their fouls. have regdly, The Indians and Pythagoreans the more courfe to comparifons, that they may the their fentiments. The foul,i fay clearly explain is like a bird in a cage, and as a man ina Indians, which he inhabits, takes care to repair the houfe fo the foul of man is in the weakeft parts, juft and endeavours to preferve it. body, lodges in it, leaves his houfe when itis no Befides, as a man to another, fo the foul longer habitable, and goes ficknefs or accident renleaves the body when fome animated, and takes pofders it incapable ofbeing In a word, as a man feffion of another body. and returns out of his houfe when he pleafes, whofe goes in the fame manner, fo there are great men, fouls weakeft parts, juft and endeavours to preferve it. body, lodges in it, leaves his houfe when itis no Befides, as a man to another, fo the foul longer habitable, and goes ficknefs or accident renleaves the body when fome animated, and takes pofders it incapable ofbeing In a word, as a man feffion of another body. and returns out of his houfe when he pleafes, whofe goes in the fame manner, fo there are great men, fouls --- Page 409 --- E aw AFRICA, and AMERICA fouls have the dies, and return privilege to feparate from their 399 boing run thro' feveral again when they pleafe, after hav. We read in the life parts of the univerle. moft powerful kings of of Vieramarken, the one of the begged of a goddels in a Indies, that a prince him the mandiram; that Private temple, to teach the virtue of feparating the foul is, a prayer which has making it return when it from the body, and favour; ; but by ill-luck the would; he obtained this panied him, and food at the domeftic door who accomover-heard the mandiram, of the temple, refolved to ufe it at a faveurable learned d'irby heart, and As this prince entirely conjuncture. he confided in his communicated to him the domeftic, ed; but took carc,as he favour he had receiv. know the mandiram. It thought,that he fhould not often hid himfelfina happened that this loofe to his foul; but remote in place, where he prince his fervant to watch the mean time he ordered gavea foul was returned again, carefully his body, till his himfelf this myftical He then repeated to ing idelfinftantly from and his foul there, and body, dlilengagATERE afterwards flutter'd here and the domeftic food returned. One day when he took it-into his centinel head near his mafter's and his foul to repeat the fame body, entered into immediately that of the feparating from prayer, that this falfe prince. The firft hisbody, his firft body, prince that did was to cut off the head thing it. Thus the his mafter might not re-animate of ceffity of prince's foul was reduced to the whichit animating the body of a neWe muft returned to the palace. parrot, with believe, that not the think it ftrange, that the Indians the Power ofthus great men among them have had feparating their fouls from their bedies, of the feparating from prayer, that this falfe prince. The firft hisbody, his firft body, prince that did was to cut off the head thing it. Thus the his mafter might not re-animate of ceffity of prince's foul was reduced to the whichit animating the body of a neWe muft returned to the palace. parrot, with believe, that not the think it ftrange, that the Indians the Power ofthus great men among them have had feparating their fouls from their bedies, --- Page 410 --- Obferuations upon ASIA, fince Pliny relates in his natural hiftory, bodies, had this wonderful fecret, of that one Hermotimus that his quitting his body as often as he pleafed ; ioul thus feparated, travelled into feveral countrics, and returned to its body, that it might relate what in the remoteft nations. Indeed Plutarch is paffed fentiments, but imagines that the not of Pliny's foul of this Hermotimus was. not really feparated from his body, but that a genius was continu- elfeally at his fide to inform him of what paffed where. which the Indians make The third comparifon is taken from a fhip and pilot. The pilot, fay they, of the fhip, direéts it as he pleafes, is the governor furrounds iflands, conduéts it into diftant climates, and fails in it to all the enters with it into world. rivers, Ifit be hurt in any part, fea ports in the when the planks he refits it, and abandons. it intirely beginning to rot, denounce an, approaching aéts in the body the foul AE wreck. Itis thus that where, is the caufe of man. It conduéts it every makes it afcend its voyages, leads it into towns, when it is fick, fearches and defcend, walk, or reft ; leaves it but for remedies to cure it; and never when it is in fuch bad repair that it can no longer perform its funétions. books of the ancient Indians we 4thly, In the of the fubftance of find, that the fouls are portions mafter diffufes God himfelf; that this fovereign of the univerle to himfelf thro' all the parts be fo, add they, beanimate them ; and it muft new beings. caufe God alone can vivify and produce of their bramins, Imagine to yourfclf, fay fome fomefmall, feveral millions of veflels, fome great, flled with water : imagine iome of a middle fize, upon likewife that the fun fhines perpendicularly ther, the fouls are portions mafter diffufes God himfelf; that this fovereign of the univerle to himfelf thro' all the parts be fo, add they, beanimate them ; and it muft new beings. caufe God alone can vivify and produce of their bramins, Imagine to yourfclf, fay fome fomefmall, feveral millions of veflels, fome great, flled with water : imagine iome of a middle fize, upon likewife that the fun fhines perpendicularly ther, --- Page 411 --- AFRICA, and AMERICA. them, is it true that he of them: that a fmall fun impreffes is his image in cach ther a collection feen in each, Or raof chat refplendent ofrays, ftar. which flow from the body world; the veflels are thofe This bappens in our whofe fouls are emanations different bodies, in the veffels are from the fun. from God, as the rays Whether they think, that in the If they are afked, dies, thefe fouls ceafe to diffolution of bofun fublift not in thefe veffels be, as the images of the they anfwer, that as thofe after they are broken, images in the broken veffels, rays which formed the images in other veffels, fo ferved to form other obliged to quit fouls; when they are fome others, that decaying are bodies, animate Others believe more frefh and again tile air; that that God is an vigorous. our fouls are extremely fubbreath; that when we. die, parts of the divine which animated us, this fubtile breath it ftands in need of reunites itfelf to God, unlefs grations, or purification by feveral tranfmifouls are thoroughly merempfiychofes ; that when thefe they obtain final purged from all impurities, and is happinels, which has five This conflummated' doétrine by an identicity with degree, thagoras, as well was taught by the God. gen, whohad as Plato, and the difciples of Pyas taken it from thefe followers of Oriisevident from what two of Cicero philofophers, Plato; to wit, that puts into the mouth not doubt but the fouls of the Italic philofophers did the fubftance of God men were derived from It is truc, himfelf. fufficiently however, that feveral in and. afterwards prove that God created paffages human Plato, they might there united them with the ftars, fouls, that fcholar created beings; and contemplate in this, the ideas of ail. of Pythagoras, Plato, the feithful Vor. I. thought as his mafter. Dd The that puts into the mouth not doubt but the fouls of the Italic philofophers did the fubftance of God men were derived from It is truc, himfelf. fufficiently however, that feveral in and. afterwards prove that God created paffages human Plato, they might there united them with the ftars, fouls, that fcholar created beings; and contemplate in this, the ideas of ail. of Pythagoras, Plato, the feithful Vor. I. thought as his mafter. Dd The --- Page 412 --- Obfereations upon AsrA, 4a2 The fame doétrine is found in the writings of in of the rajas; the Indians, efpecially regard conftitute the chief clafs after that of the brawho There are many claffes of the rajas fubordimins. other, which are confined to two nate to each The frft yet is that of thofe who are principal ones. the fun ; that is to fay, their fouls for-i come from inhabited the body of the fun, or according merly luminous of it. The fame to others, were be faid of the parts fecond clafs of the rajas, almoft may are come from 'the moon ; and when: who fay they whence the fouls of the they are afked, anfwer proceed that they come from the other claffes, they of which, fay they, is drawn ftars, a decifive proof which in the from thefe ftreams of light, appear for when the air is inflamed 5 night - time, from they pretend that thefe are fouls falling believe the ftars, or from Chorkam. The Indians that thefe fouls which thus fall from heaven, bodies happening to light on the grals, enter into the and ofcows or fheep, which happen to be fecding, then animate calves or lambs, andifthis light fhould. fall fome fruit, which fhould be eaten by a upon they is a foul going to anipregnant woman, fayit mate the infant in its mother's belly. the Platonics, : In a word, the Indians, as well as with their affirm, that thofe fouls, being with difgufted the defire of aniformer joys, and ftimulated énterinto them; and conmating inaterial bodies, themfelves, tinue till they have fufficiently purified from and deferve to return to the happy regions whence they came 5 but that if t hey therecontract are at laft condemned to hell, new impurities, whence there they 1s no, return till almoft an infifrom nite feries of ages has elapfed. of fouls intoi 5thly, As for the reft, this paffage bodies more or-lefs perfect, as they have praétifed virtue. them; and conmating inaterial bodies, themfelves, tinue till they have fufficiently purified from and deferve to return to the happy regions whence they came 5 but that if t hey therecontract are at laft condemned to hell, new impurities, whence there they 1s no, return till almoft an infifrom nite feries of ages has elapfed. of fouls intoi 5thly, As for the reft, this paffage bodies more or-lefs perfect, as they have praétifed virtue. --- Page 413 --- APRicA, and AMERICA, virtue or vice, is not done "order ; and there are different by chance, but ftriét they mount, or defeend, to degrecs by which reward. This is whar their recompence or Pythagoras, Plato, a faithful it be a foul which explains in this manner : ift, difeiple of while ic was united has had a great dealof Should many truths while with God, and had perfection it enters into the in this Ipecies of beatific difeovered whofe body of a vifion, higheft pleafure is philofopher or a fage, animates that of a king or contemplation. a 2dly, Ic the pafles into the body of a great prince. 3dly, It head of a great magifrate, or that of fome phylician. family. 4thly, It animates becomes body of a man, whofe sthly, It enters into the the worfhip due to the bufinefs it is to take care of the body ofa gods. 6chly, It paffes into And finally, noru that zthly, of Into thac of a a tyrant, logician. mediately According to the Indians, thofe fouls the bodies defcend from heaven, which imof their ift, Enter into men or philofophers. bramins, who are their or princes. 2dly, Into thofe of wife tendants; gdly, Into thofe of kings meaneft ; and linally, into thofe magiftrates of the or inlefs, afcend claffes, in from whence they loweft and certain proportion to their may, neverthefand times occalions, fouls muft pafs, fay purifcation. On united intodifferent they, a thouto the fun, where bodies, before they are rerays. they become fo The Chaldeans many which pretend that fouls have of virtue, growitronger, and weaker in proportion to their wings, into impurity and vice. as they immerfe themfelves. practice Plato alfo fays, that to a higher degree when when fouls are not elevated they change their Dd' 2 abode, it is muft pafs, fay purifcation. On united intodifferent they, a thouto the fun, where bodies, before they are rerays. they become fo The Chaldeans many which pretend that fouls have of virtue, growitronger, and weaker in proportion to their wings, into impurity and vice. as they immerfe themfelves. practice Plato alfo fays, that to a higher degree when when fouls are not elevated they change their Dd' 2 abode, it is --- Page 414 --- * Obfervations upon AsIA, is becaufe their wings are not ftrong enough. When the Platonics are afked, how long a time is required for fouls to recover the vigour of their wings, impaired by vice, they fay, that at leaft ten thoufand years are neceffary for great finners ; but that for the good, who have lived in three ftates of innocence, it is enough that they undergo three thoufand Indians years. attribute wings, even to the mountains; The which, fay they, were formerly fo infolent endeayour to cover and overwhelm cities. as to them, fay they, with a fword Devendiren purfued and coming up with the body of the of diamonds, of thefe mountains in their flight, whole army wings, which has produced that chain cut off their which divide the Indies into two of mountains, As for the other mountains feparated parts. fell here and there in from the main body, they while thofe the parts where we now fee them, which fell in the fea, formed the ifands obfervablein aniit. All thefe mountains, in their opinions, are mated 3 and they fuppole their children to berocks, and even gods and goddelles. fouls, except. thofe 6thly, According to Plato, after of fome philofophers, are judged immediately their feparation from the body, to be either punifh- after ed in hell, or rewarded in heaven 5 but chat, where thoufand return, to the earth, a years, kind they oflife to their inclithey chufe a occafion conformable it that thofe nations, on which human bodies happens, in the precedwhich have animated intothofe of beafts; while the others, ing life, have pafs been in thofe beafts, at length animate huwho . man bodies. that the.choice, which - But we are not to believe, indifferent with thele fouls make, is fortuitous oF. refpect where thoufand return, to the earth, a years, kind they oflife to their inclithey chufe a occafion conformable it that thofe nations, on which human bodies happens, in the precedwhich have animated intothofe of beafts; while the others, ing life, have pafs been in thofe beafts, at length animate huwho . man bodies. that the.choice, which - But we are not to believe, indifferent with thele fouls make, is fortuitous oF. refpect --- Page 415 --- ArRica, and AMERICA. they relpecto make all kinds ofbeafis, fince Jogy. with the choice of fuch as have amongall the animals pre-exiftent ftare. conditions in which greateft anaofa fwan, and Thus Orpheus they were in a the foul of Tamiris chole the body memno.i nightingales in that of Ajax in a was lodged in a an cagle; and lion; thac of ape. that of Therlites in AgrThe Indians are of an different difference, that they belicve Plato's that opinion, with this bodies, by a fatality, which fouls enter into chankcharam, takes or they çall the foul in care to write determination down all the of Eruma, who to animate. the futures of that body adventures which of this it is abour alfo 7thly, pals into According - to Plato and kind. This is trees, alfo plants, and Pythagoras, fouls is obvious from the the doctrine vegetables of the ofevery following fable told Indians, as fhe Chourpanaguey had a fon whom was fifter to the giant by them: youth, one day, went fhe into moft tenderly loved: Ravanens and happened to fpoil fome the garden ofa this offended at it, and trees; the reclufe devotec, into a tree called immediately transformed was ing begged the hermit almaram. bim yieided, and to moderate cheurpansgeay his havformed into confented, that when pallion, he and cut a branch Ramen, fhould come Vichnou into the tranf. young man thould Ay off this tree, the foul worid, of never undergo up into the the 8thly, The any other Chorkam, and never thought that difciples fouls of ratimigrations Plato and likeinaninate pafs into flones, Pythagoras and The Indians fubflances. fuchmate ftones, are perfuaded that foulsa mountains, and rocks, cf actually aniDd 3 which the fol- and cut a branch Ramen, fhould come Vichnou into the tranf. young man thould Ay off this tree, the foul worid, of never undergo up into the the 8thly, The any other Chorkam, and never thought that difciples fouls of ratimigrations Plato and likeinaninate pafs into flones, Pythagoras and The Indians fubflances. fuchmate ftones, are perfuaded that foulsa mountains, and rocks, cf actually aniDd 3 which the fol- --- Page 416 --- Obfervations upon ASIA, They relate, that there was lowing is an example. devotee called Cavoudamon, near the Ganges, a that he had whofe life was extremely rigorous: in 3 the worid for one of the moft beauriful women his wife; that the had the misfortune to difpleafe of the fupreme king of the deities Devendiren, that the hermit perceiving this, the Chorkam; his teeth for anger, and immediately, gnafh:d them both; tliat his wife was forthwith transformed curfed into a rock, where her foul was confined; but in length of time, that Ramen touchwith his foot this rock, delivered by his power ing and as The had expiated her this unfortunate foul; fhe took her fight crime by this tranfmigration, immediately into Chorkam. if this pallage of gthly, It will be afked,perhaps, or ifchere foulsfrom bodyto body is inftantaneous, ? The isan interval between the different animations fubIndians are divided in their opinions on this their fince fome think that fouls continue near the jeét, bodics, and even in thofe places which contain athes of burnt carcaffes, till they find others while others think that Ro per to receive them, of coming and man fouls have the indulgence of what is offered to them ; eating for feveral days fo that they and this is the moft common opinion, and fnatch away rejoice when they fee ravens come fouls. The common what they prepare for thefe that the fouls of peoplc, elpecially, are fome perfuaded days, into thefe ravens or the dead enter, for in bodies of the fame ficrows, or at leaft return into the Chorkam, if gure, that after this they go if their crimes they have deferved it, or into hell, deferve that punifhment. that fuch fouls as As for Plato, he affures us, heaven from purified, return to are thoroughly whence common what they prepare for thefe that the fouls of peoplc, elpecially, are fome perfuaded days, into thefe ravens or the dead enter, for in bodies of the fame ficrows, or at leaft return into the Chorkam, if gure, that after this they go if their crimes they have deferved it, or into hell, deferve that punifhment. that fuch fouls as As for Plato, he affures us, heaven from purified, return to are thoroughly whence --- Page 417 --- Ms a AFRICA, and AMERICA, whence they firft came; ; and that men are obliged to remain the fouls of-bad oft the dead, till near the afhes or tombs other bodies, and they by are that permitted to enter into crimes. means expiate their The ancient poets, who, for the moft Pythagorcans, believed, that part, were or bad, accompanied, for fouls, whether good carcaffes. The commentator fome time, the, thefe words of the third Eneid, Servius, explaining pulchro condimus, fays, that Animanque fenear the body, Or the foul continues vifible remains. It afhes, was as long as there are fooner into other to hinder fouls from any balmed with fo much places, that the Egyptians going emMyrrh, perfumes, and care their dead relations. ped. in gum, made thefe bandages of fine linen dipthey had been compofed of carcaffes as hard as if reafon they alfo built thofe marble; for which, of which we read fuch fupendous Pyramids, The Indians allow Inrpriling accounts. long continuance not to human fouls near their fuch a or fiftcen days with them carcaffes, fince twelve which a natural propenfity are fufficient. After look out for other bodies, which inclines thefe fouls to pleafure than thofe which may give themmore this continues till they have they firft animated; and ral hundreds of paffed thorough feveThe caufe of tranimigrations. fo tions is' accounted for many new births or ing manner, who all by the braminsin the regenera- followthe heads of agree, that Bruma writes their future life; children, at their birth, the on nor all the and that, afterwards, hiftory of its cffeéts. gods together, Can efface it, neither he, what he But fome pretend, that or prevent thinks Bruma proper 3 and by writes confequence, that it feveThe caufe of tranimigrations. fo tions is' accounted for many new births or ing manner, who all by the braminsin the regenera- followthe heads of agree, that Bruma writes their future life; children, at their birth, the on nor all the and that, afterwards, hiftory of its cffeéts. gods together, Can efface it, neither he, what he But fome pretend, that or prevent thinks Bruma proper 3 and by writes confequence, that it --- Page 418 --- Obfervations upon ASTA, it depends on his fancy whether a man fhould be happy or miferable, while others maintain, that he is not free to follow his own caprice ; and that what he writes on the heads of children be conformable to their actions in a ftate of muft exiftence. preThis writing of Bruma is a thing fo diverting o thatit deferves to be explaincd. The cranium' has futures which enter into each other, and are forined almoft like the teeth of a faw. All thefe teeth, according to the Indians, are fo many hieroglyphics, which form the myftic writing'of Bruma in the three principal futures. Itis a lois, that we cannot read thefe charaéters, nor fay they, hend their meaning, fince by this we fhould all the rEees occurrences of a man's life. This is the true fyftem of the ancient bramins, who affirm, that every good action ought to be efentially recompenced, and every bad one neceffarily punifhed, in confequence of which no innocent perfon can be punifhed, nor any vicious one. rewarded. Virtue and vice are therefore the nuine caufes of the diverfity of conditions. ARin is the decree which none can refift, this is the fatal hand of Bruma ; and it is by explaining this principle, that they give a reafon why fome aré and other's miferable in this world. If you happy, have done good in a preceding life, then you will enjoy all manner of pleafures in this: butif you have committed crimes, you will be punifhed for them. They €all this fatality chankaram, which is a quality imprinted in the will, and precipitates - us to do good or evil, according to the actions of a preceding life, When the fatal hand of Bruma ; and it is by explaining this principle, that they give a reafon why fome aré and other's miferable in this world. If you happy, have done good in a preceding life, then you will enjoy all manner of pleafures in this: butif you have committed crimes, you will be punifhed for them. They €all this fatality chankaram, which is a quality imprinted in the will, and precipitates - us to do good or evil, according to the actions of a preceding life, When --- Page 419 --- O U AFRICA, and When this AMERICA, reafon from itin principle the is eftablithed, the bramins 409 whom we adore isjuft, following and manner. The no injuftices yet many therefore Can God ugly, poor, and we fee are born lame, commit of life, who by unprovided of all the neceffaries blind, They have not deferved confequence are very at their birth, fince fo melancholy a unhappy. ty; their fate muft they then had not the ufe of fituation which they have committed be afcribed to the liber- fins ing born exiftence. On the formerly, in a to kingdoms, contrary, we fce preced- others fure. plied with every thing relpected, that honoured, and By what action could can contribute to fupagrecable a condition, if they have deferved pleapractifed in their not by the virrues fo various pre-exiftent ftate? Thus all they the neceffity tranimnigrations of derive their origin the virtue. punithing vice, and from They are fo rewarding events of this life effectually convinced, that all the people have done in depend on the good or man raifed to high another, that when they fee evil not, but that he has dignity or riches, a tue in another been an exaét they doubt leads a moft miferable life; when another, oblerver on the of virdilgraces attendant life, in and contrary, ed at it, fay on it, We need poverty, not be all the It was Plato they, who he was a wicked man, aftonifhand affirmed, that the invented the river of the return of fouls demon who oblivion, draught of it, fo that to earth made prefided them take over hedhappened He to them in they their forget every thing thac a paffed added, ih however, that the preceding exiftences. fal, or another life, was not forgeting of what profound, but that fome always few fo univertraces remained on it, We need poverty, not be all the It was Plato they, who he was a wicked man, aftonifhand affirmed, that the invented the river of the return of fouls demon who oblivion, draught of it, fo that to earth made prefided them take over hedhappened He to them in they their forget every thing thac a paffed added, ih however, that the preceding exiftences. fal, or another life, was not forgeting of what profound, but that fome always few fo univertraces remained --- Page 420 --- Obfernations upon ASIA, which being excited by objeéts, or the ed ofit, recalled the remembrance of application to exiftence. ftudy, It is thus that he explains a preceding in which the.fciences are learned, and the manner he affirmed, that the according to this principle reminifcences of what we had fciences were rather of knowformerly known, than new acquifitions ledge. There were befides this certain bodies privileged which fouls, who remembered the different had done in they had animated, and all they remembered them. Thus Pythagoras perfedtly But this was a finthat he had been Éuphorbus. to a fmall gular favour, which was only granted number of excellent and divine men. for The Indians advance fomething like this; affirm, that thére are certain fpiritual lights, they to fome favoured fouls, which are communicated remember all that they have which make them is particularever feen or done. This privilege thofe who know certain myftic prayers, ly granted but the misfortune is, few and repeat them : and hence comes this ignoknow thefe prayers have ; formerly been or known. rance of what we better fhew their opinion on An example will this head. book which they call BrummaIt is faid, in a called Bimarichen, born in puranam, that a king had married one the kingdom of Tiradidejam, born in Commatondi, who was a great princefs, This king the kingdom of Hirreinchia-dejam. obferve the ajarams, was very vicious, and did not which made him odious or cuftoms of his nation, The queen and contemptible to his fubjeéts. in which grieved to fee him negleét the very things him feverethe Parias are very exadt, fo reproached far from being offendly ; but the prince was ed, , that a king had married one the kingdom of Tiradidejam, born in Commatondi, who was a great princefs, This king the kingdom of Hirreinchia-dejam. obferve the ajarams, was very vicious, and did not which made him odious or cuftoms of his nation, The queen and contemptible to his fubjeéts. in which grieved to fee him negleét the very things him feverethe Parias are very exadt, fo reproached far from being offendly ; but the prince was ed, --- Page 421 --- 9 A AFRICA, and AMERICAL ed, that after having heard clofed to hera great fecret. The her patiently, he dif ferved gods, has obtained for me a devotion. I pay the for few amongt favour which is rebave difcovered to me by a fpiritual mankind, for they have iftence. given me, that I was a light in which they where I then entered by chance dog my former exthey were into a ing upon the altar, performing a facrifice; ; and temple they were offering fwallowed up the rice which leaptimes; ; but I as often They drove me out three before fuch a confounded blow returning, that I they gave me the door of the temple died upon the fpor, Luckily for me Chiven had dedicated to Chiven. itcam. ple to fee the facrifice, and defcendeclineo the temHe was touched regale himfelf with and procured te a to fec me die before the king whom I new birth in the him, am now am. If then, perfon of that former fo-negligent of the ajarams, it you is fee that I am ftill inclinations hurried- are not quite becaufe my This ftory on by my former deftroyed, but I natural greatly furprized che propenfities. band, with curiofity prompted her to prince's afk ; and ler had no little of her huf been before. The imporunity, what fhe herfelf cords, with the king looking over old told her, fhe had afliftance of his piritual reprey, and devoured been purfued by a light, ed at the door of the at the fame time he was bird of ful God ordered fhe temple ; and that this killjatti. But what will fhould be born mercithe queen. The become of us at laft? again a raturity, difcovered king that looking once more intu replied cellively threc he and fhe muft live furajas. flages of life in the clafs fucof the The ExdefVor. I. --- Page 422 --- --- Page 423 --- --- Page 424 --- --- Page 425 --- - E7S5 L222t V.I --- Page 426 --- D