--- Page 1 --- --- Page 2 --- Dabit Carter rown Biromnt filtatry Hatitersitg --- Page 3 --- --- Page 4 --- --- Page 5 --- --- Page 6 --- --- Page 7 --- PRESENT STATE OF THE SPANISH COLONIES: INCLUDING A PARTICULAR REPORT OF HISPANOLA; OR THE SPANISH PART OF SANTO DOMINGO. --- Page 8 --- --- Page 9 --- --- Page 10 --- tromnia Svi / / / IZI hhisy fis h Kohadra Sxnclupt 1 a 2 --- Page 11 --- PRESENT STATE OF THE SPANISH 2e COLONIES; INCLUDING A PARTICULAR REPORT OF HISPANOLA, OR THE SPANISH PART OF SANTO DOMINGO: WITH A GENERAL SURVEY OF THE SETTLEMENTS ON THE SOUTH CONTINENT OF AMERICA, AS RELATES TO HISTORY, TRADE, POPULATION, CUSTOMS, MANNERS, &c. WITH A CONCISE STATEMENT OF THE SENTIMENTS OF THE PEOPLE ON THEIR RELATIVE SITUATION TO THE MOTHER COUNTRY, &c, BY WILLIAM WALTON, SECRETARY TO THE EXPEDITION WHICH JUN. FROM THE FRENCH ; AND RESIDENT CAPTURED THE,CITY OF SANTO DOMINCO BRITISH ACENT THERE, Quod sol atquiahresdiefonint Sponte sua, satis id placabat quod terra crearat Quod superest, aes atque aurum, pectora.donum. Et simul argenti pondus. ferrunques repertum est, LUCRETIUS, lib. V. mnores hominum..et urbes. HOR. VOL. II. LONDON: PRINTED FOR LONGMAN, HURST, REES, ORME, AND BROWN, FATERNOSTER-RON. 1810, --- Page 12 --- --- Page 13 --- CONTENTS OF VOL. II. CHAPTER XV. PAGE, Division of Temitony--Delesistical GovernmentReyenues-Misionaries-Jesuits; their influence over the Indians-Loyalty of the Indians CHAPTER XVI. How South America was first peopled-Traditions of the Indians respecting it-Their form of Government-Manners-Religion--Priests-Languages.. 20 CHAPTER XVII. Civilized Indians-Spanish mode of treating themTheir Police-Exemptions they enjoy CHAPTER XVIII. Characteristic Sketches of the American Spaniards e CHAPTER XIX. Climate of Spanish America-Animal and Vegetable Kingdom CHAPTER XX. Administration of Justice-Council of the, Indies, 8cc. --- Page 14 --- vi CHAPTER XXI. Negro Siunm-Peuijatoe-Aaal PAGE. of them-Inquisition Laws-Abuscs CHAPTER XXII, Trade of Spanish America CHAPTER XXIII, Population CHAPTER XXIV. Considerations onthe relative Situation of the Spanish Colonies to the Mother Country CONTENTS OF THE APPENDIX. A. Comparative View of the highest Mountains in ferent parts of the World, with those of difAmerica Spanish B. Particulars of the Mines of the Brazils C. Deseriptionof the City ofMexico; its Lakes, Inhabitants, Churches, Productions, &c. --- Page 15 --- vii D. PAGE, A Letter from a Spanish American, written to his - Countrymen * E. Particulars, relating to the Revolution, or Spanish of Government in Caracas Change F. Documents, relating to the Reform of GoSpanish in the Provinces of La Plata vernment Further Particulars respecting the Political Affairs of Buenos Ayres G. Treaty of Friendship and Commerce, made between England and the Prince Regent of Portugal --- Page 16 --- Inhabitants, Churches, Productions, &c. --- Page 15 --- vii D. PAGE, A Letter from a Spanish American, written to his - Countrymen * E. Particulars, relating to the Revolution, or Spanish of Government in Caracas Change F. Documents, relating to the Reform of GoSpanish in the Provinces of La Plata vernment Further Particulars respecting the Political Affairs of Buenos Ayres G. Treaty of Friendship and Commerce, made between England and the Prince Regent of Portugal --- Page 16 --- --- Page 17 --- --- Page 18 --- A A --- Page 19 --- PRESENT STATE OF THE SPANISI COLONIES. CHAPTER XV. DIVISION OF TERRITORY.-CCLESIASTICAL GOVERNMENT AND REVENUES.--MISSIONARIES,- -JESUITS.- -THEIR INFLUENCE OVER THE INDIANS.-LOYALTY OF THE INDIANS. Ix ourt treatises of geography we. are taught to divide the dominions of the Spaniards in North and South America, in the following way : East and West Florida, extending from 80 a to 91 degrces of W. longitude, and 25 to 32 N. latitude. It confines with the state of Georgia to the N., the great river Mississippi to the W., the gulf of Mexico to the S. and the Bahama Straits to the E. New and Old Mexico, including California, VOL. II.. B --- Page 20 --- the first extending from 94 to 126 degrees W. longitude, and 23 to 43 N. latitude, bounded immense unknown deserts on the N., Louisiana by on the E.,and Old Mexico and the Pacific Ocean on the S. and W. Old Mexico stands in from 83 to 110 degrees W. longitude, and extends from 8 to 30 N. latitude, and is bounded the Pacific Ocean on the South by Mexico West, and New or Grenada on the N. The above are the divisions considered belonging to Spain in North America ; and those as situated on the other side of the gulph of Darien running S. to the equinoctial line, constitute the dominions ofthe rica. Spaniards in South AmeThe first division is what we call Terra the Spaniards Castilla del Oro, and the French Firma, La Partie Orientale de la Terre Ferme. It is situated from 60 to 82 degrees and extends from the W.longitude, latitude. equator to 12 degrees N. Peru stands in from 60 to 81 W. longitude, and from the equator to 25 S. latitude; Chili from 65 to 85 degrees and 25 to 45 S. latitude. W.longitude, Plata, from 50 to Paraguay, or La 75 degrees W. and 12 to 27 S. latitude. longitude, The subdivisions oft these ous, and the boundarics regions are numerto particularize them situated from 60 to 82 degrees and extends from the W.longitude, latitude. equator to 12 degrees N. Peru stands in from 60 to 81 W. longitude, and from the equator to 25 S. latitude; Chili from 65 to 85 degrees and 25 to 45 S. latitude. W.longitude, Plata, from 50 to Paraguay, or La 75 degrees W. and 12 to 27 S. latitude. longitude, The subdivisions oft these ous, and the boundarics regions are numerto particularize them --- Page 21 --- and diffuse. The southern diviwould be prolix from the equator extending to 55 degrees, sion thenorthern division, both on a proporadded to thus form tional width of from 30 to 80 degrees, far superior to any other division of a continent orLal Plata,is thelargest the globe; but Paraguay, subdivision, and is thought to contain 1,000,000 the Brazils of square miles, to which, however, are of nearly equal extent. the Portugueze, in America are The possessions of Spain viz. Mexico, divided into four viceroyalties, Besides Peru, Buenos Ayres, and Santa Fé. viz. these, there are six captain-genenalohips, Chili; Caracas, Puerto Rico, Cuba, Guatimala, Islands in Asia, with respecand the Philippine and the Floridas. tive governors in Hispanola In this extent of dominion there are at and thirty, sufpresent seven archbishops, list. The fragan bishops, on the ecclesiastical and confirmed whole of these are nominated but first proposed and elected by by the pope, chosen to the differthe king; the curates are by the respective governors, on ent parishes of the archbishop or the recommendation diocese. Thus, in bishop at the head of the inmeasure, is the authority of the pope some extends to the bulls he gives, direct, as it only doubts. sofconsciencet that create andto thepoints B 2 . The fragan bishops, on the ecclesiastical and confirmed whole of these are nominated but first proposed and elected by by the pope, chosen to the differthe king; the curates are by the respective governors, on ent parishes of the archbishop or the recommendation diocese. Thus, in bishop at the head of the inmeasure, is the authority of the pope some extends to the bulls he gives, direct, as it only doubts. sofconsciencet that create andto thepoints B 2 --- Page 22 --- The episcopal sees are principally tythes; and the revenues supported by size and vary according tothe productions of the districts, some of which are extremely rich, and their establishments splendid. The secular clergy have also an allowance from the tythes ; but their chief emoluments arise from pious donations, in the right of the church, which lodged mulated, and of which have accuthey receive the rents. They have, moreover, the perquisites common in other countries; and receive frequent sents from their respective flocks. preThat the reader may form a better idea of the ecclesiastical authority in will give a short detail of the America, we and bishopricks, which archbishopricks lateral may serve also as a colillustration ofi its history and revenues. Thearchbishop ofLos Reyes, the see of Peru, has an annual income metropolitan of dollars, but thefollowing 30,000 statements ofhis suffragan bishops will shew how revenues are distributed. unequally the The bishop of Dollars, Arequipa receives annually. - 16,000 Truxillo.. . 14,000 St. Francisco de Quito.. . 18,000 The old' Town ofCusco. . 24,000 --- Page 23 --- The bishop of St. John's de la Victoria.. 8,000 Panama . 6,000 Chili . e 5,000 Nuestra Seuora de Chili.. 40,000 The archbishop of Santa Fe de Bagota, in the kingdom of New Granada, is estimated to receive 14,000 dollars. Dollars. The bishop ofPopaya. 5,000 Carthagena 6,000 Santa Maria e 18,000 The archbishop of La Plata, in the province of Charcas, is estimated to receive, per annum, the amount of 60,000 crowns ; the archdeacon 5,000; the master of the choir-children, the chanter, and treasurer, each4,000 ; six canons each 3,000 ; and ofsix other dignitaries attached to the same see, the annual pay is valued at 1,800 crowns each. The archbishop ofLa Plata has the suffragan bishops of Tay, Tueuman, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Paraguay, Buenos Ayres, and Rio de la Plata, who have from six to ten thousand dollars annual income. The archbishoprick of St. Jago, in the province ofTucuman, is worth 6,000 crowns, and the bishoprick of St. Laurence delas Barancas, 12,000, --- Page 24 --- - The bishoprick of Paraguay may be ed at 18,000 dollars, and that of La Santa estimatnidad at 15,000. TriThe archbishoprick of Mexico is stated at 20,000 rials, but the only perquisites reach to many times that value, whilst the of Los Angeles is bishoprick quoted at 50,000 rials. The bishoprick of Mechoacan is valued Dollars. at. 14,000 Antequera. 7,000 Camayagua, capital of Honduras 3,000 Guadalaxara, in New Gallicia 7,000 Durango 4,000 Merida, capital of a Yucatan 8,000 St.Jago,in the province of Guatimala 8,000 St.Jago de Leon... 3,000 Chiapa 5,000 Santa Anna de Coro.. 8,000 Puerto Rico The archbishop of St. Jago, in 8,000 revenue of Cuba, has a 12,000 dollars, and the of the Havannah 80,000. bishop The archbishop of Santo Domingo was pri- Durango 4,000 Merida, capital of a Yucatan 8,000 St.Jago,in the province of Guatimala 8,000 St.Jago de Leon... 3,000 Chiapa 5,000 Santa Anna de Coro.. 8,000 Puerto Rico The archbishop of St. Jago, in 8,000 revenue of Cuba, has a 12,000 dollars, and the of the Havannah 80,000. bishop The archbishop of Santo Domingo was pri- --- Page 25 --- with three bishops under mate of the Indies, exceed 6,000 dolhim, but his salary did not when became vacant lars; this see, however, and the island was made over to the French, has remained SO. ever since. ofthe the assemblage Besides superintending faithful, the clergy are placed as missionaries, the Indian villages, to superintend amongst and infuse into them their spiritual instruction, life. The most the first rudiments of social of all the Spanish exemplary and enlightened been sent from clergy are those who have these from time to time, to exercise Europe the Indians; and the pastoral functions amongst influence they have fremental command and over them ish shighlyastonishing quentlyaequired fixed in the These missionaries and preachers midst of. the back woodsmen, or original nasalary from the tives, have a small inadequate which sometimes does not exceed crown, sterling; but their wants are twenty pounds subsist few ; they live recluse, and principally flocks, they receive from their on small presents and of fowls, cocoa, rice, fish, vegetables, drink made of the pineguarapo, a fermented which the Indians prefer apple and wild honey, of their to wine. These are in general the gifts who also consider that a day's perconverts, --- Page 26 --- sonal labour, expended in the tillage of their pastor's garden, must be an acceptable to the Divinity, being dedicated offering to the use and purposes of that being, whom they considerimmediately between them and the Supreme. law they cannot exact By of their any thing from this part flock, in cases of marriage, baptism, burial, or spiritual advice, Government, carly in possession of that fatal experience, which had marked the devastation of original population in Santo the ill effects Domingo, found oflaying a stress in their tions to their instrucviceroys and subordinate ors, on the adherence to the governpope's deed of stipulations of the 1493, which gives them authority to extend conquest and dominion in those unknown climes, on condition of also widening the pale of chrisfianity. Far from ing amongst the natives formown faith, this union of proselytes to their sion served conquest with converto give to their expeditions the character ofcrusades, undert the of tygers who breathed direction, too often, rather than destruction and to cstablish schools of ravage, and make the natives instruction, converts to their They therefore, entered religion. out on the plan of sending missionaries, assigned to this task alone, independent ofthe military,and as muchas possi- risfianity. Far from ing amongst the natives formown faith, this union of proselytes to their sion served conquest with converto give to their expeditions the character ofcrusades, undert the of tygers who breathed direction, too often, rather than destruction and to cstablish schools of ravage, and make the natives instruction, converts to their They therefore, entered religion. out on the plan of sending missionaries, assigned to this task alone, independent ofthe military,and as muchas possi- --- Page 27 --- bie sclected from persons of the best character. These were directed to inculcate the precepts of religion and morality with the doctrines ofsubordination and passive obedience ; they were told to represent their lawful sovereign, whom their flocks now owned, as the most powerful vicegerentof heaven on earth, and to stigmatize thing that could militate against this suany magistrate, and supposed agent of the preme crime the great Divinity, as a glaring against first cause and ruler of the physical and moral universe, and an infraction of the mandates of the church. They taught the people to believe, that resistance to rulers had ofteri been punish- 'ed with the thunder of the heavens, the deluge of the earth, plagucs, pestilence and famine, the visitations suited to apostate and revolted - subjects. This credence was not, however, established without the bloodshed of some of the missionaries ; but even the héroism with which they suffered seemed to cement the spiritual superstructure of which they had, as yet, only laid the corner-stones. It is to them we owe the first knowledge of the interior of these regions, and the Spanish language has many testimonies of their labours entirely unknown to us. The --- Page 28 --- Jesuits have particularly described to guay and Patagonia, the seats of their us Parazeal, which was, nevertheless, greatest other parts of the continent. extended to the The dissolution of this valuable body ofmen was an event the Indians could never for, and will ever regret. account their They called them fathers, and had for them a that was unexampled. At the time this veneration was expelled from Spanish America, society in Mexico, Peru, and they had and houses Faraguay, 117 colleges appropriated as seminaries and schools. The number of their members, clusive ofnovices, amounted excharge of to 2,408, who had upwards of 4,000 pupils, of whom were educated many gratis, and the rest at a very small pension. That peculiar aptness to train species of elèves, which up every formed the tic of this body of men; ; their characterisdiscipline, profound system, policy, and mode tion to the ages and ofsuiting instructheir capacities of those under care, have always been remarked acquainted with their by those many of the best history, and have led Spanish writers to concur in vindicating their conduct. To this are respectfully remembered day they on the Main, and --- Page 29 --- their doctrines, their peculiar mode of life, with the occurrences oftheir history,are handed down by tradition in the Indian families. From being entrusted with the education of the first diplomatic and other characters, they acquired superior influence in the conduct of and weighty matters, and a consimany great derable ascendency in state affairs, which enabled them to establish an extensive and lucrative commerce with the East and West Indies. In South America they were long the sovereigns of immense tracts and population, to whom they taught the precepts of morality, and the first arts of civilization. From these advantages, the southern Indians possess a degree of advancement in the practices of social and civil life, highly superior to that of the savages in the western regions of North America. They have also more native talent and refi ement, which they seem to derive from their more genial climate, and are singularly well disposed to their lawful sovereign, whom they revere, without knowing, as a superior being, and with a devotion bordering on infatuation. The progress of time, and their peculiar schooling, seem to have effaced the sersations their forefatbers received from the horrors that attended their invasion; and advancement in the practices of social and civil life, highly superior to that of the savages in the western regions of North America. They have also more native talent and refi ement, which they seem to derive from their more genial climate, and are singularly well disposed to their lawful sovereign, whom they revere, without knowing, as a superior being, and with a devotion bordering on infatuation. The progress of time, and their peculiar schooling, seem to have effaced the sersations their forefatbers received from the horrors that attended their invasion; and --- Page 30 --- the many meliorations made in their condition, by the Council of the Indies, have assisted this happy tendency. greatly No testimony relating to the Indians, more respectable than that of can be the father Las Casas, first venerated bishop ofChiapa, who says, in his Memorial presented 66 The Americans to Philip II. are moreover, a people of a bright and lively genius, easy to be taught, and capable of comprehending and every good doctrine, extremely ready to embrace our faith and virtuous customs. They are, of all the in the world, those who fecl Jeast people ment in them." He embarrass66 they have says in another place, as good an and acute understanding genius, as much docility and the moral and capacity for speculative sciences, are in most instances, as rational in their political ment, (asappears from many of their governprudent laws,) as far advanced in the extremely ledgeof our faith and knowreligion, in good and civilization, whére customs they have been tutored by persons of a religious and as could be desired, and exemplary life, are arriving at ment and refinepolish, as fast as any nation cver did since the time oftheapostles. This must be a great contradiction words of Robertson, to the speaking of these same --- Page 31 --- Indians, when he says, c6 that some missionaries, astonished at their slowness of comprehension and their insensibility, pronounced them a race of men SO brutish, as to be incapable of understanding the first principles, of religion." Ori the other hand, the great Columbus, writing to their majesties, says "thatitgives pleasure to perceive the great retentive faculty of these people, and their desire of knowledge, which incites them to ask the causes and effects ofthings." 29 So many unfavourable impressions then, as we see circulated, respecting this race of beings, must be the emanation of hereditary prejudice. That the Indians and their descendants still retain a great veneration and spirit of patriotic love to their lawful sovereign has already been remarked, and in support of the assertion, I will mention two particular instances that may be found deserving of notice. The first is contained in a Report, dated Xalapa, in thé province of Mexico, 23d October, 1808, which shews the native genius of the minds of those people that have not yet reached the midway to civilization. 66 El Comandante de las fronteras internas escribe de oficio à la audiencia, que una noche se oyeron en su presidio tantos alaridos de In- has already been remarked, and in support of the assertion, I will mention two particular instances that may be found deserving of notice. The first is contained in a Report, dated Xalapa, in thé province of Mexico, 23d October, 1808, which shews the native genius of the minds of those people that have not yet reached the midway to civilization. 66 El Comandante de las fronteras internas escribe de oficio à la audiencia, que una noche se oyeron en su presidio tantos alaridos de In- --- Page 32 --- dios bravos, que pusieron en cuidado à ya la manana, viendo que baxaban de la todos; millares de Mecos armados, sierra creyeron los del presidio que morian sin remedio. Pero se quando encomendaban a Dios y à la Santisima Virgen en tal conflicto llego un Meco buscando Salcedo à quien dixo : que sabian a muy fuerte habia que un Senor preso a su Rey FERNANDO por engano, pues de otro modo era imposible, porque FERNANDO era el mas fuerte habia venido del sol ; y que por lo mismo que venian à que Salcedo los llevase a librarlo de la prision. Fue necessario mucho en razon, y hacerles creer para ponerlos donde que no era en México estaba el Rey preso. Despues de tres dias se retiraron a los montes, volver muy a menudo. Es quedando en à los Indios y su caracter, necesario conocer didos à que solo Dios para quedar persuaDecian pudo moverlos para esto. que una Gullupina dicho.' 99 morena se lo habia 66 The commander of the frontiers rior officially oftheinteannounces to the that there were heard one government, fort such nightin his advanced shouts of wild Indians, that person was in the greatest dread; every ; and when morning came, on seeing thousands of armed Mecos (tribe ofIndians) coming down from the --- Page 33 --- the garrison was apprehensive of mountains, and slain. In this state of being overpowered occupied in recomterror and anxiety, solely of the Dithemselves to the protection mending forward and demanded vinity, a Meco stepped to whom he said, Salcedo (governor of the fort) that they! had beeninformed,a very powerfullord their king, Ferdinand, by dehad taken prisoner ceit, for by any other means it was impossible, was the most powerful that had for Ferdinand and, for that reason descended from the sun ; lithat Salcedo might lead them to they came, to employ berate him. It was necessary them, thatit was much reasoning to convince in Mexico their sovereign was confined.- not retired to the mountains, After three days, they promising to return frequently.-Itiss necessary of the Indians and their to know the character that this peculiaritics, not to think with them, was the dictate of a supernatural impulse they had derived the being, for they asserted, information from a vision.*" of this nature tend to convey As exampies ideas of the state of mind of the most correct - in England, a The Indians in this Country, like the Quakers tie most never use any distinctive titles, and always address even more to exalted in the second person singular. They approach existing. the natural and primitive state of man, than any people the Indians and their to know the character that this peculiaritics, not to think with them, was the dictate of a supernatural impulse they had derived the being, for they asserted, information from a vision.*" of this nature tend to convey As exampies ideas of the state of mind of the most correct - in England, a The Indians in this Country, like the Quakers tie most never use any distinctive titles, and always address even more to exalted in the second person singular. They approach existing. the natural and primitive state of man, than any people --- Page 34 --- this people, and shew us how deductions of vague are the SO many speculationists, who have thought these tribes the mostinflammable of that continent, we will briefly relate other anecdote. an-. Some years ago, Galves was viceroy in Mexico, a man ofextraordinary talent, address, and insinuation, and much revered by the Indians. Their chiefs looked upon him as a tutelary god, and bis acquaintance with their languagcand manners, gave bim the double of influencc. In his own breast he had empire formed the plan of long revolutionizing the to give it independence, and the whole country, ministration of his public adthat object. The authority tended to patron of the arts and sciences, he introduced the fabrication ofarms and of casting the cannon, beautified Mexico in its finest elevations, on plans that might serve for fortifications, if required, and builtanimmense strong work on the road-from Vera Cruz. In the whole progress of the design he had not a confidant, and never did schemes advance with greater secrecy and disguise. He courted the Indian chiefs and elders, but did not to them his views. What yet avow at first put them on the alert, and gave them some distant ideas that machinations were on foot, was, --- Page 35 --- to the express and established that in opposition he solicited to regulations of the government, to some of their children, become god-father tie that which with the Indians is the greatest When the term of his comcan be formed. disclosed his secret to mand had expired, he which in a most magnanimous way them only, but forbore locally to reveal or betray; they sent one of their own confidential immediately who put the king in posagents to Europe, which was followed session of the whole clue, with the arrest and removal of Galves, by equal privacy. and spirit of alleThe principle of fidelity is eviinherent in this class of beings, giance, from the apostolic labours of the dently derived them for their first missionaries sent amongst the views conversion, and has fully answered The choice of this arduous task proposed. and did not emanate from the was voluntary, by each individual oath of obedience proffered orders. In admission into their respective on none but the most unexceptionable general, obtained from the governing and learned letters to cross councils of the Indies patent work these missions. Hence their the seas on the more zealous, in the Lord's vineyard was at least disinterested, and efficacious; this was VOL. II. - answered The choice of this arduous task proposed. and did not emanate from the was voluntary, by each individual oath of obedience proffered orders. In admission into their respective on none but the most unexceptionable general, obtained from the governing and learned letters to cross councils of the Indies patent work these missions. Hence their the seas on the more zealous, in the Lord's vineyard was at least disinterested, and efficacious; this was VOL. II. - --- Page 36 --- their prevailing character, some, who though there were thought the temporal gifts of tune worth possessing, and who, in this forand state of morals, relaxed climate from the they professed in their outset. rigidity In support of what we have asserted ing the veneration of the Indians for respecttbeir tors, we will quote the authority of pasbest writers on that one of the country. Vasco de was bishop and first founder of the Queroga Michuacan, where he diocese of died, after labour and instruction of the many years founded Indians. He amongst them hospitals and for the training of their schools, well deserve to be ranked children, and may of with the first fathers Christianity. To this day, it is the first of the Indian women to care give to their an account of their' Taita (which infants Don Vasco; they means father) and represent his life never pass his image without bypictures, beads. They bowing their sacred preserve his bones with such respect in the city of once when the Pascuane, that chapter of the cathedral Valladolid .of attempted to transport them the Indians became thither, oppose it by force of uneasy, and attempted to arms. Hence we may conclude, that it was from wish to propagate the a faith, and extend the --- Page 37 --- chain ofallegiance, thatthemissionaries sacrificed their repose at home, and in a distant country braved the face ofdanger and the dread of climate. The cause they undertook, supported them through everyspecies offatigue; and Providence was the only shield they opposed to all assaults. Many, as we have before observed, fell victims to their own neophites, some to wild beasts, and others to the rage of pestilence, in climates destitute of medical succour. This apostolic zeal has, indeed, for many years become remiss, but the traces ofits former prevalence are the greatest pillars that now support the machine of government amongst theIndian tribes, and the chief guards against civil dissentions or forcign influence. In the Indian villages of the interior, scarcely any other white than the curate is met with, to whom is sometimes added an alcalde or civil officer; but the former frequently unites the administration of the civil police with his ecclesiastical functions; and the government, from political motives, seems to discourage and oppose any mixture of white population with the primitive natives, who are in clans in the bosom of the woods. c9 --- Page 38 --- CHAPTER XVI. HOW SOUTH AMERICA WAS FIRST PEOPLED, BEFORE we enter into any details of the people who, with the Spaniards, at present occupy the extensive continent, of which have undertaken a succinct we description, it not be improper to ask the question, in which may way this immense tract was peopled ? To answer this in its full extent, were, however, not only to wander into a Dadalian labyrinth ofconjectures, but to exceed the bounds ofour present essay. It will nevertheless be the subject of a future research of the author, in which will be traced the history of the Mexicans before the arrival of the Spaniards amongst them, founded on their own memoirs, and illustrated byantique Spanish manuscripts, some of which, good fortune has placed within his reach, and others he is in hopes of obtaining from knowing where they are to be found. Perhaps no problem in history is more difficult of solution than this. That America peopled before the deluge, was appears maintained ures, but to exceed the bounds ofour present essay. It will nevertheless be the subject of a future research of the author, in which will be traced the history of the Mexicans before the arrival of the Spaniards amongst them, founded on their own memoirs, and illustrated byantique Spanish manuscripts, some of which, good fortune has placed within his reach, and others he is in hopes of obtaining from knowing where they are to be found. Perhaps no problem in history is more difficult of solution than this. That America peopled before the deluge, was appears maintained --- Page 39 --- by many authors, and is indeed probable ; as, according to the sacred seriptures, there elapsed a space of 1656 years from the first formation of man to that great epoch, nor could it beimagined thatas superior and provident being, would have created SO vast and valuable a tract of country, without assigning to it a proportionate mass of population. If, however, the human race, with the exception of one family, generally and universally perished in that greatinundation, a fact supported by the sacred writings, and even the tradition of the Aborigines of America, we have still to trace their second germ ofp population; a task at once difficult and essential, in forming a well grounded hypothesis of this curious and important event. Though the traditions of the Mexicans, almost the only ones from which any points of ancient chronology can be derived, do not carry us beyond eight centuries previous to the discovery of the Spaniards, yet, in these same traditions, expressed in durable signs and symbolical paintings, they retain a memory of the creation ofthe world, of the deluge, of the building of the tower of Babel, and of the confusion of languages ; all which they destill scribe by emblematical representations; --- Page 40 --- they have no knowledge of any secondary occurrences, nor historical records that took placein Asia. ofany thing This, not that their original however, proves thence derived, but that population was not the of SO distant a date, that all emigration was lost, traces were Thongh many of the modern the day assert, that it philosophers of was impossible for the Aborigines of this vast and detached nent, to be descended from contiparent stock with those of one common God must have formed Asia; and that divesting ourselves another for them; ; yet of any authority from the writings of Moses, this hypothesis to the tradition of the is opposed they cannot Americans, who, though tion specify any time for the oftheir forefathers, from emigranevertheless an old continent, taught their of faith and posterity as a point from history, that they were descended those men, who escaped the and if wea argue from the deluge ; great event, both in consequences of this we shall find Europe, Asia, and Africa, analogous phenomena America. On the existing in summit of the dug petrified marine Andes, are its diluvian remains, which indicate state ; and most of the dian tribes arc agreed original InO11 this point. an old continent, taught their of faith and posterity as a point from history, that they were descended those men, who escaped the and if wea argue from the deluge ; great event, both in consequences of this we shall find Europe, Asia, and Africa, analogous phenomena America. On the existing in summit of the dug petrified marine Andes, are its diluvian remains, which indicate state ; and most of the dian tribes arc agreed original InO11 this point. --- Page 41 --- A learned author tells us that Nunez de la Vega found many ancient calendars of the Chiapanese, and an old manuscript in the lanof that country, in which it was said, guage to their ancient traditions, that a according certain person, named Votan, the chief of those twenty men, whose names are given in the twenty days ofthe Chiapanese month, was prewhich was made sent at that great building by order of his uncle, in order to mount up to heaven; that then to every people was given its respective language, and that Votan himself was charged by God to make the divisions of the lands of Anahuac, or Mexico. The prelate adds, afterwards, that there was in his time, a great settlement orfamilyin his diocese, surnamed Votan, who were reputed descendants of that ancient population. We are not, however, here endeavouring to give antiquity to the population of America, on the faith of these Indians, but merely to shew that this people themselves considered that they sprung from Noah. Of the ancient inhabitants of Cuba, several historians of America relate, that when they were interrogated by the Spaniards, concerning their origin, they answered, they had heard from their ancestors, that God created the --- Page 42 --- heavens, the earth, and all man having foreseen things; thata an old God the deluge, with which designed to chastise the sins of a large canoe, and men, built family, and embarked in it, with his undation many animals; that when the inceased, he sent out a raven, because it found carrion which, turned to the to feed on, never repigeon, canoe ; that he then sent out a which soon returned, branch ofhoba, (a fruitof bearing a a smally yellow America, resembling plum) in its mouth; the old man saw the earth that when barked, and was dry, he disemhaving made himself of the wood some wine grape, he became fell asleep; that then intoxicated and dicule ofhis one ofhis sons made rinakedness, and that the other son piously covered him; that on the latter and cursed the awaking he blest former. they drew their origin from Lastly, that and, therefore, went the cursed son, almost naked: that the Spaniards, as they were well clothed white colour, descended and of a other. The Mexicans perhaps from the and the same Michuacanese had tradition, to which time deed attached a similar had inFrom which degree of fable. of the descendants had root, the most learned of'Noah they Spanish authors dlisagree; some are of opinion it was from he blest former. they drew their origin from Lastly, that and, therefore, went the cursed son, almost naked: that the Spaniards, as they were well clothed white colour, descended and of a other. The Mexicans perhaps from the and the same Michuacanese had tradition, to which time deed attached a similar had inFrom which degree of fable. of the descendants had root, the most learned of'Noah they Spanish authors dlisagree; some are of opinion it was from --- Page 43 --- son of Mezraim, the son of Naphtuhim, and others from the posterity of Cham; ; of Shem. The lcarned Ophir, the fourth son in their Huet seems to accord with Siguenza, being from the Egyptians, from some origin in both languages, and the similarity of names and paruse of pyramids and hicroglyphics, A their mode of computing time. ticularly from the great doubt again here originates and diversity of languages, remarkable variety and amongst those even in the same province Mexico alone, immediately contiguous; for in have traced thirty-five which the Spaniards fiftyl in have no affinity, and the Portuguese the Maranon. lt indeed appears impossible of time, for nations even in the. great lapse much arising from the same parent root sO have altered their dialects, as to have no to left in common to all, and no traces of words their general origin. learned French As Acosta and several inundation of Ameauthors deny the general and consider it as partial, like those ofDeurica, Greece, it may deserve recalion and Ogygesin mountain of Descabezado, mark, that on the situated (which means without a head), five of amongst the Alps of Chili, upwards to hundred miles from the sea, and according --- Page 44 --- Molina, three miles marine bodics bigh, a great quantity of are found, which not have been carried certainly could to that height bya partial stupendous that which inundation, different from Neither happened in the time of can it be asserted that Noah. might once have been this summit lavegraduallybeent the bed of the sea, and bearing along with miedbyaubrerancout them fires, bodies ; because those said marine probable in although this case is not imlittle elevated some places, which we see but a in a above the surface of the heigbt like this it sea, may be considered appears impossible, and ofthe as an traces ofan universal anquestionable proof extended to America; deluge that equally of Buffon nor will the assertions himself, in his theory of the controvert this fact. carth, That this subject is however doubt and mystery, is evident enveloped in tance of intervening from the disancient time, and our data on which to having no tures. The ground our conjecgeneral and most nion is, that the new world received opiunited to the was primitively ancient, and either by one of those separated from it ture which detach great convulsions of naof the and tear asunder regions greatest extent, or by the subsiding the controvert this fact. carth, That this subject is however doubt and mystery, is evident enveloped in tance of intervening from the disancient time, and our data on which to having no tures. The ground our conjecgeneral and most nion is, that the new world received opiunited to the was primitively ancient, and either by one of those separated from it ture which detach great convulsions of naof the and tear asunder regions greatest extent, or by the subsiding --- Page 45 --- of the waters of a deluge. That they were once united, is the opinion of Buffon, to acconnt for the beasts found there, which could not go in boats or be conveyed onl the ice. We are the more strengthened in this first opinion from the constituent formation of immense volcanoes that have burned for ages with unquenched fury, and which we find in a varicty of places on this division of the globe; but what again staggers our belief is, the difference of plants and animals opposed in the same latitude and climate, of the old and new world. We find it laid down by our own travellers 1 and voyagers, not as the speculation of hypothesis, but as an undeniable fact, that the Norwegians once had intercourse with Greenland, which by fortuitous causes was suspended till the seventeenth century; but that thence originated the population of the latter, from which sprang generations that spread on the surface of America. 1 This theory is founded on the similarity of manners, features, and language, that characterize theGreenlandersand the Esquimaux, and seem to demonstrate that they have had the same common origin. The most general belief however is, that America received the first sceds of its population, from --- Page 46 --- emigrants from the north east going to the west part of Asia, part of which it is only divided America, from leagues, by a strait of discovered by fifty his Bering, and still called by name. The to the Tartars conformity of the indians andit will upholds this way of be: foundaccordant thinking, of the with the tradition Aborigines, of whoin those of Mexico, particularly have handed to us some remains, but greatly blended singular tive with their primisuperstitions. Humboldt bimself to join forcibly in this appears and small opinion, and the idol fragments of moulded St. Domingo, mentioned pottery from chapters, in our come in to support it. The preceding quas had paintings of their TalteAsia, and the northern migration through and Botorini countries of America; traces the route they took. The amount of Indian over population, this surface spread ofcountry at the time of the discovery, is at present incalculable; must have been but it very considerable, from armies that were the brought into the field, and perhaps greater than most writers are of. On this subject the aware much in the Spaniards leave us dark, and the reports of the first conquerors who'wrote in exaggerated differ widely from the strains, more authentic me- countries of America; traces the route they took. The amount of Indian over population, this surface spread ofcountry at the time of the discovery, is at present incalculable; must have been but it very considerable, from armies that were the brought into the field, and perhaps greater than most writers are of. On this subject the aware much in the Spaniards leave us dark, and the reports of the first conquerors who'wrote in exaggerated differ widely from the strains, more authentic me- --- Page 47 --- moirs of succeeding historians. Accustomed to live on fishing and as the Aborigineswere hunting, by which they principally supplied the wants of nature; dwelling often for convenience on the distant lake or river-margin, and buried in the hidden forest gloom, it was impossible to take a collective view of them; but all the best Spanish writers seem to concur in opinion that the present population, including creoles, whites, imported negroes, and their descended mixtures, added to the Indians, greatly exceeds its original stock, and surpasses, in a great degree, that of old Spain. The entire population of Spanish America is estimated at seventeen millions The Indians of the southern division of America, are generally represented to us without beard ; but this has many exceptions, and it may be remarked that those of the interior were found more civilized, less ferocious, and approaching nearer a state of refinement, than those who bordered on the ocean. Their character seems formed by their way of life, and their manners receive a tinge from the circumstances of their condition. They are solemn, grave, thoughtful, and possessed of great reflection. In general they are strong, well made, and often athletic, the pursuits of --- Page 48 --- the chase giving activity and limbs. Their features elasticity to their countenances are fine and soft, their plete with expressive, and their action remeaning. the influence of the Amongst themselves, elders and chiefs is principal tie of their tremely attentive to government; the they are exand voice of wisdom, age, experience; and the leaders is more power of their Their public persuasive than coercive. assemblies, ter orders of consisting of the betpeople, are conducted with decorum, and great natural fiequently with a display, of cloquence, when the calls forth the subject discussed energies of the have a peculiar style of soul, They and often dances, which are slow, accompanied with the cital of the exploits of their chaunted remost famed heroes. Good ancestors, and characterizes faith the better sort, and particularly it they implacably a default of ancient remember. Many of their superstitions exist, as well as some savage practices ; but they are those who live only traced to from separated from the whom they Spaniards, dwelling beyond particularly conçeal them, some desert den in the bosom frontier, or hidless woods; of.impenetrable and boundnay, in some of the of the mountains deep recesses they haye idols, to which characterizes faith the better sort, and particularly it they implacably a default of ancient remember. Many of their superstitions exist, as well as some savage practices ; but they are those who live only traced to from separated from the whom they Spaniards, dwelling beyond particularly conçeal them, some desert den in the bosom frontier, or hidless woods; of.impenetrable and boundnay, in some of the of the mountains deep recesses they haye idols, to which --- Page 49 --- still minister by stealth. They however they offer human sacrifices, or immolate no longer the altars of their deities; their children on abolition of which inhuman practices the collateral increase of may be considered as a be their War, which used to population. and constant occupation, is now great delight, sullen idleness, and quiet changed rather into a They are extreme in their resentexistence. in their attachments; ; and ments as well as though they entertain no sentiments of general benevolence, which appears a virtue too-subhabit lime for their confined understandings, of social affection bind and the exchange and them sometimes to a congenial principle, in that case their sincerity may be relied on. there yet exist some tribes of anthroThough habitual thirst for blood, and the pophagi, the custom of mangling their fallen enesavage and those once remies has worn away : markable scenes of horror that followed their victories, are out of use yet they are still brave, intrepid, and superior to the singularly dread of death. The Caraibs, who border on the Oroonoko, are the most warlike of all the tribes. The religion of the Indians is SO involved and obscurity, that it is difficult in superstition --- Page 50 --- 0 establish the dogmas of their belief. aatives of Mexico and Peru had The appearance of form, but the other indeed some occupy the remaining scattered hordes that to have been in this respect, rather regions, seem impostors, and the dupes of empirics, who had address to sufficient speculate on the credulity of fellow beings. their The greatest part of the tribes of this tinent professed that there conwas a being, who had the attributes of supreme though their belief, like that of omnipotence; other given to nations idolatry, was mixed with errors and superstitions. They had priests, sacrifices, and rites, in honour temples, worship of that and for the divinity. They had a king, government, and magistrates; they had laws, customs, and commerce, and penalties force justice and to inequity in contracts. were distributed and Lands had arts and property secured. They sciences, though rude and imperfect; ; nor was perhaps any nation ever discovered more advanced in civil life than were. Yet by some authors they called they have been barbarians, because they wanted Had they not however an money. ing medium, which equivalent circulatRomans was cocoa P Had the in a similar stage of civilization more , government, and magistrates; they had laws, customs, and commerce, and penalties force justice and to inequity in contracts. were distributed and Lands had arts and property secured. They sciences, though rude and imperfect; ; nor was perhaps any nation ever discovered more advanced in civil life than were. Yet by some authors they called they have been barbarians, because they wanted Had they not however an money. ing medium, which equivalent circulatRomans was cocoa P Had the in a similar stage of civilization more --- Page 51 --- than sheep and oxen to represent, the value of merchandise, and hence the word pecunia 2 And do not the Abyssinians yet use salt P Many authors have imagined a near resem* blance between the religions of the inhabitants of America and those of tbe old continents; and in some points they may even be said to have assimilated to those of the Greeks and Romans. In reviewing the mythologies of ancient nations, twor peculiarities have always been remarked, viz. that the style of worship depended upon the ideas which the people entertained of the presiding divinity; hence, if his attributes were believed to consist of benignity and goodness, his worship was cor responding; but if he was regarded as revengeful and inexorable, sacrifices, nay, even bloody oblations were used to appease his wrath. If he was conceived to be omnipotent, he alone was venerated ; but if his of power was thought confined, the objects idolatry were relatively multiplied. The latter notion accorded best with the systems of the Indians of America ; they deified the several attributes of the Supreme Being, and assigned a separate jurisdiction to each. VOL.II. D --- Page 52 --- 66 Our god Camaxtle," 99 the to say to Cortes, c6 Hascalans used grants us over enemies : our goddess victory our necessary rain to Matlalcueje sends the from our fields, and defends us theinundations ofZahuapan. To each of ourgods we are indebted for a The first of these part ofour life." lona, and the would resemble the Belbut this second the Ceres of the ancients; divinity was, with the latter, subdivided into a number of again with appropriate inferior deities oflices. the grain just Sega presided over sprung sown, Proserpina over that up, Volatina defended the birds, Lactantia green ears from state, Matuta tended them in their milky when they were but these ripe, and SO on; known unimportant subdivisions were to the Indians. The unmore than Romans had twenty Lares or and who could imagine houschold gods ; that the threshold hinges of the door were and the common sinks of deified, or that one of into a divinity, the town was turned and called Cloacina ! Yet what shall we say of the who turned their Egyptians, Juvenal has pot-herbs into gods, and as said, 0. sanctas gentes nascuntur in kortis numina. quibus lic find any But we do not depravity of a similar nature in the mythology of the Americans S ; they honoured chold gods ; that the threshold hinges of the door were and the common sinks of deified, or that one of into a divinity, the town was turned and called Cloacina ! Yet what shall we say of the who turned their Egyptians, Juvenal has pot-herbs into gods, and as said, 0. sanctas gentes nascuntur in kortis numina. quibus lic find any But we do not depravity of a similar nature in the mythology of the Americans S ; they honoured --- Page 53 --- the virtues, not the vices, of their gods ; they had divinities to represent bravery, beneficence, justice, chastity, and prudence which presided over all ; they considered that guilt displeased them, that sacrifice appeased their anand that repentance and religious devoger, tions ensured their protection. Signs and omens formed great part of their consulted the flight of the superstition ; they the screech of the owl, and a variety raven, of other auguries, which indicated calamity. But did not the Romans do the same? Pliny tells us that a public lustration was ordered in Rome, because an owl had entered the Capitol. To such excess es is man led when abandoned to the capricious dictates of passion, or stimulated by fears arising from a sense of his own weakness. The religion of the American Indians was however more bloody and cruel, as the sacrifices were human ; yet a system equally barbarous is mentioned in the sacred writings, as prevailing amongst the Ammonites and Israelites, who even offered up their children, and immolated them on the altars of their deity. This was also the case with a variety of other nations both of Europe and of Asia; nor according to Pliny, was it exhibited in Rome till the year D 2 --- Page 54 --- 057, A. U.C.s SO that the rites ricans were not, of the Ameless rational. comparatively, more cruel or The American Indians bad manity to their no idea of huthe answer of vanquished and fallen foes, and Montezuma to Cortes, complained of the horror of who prisoners, has their sacrifice of but sometbing certainly repugnant to forcible, is there,' 2, humanity : 66 What said the injustice conqueror, "to emperor to the make those Spanish ed to death die in who are condemnpractice, honour of our gods.' 93 A ed other however,in which the Indians savagenations in surpasseating the flesh oftheir barbarity, was, that of have not on the record human victims; this we in the sacred ofany people mentioned ancients, writings, or in the histories of and it has only been the western side of the met with on the ocean. To the present day, they in the universally believe immortality of the soul, but the partakes, in theiropinion, beast The destination ofthe same of the soul after death property, materially. In varies were many districts, their equally physicians and priests functions of the three magicians, the parable. To take their professions being inseteriously secluded for degree, they were myssome time in the solitude and it has only been the western side of the met with on the ocean. To the present day, they in the universally believe immortality of the soul, but the partakes, in theiropinion, beast The destination ofthe same of the soul after death property, materially. In varies were many districts, their equally physicians and priests functions of the three magicians, the parable. To take their professions being inseteriously secluded for degree, they were myssome time in the solitude --- Page 55 --- ofcaverns; the old piachas, ordoctors, instructed them during the night, and when sufficiently schooled, they received the preach, administer authority to to the sick, invoke evil spirits, and foretel the future. - Their mode of cure, was by thé application ofa variety of herbs, prepared used with differently, and unintelligible phrases, to cail lout the evil spirits they considered, or rather to be, the cause of all disorders. In pretended death, the physician case of was not blamed, but the destiny of the patient. Lopez de Gomaraz has gone into considerable details on these tors. Their impospower was dreaded by the common people, and their exactions were considerable, Most of the Indians believed the to be the Supreme sun Being and great first cause of every thing, and worshipped him cordingly. Others also, addressed acto the moon. On the banks of the themselves some tribes paid divine honours Oroonoko, and to the toad, particularly ascribed to that reptile the empire of the weather; others riety of small again, to a vaidols, to which they gaye a di-' versity of attribute. Their languages were not, however, devoid a degree of merit, of lished than though some were more poothers. The idioms were,indeed, dif. --- Page 56 --- ferent from ours, and often to idea, combinations of words express a single tion were and circumlocunecessary. Though they could press the simple exthat struck their appearance of every thing on abstracted senses, they could not argue points, and as Mr. says, they had no terms Condamime space, matter, and analogous to duration, physical substance, nor any metaexpressions ; nevertheless, rative and redundant by compathe idea of sounds they could convey sight, doubt, goodness, truth, reflexion, forehad remembrance, &c. Though only fifteen defined numerical they could reckon up the greatest figures, they plication and numbers, by multicombination, of which two cessess their way of counting consisted prothat, for example, by combination ; SO say 8,000, and with the aid of they could by saying forty times multiplication, eightthousand, sum up 320,000. they could To convey ideas of the Divinity, ed his attributes, such they explainas Tloque, he who has every thing within himself; by whom we live ; and SO on. Ipalnemaoni, The he whohave most studied the Peruvian Spaniards, can and Mexilanguages, have formed dictionaries treatises on them, and there are Indian and sors, whose profesoccupationis to teach them ; but with the aid of they could by saying forty times multiplication, eightthousand, sum up 320,000. they could To convey ideas of the Divinity, ed his attributes, such they explainas Tloque, he who has every thing within himself; by whom we live ; and SO on. Ipalnemaoni, The he whohave most studied the Peruvian Spaniards, can and Mexilanguages, have formed dictionaries treatises on them, and there are Indian and sors, whose profesoccupationis to teach them ; but --- Page 57 --- they are extremely difficult to the European, from the great difference of idiom, the extreme length of the words, and the quantity of syllables ; for who would suppose, that Thamelahuaeachicahualitzali signified justice, which is rather the definition of a just man, than of the virtue itself. The language has, nevertheJess, been learnt to a degree of perfection, by some ofthei indefatigable missionaries, duringa life of habitual intercourse, and it is to them we owe the knowledge we possess of it, and not to the European philosophers, who have undertaken to ridicule it, without almost ever having heard its sound. It cannot be expected, indeed, to be SO refined as those of Europe, which have been cultivated and enriched for successiveages, by every thing we have found deserving adoption, from other languages, and which have defined rules, the labours ofthe learned; and are polished by but to call it crude and barbarous, as has been done by Buffon and others, is illiberal, for as well might we call that of the Latins SO, bein his works, is at cause Cicero, philosophical a loss, and often obliged to create terms to correspond with the metaphysical ideas of the Greeks. Stll, its acquisition will never comthe pains of the European, as it is only pensate --- Page 58 --- used by the solitary Indians, retain their own who, though they language speak Spanish in the amongst themselves, possession of the dialect towns. Nor would the in one ofany use in another, province be and varicty. owing to their difference Though the cannot concur in the impartial philologist language by the praises bestowed on this Spaniards, he deny to it a degree of cannot, however, that it was merit, and must confess, idea suited adequate to the expression of to the condition of every whom it was used. As well the beings by cry out against the might the Indians the most expressive Spanish language, though Europe, because it has and copious spoken in some of theirs, which not words equivalent to nality, and are derived bear the stamp of origicustoms, and sensations from local manners, Spaniards ; or as well might the Jaugh at the poverty of the language, because we cannot English Quixote with all its zest. translate Don In all our histories of with a degree of wonder China, we have dwelt penal laws, which on their statutes and form an exemplary ofjurisprudence to other nations; system sidering those of the ; and, in conshould find cqual Mexicans particularly, we cause fora admiration. They were not, however, written on tables, icustoms, and sensations from local manners, Spaniards ; or as well might the Jaugh at the poverty of the language, because we cannot English Quixote with all its zest. translate Don In all our histories of with a degree of wonder China, we have dwelt penal laws, which on their statutes and form an exemplary ofjurisprudence to other nations; system sidering those of the ; and, in conshould find cqual Mexicans particularly, we cause fora admiration. They were not, however, written on tables, --- Page 59 --- but perpetuated by tradition and paintings. No subject was ignorant of them, because fatbers of families did not fail to instruct their children in them, that they might avoid transgression, and escape punishment. The Spaniards investigated the laws of these nations with more diligence even than their history, because a knowledge of them was essentially requisite to the civil and ecclesiastical government, particularly in respect to marriages, privileges of nobility, the conditions of vassalage, and of slavery ; and Acosta, speaking of them, says, that 66 many were worthy of our admiration." The constitution of their state, with respect to the succession of the crown, could not have been better framed, as by means ofit they not only avoided the inconveniences of hereditary succession, but those of election also. An individual of the royal family was always chosen king, both to preserve the dignity and splendour of the crown, and to hinder the throne from ever being occupied by a man of low birth. The brother succeeded, in preferwhich means, the indisence to the son, by cretion of youth and the stratagems ofan ambitious regent were equally avoided. The judicial forms ofboth the Mexicans and Tescuçans afford many useful and political les- --- Page 60 --- sons. The gradations of rank gistrates contributed to among the maattendance at the keep good order ; their till sunset shortened tribunals from break of day impeded abuses. the process of'causes and The capital against prevaricators punishments of their execution, ofjustice, the punctuality vereigns, and the vigilance of the SOkept the that care which magistrates in check ; and was taken to supply them every necessary, at the with rendered expense of the any misconduct in them king, Assemblies were held before inexcusable. twenty days, the king every ferred to his definitively to judge all cases reauthority. The Mexicans crimes punished with severity all repugnant to nature or prejudicial state; but, in some to the was excessively cases, their punishment like disproportioned. and cruel. Unmany nations of the East, confound the children in they did not rent. Their rules in the crimes of the paand marriages were very different froin those of the exemplary, and Egyptians ; nor were Assyrians lowed in cases of conjugal alliances almarried, it consanguinity. Ifthe widow was ordained to be with the brotherin-law, as the most natural issue of the deceased, guardian to the but such seldom contracted, marriages were Conjugal fidelity was re-* like disproportioned. and cruel. Unmany nations of the East, confound the children in they did not rent. Their rules in the crimes of the paand marriages were very different froin those of the exemplary, and Egyptians ; nor were Assyrians lowed in cases of conjugal alliances almarried, it consanguinity. Ifthe widow was ordained to be with the brotherin-law, as the most natural issue of the deceased, guardian to the but such seldom contracted, marriages were Conjugal fidelity was re-* --- Page 61 --- spected, nor was there any traffic in wives known, as among the Romans, of whom Montesquieu tells us, that Cato lent his wife to Hortensius; and this appears legal, for Cato of the laws ofhis was incapable transgressing country. Ancient paintings are yet produced, frequently before the Spanish tribunals, by the Mexias titles of and the tenure of cans, property, lands ; and on that account interpreters, skilled in the significations of such paintings and symbols, are consulted. In this art, also, there have been public professors. contained the Some painted representations horoscopes of children, in which were figured theirnames, with the day and sign of their birth and fortune. Some, again, were dogmatical, containing the system of their religion, and filled with hieroglyphics, others historical, and others again geographical. The same authors, who attest the architectural skill of the Mexicans, bear witness also to the ingenuity oftheir goldsmiths, their weavers, gem-cutters, and artificers in feathers. Their art of casting metals was admired by the goldsmiths in Europe, and many of the ancient writers (especially Gomara) affirm, that they could not imitate them, Particular mention is --- Page 62 --- made of a cast fish with gold and silver, scales, alternately of ed their which, in this respect, ingenuity. In the surpassauthor, is an ancient possession of the gold chain of manufacture, of Mexican workmanship, complicated and exquisite the most which has bcen considered experienced by a chef d'ceuvre, artificers in England as The Mexicans rivalling even their own skill, nufacture of were acquainted with the mafrom being paper, though of a coarse nature, ting. In intended for painting and not wripoint of ment in their improvement and advancePeruvians original state, both they and the sides may rank after the the casting of Chinese; ; and bemaking mosaic works metals, they had the art of dyeing with indelible of shells and feathers, of weaving the fine hair of colours, spinning and their various breeding the cochineal animals, making cement for to use its of the erection and colouring, houses, besides the pavements other useful arts, cultivation of several European which astonished the first conquerors. to trace and hunt They had fishes taught others of their waters, in the same species in the the way as we have hawks for following of birds, and in greatly resemble the Chinese. which they regretted, both It may be much by the historian of this country spinning and their various breeding the cochineal animals, making cement for to use its of the erection and colouring, houses, besides the pavements other useful arts, cultivation of several European which astonished the first conquerors. to trace and hunt They had fishes taught others of their waters, in the same species in the the way as we have hawks for following of birds, and in greatly resemble the Chinese. which they regretted, both It may be much by the historian of this country --- Page 63 --- and the virtuoso in painting, that the first sionaries, in their blind zeal, misall the paintings of the Indians, destroyed nearly thus confounding the "historical representations of this ple, with those which they thought peoof their religion. symbolical The funerals of the Indians are often with what they consider attended to judge of these great solemnity, but peculiarities in their original state, it is necessary to visit the Indians border on the Oroonoko, and who where the hand of Spanish Guiana, tended, civilization has not yet exnor even the missionaries have dared to penetrate. A late foreign author mentions veral tribes, sebordering on each other, whose customs and manners are and form a striking contrast. perfectly opposed, The Salivas Indians paint the virtues of the deceased by different emblematic burial of a tints, and the great man creates a general blage of the nation, They assemand drink round howl, cry, dance, him in quick whilst the body lies in state amidst succession, - which them, after ceremony, the whole is thrown into the river, The Guaraunos tie the dead in the river, where body to a stake the small fishes eat offall the Alesh; the skeleton is then packed in a basket --- Page 64 --- and hung at one corner of the roof of house. the The Aroacas bury their chiefs with pomp, and often inter their great along with them arms and valuables is raised ; a monument of over their remains, and masonry ken that no inlet is left great care is taOther to admit the ants.- tribes, on the contrary, think that dead bodies cannot be too their these insects. soon devoured by The Caraibs expose the body of their suspended in a hammock in the chief, shed, centre of his during one revolution of the the wives attend moon, and on each side, keep off the flies. The constantly, to. mother of his most favoured, or the children, is buried with him. All Indians are fond of strong consider liquors, and intoxication: as an a accomplishment and bappiness ; their drinks are made out'of fermented fruits, such as the pine-apple, and grains ; the palm tree also furnishes corosol, with wine. them The Otomaques, who border on the high margins of the and Oroonoko, are the most active enterprising ofthese tribes ; but, the life of the Indian is, in general, an existence of sloth, and the Spanish late government, in all its regulations, seems to have encouraged this intoxication: as an a accomplishment and bappiness ; their drinks are made out'of fermented fruits, such as the pine-apple, and grains ; the palm tree also furnishes corosol, with wine. them The Otomaques, who border on the high margins of the and Oroonoko, are the most active enterprising ofthese tribes ; but, the life of the Indian is, in general, an existence of sloth, and the Spanish late government, in all its regulations, seems to have encouraged this --- Page 65 --- state, in order to keep them contented, supine their mode of life, by which by not opposing turned to national acmeans they have not hands. thousands of useful count, SO many and ornamenThey plat a variety of necessary out of tal things for wearing and domestic use the leaves of the palmetto, and the pita, before According to father Gumilla, one described. luxuries is oil extracted from of their great dexthe shark, in killing which they are very swimmers and divers. There terous, beinggood Amazons, that border on the are some again, who eat ants, according to the same author, with certain of clay mixed and a species one kind as fat, of which they distinguish turtle and than another. Dried more savoury of their food, ofwhich its eggs form great part in the seaimmense quantities are taken proper in the sands of Oroonoko. The Indians apson their women as secondary and subpear to treat have no feelings ordinate beings, for whom they nor consider them entitled to any ofhumanity, In this particular, respect or socialintercourse. civilization appears to have taken a retrograde also rests. with the husmotion. Repudiation who sometimes exchanges wives, yet band, of the latter is remarked to arise the fidelity ofinherent virtue, but not from any principle --- Page 66 --- from the dread of vengeance. They grease their bodies, and cover their generally rocou, that gives them a red colour, limbs with The chief assemblage of the uncivilized dians is in Guiana, and above Inof the Atures ; for this the cataracts reason, that space, which lies between immense the Amazons, has the Oroonoko and hitherto, and will main, untrodden by long revagei inhabitants Europeans, yet the sain their keep generally confined withown limits. The made very partial missionaries have The progress amongst them. islands Guaraunos, who live on some of at the entrance of the the tribe that remain Oroonoko, are a but this is a uncontrolled and untaught, good deal owing to their local tuation; for those islands, sigreat part of the immersed in water year, are not tenable Europeans, on account of the insects by mata. Their and miasSpaniards, population is reckoned by the at 10,000. The Goabiros are between the Maracaibo and the Rio de la jurisdiction of they Hacha, where occupy more than 30 of which is visited by traders leagues coast, woods. to Procure dyeCuraçao and Jamaica send their sels annually. Their number vesexceeds they are governed by their 30,000 5 own cacique, and not tenable Europeans, on account of the insects by mata. Their and miasSpaniards, population is reckoned by the at 10,000. The Goabiros are between the Maracaibo and the Rio de la jurisdiction of they Hacha, where occupy more than 30 of which is visited by traders leagues coast, woods. to Procure dyeCuraçao and Jamaica send their sels annually. Their number vesexceeds they are governed by their 30,000 5 own cacique, and --- Page 67 --- fire-arms. The of European are in possession influence amongst English have considerable which: they have them; from ani acquaintance but which cultivated for the purposes of trade, have not failed to point out to the the French result of design and political Spaniards as the artifice. Indians most visit, is that The town these their women carry of Rio de la Hacha, where which for them the articles of trade, down liquors, and other necesthey barter for strong do, indeed, saries. Some Spanish smugglers this indultraverse their coasts, but pay for maritime traders scldom go on gence. The receive their dye-woods shore, and generally where they also and other cargo on board, and Spanish guardaeffect the payments, these clandestine costas in vain strive to check hitherto have transactions. - The Spaniards horde of: to reduce this found it impractieable and who daily increase in strengthi Indians, The above remarks, prinmeans of defence. and collected from the best Spanish cipally suffice to convey an idea of other authors, may in condition of the Aborigines the primitive Spanish America. VOL. II. E --- Page 68 --- CHAPTER XVII. CIVILIZED INDIANS. ITappears singular, as we have before ed, that the Spaniards have remarkpolitical means oft not adopted some an immense turning the Jabours of such mass of civilized border on them, to some Indians, who encouraging industry national utility, by teaching them to collect amongst them, and various and manufacture the productions of nature with are surrounded. which they Excepting those working the mines, and in employed in the towns, the whole of domestic uses in timated at more than whom cannot be esin a state of indolence one eighth, they all live and on the spoils of the apathy, subsisting spontaneous chase, and the almost gifts of the earth; heedless future, and ofthe transmitting to their thing but their vices. posterity noThis class of population clined even from their appears to have deamongst their primitive state, forit was originally that no one should be fundamental maxims, idle, and that those of --- Page 69 --- who were not occupied in agriculture, them, skilled in warfare, should be or busied and usefully herbalists to aid the sick, or otherwise employed. them are still found SO well acMany of and their with the virtues of plants, quainted certain disorders and bruises, application to in by the Europeans, that they are preferred from the climate, to cases of local sickness sent out ; and many of the regular physicians in this branch their experience and knowledge to medicine has been of the greatest utility of literati, who traversed their the late French of natural history. country in search of subjects in of their valuable secrets, particularly Many hidden from us, dyeing and poisons; are yet which and tenacity with and the obstinacy are withheld, like a system offreemasonry, they noticed by Spanish auhave been frequently thors. that the system of U We have already seen, observed by the first conquertyrannic rigour, one America; was replaced by ors of Spanish far as the enactions of mildness and lenity, as court could be carried into effect, of their own influence the missionat that distance, and the could witharies, and some humane characters, the ambition and abuses of the prevailing stand E 2 tenacity with and the obstinacy are withheld, like a system offreemasonry, they noticed by Spanish auhave been frequently thors. that the system of U We have already seen, observed by the first conquertyrannic rigour, one America; was replaced by ors of Spanish far as the enactions of mildness and lenity, as court could be carried into effect, of their own influence the missionat that distance, and the could witharies, and some humane characters, the ambition and abuses of the prevailing stand E 2 --- Page 70 --- great: and in my few remarks, cular, Ishall accord on this parti prejudiced with the best and most unauthorities, Lbave The fate of the Indian beenableto meet. nola was what first population, in Hispahumane roused the feelings of the Isabelia, and hen wishes for were communicated and reform councils of the monarchs transmitted to. the felt for the who followed. They and wretchedness of the by regulations, formed Aborigincs, humanity, on principles of Tliey wished endeavoured to work a reformi to extend to them their own tection, and to guarantee their proThey considered them personal liberty, their a desirable appendage to crown, but beheld them as vassals, not siaves, as subjects, not as victims. as their obedience and They wanted sonal degradation submission, not thein pertheir ; and in laying the basis of amples regulations, of they were guided by the excruelty and oppression, to ambition and the thirst of which, many of the first gold had driven undertook colonists, and which to curtail, and in future they act. counterFew. foreign authors, says a late voyager, have done the Spanish good the justice due to them, for their government scribed to the Indians, regimen, preMany ofi them, specu- --- Page 71 --- have dwelt with enthusilatively philosophic, horrors that marked the astic eagerness on the them as and have quoted first, tages ofconquest, of thinking, the criterions of the present way of that class of beings and as characteristics exercised. on whose ancestors they were too much considered as an infallible Raynal, in the'hands of even the presentages authority than historiwhose works are more philosophic whose relations are often more vehement cal, has left us'a portrait of than exact and impartial, Indians of this continent, that bears no apthe Robertson, whatever to the reality. plication historian, has, in this particular, more the authority ; but grounded himself on Spanish from his brevity on this subject, that ita appears, would, in the he feared his representations be midst of SO much prejudice that existed, thought incorrect and partial. however, seem to The Spanish legislators, adhave had in view the giving them every and exemption that was consistent vantage the mother country, with their dependance'on which, they have rendered them usein doing and have fallen into less members of society, an extreme, that, in a great measure; annihilates their value to the nation, and its communities. If the civil and moral institutions Spanish from his brevity on this subject, that ita appears, would, in the he feared his representations be midst of SO much prejudice that existed, thought incorrect and partial. however, seem to The Spanish legislators, adhave had in view the giving them every and exemption that was consistent vantage the mother country, with their dependance'on which, they have rendered them usein doing and have fallen into less members of society, an extreme, that, in a great measure; annihilates their value to the nation, and its communities. If the civil and moral institutions --- Page 72 --- which ought always to be manners and adapted to the for whom comprebensions of the they are formed, people, on suppressing ground their merit vice, engrafting tending civilization; virtue, and exIndians those destined for owe their fault to the scem rather being too relax, and abuse of drawn up to counteract the the power, than to further pursuits of civil life. industry and natural Indolence, the characteristic of the a spur; and Indigènes, required magistrate though it was the duty of the to free the oppressed trammels of abusive from the to increase the power, it was equally SO After the energies of their minds. vision of them repartimientos, into which was a dithat a kind of fiefs, a was attended with system that of great abuses, came the encomiendas; ; but, whilst we sound views of the admire but regret, that like legislator, we cannot almost all other human institutions, it was not This system wholly efficacious. appears entirely intended for their protection, as the conditions that their instruction and related to or but partially civilization are excluded, brought into view. The application of the encomiendas putting a certain was by quantity of Indian tion, contained in defined populaboundaries, imme- --- Page 73 --- diately under the charge of a respectable Spaniard, who lived in the midst of them, and whose province it was to settle their family disputes, and to support their rights against civil oppression : to see their children baptized, to. unite and retain them in clans or villages, to instruct them in the principles of morality and the Christian religion, to train them in the arts of civil life, to suppress irregularitiesin their females, and to destroy in them the fanaticism of their old modes of worship and superstitious customs, For the whole observance of these cares and duties, they made him presents of poultry, or appropriated to his use annually some days of labour; nevertheless, that influence which the encomienderos acquired, sometimes became too productive of abuses, and the office was often solicited by persons at court, who had their agents there, as a distinguished species of sovereignty, which reduced the Indians to vassals, and in some çases became hereditary, This system was afterwards superseded by the plan of the missionaries, in the way already mentioned. The measures adopted by Spain, to secure the dependence of America, and hold the Indians in a kind of bonl, opposed to any attempt to regain their ancient state of free- influence which the encomienderos acquired, sometimes became too productive of abuses, and the office was often solicited by persons at court, who had their agents there, as a distinguished species of sovereignty, which reduced the Indians to vassals, and in some çases became hereditary, This system was afterwards superseded by the plan of the missionaries, in the way already mentioned. The measures adopted by Spain, to secure the dependence of America, and hold the Indians in a kind of bonl, opposed to any attempt to regain their ancient state of free- --- Page 74 --- dom, seem to have been concerted not to thwart their with a view them in the entire inclinations, but to leave and possession of their vices, as far as they did not prejudices with the exterior avowedly clash forbidden the ofreligion. They were at first use ofall kinds of horses ; no Indian ofarms, and even in the house of could be brought up othersimilar an armourer ; and several restrictions were to keep them from enforced, tending mixing with or other tribes, interioarrving ; but all chese gradually died regulations have away, as the dread of tion, on their part, has subsided. commoThe Spanish Council of the we shail Indies, of whom tection and hereafiterspeak, have pushed their measures for proof the bettering the condition Indians, to a degree that was met with in a conquered neverbefore leges and nation, by the priviexemptions with which favoured them. A they have singular observable even in the white indulgence, not Spanish dominions, population of the dians, and this was extended to the Inthe was, that in the first Indian villages were authorized years, their chiefs to elect choice amongst themselves, and the generally fell on one ofthe of their ancient rulers descendants culde, ; but now a Spanish aland ladian cabildo, or municipal body, --- Page 75 --- have charge of the civil administration. The police oft the Indians has, besides this, a corregidor, or person that is particularly charged with their protection, who can remonstrate in their favour with the' local government; but, if redress is not granted, he appeals to a superior jurisdiction. He is always a Spaniard, and obliged to reside amongst them. This office has been found to be extremely necessary, from the particular disposition the Indian chiefs have to domincer over their own fellow-beings, and their propensity to those vices they are enjoined to correct in their own clans, particularly drunkenness. It is this corregidor, who also reccives, in the name of the king, the capitation tax, or tribute exacted from the Indians, the mode by which the Spaniards establish their census of Indian population. Where there are missionaries, the duties of the corregidor are generally added to the pastoral functions. Crimes, amongst the Indians, are punished with greater severity than wben committed by whites. The attorneys general, are, by the rules of their office, their legal patrons, and in all the courts are obliged to plead their causes gratis, equally with those of thé government for whom they act. One oftheir privileges is, the name of the king, the capitation tax, or tribute exacted from the Indians, the mode by which the Spaniards establish their census of Indian population. Where there are missionaries, the duties of the corregidor are generally added to the pastoral functions. Crimes, amongst the Indians, are punished with greater severity than wben committed by whites. The attorneys general, are, by the rules of their office, their legal patrons, and in all the courts are obliged to plead their causes gratis, equally with those of thé government for whom they act. One oftheir privileges is, --- Page 76 --- that they are considered minors in all civil transactions, and execution they are not bound to of any contract that is the passed before a Spanish not formally magistrate. dispose of no landed They can auction. property but at public The Indians are alcavala, which exempt from the duty of is imposed on as will be hereafter every thing sold, capitation tax is noticed. Their annual rated at two on the males only, dollars per head but it is from the age of 18 to 50; very often dispensed with by the regidor, particularly if cormisfortune has any great or public happened amongst many of them, when the time them ; and comes round, abscond of the collection The into the woods. Inquisition, by a particular and dispensation, is deprived of all express the Indians; their heresies authority over by the bishops, and are only noticed. incantations their magical spells and come under the the secular and civil consideration of sion only is used, government, but persuaecclesiastical By a particular act of the council of Lima, the oft the church do not reach reprimands rance acts as a them ; their ignoparacensure. The greatest ed on an Indian, punishment that can be inflictis the depriving him of his --- Page 77 --- hair, which also forms the great pride of the Africans. In Hisparola, to this day, the descended from the mixture of these women two classes, plat their wool with hair ribbon, to make it appear in long tresses, and I once had the curiosity to measure what a sooty damsel was going to plat on her head, and found the united pieces made thirtytwo yards. To the end they add a small piece of lead, to make the locks appear straight and longThere is a decree extant in the archives of the Council of the Indies, under the date ofsth March, 1581, that bears the stamp of singularity. It being said by St. Paul, 1st. of Corinthians, 11th and 14th verses, 6< Does not even nature itself teach you, that a man indeed if he nourish his hair, it is a shame unto him, 99 the missionaries required, that those persons who were admitted to baptism, should cut off informed that this their hair; and the king, practice operated as an obstacle against the conversion of the Indians who would not purchase Christianity by this sacrifice, annulled it by a law enacted under the above date. In the restrictions and exactions put upon them, by the church, there is a great laxity and palliation, for all their rites and observances appear prescribed, with exceptions and dispensations in that a man indeed if he nourish his hair, it is a shame unto him, 99 the missionaries required, that those persons who were admitted to baptism, should cut off informed that this their hair; and the king, practice operated as an obstacle against the conversion of the Indians who would not purchase Christianity by this sacrifice, annulled it by a law enacted under the above date. In the restrictions and exactions put upon them, by the church, there is a great laxity and palliation, for all their rites and observances appear prescribed, with exceptions and dispensations in --- Page 78 --- their favour. The missionaries considered them to have always thus defined belong to that classification tici by certain theologians. 6c nesciunt species morales Rusand the curates for the aut numerum," Tar itinerarium, Indians, have a particufilled with'traits of nay, some of the Spanish singularity ; gone -SO far as to thcologians have most discordant apologize for some of their and even inhuman by the exemptions allowed practices, Iti is therefore them. deducible from the pages, that the preceding scribed ground-work of for the Indians, is civilization, prepolicy and religion, a combination of much better and that their situation is than that of conquered generally, and indeed nations generally more improved than wé imagine, a corollary cal as it may appear, is which, parodoxiA great nevertheless true." preservative of that quiet; that generally prevailed in these bas conquest, and which will regions since their part oftheir defend at Jeast this population from those borrors may perbaps originate in that tween the Crcole and any contest bepeculiar the Enropean, is the Indians' apathy and indifference of ; for the mass of their the appear to have no ideas but of population heed little what existing, and passes beyond their local --- Page 79 --- and, with the exception of their situation: often endowed with natural chiefs, who are individuals, who have an genius, and ofthose of of mixing with the population opportunity this appears to be their general the cities, Guided entircly by the opinions characteristic. elders; whom it has been the policy of their. retain in the shadow of of Spain; at least to their ancient consequence, they are not accesto the broils that! might arise in the sible even confine ; and are provinces on which they sheltered from all revolutions except those slow which the progressive but salutary changes civilization of the adjoining countries, may, of over their extendin the lapse time, spread ed regions. however, to have done Religion appears, and has been much more for them than policy, consulted by those who have had their more The obligation to work, and the direction: habitual industry, seem not to incentives to and i have formed any part of the regimen ; has been aptly observed, that they have been treated as wild beasts which theirmasters wished to tame, rather than as children of whom useful men might be made. If on each family there were imposed, for example, the obligation of cultivating a tract time, spread ed regions. however, to have done Religion appears, and has been much more for them than policy, consulted by those who have had their more The obligation to work, and the direction: habitual industry, seem not to incentives to and i have formed any part of the regimen ; has been aptly observed, that they have been treated as wild beasts which theirmasters wished to tame, rather than as children of whom useful men might be made. If on each family there were imposed, for example, the obligation of cultivating a tract --- Page 80 --- of ground proportioned to their this were strictly attended number, and who to by the magistrate superintends the district, the cial results might be effected. most benefithe province of For example, in logies Caracas, from which anamay be drawn Indians whom it is oftheothers, the 72,800 supposed to contain, contributing to trade each one thousand annually of coffee, which is pounds what is only one third of computed to the share ofa plantation, and on an negro on a other equal scale with the productions; the be benefited country would then by the value of that commerce would receive that amount; circulation ; the addition to its consumption of be increased ; the balf-clad goods would taught the use of cloaths Indian would be and of some almost unknown to him, and all luxuries tually redound to the would evenment that advantage of the governmight adopt the measure. and cotton seem the best suited Coffee as being the most to their state; collect, and simple and easy to rear and in this kind of culture, their children are equally serviceable. In a country where climate influence the minds may be said to of the people, there is a degree of lively imagination that makes: the society of the inhabitants agreeable to those --- Page 81 --- of the language renders whom a knowledge their minds capable of enjoying it ; and were formed and theirtalentscalled forth by eduonly introduction cation and aided by a more general ofthe arts and sciences, they would even acquire the character of a sensible race. The Mestizos and other Indian mixtures, possess an ingesimilar to that of the Chinese ; they nuity and in a different way from manufacture glass, imitate many of our manufacturcs, us 5 they artists to direct them. and require only good the interior of Lately when the war deprived printed calicoes à grand ramage, the proper. bought shewy and high coloured, a speculator and linens he could up all the white platillas meet with in Vera Cruz, sent them to Mexico, collected Indian artists who work very cheap, and with the pencil instead of moulds they imitated the fashionable patterns in such way be on account of the colours as to preferred which being faster and more glowing, by means he quadrupled his capital. in gold, where the or- 4 Their workmanship namental part depends not on mechanism or moulds, cannot be excelled by the European; it resembles the work of the Maltese. Their have been noticed by several authors, paintings of value might yet be and many originals to Mexico, collected Indian artists who work very cheap, and with the pencil instead of moulds they imitated the fashionable patterns in such way be on account of the colours as to preferred which being faster and more glowing, by means he quadrupled his capital. in gold, where the or- 4 Their workmanship namental part depends not on mechanism or moulds, cannot be excelled by the European; it resembles the work of the Maltese. Their have been noticed by several authors, paintings of value might yet be and many originals --- Page 82 --- collected in the convents ; an object does not interest the which, ifit public societies in we hope may excite and reward England, of the the curiosity many individuals of science we have liberality and amongst us. The Quachinangos are the greatest in this' art, and are a adepts being all painters, peculiarly singular race, rope-dancers, and SO that the name of their tribe is buffoons, mous with that of a now synonymerry-andrew. tumbler, conjuror, or Their blended with the paintings are not greatest delicaey, but the colouring is good; ; they have no are not aided by. models; théir system, and spective are not figures and percorrect; but trained in the European school, they would not fail to excel. They seize a likeness in a singular there have been instances of way, and a seen on the road viceroy being by a Quachinango, whose portraits were sclling in Lima before he himselfentered the gates. To prove that my assertions natural genius and respecting the ple of Spanish acquirements of the peowill Amcrica are not speculative, I quote the words of a of merit, to whom compiler some we are indebted for a degree ofinsight into the regions he has undertaken --- Page 83 --- though many of his data are not to describe, correct. Peru, <6 Knowledge is general throughout as well on account of the natural quickness of its native inhabitants, as and penetration In whatever from their fondness for study. combination of does not require ea meditated advanthe ideas, the fair sex has commoniy of St. tage over ours. The royal university the other Mark at Lima, and proportionably of universities of the kingdom, form a centre literature which diffuses an abundant light whole circumference. Under their to the sciences auspices, the moral and philosophical have latterly made an incredible progress, found their way into all the schools, having through and thence diffused themselves rapidly order of the state. It is our earnest every may, by its wish that this philosophic light and efficacy, influence and amepermanence of education. It liorate the common system of is on that score alone, in the acceptation the whole extent the term which comprehends of the kingdom, that Peru is in some measure defective. A good taste, urbanity, and a social disposition, are the hereditary qualities of every Peravian. 79 VOL. II. F , having through and thence diffused themselves rapidly order of the state. It is our earnest every may, by its wish that this philosophic light and efficacy, influence and amepermanence of education. It liorate the common system of is on that score alone, in the acceptation the whole extent the term which comprehends of the kingdom, that Peru is in some measure defective. A good taste, urbanity, and a social disposition, are the hereditary qualities of every Peravian. 79 VOL. II. F --- Page 84 --- It may also be worth America has remarking, that Spanish boasted within these few several good periodical years of Peruviano, works. El Mercurio published by a society of literati in Lima, treated on literature, philosophy, botany, and the fine arts, and history, found displayed a proknowledge of ancient and modern learning. The system of vaccination has over the opposition of the prevailed local treatises have been clergy, and some That written upon it. inherent desire in man to escape the destroying scythe of time, and to transmit his memory beyond the limit of inevitable confned destiny, has everbeena and ambition ; and to this spur to human debted for principle we are inhistory, whether traditional pressed by symbols, as well or exas for sculpture, and many of the fine poetry, adorned the Grecian school. arts that obelisks, To their medals, busts, &c. we owe part of our tory of the Romans; and hismarked that not though we have rea trace of Indian remains are now met with in antiquity or carry us beyond the date ofits Hispanola, to remnants are to be found on the conquest, many larly in Mexico and Peru, main, particuwhich afford interesting data for the history of the the former, and the Incas of emperors of the latter, and --- Page 85 --- deserve the notice and contemplation of well scientific traveller and the archaiologist. 'the the most elegant wriGarcilaso is amongst the subwho have touched upou ters on Peru, in which he wrote ject; ; and as the language will be his labours becomes more prevalent, howThe best archives were appreciated. the time of conquest; the fragile ever-lost at and nothing anquipos are reduced to dust, and tique is left to the observer but fragments of such an ruins, to give an imperfect picture howkingdom. The monuments interesting the traditions ever of the Incas, are proved by have handed down amongst the Indians to yet of and power, been erected as memorials glory idea of the and they still serve to give some before the devastastate of that monarchy, tion of conquest. The obelisks and A statues of Tiahuanacu, mausolea of Chahapoyas, defy the and the contains buildedge of time. This province of stone of a conical figure that support ings busts, and are situated on the large unweildy declivities of mountains. Mummies dug out, and catacombs dscoivered in a variety of places ; the former are There prevails an idea in good preservation. F 2 they still serve to give some before the devastastate of that monarchy, tion of conquest. The obelisks and A statues of Tiahuanacu, mausolea of Chahapoyas, defy the and the contains buildedge of time. This province of stone of a conical figure that support ings busts, and are situated on the large unweildy declivities of mountains. Mummies dug out, and catacombs dscoivered in a variety of places ; the former are There prevails an idea in good preservation. F 2 --- Page 86 --- 6s that the mummics found in the their duration to a Sierras, owe The previous exposure to frost.. edifices of Cusco and Quito, the roads through the Cordilleras, cut &cc. attest the skill of canals, causeways, civil and the ancient Indians in compared military architecture, and may be with the Appian, milian, and minian Flacauseways still extantin of their Italy. Remains aqueducts' are found near Lucanas, Condesuyos, and many other to conduct waters places, erected mits of the from valleys to the sumhiglest hills. have been found Many sepulchres variety of utensils containing paintings and a and valuables, which nerally accompanied the interment gegreat men ; and of their plored. Of many yet remain to be extheir music and records exist ; and the poetry, many, late the increase shepherds still calcuof their fiocks by means of quipos. Pillars are found noctials and indicating the equi-: solstices, which shew that my was a favourite study of the astronoalso medicine. To Incas, as was these enter fully however on subjects, were only to ransack who haver preceded authors, us; ; and would be an anticipation of what has been announced public from writers to the through other channels. --- Page 87 --- 6y CHAPTER XVIII. CHARACTERISTIC SKETCHES OF THE. AMERICAN SPANIARDS. SWINBURNE, in his travels through Spain." has given us a separate characteristical outline of the inhabitants of each province, by which he has established a scale of contrast to enable us, in judging of the individual peenliarities accurately, to estimate all, or at Icast to-fix? their generaland prominent features. Thes Spaniards of America possess few of the component traits of their European countrymen; but if any, itis of the Andalusian, with whom also they most assimilate. TheCreole has imbibed against the natives of the other provinces of Spain peculiar prejudices, derived from their leading occupations and manners. Anative mother of the country opposes the marriage of her daughter with a rich Catalan, because he has made his fortune by drawing wine, selling butter and cheese, and is filthy in his person ; with the Gallician, because he is a plodding, hard-working person, roaming in search of few of the component traits of their European countrymen; but if any, itis of the Andalusian, with whom also they most assimilate. TheCreole has imbibed against the natives of the other provinces of Spain peculiar prejudices, derived from their leading occupations and manners. Anative mother of the country opposes the marriage of her daughter with a rich Catalan, because he has made his fortune by drawing wine, selling butter and cheese, and is filthy in his person ; with the Gallician, because he is a plodding, hard-working person, roaming in search of --- Page 88 --- a hardly earned subsistence; and the lation of Gallego is almost appelthat ofa a porter in synonymous with with the every province in Spain : Biscayan, because he is and tyrannic, boisterous partaking'of the peculiar oflis province, fiery, impatient, and tinge with the Castillian, because jealous ; scrved, he is sullen, reopposed to shew and with all the parade; ; in short, preceding from their jargon of provincial dialect peculiar : but in the Andalusian, she finds a gaicty, sprightliness, tion, softer modulations of animapression, language and exmore congenial manners, and elevation of character not an calls of porters and descending to the less rich, she pedlars : hence though prefers him. Should her ter marry one ofthe former daughthe nuptial provincials, when compliments are over, the officious mother will always predispose the relations telling them that his by fortune was the inducement, but that she hopes he will soon his store, wear a long coat and give up turn man, for she is sure her daughter will gentleendure living among the flies that crowd never the boxes of sugar, or amidst the codfish. perfumes of Marriages either in Spain or Spanish America, were never generally exhibited as models --- Page 89 --- of conjugal felicity, and though there are exceptions to this remark, they many happy too often serve as examples of. irregularity to the children. That warmth of passions, that effervescence and impetuosity of feeling, frequentlythe resultofromance, and delusiveanticipations of hope, but not founded on congeniality, or matured by reason, too often bring The having little a couple together. parents hold on the actions of their progeny, cannot control their choice ; they marry at an early age, but unlike our own quakers, who think this custom the greatest guardian to the morals of the rising generation, satiety and disgust too generally ensue ; appearance and considerations of propriety make their home indeed mutual, but fidelity is a clog they both hasten to throw off. A cortejo, like the cisisbeo of the Italians, becomes the right of the wife ; he leads herito the tertulias and public walks, dances with her, orders her carriage, and is entirely and exclusively attendant on her call; whilst the husband consoles himself in the arms of a mistress, and heeds little nori interferes with what passes in his family. The lover who had, previous to marriage, passed entire nights under the window of his intended, muffled in a cloak to discover if she log they both hasten to throw off. A cortejo, like the cisisbeo of the Italians, becomes the right of the wife ; he leads herito the tertulias and public walks, dances with her, orders her carriage, and is entirely and exclusively attendant on her call; whilst the husband consoles himself in the arms of a mistress, and heeds little nori interferes with what passes in his family. The lover who had, previous to marriage, passed entire nights under the window of his intended, muffled in a cloak to discover if she --- Page 90 --- had more suitors than himself, ing to ber own scarcely trustprofessions, after the marFiago-coreniony is over becomes and lays aside that indifferent, ascribe to the jealousy we in our novels lover. Spanish husband instead of the Certainly Montesquieu, when serted that the fewer he aslity in them, marriages the less fidemust have made this wide exception. pcople a We have already remarked at an early age, and I that they marry temptation of cannot here resist. the foreign citing the testimony of a late teristics authorlittleknown of to us, on the characthe Spanish 66 The females Americans. in the Spanish are dominions, marriageable at the age of and the boys at fourteen, twelve years, the united SO that we often see ages of a wedded pair fail short of thirty, and the latter considers man when he isi a husband. himself only a cordance of The study or acdisposition seldom precedes matrimony; the sympathy of humour is often mistaken for that of fecling, and cternal attachment passion ; an is anticipated where nothing but a slight and passing exists. fancy in reality They enter the bonds of if its duration had wedlock as an optional limit." In all civilized nations, the parents have an --- Page 91 --- absolute authority over their children tili a certain age, prescribed by a positive law. In Holland it formerly continued to thc age of twenty for thc female, and twenty-five for the male. In England both have arrived at the legal age of puberty, at twenty-one years. In France the minority is limited at twentyfive for the women, and thirty for the men 5 though by a late law, they have the free administration and disposal of property at twenty-one. Till that time they are considered under the tutelage of their parents, and every engagement previously contracted of this nature is held null and void. This custom appears to have been wisely established as a check on the morals and passions of youth, and to frustrate. and counteract the snares frequently set for its inexperience. It is not uncommon in Spain for a daughter who has, been refused alliance to her choice, and whose connexion is opposed by the parents, to take refuge in the house of the curate, or some other respectable secular, where she places herself out of the reach of her natural guardians; the banns ate then published three successive Sundays, and though the parents of neither party concur, the ceremony is per- --- Page 92 --- formed unless any be proved. degradation to either family To suppress and hinder emigration to South America, persons of bad character being introduced there, it became from even for Spaniards to obtain necessary rope and grants of passports in EuTarifa de gracias, residence; and by the Council of the Indies drawn up in 1801, the of this had the right grant to foreign ofdisposing naturalized persons, previously according to law in case the naturalization Spain ; in that and the act cost 450 dollars, passport or certificate of 400; but this was granted under residence, lations, particularly as to a some stipugion. The Spaniards, similarity of reliblished there, seldom who once get estaeven married before return home though their form new alliances, often emigration; they wife and leaving their former family in Poverty in their native villages. Their little ventures they prosper and increase in a carry out necessary in life is country where every cheap, and they acquire a consisteney and importance they would lose by revisiting their mother talans and country, The Caof emigrants. Biscayans form the greatest body some stipugion. The Spaniards, similarity of reliblished there, seldom who once get estaeven married before return home though their form new alliances, often emigration; they wife and leaving their former family in Poverty in their native villages. Their little ventures they prosper and increase in a carry out necessary in life is country where every cheap, and they acquire a consisteney and importance they would lose by revisiting their mother talans and country, The Caof emigrants. Biscayans form the greatest body --- Page 93 --- Few Creoles visit Europe, against which, both distance and prejudice operate, and they little more than a local education, acquire which some, however, accomplish by the cnerof their own minds, The attachment that gy arise from schooling her colonial youth might seems to have in the mother country, Spain, considered as undeserving her notice ; but the French thought it of material consequence, all colleges abroad, in order to They suppressed education of male and female monopolize the children in Europe, that they might there form connections; ; and civil and military promotions were to be obtained there only. This created alliances and connections, which lasted through life, and contributed to. a union of intcrests. Even the spurious descendants of planters in received this mode of educaSaint Domingo, cation. The traveller through Spain and Portugal, has at all times, been astonished at the superabundant quantity of friars and clergy that.a are met with, and has considered them the greatest tax possible, upon the working poor communities, from whom they derive their prinThis remark holds equally cipal support. good on South America, for the numbers seem to vie with those of the mother country, sO --- Page 94 --- much so, that the higher little else than ranks are filled with and nominal friars, seculars, nuns, lawyers, terion of the size officers ; and itl is the best criand to sum up the consequence of a town, witbin its quantity of convents it bas assists precinets, The at the dying clergyman, who the notary called moments of the sick, and equally remind to draw up his last him of the wishes, be considered rich, church ; and if he prebend, not to leave it a were an act of legacy or shock the good irreligion that would this practice pastor and his flock, SO that if continues in will, exclusively, become successive ages, they of property in the the principal owners country'; and amongst the first now. are, indeed, The Creoles are own country, which particularly attached to their any in the world, they think the best of from its every war, a point of attack having been in great object of French to England ; the envy and intrigue, the subject of the enterprise to their free north, and in short neighbours on for them all. a bone of contention European When they contrast it with Spain, they see nothing but adventnrers, who come poor view to get riches, amongst them with a offices ; and by filling the most as ease and atluence menial are their world, they think the best of from its every war, a point of attack having been in great object of French to England ; the envy and intrigue, the subject of the enterprise to their free north, and in short neighbours on for them all. a bone of contention European When they contrast it with Spain, they see nothing but adventnrers, who come poor view to get riches, amongst them with a offices ; and by filling the most as ease and atluence menial are their --- Page 95 --- chief good, they judge of all by the species that come amongst them. They feel prideand consequence from being born in a new hemisphere, and conceive that to Creolism is attached a degree of dignity and honour. It will not, therefore, appear singular that a nation which has no emigrations, but receives those from her mother country, is drained by no wars, and is blest with a genial climate and prolific people, should have risen, from the time of its discovery, to an inconceivable degree of population, the more difficult accurately to calculate, as it is scattered over immense regions, and its census is attended with the incorrections we have alluded to, in speaking of that of Hispanola. To prove how far the want of intercourse tends to the formation of false notions, and how much the French have studied to cugraft a good opinion of themselves on other nations, to the prejudice of their rivals, I will mention the peculiarities remarked in a young Creole Spaniard, who accompanied me lately to England, as it may be considered a faithful outline of the general bias in their way ofthinking, and will evince what erroneous predispositions exist, and with what subtlety and design the malignant misrepresentations of thie --- Page 96 --- French have been spread. His maitres d' mens, had been all of the Gallic agregenerally led him tribe, and had to think, that the very tomb of existence, England was of want, and her cities scenes plodding enterprise, her public buildings devoid of design, and confined ranges of galleries and halls for the to of manufacture; the purposes dull, pcople, in short, distant, inhospitable, and egotists. With such a the schooling, one may judge of feelings of a native youth, set down in midst of London the ; gazing at its curiosities and buildings, and enjoying ury it affords. He every delight or luxcould scarcely the music and believe that den, representations at Covent Garwere by English performers, dancing SO or that exquisite, could be such drones as they had been produced by him; that the delicious viands represented to of which he partook, and the great display of shops, could be pastry in the at Paris. prepared by any but an eléve When he saw a beautiful, well-formed, dressed, and elegant female wellshe not French P" trip by him, 66 is was the first and spontaneous guestion, for English ladies had delineated to him always been as resembling Dutch housewives, and devoid of taste, grace, and anima- be such drones as they had been produced by him; that the delicious viands represented to of which he partook, and the great display of shops, could be pastry in the at Paris. prepared by any but an eléve When he saw a beautiful, well-formed, dressed, and elegant female wellshe not French P" trip by him, 66 is was the first and spontaneous guestion, for English ladies had delineated to him always been as resembling Dutch housewives, and devoid of taste, grace, and anima- --- Page 97 --- tion. Science could not be cultivated amongst since all works of that nature which the us, boasted, were borrowed Spanish language of Richardfrom the French ; even the novels which SO much delight the Spanisl reason, would he place to the der, with difficulty credit of the nation to whom they belonged, because the editions he had read in his own a 66 translated language, were preceded by He had, indeed, heard of from the French." as St. Paul's, and of some such a building astonishothers that equally filled him with ment, but had never met with any printed deto enable him to form a correct idea scription or of the talents and of their magnificence, exhibitions of English painters and statuaries. of the English in the arts, The acquirements had been limited to their manufactures ; to ofbuttons, the grinding of rathe moulding he at zors, and : such like handicraft; what first, only allowed them to possess was, a good breed of horses, and well-trained sailors. A small intercourse with the nation, however, obliterated the he had received soon prejudices from French influence and tutoring and, as his ideas enlarged, he discovered that his early notions had been founded on misrepresentations, and rival envy ; and in his letters home, --- Page 98 --- he lamented the delusion of SO many of his countrymen, to whom a simplicity of had been manners represented as boorish coldness and apatby; 2 the disuse of insincere and lated expressions of forced gesticuof polish and friendship, a want civility, and in short, that the portrait generally held out to them, was lya blending of dark shades. mereA French author, speaking of the dress and appearance of Spanish youths, says, ce have gained the acme of they they have perfection as soon as acquired our style of dress, and accomplishments, and manners, can act and themselves a la Francoise." : carry The Creoles have certainly an sciences and aptitude for the general learning, but not for the deep researches of the plodding Dutch mentator. Their minds are active, their comginations lively and imapenetrating, they receive an impression, easily though they do not SO long retain it as the European, owing to the flexibility of their corporeal structure, which produces a correspondent volatility of mind. The greatest part of their artists and handicraftsmen, are Creoles of colour, descendants of Indians, sometimes mixed with white and black blood. Ovicdo himself, was born in South America, and is the best and most cor- the deep researches of the plodding Dutch mentator. Their minds are active, their comginations lively and imapenetrating, they receive an impression, easily though they do not SO long retain it as the European, owing to the flexibility of their corporeal structure, which produces a correspondent volatility of mind. The greatest part of their artists and handicraftsmen, are Creoles of colour, descendants of Indians, sometimes mixed with white and black blood. Ovicdo himself, was born in South America, and is the best and most cor- --- Page 99 --- that has ever written on that rect author other men of equal merit country ; but many From their most trustmight be named. after records we find, that thirty years worthy were Indians in the colthe conquest, there of of Mexico, who were preceptors leges of painting, and Greek and Latin, professors the missionand address, to their ingenuity of their lanaries owed a good comprehension chaderived from symbols, guage and history, racters, and figures. civil law, we find maInjurisprudence and easily illustrious characters ; hence, we may ny their minds received right bias, infer, that if formed, and their education were properly and would subside, their national prejudices with scornful disthey-would 'no longer look of other nations. regard on the acquirements however, to pierce with a steady They begin, and prejudice, with the mist of fanaticism eye have been clouded and obscured; which they modified state of social they assume a more that there existence ; they gradually discover, their in other nations worthy is something they shake off that adoption and imitation ; and which serves but to debilitate lethargy the human frame, and it may be emasculate their expected there will be a happy changein VOL.1I. G --- Page 100 --- now on its and that the generation systems, be succeeded by one possessing decline, will harmonized features of moral amelioration, of illuminated by the useful principles and other nations. think with their faTheir youth no longer science; tbat is a useless thers, that geography world and of man, in the history of the the casts no of past, tracing the occurrences the future, and that a good acquaintlight on ought to be the summit of ance with Feyjoo, begin to study living their ambition. They interthem for general languages to prepare becomes an enviable accourse; ; even English and they French loses ground, quirement, and regret, that in the many communications had with the diplomatic relations they have in their of St. James's, and its armies court of their enemics has countries, the language is less sincere, been used, which, likeits nation, suited to the character and pure proand not it. fessions of the one who adopted trade a Even their families who thought of their findin it a theory worthy degradation, their sons to be apstudy, and that the putting dishouses, is no longera prentices in forcign and more novel gracc to them ; a greater antici- ; the planter degree of cnergy prevails James's, and its armies court of their enemics has countries, the language is less sincere, been used, which, likeits nation, suited to the character and pure proand not it. fessions of the one who adopted trade a Even their families who thought of their findin it a theory worthy degradation, their sons to be apstudy, and that the putting dishouses, is no longera prentices in forcign and more novel gracc to them ; a greater antici- ; the planter degree of cnergy prevails --- Page 101 --- his and the trader acpates sales for produce, which to his capital and exertions, tivity contribute to invite a more extensive jointly intercourse with this country. and profitable From the above statement, we may easily who that there were many parents perceive, discernment to judge of the had sufficient of education, defects of their own local system children and who felt anxious to have their abroad. As early as 1804, many brought up United States were sent to the neighbouring flocked to the for schooling, and particularly of the college of the French emigrant clergy established in Maryland; Order of St. Sulpice, creditable there they made a progress, highly science of the regulations and to the good umbrage, howThis gave great preceptors. who were to many of their own clergy, ever, ancient system of things ; combigoted to the made to the plaints and remonstrances were danin Europe; it was represented goverment in a country, where gerous to educate youths of freedom and free-thinking the principles decree, it became criprevailed ; by a public of their own counminal to school them out of all such, were declared incapable try, civil and military, and the holding offices, sent from corvette Desempeno was actually G 2 --- Page 102 --- the Havannah, to demand them from ters, in the name of the their masIt is therefore government. easily deducible, that the progressive state of melioration and advancement, is on a general scale, in these distant more elevated but both regions than even in Spain, would yet admit of great ance. In the furtherinstance, agriculture of the latter, for we remark the same uncouth mis-shapen and plough as that described his Georgics, by Virgil, in without any, though SO many have been made improvement, tions ; let us visit their by other nathe theses there academies, and examine them proposed, and we shall find guided by the musty and obsolete sophy of the old schools; their philojargon of logic is but the syllogistic disputation, to pernatural causes, and this prove suthe they call ethics ; improvements of the last age have not yet dispersed the clouds of mental pothetical categories hold the error; hyand practical place of moral knowledge; the efforts of investigation are unknown: principles are on false admitted induction, or inverted and entirely unconnected with phenoniena, analysis. The whole of this experiment or fined to the cloisters of system is cona the results are in no wise convent; applicable to the purposes of putation, to pernatural causes, and this prove suthe they call ethics ; improvements of the last age have not yet dispersed the clouds of mental pothetical categories hold the error; hyand practical place of moral knowledge; the efforts of investigation are unknown: principles are on false admitted induction, or inverted and entirely unconnected with phenoniena, analysis. The whole of this experiment or fined to the cloisters of system is cona the results are in no wise convent; applicable to the purposes of --- Page 103 --- the of public or social life, or to discharge duty. also exists That a want of proper regulation America, in the inthroughout all Spanish is struction and forming of the minds of youth, fact, which cannot have escaped a melancholy observer ; and the notice ofthe most superficial of the this, added to the natural indulgence and the languor of the climate, would parent, deplorable, were it make the effects doubly talent the not for the natural genius and tending to make up for this youth possess, defect; and added to great and essential books, rentheir greater facility of acquiring better dering their education still comparatively than what is generally obtained in Spain. As we have already remarked, the people less vulgar seem to possess more perception, imerrors, a greater tendency to progressive nay, we often meet persons, who, provement; their own contiwithout ever having quitted would deserve a seat in any of our nent, institutions in Europe, having risen to learned of proficiency in many of the a great degree botany, arts and sciences, such as chemistry, astronomy, &cc.- experimental philosophy, from want Labouring underevery disadvantage --- Page 104 --- of preceptors, instruments, and the latest improvements in the different branches they have overcome them ofscience, perseverance, and allby dint of labour, intellectual neither the difficulties research, which ofattainment nor the arduousness tored could quench. Even the untuIndians reason with an gree of accuracy from astonishing deexternal minds, distinguished things; their capable and by strong originality, are retentive of the most extended impressions; ; and ifit be true, that must start in its every mind the goal of progress to intelligence, from absolute ignorance, it is better have no ideas than to wrong ones. Toj point out the stille existing in other words, is to defects, which, of the national prescribe the amendment system of training youth, and fitting them for the world, cannot be to the feclings cf offensive theSpaniard ofe either for, besides its being region ; and 3 wish for the prompted by an impulse, fellow bettering ofintellectual and beings, itais of national as being one step to that consequence, which every grounded reform, feeling and patriotic breast will be their lot, as the best hopes means to secure raise them to derindgeanksnoumadigin, that --- Page 105 --- elevation they once held in Europe. Surely, in one oftheir native Creoles, at least, quoting this I and most sensible writers on subject, cannot be accused of prejudice, or distorted representation. born and educated Dr. Miguel Jozé Sanz, in the province of Venezuela, was employed to draw up a form of municipal laws, and civil regulations for the city of Caracas, and certainly the choice was justified in the wisdom and soundness of the measures he prescribed. Caracas has always been called the Cadiz of the western world; the comparison will therefore afford a scale for the general application of the strictures of this author, and his code, which is found printed, and in force in that province, might serve, with for many other discertain modifications, tricts of Spanish America. Speaking on the public and prevailing education, he says, 66 As soon as the boy is put school, he is taught to sread in books of to stories and wonderful miracles, improbable or in those of a devotion-without principles, reduced only to certain exterior practices, which form him rather into a hypocrite than the man of sound sense. The parent thinks he has fulfilled his duty, if his child can , and his code, which is found printed, and in force in that province, might serve, with for many other discertain modifications, tricts of Spanish America. Speaking on the public and prevailing education, he says, 66 As soon as the boy is put school, he is taught to sread in books of to stories and wonderful miracles, improbable or in those of a devotion-without principles, reduced only to certain exterior practices, which form him rather into a hypocrite than the man of sound sense. The parent thinks he has fulfilled his duty, if his child can --- Page 106 --- repeat his prayers by heart, his catechism, which, or gabble over does not suffice to make though good in itself, teach him the duties him an upright man, of a good moral or those which he owes to Christian, is taught certain societya at large. He eminence, punctilios of vanity and which make him abuse the pretives of bis birth, the preroganot objects of which he does . know, SO that'he often boasts with placed prideins an illhis speaking of his progenitors, that grandfather was a king's an alcalde, his brother officer, his uncle a friar, or his cousin a prebendary ; and thinks their merit reflects on him, with all the equally These defects, which distinctions." wrong owe their origin to principles of education, nourish hereditary engender and enmities in breed in the citizen habits families, and Itis of internal deceit. incompatible with the love and that ought to be grounded confidence, the social tiein on mutuality and is ambitious of every country, when each one being distinguished by hereditary pre-cminence and distinction. teaching them emulation Instead of good for the virtues of the patriot, the father seldom does impress on his children, that Peter more than than James ; such is less noble stain, and that a family has got such a when such a branch of nobility --- Page 107 --- the rest of the family married with a plebeian, * went into mourning. in families kept alive c Thus arc divisions embers of and transmitted to posterity ; the bonds of fanned, and the distrust continually charity rent asunder. Latin before they 66 They are then taught of their own language, know the principles of accentuating or correctly or are capable Numerical combinations writing a letter. excluded; they and rules of arithmetic are InstiAristotle's Philosophy, the are taught Gonet's and Laraga's Theotutes of Justinian, but the useful logy; all aspire to be dottors, desmechanic arts lie neglected. All are and the epaulette, or for the tined for the tonsure, gall-fraught quill of the lawyer. rancorous want of ideas and information cc It is the to their that retains citizens in errors opposed the Were they once convinced that felicity. is the work most agrecable to the divinity cultivation of sound morality, the groundand of the duties work of all good religion, such we owe each other, which as Christians immense sums would not then be squandered mode, by which is publicly testified the dislike A peculiar alliance, as an act beneath the or disapprobation of an unequal dignity of the family. ancorous want of ideas and information cc It is the to their that retains citizens in errors opposed the Were they once convinced that felicity. is the work most agrecable to the divinity cultivation of sound morality, the groundand of the duties work of all good religion, such we owe each other, which as Christians immense sums would not then be squandered mode, by which is publicly testified the dislike A peculiar alliance, as an act beneath the or disapprobation of an unequal dignity of the family. --- Page 108 --- in pomp, parade, and feasts, in useless and burthensome maintaining no moral Or national societies, that are of better good, and that would be appropriated to the founding of schools, the public and instructing of youth in Christian political virtue, and the the arts that stimulate training them in industry, and sperity to a nation. give proand disinterested By this means prudent duced, magistrates would be an enlightened procitizens would be clergy, and virtuous incapable formed; the first rendered of abusing their second, of calling in authority ; the ignorance under religion to hide their own the veil of perstition ; and the latter hypocrisy and sufrom own passions, flattering their stooping to inherited or using their power and enmities, the influence to poor; each then would oppress the ornament ofhis mutually become basis of national country, establish a new honour, and all would operate for the public good.' $9 CO1 have thought myself the in the length of this more justifiable from one extract, as it comes direct acquaintod with the state ofhis country, intimately and nearly own prosperity, who bas interested in its bours to its dedicated his recent laclaims melioration, and who has to the sincere many acknowlenigments of his --- Page 109 --- It lays open to us the root and compatriots. of the national evils we have cause of many in them ; but conourselves had to deplore at the same time, that though vinces us exist, which may wrong systems of education national vice, be called the parents of SO much prejudice; the most enlightened and groveling sensible that they are and disintercsted are those distant climes, and that even in wrong, them ready and capathere are men amongst who have at ble of laying the axe to the root, moral and of their heart the improvement that relations, and who are desirous political should be laid of that dcsired the corner-stone on which they reform, without convulsion, of their future hope to raise the superstructure greatnes and prosperity. have laid it down as a maxim, Philosophers and efficient actions of men that the voluntary if SO, it is equally originate in their opinions ; of that these must be the result prededucible, of thinking of cepts; for the morals.and way they on the schooling a people, are engrafted and preceptor, receive, as well from the parent and character of the laws, as from the spirit under which establishments, and government, they live. state of all these in Spain, To the abject superstructure greatnes and prosperity. have laid it down as a maxim, Philosophers and efficient actions of men that the voluntary if SO, it is equally originate in their opinions ; of that these must be the result prededucible, of thinking of cepts; for the morals.and way they on the schooling a people, are engrafted and preceptor, receive, as well from the parent and character of the laws, as from the spirit under which establishments, and government, they live. state of all these in Spain, To the abject --- Page 110 --- and the confined extension of amongst the mass of the knowledge present people, most of their for if the degrading evils may be mind of man may be called attributed; animate embryo till it becomes an instruction, and formed by inintelligence, expanded by the influence of the responsive beat and the patriotic zeal of of energy till the a cause cannot be felt night understanding be cleared of its midgloom, again directed into its channel and bias, and its proper and countaracted. aberrations checked Spain had no middle class of were divided into citizens ; they high and low, rich poor, and the system of and from any precluding the latter acquirement of of the state of their knowledge or idea own country, seems ciously to have been upheld tenavernment. All by the late gomeans of tion were stifled. La distributing informaministerial gazeta de Madrid, a paper, and in control of French, was almost the the fusing ideas only medium for difon the state of currences that have Europe, or the OClaid her at the feet convulsed her regions, and lation of a tyrant; and its circuwas extremely confined. From of her alliance, France the date last has been preparing this momentous attempt ; her emissaries have --- Page 111 --- where to weaveand fit traces been at work every with the other subjuto yoke Spain in common tbe car of the congated nations of Europe, to that state in and to degrade her to queror, for a national existence. which she now gasps characterThis general ignorance of every transactions of their faithless, istic trait in the did not inconstant, and oppressive neighbours, them the sigh of indignation : they raise in liberties, and destinies saw not that their laws, looked depended on their own energy; ; they with rights of other nations on the trampled of indifference; ; they never thought an eye at hand ; they forgot the their own fate was allusion of their own proverb, apposite cesto hara ciento ;" and 66 Quien hizo un whilst the slumbered in fatal security they crumbled fabric of other states more powerful, calculated in ruins around them. They never the from the calamities ofothers; consequences and dominion of the great treachery, violence, excited not in them that graenemy of mankind ofreaodium, the offspring dualand everlasting which ought to have soning and conviction, when roused by a sense strung them to energy which like an elecof their own wrongs, but their frame, tric shock, first struck upon blaze, indeed a fitful and transitory producing crumbled fabric of other states more powerful, calculated in ruins around them. They never the from the calamities ofothers; consequences and dominion of the great treachery, violence, excited not in them that graenemy of mankind ofreaodium, the offspring dualand everlasting which ought to have soning and conviction, when roused by a sense strung them to energy which like an elecof their own wrongs, but their frame, tric shock, first struck upon blaze, indeed a fitful and transitory producing --- Page 112 --- but not the materials of flame. a strong and steady It may also be said, that operation were more fitted for our own plans of former ages than for those the Spaniards of of the though their national present; for most character be perhaps the congenial to our own, and though constant, secret, they be patient of ble, and fieryin their fatigue, implacanational animosities, yet if their virtues, of which are not brought into they have well directed, a proper focus, and many, then it is difiçult and to rely on the indeed unsafe nation energy or united at large ; and efforts of the convinced us they our experience has well plan and combine, rather wanted heads to execute, To their than hands and hearts to the helm of own patriots, who stood at affairs, of whom a fortitude truly Roman, many possessed qualified to and who were better judge of the state of their country, this consideration own apparent from might have been might have pre-existing causes, and they measures in counteracted it by more energetic collecting, forming, ing, but at the same time uniting, rouspeople; to a conviction of instructing their they ought to have added their own injuries tions; they those of other naought to have overlooked prece- --- Page 113 --- and distinctions ; merit and patriotdencies have been the steps to pre-emiism ought to and in the state. The nence in the army their own ebulmistook heads of government for those of the people litions of patriotic zeal, with and they who co-operated èn masse, led into the same them were unfortunately coldness or Not that there existed a error. the of the people geneindifference on part and rally; the want of mutual explanation indeed to us difference of manners, appeared of the of but the feelings a want unanimity; firm, and in the preSpaniard are generous, in the choice of persent cause sincere, yet them, it may be resons to send amongst of 'we did not look for men capable gretted their eccentricitics, of conformconciliating habits ; in short, for men ing to their peculiar of the country, possessing a better knowledge character of and of the genius, customs, and and of course more capable of çallthe people, and resources. These ing forth their energies in to be acquired indeed are not qualifications local schools. Few Englishmen our own but for the purposes of travel amongst them, in the trade; they then collect in parties innot into the maritime towns, penetrate men capable gretted their eccentricitics, of conformconciliating habits ; in short, for men ing to their peculiar of the country, possessing a better knowledge character of and of the genius, customs, and and of course more capable of çallthe people, and resources. These ing forth their energies in to be acquired indeed are not qualifications local schools. Few Englishmen our own but for the purposes of travel amongst them, in the trade; they then collect in parties innot into the maritime towns, penetrate --- Page 114 --- terior, study not the moral habits and ofthe nation, and too often deride genius tices which clash with those pracwhich their own, and of they cannot fathom the sources. may be a day when men of There may be more foreign science dedicated appreciated, and those who have their labours and fortunes in searches abroad for our own information rehome, may meet some notice and at the government that reward from tive efforts benefits by their collec- ; but at present, us in this France surpasses policy, and best knows how to ply itin furtherance ofher apThe efforts of extended views. dence will Spain to assert her ever form a memorable indepenthe annals of her epoch in of history; and the exertions England in her cause, will ever be bered with rememble bond gratitude, and form an indissoluofalliance between them. It however be would deviating from our sue this subject, which plan to puroccurrences of the appears confined to the and as it is peninsula in Europe; pleasing to support marks by those of others one's reIshall equally a quote informed, ber of paragraph from the first a periodical work called El numpublished in London under date Espanol, of the 30th --- Page 115 --- and the well-known sentiof April, 1810, warrant my appliments of the author, may cation. la situacion de Espana sea c6 No porque han de cerrar los mui triste al presente se renacera mas ojos à la esperanza. La Espana de dexa el fuego gloriosa si no se apagar direccion y espapatriotismo, que aunque sin necesita todas sus venas. Luces cido, penctra con sus naturales, la Espana : que valor nace sin indeseo de venganza lo suministracin y termision los Franceses. debe libre, C6 Pero hay otra Espana que de la llamar la atencion de todos los enemigos Los Espanoles de America tirania Francesa. hijos de una amarnecesitan nuestros consejos, lo experiencia. Es justo que les pintemos ga conozcan a los que sufrimos, es justo que haberse cemalvados astutos, qu despues de de Esbado con la sangre de sus hermanos Nuevo enganar a los del pana, estan queriendo exclusivamente sus riMundo para disfrutar a cubierto Los mares no los ponen quezas. Francesa, y aun quando no puede la' intriga dan intentar alli una conquista, intentaran que el fuego de la discordia en las vastas prenda regiones adonde no alcanzan suS armas. 66 We must not close our eyes to hope, bevo#. II. H despues de de Esbado con la sangre de sus hermanos Nuevo enganar a los del pana, estan queriendo exclusivamente sus riMundo para disfrutar a cubierto Los mares no los ponen quezas. Francesa, y aun quando no puede la' intriga dan intentar alli una conquista, intentaran que el fuego de la discordia en las vastas prenda regiones adonde no alcanzan suS armas. 66 We must not close our eyes to hope, bevo#. II. H --- Page 116 --- cause the condition of Spain will Spain is calamitous. one day revive, unless the fire patriotism which, althouigh of directed, scattered and undie penetrates every vein, be suffered to away. She requires only to be ed, for valour is the enlightenand the French birthright of her natives : themselves will remitting desire of supply an unee There is howéver revenge. which anotherand a free ought to engage the attention Spain foe to. French of every America tyranny. The Spaniards of of réquire our counsels, the a better experience. Itis offspring to them what just to describe we have suffered; now suffer: it ; what we is.just to depict to them the portrait of those who, satiated true of their brethren in with the blood duce and deceive Spain, are aiming to seorder those of the new to obtain exclusive world, in riches. The seas afford possession of their rier to the their country no barintrigues of the French; for they cannot extend their though they will endeavour conquests thither, discord to spread the flames of through regions their arms. 22 beyond the reach of --- Page 117 --- CHAPTER XIX. SLIMATE OF SPANISH ANERICA-ANTVAE AND VEGETABLE KINGDOM. - To convey an adequate idea of that immense and almost untravelled tract of country, which forms the north and south divisions of Spanish America, would be as impossible as to take a statistical view since in manners and ofit; productions, each vince varies, as do most of the aboriginal protribes ; and each would work. Of its require a separate general situation, local advantages, &c. the remarks appearance, of able writer on Peru, regarding its formation an from chaotic matter, is perhaps the best tion that can be given. descripC6 Nature now appears terious silence. wrapped up in mysHer powerful hand is about to give the last perfection to the globe, and to support its equilibrium by forming two distinct worlds, in one continent. It would appear that after she had exercised herself on the burning sands of and Africa, on the leafy fragrant groves of Asia, and on the tem H 2 --- Page 118 --- pérate and colder climes of aimed at assembling Europe, she productions she had together in Peru, all the denied to the other three quarters, and to repose there, surrounded by each of them." majestically These regions are equally teresting and majestic. productive, inSur la Figure de la Bouguer in his work, Cordilleras 6e Terre, alluding to the says, In ascending the terrific mountains which rude and * Sea, it cannot Jook to the South mind, that possibly occur to the human on their shoulders, others of magnitude should rise, and that all of equal should serve, in their them ter, common bosom to sheltemperate, and fertilize that try, where nature in her most happy counor rather in her bountiful mood, prodigality, has painted image of the terrestial the That the climate of paradise." general healtby Spanish America is in cannot be denied, most ofthe distempers or that are owing to fortuitous incidental to Europeans in adapting their causes, and a neglect system of living to the phere and country in which atmosreceive the chill of they reside. To rains on a body heated fatigue, and an by the stomach oppressive sun, as well as to load with crude fruits and state of fermentation, liquors, in a cannot but Produce the of the terrestial the That the climate of paradise." general healtby Spanish America is in cannot be denied, most ofthe distempers or that are owing to fortuitous incidental to Europeans in adapting their causes, and a neglect system of living to the phere and country in which atmosreceive the chill of they reside. To rains on a body heated fatigue, and an by the stomach oppressive sun, as well as to load with crude fruits and state of fermentation, liquors, in a cannot but Produce the --- Page 119 --- most fatal consequences ; but in these imprudence, and not the cases is the insalubrity of the air cause ofdisease. Elevated and situations are, however, the most airy country, where healthy, as in a vegetation is SO greatand the miasmata of quick, stagnated waters must be Proponionebiyinimieble to population. The vomito prieto, or black vomit, is an endemic disease, unknown before the arrival of Europeans. The system, indeed, becomes debilitated from the effects of a torrid one is not, zone, to which perhaps, accustomed, and the foods being less nutritive, and the tone of the mach being soon lost, a degree of hardness stooccasioned in the biliary ducts, which is inflammable and bilious causes natural fevers; ; but these are ailments of the human owing to frame, and not any thing pestilential in the of the country. But that these locality frequently in some occur more places, than in others, is equally a fact, deducible from It is observable in Vera physical causes. and arises from the Cruz, from example, of that situation and moist vicinity city; hence it ceases when we the interior. In Mexico, get into natives are found very advanced age, and ofa stances of several. history records intain, who assisted Calnuchua, a Tlascalan capthe Spaniards in the con- --- Page 120 --- guest of Mexico, died at the age of 130 Pedro Nieto, a Spanish years ; Jesuit, at 132, and Diego Ordonez, a Franciscan, at 117, and he preached till the last month of his he took leave of his flock in life, when Paul, the words of St. bonum certamen certavi, cursum sumaci, &c. COnLIndeed, a long be made of those who have catalogue might dred exceeded one hunyears ; noris there observable in the teeth, muscles of the body, hair, &c. any symptoms ofdecay, as in the aged of Europe. A learned writer, Clavigero, describing the climate, this country, as it is extremely says, divided into extensive, and SO many provinces, different in their situation, is necessarily riety of subjected to a vatemperature and climate. Some ofits lands, such as the maritime, are hot, and in general, moist, and unhealthy; others all inland places, are like temperate, dry, and salubrious. In some the south wind, in others east, and in others the north wind the according to their situation, and the prevails, of their mountains. The formation of the inbabited greatest cold of any placcs, is not equal to that of France, or Castile ; nor can the be comparable with that of greatest heat Africa, or the dog days even ofEngland. The differencel winter and summer is SO little in between anv part, all inland places, are like temperate, dry, and salubrious. In some the south wind, in others east, and in others the north wind the according to their situation, and the prevails, of their mountains. The formation of the inbabited greatest cold of any placcs, is not equal to that of France, or Castile ; nor can the be comparable with that of greatest heat Africa, or the dog days even ofEngland. The differencel winter and summer is SO little in between anv part, --- Page 121 --- - 103 delicate wear the same that, the most persons cloaths in August as in January. and noThis is a representation SO palpable with the torious, that it would even do away in Mr. Pauw, assertions of the philosophizing where he says, his Recherches Philosophiques, of the earth is infected by putre46 the surface is over-run with lizards, serpents, faction, sizc, deand insects of a monstrous reptiles, of their poison from the riving the activity soil, which copious juices of this uncultivated the and abandoned to itself, being corrupted like the milk in nutritive juice became sharp exercise breasts of animals which do not the Caterpillars, the functions of propagation. and butterflies, beetles, spiders, frogs, crabs, were for the most part of an enormous toads, and multiplied corpulence in their species, Panama is beyond what can be imagined. clouds infested with serpents, Carthagena with Puerto Bello with toads, Surinam of bats, Guadaloupe, with cucarachas or cochroaches, with and the other colonies of the islands, Quito with niguas or ticks, and Lima beetles, The ancient kings of with lice and bugs. other Mexico, and Emperors of Peru, found no of ridding their subjects of those insects, means than the imposition of which fed upon them, --- Page 122 --- an annual tribute of a Cortes found quantity of lice ; and bags full of them in lace of Montezuma." the pawhether that It may be asked weuld be a faithful Italy, which should be drawn picture of roni, or of from the LazzaTurkey, which should many of the common resemble public people who live in the porticoes and have no homes. teneatis amici P Risum It has been observed, that the a climate is, the more more uniform ized to it, and easily are men familiarescape those which follow a pernicious effects vicissitude of Quito, the thermometer seasons. In as it does in Paris in does not rise as high the does it fall SO low summer, but neither climes as it does in the of Europe in winter. temperate more desirable in a climate What can be of air, which is than a temperature extreme, such equally distant from as that ofQuito, and the either part of Mexico ? What greatest and kind to life than that climate more sweet of the in which the country are enjoyed all the delights the carth is year, and and flowers; continually adorned with herbs where the fields are covered comn, and the trees loaded with the herds and flocks with fruit; where and have spare man his no need of his fatigues, provision to maintain air, which is than a temperature extreme, such equally distant from as that ofQuito, and the either part of Mexico ? What greatest and kind to life than that climate more sweet of the in which the country are enjoyed all the delights the carth is year, and and flowers; continually adorned with herbs where the fields are covered comn, and the trees loaded with the herds and flocks with fruit; where and have spare man his no need of his fatigues, provision to maintain --- Page 123 --- them, or his roof to resist the inclemency of the weather ; where neither frost nor snow compel him to keep near a fire, nor do burning heats in summer check his increase, but the bounty of nature is constantly extended towards him, and he enjoys equally in all seasons, thesocial converse ofhis fellow-creatures, the innocent recreations of the country ? or This is the idea entertained by man, ofa perfect climate, and the poets, therefore, when they strove to extol the happiness of certain countries, used to say, that a perpetual spring reigned in them ; as Virgil said of Italy:- 66 Hic ver assiduum atque albinis mensibus zestas 6 Bis gravida pecudes, bis pomis utilis arbos." GEORG. 2. Thus the ancients represented the Elysian fields ; and also in the holy writings, in order to convey some idea of the felicity of the heavenly Jerusalem, it is said, that there is no heat nor cold. Torquemada, who was an European, speakof the diocese of Angelopoli, which particularly yields much wheat, and where he resided many years, says, that in the same season of the year, you may see one crop ripening, another gathering, one yet green, and another sowing, and the land yields from 80 --- Page 124 --- to 100 for one, which its great fertility. evidently demonstrates Chili, Molina, in his says, the land yields 150 for history of gero, speaking ofMexico, one. Clavipeaches are SO plentiful in observes, pears and they are sold by twenties New Spain, that current, and not for the smallest coin money. They have exceeding two-pence of our twelve of fifty species of pears, and Spanish peaches, some of which pound. The apricots, weigh a quinces are proportionably cherries, and in flavour-in plentiful and rich grains, herbs, short, they have all the fruits, transplanted and flowers which have been thither, besides the own indigenous variety of their markets are plants and fruits ; and their all the supplied with the one or the other year round. Acosta, speaking of New are whole woods of Spain, says, there true Arabian Acacia, which yields the not sufficiently gum ; but, from its plenty it is valued. There are sam, incense, copal of besides, balamber, many species, liquid tecamaca, oil of fir, and juices, valuable for their many other medicinal virtues. The fiagrant odours, and accused by hisrivals, conqueror, Cortes, was ing used for the to Charles the V.ofhav7000 beams palace he had built in of cedar, and he excused Mexico, himself, Acacia, which yields the not sufficiently gum ; but, from its plenty it is valued. There are sam, incense, copal of besides, balamber, many species, liquid tecamaca, oil of fir, and juices, valuable for their many other medicinal virtues. The fiagrant odours, and accused by hisrivals, conqueror, Cortes, was ing used for the to Charles the V.ofhav7000 beams palace he had built in of cedar, and he excused Mexico, himself, --- Page 125 --- saying, that it was the common wood of by the country. beWhen we come to draw a comparison tween the fertility of Europe with America, the preference must be decidedly in" favour of the latter, if we judge from analogy and the original fruits each could boast. The trees in the fruits nutriAmerica are extremely lofty, tive, varied and numerous ; whereas Italy, which we consider the garden of Europe, had only primitively acorns, almost every other fruit being exotic, and for this reason, Pliny said, that men first fed on acorns; not but thatin Spain they are choice eating. Busching, in his geography, says, that Italy received its fruits from Greece, Asia, and Africa. The apricot came first from Epirus, the pear from Alexandria, Numidia, and Greece, the lemon and orange from Media, Assyria, and Persia, the fig from Asia, the from Carthage, the chesnut from pomgranate Catania, almonds from Asia, the walnut from. Persia, filberts from Pontus, olives from Cyplums from Armenia, the peach from prus, from Sidonia in Candia, &cc. Persia, quinces But yet the musas, cocoas, ananas, chirimoyas, mameys, chicozapotes, zapotes corosoles, sapotillos, alligator pears, caimitos, guana- --- Page 126 --- vanas, guavas, papaya or Indian large as a melon, araisgan, fig as fruit, ginas, algarobas, escobon, cashew fruit extremely the cayuco, a yellow juicy, and which thirst; and a variety of others, quenches fruits of that and the native tageous contrast country, would make an advanwith the productions of the European or any other uses, colouring, and continent, in medicinal foliage, fine tints, luxuriance of fragrance of odour, or taste. richness of Buffon, in his natural 200 species of history, enumerates long to the old quadrupeds, of which 130 beA more accurate continent, and 70 to the new. has, however, survey of this prolific world is convinced us, that this position perfectly false, and that both the author and his copyist, with preceding rica, may.justly be accused regard to Amearguments and rashness of insufficiency of A learned of censure. writer on this country, has great pains to reduce to taken of Buffon, and has order, the confusion 102, besides reckoned in his 40 which were unknown catalogue naturalist, in addition to all to that been taken thither those which have have thriven from Europe, and which and incrcased with wonderful rapidity. This would therefore strongly sup- , with preceding rica, may.justly be accused regard to Amearguments and rashness of insufficiency of A learned of censure. writer on this country, has great pains to reduce to taken of Buffon, and has order, the confusion 102, besides reckoned in his 40 which were unknown catalogue naturalist, in addition to all to that been taken thither those which have have thriven from Europe, and which and incrcased with wonderful rapidity. This would therefore strongly sup- --- Page 127 --- port the assertion that the new world is means backward, when by no in animal compared with the old, as well as vegetable productions. The tyger, lion, and panther are found, and appear to have lost nothing in point of from the mildness of thé climate, for ferocity as much the terror of the they are African American, as of the woods. The wolves are strong and bold like those of the old is continent; the deer equally fleet, and the stag even from dangerous, being more daring. The Mexican Crocodile is found seven paces long. The rabbit is common in Mexico, though denied fon, yetit is one ofthe four by Buf. characters oftheir year, and its fur was woven into dresses for their chiefs. The hare has also the range as in Europe. The Aleo is of the same size of a horse, and like him, has been used in the chariot. The bears of Mexico, are black and extremely fierce ; and there is a dog called cibola, which is trained to They have several carry burthens. scales instead of hair. quadrupeds which have Amongst the most interesting of the quadrupeds, is the as we ought to Llama, or the pronounce it the Lyama from liquidated 1, and of the Spaniards. call it carnus, or the Peruvian They beast of burthen, ram. It is a sure-footed, and easily fed; --- Page 128 --- its meat is eaten; it species between appears an intermediate hair is the sheep and camel. Its coarse and straight, and work upi into threads. The difficult toi vicuna, more delicate species of the which is a fine soft wool, knownin same animal, has a where it is called Spain, and also France, vigoine, but the more mixes with the animal no the preceding kind, or with paco, or quanaco, which are also species of the same quadruped, than coarse: dog with the wolf, does the The though of the same vicuna is the domesticated family. in herds like our animal, found four sheep. The wool of all the animals, is finest under the natural colour of the belly, and the vicunas is a and the cloth has the soft touch light brown, ant-killer is of a of silk. The singular species, has on its back, but no teeth, scales though nature with a long provided by: tongue, by which it acquires its food. To detail the easily species, would be a diffuse other native labour, only interesting to the naturalist. Birds are extremely varied and amongst them is a species of numerous : differs from that of ostrich, but it tinct Africa, and has four distoes united with a membrane, Mexican falcons were much The kings of esteemed by the Spain ; the vultures are of a size and scales though nature with a long provided by: tongue, by which it acquires its food. To detail the easily species, would be a diffuse other native labour, only interesting to the naturalist. Birds are extremely varied and amongst them is a species of numerous : differs from that of ostrich, but it tinct Africa, and has four distoes united with a membrane, Mexican falcons were much The kings of esteemed by the Spain ; the vultures are of a size and --- Page 129 --- courage to overcome a ram. Their singing birds are unknown in many Europe, though mention has been made by Barrington, vice-president of the Royal Society of of the polyglot, which London, counterfeited in the space of a single minute, the notes of the lark, chaffinch, blackbird, and thrush, Of this family, there is a numerous catalogue. Progressively as this country attains a higher degree of interest, in proportion the Spanish language becomes as and intercourse better more general, enabled established, we shall be to judge of its merits, and shall be made acquainted with authors hitherto ly known to us, who have described scarceamongst them, Garcilaso, it; Peralta, and Calincha, will not be overlooked. Pinelo, have ransacked the archives of Asia Ifwe for researches and and Italy, others in South antiquities, we shall find America equally deserving the notice of the cognoscenti. There a time, when the English may come and nobleman of fortune science, may roam over these regions to explore the fragments of Peruvian and Mexican antiquity, painting, and sculpture der over the sublime works ; ponanalyze her of nature, or than three varied.productions. Though more centuries have elapsed since its dis- --- Page 130 --- covery, it is still a new world in the annals history and literature; for of fined knowledge owing to our conofwhat has been to our ignorance of what collected, plore, and to the yet remains to expolluted sources in which we have had to dip for what information have acquired, even in this advanced we scientific and political age of nothing but unfinished improvement, we have nite features sketches, without defithe basis and true colouring, to serve as of our study and opinions. It has been the policy of deny licences for Spain hitherto to colonies, forcigners to reside in her nor have permissions to travel been granted that have not had for ostensible researches in natural object, French have history. Of these, the fully availed themselves to the most express and accurate obtain the real state of the knowledge of their country; labours which government has singularly and upheld. encouraged cc From the tion," commencement of the revolusays a recent political writer, C6 saries have been scattered emishe might have added over Europe," (and America) 66 in order to study and delineate its geographical The harvest of theirlabonrs, face.- Paris, bas furnished now deposited in the imperial government these, the fully availed themselves to the most express and accurate obtain the real state of the knowledge of their country; labours which government has singularly and upheld. encouraged cc From the tion," commencement of the revolusays a recent political writer, C6 saries have been scattered emishe might have added over Europe," (and America) 66 in order to study and delineate its geographical The harvest of theirlabonrs, face.- Paris, bas furnished now deposited in the imperial government --- Page 131 --- with a knowledge of the territory of the other powers, much more minute and accurate than that which the latter themselves The depôt de la guerre occupies, possess. unremittingly, several hundred clerks in tracing and collecting maps, topographical details, to minister to the military purposes ofthe All the great estates of government. and Spain were marked parcelled out long before the last invasion of that country ; and it is not too much to affirm, that those of England are equally well known, and already partitioned. ?9 Can then presume, that the mines, we riches, and resources of this interesting continent have been omitted in the general calculation P There is a period when interest and fashion, as well as rivalry, impels a nation to the enterprise of conquest ; and a general excitement of curiosity makes them view the tenure of distant possessions through the magnifying lens of ambition. In it once the rage to share in England was and colonize schemes; to possess North America, then China. Afterwards in France, Egypt became a fashionable object; then every thing was a la tienne; ; next St. Egypla Domingo, when all was à Creole, à la Leclerc; now it is à la Peruvienne, à la Humboldt: for, from the VOL. II, I descrip- --- Page 132 --- tions which have fallen from the celebrated writer and bis pen of this strange that companion, it is not Napoleon should have an to possess such a continent; itching ways sighed for, and like colonies he alhis votaries Alexander, to whom have most compared not singular that he him, it is he cannot thither should now weep that extend his have another continent conquests, and the to subjugate. It is property of ambition to grasp at what is apparently beyond human reach; and the ticular passion of the present hero of paris to usurp what is not his France, thinks that he has own ; but here he of a right, that the abdication Charles IV. has given him a claim his enemies alone which title of can dispute; ; and that the King of Spain is not out the complete withaccompaniment of the Indies. --- Page 133 --- CHAPTER XX. ADNINISTRATION OF JUSTICE--COUNCIE OF THE INDIES, &c. BESIDES the, superior means of distributive justice, and the representation of the crown, which we have already remarked, is lodged with the respectivé viceroys, ral, and governors, there are assistant captains-genecouncils'for the civil government, and police, formed by alcaldes and regidores, (municipal officers) who unite into a cabildo; but these offices are too much within the gift of favour, and descend by hereditary claim, often bought and sold. Elcction, nay, are which alone can form the legal representation of the wishes and rights of a people, seems to constitute part of their system. no There are, moreover, thirteen audiencias, superior courts of appeal, which, besides or dicial authority, have the attribute of defenders juof the public good, and royal supporters of the prerogative. Their seats are at Mexico, Guadalaxara, Guatemala, Cuba, (baving in I 2 the gift of favour, and descend by hereditary claim, often bought and sold. Elcction, nay, are which alone can form the legal representation of the wishes and rights of a people, seems to constitute part of their system. no There are, moreover, thirteen audiencias, superior courts of appeal, which, besides or dicial authority, have the attribute of defenders juof the public good, and royal supporters of the prerogative. Their seats are at Mexico, Guadalaxara, Guatemala, Cuba, (baving in I 2 --- Page 134 --- its district and jurisdiction Puerto Hispafola) Lima, Rico, and Charcas, Chili, Santa Quito, Buenos Ayres, Caracas, Fe, Philippine islands. Cusco, and the The governor of the province where tribunals are held, is considered these president, but by right asonly takes his seat on occasions. The members have particular from the a fixed salary crown, extremely limited, and inadequate to the dignity them the ofjudges, which makes more accessible to presents, notwithstanding the theoretical venality. The number punishments against of members is exclusively filled up out of Europeans, from tem of policy in the a sysand the government at home; greatest eye-sore that now the Creoles, at least that which offends most cabal, is their breeds the tribunals. non-admission into these Indeed it is not just that born in the those country, who the others both in frequently surpass morality, science, and jurisprudence, and who naturally local patriotism, should have possess more of their lives to plod the whole at the bar without scat on the bench; and rising to a as it is the law racters who are thus excluded, charous and as being numepowerful, from their more abilities than the other classes possessing of citi- --- Page 135 --- zens, their contention is the more dangerous, and this mistaken policy is attended with more pernicious effect; nay, it even descends to pique and animosity, and is at present the principal leaven of discontent. venal During the administration of Godoy also, half-starved adventurers many were sent out, who have rendered themselves obnoxious by their rapacity and intrigue, and have entered into precedency by dint of favour, without the consideration of merit. Till a radical reform is effected on this head, it will be ever the source of dispute, and the parent of continual dissension ; for it is impossible for the equally meritorious Creole to put up with the ties with which he is sometimes indignithe marked, or with preference by which he is excluded from the representation of his own and share in the enactment of laws country, a has to yield obedience. to which he Whilst in session and collected, the bers of the audiencia are addressed memtitle of Alteza by the (highness) as representing the person of the king in a body; they can monstrate with the regovernor or viceroy on any act which they consider as unjust, but having no command or force to uphold them, they cannot compel redress, and only have it marked, or with preference by which he is excluded from the representation of his own and share in the enactment of laws country, a has to yield obedience. to which he Whilst in session and collected, the bers of the audiencia are addressed memtitle of Alteza by the (highness) as representing the person of the king in a body; they can monstrate with the regovernor or viceroy on any act which they consider as unjust, but having no command or force to uphold them, they cannot compel redress, and only have it --- Page 136 --- in their power to report the there sue for an case home, and appeal. Of all the branches that form form of the general has government in Spain, debased as it been, at least of late years, perhaps the administration of her colonies abroad the least has been corrupt; nor has it been over the worst of her exercised We have before subjects. aided laid down, that by the precepts of religion, contributed to morality, have much extend and maintain the royal authority, particularly and it is a amongst the Indians; motion with spring which policy has put in the happiest effect. An being also established equipoise the chiefs between the audiencias, or governors, who present their immediately resovereign, and the body (or who municipal tives, cabildos) are formed of the nagives a degree of security to the dition of the individual in conas a guardian society, and serves against abusive power. Their constitutions, like those however, are very unby which England colonies, governs her particalarly Jamaica; the the individnal rights of dress is arc not well defined, and TCdiflicult from such a distant the thronc. Their appeal to ed on detached government appears foundregulations and deerees, emit- --- Page 137 --- somctimes repealed ted at different periods, in their execution; whence arises a oT Jimited confusion that little accords with what the regular legislator is accustomed to. Nothing, not even the cabildo, is elective, nor are the people a party to the laws; of this indeed, excepting the better classes in the large cities, incapable, from their want of inthey appear formation, and as is the case in Spain, this system seems opposed to their frame and mode of legislation. With all these defects, however, if good and upright men had always been the executors of the laws, much happier results would have ensued ; some of the local resources would now be in a state of progressive improvement, and the country would be better organized ; for it has been aptly observed by the greatest colonist we ever had, that good Jaws do well; but good administrators do better. Had these settlements, however, been governed by the same institutions as the mother country, and had the same general debasement existed, they would long ago have presented a more lamentable. picture of anarchy and faction than Spain now docs, and have beèn equally exposed to foreign danger. much happier results would have ensued ; some of the local resources would now be in a state of progressive improvement, and the country would be better organized ; for it has been aptly observed by the greatest colonist we ever had, that good Jaws do well; but good administrators do better. Had these settlements, however, been governed by the same institutions as the mother country, and had the same general debasement existed, they would long ago have presented a more lamentable. picture of anarchy and faction than Spain now docs, and have beèn equally exposed to foreign danger. --- Page 138 --- Their code of laws, called las Indias, is by far the best leyes de las prudence, and if their part of theirjurisbeen application could have adapted to, and aided by, a local tative legislation, their represenhave been advantages would not speculative but the would have been real; country bond to the bettered, and even their mother country In the council of the strengthened. most considerable Indies, one of the in the and monarchy for power, is vested the dignity ment of all the Spanish supreme governrica. lt was first dominions in Amein the established by Ferdinand, year 1511, and brought into perfect form by Charles the a more 1524. Fifth, in the year Its jurisdiction extends to ecclesiastical, civil, every department; All laws military, and commercial. and ordinances relative to the government and police of the nate there, and must be colonies origithirds of the approved of by twomembers, before in the name of the they are issued king. All the offices, of which the is reserved to the nomination council. crown, are conferred in this To it, each from the person employed in America viceroy downwards, is accountable. --- Page 139 --- their conduct, rewards their It reviews due to and inflicts the punishments services, and bad administrations. their malversations intelligence, either Beforeitis laid whatever from private, or secret, is received public, scheme of improving the America, and every the police, or the commerce administration, is submitted to its consideraof the colonies institution of the Council tion. From the first it has been the constant object of the Indies, its auof the catholic monarchs to maintain and to make such additions from time thority, both to its power and to its splendour, to time to all their subrender it formidable as might jects in the new world. order and virtue Whatever degree of public may be ascribed to the exists in that country, of and vigilant inspection wise regulations tribunal. As the king this most respectable in his counis supposed to be always present in the cil of the Indies, its meetings are held place where the king resides. administration of the whole The supreme transatlantic affairs, therefore, was lodged, from the early date of 1511, with the council of the Indies, that formed part of the court home, and by them all laws were enacted at Few countries have presented and repealed. Whatever degree of public may be ascribed to the exists in that country, of and vigilant inspection wise regulations tribunal. As the king this most respectable in his counis supposed to be always present in the cil of the Indies, its meetings are held place where the king resides. administration of the whole The supreme transatlantic affairs, therefore, was lodged, from the early date of 1511, with the council of the Indies, that formed part of the court home, and by them all laws were enacted at Few countries have presented and repealed. --- Page 140 --- us with a better organization adopted in this than the one ed of the board; for besides being formmost enlightened and characters, a seat in it has independent sidered as the most always been conhonourable stow on merit, and reward toi befor such was principally reserved guished experienced persons as had distinthemselves in civil America; ; SO that its members employments in ried with them a generally carfor which knowledge of that country they were to enact them executed; laws, and see ; but its distance from the minions for which it was doadapted, stroyed the good effects that nearly desulted, for an appeal could might have reacross the seas, scarcely be carried particularly if the a poor man. sufferer was The council of the Indies has theless uniformly been nevertegrity, remarked for its great inwisdom, and experience; have before noticed, its and, as we to all appeals in competency extended lation; its decisions transatlantic cases and Jegisvoices, were by a plurality of excepting the revocation and oflaws, which were not enaction the vote was carried constitutional, unless intended the by two-thirds. It superpolice of the courts of respective colonial judicature, the military, finances. --- Page 141 --- &c. and had the proposing of the commerce, dignitarics, principal civil and ccclesiastical but the definitive nomination and confirmation rested with the king. The late minister of Charles the IV. has, sometimes intruded his favourites to indeed, of rank abroad, some of distinguished places whom even still continue there, and has conthat exposed the depravity ferred privileges obtained. Such was with which they were that of the Count de Jaruco, in the Havannab, for the introduction of flour ; and such were several others, equally attended by monopoly, to the interests of the nation. and opposed the most sacred rights he But these were not of trampled upon ; neither was the species intrigue with which they were purchased, at nor did it fail unknown to the people large, to create a general sentiment of disgust. This is not, however, a sweeping charge against that body of men, who are invested with the superintendance of a certain administrative-branch, having at the same time to struggle against a king and minister, from whom they derive their own representative They could not always withstand authority. what they were too judicious not to disapand too patriotic not to deplore as iniprove, of trampled upon ; neither was the species intrigue with which they were purchased, at nor did it fail unknown to the people large, to create a general sentiment of disgust. This is not, however, a sweeping charge against that body of men, who are invested with the superintendance of a certain administrative-branch, having at the same time to struggle against a king and minister, from whom they derive their own representative They could not always withstand authority. what they were too judicious not to disapand too patriotic not to deplore as iniprove, --- Page 142 --- mical to the interests of the large. community at The theory of laws has ever been all countries, than their purer in more administration, but particularly SO in Spain. The that energy and direction, loss of that have signalized this nevertheless always rienced useful and body of men, will, it is to be expeed, be to the colonies fearments of and distant settlethe Spain, as distressing as the loss nurse is to the infant in of unless it be replaced leading strings, lent. by some powerful equivaThe constitution of the Indies, if such may be called, appears to have it much as possible, to detach endeavoured as the respective the governors of provinces from the governed, by country they that depriving them of those ties might be opposed to the disinterested impartial and administration biassed exercise of ofjustice, and untheir and were placed under functions; they many restrictions. By express enaction, hold they are forbidden to any property beyond four slaves, dered sufficient to attend consineither on their persons; ; they nor their children within their own can marry to them, jurisdiction ; it is prescribed not to go to weddings and burials, --- Page 143 --- become to any infants, parnor to godfathers of the Indians. They are nominated ticularly of which for seven years, at the expiration account they return home, to render an time, before the Council of of their administration, the Indies, who have a kind of representative, who avows his authority locally prepared, has expired, by when the time of the governor when all a kind of court of inquiry, opening the natives who have sufpersons, particularly causes of comfered any vexations, or haveany invited to proclamation, plaint, are, by public cases, for forward statements oftheir respective redress, and aiding the purposes of obtaining the past conduct of the superseded to scrutinize or infraction chief. Ifa any acts of injustice often fned them, they are are proved against they are ordered sums of money ; frequently contributions; to refund unjust exactions and instance of this and there has been a striking So rigid is of Puerto Rico. in a late governor this head, that an exthe letter of the law on unless cannot rise to a new dignity, governor to the constituting he can produce a certificate of his last authority, that the administration and that office has been perfectly satisfactory, We be against him. nothing can alleged efhowever, affirm, that the happy cannot, are proved against they are ordered sums of money ; frequently contributions; to refund unjust exactions and instance of this and there has been a striking So rigid is of Puerto Rico. in a late governor this head, that an exthe letter of the law on unless cannot rise to a new dignity, governor to the constituting he can produce a certificate of his last authority, that the administration and that office has been perfectly satisfactory, We be against him. nothing can alleged efhowever, affirm, that the happy cannot, --- Page 144 --- regimen, have always fects of this prudent the views proposed by the legislator : answered of riches often cloaked the the acquirement on the other hand, irregularities of office; nor, assisted to it be denied, that it has much can and abuse of discretionary check the ill effects restrain it within 2e the bounds of power, and right and justice: who is at the head of Besides the governor, settlethe civil and military, in all the Spanish intendant, who is indepenments there is an and is particulardent of the other authorities, financial concharged with the fiscal and ly which are immediately cerns of his province, includes the under his control. This charge analogous to our own commisdepartment all the purchases sariat, as it comprehends and the made on account of government, duration of funds paid for its support. The In all litithe office is limited to five years. the affairs, regarding the administrations gious is assisted by a law officer, called intendant and the sentence, on the assessor of finance ; All cases of conhis decision, is pronounced. are within traband, captures, or confiscations, from his sentence his jurisdiction : an appeal bc made before the superior can, however, of which he is president, assembly of finances, --- Page 145 --- assisted by the regent of the court of audicnce, the fiscal, the auditor of accounts, and the treasurer. Agriculture, commerce, and navigation, are under the control and protection of the intendant ; he is the judge appellant in all cases brought before him from the board of trade : has a guard at his door, and receives military honours. The pickings of this office are very considerable. The signatures of the treasurer and auditor of accounts, are necessary for the payment of securities for the all public sums ; they give exercise of their functions, and are supposed each tohave a separate key to the general chest. The law prescribes them many restrictions, which all have a tendency to deprive them of preference, and of any connivance that may SO tend to the abuse or dissipation of the funds committed to their charge. In addition to these, there is a great number of different auditors of accounts, which renders the financial administration in a Spanish country, complex beyond imagination, and multiplies the the conoffices to a degree greatly exceeding fined receipt of public revenue. The king of Spain raises locally in America, considerable reyenue out of the duties a very the general chest. The law prescribes them many restrictions, which all have a tendency to deprive them of preference, and of any connivance that may SO tend to the abuse or dissipation of the funds committed to their charge. In addition to these, there is a great number of different auditors of accounts, which renders the financial administration in a Spanish country, complex beyond imagination, and multiplies the the conoffices to a degree greatly exceeding fined receipt of public revenue. The king of Spain raises locally in America, considerable reyenue out of the duties a very --- Page 146 --- rents, because of Alcavala, called provincial tax, or duty, farmed out. This is a they are cent. on the sale fixed at the rate of two per all home produce and manufacturers, of and and six per on slaves, houses property; goods ; it is cent. on the sales of all foreign and is each time the property is changed, paid cost, but at the selling not rated at the prime is called the Indian price of the article. This to seven: and in New Spain is equal full revenue, but, were it carried into millions annually ; it would amount effect, and rigidly enforced, to considerably more. and her possessions This duty, both in Spain impediabroad, is one of the greatest possible pursuits, and commercial ments to agricultural increase of value to the and gives a great local before they come to articles of first necessity, added charges the consumer, on whom the the grievfall. To this are added, eventually visits, and the disagreeance of domiciliary farmers of the duty, able altercations with the and exaction, who often proceed to seizure vexatious way. and and behave in a dishonest the first, and The article in its raw state, pays a second time. when manufactured, however, inThe Indian revenue is not, arising and benefits, cluded in the king's profits --- Page 147 --- mincs, &cc. and sent over from eustom-houses, locally on the reto Europe, but is expended works, and in pairs of forts, and other public and of the army kept in Peru, Mexico, support and islands, as well to the other provinces as to repel keep them in awe and subjection, officers and foe. All the attacks of a foreign in service soldiers under the Spanish crown, receive double pay. This revenue abroad, contributes to the also, by express decree, which are maintenance of several men of war, also intended for the protection of the coasts, smuggling, and the guardias costas, to prevent that may be to seize and make prizes of vessels about their shores, with profound hovering board. It also pays a hibited commodities on &cc. variety of revenue officers, tide-waiters, salaries further to the payment of the It goes which are all of viceroys and captains-general, in law. This duty, still existing fixed by and was then Spain, dates from the year 1342, aid him. by the people to the king, to granted the Moors, but has in carrying on war against to the since been retained by the successors extended to the crown, as a royal prerogative, in Indies, and there exacted and appropriated The concession of this grant the above way. but there is no trace was originally limited 1; VOL. II, K of viceroys and captains-general, in law. This duty, still existing fixed by and was then Spain, dates from the year 1342, aid him. by the people to the king, to granted the Moors, but has in carrying on war against to the since been retained by the successors extended to the crown, as a royal prerogative, in Indies, and there exacted and appropriated The concession of this grant the above way. but there is no trace was originally limited 1; VOL. II, K --- Page 148 --- in the Spanish history ofany wish on the part of the or attempt, it ; and the tacit people, to abrogate or annul consent oft the nation to have classed it with those appears imposts which every sovereign is authorized to raise for the defence, tranquillity, and administration of his state. It has now, indeed, received the sanction ofantiquity, legal having been in force for upwards of five centuries, but it was not tended to the provinces of extill long after their Spanish America known conquest, and was uneven in Mexico till 1574, and in till 1591. From Peru twoper cent. it has been CCcasionally raised to five, gencies of the according to the existate, and it still exists at rate in Caracas, in ahich that 450,000 dollars province it yields tailer is annually. The shop of the reassessed every year, and on that sessment he pays the sum exacted, In askingdom of New Spain it has been the six per cent. at which raised to In rate it now stands. Hispanola, since the capture from the French, it has not been enforced. Besides the first duty exacted landed at the on all goods custom-house, and called almozarifusgo, which is equal to fifteen there is a contribution per cent. called of two per cent. corso, and another of three per cent. --- Page 149 --- The first is the king's royal called consulado. of the second goes to the maintenance the duty; for the protection of the ships of war kept of those and the third to the payment coasts ; board of trade. The many employed in the different offices, make forms, regulations, and to the foreign merit extremely embarrassing a vessel; and in chant in entering and clearing with these poscase of any commercial treaty to cover all sessions, it will be of consequence paid duties by a defined and fixed per centage, which the arrival at the custom-house, by on would be difficulties and impediments great It will also be of consequence for avoided. from the droit d'auEnglishmen to be exempt inbaine, by wbich the progerty of one dying the heirs testate goes to the crown, depriving of such of their inheritance. The collection national ought to be in charge of the property agent, or representative. at ten per cent. The tythes are computed cattle, wool, and on all territorial productions which only indigo and coffee, &cc. excepting granted to five per cent.; an indulgence pay from their preparation being these articles, administration of this duty expensive. The but its amount 1S belongs to the episcopal see, K. 2 one dying the heirs testate goes to the crown, depriving of such of their inheritance. The collection national ought to be in charge of the property agent, or representative. at ten per cent. The tythes are computed cattle, wool, and on all territorial productions which only indigo and coffee, &cc. excepting granted to five per cent.; an indulgence pay from their preparation being these articles, administration of this duty expensive. The but its amount 1S belongs to the episcopal see, K. 2 --- Page 150 --- thus subdivided : The king ninth, the bishop receives onefour-ninths, the body of the clergy general one-ninth three-ninths, and the other goes to keep the churches in or is added to the support of repair, poor. hospitals for the The stamp paper is a large with a printed coarse sheet kinds, stamp, of which there are three the smallest costs teenth of a dollar, and per sheet one sixThe the third halfa use of this paper is dollar. gality of all acts, such necessary to the leproceedings, as sales, protests, law &c.; but receipts can be on common paper. The given from the whole revenue of this tax Spanish main, is estimated at a million of dollars. generally receives the fifth of all The king country, besides ores found in the an allowance for which there are four coining, for Mexico, Santa mints, viz. at Potosi, Fe, and Lima; and of the place where the the name stamped in piece is coined is abbreviation on the would be dificult reverse. It correct on many accounts to give a statement of the sums coined in each place; but annually industry and the notwithstanding the little Lima coined want of machinery, in 1790 lars, five millions and a half of dolwhich is supposed to be considerably --- Page 151 --- of any of the other the smallest quantum seven iints. That coined in Mexico surpasses millions annually. of goods of all The annual consumption at sixAmerica is computed kinds in Spanish equal to between ty-two millions of dollars, and this thirteen and fourteen millions sterling, increased ifindustry was would be considerably for and the means of paying supmore general, The exports augmented. plies proportionably of articles of the first utiin produce consisting and the best lity to a manufacturing country, of be seen by the appendix (E) suited, as may millions anVol. I. amount to twenty-cight which, added to the value of coined nually, annually at thirty-six milmoney computed advantage over all lions, gives it a decided articles it concountries in paying for the and makes its trade of the greatest sumes, Diamonds of an excellent quaconsequence. of the Spanish lity are found in many parts with been attended to main, but not having they are not produced that care they deserve, can afin that abundance which the country The Brazils of the Portuguese are howford. in this article; the appendix ever interesting list of the most famous dia- (B) contains a coined nually, annually at thirty-six milmoney computed advantage over all lions, gives it a decided articles it concountries in paying for the and makes its trade of the greatest sumes, Diamonds of an excellent quaconsequence. of the Spanish lity are found in many parts with been attended to main, but not having they are not produced that care they deserve, can afin that abundance which the country The Brazils of the Portuguese are howford. in this article; the appendix ever interesting list of the most famous dia- (B) contains a --- Page 152 --- which those regions have produced to monds the world. The use of bulls, which were originally granted by the popes to their catholic majeshad for object, the ties for their dominions, of deraising certain sums for the purposes the expenses ofthe wars waged against frayirig whom they could not otherwise reinfidels and the disclaim to the faith of Christianity, them of the Holy Land. This possessing however, continued in the establishment has, countries ; and has been extended Spanish America. These bulls, of which regularly to and of different prices, there are a variety, who obaccording to the rank of the person and whose name must be intains them, are sold scribed in the body of the certificate, office. Thus, a poor man pays in a particular the clergy, two rials for one ; the merchants, those of the second class of society two and four dollars, dollars ; a nobleman or bishop fifteen. and a viceroy or captain-general from fasting on These bulls grant exemptions of certain days and in lent, with a variety which it would be useless other indulgences, renewed annually, are to detail. They are the revenue printed in Rome and sent out; --- Page 153 --- to the king, is very considerable, but we goes of statements of its are - not in possession any exact general amount, though supposed to of four millions of dollars. equal a revenue All military and marine officers are exempted by law from the necessity of having the bulls. The most considerable revenue, however, of obtains from his possessions the king Spain from abroad in any one branch, is that arising the exclusive sale of tobacco consumed in the In each province there is an adcountry. of tobacco, who has under ministrator-general him officers who reside in all the towns, called Estanqueros, who have a store over which exhibit the king's arms, and here only they this article can be bought, as well as playing cards, on which also there is a duty. To this article it was necessary for grow licence from the planter to have an express administrator; and the grounds could not the that would be favourable to be distant, as smuggling, to impede which, guards werestationed. The crop was deposited in the king's stores, and paid for at a certain valuation. The sale of this article to the consumers is at prices more than triple its real generally where tovalue ; from which, in a country bacco is SO great a luxury, and almost used by , on which also there is a duty. To this article it was necessary for grow licence from the planter to have an express administrator; and the grounds could not the that would be favourable to be distant, as smuggling, to impede which, guards werestationed. The crop was deposited in the king's stores, and paid for at a certain valuation. The sale of this article to the consumers is at prices more than triple its real generally where tovalue ; from which, in a country bacco is SO great a luxury, and almost used by --- Page 154 --- all ages of each sex, we that may easily conceive officers, notwithstanding the malversation of the who generally make fortunes the many means they have in their from either by report of power ble article, averages on such a loss of weight, &c. a perishais annually great income lodged in the treasury. The province of Caracas only yields lars, but the whole 700,000 dolunited more than six millions provinces afford net. It will therefore be all casily concluded that thescinstitutions have tended counterpoise the too principally to authority and the great preponderance of undue influence at a distance from of force, it the centre from whence springs; that they are indeed the hand of drawn up by teract experience, and adapted to couninstances of oppression that isted formerly, have exlator yet the foresight of the seems to have extended legisThat such has been the no further. views will scope of their gencral appear also nor their hope that evident; was it less relations they would thus cement of the the but the metropolis with her colonies; genius of their laws has not adapted or extended to their becn bas not bettered the improvement; it condition of the nor turned to national account people, the resources of --- Page 155 --- its inhabitants a civil the country, by giving and by displaying that and political existence, maternal care which belongs to a provident government. The common people of South America, exclusive ofthe Indians, who are not incorporated with the population of the cities, besides being are in possession of more more enlightened, ofinformation than those ofSpain : unsources the thraldom of shackled, in some degree, by illiberal in works are to be the bigot power, found in the hands of the opulent, which, in Spain, it would once have been next to treason to have had in one's possession. The works of Raynal and St. Pierre are not uncommon on the main, besides a variety of other philosoand learned works, which seem to have phic been left there, by the many French literati, who have, at different periods, travelled in the country, particularly by those academicians who have gone over to make observations on several points, and to report on the possibility of cutting the Isthmus of Panama, to unite the South Sea, with the Western Ocean. Though the circulation of newspapers is not as be wished, and the reading SO general might of them appears to the plebeian a kind of priwilege only reserved to the higher classes, still osoand learned works, which seem to have phic been left there, by the many French literati, who have, at different periods, travelled in the country, particularly by those academicians who have gone over to make observations on several points, and to report on the possibility of cutting the Isthmus of Panama, to unite the South Sea, with the Western Ocean. Though the circulation of newspapers is not as be wished, and the reading SO general might of them appears to the plebeian a kind of priwilege only reserved to the higher classes, still --- Page 156 --- intelligence takes a kind of gets hold of an Europcan wing; one who quence, writes the whole occurrence, of conseto his friend in the terior, and though they have no inor places of general resort, coffee-houses, apothecary's they assembleat the shop, as they would at an exchange; the written and discussed fragment is produced by the curate, and barber, and then friar, doctor, classes, with circulates to the other a variety of modifications comments. and The transactions ofthe mother tended much to country have giveedge to political and each has moaned discussion, over her formed his wrongs, and is not conjectures on her future fate, It unfrequent in the Indian reverend towns, to see a clergyman collect a circle and give a detail of what has ofhearers, pean Spain. He passed in EuroD begins, by the rors of a corrupt and abject representing horadministration nation, undermined by machinations ofa poisoned its vitals, exhausted that have divided its force, the its resources, and then declaims better to overcome it. He on the views of an a country, he had ally to invade pire ofcabal and already usurped by the emfails intrigue. The French he to reproach, for the loss of Trinidad, never isiana, St. Domingo, and the Loustates of Parma : --- Page 157 --- of that branch of the royal for the dethroning for the family that governed the two Sicilies ; sacrifice of their treasure to support impious instead of redeeming the public credit of wars, for the loss of their fleets; for the the crown ; state of stagnation of trade; for that general to which the nation verged ; and bankruptcy, all, for the depriving them of the sato crown cred persons of their sovereigns ; for reducing their country to a state of desolation, anarchy, and horror ; for leaving it a prey to political and the convulsions of delirium; and for fever, driving its people to the situation of orphans, and then treating the impulse of national barbarous and stupid, and the love honour, as and insurrecof a rightful sovereign, as perjury tion. He pictures to them, their enemies trampling on their constitution,rights, andlaws; promising to them happiness and * regeneration, and holding out to them a new throne, which are to bend, founded on the yet to they and smoking ruins of their cities, properties, national existence, and sanctioning all with the name of a God, whose temples they have profaned, whose religion and morality they have dashed to the ground. In similar words do we often also witness sentiments from the pulpit, which tend to keep alive a national odium, and thirst for revenge. to them, their enemies trampling on their constitution,rights, andlaws; promising to them happiness and * regeneration, and holding out to them a new throne, which are to bend, founded on the yet to they and smoking ruins of their cities, properties, national existence, and sanctioning all with the name of a God, whose temples they have profaned, whose religion and morality they have dashed to the ground. In similar words do we often also witness sentiments from the pulpit, which tend to keep alive a national odium, and thirst for revenge. --- Page 158 --- CHAPTER XXI. NEGRO SLAVES. A CONSIDERABLE impediment to the progress of culture in Spanish possessions, is the great number of feast days that interfere with the labours of the field, and the lax regimen by which working slaves are governed. Their masters, who have not grounds of their own to till, suffer them to hire themselves and are contented at night to receive at out, rate of two rials, per day, without ever the how the has been caring employed to earn them; whether he this CECAaIT he is clothed and stipend honestly, how fed, or how he spends his time ; and this licence, in the females ticularly, is attended with parevery species ofdebauchery. The Spaniard is generally as a tyranically represented to us, severe master, but this is no means a true portpait. In Spanish American by settlements the masters are humane, frequently --- Page 159 --- and the indulgences which in the extreme, congenial to enjoy, are not altogether negroes and habits. Constitutions their characters which suited to their government and manners, bondsdefine the duty of the master to his have been established by the man, reciprocally, and the code noir of English and the French; ; analogous to all the stages the latter is certainly but the which both parties may be placed ; in to have made very imperfect Spaniards appear what exists, is an regulations on this head; in of exemptions and regulations, assemblage than has been more policy which humanity attended to. treatment of this class of The condition and which in the West Indies, is a subject beings interested the feelings of many of has SO lately in this kingdom, that to the most able orators would be a suenter at large into its details, task ; in the eye of the philosopher perflous be considered as an evil, bondage will ever in the eyes of the though palliated b y policy constatesman, who views it as inseparably of trade. But, nected with the prosperity which the though an evil, and of magnitude, the indictates of legislation have stayed by of it is perhaps less SO than terposition power, aware of, and one the European is generally --- Page 160 --- which it would be extremely move altogether, without dangerous to remembers who first preparing the are to receive perfect by enabling them to support the freedom, charge the duties of social rank, and disof SO rash men. The horrors an attempt, in the French settlements, may be quoted as forcible The feeling mind, example, idea of a wretch indeed, revolts at the dependent on the will and caprice of a master, who toils without soling hope of ever a conof the harvest he sharing the smallest part abuses collects ; but though some may occasionally occur, the treatment at present does not deserve general picture of misery, degradation, that and sion, which argument has often oppresout; and the meliorations of late pencilled certainly brightened years have many of its darkest shades; in the colonies, the slave is law, protected from insult and now, by rity. wanton seveThe Spaniards descend to with their slaves, and instead great familiarity them the doctrines of ofinfusing into sound morality and practical virtue, are contented to teach them a string of prayers, the object ofwhich seldom explain, and which they late they learn to articuby force of habit, Their rations are ge- ations of late pencilled certainly brightened years have many of its darkest shades; in the colonies, the slave is law, protected from insult and now, by rity. wanton seveThe Spaniards descend to with their slaves, and instead great familiarity them the doctrines of ofinfusing into sound morality and practical virtue, are contented to teach them a string of prayers, the object ofwhich seldom explain, and which they late they learn to articuby force of habit, Their rations are ge- --- Page 161 --- limited, and inadequate to the nerally too and without the adventitious fatigue of labour; enabled to collect from supply which they are where nature their own gardens, in a country even they wouldfail to satisfy is sO bountiful, It must also be confessher common wants. neglected in ed, that they are too frequently are and in point of clothing ; they sickness comfort rather, ofa roll denied the luxury, or themselves, which unless reared by of tobacco, hammock woven by is easily done ; a skin, or in this parforms their bed, yet, themselves, little worse than many of their ticular they fare these subordinate condenied masters; ; though allowed a much greater veniences, they are them, and enjoy : surplus of time to procure slaves of any other than the more indulgences be considered as a good nation, and this may equivalent. of African slaves The greatest proportion called the éastare met with in what are now those borderviz. Caracas, and ern provinces, the is on this scale: ing on it, where population theslaves three, dethe whites form two tenths, and mixscendants ofslaves now emancipated, the rest. In four tenths; and the Indians tures, theybear a very small ratio. the other provinces ; and in A slave has the right of redemption; --- Page 162 --- any dispute with his master, has the of choosing an arbitrator. privilege tented to live in Ifhe be not conthe servitude of a person, by whom he may be ill treated particular can produce sufficient ; and motives, and another purchaser, the law obliges the master to the transfer; or if he has had make try and sufficient induseconomy to have amassed the lated sum of 300 dollars, he stipufreedom, can demand bis by refunding his purchase a regulation which, money ; cases, is often though good in many attended with abuses ; for means of procuring the amount the illegal, and the master are sometimes workmen, loses one of his best whom he has taken pains to teach the secrets perhaps great This is the of his profession. chanics reason why SO many of the are of this class of meof being maimed, persons. In cases or otherwise less sum is fixed by the disfigured, a alcalde, but the cannot demand more than the law owner let the talents of the slave be stipulates, They have certain ever SO great. of the commissaries, or peace, to recur to in cases of ill justices ment. By the Spanish laws, it is treatimport Africans into their forbidden to from Guinea own colonies direct ; as being opposed to their religion; but they are purchased readily from meof being maimed, persons. In cases or otherwise less sum is fixed by the disfigured, a alcalde, but the cannot demand more than the law owner let the talents of the slave be stipulates, They have certain ever SO great. of the commissaries, or peace, to recur to in cases of ill justices ment. By the Spanish laws, it is treatimport Africans into their forbidden to from Guinea own colonies direct ; as being opposed to their religion; but they are purchased readily from --- Page 163 --- supplied them. the neutrals, who formerly cessation 1: of however, Cuba finding a Lately, the of their this trade adverse to progress expedihas formed several successful works, of ; but the Portions to go in search negroes the Brazils, sincc the emigration to tuguese,. exceed them. By the Spanish considerably all produce exported to purmunicipal laws, islands is free chase slaves in the neighbouring of duty. in other colonies; a geThere exists, as intercourse, and neral debasement of sexual mulatto often the master has a croud of little who surround his dwelling, sprung slaves, loins. Thus, too often, the from his owntheir morals, is he who natural guardian of which are them.into scenes of vice, plunges that succeed. to the gencrations perpetuated the incentive to Emancipation is frequently dissoluteness of manners, and generally this in the seduction of a fesgrounds the bargain affixed by law, for the male youth. The price dollars ; her redemption of a female is 250 ceases to be the property of the infant unborn, of 100 rials of plate, and. owner, by the deposit This is aafter birth by that of 25 dollars. different rule to what the French originvery followed in their colonies; for the possesally VOL.II. L --- Page 164 --- sor gives freedom to a slave, besides his which seldom was less than value, was obliged 2,000 francs, previously, to pay to 150 dollars, and then enter into government the court, that the bonds before servant thus would not become a burthen emancipated, Piety, also, to the parish. amongst the Spaniards, places the emancipation of slaves, ceptable amongst the most acofferings to the Divinity, and times forming the condition someof a deprives a successor of an inheritance. testament, generally reserved to the last It is serves to smooth the moments of life, pillow of death, and anticipation ofa happy exit. give The Romans made measure partial enfranchisement in some ; there was imposed the obligations of having the bead ing a cap ; political shaved, and wearlife of the freed rights were, during the man, withheld from a degree of training in the school him, and became of social life, necessary ; but this exclusion did descend to the not offspring. In the Spanish nies, however, they become colothe state; equal citizens of serve in the militias, same rights as those born free, enjoy the ceptions, that have with few extilious more the tincture of puncetiquette, than of constitutional tion, such as not being privapermitted to kneel on of the freed rights were, during the man, withheld from a degree of training in the school him, and became of social life, necessary ; but this exclusion did descend to the not offspring. In the Spanish nies, however, they become colothe state; equal citizens of serve in the militias, same rights as those born free, enjoy the ceptions, that have with few extilious more the tincture of puncetiquette, than of constitutional tion, such as not being privapermitted to kneel on --- Page 165 --- a carpet at church, to take clerical orders, to rise to any military rank beyond a to have Indians in their service. captain, or sations from the But dispencrown can wipe even the stains of African blood, and away place it on an equal scale ofs society with perfect whites ; and the man who then publicly with the traces of their reproaches them origin, however remote, becomes subject to the prosecution of the law. There is no class of men SO litigious as the Spaniards in general, but particularly in South America. The process oflaw, exceptin commercial cases; is extremely complicated, and expensive, and one slow, them the might well adapt to celebrated motto of the four P's, inscribed over an hall of audience in France, signify, "Pauvre to Their plaideur, prenez patience." 9> lawyers do not plead before the bench extempore, but read a rial writing Or memopreviously drawn up, and paid for at so much per sheet, at the next sitting it is answered, and then the two vered in to the writings are delijudges; but when the memorials are too long, there is an intermediate character, called the relator, who them. abridges The courts oflaw are not only recurred to, L 2 --- Page 166 --- as a means of recovering a right, and ing a point ofjurisprudence redressquently of ; but also very freestablishing damages for; some pass of etiquette or tressuch prerogative. In many instances, a personal contest would suit the parties, who, in those best acrimony in their cases, mix much litigation. The can refuse, as legal umpirè, plaintif the most distant any judge who has alliance with the and SO vice versa; ; also; defendant, has existed between ifany former quarrel if any odium should the.judges and parties ; or be known exist amongst publicly to them, or their ancestors. Their criminal laws are, remiss and defective perhaps, the most murder, however possible;, for even a that degree atrocious, does not excite ofactive zeal on the part of the police and the good citizen, to discover the perpetrator, and bring him to condign ment, as the nature of the punishmand. crime would de- e They have no coroner's Sanctuary is still open to the assassin inquest. in secrated places, and this too often conthc mcans of flight. It: operates as this custom still appcars strange that exists, and is defended by the clergy with a degree of ill-placed repulsive to the feclings of the mind. pertinaey, the criminal should thus elude That the gripe of petrator, and bring him to condign ment, as the nature of the punishmand. crime would de- e They have no coroner's Sanctuary is still open to the assassin inquest. in secrated places, and this too often conthc mcans of flight. It: operates as this custom still appcars strange that exists, and is defended by the clergy with a degree of ill-placed repulsive to the feclings of the mind. pertinaey, the criminal should thus elude That the gripe of --- Page 167 --- justice, and with his hands reeking in the blood of.a fellow-being, scek asylum in the temple of the Divinity, and brave the civil daws, ist contrary to all principles of religion, but was once general in Europe, even in land till the time of Henry the Seventh. EngCases of murder, it cannot he much diminished, denied, are which is. a proof that civilization is in a progressive state, but they times occur, particularly somePuerto on the coast of Rico; where a person seldom goes out after dark without his long sabre in his hand. It is not unusual there to these compliment one of assassins with the appellation of or bully; and the wooden crosses stuck guapo, the road, are sad mementos of the former along frequency of this practice. Though the most severe punishments and penalties have been prescribed by the laws against the wearing of knives and is not possible to do stiletos, it away with this prevailing custom: it is an appendage as clothing, and cannot be necessary as dispensed with. The Spaniard says, El hombre vencido. It prevenido, no es may yet be regretted that the liberty of the citizen is easily invaded; nunciation or suspicion a deand should it may deprive bim ofit, prove unfounded, he nust --- Page 168 --- pocket his misfortune, since redress a distance. is at such Besides the tribunals and courts ture as before described, of judicaalso establishments the inquisition has in these heads of countries, the which are at Mexico, Lima, and Carthagena; but the ofliees under them present little more than are at must be indeed sinecures, and they mitive much relaxed from their priseverity, if ever those ideas we pally collect from our princicorresponded own gloomy novels with their real picture. This singular tribunal that dates from twelfth century, and the time of the cent the Pope InnoThird, was established to take zance of heresy alone. cognipossunt se intermittere in aliis Inquisitores non in delictis contra causis quam fidem ; the institution called Fideii quoesitorum was members,fidei collegium, and its inquisitores. Judaism, Mahometanism, divorces, sodomy, and were afterwards added to its poligamy, then the prohibition jurisdiction, and of reading books, but what could be the motives dangerous an establishment in South for such paradox; forif America seems a persuasion, mildness, and conviction, were the arguments prescribed government at home, and used by the by the mis- fidem ; the institution called Fideii quoesitorum was members,fidei collegium, and its inquisitores. Judaism, Mahometanism, divorces, sodomy, and were afterwards added to its poligamy, then the prohibition jurisdiction, and of reading books, but what could be the motives dangerous an establishment in South for such paradox; forif America seems a persuasion, mildness, and conviction, were the arguments prescribed government at home, and used by the by the mis- --- Page 169 --- suited to the capacity of the sionaries as most of Indian, why these appendages illiterate not be consistent to punish terror? It could not capable of his errors even if they were the credit him to their belief; to reclaiming however, and the government of the clergy, after the laws there is not a trait, generally, that bore the were enacted, and regulations character of coercion. dominion of the inquisition The principal clergy, and extends only to delinquent now of works of evil tendency. to the suppression this tribunal in the last The transactions of and their reparticular are indeed singular, much astonish the man of science. cords would in works are found proscribed Few English published in their last Index Expurgatorius, translated, from SO few being 1790 ; possibly it the namies of Hume, Addibut we meet in French authors and Robertson. Many son, such as Rousseau, Racine, are particularized, La Bruyere, Voltaire, Boileau, La Fontaine, Fenelon, Erasmus, Raynal. Diderot, Helvetius, others. No entry of Brissot, Condillac, and books is made in the custom-houses foreign declared orthodox; ; and on till they have been is under great rethis head the bookseller --- Page 170 --- striction, easier indeed eluded Spain. abroad, than in It may here be serious proper to remark what injuries would arise from ofthe any attempt BeitishandForeign Bible duce, as has been Societyto introof that book proposed, translated editions For among the American as a. means of Spaniardsmaintaining rousing that people, and of her influence over them, itis policy of England to the favour; and engage the clergy in ber to them this measure must avoidably give offènce. The untranslations of the reading of all institutions Bible is contrary to the of their church; ; and an vour to circulate, them would endeaings of all: shock the feelcatholics, and be productive of great danger to the pcople who took out, besides them French, affording a serious handle to the who would not fail to a project as arising fromthe represent such sity of the general propenditary English to interfere with the hereinternal prepossessions of this people and their concerns. It is better to suffer judices to die away of themselves, prerashly aiming at their than, by vate them, and raise extirpation, to aggrawhoin it is the odium of a nation our interest and duty. to conciliate. --- Page 171 --- CHAPTER XXII. TRADE OF SPANISH AMERICA. be considered as an operaIF.commerce may for tion, by which productions are exchanged proper to supply every want, an equivalent check to industry or conwithout being a it inta Spain has not regarded sumption,. with respect to her colonies. wrong' light more foundHer appreciation of'them appears than on that ed on :1 the value of their mines the articles they might afford to luxury.and of and restrictions trade ; and their precautions of the have had for object mote the guarding of. agriculformer, than the encouragement them to the advantural pursuits,: by turning tage of the planter. the example of the Her ministers neglected formed the plan of great Colbert, who first which afforded an giving to France colonies, In exchange of productions. advantageous the balance in her own favour, order toincline colonies to the consumption he restricted the exclusively, and stiof national manufactures mines the articles they might afford to luxury.and of and restrictions trade ; and their precautions of the have had for object mote the guarding of. agriculformer, than the encouragement them to the advantural pursuits,: by turning tage of the planter. the example of the Her ministers neglected formed the plan of great Colbert, who first which afforded an giving to France colonies, In exchange of productions. advantageous the balance in her own favour, order toincline colonies to the consumption he restricted the exclusively, and stiof national manufactures --- Page 172 --- pulated for the supply rof 1 their the home market. produce solely to imposed, made The low rate of duties their plan trade, and principally preferable to free rapid growth which tended to promote that the settlements has not been equalled by of other nations. That general which followed depression of manufactures from the expulsion of the Spain, made it Moors from other necessary to obtain goods These countries to supply her colonies. principally came from land, France, and Holland, Engthey some fineries from paid enormous duties at Italy; 9 they arrived at their home, and when were exacted, SO that destination, fresh ones value before the articles doubled in having little they came to the retailer ; and exports, cash was the means of procuring principal them, SO that the tage was double against advanof the foreign Spain, and in favour merchant. The forma will serve to shew following pro consumer laid in his at what price the the same time form necessaries, and will at from a contrast of trade direct England. --- Page 173 --- PRO FORMA. Calculated in Englisl Money. For one hundred pounds value of Brid tish manufactures, purchased in Great Britain and sent out to Cadiz in British ships. From Cadiz sent out to Spanish America in Spanish ships. First cost in Great Britain Shipping, charges, freight, and Insurance to Cadiz War duty on the exportation Duty paid on Importation into Cadiz Importer's profit in Cadiz Duty paid in Cadiz on re-shipment to America Freight and insurance from Cadiz to America First cost and charges out to America Spanish exporter's profit on arrival out in America Frequently 200 per cent. ; but say one half thereof Paid by the purchaser in-Spanish America a --- Page 174 --- PRO FORMA. Caleululed in English Money. f hundred pounds value of BriFor one tish manufactures, sent out immediately from Great Britrin by British merchants, in British ships to Spanish America . First cost . War duty paid on the exportation . . : charges and freight out Shipping Insurance out, if by an armed ship . First cost and charges out to America 120 British exporter's profit at 100 per cent. thereon the in Spanish AmePaid by purchaser rica Cheaper to the purchaser in Spanish America To this advantage is added that of a N. B. of their proand fair'valuation more regular --- Page 175 --- duce to form returns, the natural consequence of a competition in trade. which the The exorbitant price of goods, could not brook, created wearer or consumer turned out of contraband which again a spirit who principally in favour of the: foreigner, English sold for cash, and the neighbouring and neutral islands reaped the benefit. in The diffiçulty with which royal grants to form a shipment the early times necessary and these America were: obtained, to Spanish the of Seville, to specifying it to be from port also the returns were to be made, opewhichi to all exertions rated long as a stumbling-block relations from and enterprises in commercial mother country to her colonies, and gave the Dutch the advantages of the the neighbouring alienation which the great vigilance trade ; an officers could custom-house of their multiplied channel By this irregular not counteract. lost to governthe advantages were entirely ment. merchants of Biscayan In 1728 a company of hindering, at proposed to the king a plan thatwas thecontraband trade theirown expense, carried on with the Dutch, more partieularlyin ,and those confining, the province of Venezyela, the exshould be allowed if 1n return they the neighbouring alienation which the great vigilance trade ; an officers could custom-house of their multiplied channel By this irregular not counteract. lost to governthe advantages were entirely ment. merchants of Biscayan In 1728 a company of hindering, at proposed to the king a plan thatwas thecontraband trade theirown expense, carried on with the Dutch, more partieularlyin ,and those confining, the province of Venezyela, the exshould be allowed if 1n return they --- Page 176 --- elusive right of supplying the and other same with goods necessaries, and of thence the productions. The exporting to, and the proposition was acceded charter, company instituted. By their they are called the Company of Guiposcoa, from the name of that north ofSpain, where province in the the members the plan originated, and chiefly resided. They. were allowed the ports of make shipments Biscay to cruisers and out; were provided with returns regularletters of marque, but their were confined to Cadiz, where were placed. By their agents band goods, stipulations, contrain Caracas; captured by them, could be sold ; and cocoa taken in the same they were privileged to send to Vera way, where this article, from its Cruz, has frequently, great consumption, great demand during war time, been in as Spain. and at as high prices as in Their rights and and it was privileges were extensive, specified to be no the nobility to have shares degradation for tion to in it. The supply the obligaillicit trade, country, and to suppress was the only counterbalance. answered, however, but It one was, to hinder cocoa purpose, which from (being a bulky going to a foreign market, article) from whence --- Page 177 --- Spain was previously supplied with this of her own growth. The article' lowered to one price was hence half, but goods were nevertheless smuggled, and cash was sent to them ; nay, the company itself pay for found, eventually, that this was the cheapest way to make their supplies, as by it, they avoided the duties and charges paid at home great tion. Their charter on exportawas afterwards sO as not to put the colonist SO much modified, in their power, and in 1778, was entirely taken by opening the trade to all away nationalists, and by increasing the number of ports of entry. Direct commerce, however, lingered from the many shackles under which it and the rivaiship of was kept, neutrals, for the mother country, sent out (what she could little more than dried barely afford) fruits, coarse earthenware, and hardware, iron, Catalan and wines, oil, coarse silks brandies pickled from Barcelona, tunny fish (a great Spanish such like inconsiderable luxury) and English articles. German and goods still continued to come their old devious channels. through This confined direct trade varied much cording to the vicissitudes of acDuring the late war or peace. wars,it was to small faluchos principally limited that went out with Spanish little more than dried barely afford) fruits, coarse earthenware, and hardware, iron, Catalan and wines, oil, coarse silks brandies pickled from Barcelona, tunny fish (a great Spanish such like inconsiderable luxury) and English articles. German and goods still continued to come their old devious channels. through This confined direct trade varied much cording to the vicissitudes of acDuring the late war or peace. wars,it was to small faluchos principally limited that went out with Spanish --- Page 178 --- paper, used in enveloping tobacco for ing, which may be smok. greatest luxuries considered,as one of the often bought it at oftheSpanish American, who it W ould be worth forty dollars per ream ; and while, should to supply this article, Spain cease celona, to principally made in Baradopt its manufacture in as it exclusively suits the England, smoker, from its containing no pernicious empyreumatic oil, any sizing or indigo. To thisarticle nor uncoloured brandies, they added and quicksilver, for use of the mines. If the returned with they got out safe, they cocoa in bulk, which in at 15 dollars, and sold they laid These on arriving at 112. were, however, small : bore not the character of adventures that trade, but that of,a lottery, like which also, in shares, and they were undertaken insurance excluded. The ports of entry, on their were divided into two augmentation, and minores. classes, viz. mayores Ships from Spain could arrivein the former, where only royal and they paid the whole municipal duties, as the tarifs of established by customs, and in thesc ports ments to the. second class ship: they only paid the originated, where municipal duties. The system of Spanish custom is cated, not generally understood compliby the English --- Page 179 --- deserve some detail. Shipmerchant, and may of national goods, ments direct from Spain, and when equal to 91 per cent. on entry, pay manufactures, on landing in Spain, of foreign re-shipped 10 ; on 15 per cent. and on being of they again pay the royal duty arriving out, and other duties, cent. besides municipal 7 per amount to about 45 per cent. which altogether be paid before the the total of which must for he is not merchant can vend his articles, at to bond them : SO that the price allowed is to purchase may be which the consumer charges, and easily calculated, when freight, profits are added. of Articles of export, for the consumption manufactures at home, such as their own and dye-woods, are cochineal, indigo, cotton, destined to moderate duties ; but when subject bear heavy imposts, a reto a foreign market, their own magulation intended to encourage cannot nufactures, from which great benefit since one of their best have been derived, millions of statists has remarked, that eight are clothed in foreign goods. the inhabitants wools, are The Llama, Vicuna, and sheep's bear when shipped to Spain, but duty-free duties when sent to a foreign naheavy export most inferior, pays 8 per tion. The first being VOL. II. M when subject bear heavy imposts, a reto a foreign market, their own magulation intended to encourage cannot nufactures, from which great benefit since one of their best have been derived, millions of statists has remarked, that eight are clothed in foreign goods. the inhabitants wools, are The Llama, Vicuna, and sheep's bear when shipped to Spain, but duty-free duties when sent to a foreign naheavy export most inferior, pays 8 per tion. The first being VOL. II. M --- Page 180 --- cent. ad valorem; ; the second double, an addition oftwo dollars besides latter per 10olbs.; and the 333, according to the royal of 1800. regulations The sheep's wool of Spanish America, has been that of neglected in a strange way for want encouragement, might become one of most valuable their exports ; for the plains and grazing pastures of the kingdom of Mexico particularly, may, in point of flocks, be compared with those for which famous. This Spain was SO lately wool has scarcely been considered as an. object of commercial the sheep utility, and shorn. generally goes unheeded and unThey manufacture indeed, a few coarse blankets, called mantas and but there are no depôts to collect, fresadas, and pack it in its raw state to prepare, Even deer skins, that any quantity. might be collected, arein a great measure unnoticed, besides a of other resources which want variety ment to make them only encourageoft staple articles ; and in the eye the economist, the productions of these regions generally, seem the best suited to the wants of a manufacturing invite its trade. country, and most The difficulty ofaccess to those statements that are only in the hands of government and --- Page 181 --- renders it impossible to give any their officers, scale of the annual amount exact and general America, and of trade from Spain to Spanish the intereven were that difficulty overcome, of smuggling ruptions, and the prevalence would defeat any attempt during the late war, Nor are we, in statement. to form a correct Laborde's View of assisted by this particular, to Ameas his tables of revenue relating Spain, extend beyond 1778 ; though he rica; do not export tells us, that in 1792, the aggregate amounted to.2,812,500, trade to that country, with the subsewhich must clash materially relating to the fair of Xalapa. quent statement alone, we can For the port of Laguira in stating ourselves on better authority, ground through the customthe amount that passed neutral period house in the year 1796, the most and has enjoyed for some years, which Spain the trade of it will serve to assist in estimating the rest. returns, the În that year, the custom-house vessels from the Spanish arrival of forty-three and in Europe, of different descriptions, ports having on board, viz : M 2 to the fair of Xalapa. quent statement alone, we can For the port of Laguira in stating ourselves on better authority, ground through the customthe amount that passed neutral period house in the year 1796, the most and has enjoyed for some years, which Spain the trade of it will serve to assist in estimating the rest. returns, the În that year, the custom-house vessels from the Spanish arrival of forty-three and in Europe, of different descriptions, ports having on board, viz : M 2 --- Page 182 --- Hard Dollars, In national or iree articles.. 932,881 In foreign goods re-manufactured and prepared in Spain, such as calicoes of forcign fabric, printed 753,442 there only 1429,487 In entirely forcign goods 3,115,810 sterling, which left to the equal to £701,057 dollars. government, in duties, about 300,000 have before observed, it is not possible As we of the annual contrato form any calculation band trade carried onl, on these same coasts ; but it may safely be said to amount to triple Hence, it is that of the regular importations. evident, that the proportion of foreign goods, introduced into the regular and contraband, colonies greatly exceeds that of the Spanish articles of trade. The Spaniards have national to German and Sialways given a preference from their being ofl linen ; lesian piece-goods, habituated to wear cotton, but now, they get which bids fair to supply the present privation ofthe former articles, by the substitution of Ticklenburgs and checks form English goods. the clothing of slaves, and common people; creas a la Morlaix, and Britannias, estopillas, and such like, that of the better sort. platillas, The imitations ofthese goods, in quality, ,shape, --- Page 183 --- marks, and packing, now adopted in the Scotch and English manufactures, well; they do not altogether answer very deceive the Spaniards, who are cxcelient judges of goods, but serve the purposes, whilst the real ones are not attainable; and still they are capable of being brought to a more perfect resemblance, which would give them a greatadiditionalivalue. The Catalans form the greatest and richest body of traders, are active, attached to each other. When enterprising, and in, perhaps a cargo comes twenty are concerned in its chase. They try every means to beat down purthe seller, form very hard bargains, and in a peculiar way. Being the principal and dreading little capitalists, competition, one of them the first day of sale, in the name of the on who unite to purchase, offers the body ed upon by the whole ; if refused, prices agreeday another will go and offer less and the next still ; a third lower, SO that the supercargo is perfectly puzzled, by not making an advance in and frequently closes below the first price, made. They then keep the tender up price of their returns, knowing the vessel must be dispatched. Every transaction is conducted with and mystery, and secrecy they never assemble at an exchange, or in any other way to treat col- the on who unite to purchase, offers the body ed upon by the whole ; if refused, prices agreeday another will go and offer less and the next still ; a third lower, SO that the supercargo is perfectly puzzled, by not making an advance in and frequently closes below the first price, made. They then keep the tender up price of their returns, knowing the vessel must be dispatched. Every transaction is conducted with and mystery, and secrecy they never assemble at an exchange, or in any other way to treat col- --- Page 184 --- lectively of affairs. Their stores have dirty and irregular even a appearance ; and in their persons and manners, they little resemble ofbusiness and property, but their men solidity in fulfilling their probity and once made, may be relied engagements, when on. By dint of economy they often amass great wealth, and the meanest offices of their do The own drudgery. planter in the country has no factor in town to dispose of his agent or sends it to market when produce, he of mules with gathered, on the backs price he an overseer, who gets the best can, which often is accidental, and always below the real value. If in funds, he sometimes want of the market mortgages his crop below price ; for banks, counts are entirely exchange, or disunknown. There exists, in addition to the fling trade above, a triprincipally of dried and meats, country cheese, jerked carried on between garlic, pottery, &c. the main and the bouring Spanish islands. neighThe main affords annually, about thousand mules to the different twelve are valued at 25 dollars islands, that cattle per head. Few are now shipped, but hides horned proportion of nearly form a large province of every cargo, and in the Caracas, and those confining, may --- Page 185 --- annum ; but La bc reckoned at 100,000 per Plata could furnish more, better, and at a cheaper rate. more The planting ofcoffeeis now becoming its small consumption in in vogue, perhaps it back. Cotton Spain, has hitherto kept might be carried to an amazing advancement, and machinety for cleaning if encouragement and a Iocal inspection it were introduced, and reliance on established, to give greater care its preparation and packing. in the The estimates of produce, shipped 1801, in vessels furnished with Engyear from Puerto Cavello, which had lish passes in that generally 100 small ones employed but the amount of cash way, are as follows; and the articles shipped sent to procure goods, clandestinely on the coast, are equal to a great deal more. lbs. Indigo e 100,000 do. Cotton . . 250,000 Cocoa. 40,000 famgas Hides : : 70,000 do. lbs. Coffee - . 20,000 Copper : . . 28,000 do. Horses. 2 : : 500 do. Mules. 5,000 do. &c. With some gums, drugs, dye-woods, amount of cash way, are as follows; and the articles shipped sent to procure goods, clandestinely on the coast, are equal to a great deal more. lbs. Indigo e 100,000 do. Cotton . . 250,000 Cocoa. 40,000 famgas Hides : : 70,000 do. lbs. Coffee - . 20,000 Copper : . . 28,000 do. Horses. 2 : : 500 do. Mules. 5,000 do. &c. With some gums, drugs, dye-woods, --- Page 186 --- The policy of the British ing passes to nation, in affordSpanish vessels which perfect gave them security on these seas, had, to the good effect of in addition their own turning their trade to advantage, the double one, of creasing an intercourse which ina reciprocity of has given rise to commercial relations, and of convincing the Spaniards, that the were sensible, that the war then English more the effect of political waging, was inclination. necessity, than of The surplus of produce, bulky part, even particularly the cocoa, that is under the express restrictions and most last years of war, has prohibitions, for the United States, and circulated through the to from thence found its Europe ; and the high way article has been prices at which this the kept in Spain, have fully increase of charges, which paid originate from such must naturally a circuitous we have before route ; for, as have been remarked, the running vessels inconsiderable. The following were the the clandestine means by which islands, under intercourse with British passes granted by the was carried on; the Spanish governors, out for Guadaloupe, vessels cleared mingo, then in Martinique, and St, Dopossession of their allies, and --- Page 187 --- produced false clearances when they returned, of form ; and and fabricated papers by way obtained in with which these were the ease astonishing to one, the islands, would appear colonial dealings. with who is not acquainted of to any part, or ships' papers A passport for a trifle, in nation, "may be obtained and any which have deceived, Curacoa particularly, cruiser at would deccive, the most scrutinizing custhe clearances in the Spanish sea. Thus nearly all for islands, tom-houses are made existed a trade of to which there never was smallest nature; and SO interesting the to the country, in this species of commerce and obtaining giving vent to their produce the severé that notwithstanding them cloaths, which owed their origin to decrees against it, of the French, it and influence the jealousy interfered with; ; nay, the officers was never of them, shared charged with the execution often in its profits. thus employed, The fast sailing schooners boats built in Virginia, were generally pilot boats and sent out for sale; but very superior main, in many ports on the are constructed which from the exparticularly Maracaibo, last three times as cellency of their timber, their produce the severé that notwithstanding them cloaths, which owed their origin to decrees against it, of the French, it and influence the jealousy interfered with; ; nay, the officers was never of them, shared charged with the execution often in its profits. thus employed, The fast sailing schooners boats built in Virginia, were generally pilot boats and sent out for sale; but very superior main, in many ports on the are constructed which from the exparticularly Maracaibo, last three times as cellency of their timber, --- Page 188 --- long as any other; and it is a well circumstance deserving the notice of the ship-builder in this enterprising sent country, that in the preincreasing scarcity of wood, whén nation is breaking the the up men ofwarfor the timber, the bay ofSamana, sakeof preceding described in the part ofthis work, is the ble place in all the West most suitawood, and at the Indies for obtaining venient and same time the most conaccessible. Though much distant than the Baltic, the timber more and the vessel built ofit is better, would increase in value. proportionably The indigo of the Venezuela, &c. is provinces of Caracas, below that only eight per cent, in value of Guatemala; but the least couragement would soon double the enproduced on the whole main. amount being hitherto in the The tobacco, whose monopoly of the crown, prices are not SO there was a competition encouraging as if ried for that in trade, is not carcultivation reason to any great extent of ; good authorities, the value of what is however, quote nually at the grown on the main anthree millions government prices to extend to of dollars ; and the have always been Dutch, who considered as the best --- Page 189 --- give it a double estimajudges of this article, America, and tion to tbat grown in North place it next to that of Cuba. Sea from The trade to Asia by the South millions of was estimated at ten Acapulco were sent to purchase muslins, dollars, which and perfumes; printed goods, silks, spices, of this channel the kingdom and through were supplied. Mexico and other provinces necessity Since the late years of war, however, for driven them to use European goods has these have circulated by ornamental apparel; whither they have the way of Vera Cruz, States and English been sent from the United difficult to retain this islands ; nor would it be rather in the same channel, or consumption in case of commercial regive it a direct one if our manufacgulations being established, outrè taste of the turers would attend to the of in that country, and our shippers Spaniards discriminate in their assortgoods be more A. vol. I.) The supments (See Appendix also be made an plying of this quarter might of the East branch to the trade interesting India Company. that yet reAmong the great undertakings benefit of main to be accomplished for the medium of the circulation mankind, as the great in case of commercial regive it a direct one if our manufacgulations being established, outrè taste of the turers would attend to the of in that country, and our shippers Spaniards discriminate in their assortgoods be more A. vol. I.) The supments (See Appendix also be made an plying of this quarter might of the East branch to the trade interesting India Company. that yet reAmong the great undertakings benefit of main to be accomplished for the medium of the circulation mankind, as the great --- Page 190 --- of wealth, is, the opening a navigation with the South Sea by means ofa canal isthmus of Panama. across the When we consider the obstacles that have been overcome in the trade of two small towns in uniting England, and how much nature has been brought to a level by the industry of man, the magnitude of this effort appears to diminish, and its successful execution may be expected to form a memorable epoch in the annals of future times. Itis to behoped, that the locality ofthe will be now explored for the country isthmus of purpose. An only thirty miles between two oceans cannot be an insuperable barrier to the inventive genius and perseverance of man in the present age; ; the ground is generally thought by late travellers to be more suitable for an enterprise of this kind, than the academicians sent over for its survey have reported. Panama in the Indian language signifies place abounding in fish; and the a navigable rivers, inlets, and bays, which were formerly examined by Alcedo, would much facilitate this great and laudable work. Commercial disputes in Spanish America are not subject to the common process of the law, but are carried before a board of commerce, called el consulado, whose sum- --- Page 191 --- mary is short, definitive, and forced. In promptly envending a cargo, if the is debited to sales per such a vessel, purchaser in the name of the merchant and not debt is easier who vends, the collected, as a delay beyond the time agreed upon, makes him liable for detention in the returns of the vessel, which any is a considerable check wherc the ofbonds is not adopted. The rules regularity commercial by which transactions are guided, are las ordenanzas de Bilbao, as complete a digest of mercantile law and usage as any nation would wish to have, as it for comprehends a remedy every distress which misfortune or fraud may bring on the trader. It was drawn by the most learned and up merchants. the nation experienced body of ever had. Those of Biscay had the greatest share in its from whom it takes its formation, name, and have always been the most famed in LLIS 1 wonl they particularly had in view the counteraction of abuses, likely to originate in the tention of that good faith, which forms exbasis of all trade on a large scale. the As it is only by shewing what has been trade of those individual the have ports of which we authentic information, that it becomes possible for us to judge of the value and ex- experienced body of ever had. Those of Biscay had the greatest share in its from whom it takes its formation, name, and have always been the most famed in LLIS 1 wonl they particularly had in view the counteraction of abuses, likely to originate in the tention of that good faith, which forms exbasis of all trade on a large scale. the As it is only by shewing what has been trade of those individual the have ports of which we authentic information, that it becomes possible for us to judge of the value and ex- --- Page 192 --- tent of trade' with Spanish mode in which it is America, and the the following carried on, we insert them statements ; and in addition a short detail of the fair of to has for Xalapa, that many years been the trade in that standard of country, and be use to the trader in may of general England, as the war alone has state of suspended it. Under are particulars of the value, which are furnished amount and nation that by each European supplies Spain with various sent out annually (in time of goods settlements and peace) to her colonies in Mexico, the greatest part of which are sent from, the shipped at, and La Vera port of Cadiz to the port of Cruz, which is distant from the city of Mexico. 201 miles Millions ef Spanish hard Dollars, 15 The manufactures Pounds English Money. do. and products of France.. 3,375,000 do. of England : 1,800,000 do.. of Spain 900,000 do. of italy 675,000 do. of Germany.. 675,000 do. of Flanders : 675,000 do. of Holland : 450,000 of Swisserland 40 Millions of Spanish hard Dollars 450,000 six-pence English cach, at four and makc. 9,000,000 --- Page 193 --- Spain with the following France supplied likewise for kinds of goods for Mexico, as Amesettlements and colonies in her other rica. made in Paris Jewellery of all descriptions, Gold of the most superb and shewy kinds. for them, as chains, watches and ornaments rings, &c. which they sell at very scals, keys, are very low prices, but in quality they inferior to those of England ; nevertheless they both in Old Spain and in were preferred because they are shewy as Spanish America, Gold.and silver plate well as very cheap. families. for the churches, and for private Gold and silver laces, for which the demand French white and black laces is immense. likewise for church ornafor the ladies, and silk ments. Silk goods of all descriptions, &c. manufactured at Lyons, &c. are velvets, demand for the churches as well in immense for the dresses both ofladies and gentlemen. as made in Paris. Superfine Millinery goods in French woollen cloths, formerly excelling blacks, blues, as well as in high colours, such crimsons, &c. Hats both. as scarlets, roses, in Paris; they white and black, manufactured calculated both for Old Spain are particularly In tbis article ofhats, and Spanish America. of all descriptions, &c. manufactured at Lyons, &c. are velvets, demand for the churches as well in immense for the dresses both ofladies and gentlemen. as made in Paris. Superfine Millinery goods in French woollen cloths, formerly excelling blacks, blues, as well as in high colours, such crimsons, &c. Hats both. as scarlets, roses, in Paris; they white and black, manufactured calculated both for Old Spain are particularly In tbis article ofhats, and Spanish America. --- Page 194 --- the French excel, and make them light. White Jinens, called in Spain, Bretanas legitimas, the of them is considerable, both consumption Americat. Camin Old Spain, and in Spanish in quantities, by the bricks are consumed great church,byladies, and by gentlemen. All thebefore-mentionedFrench goods and manufactures in immense demand, in all the Spanish were American settlements, and wonderful quantisent out, (in time ties of them, were constantly of peace) which gave to France a decided suin the value of goods periority over England, sold and supplied to Spain, by these two great rival nations. This estimate, however, is more conformable to the old system of things than the present one, but wll evince the precedents French have for their estimation of this the of the English mertrade, which the energy chant may yet more fully rival. intended for this fair of Xalapa, The goods America, are sent the greatest in all Spanish from La Vera Cruz on tbe backs of mules, up asses, &c. for the sale of goods exIt continues open and proactly six months. It is opened processions and claimed with grand pablic at which immense numbers other solemnities, attended by all the clergy, of people assist, --- Page 195 --- i77 religious orders, &c. with bands of music, guards of soldiers, &c. On this occasion factors and others who have the goods for are very liberal in their donations sale, churches, in to the hopes thereby to insure good luck, quick sales, and large profits. These processions are repeated on the day after the fair has been closed, and the factors the churches in order to return thanks attend to the Almighty for their respective they present such further successes, when gifts to the as are most agreeable to themselves. churches By the laws of the Spanish sales, even of the most Indies, not any trifling articles, are permitted to be made until the fair has been proclaimed, and the processions are completed; nor can any more or further sales be made after a proclamation of the close of the fair has been made, by the second the public display of processions and other as before exhibited; which ceremonies all goods and other being completed, articles whatever, which may then remain in the factor's hands and undisposed unsold of, are immediately locked up in the king's warehouses, under the nagement and care of the king's maare appointed for that oflicers, who they must remain express purpose; ; where untouched until the next VOL. II, N made after a proclamation of the close of the fair has been made, by the second the public display of processions and other as before exhibited; which ceremonies all goods and other being completed, articles whatever, which may then remain in the factor's hands and undisposed unsold of, are immediately locked up in the king's warehouses, under the nagement and care of the king's maare appointed for that oflicers, who they must remain express purpose; ; where untouched until the next VOL. II, N --- Page 196 --- or succeeding fair has been proclaimed opened, when and they are again delivered safe, and in good condition to their up owners to be again offered for sale. respective commoditics lf the prove to be such as attract, and suit the purchasers, the please, profits made thereby are frequently prodigious a ; three to six hundred frequently not per cent. If they do please the buyers, it becomes difficult to dispose of them at extremely the last month that this any price. In factors fair is kept open, the become very anxious and make sales on the best pressing to terms they can cure; of which disposition the pronaturally take every benefit and purchasers The sales at this fair are in advantage. for immediate general made coined payments, which consist of dollars, gold and silver in ingots, bars, wedges, &c. and products of the as indigo, cochineal, Jesuits' country, such bark, &c. It very rarely happens that any credits given with the goods sold at this fair are count of the on acvery great risks which the sellers would run in trusting strangers who many of them residing five hundred purchase, thousand miles from to two Xalapa. This great fair, Jike those of Frankfort, Lcipsic, Brunswick, and Nuremberg, has been --- Page 197 --- of the war, but is suspended in consequence expected to be revived. Guatemala to this The indigo brought from all of fair consists of four different qualities, but the finest is superior to them excellent, other brought to Europe. any without which neither Cochineal of Mexico, is nor scarlet colours can be produced, purple of the world whatfound genuine in no part Its natural history ever butin that viceroyality. it of breeding and preparing and the process is described in the Appendix (C.). or Jesuits's bark, also brought Quinquina; ofthe most salutary and reto this fair, is a drug virtue that Providence, in compasstorative has made known to sion for human infirmity, it affords is found only in Peru, to which man, branch of commerce, and is - a most lucrative climate where the of the highest value in a corporeal system is SO much debilitated. from a want of inland As all these goods, of the are carrieds for the supply navigation, consumption of the fairs and the greatest mules and the heads of Indians, country, on be assorted and made the packages ought to and not to exup in the lightest way possible, and travels ceed 100 lbs. The Indian carries and its with that weight on his head, quickly N 2 of commerce, and is - a most lucrative climate where the of the highest value in a corporeal system is SO much debilitated. from a want of inland As all these goods, of the are carrieds for the supply navigation, consumption of the fairs and the greatest mules and the heads of Indians, country, on be assorted and made the packages ought to and not to exup in the lightest way possible, and travels ceed 100 lbs. The Indian carries and its with that weight on his head, quickly N 2 --- Page 198 --- serves to load a mule, as a doubled proportion side is put in a kind of argapackage on each and makes a perfect equipoise. nas, or,pannier, therefore preferable to cases, Small bales are each. The but cards ought to accompany for these packages are fully given proportions of the first volume. The in the Appendix (E) those from the wrapper for fine goods, as Indies, ought to have oiled or waxed East linings to keep out the damp. --- Page 199 --- CHAPTER XXIII. FOPULATION, &c. of Spanish America is comTHE population Indians, negroes, and posed of Spaniards, mixtures of all, now SO descendants from the difficult to trace blended that it would be From these successive mixtures, come them. mulatto, and mestizo. the quarteroon, before From the difficulties we have pointed an exact census'ofthesed ecounoutof establishing that an tries, it cannot be expected aggregate will accurately be given ; amount of population the those but we are enabled to lay before public and what is called the east part ofMexico, Peru, derived from ecclesiastiof the Spanish main, assist to form 'cal sources, which will greatly we are estimate; the more SO, as a general of something novel on already in possession Buenos Ayres and La Plata. --- Page 200 --- Inhabitants 272 Merico, Subjects of the Spanishe Government, in the year 1802. 2,315,160 Indians, men, women, and children. 1,536,262 Mulattoes, Mestizos, Sambos, Quadroons, and Negroes, men, women, and children. 582,315 Creoles born in Mexico, the descendants of Spaniards. 364,742 Spaniards born in Old Spain, but residents in Mexico. 4,798,479 Inhabitants in Mexico. Inhabitants in Peru, Subjects of the Spanish Governr ment, in the year, 1802. 2,846,351 Indians, men, women, and children. 1,227,040 Mulattoes, Mestizos, Sambos, Quadroons, and Negroes, men, women, and children. 476,593 Creoles born in Peru, descendants of Spaniards. 294,412 Spaniards born in Old Spain, residents in Peru, 4,844,396 Inhabitants in Peru. 4,798,479 Inhabitants in Mexico. 9,642,875 In Mexico and in Peru, subjects to Spain. General Statement. 5,161,511 Indians. 2,763,392 Mulattoes, Mestizos, Sambos, Quadroons, and Negrocs. 1,058,908 Creoles born in Peru, descendants of Spaniards. 659,154 Spaniards born in Old Spain, residents in Mexico and Peru. 8,642,875 Mexico and Peru, subjects to Spain. Old Spain, residents in Peru, 4,844,396 Inhabitants in Peru. 4,798,479 Inhabitants in Mexico. 9,642,875 In Mexico and in Peru, subjects to Spain. General Statement. 5,161,511 Indians. 2,763,392 Mulattoes, Mestizos, Sambos, Quadroons, and Negrocs. 1,058,908 Creoles born in Peru, descendants of Spaniards. 659,154 Spaniards born in Old Spain, residents in Mexico and Peru. 8,642,875 Mexico and Peru, subjects to Spain. --- Page 201 --- East part of the Spanish Main. Persons. The province of Venezuela, comprising Darinas 500,000 Thejurisdiction of Maracaibo 100,000 Ditto Cumana 80,000 Ditto Spanish Guiana 34,000 Ditto The island of Marguerita 14,000 728,000 Total.. Population of the largest Cilies 072 the Continent of Spanish America. Number of Inhabitants Names ofthe they Cities reside. in which ofall colours. 200,000 Mexico (capital of Mexico). 80,000 Lima (capital of Peru). 70,000 San Francisco de Quito (in Peru). 70,000 Los Angeles. 36,000 Cuenza. 35,000 Guadalaxara. 30,000 Potosi. 28,000 Carthagena. 25,000 Popayan. 22,000 Guayaquil. 20,000 Riobumba. 30,000 Buenos Ayres. 31,234 Caracas. The population of Spanish America may be divided into five classes. The first is composed of the native Spaniards who repair thither to under or for hold employments government, --- Page 202 --- the purposes of trade, and whose very diminutive number is of the other four compared with even any one preceding classes, as may be seen in the statement. The second of a very numerous set is formed born in the ofCreoles, or persons country from originally descent, whose alliances are all Spanish by the policy of the local, but who, excluded from government at home, are any posts or distinguished though they places, lands, and possess nearly all the riches, resources of the country. These being under preclusions, equality of the most feel the inif ancient system of they do not aim at its entire things, and at least, endeavour overthrow, will; forms, which to bring about those recertainly are required. The third is formed out of the tizos, Sambos, and Indians, MesQuadroons, connection whatéver with having no attached to the Spain, who, though spot on which are orderly, well they were born, trained, and posed to quiet, and have naturally predistheir great veneration for sovereign, and respect to the is a passive body clergy. This influence of the ofpopulation, either under the latter class, or to be upon by the most active and worked former. powerful of the The fourth consists ofa of blacks and consilerablenumber mulattoes, partly slaves and with having no attached to the Spain, who, though spot on which are orderly, well they were born, trained, and posed to quiet, and have naturally predistheir great veneration for sovereign, and respect to the is a passive body clergy. This influence of the ofpopulation, either under the latter class, or to be upon by the most active and worked former. powerful of the The fourth consists ofa of blacks and consilerablenumber mulattoes, partly slaves and --- Page 203 --- who are attached to the partly frecd-men, within the control of their country, and greatly respective pastors. division is not sO much a distinct The fifth mixture of the first of men, as it is a species it counbut in point ofinfluence, and second, other. It consists of the terbalances all the body, as well clergy, who form a powerful from number who compose it as from the they are possessed ; the the riches of which the and particularly hierarchy ofits members, other four classes, influence it has over the orders in society, especially over the secondary the most who are the most numerous though passive. first classes there exists a Between the two restrictions to hatred, from the constitutional and the control which the one is. exposed, The Indians by the other. exercised exclusively descendants, clash with again, and their mixed so that in a mass negroes and their subdivisions, composed, SO heterogeneously of population, and civil war ever were the flames of discord would be the to be enkindled how dreadful ! For, should the conflagration consequences end in the extinction of the spread, it must Itis hard to stop a nation first two classes. roll down the precithat has once begun to --- Page 204 --- pice of anarchy. We have lumes written to seen whole Vovolutionizing prove the advantages of reAmerica, without the consequences that would follow considering would be the ; for what derive from such advantages that any nation could confusion, a country being thrown into where good faith and personal ty would be at an end, and safeand productive where expensive regions would a picture ofhordes present us with ofsavages, istence with the wild beasts disputing their exsurrounded. The Indians by which they are people unlike the are a peculiar class of it has taken passive peasantry of Russia ; ages to unite them in bond of their present allegiance, and if that is once unless it is on the best severed, explained to them, and grounds possible, well grant of certain recommended by the rights, the greatest ensue ; for they are accustomed danger will are formidable from to reason, and their talents for their numbers as well as dissimulation. The collective number of inhabitants nish America, on the authorities in Spaof Viscardo, and several other Clavigero, thors, is between good Spanish aueighteen and and Humboldt says, it is in twenty millions; Of this, two thirds a progressive state, dians, but these may be considered as Inare a valuable class ofbeings, of certain recommended by the rights, the greatest ensue ; for they are accustomed danger will are formidable from to reason, and their talents for their numbers as well as dissimulation. The collective number of inhabitants nish America, on the authorities in Spaof Viscardo, and several other Clavigero, thors, is between good Spanish aueighteen and and Humboldt says, it is in twenty millions; Of this, two thirds a progressive state, dians, but these may be considered as Inare a valuable class ofbeings, --- Page 205 --- and capable of great naturally ingenious, is once called forth ; things when their energy been of little import, but hitherto they have Hitherto their because left to themselves. have in general wants have been few ; for, they but wherewith to purchase luxuries ; nothing feel the stimulus ofindustry,and let them once of decent clothing be taught the advantages let them be sure and domestic conveniences; ; of tillage will meet a market, that the products their manual labour, and and reward them for native of the forest in we shall then see each his quantum the bosom ofhis family, produce and cotton, cochineal, or cocoa ; of indigo, of industry, the general by this subdivision and flow in to pay productions will increase, thither by the foreign for those goods brought will be merchant, of which, the consumption equally augmented. of a The immense value of the consumption, such a number of inhabicountry, containing this vast continent, to a manufactutants as unquestionable, the dering nation, appears for fine goods, which mand being principally the maker, and for leave a double profit to in the refined are made not which, payments by bills, the acceptway of European trade, --- Page 206 --- ance of which is dubious, are or on credits that exposed to contingent in articles sent us to circumstances, but same goods, manufacture into those or in, (a; good equivalent,) Ofthe variety of raw materials specie. generally into the lists of articles that enter the continent of Spanish furnished by mercial world, America to the comwoolis not the mosti able; that of the vicuna inconsidersheep. Every equally with that of the author, who has written on these countries, has not failed to dwell increase ofall on the great species of in these regions, European cattle placed the increase which are not alone suited to and multiplication of horned tle, but also those of catsheep. A French goes even SO far as to say, that the author this country would wools of land. supply all France and EngCertainly, if that quantum which received from Spain, be we is the best eventually cut off, this means by which we can not that its quality will be replace it, be found as good, but it will very little inferior when the sheep is annually shorn. For, if the fleece is for three left on years, which is the or rather as commonly case, long as the animal climate will lives, the naturally engender hairs that out-top the curling wool, but an exceeding France and EngCertainly, if that quantum which received from Spain, be we is the best eventually cut off, this means by which we can not that its quality will be replace it, be found as good, but it will very little inferior when the sheep is annually shorn. For, if the fleece is for three left on years, which is the or rather as commonly case, long as the animal climate will lives, the naturally engender hairs that out-top the curling wool, but an exceeding --- Page 207 --- found underneath. good quality is nevertheless of supplyBoth Chili and Mexico are capable ing this article. an opening of England has ever looked upon intercourse with Spanish America, as trade and importance ; and from a point of the greatest to the present, the time of Sir Walter Raleigh formed to expeditions have been expensive be considered as measures effect it, which may has gehostile to the end in view. Conquest been the means recurred to, and expenerally convinced us that this system has rience has rather than adtended to retard our progress, vance it. that often strikes the traveller, Itis a remark amongst who mixes with those foreigners French his pursuits carry him, that the whom in their intrigues than they are are more active with what in arms. He cannot but sec, even and address the common enemy encunning wherever his artifices càn penetrate, deavours, of nations against us. to turn the opinions to the enterThis is certainly unfavourable whether of the Cabinet of St. James's, prises ofinterested intentions the obloquy and charge is still left to be true or false, thé impression for exist, and England is artfully reproached evils which desolate the rest of Europe. halfthe --- Page 208 --- 1go Itis inconceivable to what has been set length this on foot system Spaniards. Modern amongst the American is, has not been France, formidable as she rendered so, of arms ; she endeavours merely by force and if to gain, if not, to divide the councils of possible, tentates she may have to combat those pofield; and might not in the open fied line of we pursue a more dignipolicy and conduct, by uniting and giving energy to those states whose are united to ours, and interests who, if our aid to fight their they require battles, need of advice, to maintain equally stand in their cerns, political conSpain has hitherto been considered channel through which the as the World riches of the New pass into France, as well in of those goods furnished, payment times bore which in former a considerable those of every other proportion with mense tributes nation, as also, the imshe drew from the dent Cabinet of Madrid, long depenthe She long experienced advantages of supplying the Spain with goods for her sea-ports of merchants colonies, and French were amongst the richest in the Spanish marts. Since war has prevailed, plies have flowed into the colonies supother channels, through partly by purchases made in New pass into France, as well in of those goods furnished, payment times bore which in former a considerable those of every other proportion with mense tributes nation, as also, the imshe drew from the dent Cabinet of Madrid, long depenthe She long experienced advantages of supplying the Spain with goods for her sea-ports of merchants colonies, and French were amongst the richest in the Spanish marts. Since war has prevailed, plies have flowed into the colonies supother channels, through partly by purchases made in --- Page 209 --- islands, and partly by shipments the English States, in which case, Gerfrom the United Any have had the prevalence. man goods the great neutral who has followed up one, trade that existed to thellanseticton-along the prohibitions of the great as they withstood in oftrade, must have contemplated destroyer eventually destined to a them mere supplies, for few were conport on the Spanish main, which they first sumed in the countries to went. others nation have been enHitherto then, the fruits of this great and advantageous joying such a near alliance exists trade ; nor, though and England, between the mother country extended to her COwhich might naturally be favoured flagin lonies, is the English the most that distant regions. It appears strange, those efforts of this nathe object of the most eager wishes of all parties, tion, and of the sanguine America, was intercourse with Spanish viz. an at the moment when it more eagerly pursued that nation had not the when was lessattainable, had done for the experience of what England but since the welfare of the mother country ; have been multiplied and strengthties ofamity has been negociened, no commercial treaty --- Page 210 --- 19s ated, though a measure SO consonant popular wishes and to the to the of both parties. mercantile interests If the increase and rapid advancement throughout the whole Spanish last main, for these twenty years, be SO obvious as to strike most superficial observer, and this the degree of relaxation on the owing toa since the mother part ofgovernment, country has been a state of warfare, what engaged in to result from may not be expected a general state of the crisis of which is melioration, must lead to now come, and which. a freer intercourse with states. The; principal cities foreign Europe, in arts, already rival those of sciences, and society is on a scale of luxury ; and refinement pleasing to the polished traveller. highly the description ofall To attempt lumes, but in the ofthem, would require VOa few outlines Appendix (C.) will be found of Mexico, the great seat of the Spanish empire in America, and the ofthe New World. It emporium institutions in possesses several good painting, botany, mining, ture, engraving, &c. and schools sculpmatics, and all the for mathegood sciences, provided with apparatus, and may be said to in point of intellectual surpass. cities in information, most of the Spain. , but in the ofthem, would require VOa few outlines Appendix (C.) will be found of Mexico, the great seat of the Spanish empire in America, and the ofthe New World. It emporium institutions in possesses several good painting, botany, mining, ture, engraving, &c. and schools sculpmatics, and all the for mathegood sciences, provided with apparatus, and may be said to in point of intellectual surpass. cities in information, most of the Spain. --- Page 211 --- establishments tend to keep alive a Such and only require a more taste for knowledge, mechanic arts and introduction of the general extend widely their advantagesagriculture to that these much to be regretted lt is, however, confined to the upper valuable objects are to turn them to classes, who are too wealthy diffused to national utility ; there is nothing and facilitate the labours of the industrious the hand of the meingenious, or to guide by Whatever is produced chanic or artisan. in which, art the latter, is the work oflabour, has little share ; nor are the extensive improveof any use or apments of refined Europe yet plication amongst them. from Vera There is an excellent highway and the Cruz to Mexico, over the mountains, is lined with taverns and lodgingroad by the king, and for the houses supported whose conveyance convenience of travellers, is réndered easy by the quantity of Indians in carrying a kind of who gain a livelihood and sedan chairs, in officiating as muleteers, with in bearing loads on their shoulders, travel with safety and dispatch. which they disThere are guard-houses at appropriate is safe. A muleteer tances, and travelling YOL. II. --- Page 212 --- often receive 100 boxes ofdollars with a giua or certificate, which he carries to Vera Cruz without escort, a distance of better than 200 miles. Oflate years also, a large causeway, has been opened, to convey the indigo from Guatemala to Vera Cruz. --- Page 213 --- CHAPTER XXIV. SITUACOXSIDERATIONS ON THE RELATIVE SPANISH COLONIES TO THE TION OF THE MOTHER COUNTRY. the part of an unfaithful narraIT were acting of this kind, not to subtor, in an undertaking situation of join a few remarks on the present their mother Colonies, relatively to the Spanish review of their reciprocal country, by taking a of alteration conduct, and of the symptoms of begun-to fix the attention that have alrcady the beholding world. outlines, it may be easily From the preceding established that the form of government seen, for ber distant settleby the court of Spain, intended to exments in America, was more and tend and support a degree of sovereignty dependence, than to promote theimprovement, of the people goprosperity, and happiness verned. monarchs to The accession of the Austrian fatal to the crown of Spain was an epoch 0 2 and of the symptoms of begun-to fix the attention that have alrcady the beholding world. outlines, it may be easily From the preceding established that the form of government seen, for ber distant settleby the court of Spain, intended to exments in America, was more and tend and support a degree of sovereignty dependence, than to promote theimprovement, of the people goprosperity, and happiness verned. monarchs to The accession of the Austrian fatal to the crown of Spain was an epoch 0 2 --- Page 214 --- the peace, aggrandizement, and tion of Old consolidaSpain ; and could, little therefore, be consoling to countries SO far which were considered in removed, as no other light than contributing to the wants of the Charles the V.of Austria, state. hand ofhis received from the pire that had grandfather, the sceptre of an emnot long been united into one common mass, that was formed of different states, kingdoms, and provinces, that had but recently been reconciled to each other, respective customs and whose whose pursuits and manners differed ; which had language were opposed SO lately been torn asunder ; and by civil foreign wars ; yet, instead of round the standard of rallying them mutual and laws, formed for their general felicity : --instead of contrasting their past state by the a new one, founded introduction of reconcile on those bonds which jarring interests, diffuse human pincss and knowledge, he happal political state of the neglected the interwere kingdom , --fresh wars commenced, scenes of distress and fusion again arose, conduced, in and, as it may be well desuch a stage of general dereliction, comparatively, little was done to meliorate condition of thej the The newly-acquired colonies. nation continued depressed and ex- --- Page 215 --- of Charles the III., who hausted till the reign and calamabegan to relieve the public wants diffusion of wise regulations; tics, by a partial arts and sciences ; enrestored the drooping the couraged industry, and generally improved : he did not effect face of the country yet, of much for the solid and durable happiness his and though he left traces of the nation ; soon effaced patriotic endeavours, they were of the intrigues of ministers, the relaxation by and the general venality that public morals, every class of men in power. pervaded monarch served The reign of the succeeding rivet the the wrongs and but to aggravate and enfeebled people. chains of this wretched though not In the late convulsions of Europe, the reduced by force of arms, Spain, against wishes of its inhabitants, was the first general her servile neck to the great usurper to bend basely lending of nations, and her government in the itself to his designs, she ceased to hold, other estimation than that scale of nations, any presented of a vassal power. Whilst Portugal of hoto the admiring world, the spectacle resistance ; whilst she nourable and energetic and of a braved the threatened invasion pillage formidable foe, Spain was undermined by and domestic intrigues ; every avenue foreign wishes of its inhabitants, was the first general her servile neck to the great usurper to bend basely lending of nations, and her government in the itself to his designs, she ceased to hold, other estimation than that scale of nations, any presented of a vassal power. Whilst Portugal of hoto the admiring world, the spectacle resistance ; whilst she nourable and energetic and of a braved the threatened invasion pillage formidable foe, Spain was undermined by and domestic intrigues ; every avenue foreign --- Page 216 --- sunk in indolence, and to. influence bought up; faith of her reposing on the professed good her wonted martial spirit fled, her treaally, her forts and garrisonsures were exhausted, towns were left without defence, and she preof duped confidence, sented a general pictire and enervated debility. of the Cabinet of St. Cloud, were, The plans toil and artful however, now matured; every and there was only snare was now spread, and well-directed: coup required one general whole fabric of the totde main to raze the and of Spain, tering and sapped government to seize on her territory, as an annexed province to the empire of France. deprivation of the legal The consequent and of all communisovereign of his crown, and co-operation with his people, ought cation followed that only means to have been by and confidence to the people, of giving energy the interests of the kingand of consolidating with the unanimous dom, the compliance favour of the Prince voice of the nation in of Asturias. In such a distressing dilemma, this could only be done, consistently with their Jaws and constitution, by a convocation own which being formed out of the of the Cortes, and representatives of deputies of each city --- Page 217 --- conncil, assembled in one general province, of their constishould unite the confidence and force to and give efficient energy tuents, for the public good. every measure adopted this was the more like Spain In a country opinions of each from the clashing necessary, the old and unextinguished predivision, and and in such an judices of each province; ; to have excase, it ought equally emergent abroad, as will heretended to her possessions after be proved. island was, by the CenEach province and to send over deindeed authorized tral Junta, intended rather to serve puties, but they were consistency to give greater as an expedient they were to be united, to the body to whom of good to than to insure any participation and had colonies they were to represent, the whatever with the melioration no connexion of the old system, of their state by a change ofpower: reform in the distribution or by any of the Junta was indeed the The formation that void, the first measure which succeeded when a bepeople must naturally experience, considered Ferloved sovereign, such as they them. It dinand VII. was snatched from oneit was nation, but the appeared to every form of provisional framed for, an adequate than to insure any participation and had colonies they were to represent, the whatever with the melioration no connexion of the old system, of their state by a change ofpower: reform in the distribution or by any of the Junta was indeed the The formation that void, the first measure which succeeded when a bepeople must naturally experience, considered Ferloved sovereign, such as they them. It dinand VII. was snatched from oneit was nation, but the appeared to every form of provisional framed for, an adequate --- Page 218 --- government; for the thinking the Spanish part at least of it people, were not was an inefficient insensible, that themselves and of their representation both of more a legislative, king, and that it was Not than an executive council. being endowed therefore with the either of calling forth the means sources of the energies and renation at home, or redress abroad, little ofextending ticipated from the advantage could be anby the colonies, administration of the Junta removal which could not of their expect a existing change suitable to the grievances, nor a on the wants, and grounded happiness of the people. More than two since the years have now elapsed took change of government in place, and the councils Spain cessively that have sucswayed that by any act in favour kingdom, of are not marked the American ments, nor does there exist settledeliberation, that on their records a under tends to correct tbe abuses which they have SO This cannot but be long groaned. and disheartening to SO interesting a mass of large the South American population as that of tural for continent; ; and it is nathem, as thinking men, to those obvious reflections indulge obtrudes which their situation upon their minds, 66 Of what use" --- Page 219 --- say, is it to us, to do the Americans justly resources and drain ourselves of our public if the government, in support private means, only thinks of whom the whole is lavished, at the moment our remittances arrive, of us and faithful subjects in proand calls us good we portion to the amounts and contingencies furnish ?" abandonment, In this state of general the of that body, which was therefore, on part at the head of affairs, it is not strange placed should be.in commotion; that whole provinces to those comand, swearing eternal enmity foes who have spread desolation amongst mon in Europe, in hopes of equally their brothers horrors beyond the seas, extending the same and be should think of their own safety, anxious about a national existence. as the successes of the French arms As soon had forced the provisional governin Spain Cadiz; at the time when ment to retire to thing became in some measure gloomy, every at that distance, particularly to the Americans, of consternation and depression this degree for the arts of the French aforded fne scope defeats that agents and spies amongst them; renever existed were depicted : Spain was presented as sunk in a state of effeminate apa- the same and be should think of their own safety, anxious about a national existence. as the successes of the French arms As soon had forced the provisional governin Spain Cadiz; at the time when ment to retire to thing became in some measure gloomy, every at that distance, particularly to the Americans, of consternation and depression this degree for the arts of the French aforded fne scope defeats that agents and spies amongst them; renever existed were depicted : Spain was presented as sunk in a state of effeminate apa- --- Page 220 --- thy and carelessness, and reposing only on the aid protection of England, with no but those she drained from resources hausted her almost exsettlements, and reduced the condition ofa nearly to beloved conquered province. Their sovereign was described to them, as overcome by the weight of his and degraded into the mere tool of misfortunes, Cast down, therefore, in this Bonaparte. state of desolation, and left to orphan becamea themselves, it naturally predominant consideration, to succeed their who was sovereign, whom posed for ever lost to them they supto be the future ; and what was form of was to guard them from government, that machinations. anarchy and French Nor was this a question of inferior to the nations of interest welfare of all Europe, who felt for the belonging to Spain, and were spectators in what had who early as August, passed. As 1808, a manifesto, was issued proclamation, or by Dona Carolotta quina de Bourbon, Joaof daughter to Charles the IV. Spain, and married to the Prince of Portugal and the Brazils. Regent to the loyal and It is addressed faithful vassals ofhis catholic majesty in the Indies and Spain, and chiefs and to those representative bodies in whom are --- Page 221 --- and administration of deposited the authority the many outthe laws. After recapitulating by the common that have been heaped of rages heirs to the crown enemy on the legal reminds them of Spain and the Indies, she as the next to her family, their allegiance representative of member and immediate promising to she publishes her rights, whom, inviolable ; and pledging maintain the same never to alter the thereof, herself, as depositary nor to violaws of the country, fundamental or the honours, or late either its privileges, and nobility, all of exemptions of the clergy from that time, acknowledges whom she, under her care. manifesto was circulated How far this South America, it is through the provinces of it is to determine ; though generally not easy confined to believed to have been partially nearest from being that of Buenos Ayres, the experiBrazils. Be that as it may, the effect, nor could any be exment had no eye with for, besides the jealous pected; view every thing done by which the Spaniards considered as an illegal the Portuguese, it was of their interference; for though the persons and his Ferdinand the VII. royal sovereign wrested from them, two brothers were for ever provinces of it is to determine ; though generally not easy confined to believed to have been partially nearest from being that of Buenos Ayres, the experiBrazils. Be that as it may, the effect, nor could any be exment had no eye with for, besides the jealous pected; view every thing done by which the Spaniards considered as an illegal the Portuguese, it was of their interference; for though the persons and his Ferdinand the VII. royal sovereign wrested from them, two brothers were for ever --- Page 222 --- their rights could not devolve of the to that branch family, as by the Jaw of made in May, 1713, and succession Cortes, the female line sanctioned by the tbere is male is excluded as long as issue to be found ; and crown would, therefore, devolve the of the two Sicilies, on Ferdinand the III. son to the late Charles It would, however, the present state of argue an ignorance of lumbians, mind of the South Cobe to suppose they would submit to governed by any other member of the royal family, than Ferdinand the self; for though VII. himthey may be sensible of the wrongs that have marked the father, reign of his they are fully convinced nated more in the they origiministry, than in corrupt conduct of his their happiness. any premeditated hostility to of Asturias Of that ministry the Prince always testified his and even absented himself disapprobation, his father, not from the court of to be an eye-witness of its irregularities. He wept in solitude state to which his oyer the the people country was reduced; and considered him a martyr to cause, when through the their though influence of Godoy, heir-apparent to the crown, he deprived of his liberty ; and when was his generous --- Page 223 --- in their behalf, received even the exeefforts Alone, or secrations of his own parents. Cavallero, he conded only by the minister and the mask of hypocrisy dared to tear away those base designs, by guilt, and developed Peace had sunk the nation which the Prince of he stood as of horror. In short, into an abyss against that a shield to his future subjects, under which they had SO long oppression and his conduct was distinguished groaned, efforts in their fàby the most magnanimous of Spain The blessings of the people vour. his head, resounded which were heaped upon hailed his late acthrough America, and all to the throne, as the era of regeneracession ofa new existence ; hence tion, and the epoch served but to rivet distresses his subsequent their affections. will ever be memoThe revolution of Spain and will in rable in the annals of history, excite the admiration of posterity. future ages power to which. At the zenith of oppressive almost after subjugating France had ascended, that had till and state, every other potentate of arms and the inthen resisted the force their resources fluence ofintrigue, and adding been antiSpain, that had to her own strength, the first to oppose cipated as an easy prey, was erved but to rivet distresses his subsequent their affections. will ever be memoThe revolution of Spain and will in rable in the annals of history, excite the admiration of posterity. future ages power to which. At the zenith of oppressive almost after subjugating France had ascended, that had till and state, every other potentate of arms and the inthen resisted the force their resources fluence ofintrigue, and adding been antiSpain, that had to her own strength, the first to oppose cipated as an easy prey, was --- Page 224 --- a barrier to her hitherto resistless career ; its people, though long enervated by inaction, in want of chiefs, and undermined by the machinations of their invader, yet withstood his iron rod, and in the early days, at least, of the contest, promised not only to effect their own desired independence, but to second the common cause of the other nations of Europe. The first and most advantageous moments were, however, lost ; no government existed to direct and second the armies, or give confidence to the people, and, meanwhile, France redoubled her efforts. Notwithstanding the increased forces of the invader, and the cruel means he has resorted to in order to maintain his conquests, the work is yet left unfinished; fresh valour seems to rise on the ruins of dispersed armies ; and in the new mode of warfare now adopted by the Spanish natives, more distress is caused, than he has yet experienced, in subjugating the rest of Europe. Let the issue be what it may, the struggle will be glorious ; the attempts to repel a foreign foe will be respected in history, and the heroic defence of Zaragoza, Gerona, and Ciudad Rodrigo, will be ever remembered. In the present crisis of Spanish affairs, however, an epoch highly interesting to the nation, --- Page 225 --- so tol hera allies,isapproachbut moreparticularlys of the late No sooner had the insufficiency ing. and acknowgovernment been fully perceived, voice of ledged by all parties, than the general that called for the legal constitution the people and the Cortes were, in the was yet preserved; ; summoned by the month .of January, 1810, succeeded the JunCouncil of Regency, which of the in the month of August ta, to convene of future liberty to The hopes same year. welfare to her colonies, may be Spain, and of convocation; said to depend on this interesting with nations now in league and treaty and the on which will then have better grounds her, of their alliance. to raise the superstructure the wide ocean This is a plank, that amidst founin which she had nearly of misfortune, remains to save the state. dered, yet to the decree of the In recurring, however, Cadiz, on the 18th of Regency, published in body, in which this representative June, 1810, wish to give an irrefragable announce their desire for the public proof of their ardent of the nation, each good, and for the safety to proceed to of which, is directed province it in the general elect deputies to represent nothing is found congress about to be formed, of their Ameto invite the distant provinces remains to save the state. dered, yet to the decree of the In recurring, however, Cadiz, on the 18th of Regency, published in body, in which this representative June, 1810, wish to give an irrefragable announce their desire for the public proof of their ardent of the nation, each good, and for the safety to proceed to of which, is directed province it in the general elect deputies to represent nothing is found congress about to be formed, of their Ameto invite the distant provinces --- Page 226 --- rican dominions, to send forward persons to stipulate for their wants, and thus to form part of that great national congregration, intended to ground the rights of the state, in which they have SO great an intercst. This would have been a means of union, and a bond of fraternal amity, which the excircumstances forcibly called for, and isting would have healed the wounds caused by the neglect of the preceding administration. Notwithstanding the professions set forth in the valedictory address of the Junta to the nation, experience had well convinced every party, that its interests had been neglected ; and though composed of some of the most respectable and enlightened members of the country, it was, devoid of from the mode of its establisbment, power ; and if its authority was not defined at home, it was impossible for it to be delegated to countries divided from it by immense oceans. At such a distance, therefore, with such an extent of territory, and mass of population as Spain held in America, without a concentration of efficient and executive authority, it was: almost impossible to conciliate the local and jarring interests ; for, if European nations have found it difficult to extend the force of control over detached islands, bounded by na- --- Page 227 --- by political union, how ture and held together much more SO must it be over an assemblage in where each is nearly equal of provinces, and where there size to the distant kingdom, that defies every exists a division of interests link effort to keep rivelted each corresponding of the whole chain. amidst the It is equally palpable, that which, cares and local occupations weighty revolution in Spain, have engrossed since the attention of its unstable the whole time and improvident marked as it was, by government, abortive pleas, much cannot legislation and the welfare of this interesthave been done for ; nor can an ing part of the Spanish empire the have been adopted for system equivalent which the council of the Indies of polity, by conducted its affairs. and The want of maternal care, advice, protéction to their children, now rising into puis the greatest matter of reproach to berty, and the hopes the provisional government; entertained of which the Spanish Columbians founding its measures a new administration and acting for on the experience of the past, and the the mutual benefit of the peninsula colonies, have been cruelly disappointed. foresight, and prudent distriThat promised VOL.II. P --- Page 228 --- bution of thc benefits arising from a regenerated state of things, they have seen confined to the removal ofa a few officers originally sent out by Godoy; the old system of things is unchanged, and the same rotten and tottering fabric remains. This consideration naturally calls us back to a review of that expected salutary change in the affairs of Spain. It may then naturally be concluded, that - the mass of the Spanish nation are anxiously solicitous for that reform which they see necessary, and have anticipated, as competent that regeneration essential to the to produce existence of the state itself, the correction very of abuses; the alleviation of their wrongs, and those of the colonies ; combining a more representation of the throne, an authority just uniform and concentrated, and an admore effective' and vigorous in the ministration more executive power. of the court of Lisbon to the The removal attended with Jocal conse- - Brazils, has been of a.most happy nature, and serves as quences stimulus to its sura strong and exemplary neighbours. It has given a new rounding and nerve to industry, and the avenues energy and accessiof redress are direct, immediate, intercourse with Engble. The commercial ; combining a more representation of the throne, an authority just uniform and concentrated, and an admore effective' and vigorous in the ministration more executive power. of the court of Lisbon to the The removal attended with Jocal conse- - Brazils, has been of a.most happy nature, and serves as quences stimulus to its sura strong and exemplary neighbours. It has given a new rounding and nerve to industry, and the avenues energy and accessiof redress are direct, immediate, intercourse with Engble. The commercial --- Page 229 --- free of their own iand, and the nvigation with trafhas filled their American ports flag, value to the productions of fic, and given of sale which the agriculture; the certainty redoubles, planter now sees for his produce, to increase his crops. The prohis eagerness now no longer tection of his own government and this promises efficient security, reflective, of things, that has arisen happy combination transferfate of Portugalin from the untoward ofe empire to the ring the strength and splendour ofAmerica, forms shores of the Tast continent rstate of too great: a contrast with the languishing them not to impress the confining provinces, analogy. %k with considerations drawn from to the of theSpaniard That inherentjealousy unabated from the Portuguese, which springs between remembrance of wars that once raged which the policy of their respective them,and efface, makes this contrast courts could never ; an asprominent and impressive doubly were it not the sertion that might be doubted, of ofactual observation. The prospect tesult on one side, and that of increasing prosperity formed in their a solid substantial government wish in the own days on the other, excite a G) Sec Treaty of Alliance with England. (Appendix P 2 --- Page 230 --- enlightened of the Spanish intervening proand those who have most the public vinces, in good at heart, that their government Europe would adopt some mode of assiduous and general revisal, satisfactory to their wants, grounded on the destruction of monopoly, and distinguished by an equal extension of rights Such combinawith all their fellow-subjects. tions would become the proper instrument of and national union. their political improvement The refusal of this, can only be attended by an alternative, which however to be deprecated from the confusion that would ensue, is consistent with justice and humanity, for they cannot be accused of a want of moderation, of since they are not held by or patriotism, the bond of affection to their European brothers. But this long neglect affords a plea to the disturbers oft the public reposc, who are not backward to fan the embers of discontent, and keep alive those enmities and dissentions which have but too often originated in the abuse of distant and delegated power, and from which they would now wish to propagate a general odium to the European name. It has been considered by the best Spanish and the most disinterested in the great patriots, as the heaviest misfortune that national cause, patriotism, the bond of affection to their European brothers. But this long neglect affords a plea to the disturbers oft the public reposc, who are not backward to fan the embers of discontent, and keep alive those enmities and dissentions which have but too often originated in the abuse of distant and delegated power, and from which they would now wish to propagate a general odium to the European name. It has been considered by the best Spanish and the most disinterested in the great patriots, as the heaviest misfortune that national cause, --- Page 231 --- crisis, that the could happen at that important not of the nation was legal representation the of their calledin the moment that captivity Council was made known. The sovereign constituted body in that of Castile, the leading that the instalcommon-wealth, early judged to lation of the Junta was not only inadequate of the nation, but irregular, as being the wants the laws of the realm, and inconsistent with As this partiunsanctioned by precedents. is imcular trait in the late Spanish history and connected with the present unportant, of the mother country, and the stable state abroad, we may orphan situation ofthecolonies few remarks on the be allowed to indulge a shall avail oursubject, in treating which, we selves of the best existing authorities. made The representation or remonstrance, the Council of Castile to the officially, by under date of the 8th October, Central Junta, illustrative of the 1808, is a document highly considerable point in question, and throws affairs. light on the history ofthe late Spanish itself This latter body having constituted administration, as the deinto an executive during the pository of the sovereign anthority, thus concaptivity of the king; but not being stituted by the votes of the people, exacted --- Page 232 --- obedience, and took into its own hands, the entire reins of the government. This formation of the depaties of the several provincial Juntas, into one supreme governing congress, appcars opposed to the spirit of the Spanish history, more sO, as the famous Ley de Partida pointed out to the nation a course, in which would have been found a remedy applicable to the reigning evil, and a means of rallying the opinions ofall. This is forcibly testified in the words of king John, in the year 14118, and dated in Madrid. 66 Porque en los hechos arduos de nuestros reynos, es necesario consejo de nuestros subditos y naturales, especialmente de los procuradorcs de las nuestras cindades, villas y lugares de los nuestros reynos ; por ende erdenamos y mandamos que sobre tales fechos grandes J arduos se bayan de ajunter Cortes, y se faga con consejo de los tres estados de nuestros reynos segun que lo hicieron los Reyes nuestros predecesores." 99 66 As in the arduous and momentous occurrences of our kingdoms, it is necessary to recciveadvice from our subjects and people, especially from thc representative deputies of the cities and towns of our said kingdoms; for this rcason, Wc ordain and command, that in ende erdenamos y mandamos que sobre tales fechos grandes J arduos se bayan de ajunter Cortes, y se faga con consejo de los tres estados de nuestros reynos segun que lo hicieron los Reyes nuestros predecesores." 99 66 As in the arduous and momentous occurrences of our kingdoms, it is necessary to recciveadvice from our subjects and people, especially from thc representative deputies of the cities and towns of our said kingdoms; for this rcason, Wc ordain and command, that in --- Page 233 --- arduous and momentous occurcases of such the Cortes (courts or representative rences, be assembled and act of the nation) congress of the three states, * as was done by the advice by the kings, our predecessors." conduct the Spanish Such was the line of of Henry adopted during the minority nation also in the years 1480 and 1538. the IIL. and Charles the V.isthe The reign of the Emperor tbat presents in the history of Spain, last epoch national occurrence, instance of this great an of the moment, and founded on the exigence to which the state was exposed. the dangers of this august body, dates The formation of the several kingfrom the re-establishment almost entire subverdoms of Spain after their intended by the sion by the Goths, and was who, at that time, had purchased nation, of their own their freedom,. at the expense abusive power blood, as a barrier against the for this reason, : and it was of the sovereign of justhe. supremacy that they concentrated ers of peace tice, and the discretionary powe assemblies of the and war, in the representative, franchises they people, of whose rights and This was and guardians. were the depositaries nation, the idol and pride of the Spanish long Meaning the clergy, nobility, and people. --- Page 234 --- and forms an interesting contemplation in the annals of that country ; but how it was overlooked in their late distress, seems a blem. proThe nation, thus represented by the body of the elected deputies of the people, alone became adequate to the solution of all arduous cases, for which there was not immediate vision in the established laws of the land. pro- Its powers emanated from the delegation of the rights of man in society, from the essential principles of the constitution of Spain, and, as has beena aptly observed by one of their legislators, this was a body that could depose the king himself, in grievous cases,--a right that was established by a secret pact or convention between the king and bis people. The former contracted the obligation of doing justice, of supporting the public good, the rights and liberties of the subject, and of governing in conformity to the laws, without altering or infringing them, and in compliance and accord with the votes of the nation at large. The people on their part, contracted the obligation to obey, and serve with their properties and persons, their sovercigns and the state, as long as the conduct of the king, warranted their allegiance. established by a secret pact or convention between the king and bis people. The former contracted the obligation of doing justice, of supporting the public good, the rights and liberties of the subject, and of governing in conformity to the laws, without altering or infringing them, and in compliance and accord with the votes of the nation at large. The people on their part, contracted the obligation to obey, and serve with their properties and persons, their sovercigns and the state, as long as the conduct of the king, warranted their allegiance. --- Page 235 --- with the king, This power of remonstrating words of the Cortes of by the is aptly proved to Charles the V.in the Valladolid, addressed that the first duty 1518. 66 Considering year is to succour and provide of your highness large, who are your vassals for your peopleat in preference to your and natural subjects, to remind your affairs; we wish oWIl proper chosen and called to highness, that you were of which is, to be our king, the interpretation could you well, for in that case only; is to do govern king; and to govern well, be called to give each person his justice, which means; lt is for and this is truly to be a king. own, also, that your subjects give you this reason and serve you part of their fruits and earnings, called upon ; their when they are with persons then sec, if by silent pact let your highness them, and renare not obliged to uphold you der them due justice." language of Such was the frée and energetic to of the Spanish people the representatives late as the reign of Charles their monarchs, SO remind him the V. and in this way did they of the of his duty as a king, and complain was tincabuses with which his administration the last tured. It however appears nearly from the effort ofthe nation, which, generous --- Page 236 --- accession of the Austrian monarchs began to decline ; a convocation of the Cortes was avoided by the ministers, successively presidingin the Cabinets of Madrid, who dreaded restrictions on their powers, and from that time the people, who till then had been predominant, became connected with the realm; in no other way than by subjection. The Cortes of Spain, in cases of war, resembled the parliament of England, with regard to its sovereign, and though the Spanish monarch could make war, it rested with the former to give him the necessary supplies ; and the calling out the armed force, was particularly vested in the municipalities. The above-mentioned Cortes of Valladolid, in the twenty-second article of their constitution, establish this point, when they say, that c6 whenever the king wishes to make war, it is his duty to assemble the Cortes, to whom he will exhibit his reasons, that they may see whetber it be just, which if it should prove to be, and against Moors, they are to deliberate on the force that may be necessary, and fix the required, but that without the will supplics of the said deputics of the people, the king cannot declare or wage war." es of Valladolid, in the twenty-second article of their constitution, establish this point, when they say, that c6 whenever the king wishes to make war, it is his duty to assemble the Cortes, to whom he will exhibit his reasons, that they may see whetber it be just, which if it should prove to be, and against Moors, they are to deliberate on the force that may be necessary, and fix the required, but that without the will supplics of the said deputics of the people, the king cannot declare or wage war." --- Page 237 --- Numerous arc the traits of Spanish history the legality of the that appear to support the only means Cortes, and prove that it was that was left to of national representation and reduced bercft of their sovereign, a people for it will be found in to an orphan state; the universal partithe annals. of nations, that of of council creates reciprocity gecipation consideration that alone neral obedience, a and creates gives efficiency to government, and union of that consensus obedientium, of a state can on which solely the empire parts, be founded. observed It has, therefore been judiciously of the present day, that by a Spanish politician misfortune to a nathere cannot be a greater tion than to have a constitution not perfectly. and to have lost its outlines from definite, of time, in which it has been out the length is to the of use. Yet this position. applicable distresses of Spain; for the history and late foréfathers seemed to be buried glory of their which they had in the ruins of that fabric, erected as the safeguard of their rights, once had been sapped by the but which gradually successive designs of power, and lay moulderin such decay, that by the mass of the ing --- Page 238 --- people, no fragment of the great corner-stone could any longer be found. Those bonds of dependence and communion which form the accordance of the subdivided parts of the state, with the centre of its operations, being loosened, or rather broken asunder, the public machine is disorganized, and the common spring loses its effect. These again it becomes necessary to adjust and regulate, before a new motion can be produced, otherwise a confusion, similar to the error of and the confidence of the Phieton, ensues, people becomes vague and misdirected. Such was the spectacle the provinces of Spain presented at the capture of their king, and the destruction of his government : and such the colonies will continue to present, till a general explanation and mutual agreement takes place ; for tili then, there can be no government properly SO called, the different interests and opinions will occasion party-divisions: ; the spirit of animosity and opposition will take advantage of the total want of established and fixed principles , faction, nay, confusion may follow, whilst the government at home is balancing which is the true, legal, and constitutional way of administering for them. in the history is sO But no trait Spanish --- Page 239 --- to the late situation of Spain as that analogous in the beginning of the reign which occurred and which the pen of the of Henry the 11I. handeddown to posarchbishop ofToledo has terity. of that prince, it beDuring the minority by a necessary to govern the kingdom :came for whose establishment Council of Regency, assembled in Mathe Cortes were called, and Theconcourse was the greatest drid, in 1391. and representhe nation had ever witnessed, cities tatives were sent from all the principal After a series of most in the kingdom. deliberations, it was weighty and important best and safest way to concluded, that the the state under existing circumstances, govern Council of Regency, which was was to elect a several this done, and for years accordingly continued glorious to the form of government nation, and respected by the people. Conformable to the history of the country, found in its annals, were and the precedents Ferdinand also the wishes of the unfortunate of the VII. in the decree he issued on the 5th in Bayonne, where he addressed May, 1808, Council of Castile, himself to the Supreme words, 66 That finding himin the following Regency, which was was to elect a several this done, and for years accordingly continued glorious to the form of government nation, and respected by the people. Conformable to the history of the country, found in its annals, were and the precedents Ferdinand also the wishes of the unfortunate of the VII. in the decree he issued on the 5th in Bayonne, where he addressed May, 1808, Council of Castile, himself to the Supreme words, 66 That finding himin the following --- Page 240 --- self deprived of the power of acting for hiniself, it was his royal will that the nation should proceed to convene the Cortes in the place that might appear most convenient; that in the first instance they were to devise means and raise supplies for the defence of the kingdom; and that they should remain in session for whatever else might occur.' 2> The greatest part, therefore, of the calamities which have obscured the horizon of Spain, were owing to the tardy adoption of this great national resource, from whence originated a debility of government; a want of activity in its councils, and of vigour in its execution. The system of internal policy being thus relaxed, her passive reliance on the efforts of her allies, served but to blight those laurels which each had gained, and render fruitless the valuable blood, that in SO noble a cause had been already shed, Spain became weakened not SO much by the energy and success of her enemy, as by the disorders which rankled in her own bosom. This unhappy abortion of the first zeal of the Spanish people, did not however destroy it; neither the reverses of war, nor the fortune of the usurper, have enfeebled its constancy, or diminishedits ardour; --- Page 241 --- is yet wanting but a systematic and nothing of resistance through and well-combined plan the whole provinces. on the part of Of this inadequate power ministers near the the Junta, the British when they Spanish government were sensible, not of sufficient defined it to be an instrument, for which force to carry into effect the objects forth of calling it was formed, nor capable directing the the resources of the nation, and with that degree of vigour spirit of the people alliance, and renecessary to second a forcign pel a powerful invader. means set in Considering the very great that of motion by sO formidable a power as aided by the internal plots that the French, have existed for several premay be said to became necessary double efforts ceding years, of. defence on con-, to form an- effective organ the adequately to supply stitutional principles, The election place of the absent monarch. in the. of the Central Junta did indeed appear of zeal, which scemed to first ardour public pervade every breast, to possess these requisites, but the least reverse of fortune proved to that body yitself, that it was not a legal confederation the ; it was too numerous to act of provinces had the affairs of with unanimity ; though, --- Page 242 --- in its hands, perhaps Spain proved prosperous it would still exist, for in that case only would it have acquired the voice of the people, Ifit be evident that the state of the Spanish needed reform and melioration, it settlements that they will not consent to be is no less sO, governed by the regulations and laws to which have been hitherto accustomed; but they are unanimous on this head, they though they determined to repel every are nevertheless, and to swear eterforeign attack or intrigue, nal enmity to the French name ; for they interested and anxious for the fate are equally and for the welfare of of the mother country, whose virtues they revere. a beloved sovereign, to the inNothing can be more congenial terests of Spain, and the wishes of the people, than to establish commercial regulations with England. They have before them, as already remarked, the example of the Portuguese, who have known the value of a powerful, just, and disinterested ally; and with whom the long and uniform continuance of that friendly conmutually subsists, is the best nection,. which proof ofits sincerity and solid foundation. When France and Spain united, in the year 1762, to subjugate Portugal, England came her independence, and to her aid, supported be more congenial terests of Spain, and the wishes of the people, than to establish commercial regulations with England. They have before them, as already remarked, the example of the Portuguese, who have known the value of a powerful, just, and disinterested ally; and with whom the long and uniform continuance of that friendly conmutually subsists, is the best nection,. which proof ofits sincerity and solid foundation. When France and Spain united, in the year 1762, to subjugate Portugal, England came her independence, and to her aid, supported --- Page 243 --- house of Braganza on its established the priviSince then, she has possessed throne. ports, and has supleges in the Portuguese whilst the wines of the plied her with goods, in hers. She has latter, have held a preference of Portugal, bulwark of the rights been the of her trade. Since the reand the guardian of Lisbon, England has moval of the Court and their alcontinued firm to her interests, contrast to that ofSpain liance forms a striking with France. of the French incorporated When the leader states, he openly Piedmont with his own cirthat he was impelled by existing avowed ofits inability and by a conviction indecumstances, the weight of its own either to support ofa a monarchy. Such pendence, or the expense and language to Portugal, also, was his public respecting Spain, such his private sentiments would he have yet how much more sublimely to their united triumphed, ifhe could have got he beyond the seas. Long ago, possessions of his predeceswould have used the language could not islanders sors, 66 that those haughty if the riches of insult all the maritime powers, hands. 99 Portugal did not pass into their herself of the That France wished to avail and also to engross the acsame resources, VOL. II. C --- Page 244 --- cumulated wealth which the possessions of America afforded, may be well conSpanish ceived. - For this purpose, as we have already them ; said, emissaries were spread throughout the of Spain, apand even present government machisensible of the pears, in some degree, and the nations that exist against her peace, of her establishments abroad, as is allegiance edict, issued by the proved by the following date of the tenth of Regency in Cadiz, under that if 1810. It will be hereafter seen, May, her settlements entire, Spain wishes to preserve which is from that intrigue she may yet profit extend-. applied to existing circumstances, by it is redress to those springs on which ing Correction and reform are intended to act. for the best antidotes to forcign corruption ; let us make a people happy, prosperous, and we may then rely on their and contented, allegiance. del de Regencid, publicado Cn la Decreto Consejo Gazeta de Cadiz de lo. de Mayo de 1810, c6 El Rey, y en su real nombre el Consejo de de los reynos de Espana e Indias, se Regencia la real orden siguiente : ha servido expedir Noticioso S. M. de que por diferentes puntos . for the best antidotes to forcign corruption ; let us make a people happy, prosperous, and we may then rely on their and contented, allegiance. del de Regencid, publicado Cn la Decreto Consejo Gazeta de Cadiz de lo. de Mayo de 1810, c6 El Rey, y en su real nombre el Consejo de de los reynos de Espana e Indias, se Regencia la real orden siguiente : ha servido expedir Noticioso S. M. de que por diferentes puntos --- Page 245 --- general de Earopa, Na intenta el perturbador enviar emisarios y espias a poleon Buonaparte, ultramarinos, y quie ha los dominios Espanoles con el depraverificado ya el envio de algunos el desorden de introducir en ellos vado designio alcanzan sus fuerzas y la anarquia, ya que no constando tambien a a paises tan remotos : y dichos emisarios, S. M. que la mayor parte de Espanoles entre los quales se cuentan algunos se reunen en los Estadosdesnaturalizados, desde donde con disfraces Unidos de America, furtivamente simulaciones procuran penetrar y la de Texas, 6 se empor tierra en provincia Espanolas: ha barcan para otras posesiones espanol, ni exresuelto S. M. que a ningun nacion clase 6 que trangero, de qualquiera baxo de ningun pretexto, se permita sea, y de los puertos Espadesembarcar en ninguno dominios, sin que presente noles de aquellos pasaportes, dalos documentos auténticos y residentes dos por las autoridades legitimas, a nombre en los puntos de su procedencia, Fernando VII: y que del rey nuestro senor D. la legitimiacrediten de un modo indudable y el objeto de su viage: dad de sus personas demas autolos vireyes, gobernadores, y que civiles de los referidos ridades militares y observar invioladominios, observen y hagan Q 2 --- Page 246 --- de esta SO6lemente el exàcto cumplimiento determinacion ; y que si por alguno berana accidentes, que no siempre se de aquellos verificase el desembarco pueden precaver, se de los 0 introduccion por tierra de alguno emisarios 0 espias franceses en aquellos paises, desde luego a formarle breve y suse proceda se le imponga la pena mariamente su causa, executar, sin necesidad capital, y se mande asimismo à de consultar à S. M: procediendo confiscacion del cargamento y buque en la emisario à espia hubiese sido conque dicho executar esto ultimo con ducido : debiéndose nacion que toda embarcacion, de qualquiera el solo hecho de llevar a bordo persea, por los correspondientes personas que no tengan legitimas y à misos, dados por la autoridades los nombre de Fernando VII. aun quando 19 fuesen naturales de aquelos dominios. sugetos TRANSLATION, and in his royal name the 4 The King, of Spain Council-of Regency for the kingdom the Indies, has been pleased to issue the and following royal order : that the geinformed 66 His Majesty being Buoof Europe, Napoleon neral perturbator from different points, to naparte, endeavours correspondientes personas que no tengan legitimas y à misos, dados por la autoridades los nombre de Fernando VII. aun quando 19 fuesen naturales de aquelos dominios. sugetos TRANSLATION, and in his royal name the 4 The King, of Spain Council-of Regency for the kingdom the Indies, has been pleased to issue the and following royal order : that the geinformed 66 His Majesty being Buoof Europe, Napoleon neral perturbator from different points, to naparte, endeavours --- Page 247 --- send spies and emissaries marine amongst the ultrapossessions of Spain, and that he has already dispatched some, with the base of there introducing design since his anarchy and disorder, arms cannot reach countries SO mote ; and it being further notified rejesty, that the to his magreatest part of these emissaries, amongst whom are reckoned some lized denaturaSpaniards, are now in United States, collecting the false whence, in disguise and under pretexts, they are to into the provinces penetrate by land places-Has ofTexas, and by sea to other resolved, that no Spaniard or foreigner, of whatever class or nation he be, shall land in may minions, any port of the Spanish dowithout producing from the legal and proper passports constituting siding in the authorities, recountry from whence ceed, and given in the they proFerdinand the name ofour sovereign VII. and this under death, pain of confiscation of 2 &c. In the carly property,' &c. stages of that France encountered opposition, which in her of Spain, whilst general usurpation yet the result was more bious, she was well aware that the duto strike at the root of best means tack the sources of resistance, was to atsuaded of the foreign supplies. Perimpossibility of any attempt to --- Page 248 --- relax that spring of energy and strength, which impelled the British nation to the generous succour of her allies ; but, seeing at the same time, that those loans of treasure and supplies which this nation afforded, must in defect of all local and domestic "resources be replaced ; France did not lose sight of the spot from whence they were to be derived, or the point to which she was, in the mean time, to direct, her attacks. No sooner had the abdication of the Spanish monarch taken place in Bayonne, in favour of the French emperor, than persons of a proper where chosen to visit those rich possesstamp, sions, which the latter hoped would equally devolve to his new crown ; and Depons, whose researches and description of, what he literary of South America, rank calls, the eastern part the productions of merit, was the first among others, fixed upon as a suitable emisof many From his long residence in that counsary. and of his own, try, as agent representative local nation, during which, he acquired a and intimacy with many of the knowledge rich and powerful in the provinces, much good to the cause of Josepb was expected. He prehimself, by every- credential that might pared by letgive efficacy to his mission, particularly of, what he literary of South America, rank calls, the eastern part the productions of merit, was the first among others, fixed upon as a suitable emisof many From his long residence in that counsary. and of his own, try, as agent representative local nation, during which, he acquired a and intimacy with many of the knowledge rich and powerful in the provinces, much good to the cause of Josepb was expected. He prehimself, by every- credential that might pared by letgive efficacy to his mission, particularly --- Page 249 --- ters from mercantile houses in there are Spanish merchants Biscay; and whither now in England, they have retired since the oft their own desolation country, whose to their agents in Caracas he correspondence from whom I have verified solicited, and The the fact. Cabinet of Paris, in better the real state of possession of feelings of that were even its owners, and country, than in it, an effervescence aware that to create the late form and founded on disgust to name of be the best means to government, would the trunk, sever the branches from set to work every engine for the purpose, and niards unfortunately, too many were met with ready to second Spaviews. The these destroyers of the peace and tranquillity of South America, found of existing abuses, an abundance schemes on which to ground their of subversion and alienation. was it discovered, that the real Thus things, arising from the situation of of the Spanish long mistaken policy government at home, and the neglectin which these distant in some measure regions were left, the accorded with the views of usurper, which were no other, than to parate the colonies from the sePersuaded that mother country: of the mind, reason is the genuine exercise and truth the native and congenial --- Page 250 --- being, the French clement of an intellectual ruler thought, that if he could induce that people against whom his artifices were directed, once to ponder over their past wrongs, it would be easy to rip open those wounds which time had, in some measure closed, and which only wanted a degree of healing balm entirely to efface, his work would be complete ; and that ifhe could not obtain these vast and desirabe for himself, he would at least be enregions abled to render them useless to the parent He trusted to his own force, and to country. the unstable and wavering form of the Spanish for the subjugation of European government, his for the disseminaSpain, and to intrigues of and confusion in her distant tion anarchy possessions, in hopes that fortuitous circumturn them to his own stances might eventually and in the interim, leave the foradvantage, and essential means of mer bereft of a material support. stock, The Vales Reales, or governmental that for late years had circulated to a considerable amount in the commerce ofS Spain, during the war that existed with England, supof credit, founded on the ported to a degree unavoidable delay and difficulty of bringing home the public funds, which lay stagnant in igues of and confusion in her distant tion anarchy possessions, in hopes that fortuitous circumturn them to his own stances might eventually and in the interim, leave the foradvantage, and essential means of mer bereft of a material support. stock, The Vales Reales, or governmental that for late years had circulated to a considerable amount in the commerce ofS Spain, during the war that existed with England, supof credit, founded on the ported to a degree unavoidable delay and difficulty of bringing home the public funds, which lay stagnant in --- Page 251 --- but as soon as the late revolution America : in Spain broke out, they ofaffairs and change To take fresh hold on the fell sixty per cent. the nation, in whose commercial classes of and to lodged, hands they were principally Joseph Buowhose entire thraldom he aspired, that, all such as had been renaparte decreed, should be denewed by the Junta in Seville, which act he and irrecoverable, by clared null, himself, in a promisory wayatleast, he rendered those held by his partisans. responsible for earliest date of her alliance France, from the had active agents in all her poswith Spain, In Cuba and Puerto Rico, sessions abroad. of their accredited for the protection they were the sale of their prizes ; and in privateers, and they were destined the sea-ports of the main, of researches, and for the support for local had planned and antithat trade which they their chief excipated ; for, on that footing, when to be able to maintain his troops, pected and pillage of Europe were exthe exactions which he saw, was not hausted ; a period, functiondistant. Ifnot avowed as public far through the aries; he had them travelling in the characters of philosophers, interior, historians, under libotanists, and natural sO that he censes from the Spanish Court; --- Page 252 --- and the stiknew the country, its resources, might muli of action, by which its population be roused and convulsed. struggle, that In that long and momentous bosom of Europe, has oflate years agitated the seem to conand in which two great nations evident destruction, an tend for reciprocal marks the cabinets of each, difference in policy The popuproducing opposite consequences. that forms part of share, lar and representative calof England, SO admirably the constitution executive within the liculated to confine the to have of the law, has justly been said, mits the career of external a direct influence on what is consistent operations, far beyond and often opwith a wise system of policy, of the ancient posed to success. The history of discusrepublics proves to us, that publicity elements often sion and the spirit of party, are of the politician, injurious to the enterprises when to be so opposed and must particularly of the and subtle policy the espionnage French. well from the candour Whilst England, as as from the undisguised of her inhabitants, undertakes every plans of her government, and acts often by thing in the face of day, her views in impulse, France matures popular the ancient posed to success. The history of discusrepublics proves to us, that publicity elements often sion and the spirit of party, are of the politician, injurious to the enterprises when to be so opposed and must particularly of the and subtle policy the espionnage French. well from the candour Whilst England, as as from the undisguised of her inhabitants, undertakes every plans of her government, and acts often by thing in the face of day, her views in impulse, France matures popular --- Page 253 --- the council of a few, and spreads, her machinations in a distant nay executes, before the nation at country, almost large is aware to which quarter an army has marched. disguised, and she Every thing is vantage, that converts into means of advery openness of she cannot but admire in conduct, which England trusts to the her enemy. Whilst and relies energy ofher on force of arms, expeditions, pon of France, she policy is the weafluence in those trusts to the empire of incountries into which not pour her legions, and that she canbeen dong pursued in this policy has under the ancien foreign operations, even short recurrence regime, may be proved by a in to the history of the North America, which Indians of that of the two forms a contrast nations, who tempted their subjugation mutually atand control, Pursuing this inquiry by the fact, we are told, that the experience of attempts to settle in French in their first those distant and discovered parts, endeavoured recently force of arms, and fix their to penetrate by litary expeditions, till possessions by miand unvaried through the perpetual abortion of these the certain measures, and tended disappointment and loss that atthem, they found it change their mode of necessary to conduct, and make ad- --- Page 254 --- vances in a way perfectly contrary, and more consistent with the nature ofthe service. The settlers of Canada began to study the pecoliarities of their Indian neighbours, and found that their leading and predominant pasThey assumed the same hasion was hunting. and toil bits of life, joined them in the fatigue ofthe field, shared with them the same dangers, themselves into a close and graduallyinsinusted connection with the natives. They not only assimilated to them, but, to increase their intercourse, stooped even to practise many of eccentricities. Thus did they their savage create that empire over the Indians, which Engwitnessed, and tried to eradiland eventually cate, but which, after the lapse of SO many years, still remains. With this footing gained, they examined the local situation of the country, and found that in obtaining the dominion of the waters would establish a general alliance and they communication with every part of the whole, and acquire a command over them at different which would give them a key to the points continent at large. Thus their policy pointed out to them the efficient centre of dominion in this country, by which they assumed an active influence that was contrasted by the ed, and tried to eradiland eventually cate, but which, after the lapse of SO many years, still remains. With this footing gained, they examined the local situation of the country, and found that in obtaining the dominion of the waters would establish a general alliance and they communication with every part of the whole, and acquire a command over them at different which would give them a key to the points continent at large. Thus their policy pointed out to them the efficient centre of dominion in this country, by which they assumed an active influence that was contrasted by the --- Page 255 --- control of their more numerous rivals. languid and forts of the The various possessions and comFrench, had an order, connection, and system of interest, munication, an unity with relation to the and being well located, they held an friendly guidance of the waters, command over the country, and by entire tie, converted the Inmeans of this political dian interest into their own. of the Such then was the successful policy the empire of influence French in extending knew too. well the over the Indians; they of their politics to affect a superiospirit over them ; all they rity and government in their counsought for, was an ascendancy in their cils, in which they had always persons interest who directed their measuresown has been the conduct of the French to Such different nations of Europe ; such particuthe to Spain, and which she larly was her policy settlements hoped equally to extend to her abroad. Hence their policy always formed a to that of the English, whoser counterpart aimed in secret to traverse, and if views they destruction of France has risen high on the the force of arms, has not been other nations, the only medium of-ascent. The decline of Spain was no ephemeral --- Page 256 --- phenomenon ; it has been uniform since the accession of the Austrian monarchs to the Spanish throne, and must have been occasioninvariable cause. The ed by one unceasing, councils of Spain long undermined by France, had become foreign to the feelings and interests of their own nation, and that noted answer of a minister of Lewis the XV. when how the Cabinet of France could he was asked, bias and govern Spain in the way it did, at the same time that there existed between the people such a deadly hatred, will prove my position. 66 Iti is," replied the minister, eby setting proper persons round the royal family, and by first governing them ; through their we afterwards command the nation." means, This line of conduct has been uniform in relations with Spain, and in the subsequent the successive efforts, France has made to conher provinces, since war has been dequer clared. How much this policy was pursued the partisans of the French, when the Briby tish army was obliged to fall back on Portugal, was evident to the most partial observer, effort was redoubled to spread distrust every in the breasts of the Spaniards, in hopes to convince them that the views of their allies were insincere ; a means the French found ap- the nation." means, This line of conduct has been uniform in relations with Spain, and in the subsequent the successive efforts, France has made to conher provinces, since war has been dequer clared. How much this policy was pursued the partisans of the French, when the Briby tish army was obliged to fall back on Portugal, was evident to the most partial observer, effort was redoubled to spread distrust every in the breasts of the Spaniards, in hopes to convince them that the views of their allies were insincere ; a means the French found ap- --- Page 257 --- but plicableto the wary character of the in the application of which Spaniards, success. they failed of Bonaparte had a double means of the information he SO much obtaining with regard to Spain, but wanted, not only The emigrants, other countries. distresses who, in the early of France, had been convulsive surrounding nations in the received by the generous way, in Spain had most humane and army and navy, and rank both in the families were admitted in as confidents and the first which means they had companions, by of information that access to every subject and might become interesting; this,in unfortunately there were found general, dignified class of amongst who purchased their return persons, many closures of all to' France by disduring their they had been able to collect with absence : a fact well regard to Spain; for the ascertained since overrun those armies that have persons who provinces, are attended by grants, and who formerly lived in them as emiexercise their ledge as well on the situation local knowand its resources, of the country capacity of civil supplies, &c. as also in the to doctrinize the commissioners, in minds of the attempting Few political common people. contemplations are calculated --- Page 258 --- and satisfaction to the to afford more delight mind, than the prospect of ameliorafeeling in the state of the inhabitants of Spanish tion theme has been more disAmerica, and no which have cussed by the cabinets of Europe, at war with that of Madrid. been successively on Different able writers have been employed it has interested the feelings of this subject; and has given rise to some the philanthropist, expeditions that have left of the most powerful all seem to the shores of England, though been mistaken in the means, as well as in have their application. as well The engines, however, employed, the nations of Europe aiming at conquest, by individual adventurers, who have as by some the seeds of discontent and attempted to SOW misrebellion in these provinces, indicate a of the character of the people, and conception the bias of action by which they are goof has been put into the verned. Language Indian, mouth of the half-clad and unlettered suitedindeed, to the restless and unquiet genius age, but foreign to the breasts of the present the most of that class of beings ; for, though of are sensible of an extent enlightened aware of the prowrongs, they are equally afraid of remedy required ; they are portion misrebellion in these provinces, indicate a of the character of the people, and conception the bias of action by which they are goof has been put into the verned. Language Indian, mouth of the half-clad and unlettered suitedindeed, to the restless and unquiet genius age, but foreign to the breasts of the present the most of that class of beings ; for, though of are sensible of an extent enlightened aware of the prowrongs, they are equally afraid of remedy required ; they are portion --- Page 259 --- that the advice dealt out to them from interest than springs more that all efforts sympathy; they have seen state, are warlike, proposed to meliorate their to them, and they feel a similar to that repugnance tic dispute, when displayed in a domesWe have a third party interferes. and been told that 6c the French revolutions American round the South have flashed light abled the most Columbians, which has ento see the remote and secluded slaves injustice of their deformity of the fetters oppressors, and the bound." It is indeed in which they were great occurrences, certain, that these two been engrafted which may be said to have on each other; have every nation to which their afforded able to penetrate, lessons have been means of own situations, but this pondering on their applicable only to may be said to be tion and nations, where communicaand intercourse serve to collect, consolidate the public express, the common classes of opinion ; but in both regions, these the Spanish natives of have rather two great political served to changes mote any counteract, than attempts to take proNever did a nation them as models. much enter into a war with alacrity as that waged SO regicides, nor have against the French VOL, II. any national occurrences R --- Page 260 --- been since held in such sovereign detestation, those which have formed the leading feaas nation. Those who tures of that all-grasping in at the declaration of war with were Spain of discourses from France, saw it the subject the pulpits, and the enthusiastic ardour raised, pervaded the lower branches of particularly The extension of this abhorrence society. has not been less in the colonies, where more was disgust witnessed, whenalandfidoffhench went over in 1806 from Guadaloupe to troops to aid in the defence of that Caracas as friends, advance of province, than even at the hostile the British lines on the shores of the La Plata. know the years of blood, toil, and desoThey have cost; all seek for a lation both revolutions reform, but few, think it ought to be purchased by similar means. They have not forgotten that to revolutionize has been aptly defined, the greatest scourge that can afflict the human race ; that it exthe union of every evil, universal presses assassination in all plunder, and proscription, shapes, a systematic confiscation of property, the arming of the strong against the weak, the slave against the master, the overthrow of all laws human and divine, of all institutions, religious and political, and producing even4 cost; all seek for a lation both revolutions reform, but few, think it ought to be purchased by similar means. They have not forgotten that to revolutionize has been aptly defined, the greatest scourge that can afflict the human race ; that it exthe union of every evil, universal presses assassination in all plunder, and proscription, shapes, a systematic confiscation of property, the arming of the strong against the weak, the slave against the master, the overthrow of all laws human and divine, of all institutions, religious and political, and producing even4 --- Page 261 --- tually either complete tion of civil life, That anarchy, or a degradadition of lawless it is in short, a conviolence which force, an awful state of subverts the ciples ofsociety and right, and fundsmental printhe most neftrious. legalizes crimes The portraits of the Indians but generally of the natives particularly, rica, that have been of Spanish Ameyears, by the given within these three enthusiastic, for the hurrying the nation into purposes of bore not the foreibleattempts, that prospect of pear to be the successful issue, apfounded workings of on misguided fancy, mation of the miscaleulation and a wrong estihave been Spanish colonial mind. They dust in their represented as "trampled to the own land-the dreary range for wild country as a tre for a few beasts,--a wretched theaoppressors and security for life, freedom, slases-without inhabitants goaded or property ; its pression, and by long and as for galling optheir 79 panting a release sufferings," &c. What from, ever, would the still, a contrast, howthe common inactive, and quiet life of with that people of South America even of those of form pean nations, wherein any ofthe Europer week places them theformer, a day's labour beyond want, and where R 2 --- Page 262 --- they have not a tax, or an exaction that may for even the mita or division of be SO called, for the purposes of pubthe Indian population exlic labour is abolished in every province Peru; nor is it found of much use cepting of labourers are met with, there, for plenty them for their for the daily consideration paid want civilization, and being, toil. That they formed into active society is a fact, butthatthey civil rights than what they alaspire to greater or osnathereodkadgmenes ready possess, be denied. unknown to them, can safely tribute of the Indians, when it comes Even the from its trifing nature, canto be considered, it is a mere connot be deemed a hardship; towards the support of that society tribution SO that that has adopted them as members, thing harsh, it is in the name, if it has any the alcabala, and enfor they are exempt from neither the Creoles joy other privileges which therefore, can boast. Those, nor Spaniards the invasion of Spawho have recommended for the purpose of being joined nish America, emancipaby the Indians, on their proffered character of the tion, were not only ignorant real situaand habits of that people, but of the which they stood; and it has been tion in that though the conmost justly observed, as members, thing harsh, it is in the name, if it has any the alcabala, and enfor they are exempt from neither the Creoles joy other privileges which therefore, can boast. Those, nor Spaniards the invasion of Spawho have recommended for the purpose of being joined nish America, emancipaby the Indians, on their proffered character of the tion, were not only ignorant real situaand habits of that people, but of the which they stood; and it has been tion in that though the conmost justly observed, --- Page 263 --- xquests of the Spaniards in the were founded on New Worla and marked injustice, stained with with cruelty, it would blood, greater crime than yet be a Pizarro in Peru, and even the enormities of at present to Valdivia, in Chili, united, reclaim move the Spanish the dominion, that settlements to their ancestors. was usurped from want of The Indian, brutal from civilization, abandoned from ing no sense of honour, and possessfrom the torpid sunk in apathy left, might state in which he has been wise yet be reclaimed from his vices policy and by perience has schooling, of which exmost always taught us they have been susceptible; 3 but to place in his authority, hands Europeans, possessed as he is of the secrets even were it of disposed to assert it, would be practicable, or he perniciously a project, more brain of religious visionary, than ever entered the fervour. fanaticism, or revolutionary It has has been the ages, to bring the work of nearly two which Indians to that state in middle they now are, for it was of the sixteenth about the Jesuit missionaries first century that the numbers, and obtained began to increase their main, the exclusive in some parts of the right of opening their --- Page 264 --- spiritual campaigns. By their indefatigable labour, as we have already seen, and by their masterly policy, they softened the minds of the most savagé nations, and forced the wild ramblers of the woods to collect into villages, and submit to their government, forming them as it were, into a patriarchal common wealth. Paraguay was the principal seat of the exertions of these zealous men, and most renowned for their civil and religious establishments. Three hundred and fifty thousand Indian families lived in voluntary obedience to the fathers, in filial awe and respectful love. They were taught to till the ground, to manufacture a variety of coarse goods, and experience the advantages of being paled into society. Their existence became less precarious, the fruits of the labours ofall, served for the wants of the individual; they were cioathed, and the basis of their control was formed on the restraints of education, and Thus the inmoral and religious precept. habitants of these inland provinces, against whom the force of arms could not prèvail, of were subdued by the powerful persuasion religious men, who added to the strength of their doctrines the influence of example. They trained them not only in the useful arts, experience the advantages of being paled into society. Their existence became less precarious, the fruits of the labours ofall, served for the wants of the individual; they were cioathed, and the basis of their control was formed on the restraints of education, and Thus the inmoral and religious precept. habitants of these inland provinces, against whom the force of arms could not prèvail, of were subdued by the powerful persuasion religious men, who added to the strength of their doctrines the influence of example. They trained them not only in the useful arts, --- Page 265 --- but also in the usages of war. that to reclaim and win They found rude untutored over the hearts ofthese beings, till then state. of nature, and sensible living in a those which she of no Jaws, but inspires, mild and measures must be adopted; and lenient who had made such heroic that men, the native stands to preserve blessings of their own dence, could only be indepenments overcome by induceopposed to coercion ; their therefore, were to turn the result plans, labours into a of their species of rose at one time to be theocracy, which sessed of such SO great, and pos-. ment itself became influence, that the governand had that jealous of its extension; been body of men, at their inclined to resist that expulsion, sent to dislodge force, which was them, by verts to arms, calling their conthose they would yet be masters of very regions they at first formed out of the civilized, and done to civilization savage wild. This service gressive and the cause of prohumanity, in the opinion of quieu, was the greatest Montesperformed, and any body of men ever gile foundation when one considers the fraon which they erected such an edifice, we know not which their zeal for to admire most, religion, or their superior po- dislodge force, which was them, by verts to arms, calling their conthose they would yet be masters of very regions they at first formed out of the civilized, and done to civilization savage wild. This service gressive and the cause of prohumanity, in the opinion of quieu, was the greatest Montesperformed, and any body of men ever gile foundation when one considers the fraon which they erected such an edifice, we know not which their zeal for to admire most, religion, or their superior po- --- Page 266 --- litical wisdom, and complete knowledge of the human heart. But rend asunder these bonds, set them at defance with the European whites, put the rod of power into their bands, or place them on an equality, and the charm is broken, they would take to their own woods, form a new defensive commonwealth for themselves, and form a fresh blank * in the estimate ofcivilized population. still continue These same ties, however, to retain a degree of empire, and placed, as is this class of population, in the enjoyment of quiet repose, and aloof from jarring political questions, on the defensive as it were against foreign intrusion, and secluded from any and in possession of means of communication, their.own native mountains, it may be conthat a change of sidered as a happy event, in Spanish affairs has laid at rest furpolicy ther hostile attempts against that country, have been rendered the tomb of which might SO many valuable and brave men. the Indians of North America, that the * It is remarkable of both to France sons of several chiefs have been sent very young, have and England, for the purposes of education, where they adopted European dress and manners ; but, o1l returning amongst their own clans, they have thrown off the restraint of tight cloathing, folded themselves in a blanket, daubed, greased, and painted themseives as the rest, and naturally tried to rival their fellow. savages in their rude practices. --- Page 267 --- Reduced as Spain was, to that chaos in which she was political surprised, and bending under the vices ofa already ment, she seemed to leave corrupt governpossessions her ultramarine exposed and laid open to confusion, party, and even anarchy, ready also to be foreign control, vulsions that enveloped in those same conagitated her in of which were SO Europe, the trains in her early and SO widely spread outset, slumbering if like Indies ; yet, in her first with a second Sparta, she patriotic fire, her example glowed by her colonies was followed abroad, and they strove display the same energy of to sist every thing that could character, and regiance. stagger their alleThé mind of man, sally points to a melioration irresistibly and univerand the full of his situation, which enjoyment of those the hand of nature has blessings, his reach. That this planted witbin of the inhabitants should be the ambition of South the long night of Columbia, after had been depression in which they retained, cannot appear or thattheyshould inconsistent, wishforan tion more exchange ofsituacongenial, leading them to a state of prosperous, enlightened; and that they should happy humanity; ; anxiously expect the arrival of iverand the full of his situation, which enjoyment of those the hand of nature has blessings, his reach. That this planted witbin of the inhabitants should be the ambition of South the long night of Columbia, after had been depression in which they retained, cannot appear or thattheyshould inconsistent, wishforan tion more exchange ofsituacongenial, leading them to a state of prosperous, enlightened; and that they should happy humanity; ; anxiously expect the arrival of --- Page 268 --- the sighed-for moment, in which agriculture might flourish, in which industry might be increased, and free navigation waft the means of plenty into their own naked ports ; that they should look forward, in short, for that happy remove from a state of apathy and passive inaction, to civil liberty and useful knowledge, from privations of various kinds, the of rational life, and from the to enjoyment abuses of distant and delegated power, to the active energy and dignity of mind, the great characteristics of freemen, yet they waited, and long, for these same reforms to originate from burst into those terms home, nor generally of reproach and revolt that, with grounded reasons, might have been dreaded. They cannot be called indisposed to Spain ; they are not weary of being called Spaniards, that their and though they are fully conscious, situation might be rendered more happy, their and industrious, that people more enterprising they might attain a new political existence by for one more their old system being replaced, equitable, and from their civil rights being founded on a secure basis ; yet the people at that where the laws, and large are convinced, not the will of the individual, are in force, however modified, is, in a great government, --- Page 269 --- measure, the same. They want wisc, and just enactions, but equitable, bitious of forming they are still ampart of the nor do the common Spanish nation ; Indians, think that people, particularly the would be conducive a very material change there to their are few classes in the happiness ; for, ciety, in any low orders of SOemptions ; and country, there possessed of more examongst them, are ranks of population authority, who, if vested with too much than has might not use it to better hitherto been purposes, The Spanish experienced. Creole, the petulant, perfectly dissimilar to flammable intriguing, variable, and inthoughtful, Frenchman, is naturally timid, ed to reserved, prudent, and weigh well the result of accustombefore he hurries into an enterprise, extends in a it. This disposition remarkable speculative or way, even to their commercial may be taken for their undertakings, and character. Habituated distinctive stamp of things with to view men and innovation, ajealous eye, they are averse to side of and generally look at the an object, before dark opinions on it, they ground their tious by which foresight and conduct, if they fail in cauthey avoid any eaterprise, falling into desperate msfortunes, an enterprise, extends in a it. This disposition remarkable speculative or way, even to their commercial may be taken for their undertakings, and character. Habituated distinctive stamp of things with to view men and innovation, ajealous eye, they are averse to side of and generally look at the an object, before dark opinions on it, they ground their tious by which foresight and conduct, if they fail in cauthey avoid any eaterprise, falling into desperate msfortunes, --- Page 270 --- by calculating its They endure a present evil, might be for the worse ; and thus (in change the words of the poet), <6 Rather bear the ills they have, Than fly to others which they know not of." andtheresultofrousTheinfuenccofpasiony does not make them burst out into ed feelings, violent sallies ; it makes them reflect, loud and thoughtinspires them with a calm, philosophic and leads them to disguise the perturfulness, breasts a species of self bations of their own ; citizen control, which, whilst it preserves the of intriguc, gives also a securifrom the snares to the allegiance of a people. ty and stability andjustly observed, It has been frequently nature, can that laws of a public or a private foundation than justice ; have no other good is with that principle, and their consonance, The the surest test of their purity. certainly that exist between individuals, bonds ofequity masses, of men ; equally extend to congregated which imand the same duties and charities alleviate mind in private life, to pel the feeling and interest itself in the wants of distress, ofits surrounding fellow-beings, the happiness scale, the whole embrace, on a proportionate family of mankind. to us, of the Though the outlines presented --- Page 271 --- American people, have been generally Spanish with gloomy colours, exaggerated and charged the lineaments of yet they have been partly advanced stage of truth ; and in the present could not the philanthropist moral refinement, the. sacred and imprescripbut perceive, that were here tible rights of nature and justice, these under foot ; and that, in often trampled has but too distant climes, delegated power to been converted into a warrant, frequently cruel, and tyrannicarry on the most nefarious, sunk to a If he beheld Spain, cal oppression. he was also sensible, state of abject slavery, must of the same evils, that the contagion her colonies naturally have been spread among reform abroad ; and when the trumpet of the one, he hoped it would sounded through other. When he witbe re-echoed to the state of the government nessed the supine he saw it that undertook its direction-when to the guidance ofthe mother couninadequate and partial mantry, from the unconstitutional he could not ner in which it had been formed, but foresee the effects it would produce on the minds of a people, who, though naturally well disposed, as theirlong endurance and present moderation in the fullest manner prove, would be to put on the alert, and incline them one, he hoped it would sounded through other. When he witbe re-echoed to the state of the government nessed the supine he saw it that undertook its direction-when to the guidance ofthe mother couninadequate and partial mantry, from the unconstitutional he could not ner in which it had been formed, but foresee the effects it would produce on the minds of a people, who, though naturally well disposed, as theirlong endurance and present moderation in the fullest manner prove, would be to put on the alert, and incline them --- Page 272 --- to claim those rights which are the unalienable inheritance of all men. He already anticipared the remonstrances of a people, long exposed to civil privations ; and he saw, that if Spain eventually lost the power of relieving them, by failing to preserve hér national existence, her distant settlemènts would unfurl the standard of independence, as a safeguard from foinfluence, and from those scenes of anreign desoarchy and confusion that have SO lately lated the countries of Europe. Nevertheless, it may be naturally concluded, that a people, habituated to weigh every, even the most trifling act of their private life, with calculation, can never be sO much scrupulous misled as to lift a profane hand against a government, which, from their infancy, they the of that have held sacred, or against person descendant of the throne, whom, as we legal they all revere. Yet, it have before remarked, cannot be expected, that they fecl a great share of respect for that government which supplied accident his loss ; and ifby an extraordinary there should arise amongst them, one of those daring and ambitious men, who sometimes avail themselves of political convulsions ; his efforts for dominion would fail, when opposed of moderation in the peoby these principles --- Page 273 --- plc, by their coldness and their religious respect for the apathy, and by laws, and the influence of authority of the This must, the clergy. riance with the however, appear much at vaadventurers to statements made by many is indeed, revolationize the country, and lic in opposed to the ideas which the England have ofit. To pubbetween the create a schism has been European and the a favourite Creole native, the object with rousing and arming of the many, and ject represented by them, Indian, a proefficient. That some equally easy and better the stâte of the new organization might versally evident; but country, is a fact unithe anarchy must not be action, forerunner, nor discontent the The ideal lever of changes in this speculations, relating to pidly propagated country, in which were once ratenanced by some of England, her and even counare greatest incompatible with a statesmen, the existing state of true knowledge of the things, and analogy of drawn from and not from local occurrences in other countries, tion. information of that in quesNotwithetuneding however, these support and allegiance, grounds of vernment ofSpanu which the legal goyet enjoys in her posses- discontent the The ideal lever of changes in this speculations, relating to pidly propagated country, in which were once ratenanced by some of England, her and even counare greatest incompatible with a statesmen, the existing state of true knowledge of the things, and analogy of drawn from and not from local occurrences in other countries, tion. information of that in quesNotwithetuneding however, these support and allegiance, grounds of vernment ofSpanu which the legal goyet enjoys in her posses- --- Page 274 --- sions abroad, in the year 1797, it received a which although partial and confned to shock, has not failed to be quoted, and few persons, sensation of the peorelied upon, as a general of those and favourable to the wishes ple, have had designs on the repose of these who provinces. occurrence, which, This being an interesting and misrepresentations, misfrom exaggeration in Europe into a too' led the most reflecting anticipation of its results, it may sanguine notice, as connected deserve some particular occurred in the with what has more recently of Caracas and La Plata ; and I canprovince better than follow the authority of the not do relieve the French themselves ; since it may from wrong impressions, with reSpaniards incentives used, and the springs of gard to the which, the action set to work, the obloquy.of former have endeavoured to throw on a peoacted but and in the ple, who never openly face of day; who have, indeed, attempted sanctioned by a state of warfare ; but reprisals to these marked designs, have not stooped adversaries. It which have ever disgraced their neither unnatural nor unusual for is, however, whole for nation to blame a country a foreign conduct of a minister, or the the misguided --- Page 275 --- of a chief, of which, perhaps, selfish policy itselfis the first to disapprove. the country of the disturbance in Depons, in speaking 66 the Caracas, that occurred in 1797, says, on the victorious standard principles graven too simple not to be of the French Republic, not to be adopted, understood, too natural became the admiration of the four quarsoon Their morality was, in ters of the globe." that without effect, SO alluring and persuasive, out its which has pointed the aid ofexperience, that wisdom would have thought defects, could have proved fallasuch principles never astonishing that cious : It is not, therefore, enthusiasts on they should have inflamed some main, who, in the commotion, the Spanish conceived the idea of carrying their might have The moment might project into execution. the as Spain, by appear the more favourable, France, and war she had just sustained against in that again by the draining of her resources commenced against England, was too she had to be at ease at home ; whilst much exhausted much threatened at the same time, she was too and by sea to leave her own coasts uncovered, insulted send fleets to America to defend her rights, or avenge her outraged sovereignty. three Such was the crisis of things, when YOL.II. S have The moment might project into execution. the as Spain, by appear the more favourable, France, and war she had just sustained against in that again by the draining of her resources commenced against England, was too she had to be at ease at home ; whilst much exhausted much threatened at the same time, she was too and by sea to leave her own coasts uncovered, insulted send fleets to America to defend her rights, or avenge her outraged sovereignty. three Such was the crisis of things, when YOL.II. S --- Page 276 --- were banished to La Guira, fromt state prisoners who Spain, for their revolutionary principles, talents and intrigue, set on foot possessing in the seat of their exile. their own plans Some proselytes were, indeed, gained to their but during several months that this cause, in secret, a very disleaven was fermenting was made; and the plotcouraging progress frustrated, and ters seeing their endeavours dreading discovery, made their escape. When the government was put in full possession of the clue, it was found that there were seventywho had been gulled by the two confederates, artful deceptions practised upon them, of which number, the greatest part were Europeans ; yet this was bandied about by the cosmopolites of Europe, as the unanimous rising of more than seventeen millions of people, who were ready for revolt: and what is equally false, the French did not fail to attribute the whole to the English. dark To retrace the footsteps of the many approaches the French have lately made on these provinces, and to develope their mode of attack, wouldbe equally complex, desultory,and difficult; but the observing traveller, who has of mixing had an advantageous opportunity with every class of inhabitants, in situations --- Page 277 --- 25g frequently favourable to the formation, their acquisition of inmarked, or their progress could not be unAs in the whole tendency unregretted, have of the preceding particularly had in pages I establish more correct view, a wish to character, and criteria of the Spanish assist in may benefit their pointing out what ded the information communities ;, as I have adlect, from I have been enabled a long intercourse to colknowledge of their with them, to our endeavoured to caution possessions, which I have notice; and' and to as it has been bringinto greater strate the disinterested my aim to demoncern, which England participation and conthought feels for her ally, I have lation proper to add in my ofa letter, addressed Appendix, a transrican to his bya Spanish Ameand circulated countrymen, one of the printed hands in those copies of which fell into distan t my on arriving in settlements; but which, session of England, I found also in a fèw posthe Spanish individuals, and reprinted in language, in London. Though a forced and highly sentation, of rather the coloured repreof that past state of the country, it will be found people it traces the sources interesting, as grievances arise, and whence their political the hinges on which they S 2 men, one of the printed hands in those copies of which fell into distan t my on arriving in settlements; but which, session of England, I found also in a fèw posthe Spanish individuals, and reprinted in language, in London. Though a forced and highly sentation, of rather the coloured repreof that past state of the country, it will be found people it traces the sources interesting, as grievances arise, and whence their political the hinges on which they S 2 --- Page 278 --- turn; and as it exhibits that confusion of interests, caused by the wide sweep of ambition and Itis impossible for the most skilful injustice. efficient remedies to the: physician to apply and patient before he is aware of the stages of disorder ; and it is equally SO, in symptoms who'are concerned in the welfare ofSpain those, and her colonies, to prescribe the means ofredress unlessinformed on all points relative tothe conciliation and consolidation ofjarring interwhence mustarise the sovereigntyand inests; of that nation, the effecting and dependence of which, as it forms my most maintaining hope, is also my only excuse for SO sanguine long an insertion. See Appendix (D.) This valuable tract, came from the pen of Don Juan Pablo Viscardoy Gusman, a jesuit, native of Arequipa, in the kingdom of Peru, who died in London, in February, 1799. It has since been published in Spanish, in the United States, and partially circulated in of the main. It was written in the some parts 1791, and though theauthor displays ajust year at many acts of the Spaand noble indignation and may be called a true panish government, individual triot and philanthropist, yet his own feelings as an injured jesuit, are predominant. of intercourse with other states, Many years --- Page 279 --- during which the connection country was nearly cut off; with the parent tial, though timely added to the parhave much bettered correction, ofr many the situation of wrongs, lonies; and hence the her COforcible, and as we have application is less though all are convinced before observed, reform, of the they are aware it must necessity of chased by a renunciation not be purname. of the Spanish It may be safely said, that volt, are very far from defection or reobjects of the natives being the systematic their attachment of Spanish to the America; neral, and that branch Spanish cause, in gewhom they of the royal and revere as their anointed family, esteem as the friend of the sovereign, they regard as the people ; whom palladium of their independenec, to whom national virtues, whom they they attribute many from France, the considered ready to snatch her devouring prey on which she had cast against géneral eyes, will ever be their shield of hope gleams faction, for as long as a beam prince, and the over the fate of their injured not be eradicated peninsula, this attachiment will colonies have from tbeir hearts. felt a zealous These welfare of the mother interest in the country, throughout the whom palladium of their independenec, to whom national virtues, whom they they attribute many from France, the considered ready to snatch her devouring prey on which she had cast against géneral eyes, will ever be their shield of hope gleams faction, for as long as a beam prince, and the over the fate of their injured not be eradicated peninsula, this attachiment will colonies have from tbeir hearts. felt a zealous These welfare of the mother interest in the country, throughout the --- Page 280 --- and justly deserve to whole gigantic struggle, be considered, in order to put any grievances and to extend and disputes in a proper light, the beneits of reconciliation for-the past, by establishing a fair discussion and equitable settlement. Anidarthevarionsenes ofreverseandconfu. sion, to which the provinces of Spain have been exposed, since the commencement ofhostilities, common bond has kept them together, and one served as a link of union to her has equally This has been formed by the colonies abroad. dread that all have entertained of being conthe French, ofhaving to bend with quered by foe ; and the the neck of servility to a foreign national mind has kept pace with the increase or abatement of this dread. The colonies of Spain have hitherto been administered as distinct and separate commuand held under the jurisdiction of that nities, of the feudal SOcrown, on the principles made to the vereignty, though the stipulations sifirst settlers, had a different basis. Partiy milar were the colonies of North America in title at least, when they were held by England, and called the king's demesne lands in parwere considered as betitus erteris ; they longing to the crown, but not incorporated --- Page 281 --- parts of the realm. The viewed in the light of inbabitants were his foreign subjects of the king in but dominions, and not of the they had constitutional state ; their own situation, and laws adapted to a local government or council, representative wanting, and the yet something was countries has subsequent history of those proved, that in all they would not have been probability and better suited severed, if a timely been form of extended to government had civil union. them, on the principles Yet ofa former what a contrast does state present, with that of their provinces of Spanish the several In America ! recurring to the history of we find, that as the Romans, long as they governed policy their distant and by wise which were no other than conquered provinces, served their dependence colonies, they prewith Macedon ; this was the case but when after the defeat of its influence Perseus, when they enacted was no longer felt, regulations only to their own interests, conformable to those of the and in opposition then subverted people governed, the latter the empire of the amongst them. Romans From the chapters which it will have been have preceded, evinced that Spain, in go- long as they governed policy their distant and by wise which were no other than conquered provinces, served their dependence colonies, they prewith Macedon ; this was the case but when after the defeat of its influence Perseus, when they enacted was no longer felt, regulations only to their own interests, conformable to those of the and in opposition then subverted people governed, the latter the empire of the amongst them. Romans From the chapters which it will have been have preceded, evinced that Spain, in go- --- Page 282 --- her colonies, had little else in view verning and than retaining them in perfect subjection, that her measures adopted for that purpose were hostile to the interests of their inhabiit is the axiom of all tants : notwithstanding constitutions. that the nature of the regular and the obedience of the subject, power, ought to be reciprocal. the general bond of alBesides extending of which Spain has legiance, - the spirit policy hitherto adopted for her colonies, with regard to their trade particularly, has been to confine intercourse. It has it to her own special the of repulsion that they been on' principle have been governed, a principle highly inconsistent with both the past, and the present state of Spain ; for if, from the want of industry and the depressed state of manufaccould supply her tures, the parent country colonies with liitle or nothing adequate to their wants, an exclusion of all other interunder which the course, became a grievance people could not but bend, and the weighty imposts, vexatious in themselves, were renthe manncr in which they dered doubly SO, by were collected. The enlightened citizens of Spanish America that a reform in their are not ignorant great --- Page 283 --- constitation is necessary from also feel, that a home; but they site in their considerably greater is own colonial requiThe number of sinecure administration. and abundance of offices places, the variety to burthen the and officers, serve but people, and haustion of their local produce an exstanding that their resources. Notwithconsiderable, colonial revenues are they are absorbed very number of leeches, by such a body politic to drain constantly fixed on the the country the public coffèrs, that having no war, nor any drawback contingent expenses of and prosperity, to its maintenance penses. But the cannot suflice to its own extions on abolition of the many exacevery branch connected with dustry of the country, wbich the into damp, would not they only serve vernment in the produce a loss to the gocollections present state at least, as are attended with their penses and malversation, such heavy exsults to the fiscal that little good reseverely felt by the branch, although they are The late people. in Spain reign of Charles the IV. even a more presented it did in her colonies lamentable picture than Indies ; for the Council of yet retained some shadow the from which a ofi influence, degree of good was derived. --- Page 284 --- Whilst the court of Madrid presented one scene of indolent corruption, that was preying on the vitals of the nation, and preparing it to become an easy sacrifice to an ambitious neighbour, a state of warfare kept the tie of distant power over the colonies comparatively relaxed ; the swarms of place-hunters were kept back; a spirit of contraband spread through the different provinces, at which the heads of government winked from the advantages they gained ; and whilst the inhabitants ofOld Spain had their harboursblockaded, their agriculture destroyed, and every active principle laid dormant, an enterprising and beneficial spirit of intercourse and exchange, kept the Columbians in a state of activity. They mixed with the neighbouring islands, visited the United States, saw the advantages of industry and good legislation, had means of contrasting the destructive systems of their with those of other own parent government They nations, and naturallybecame politicians. dwelt on the monopoly that existed amongst themselves, and on the prevalence and danger and vain distinctions; of ostentatious privileges their minds, intercourse gradually expanded and they found, by comparison, that the portrait of their own situation, was unblended and exchange, kept the Columbians in a state of activity. They mixed with the neighbouring islands, visited the United States, saw the advantages of industry and good legislation, had means of contrasting the destructive systems of their with those of other own parent government They nations, and naturallybecame politicians. dwelt on the monopoly that existed amongst themselves, and on the prevalence and danger and vain distinctions; of ostentatious privileges their minds, intercourse gradually expanded and they found, by comparison, that the portrait of their own situation, was unblended --- Page 285 --- with any of those light, and which give effect to the dark softer shades Nor can this spirit of perspective, for which the clandestine intercourse from their Spaniards are SO well suited wary, disguised, and character, be better evinced, thoughtful that the single than by reilecting, in time of port of Puerto Cavello, which vessels peace never received more than five annually from more than one hundred Europe, had lately to schooners, from seventy tons each, thirty that made employed in this way, every month, successively in one or two voyages produce to be which they took their own plies of clothing exchanged and for necessary supattended with those luxuries; an intercourse of-which we have beneficial consequences, Itis a remark given a succinct outline, Spain, in the applicable to the colonies of. that present instance every attempt to connect particularly, to the mother or bind them measures, will country by force, or impolitic them remove them further, and unite politically to one another. now agitated becomes The question all, or how far are simply this, are they at vigour of external they to be governed by the preme Power of the principles, and by the sufar by the mother country? Or how strength of their own body politic ? --- Page 286 --- and what ought to be the mode of administration for their executive, legislative, judicial, and commercial departments, by which. these vast and distant provinces may be kept connected, and not hurried into a civil waramongst themselves. The first alternative can only be effected by a communion of all rights, franchises, and liberties, which Spain herself enjoys, and a combination into one grand, commercial, political, and defensive dominion, forming an incorporated empire, with a seat of government and members to represent the whole, in a manner adequate to the entire system. If this means be not adopted, much confusion may follow; the different disunited parts, be led to weigh their respective may situations, and ponder on those undoubted rights, which are forcibly called into view, by the experience of the past. The great moderation and forbearance of the colonies ought to inspire in the government of Spain, the most generous considerations towards them, for they may be justly appreciated amongst her well-deserving subjects : and it is to be hoped, they will be actuated by feclings ofa more dignified policy, than to allow themselyes to be hurricd into o may follow; the different disunited parts, be led to weigh their respective may situations, and ponder on those undoubted rights, which are forcibly called into view, by the experience of the past. The great moderation and forbearance of the colonies ought to inspire in the government of Spain, the most generous considerations towards them, for they may be justly appreciated amongst her well-deserving subjects : and it is to be hoped, they will be actuated by feclings ofa more dignified policy, than to allow themselyes to be hurricd into o --- Page 287 --- any injudicious and those best rights and inglorious opposition to as long as their interests of her colonies, reform, and to pretensions extend only to a the field, of human enlarge the means, as well as tion of those happiness, and the adopsistent with their measures which may be conbeen too distant and safety. Though she has yet she has been too weak to protect them, and impolitic to sufficiently powerful and tions not impose the severest restriconly on their trade, but productions of their . soil; andi on the that her past conduct, as Inotwithstanding more contributed to alienate a government, has she still than attach possesses a national them, nor have any of the late control over them; racas or Buenos Ayres occurrences in Casently review, been which we shall preto the nation. at marked by any hostility the large, to the beloved crown, or to the heir to veneration they bear the harmony they feel, and When an entire Spanish name. persuaded that there mass of population are a share of is yet wanting to them rights; but happiness, and an extension of that this default just from their civil and moral originates not the caprice and situation, but from delegated abuses of government and power; let that oppressive lever be --- Page 288 --- as it is in Spain, and the case once broken, much, with regard to the counwidens very tries thus oppressed; for had that same gostill continued and recurred to force vernment confirm her old systems, an entire and to, musth have followed; but now, eternalseparation radix being defrom that very objectionable the gaping chasm is filled up, and stroyed, motives of past animosity are swept at way: have before observed, they revere for, as we name, think none so and cling to the Spanish honourable, and only deprecate the form by which the monarchy has hitherto been swayed. which began in the city of The occurrences Venezuela on the 1oth of April, 1810, and extended thence to the province of Caracas, may be deemed worthy of a little consideration from their natural connection with the subin question, and of which it may be now ject a few remarks. This in order to indulge and eventful circumstance implies a firm, great and matured determination of the persteady, of influence in those to form sons provinces, internal during the captivity an governtent of their king and Jawful sovereign; such a one as in the severai provinces of Spain was established at the breaking out of the disasters of the peninsula, and which may, at the same acas, may be deemed worthy of a little consideration from their natural connection with the subin question, and of which it may be now ject a few remarks. This in order to indulge and eventful circumstance implies a firm, great and matured determination of the persteady, of influence in those to form sons provinces, internal during the captivity an governtent of their king and Jawful sovereign; such a one as in the severai provinces of Spain was established at the breaking out of the disasters of the peninsula, and which may, at the same --- Page 289 --- time, unite the wishes of the people, and not expose them to any of those fatal schemes directed against them by the common and intended to be realized by enemy, heads of many of the America departments, who were sent out to from Madrid, previous to the transactions. Bayonne Caracas and Venezuela, for bined motives, many comhavelong been the most felt the ill effects of abusive provinces that on former occasions power, and they have partially shewn it, but in the present instance, they have gencrously forgotten their past injuries ; for in their new declaration of rights, not given them the most faint they have The late distresses of Spain, which consideration. tance must have been at that disgreatly magnified, pear to have given rise to the apmeasures which adoption of they thought consistent their political with safety ; and their breathe professions moderation, and are far from tinctured with being any hostility to the name. From the maritime Spanish position of these provinces, they became particularly the of French intrigue, and seat double were thus exposed to dangers ; hence greater energy was necessary on the part of their patriots, to form a barrier against their influence, as well as --- Page 290 --- to meliorate their own situation, and remair firm, within themselves, till a new basis should be laid for the monarchy at home, and the Spanish nation should again acquire consistency. in London, * The editor of a periodicalwork, gives the following definition of the occurrences of Caracas, which have SO generally and erroneously been termed a revolution, and for which, he was indebted to the deputies sent from that province to London. <The revolution in Caracas was produced by sensation felt amongst the inhabithe general of affairs in Spain, tants at the gloomy aspect to which the province was and the danger placed in the hands of authorities, exposed, become both odious and suswho had justly picious, by their repeated transgressions against the laws." had These provinces, as early as July 1808, been called upon by the emissarics of Joseph Buonaparte to acknowledge the new dynasty, and to conform to the act ofabdication, made in Bayonne in May preceding, in favour ofthe Emperor of the French, in which Charles the IV. expressly says, that he gives up his subEl Espanol. province was and the danger placed in the hands of authorities, exposed, become both odious and suswho had justly picious, by their repeated transgressions against the laws." had These provinces, as early as July 1808, been called upon by the emissarics of Joseph Buonaparte to acknowledge the new dynasty, and to conform to the act ofabdication, made in Bayonne in May preceding, in favour ofthe Emperor of the French, in which Charles the IV. expressly says, that he gives up his subEl Espanol. --- Page 291 --- jects of both hemispheres, and adds 66 fore, by a treaty, signed and thereceded to my ally and dear ratified, 1 have of the friend, the French, all my right to Spain Emperor and Indies, having the stipulated that the crown Spain and the Indies is of dent and always to be indepenentire, as it was under my likewise that our holy rule, and be the religion is not only to predominant one in Spain, but one to be observed in all the the only monarchy. Of all which dominions of the notice, and you will take due and tribunals communicate it to all the councils of the kingdom, chiefs of vinces, civil, military, and proto all the justices of districts, ecclesiastical, and last act of in order that this to all and my sovereignty may be notorious every one in my and the Indies dominions of Spain ; and you are all to assist in carrying into effect concur and of my dear friend, the the dispositions Emperor they are directed to Napoleon ; as ship, and union preserve the peace, friendbetween France and Spain, avoiding disorder and popular the effects of which commotions, destruction can only be havoc and of families, and the ruin of This piece of all." French arrogance on the part ofthe usurper, and the distresses of rent country, almost at the the paVOL. II. same time broke T --- Page 292 --- their ear, and produced that energy apon be expected from a loyal people, which might done to the lawful who felt for the injustice of their crown, and the dangers by possessor themselves menaced. Notwhich they were withstanding the opposition of the governor, and several other heads of the departments, with unanimous voice they early swore alto Ferdinand the VII. and the sentilegiance and of ments of fidelity to him as sovereign, adherence to the fate of the mother country, 1:-sentiments' by no were mutually proclaimed than less on the late occasion, means popular The constituted authey had been on the first. thorities forming the government, intendancy all Europeans, nominated from and judiciary, however now dismissed ; and the home, were formed executive was lodged with a council Junta, (till the votes of the into a Supreme collected to form a basis whole province were to whom also the adjacent of government), and towns and districts sent in theirallegiance, a on the 20th, published the new government, manifesto oftheir proceedings. The objects of this reform in the government of Caracas are statedto be, that in consequence which they at that time of the fall of Spain, for considered inevitable, it became necessary ; and the home, were formed executive was lodged with a council Junta, (till the votes of the into a Supreme collected to form a basis whole province were to whom also the adjacent of government), and towns and districts sent in theirallegiance, a on the 20th, published the new government, manifesto oftheir proceedings. The objects of this reform in the government of Caracas are statedto be, that in consequence which they at that time of the fall of Spain, for considered inevitable, it became necessary --- Page 293 --- them to place themselves the of beyond the reach of pretensions the other nations the intrigues of the French of Earope, ofany of the members of cabinet, or. those Junta, the dissolved on that Central own political country; ; to maintain their lay in their character ; to sustain as much as power the lawful crown ofSpain ; to relieve the dynasty to the nand the VII., in fate of Ferdifreedom case he should obtain his ; to preserve the glory and the Spanish name; and, dignity of lum to tbe unfortunate lastly, to offer an asynation, The remains of that generous a original Spanish to this memorable papers, relating in the Appendix occurrence, will be found (E.) The duty of alcabala visional was, by the new progovernment, tribute of the annulled, as also the Venezuela Indians; to the end that, as the Gazette says, 66 the bitants of the primitive inhafruits of our civil country may enjoy the first number of regeneration." A great persons, who had been fined, through a long conprinciple of set free, and restored wrong policy, were to their sumed their suspended friends, and revoluntary pursuits of industry; this great contributions were made, and all change was effected, without the T 2 --- Page 294 --- of harmony and public smallest interruption quiet. Yet how much more noble and dignified would it have been on the part of the government at home, to have anticipated, in some these salutary and necessary reforms ; degree, and how much would it have strengthened the tie ofaffection andzeal, in the national common cause. of La Plata were the next to The provinces means for their own safety; and the prescribe success of the French arms in the peninsula, the motive for adopting the neceswas equally had still consary measures. Their government tinued lunder the command ofa viceroy; but the resolved, on the 25th of May, to place people it in the hands of a council, till the votes of the whole kingdom should be made known. belonging to the crown, That officer, though that it was consistent with the inpersuaded terests of the nation, in existing circumstances, to establish a local representative form of government, invited the inhabitants by proclamation to form a council, and establish the means that might seem best to preserve the rights of their sovereign, and the tranquillity of the whole viceroyalty. ofa viceroy; but the resolved, on the 25th of May, to place people it in the hands of a council, till the votes of the whole kingdom should be made known. belonging to the crown, That officer, though that it was consistent with the inpersuaded terests of the nation, in existing circumstances, to establish a local representative form of government, invited the inhabitants by proclamation to form a council, and establish the means that might seem best to preserve the rights of their sovereign, and the tranquillity of the whole viceroyalty. --- Page 295 --- A form of government given in was modelled and charge to the most respectable heads of the distinguished and sworn to Ferdinand people ; allegiance was they the VIL., and in his name began to 66 Provisional administer under the title of vinces of La and Governing Junta for the ProPlata." The documents of this interesting reform, are found in the dix (F) and will shew, that La Appencommenced Plata has also prudent career of denobieandinigentinge favourable regeneration, under auspices the to the cause of most ture national good. humanity and fuThe sentiments of these same in their acts and provinces are the ofCaracas; ; declarations as those profess the same. the fate of the participation in the parent country, and same generous breathe nate brethren, feelings to their unfortudistance, whose situation, they, at that considered more melancholy than reality it is. Mexico has also in vernors sent out from deposed her gofresh ones for Europe, and has chosen herself; but, she has more zealous than the even been swearing eternal other provinces, in allegiance to Ferdinand. The independence or emancipation of the of Spanish America, form provinces long exercised a question that has the pens of several able poli- --- Page 296 --- ticians, and has interested some ofthe greatest and substatésmen ; but practical experience that there have sequent occurrences prove, existed, and still exist, respecting this great political corollary, not only mistakes, but many great miscalculations. fact, It has been held out as an undeniable America have long C6 that the people of South been ripe and panting for a revolution ; thatis, from Spain ; and that they for a separation determined on becoming an are obstinately nation.' 99 These were sentiments independent published after the affairs of Buenos Ayres; yet, months of dereliction on the though many of the mother country have intervened, part have since happened, that though occurrences almost naturally called for such a determinanot the most distant symptoms of it have tion, broken forth. of Spain, her disThe deplorable situation and changing tance, her unstable, inadequate, concurred to render the local government, council necesestablishment ofa representative has been taken in the sary; but every step obedience name of their sovereign, and their and allegiance to him is prefixed to every act, that their independence can only be consiSO dered in the light of a reform, and the adop- since happened, that though occurrences almost naturally called for such a determinanot the most distant symptoms of it have tion, broken forth. of Spain, her disThe deplorable situation and changing tance, her unstable, inadequate, concurred to render the local government, council necesestablishment ofa representative has been taken in the sary; but every step obedience name of their sovereign, and their and allegiance to him is prefixed to every act, that their independence can only be consiSO dered in the light of a reform, and the adop- --- Page 297 --- tion of means of general véntions defence, and preagainst this vast and cession of power to the rival dangerous acpolitical separation from of Spain ; no terests, was her fate, or her inever thought of. They still knowledge the same monarch, acenemies; ; and have the same themselyes though they have taken to better their own upon by common consent, situation, and, grieyances under have abolished the ject in which they laboured, the obview, has been to extend the ties mutuality ; for, as has been of never are aptly observed, brothers SO much united in the family, as when all same is laid aside, and preference and distinction sincere accord subsists. timely and salutary This the same moderate change, sO Jong as it wears and which it has already favourable appearance, fined within the assumed, and remains conlioration has bounds which their own meandinteresting prescribed, may save those distant the countries from civil contests,and pemnicioudesignsofither viewed as a happy dawn of enemy, and maybe ment, the national advantages of which improveally also redound to must eventuprosperity of one England; ; SO much is the another. nation connected with that of When the English colonies of North Ame- --- Page 298 --- rica were first put in motion, it was a question of law that gave the impulse ; but, had there been a degree of pliability on the part of those colonies most likely would the ministers, have been preserved. Situated as Spain now and policy beis, a conciliating protectinig particularly to a councomes doubly requisite, where there exists such a variety and differtry difficult to combine in onc ence of classes, interest. She cannot accuse her COgeneral well lonies of disaffection; all circumstances considered, and their past conduct affords corand deroboration to the leading positions ductions contained in this essay. If, by the patriotic Spaniard, the revolution that burst upon them in Europe, was hailed as the dawn to national honour, and as a preventative to a more bloody one, that soon wouldhave become unavoidable ; Lifhe looked it as the first revival of their long lost upon ;-if, by having a foreign foe to independence repel, he saw the dread of a civil war amongst themselves disperse, he equally hoped its advantages would extend to his brothers beyond the seas. The sentiments of the people of Buenos Ayres in their proclamation are wise, moderate, and even exemplary. Addressing them- , the revolution that burst upon them in Europe, was hailed as the dawn to national honour, and as a preventative to a more bloody one, that soon wouldhave become unavoidable ; Lifhe looked it as the first revival of their long lost upon ;-if, by having a foreign foe to independence repel, he saw the dread of a civil war amongst themselves disperse, he equally hoped its advantages would extend to his brothers beyond the seas. The sentiments of the people of Buenos Ayres in their proclamation are wise, moderate, and even exemplary. Addressing them- --- Page 299 --- selves to their c6 fellow-subjects, €6 say, with all freedom, but with Speak" they which is your that dignity characteristic, and which you a wise, noble, docile, and proves ple. Your generous peoprincipal aim must be, to against all division, to ground guard tween the confidence besubject and the sure your reciprocal magistrate, to enother union, and that of the provinces, by establishing the other relations with viceroyalties of the Avoid every. innovation and continent.- are generally change, for they sion. Do not dangerous, and exposed to diviforget that you have almost sight, a neighbour* who is in your freedom, and who on the watch for prove any moment would not fail to imthat of disorder. Be assured, you cannot subsist but an the internal by union with provinces of the and that your deliberations will be kingdom, do not emanate from frustrated, if they panied with the law, and be accomthe general concurrence of same states. Consider, those tual situation, that then, well on your acguard against the remedy you apply to the means of evils which you dread, be not tion. Avoid accelerating your own destrucresorting to any extremes, which Supposed to mean the court of the Brazils, --- Page 300 --- dangerous ; let all hasty and vioare always those lent measures be proscribed; 9 embrace and adequate to conwhich are most simple future situation with the spirit of ciliate your the law, and the respect due to your magistrates." The manifesto of the Council, elected to them, breathes the same sentiments, govern those provinces in c6 the and professes to sustain and adherence to their most constant fidelity Ferdinand the VII., and his beloved sovereign successors to the crown of Spain." . These legal their firm zeal, they add, 66 are the objects of efforts, -swearing, at the same and unceasing lawful him alone, or his time, to acknowledge offer heirs, as their rightful sovereign. They their wonted succour and supplies, and an asylum to all emigrants. This is in perfect allegiance to the same and authority that Spain herself government line of conduct possesses, though a delicate on her part; and no now becomes necessary than that moment could be more favourable, which is about to arrive in the convocation of moment that must for ever the Cortes,-a relations of decide what are to be the mutual the parent country to her colonies. It now rests for her to extend a general bill heirs, as their rightful sovereign. They their wonted succour and supplies, and an asylum to all emigrants. This is in perfect allegiance to the same and authority that Spain herself government line of conduct possesses, though a delicate on her part; and no now becomes necessary than that moment could be more favourable, which is about to arrive in the convocation of moment that must for ever the Cortes,-a relations of decide what are to be the mutual the parent country to her colonies. It now rests for her to extend a general bill --- Page 301 --- of rights, and to found their commerce on - the great government and corporation. plan of union and inBy this means, even the fate of the notwithstanding become the centre of peninsula, they may yet to which attraction to the whole, every movement will form the principle of converge, and perfect ence. This political cohered on a basis incorporation of can. only be foundcation equal extension and of communigovernment, to wheresoever the people and dominions, rights, may extend. claiming the same Itis equally should be necessary, that these provinces legally declared 'of the same state ; for the constitutional parts Junta, whom acts of the Central they not be considered in that acknowledge, cannot must be followed light. This declaration the by a government formed in country itself, of deputies from the provinces, according to their several pulation, in which the extent and poIndians should have participation, and in which the be free and general. election should For these representatives or an assemblage oft the tojoin a congress be a source of Cortes in Spain, would great they elected to inconvenience, even were for three represent their local provinces years, as it would remove them to --- Page 302 --- a distance from their constituents, too great would be their own whose principal object legislation ; but this general body established, in Mexico, might have two for example, in Spain, as well ministers nearthe government as to be a channel of communito co-operate the mother country cation ; and reciprocally might send the same number of plenipotentiaries to the American Congress, to remonstrate on all acts that were not mutual, and consistent with the intercsts ofboth. Nor would it be possible, on the other hand, of Spanish America to for the representatives from be added to the Cortes of Spain; for, to represent nearly double the their having stands, population, as that country at present subjugated by France, the preponderpartly in votes would then be too great, and all ance representative equilibrium destroyed. Yet South America might be incorporated in the same way as Ireland is with to Spain relations establishGreat Britain, and mutual and each might enjoy ed I inuthe former way, form of for themselves ; the same government in nor is the mode without other precedents history. the Romans governed their proAlthough vinces by an absolute imperium, which super- represent nearly double the their having stands, population, as that country at present subjugated by France, the preponderpartly in votes would then be too great, and all ance representative equilibrium destroyed. Yet South America might be incorporated in the same way as Ireland is with to Spain relations establishGreat Britain, and mutual and each might enjoy ed I inuthe former way, form of for themselves ; the same government in nor is the mode without other precedents history. the Romans governed their proAlthough vinces by an absolute imperium, which super- --- Page 303 --- seded all civil government, yet the inhabitants of properly SO called, their civil constitution, their colonies were, in people, in like divided into senate and manner as the on the model of the ruling city, and the order of the sovereign senate. *As constituents ofthat patres conscripti were the tenth body; : SO the part from decuriones, or enrolled for the amongst the people, were for the colony. purpose of making a senate Both deliberation and were left with the decision, therefore, were governed community who made, and dinate by their own laws, but to those of the suborcreated and empire, and the were even ruled by their péople gistrates; this the people ofSouth. own maappear to have thought America also and prosperity essential to their ; for, as has been safety served, there are certain justly obties constitutional belonging to vast and properthe earth, inhabited distinct regions of which no human by large masses of men, force can grow out of physical destroy, for they of man, and the reasons beyond the reach. right to for selves, as far as legislate themis they are one of these. This is intimately connected, a right, arising with Sce Marcus Verranius Maurus de jure liberorum. Cap.s. --- Page 304 --- that cannot be alienated, and its themselves, but be attended with prudent use cannot good. that must generally result, The advantages herself, from a even to the mother country colonies, and radical melioration ofher general dubious ; and this must be cannot appear such a large mass of her effected by raising the least deserving subjects, who are not of social them, to the rank of men, amongst with defined rights, and a and civil beings, their wants. This constitution analagous to of them beyond the reach were to place against the evils intrigue, and guard them America has felt Spanish of disorganization. distresses of her parent, for the wrongs and too much has shared them, and possesses in which ever to abandon the cause generosity engaged, as long as a ray of they are mutually beams over her dejected state. hope restore that drooping and diIf again, to its strength, and concentrate vided patriotism, her Cortes; ; cannot Spain now calls together do the same, her colonies, at her invitation, ? deliberate what is best for the public good to of attachment, and, Confidence is the parent have already said, let us make a people as we then rely on their allehappy, and we may possesses in which ever to abandon the cause generosity engaged, as long as a ray of they are mutually beams over her dejected state. hope restore that drooping and diIf again, to its strength, and concentrate vided patriotism, her Cortes; ; cannot Spain now calls together do the same, her colonies, at her invitation, ? deliberate what is best for the public good to of attachment, and, Confidence is the parent have already said, let us make a people as we then rely on their allehappy, and we may --- Page 305 --- giance. Thus to ference and discontent, pre-existing causes of dif be added. no farther fuel would Surely amidst the external danger, it befits the pressure of government not genius of every only to be lity of measures, but also possessed of fertisuited to to invent expedients Spain defeat emergencies. By this means would the views and enemies, and disarm them intrigues of her ments, with which of all those instruseeds of discord and they now try to SOW the passions of the dissention, to rouse the pcople, to avail prejudices and weaknesses, themselves of flares of irritation to increase the jects, and to animate against their fellow-subvenge, common them with a spirit of rein civil to those who have contests. suffered The preponderance quired, by the that France has acof Europe, has subjugation of SO great a part long overthrown the balance upheld the equilibrium that nations ; ofits hence, a new component formed, . a new system of interests is brought into concatenation of force is commercial operation, and the scale of political and changed. A relief things has been totally to this present exigence of alteration, in the portionate to the affairs, ought to be proexisting crisis, and equiva- --- Page 306 --- side a dimilents resorted to, on whatsoever inclines. nution is felt, or the scale relatively and wide channels to the To open new of the nation at large, trade and enterprise in other words, to augment its strength; is, forth fresh resources, to check the it is, to call of the comspread of the pernicious empire and add strength to the great mon enemy, sinew of the state. has Were it possible, a foreign author justly to undermine this fundasaid, for an enemy mental pillar of the British commonwealth, to corrode or impair its energy and or even enemies of that nation might extent, then the the claws of the fairly boast of having parted modern Carthage would really lion ; then struck with totter, while her contemporaries, task would behold the gigantic amazement, commercial world would achieved, and the be shaken to its foundation. ofher rival, What then will not be the envy fresh sources for the consumption on secing in those very regions, of British goods, open herself cast her prowling on which she had South America in The provinces of eye. league, and protected by a powercommercial existence and ful naval force; for the political and of these regions, either as annexed support lion ; then struck with totter, while her contemporaries, task would behold the gigantic amazement, commercial world would achieved, and the be shaken to its foundation. ofher rival, What then will not be the envy fresh sources for the consumption on secing in those very regions, of British goods, open herself cast her prowling on which she had South America in The provinces of eye. league, and protected by a powercommercial existence and ful naval force; for the political and of these regions, either as annexed support --- Page 307 --- incorporated with Spain, or separate, are interested in independent and tageous medium for the procuring an advanand for the sale of the supply of their wants, give in return; and produce they mayhave to to unite these no other nation appears two as England. desideratas, SO completely At the advanced state of sequence in which she commercial coning exelusively now stands, commandinflux and every foreign market, by the cheapness of her raised her cotton goods; having in which manufactures to that they have almost pitch, judices of the wearer in the overcome the prehottest having now thrown into her climates; balance of merchandise, own scale, the the Hanseatic formerly furnished by north; towns, and other a further increase people of the be an object of to the whole, would there great national import, nor can beanys SO great, as a with the colonies of commercial exchange ments as Spain. Such establishthan these, are more valuable to distant conquests, England fected, cost lives to which, even if efserve ; distantand accomplish and to presuperfuous extended sovereignty, to the power and being nation. prosperity of the With what pleasure the VOL. II. people of South U --- Page 308 --- estaAmerica will see a commercial league, and solid foundations with blished on good be easily conceived ; it is a naEngland, may as a friend, but would never tion they respect other A commercial admit on any footing.* existence also to the Spanish colonies, is the basis of their happiness, and a civil regeneration is to them, the harbinger of every good, the nourishment, comfort, and that constitutes of mankind. Thus will they one day delight and become heirs to all the glory possibly of merit of their ancestors ; the depositaries and manners, and of the national language thatin the opinion of the world, every thing constitute the honour of the Spanish may yet name. AmeBe united then, citizens of Spanish rica! shut up your hearts against the perfidious iavour of the English has uniformly been 9 This predilection in the most body of remarkable in the clergy, who form powerful accomthe Spaniards. When Sir James Cockburn, men amongst Captain Fiffe, of H. M. S. Hebe, went overto Caracas panied by of affairs, amongst other deon the first breaking out Spanish a convent of monstrations of joy, they partook of a fcast given by of a friars, in which the abbot sung exteinporé verses, expressive of the Prinwish, that an alliance could be formed between one that would cesses of England, and Ferdinand the VII.; a means bulwark unite the two nations, and form a double more closely agpinst the designs of Napoleon. H. M. S. Hebe, went overto Caracas panied by of affairs, amongst other deon the first breaking out Spanish a convent of monstrations of joy, they partook of a fcast given by of a friars, in which the abbot sung exteinporé verses, expressive of the Prinwish, that an alliance could be formed between one that would cesses of England, and Ferdinand the VII.; a means bulwark unite the two nations, and form a double more closely agpinst the designs of Napoleon. --- Page 309 --- precepts ofanarchy S it is her personate virtue, whilst her characteristic to vice. Civil contests composition is ties that are the greatest can befal a nation; calamibe known to may they never work you. Let your reform be the ofloyalty, wisdom, mon consent; let it be foresight, and comrest of the world will on principles that the but abandon admire and not your mother approve ; tress, nor give your enemies country in disin the success of their cause to triumph designs. Be united and unanimous; as long as Spain can withstand invasion,-as long as she has not to foreign bent her neck distress dominion, let not the be that ofyour moment ofto share her desertion; but resolve her fortunes. woes, as you have hitherto done mies, and the Have equally the same eneVII. same friends; let Ferdinand union, the ther friendship, and aid to the country, be your motto mopean Spaniards, whose ; and ye Euroand prudence, character is moderation whose strength cord, dissolve not those consists in conmuch to unite; let ties it has cost SO stancy be brotherly union and conride that your anchors, and you will yet outbeen storm, in which you have surprised. mutually By this means, will Spanish America U 2 form --- Page 310 --- a new epoch in the annals of history, and thus will its inhabitants, united with those of Spain, promote the prosperity of each, and formed into one nation, elevate themselves one day to rank with the other great and happy nations of the world. --- Page 311 --- APPENDIX. A. Comparatize view of the highest the sorld, with those of Mlonntains in different parts of Names ofs said Spanish America, tries Mountsius, they ares situated. and in what Coun- Height Cotopaxi, In in Spanish the Amerien. in feet. in Height yards, miles Height and in Peru, province of Quito, in yards, Chimhorazo, in Peru, 19,929 Carambour is under the equator, 19-320 6,440 6,643 3 and 1,363 Dereabesado, the sea, in Chili, fifty miles from 18,000 6,000 3 - 1,160 Carason, in Peru,* 18,000 3 - 720 Petchincha, In in Peru, 14,820 4.940 6,000 3 The Peak Ewrope of and other parts, 14,580 4,860 2 2 1,420 naryi islands, Teneriffe, one of the Ca1,340 Mount Mount Blanc,, 15:396 Gemmi, Etna, in Sicily, 15,243 5,132 2 1,612 Switzerland, in the Canton of Berne, in 12,C00 5,081 4,000 2 I,561 Summit of Buet, IO,IIO 820 4.940 6,000 3 The Peak Ewrope of and other parts, 14,580 4,860 2 2 1,420 naryi islands, Teneriffe, one of the Ca1,340 Mount Mount Blanc,, 15:396 Gemmi, Etna, in Sicily, 15,243 5,132 2 1,612 Switzerland, in the Canton of Berne, in 12,C00 5,081 4,000 2 I,561 Summit of Buet, IO,IIO Summit The of Grenarion, 3:370 East Blue Mountains in 8,874 9,945 3.315 I - I,6ro of Good end of the Table Mouncain Jamaica, 7,483 2,958 I - 1,555 In Hope, Cape 2,494 I I,198 734 England and Iales the siz 3:585 est Mountais high1,195 Whernside, in are in South Britain, Yorkshire, is the bighest logicborongh, in Yorkshire, . 4,050 Pennygant, in Yorkshire, 3.987 1,350 Snowden, Pendle in North Wales, 3.930 1,329 Cross Fell, Hill, in in Lancashire, 3,568 I,189 1,310 In Scotland Watoreland, the sir 3,390 3:4II 1,137 tains ure highest JfounI,I30 Benevish, in the councy of Benlawers, in Perchshire, Inverness, 4,350 Cairngorm, ness, in the county of Inver- 4,280 1,459 1,426 Bensloe, in Perthshire, 4,000 Schichallion, in 3,724 1,333 Bendens, in Perthshire, Perthshire, 3,564 1,241 1,188 The Spanish. 3,550 1,183 province tains, of Quito, Academicians Carason oberve, that and that all of greater and Petchincha are amongst the highest the'Cordillers, in the height, are vested with eternal accessible Mounsnow, --- Page 312 --- B. MINES IN THE BRAZILS. mines and gold mines in the Brazils are of THE diamond discovered and opened in the great extent; they were first since which time they have yielded annually year 1681, sterling in value, of which one upwards of five millions belongs to the crown of Portugal. fifth part, or share, Brazils is neither very laboThe extraction of gold in the found in its It is sometimes rious, nor very dangerous. of the soil, and at other times it purest state on the surface the mounto dig for it. Gold is found upon is necessary than in the valleys, tains and barren rocks, in larger pieces the borders of the rivers. The queen of Portugal or on diamond in the world, has in her possession the largest from the Brazils to which was sent over, in the year 1746, the Portuit weighs 1680 carats, and is valued by Lisbon; beyond what any nation in the guese lapidaries, at a sum world could afford to pay. will statement of their respective weights, The following diamonds at present known clearly shew, that all otherlarge with this. of in the world, are very small when compared Carats in weight. of the emperor of Russia. 106 A diamond in possession called the diamond in of Buonaparte, 136 A possession Regent's diamond. duke of Tus139 A diamond in possession of the grand cany. in of the Great Mogul. 279 A diamond possession of Persia. 493 A diamond in possession of the king diamond. Brazil 1680 The queen of Portugal's surprising diamonds are neither SO hard nor SO clear The Brazil and from Soulempour, as those which are brought do sparkle 30 in the East Indies, nor they other placcs in possession called the diamond in of Buonaparte, 136 A possession Regent's diamond. duke of Tus139 A diamond in possession of the grand cany. in of the Great Mogul. 279 A diamond possession of Persia. 493 A diamond in possession of the king diamond. Brazil 1680 The queen of Portugal's surprising diamonds are neither SO hard nor SO clear The Brazil and from Soulempour, as those which are brought do sparkle 30 in the East Indies, nor they other placcs --- Page 313 --- whiter than those of the much; but Brazil diamonds are supposing and arc sold ten per cent. chenper, East Indies, the weight of them to be equal. Prince of Brazil wears The large star and cross which the of the diffedays, as sovereign on his breast on grand gala viz. the knights of orders of knighthood, 8cc. rent Portuguese the knights of St.. James, Avis, the knights of Christ, aumber of large diamonds, are both composed of a great set in gold. The being of the very first quality and water, hundred diamond in the star is alone worth eight centre the star and the cross together thousand pounds sterling; are valued at four millions. C. MEXICO. to the vale of Anahuac was the original name given The of Mexand signifies near to the water. city Mexico, it was founded Anno called Tenochtitlan; ico was anciently much the largest Domini 1325, and is, beyond a doubt, World. It is situated and most beautiful city of the New 100° 34' West, in latitude 20° 2' North, and in longitude from the meridian of London. of Mexico is the vale The finest district in the kingdom and verdant mounitself of Mexico, crowned by beautiful their base, exceeds measured at tains, whose circumference, miles. A great part of this vale is one hunered and twenty water of Chalco, the upper occupied by two lakes; the lower lake, is bracklake, is sweet; that of Tezcuco, the In the lower lake (on ish. They communicate by a canal. of the valley) all account of its lying in the very bottom collect; from the waters running from the mountains raised theabundance of rains thence, when extraordinary it overflowed the waters of the lake of Tezcuco overi its bed, in the lake of Mexico, which is situated on an island less city inundations happened not freof Tezcuco. These by two lakes; the lower lake, is bracklake, is sweet; that of Tezcuco, the In the lower lake (on ish. They communicate by a canal. of the valley) all account of its lying in the very bottom collect; from the waters running from the mountains raised theabundance of rains thence, when extraordinary it overflowed the waters of the lake of Tezcuco overi its bed, in the lake of Mexico, which is situated on an island less city inundations happened not freof Tezcuco. These --- Page 314 --- Mexican monarchy, than since it has quently under the becn in possession of the Spaniards. which united is These two lakes, the circumference of miles, the figure of a camel, not less than ninety represent formed the lake of sweet thc head and neck of which are by the body, by the lake of brackish water, water, or Chalco; by the rivulets thelegs and feet are répresentel or Tezcuco; from the mountains into the lakes. and torrents which run these there is the little peninsula of Iztapalapan, Between which divides them. cool and pleaThe mountains make the air delightfully and spreading themsant, with gentle breezes descending of the finest and selves all around, SO that its climate is one salubrious that nature ever formed; SO remarkably most the variation of the seasons SO very small, temperate, and are sufficient to prevent inconthat the slightest precautions and woollen clothing is venience from either heat or cold, round. Charles the V., who was worn there all the year andking of Spain, at the same time emperor of Gerahy arrival at court gentleman, on his asked a witty Spanish interval was in the city of from Mexicc, how long the and winter? < Just as long," Mexico between summer and humour, C as it replied the Spaniard, with great truth takcs to pass out of sun-shine into the shade." of the island on which the city stands, The circumference convenience of passing from is about twelvemiles. Forthe three causethis island to the main land, there are raised great in the formed of carth, stone, and timber, ways, towards the South, is lake. The causeway. of Iztapalapan, miles in length. The causeway of Tepejacac, about seven about three miles in length. The towards the North, is is about two of Tlacapan, towards the West, causeway are cach about thirty: feet in breadth. miles in length. They a little Besides them, there is another or fourth causeway, causethis island to the main land, there are raised great in the formed of carth, stone, and timber, ways, towards the South, is lake. The causeway. of Iztapalapan, miles in length. The causeway of Tepejacac, about seven about three miles in length. The towards the North, is is about two of Tlacapan, towards the West, causeway are cach about thirty: feet in breadth. miles in length. They a little Besides them, there is another or fourth causeway, --- Page 315 --- narrower, in continuation of the donble poltepec, two miles distant, by which aqueduct of Chabrought to the entrance of the the fresh wateris tribnted to the fountains, city, and from thence disisland. and all parts of the city and the All the water which collects in the lake sweet when it first enters, but it of Tezcuco, is brackish and afterwards becomes SO very ing by the mwholesome, that if drank, or used in cookin the bowels, inhabitants, it gives them fluxes, and This bad property arises complaints nitrous bed of this lake; hence from the salt and on this double the island intirely aqueduct of depends fresh water. Chapoltepce for its supplies of The churches and houses are built of and the houses in general, stone and of bricks, where the weight, are three stories ground will bear their large houses of high. The foundations of the were laid thecapital, as at first built by the upou a floor of large beams of Mexicans, carth, on account ofthe cedlar, fixed in the example the Spaniards want of solidity in the soil, which and adopt. The have found it necessary to imitate from whence the great square is in the centre of the direct line, streets run quite through the whole city, cither North and in a crossing each other at right South, or East and West, breadth of the city angles, sO that the length and of any of the may bel plainly discemed at the There is streets, all of which are wide and corner a public walk, with a jet well paved. avenues meet, which is d'eau, where cight squares have each a very grand, and the principal Every foumain of water in their centre, morning at sunrise, and craft of various innumerable boats, canoes, of fruts, herbs, descriptions, laden with a vast variety flowers, fowls, turkies, garden-stuf of all kinds, flesh geese, ducks, venison, fish, meat of all game of all kinds, kinds, and a variety of other provi- jet well paved. avenues meet, which is d'eau, where cight squares have each a very grand, and the principal Every foumain of water in their centre, morning at sunrise, and craft of various innumerable boats, canoes, of fruts, herbs, descriptions, laden with a vast variety flowers, fowls, turkies, garden-stuf of all kinds, flesh geese, ducks, venison, fish, meat of all game of all kinds, kinds, and a variety of other provi- --- Page 316 --- the lakeat the great market-place sions, are seen arriving by with the of the city, where the inhabitants are supplied greatest abundance, and at very moderate prices. The natural strength of the city is great, there being no to it but by the causeways, which may easily be approaches breaking them down at intervals, or by deobstructed, by if necessary. All stroving the whole of the causeways, &cc. and other modes of capture must be by boats, canoes, off their supplies of provisions, and fresh water, 8c. cutting which they receive by the aqueduct of Chapoltepec. see, and contains one most Mexico is an archbishop's thirtymagnificent cathedral, thirty-four public churches, six monasteries of men, and twenty-nine nunneries of wowith cach a church. The cathedral possesses a revenue men, thousand pounds sterling per annum, of which of nincty thousand pounds, besides the archbishop receives thirty thousand casual fines, which make him fifteen to twenty more. The remainder, amounting to sixty pounds a year the dignitaries and thousand pounds, is divided aniongst other clergy belonging to this cathedral, which amount to apwards of four hundred, without including organists, musicians, singers, is 8cc. built in the form of a cross, is lofty and The cathedral the windows numerous, the paintings, gilding, spacious, in and it contains a great and carving, are heavy style, number of chapelsand superb altars. The bigh altar stands in the middle of the choir; the riches'and treasures therein The custodia is made of are great beyond description. thousand ounces of that metal; silver, and contains thirty it. It conit took sixty-four ounces of pure gold to gild number of silver pillars, and one hundred little tains a great images of different saints, all of most rare workmanshipIn the centre of the cathedral stands theimage of St. Hythe patron of Mexico, as Jargeas life, made of pure polito, style, number of chapelsand superb altars. The bigh altar stands in the middle of the choir; the riches'and treasures therein The custodia is made of are great beyond description. thousand ounces of that metal; silver, and contains thirty it. It conit took sixty-four ounces of pure gold to gild number of silver pillars, and one hundred little tains a great images of different saints, all of most rare workmanshipIn the centre of the cathedral stands theimage of St. Hythe patron of Mexico, as Jargeas life, made of pure polito, --- Page 317 --- gold, and placed on a shrine of silver. In shrine stands an image of the infant another silver gold, and adorned with eight Jesus, made of pure wise a grand silver hundred precious stones; likethe Blessed throne, on which is placed the image of Virgin, made of silver, crown, and adorned with wearing a superb precious stones, the a profusion of valuable and which at whole weighing sixty. arrobas of silver, hundred twenty-five pounds in each arroba, make fifteen is pounds weight. In the chapel of the a beautiful altar, made of silver Blessed Virgin gold, worked in the most and richly inlaid with artist. curious manner, by an ingenious In this cathedral, there are made of silver, each forty-eight candlesticks, all curious measuring six feet in height, and of said workmanship. There are three hundred every day in this cathedral. masses at thc altars and in the They consume annually oil,making 2,500 Spanish processions, cight hundred arrobas of gallons: twelve wax, making 30,000 hundred. arrobas of arrobas of wine, Spanish pounds : one thousand large gold making 3,125 Spanish gallons. Ten lamps, and thirty large silver both night and day. The lamps, burn oil, of the vestments and other archbishop and the rest of the ornaments, the ornaments clergy, as likewise, exhibited on the altars, are beautiful description, and as rich as can be made, with beyond covered with diamonds, gold and silver, precious stones, of rubies, emeralds, pearls, and other embroidered dazzling lustre: : gold and silver stuffs; velvets, satins, silks, &c. are most valuable that the richest and part of the money can purchase and procure, in world, and were brought from any register ships. The rest of the Europe by the and the churches, the nunneries, are monasteries, their revenues are proportionably rich and splendid, and great. Their warehouses and shops, from their great display of ies, emeralds, pearls, and other embroidered dazzling lustre: : gold and silver stuffs; velvets, satins, silks, &c. are most valuable that the richest and part of the money can purchase and procure, in world, and were brought from any register ships. The rest of the Europe by the and the churches, the nunneries, are monasteries, their revenues are proportionably rich and splendid, and great. Their warehouses and shops, from their great display of --- Page 318 --- metals, and massive jewelry, are the richest and precious valuable that can be imagined, though art has done most little for their arrangement. Many of their houschold utensils are made of gold and silver. is a superb and spacious square, The great market-place, in the centre of the city ; on one side ofit runs an arcade, ofthe richest shops, and on the other under which are some side, stands the magnificent palace of the viceroy of Mexico, built with a large square in the centre, sO that it forms four magnificent fronts ; the grand front presenting itself to the market-place. for the coining of dolIn this city there is a royal mint, lars and other silver coins, as likewise of gold coins. There university, conducted by some of the most is also, a royal sent out able and learned clergy, masters, and instructors, from Old Spain, which contains upwards of three thousand students, sent for education from all parts of Mexico, Peru, and the other Spanish settlements. It has eleven hospitals, and houses of asylum, all most amply and richly endowed; amongst the rest, is an assylum for the reception of young female orphans, who are maintained and educated in a very decent and handsome maner, whilst they remain thcrein unmarried ; and they havel five hundred dollars each, given when leave this asylum, and to them as a portion, they the of by marry to a decent proper person, approved managers. well planted with trees, and There is a beautiful park, ornamented with fountains and water-works, wherc the nobility, gentry, and gay part ofthe inhabitants assemble every evening, some in coaches, great numbers of gentlemen on horseback, with multitudes of men and women on foot, and itis herc, that the young bucks, cavaliers, and majos, endeavour to attract the notice and favour of the ladies, by feats of activity, and the superb fancy dresses, in which they make by marry to a decent proper person, approved managers. well planted with trees, and There is a beautiful park, ornamented with fountains and water-works, wherc the nobility, gentry, and gay part ofthe inhabitants assemble every evening, some in coaches, great numbers of gentlemen on horseback, with multitudes of men and women on foot, and itis herc, that the young bucks, cavaliers, and majos, endeavour to attract the notice and favour of the ladies, by feats of activity, and the superb fancy dresses, in which they make --- Page 319 --- their appearance, when mounted ful horses. Several hundreds on their lively and beautiby four mules or horses, of coaches, drawn by two or attended by numerous parade here, every fine in the richest retinues of black slaves, dressed cvening, liveries, and in which out state and form; the carriages they keep up great along, in order that those within movc very slowly, and gently the better. The ladies, within thein, may see, and be seen appcarance without veils, in their the carriages, make their out, and ornamented with richest dresses, decorated emeralds, rubies, gold, pearls, jewels, and other diamonds, their hair, cars, round their glittering ornaments in with superb gold watches necks, and round their wrists, highest style. They take and cquipages, fitted up in the of hair, which they great pride in having fine heads prescrve with the tention, in order to make it greatest care and atthey wear it plaited down very thick and very long behind, their backs, and in long, even when pendant, it reaches general, SO They wear no caps, but in th eir down toi their feet. have ornamental head-dresses. tertulias, or visits, they. The general, are about the middle Mexican ladies, in tall; the greatest part of them stature, very few of them are fine eyes, and the most have beautiful black hairs, white and even, which regular sets of-teeth, remarkably when they laugh they take great pleasure in ; they are shewing ner and address, talk a remarkably lively in their manenter a room in the most great deal, dance remarkably well, whatever, in any country graceful in the manner, and no women Cadiz, walk better. world, not even those of ing, and They are fond of music, dancing; the Spanish guitar, in singuniversally played by them. Their particular, is fandango, which is as much the favourite dances are el the young, the old, the brisk, rage here, as in Old Spain : the most stupid and dull the grave, the gay, nay even people, become all alive, and put a room in the most great deal, dance remarkably well, whatever, in any country graceful in the manner, and no women Cadiz, walk better. world, not even those of ing, and They are fond of music, dancing; the Spanish guitar, in singuniversally played by them. Their particular, is fandango, which is as much the favourite dances are el the young, the old, the brisk, rage here, as in Old Spain : the most stupid and dull the grave, the gay, nay even people, become all alive, and put --- Page 320 --- into motion the very moment the guitar strikes themselves Las seguidillas or couplets, are ir up, and begins to play. boleros, waltzes, 8c. great vogue, as songs; and minuets, as dances. Mexican ladies in general are handsome, polite, The attentive to strangers. Great numgenteel, and particularly fair complexions. They are bers of them have, naturally, in charms, not inferior to the ladies of Old Spain, personal their they speak the Spanish language remarkably well, minds and ideas are clear and comprehensive, their expresand their manners and their behaviour, insion pure just, imitably graceful and affable. of the citizens of Mexico One of the favourite diversions with them is fishing in boats onthe lake, whither they carry wine, liquors, &cc. with which to regale cold provisions, of this fine themselves on the water. The neighbourhood by the remarkably pleasant and beautiful, city, is rendered monasteries, nunneries, numerous palaces, country seats, which are churches, large and beautiful towns and villages, within view ofthe city, and built upon the banksofthel lakes, citizens in boats, when they are inclined to to which the go ofthe town. Mexico is the retire from the hurry and bustle has city of all those which the catholic king most populous and contains upwards of two hunin his vast dominions, under dred thousand inhabitants, which are comprehended five different classes. hold the first rank are Spaniards, Those who invariably in Mexico. All offices, bornin Old Spain, who have settled under the Spanish government, places, and appointments, the court of Spain being jealous are filled and held by them, of people. in the extreme of all the other descriptions Thesecond class, in point of rank, is that of the Criollos, descendants from Spaniards who formerty settled Creoles, or numbers of thesc Creoles are very rich, in America. Grcat , under dred thousand inhabitants, which are comprehended five different classes. hold the first rank are Spaniards, Those who invariably in Mexico. All offices, bornin Old Spain, who have settled under the Spanish government, places, and appointments, the court of Spain being jealous are filled and held by them, of people. in the extreme of all the other descriptions Thesecond class, in point of rank, is that of the Criollos, descendants from Spaniards who formerty settled Creoles, or numbers of thesc Creoles are very rich, in America. Grcat --- Page 321 --- have most clegant houses and estates in Jand, which give them furniture, and very large colonies, than the-court of greater influence in the she adopts such Spain approves of, plans as she thinks will therefore quence. She never lessen their consetrust, under her employs them in offices of government, power and ference given to the first class. whemesanejaiansienye of preare too indolent and luxurious These Creoles, in general, kind; the commerce and to engage in trade of any Spain, as well as the internal navigation to, and from Old ways been carried traffic of the On by the natives of colonies, have alcumulate immense fortunes Old Spain, who acwith them to their native thereby, and genorally return The third class, in point country. of colour, under the rank, is that of the people of denomination of Sambos, and Quadroons Mullattoes, peans and ; they are the Mestizoes, of Creoles, with oflspring Euroand may properly be negroes, Indians, &c. of styled a mixed breed of Mullattocs, such heterogeneous gradations from the white a diversity among a hundred faces, to the black, that The handicraft and scarcely two are of the same colour in all which kinds mechanic trades are carried on by and descriptions of them, Spaniards and the Creoles disdain labour, both the depend upon this third class of to employthemselves and various articles which they people for the supply of the cured from Europe. may want, and which are. not The fourth prothat ofthe class, in point of rank and of real negroes. They are utility, is on gala and parade employed as menial and attend their days, and visits, they drive the servants; richest masters and mistresses, dressed carriages liveries. They work in the out in their The free negroes fields, in the mines, &cc. wards and receive, as their own private wages, and whatever property, relabour. The negro slaves they may gain by their own are generally cmployed to work prothat ofthe class, in point of rank and of real negroes. They are utility, is on gala and parade employed as menial and attend their days, and visits, they drive the servants; richest masters and mistresses, dressed carriages liveries. They work in the out in their The free negroes fields, in the mines, &cc. wards and receive, as their own private wages, and whatever property, relabour. The negro slaves they may gain by their own are generally cmployed to work --- Page 322 --- and mistresses; in case they are hired by their own masters their wages and gains belong to out to work for other people, fed, and supported; their owners, by whom they are clothed, assistance is in casc ofs sickness and inability to work, every themselves as a The look upon rendered to them. negroes ofknowledge superiorto the Indians, in point race of people This kind of and abilities, and treat them as theirinferiors. is carconduct and contemptuous behaviour, supercilious the negrocs, that they and ried to SO great an extreme by hatred and aversion to the Indians have a mutual and violent of blacks in each other. Though there is a great number of New Spain, they are mostly free people; the province and the slaves are comparatively few. of rank, is that The fifth and most inferior class, in point from Americans or native Indians, descended of the proper They are those who have the ancient peoplers of America. of the old continent. not mixed their blood with the people of a smali annual tribute, They are a free people, (except and English, about one hard dollar, or four shillings sixpence to each male Indian from the age of eighteen fifty which and cannot be comyears, pays to the Spanish government.) and kinds of pelled to work, but in such time, manner, to to theinselves. When disposed work, as are agrecabie the lands, and if work, they are employed in cultivating the various kinds of produce, as cacao, wheat, raising &c. rice, beans, 8cc. and as herdsmen, shepherds, maize, work in the mmes of gold, silver, copper, 8c, They likewise by their labour is theirown property. and whateverthey gain fair and reasonable price Their employers pay them a very to the valuc of their labour, when working in proportion from one to two English shillings in the fields they gain from half a and when in the mines, they gain per day, English,) to one" hard dollar, (two shillings and threepence day. In and sixpence English,) per dollar (four shillings the mmes of gold, silver, copper, 8c, They likewise by their labour is theirown property. and whateverthey gain fair and reasonable price Their employers pay them a very to the valuc of their labour, when working in proportion from one to two English shillings in the fields they gain from half a and when in the mines, they gain per day, English,) to one" hard dollar, (two shillings and threepence day. In and sixpence English,) per dollar (four shillings --- Page 323 --- Spanish America no European, ployed in the labours of the whatever, is to be seen emThe Mexican Indians field. are of a good stature, excceding than falling short of the middle generally rather proportioned inall theirlimbs; size, and well narroy they have good foreheads; black eyes ; clean, complexions; teeth; thick, black, firm, regular, white coarse, glossy hair; 5 thin generally no hair upon their legs, beards ; and skin is of an olive colour. thighs, and arms. Their haps There is scarcely a upon carth, in which there are nation, perand it would be more difficult fewer persons deformed, lame, or squint-eyed to find a single hump-backed, than man, amongst a thousand among a hundred of any other nation. Mexicans, pcarance neither Their Indian engages nor disgusts; ; but the apyoung women, there are many among fair; they have a sweetness of very handsome and a pleasantness andnatural manner and expression, and The men are modesty in their whole very moderate in behaviour. for strong liquors, is carried eating, but their passion A peculiar feature to the greatest excess, cclebrated in the description of Mexico artificial ficlds and is, the lakes, and add to their gardens which float in the ginal method of forming picturesque appearance, The orithem is plait and twist willows, and the extremely simple: they other materials together, roots of marsh plants, or supporting the earth of which are light, but capable of this foundation the garden firmly united, they lay the light bushes Upon lake, and over all, the mud and which float on the from the bottom. The dirt which they draw up quadrangular, their regular figure of these islands is neral lengul and breadth but they are about cight perches various, in gethree perches in long, and not more than tion above the surface breadth, and have less than a foot of elevafields which the of the water. These were the first Mexicans owned after the VOL. II, foundation ofthe X the light bushes Upon lake, and over all, the mud and which float on the from the bottom. The dirt which they draw up quadrangular, their regular figure of these islands is neral lengul and breadth but they are about cight perches various, in gethree perches in long, and not more than tion above the surface breadth, and have less than a foot of elevafields which the of the water. These were the first Mexicans owned after the VOL. II, foundation ofthe X --- Page 324 --- therc they first cultivated the maize, great eity of Mexico; for their support. Ini pepper, and other piants necessary from the process of timc, as thesc fields grew numerous, them industry of those people, there were cultivated among and of odoriferous plants, which were gardens of flowers, and likewise served for used in the worship of the gods, cultivate the refreshment of the nobles. At present they flowers, herbs, and every kind of garden-stuf Every innumerable boats laden with day of the year at sunrise, cultivated in these flowers, fruits, and vegetables, which are by the canal at the great marketgardens, are seen arriving thrive therein place of that eapital. All kinds of plants fertile the mud of the lake is an extremely surprisingly; In the largest gardens soil, and requires no irrigation. hut to shelthereis commonly a little trec, and even a little and defend him from rain, or the sun. ter the cultivator, wishes to When the chinampa, or owner of a garden his situation, to remove from a disagreeable neighchange nearer to bis own family, he gets into his bour, or to comc if the garden little vessel, and by his own strength alone, he with the assistance of others if it is large, is small, Or, conducts it wherever he pleases, rows it after him, and That of the lake with the little hut and tree upon it. part gardens are, is a place of infinite recreawhere the floating where the senses receive the highest tion and amusement, visitand multitudes of pcople are constantly gratification, ing them in boats, on parties of pleasure. Mexico are The fields and gardens round the city of productive of maizc, called by the Mexicans wonderfully first carried from America, and huolli, which the Spaniards barley, introduced into Spain. There abounds also wheat, kind of grain that Europe produces, as well oats, and every and other kinds of pulse; letas pcasc, beans, vetches, artichokes, potatoes, tuces, cabbages. turnips, carrots, of pcople are constantly gratification, ing them in boats, on parties of pleasure. Mexico are The fields and gardens round the city of productive of maizc, called by the Mexicans wonderfully first carried from America, and huolli, which the Spaniards barley, introduced into Spain. There abounds also wheat, kind of grain that Europe produces, as well oats, and every and other kinds of pulse; letas pcasc, beans, vetches, artichokes, potatoes, tuces, cabbages. turnips, carrots, --- Page 325 --- lentils, mint, marjorum, balm, ishes, garlick, asparagus, sage, French beans, radof kitchen herbs; onions, and, in short, every sort culases, tonquils, carnations, roses, tulips, violets, ranunferous plants jessamines, and other flowers and odorihighest perfection. brought from Europe, all prosper there in the The city of Mexico is the in which are collected all the empofium, or grand magazine, found apples, pears, plums, gifts of nature, wherein arc cherries of all kinds, apricots, peaches, quinces, almonds, olives, currants, grapes, water melons, dates, walnuts, chesnuts, filberts, figs, pomegranates, oranges, lemons, hazel-nuts, guanas, citrons, melons, limes, pine-apples, roots, yams, and many other cucumbers, fruits plantaius, cassava countries equally produce. which cold or hot At all seasons of the year, their market provided; even in the winter, vessels is plentifully ket by one of the innumerable daily enter their marwith such an abundant canals of the city, laden that it seems as if all the variety of fruits, flowers, and herbs, productions simultianeously, seasons of the year offered their The gulf and the sea-coasts of great variety of fish, viz. Mexico, abound with a manatis, sword-fish, whales, dolphins, porpoises, fish, sharks, mullets, saw-fish, bonitos, thornbacks, several shad, cod, polypus, flying species of tortoises, spunges, soles, bot, carp, nautili, lampreys, sturgeons, pike, congers, turcrabs, lobsters, shrimps, sardinias, haddock, eels; lakes and rivers there are prawns, and shell-fish. In the of fish, as various kinds of upwards of one hundred species bels, mullet, eels, pike, white fish, carp, trout, barare found on these coasts salmon, in bobos, &c. Sca-shells of them of extraordinary prodigious numbers, and some The ancient beauty. quadrupeds common to X 2 Mexico, are lions, congers, turcrabs, lobsters, shrimps, sardinias, haddock, eels; lakes and rivers there are prawns, and shell-fish. In the of fish, as various kinds of upwards of one hundred species bels, mullet, eels, pike, white fish, carp, trout, barare found on these coasts salmon, in bobos, &c. Sca-shells of them of extraordinary prodigious numbers, and some The ancient beauty. quadrupeds common to X 2 Mexico, are lions, --- Page 326 --- wild cats, bears, wolves, foxes, comnmon stags, tigers, bucks and does, wild goats, several species of white stags, badgers, weasels, martens, apes and monkeys, polecats, and rats. The modern squirrels, hares, rabbits, otters, from which have been imported aud introduced quadrupeds and from Europe, are camels, horses, mules, the Canaries hogs, dogs, and cats,- asses, bulls, cows, shcep, goats, and increased all of which, except camels, have multiplied wonderfal manner. There are private persons in a most thousand head of cattle. In the who are masters of fifty of oxen for round the city of Mexico, a pair large country sold for fourtecn to eighteen dollars, and. the plough are wholesale, at four to six dollars each. The bulls are sold by there being in multiplication of sheep is most surprising, who own four and five hunNew Spain individual persons, with to size, there dred thousand sheep each, and respect in Europe larger than the rams in Mexico. are no rams of Mexico is that of the ccmmon The size of the horses although they are horses of Europe; their saddle-horses, Mules, for themost part have an amazing spirit. geldings, the whole country of Mexico arc employed which through of all kinds, and to carry burdens, to draw their carriages The mules for in size to the mules of Europe. are equal conducted by drivers, and carry loads of about burdens are each. They do not usually travel more 500 lbs. weight Mexican day's than twelve to fifteen miles per day, (the for loaded mules) but at this rate they make jourjourney of five hundred to two thousand miles. Carriage-mules nies four to five miles per hour, and besides travel at the rate of Saddraw'great weights in their baggage. the passengers, itis comdle mules are made usc of for very long journies; the of on the same mule from city mon to make a journey which is upwards of Mexico to the city of Guatemala, that is mounthousand milcs distance, over a country one at the rate of thirty miles per day, tainous and very rough, make jourjourney of five hundred to two thousand miles. Carriage-mules nies four to five miles per hour, and besides travel at the rate of Saddraw'great weights in their baggage. the passengers, itis comdle mules are made usc of for very long journies; the of on the same mule from city mon to make a journey which is upwards of Mexico to the city of Guatemala, that is mounthousand milcs distance, over a country one at the rate of thirty miles per day, tainous and very rough, --- Page 327 --- vided Mexico in general, as it is into SO many various extremely extensive, and dition, is consequently provinces, differentin their situamaritime subjected to a variety of land parts being low and fat when climate. The country, arel hot, and compared with theinin particular districts, generally moist and unhealthy, shore, This moisture mountains of sand gather on the and from the procceds not less from the seations abundance of waters sea, than that command the coast. descending from the elevatremely The inland high, are parts being excool and delightfal temperate, dry, and healthy, by the rendered quently fall after plentiful showers which fretember and October, mid-day, from April and May to tains continually and by breezes from the high Septhere covered with snow, mounthrough the country of scattered here and The greatest cold of Mexico. not equal the cold of any of theinhabited places, does nor can the greatest heat England, or even the cold of be Spain; during the dog-days, in compared even to the heat felt difference between many countries of felt in summer and winter is Europc. The any part, that the most. actually SO little same clothing in June and in delicate persons wear the wanted in the hottest January; no other relief the animals sleep all season but to retire to the is But the the year round under the shade, and by agrecableness of the climate is open sky. wise thunder-storms, which are counterbalanced by earthqnakes, which frequent in summer, as likein general producing are felt at all times, may be less. real danger than although with remarked, that they have terror; yet it most dreadful been sometimes attended the egth day of conseqttenees, as was and July, :in the year experienced 012 populous city of de 1773, when the the capital of the audience St.Jago Guatimala, at that large time New Spain, and one of and province of the largest cities in Guatimala, in Spanish Ame- summer, as likein general producing are felt at all times, may be less. real danger than although with remarked, that they have terror; yet it most dreadful been sometimes attended the egth day of conseqttenees, as was and July, :in the year experienced 012 populous city of de 1773, when the the capital of the audience St.Jago Guatimala, at that large time New Spain, and one of and province of the largest cities in Guatimala, in Spanish Ame- --- Page 328 --- 310destroyed by a dreadful carthquake, acrica, was totally volcano: companied with an eruption from a neighbouring thouone hundred and twenty By this terrible earthquake, There are an sand persons are supposed to have perished. and aluminous vitriolic, infinity of nitrous, sulphureous, hot, that in mineral waters, some of which spring sO very kind of fruit, eggs, or animal-food a few moments, any of petrifying is boiled in them. There are also abundance waters. fertile in plants, which yicld Mexico is most singularly these are the rosins, and oils; among balsams, gums, which is distilled a balsam no wise infchuitziloxitl, from balsain of Meccha, and the Mexican rior to the celebrated which is cxtracted that precious tree, xochiocotzotl, from amber; likewise the oil rosin, called by the Spaniards odorous and esticalled liquid amber, which is still more copalli, is mable than the rosin. From the Mexican tree, and copal; it is used in Europe in medicine extracted gum of it is consumed as inin varnishes, and a great quantity The caragna and cense on the altars in catholic churches. in rosins well known to the apothecaries the tecamaca are from two Mexican trees. The Europe, and are distilled arabic. Gamthorny shrub, mizquitl, yields the true gum the mizin such abundance from a treelike ma laca runs with it. Expatli, or quitl, that the branches are covered named exblood, runs from a large Mexican trec, dragon's the elastic distils from the Mexican quahuitl. Olli, or gum, it can model it to any trec, olquahuitl; thosc who gather foot-balls of this gum, form: the Mexicans make their those filled with though heavy, rebound more than whicb, apply it, they varnish air. Besides other uses towhich they with it, their hats, their boots, cloaks, and great coats wbich makes them all water-proof. of birds, there Mexico may be justly styled the country , dragon's the elastic distils from the Mexican quahuitl. Olli, or gum, it can model it to any trec, olquahuitl; thosc who gather foot-balls of this gum, form: the Mexicans make their those filled with though heavy, rebound more than whicb, apply it, they varnish air. Besides other uses towhich they with it, their hats, their boots, cloaks, and great coats wbich makes them all water-proof. of birds, there Mexico may be justly styled the country --- Page 329 --- being upwards of two hundred dom. Among the birds of species peculiar to that kingthe most powerful and preyare several species of the Mexicans valuable of which is, that named engles, birds and itzquauhili, which not only the by harcs, but will cven attack pursues larger The Mexican falcons men and beasts. they were sent are SO exécllent in their Spain. as presents to the king, and the nature, that There are two kinds of nobility of one called cenotzqui is kestreis, birds of prey; the hawks, and sparrow-hauks; particularly beautiful: Jikewise gossare larger than the raven; these zapilots, or gallinazos, which carrion, which they discover not only clear the ficlds of sight and smell, when by the acuteness of their they likewise attend the flying at the greatest heights, but eggs. It is female crocodiles, and illegal to kill them. There destroy their seventy species of birds which afford are upwards of agreeable food; a wholesome and amongst which are snipes, pheasants, cranes, woodcocks, partridges, wild turkeys, Scc. with a vast turtle-doves, pigeons, quails, esteemed in Europe. variety of others that are Of aquatic and other the sea-shore, upon the sides fishing-birds of which live chiefly on their food in the water, the lakes and rivers, and seek in wonderful numbers are prodigious; quantities, at least geese several kinds of herons and twenty species of ducks, swans, gulls, water-rails, egrets, with vast flocks of ximantopedes, divers, kingfishers, pelicans, and others. palmipedes, There are thirty-seven species of Mexican superlatively beautiful for their birds that are hacuiloltototl, or painted bird, plumage, of which the its beautiful feathers are justly deserves its name, for green, and black. Its variegated with red, bluc, its feet are ash-coloured. eyes are black, with a yellow iris, purple, and ful little bird, SO often The huitzitzilin is that wondercelebrated by the historians of Ame- kingfishers, pelicans, and others. palmipedes, There are thirty-seven species of Mexican superlatively beautiful for their birds that are hacuiloltototl, or painted bird, plumage, of which the its beautiful feathers are justly deserves its name, for green, and black. Its variegated with red, bluc, its feet are ash-coloured. eyes are black, with a yellow iris, purple, and ful little bird, SO often The huitzitzilin is that wondercelebrated by the historians of Ame- --- Page 330 --- its activity, the singular beauty of its rica for its smallness, and the length of its plumage, the spareness of its food, similar to sleep in the winter; it lives by sucking a plant in of this bird, differing a myrtle. There are nine species or sizc and in colour; the Spaniards call it chupamirto, myrtle-sucker. twenty-six species of singing-birds, There are in Mexico goldfinches, 8c. amongst which are included nightingales, all the that are as yet known, are surpassed but singing-birds (four hundred) SO named by the very famous centzentli, wonderful variety of its by the Mexicans, to express the found in all The centzentli, or polyglot, is to be notes. numbers, where they are held in parts of Mexico in great dollars have been paid for a such estimation, that twenty idea of the sweetsuperior one. Itisimpossible to give any and mellowness of its song, of the harmony and vaness of the facility with which it learns riety of its tones, or not toimitate whatever it hears. It counterfeits naturally the notes of other birds, but even the different noises only Itis of the size of a common thrush; its of quadrupeds. side, and above, with body is white upon the under grey and tail. It about the head some white feathers, especially in flies, which it will eats any thing, but delights chicfly Attempts pick from one's finger with signs of pleasure. without have been often made to bring it to Europe, but died onthe passage by change of climate, success; it always The birds, called cardinals, or the hardships of a voyage. the sweetness of their are not less delightful to the ear from scarlet the beauty of their plusong, than to the sight by calandra sings very sweetly mage and crest. The Mexican The also, and its song resembles that of the nightingale. feathers is SO named from its tigrillo, or little tiger, (tigret) and its music is being spotted like the skin of a tiger, have a swect. The Mexican sparrows, called gorriones, it always The birds, called cardinals, or the hardships of a voyage. the sweetness of their are not less delightful to the ear from scarlet the beauty of their plusong, than to the sight by calandra sings very sweetly mage and crest. The Mexican The also, and its song resembles that of the nightingale. feathers is SO named from its tigrillo, or little tiger, (tigret) and its music is being spotted like the skin of a tiger, have a swect. The Mexican sparrows, called gorriones, --- Page 331 --- song most delightful and various. bers of these There are great numcities and singing-birds in the capital, and in the villages of Mexico. other In speaking-birds the place; there are four parrots hold, perhaps, the first namely, the principal species of them in Mexico, the quiltototl. huacamaya, the toznentl, the cochotl, and The madrugadores, or twvilight-birds, Mexicans izacua, are the last called by the roost at night, and the first among the day birds to go to to announce the to leave it in the and return of the sun, morning, sing and frolic till an hour after They never cease to before the dawn, and sunset, begin again never seem SO as long morning and evening twilight. happy during the about as large as sparrows. The madrugadores are veral kinds of owls and bats. Among the night-birds are seThe reptiles of Mexico footed, and those without are of two classes, the fourdiles, lizards, feet. The first class are crocokinds of frogs, and toads; in the second class serpents. The Mexican are all African crocodiles in crocodiles resemble the and in all the other size, form, voracity, way of living, abound in peculiarities of their many of the lakes and rivers character; they sometimes destroy of and men as well as Mexico, greater lizards is the animals. Among the painful, but not mnortal. acaltetepon; the bite of this animal is Among the poisonous The iguana is a harmless lizard. Of lizards, the worst is the serpents, the most considerable in tetzauhqui. canauhcoatl, which is about point of size is the six feet in thickness. twenty feet long, and five to Among the poisonous tectlacozauhqui, which is the famous serpents is the lour and size are various, but it is ratile-snake; its COfeet long; the rattle sounds commonly three or four particularly when he is in whenevert the snake moves, and motion to bite; the bite is at- , the worst is the serpents, the most considerable in tetzauhqui. canauhcoatl, which is about point of size is the six feet in thickness. twenty feet long, and five to Among the poisonous tectlacozauhqui, which is the famous serpents is the lour and size are various, but it is ratile-snake; its COfeet long; the rattle sounds commonly three or four particularly when he is in whenevert the snake moves, and motion to bite; the bite is at- --- Page 332 --- tended with certain death, unless remedies are speedily apof which the most efficacious is thought to be, the plied, of the wounded part some time in the carth. The holding is three to four feet long; it communicates a ahueyactli which occasions the blood to burst from kind of poison, bit. The cuithe mouth, nose, and eyes of the person cuilcoatl, SO named from the variety of its colours, is not eight inches long, and of the thickness of the little quite but its poison is most active and deadly. The teixfinger, minani is of a long slender form, with a grey coloured back, and purple beily; it moves always in a straight line, never coils, but springs from the trees upon passengers; its is most fatal. The cencoatl is also a poisonous poison is about five feet long, and eight inches round at the snake, The most remarkable quality of this snake thickest part. is its shining in the dark. Of harmless snakes there are several kinds, of which the tricatlinan, or mother of ants, is very beautiful, about a and of the thickness of the little finger ; it foot in length, and fceds upon the ants. The lives always in ant-hills, and aninch in thickmaquizcoatl is about a foot in length, it is of a shining silver hue, the tail is thicker than ness; with either extremity the head, and it moves progressively at pleasure. in Mexico, there are three classes, viz. the Of insects, flying, the terrestrial, and the aquatic: the flying insects are beetles, bees, wasps, flies, Among The beetles arc of gnats, butterflics, and grasshoppers. Some of them are of several kinds, and mostly harmless. colour, called by the Mexicans majatl; they make ag green in There are others black, of a disa great noise flying. The agrecable smell and irregular form, called pinacatl. cucullo, or shining bectle, is more than an inch in length, and, like other flying bectles, is furnished with double the aquatic: the flying insects are beetles, bees, wasps, flies, Among The beetles arc of gnats, butterflics, and grasshoppers. Some of them are of several kinds, and mostly harmless. colour, called by the Mexicans majatl; they make ag green in There are others black, of a disa great noise flying. The agrecable smell and irregular form, called pinacatl. cucullo, or shining bectle, is more than an inch in length, and, like other flying bectles, is furnished with double --- Page 333 --- wings. It shews much light when it when it sleeps, as the flies, but none at ali with opaque membranes. phosphorous part is then covered webs of fibres, and Near the cyes are two siall of a thin, upon the belly is one somewhat transparent substance, larger, ous matter, which are full of affording a light Juminto shew the way to those who strong cnough to read by, and ous matter is a white, travel at night. The luminserves its quality after it mealy, has viscid substance, which prethe cucullo, and been taken from the one may draw body of upon a hat. There are shining characters with it phori upon the great numbers of these flying phoshills at night, form sea-coasté, which, seen on the The a very beautiful and neighbouring boys casily catch them brilliant spectacle. ning; the insects by waving a light in the hands. drawn or attracted eveIt is more particularly by it, come into their Hispatiola. The temolin is described in our chapters on agreeable form, and a reddish a large beetle, of a most disbairy fect, and four toes chesnut colour, with six Of bees there upon each. bee of are six kinds: the first is like the Europe in size, shape, colour, common bits, and in the quality of its disposition, and haspecics is witbont a honey and wax. The second sting; it makes the fine estabentun, of an aromatic clear honey of kinds which are at flavour, superior to all the other from them six times present known, The honey is but the best is a year, that is, once in two taken from that which is got in months; a fragrant white flower November; being made blows in like the jessamine, September, and is called in that which tun, from whence the country estabenthird species of bee is smaller honey has derived its name. The without a sting; it forms than the bees of Europe, and bling sugar-loaves. nests in size and shape The resemmuch greater than those of populousness of these hives is the common bee, The honey a year, that is, once in two taken from that which is got in months; a fragrant white flower November; being made blows in like the jessamine, September, and is called in that which tun, from whence the country estabenthird species of bee is smaller honey has derived its name. The without a sting; it forms than the bees of Europe, and bling sugar-loaves. nests in size and shape The resemmuch greater than those of populousness of these hives is the common bee, The honey --- Page 334 --- colour, but ofa very fine flavour, and greatly is of a greyish smaller than esteemed. The fourth species is a yellow bee, bet is furnished with a sting, its honey is the common bec, of bees before mentioned. not equal to the three species which The fifth species is a small bee, without a sting, constructs hives of an orbicular form, in subterraneous and the honey is sour, and somewhat bitter. cavities, which is the sixth species, is black and The halpipolli, bee, but has yellow, of the size of the common European its honey has a very disagreeable taste and no sting; flavour. Of there are at least four kinds. The quetzalmiahuatl wasps, is the common wasp of Europe. The tetlatoca wasp, So called from its frequent change of or wandering but makes no honey or wax. The habitation, has a sting, xicotli, xicote, is a thick, black wasp, with a yellow belly, which makes a sweet honey, in holes made byitin the walls; it is provided with a strong sting, which gives a very painwound. The cuicalmiahuat! has likewise a sting, but ful does not make honey. whose The quauhxicotli, is a black hornet with a red tail, and strong, as not only to go through a sting is so large into the trunk of a trec. sugar cane, but even to pierce which is neiAmong the flies, besides the common fly, troublesome nor in such numbers, as are found ther sO during summer; 5 there are some lumingenerally in Europe The axayacatl is a marshy fly of ous ones, as the glow-fly. in the Mexican lake, the eggs of which, being deposited of the upon the rushes and corn-fags immense quantities which are taken up by fisherlake, form large masses, for salc, for the purposes of men, and carried to market fishing. abound in the maritime parts, and in all places Gnats common fly, troublesome nor in such numbers, as are found ther sO during summer; 5 there are some lumingenerally in Europe The axayacatl is a marshy fly of ous ones, as the glow-fly. in the Mexican lake, the eggs of which, being deposited of the upon the rushes and corn-fags immense quantities which are taken up by fisherlake, form large masses, for salc, for the purposes of men, and carried to market fishing. abound in the maritime parts, and in all places Gnats --- Page 335 --- where heat, standing water, and shrubs propagation. They are in immense numbers encourage their Chalco; but the capital, in the lake of tirely free of that althongh near to that lake, is engreat nuisance. roaches, are in immense Cucarachas, or cockthe cucarachas quantities; and also bugs, which eat up and totally The butterflies of destroy. of greater Mexico, are much more variety than in numerous, and an idea of their Europe. It is impossible to unable variety and beauty, and the give to imitate the exquisite finest pencil is the almighty Author of colouring and design, which lishment of their nature has displayed in the embelwings. Locusts arc, at times, numerous sometimes darkening the air likethick beyond conception ; the sca-coast, and lay waste all the clouds, they fall upon Among the land insects, vegetation of the country, scorpions, there are worms of several kinds, scolopendra, spiders, ants, jiggers, and the famous and niguas, chegoes or Mexico, celebrated cochincal insect of Of worms, some are useful, and The some are with Ileoculin, or burning worm, has thé pernicious. the cantharides; its head is same qualities the rest of the body is of red, the breast green, and is a worm covered a tawny colour. The with yellow temahuani temictli resembles the venomous prickles. The and in its silk-worm, both in its operations from metamorphoses. The silk-worm was Europe and propagated with brought Spain discouraged it, for fear success, till the court of silk the Mexicans goods, to supply Mexico should make silk goods brought from Old themselves, and supersede the times seen in the Spain. Scolopendras are somequently in the warm temperate and parts of Mexico, but more frefeet in length and moist parts, some as large as two twoinches thick, through the whole of Scorpions are common Mexico, but in the cold and tem- oses. The silk-worm was Europe and propagated with brought Spain discouraged it, for fear success, till the court of silk the Mexicans goods, to supply Mexico should make silk goods brought from Old themselves, and supersede the times seen in the Spain. Scolopendras are somequently in the warm temperate and parts of Mexico, but more frefeet in length and moist parts, some as large as two twoinches thick, through the whole of Scorpions are common Mexico, but in the cold and tem- --- Page 336 --- parts, they are not numerous nor very hurtful; they perate abound in the hot parts, or where the air is very dry, although the heat is but moderate, and their poison is SO active, and occasion terrible pains to adults ; as to kill children, in the hours of the day, their sting is the most dangerous when the sun gives most heat. the back and Of spiders, the tarantula is a very large one, jegs of which are covered with a fine, soft, blackish down, chickens; ; it is peculiar to hot counlike that upon young and is supposed tries, is found in houses as well as in fields, The casampulga, is a small spider of the to be poisonous. red it is size of a chick pea, with short legs and a belly, and common in Chiapa. The most common venomous three the small black ants, ants of Mexico, are of kinds; the same with the ants of Europe. The second species are red called bravas or fierce, which give very are the large ants, The third species are painful wounds with their stings. the large brown ants, called arrieros, or carriers, because in carrying grain for their they are continually employed hurtful to the provisions, and for that reason they are more country than the common ant. fix common in the fields of Mexico; they Ticks are very and in the skins of sheep, horses, and other quadrupeds, and sometimes even into the ears of men. get into their ears, The celebrated cochineal, is an insect peculiar to Mexico, useful ofallthatthe land produces. The cochiandisthemost utmost in size and figure, resembles a bug: ncal at its growth, mouth, the femalcisi ill proportioned and sluggish. Theeyes, among the wrinkles of antenna, and fect, are sO concealed that they cannot be discovered without the assistance its skin, and one of a microscope. The males are not SO numerous, for three hundred females; they are likewise male scrves but more brisk and smaller and thinner than the females, the heads of this insect are two articulated active. Upon thatthe land produces. The cochiandisthemost utmost in size and figure, resembles a bug: ncal at its growth, mouth, the femalcisi ill proportioned and sluggish. Theeyes, among the wrinkles of antenna, and fect, are sO concealed that they cannot be discovered without the assistance its skin, and one of a microscope. The males are not SO numerous, for three hundred females; they are likewise male scrves but more brisk and smaller and thinner than the females, the heads of this insect are two articulated active. Upon --- Page 337 --- antennae,in each articulation regularly disposed. It has six ofwhich, are four small bristies, parts. From the hind fect, each consisting of which are two part of the body, thrée The Or three times as grow out two bairs, malc has two large long as the whole insect. female: these wings, which are wings are strengthened wanting in the oneexternal, stretehing by two the other internal, alongthe cireumference metbranes, internal colour which runs parallel to the ofthes wing; female, ofthis insect is a former. The and the external colour deep red, but darker in the cochincal, theinternal colouris is a pale red, In the wild is whitish, or ash coloured. still darker, and the a species of nopal, The cochineal is reared external grows to the opuntia, or Indian upon the height of about cight prickly fig, which figs of other opuntias, but feet, and bears a fruit like leaves of that tree, by not eatable, Itfeds in the thorax, betwixt sucking thejuice with a trunk upon the through all the the two fore feet ; there it situated a numerous stages ofits growth, and at lengti passes offspring. This Europe on account ofits insect, SO greatly valued produces and crimson, being dyes, and especially those of in assailed by several not only extremely scarlet from the enemies, demands a delicate, but also Rain, breeders, than is great deal more care cold, and strong winds necessary for the worms silk-worm. persecute and devour destroy it. Birds, mice, and cessary to keep the rows of it; bence it is insects are bred, always opuntia or nopal, absolutely where neaway the birds which clean, to attend these of hay for are destructive to constantly to drive them in the them, to make the season of rain leaves of the opuntia; and nests leaves of the plants, approaches, to take them when females are and keep them in houses. along with the spoil, thebreeders delivered, they cast their Before the most make use of the tail skin, of to obtain which gently with it, that they the rabbit, brushing may detach the insects from opal, absolutely where neaway the birds which clean, to attend these of hay for are destructive to constantly to drive them in the them, to make the season of rain leaves of the opuntia; and nests leaves of the plants, approaches, to take them when females are and keep them in houses. along with the spoil, thebreeders delivered, they cast their Before the most make use of the tail skin, of to obtain which gently with it, that they the rabbit, brushing may detach the insects from --- Page 338 --- without doing them any hurt. On every leaf the leaves, and in every nest they lay about fifthey make three nests, thereare three gatherings, with teen cochineals. Every year of a certain number for the however, each time, a reserve, but the last gathering is the leastvalued, future generation ; and mixed with the the cochineals being then smaller, most They kill the cochineal, shavings of the opuntia. On the manner of drying it commonly with hot water. which is obtained from afterwards, the quality of the colour which is dried in the depends. The best is that it chiefly it in the comalli or pan, in which they bake sun. Some dry Others dry it in the temazcalli, or their bread of maize. built of raw bricks, bath, which is usually Mexican vapour bread, its greatest diameter in the form of ovens, for baking six feet. Theenis about eight feet, and its greatest height wide to allow like the mouth of an oven, is enough trance In the place oppositeto the entrance, a man to crecp easilyin. raw bricks, with its mouth there is a furnace of stone or hole above ity to carry off to receive the fire, and a outwards, when it has been garbled, will prothe smoke. Cochineal, shillings to thirty shillings per duce in Europe from twenty pound. insects of Mexico, the atetepitz is a Among the water and size the beetles that marsh beetle, resembling in shape hard shell. The it has four feet and is covered with a about six fly; of a dark colour, atepinan is a marsh grasshopper, The abuihuitla is a worm of inches long, and two broad. and of the thickness the Mexican lake, four inches long, which is hardiand of a goose quill ; it stings with its tail, poisonous. variety, and plenty of its - timber, For the excellence, the world. Besides oaks, Mexico is equal to any countryin poplars, palm cypresses, beeches, ashes, hazels, firs, pines, in Europe, there are entire trees, and many others common A grasshopper, The abuihuitla is a worm of inches long, and two broad. and of the thickness the Mexican lake, four inches long, which is hardiand of a goose quill ; it stings with its tail, poisonous. variety, and plenty of its - timber, For the excellence, the world. Besides oaks, Mexico is equal to any countryin poplars, palm cypresses, beeches, ashes, hazels, firs, pines, in Europe, there are entire trees, and many others common A --- Page 339 --- woods of cedars and most valued ebonics; the two woods which by the ancient Indians. were the There is an abundance produces a most delightful ofagalloco, or wood ofaloe, which cut. Camote alsoi a wood of odour, especially when itis fresh dillo or red a most beautiful ebonv, of a dark red colour. purple, Gran, vitee, well known in Europe for its Guayacan or lignum gateado ; the caoba, or hardness. The paloodorous, mahogany, and a variety of ornamental, and useful. others In Mexico, there are trees; numbers upwards of two hundred species of thickness. In ofwhich are prodigious in their the capital, as well as height and are. very large tables to be in other places, there one single seen, made of cedar, of piece, and in some of the houses, consisting of cedar, which measure there are beams long. upwards of forty English yards His excellency Don Fernando time archbishop of Lorenza, who was at that of Toledo in Old Mexico, and was afterwards in Spain, attests in his archbishop Mexico, in the year 1770, that he annotations, printed pany with the archbishop of went himself in comAngelopoli, to view the ancient Guatemala, and the bishop of valley of Atlixo, known and celebrated fir-tree in the which hel found to be by-the Mexican name of SO very large, that ahuchueti, trunk, which was occasioned intola caviéy of its dred young lads enter. This by lightning, he made one hunwhen related factinust be true, on the personal beyond a doubt, able and testimony of Soi venerable a prelate. highly respectThe ceibas, Mexican the highest of pochctl, or cotton trees, the any trees yet known, and their grow proportioned to their prodigious thiekness is most delightful elevation; they have a with new leaves and appearance at the time they are adorned Joaded with fruit, species of white, fine, and most inclosing a particular VOL. II. delicatecotton, with which be true, on the personal beyond a doubt, able and testimony of Soi venerable a prelate. highly respectThe ceibas, Mexican the highest of pochctl, or cotton trees, the any trees yet known, and their grow proportioned to their prodigious thiekness is most delightful elevation; they have a with new leaves and appearance at the time they are adorned Joaded with fruit, species of white, fine, and most inclosing a particular VOL. II. delicatecotton, with which Y --- Page 340 --- make various kinds of goods, for their own the Mexicans consumption. of wood fig, which grows in They have a certain species other places, it is a the country of Cohuixeas and in some similar in leaves and fruit to the common lofty thick tree, which cxtend horizontally, spring fig. From its branches, direction towards the earth, certain filaments, taking their then strike root and and growing till they reach it; they whole new trunks, that from one single fig, a form SO many The fruit of this tree is altogether wood may bei generated. useless, but its timber is good. vitriol, The mines of Mexico produce sulphur, alum, ochre, quicksilver, iron, lead, tin, copper, silver, cinnabar, and gold. diamonds are still to be With respect to precious stones, but few in number. There are amethysts, found, though cornelians, and some green stones cats-eyes, turquoises, and are not much inferior to which resemble emeralds, mountains of loadstone ; imthem in quality. There are of the finest stones for buildings; quarries mense quarries of alabaster, of jasper; and of various kinds of marble, stone called itztli, or piera great abundance of the famous substance, it is semi-transparent, of a glossy del galinazzo; found also white and blue; the and generally black, but is ofit. Therc are also infi8cc. Indians madel looking-glasses, and of talc. nite quantities of lime-stone, of plaster, in the hottest parts, Themost common diseases in Mexico fevers, spasms, conand on the sca-coasts, are intermittent pleurisies, and acute sumptions, agues, catarrhs, fluxes, and fatal in fevers. The black vomiting is very common, 8cc. In the the as in La Vera Cruz, the towns on sea-coast, frequent. The smallcity of Mexico, the diarrhoea is very theSpaniards from brought to Mexico by pox was originally there as in Europe, but Old Spain; it is not. sO frequent ost common diseases in Mexico fevers, spasms, conand on the sca-coasts, are intermittent pleurisies, and acute sumptions, agues, catarrhs, fluxes, and fatal in fevers. The black vomiting is very common, 8cc. In the the as in La Vera Cruz, the towns on sea-coast, frequent. The smallcity of Mexico, the diarrhoea is very theSpaniards from brought to Mexico by pox was originally there as in Europe, but Old Spain; it is not. sO frequent --- Page 341 --- gerierally appears after an interval of a' certain years, and then attacking all those who had number of byit before; it makes much havoc. not been affected The method which the Mexicans is artful and curious, use to catch ducks, &c. Thelakes of the as all the other lakes of Mexican vale, as well gious Mexico, are frequented multitudes of wild ducks, wild by prodibirds. The Mexicans leave gcese, andother aquatic the water, where those some empty gourds to Boatupon tomed to see and to birds resort, that they may be accuscatcher goes into the approach them without fear. The birdcovers his head water SO deep as to hide his with a gourd; the body, and * at it, and then he pulls them ducks, &c. come to peck in this manner by the feet under water, and. The secures as many. as he pleascs. Mexicans take serpents alive, with great either by twisting them dexterity, or by then seizing them with approaching them intrepidly, and their mouths with one hand by the neck, and the other. Every day in closing shops, of the capital, and those of other theapothccares' live serpents which have been taken cities, may be seen The lake of Chalco in this manner. and from its abounds with a great variety of vicinity to the city of Mexico, fish, amusements to the citizens who affords great boats, in order to enjoy that constantiy frequent it in version ; they make use of most pleasing and favourite di- &cc. and nets, as. well as hooks, they are wonderfully dexterous harpoons, Among the eatables, the first in catching the fish. they call place is dueto haolli, a grain granted by maize, which the world, instead ofthe providence to that part of and the millet of corn of Europey the rice of Asia, Africa, over all which vantages; ; as, besides its being itpossesses some admore nutritive, it multiplies wholesome, relishing, and climes, does not more, thrives equallyin different as corn; stands require SO much culure, is notso not in need, like delicate it hurtful to the health of the rice, of a noist soil, noris cultivator. They have several Y 2 providence to that part of and the millet of corn of Europey the rice of Asia, Africa, over all which vantages; ; as, besides its being itpossesses some admore nutritive, it multiplies wholesome, relishing, and climes, does not more, thrives equallyin different as corn; stands require SO much culure, is notso not in need, like delicate it hurtful to the health of the rice, of a noist soil, noris cultivator. They have several Y 2 --- Page 342 --- the Iarge and the small, the white, the species of maize; the red, and the black. Of yellow, the blue, the purple, different tothe maize they make their bread, which is totally and in its preparbread of Europe in taste, inappearance, with a little ation. They put the grain to boil in water, hands to when it becomes soft, they rub it in their lime; ; then it in the metlatl, or stone, in strip off the skin, pound take out a little of which they grind their maize, then they they and stretching it by beating with both hands, the paste, which it the last preparation form the bread, after they give hollow which is a round and rather pan, in the comalli, fifteen inches in diameter. The about an inch thick, and about eight inches in form of the bread is round and flat, in thickness, diameter, some less than a quarter of an inch The making of bread, as and some as thin as strong paper. of kind of meat, is and dressing every well as the preparing women. The atolliis a gruel oftheir the peculiar occupation well dismade of maize, after it has been boiled, ground, and strained. They give it commonly to solved in water, food, swectening it with 3 sick persons, as a most salutary which is used by the Inlittle sugar, instead of honey, cannot live withdians. To them itis SO grateful, that they they it forms their breakfast, and sustained by it, out it; and other servile offices in bear the fatigues of agriculture, which they are employed. metl, by the SpaThe maguei, called by the Mexicans uscful plants niards pita,is one ofthe most common and most From itis made a kind of wine, which IS called of Mexico. the pulque. octli, by the Mexicans, and by Spaniards but is taken Pulqueis neither a Spanish, nor a. Mexican word, in which is spoken in Chili, from the Araucan language, for the beverages these which the pulcu is the general name is to say themselves; it difficult Indians use to intoxicate The method of how the term has passed into Mexico. ful plants niards pita,is one ofthe most common and most From itis made a kind of wine, which IS called of Mexico. the pulque. octli, by the Mexicans, and by Spaniards but is taken Pulqueis neither a Spanish, nor a. Mexican word, in which is spoken in Chili, from the Araucan language, for the beverages these which the pulcu is the general name is to say themselves; it difficult Indians use to intoxicate The method of how the term has passed into Mexico. --- Page 343 --- makingitis this: when the at a certain height a andi maguei or Mexican aloc, arrives the leaves while tender, maturity, of they cut the stem, or rather which there remains which the stem is formed, after nal surface of the a certain cavity. They shave the interand collect the large leaves which surround the cavity, abundance, sweetjuice which distils from them that one single plant in such of six months, six generallyyields in the space fruitfulness, hundred, and in the whole time more than two thousand of its gather the juice from the pounds weight. They and pour it into a vessel, cavity with a long narrow gourd, twenty-four hours. To where it ferments in less than the beverage assist the fermentation, and make they name stronger, they infuse a certain herb, wineis ocpatli, or remedy of wine. The colour which white; the tasteis a little of this ficient to intoxicate, rough, andits strength sufgrape. In other though not SO much as wine of the able respects it is a on many wholesome liquor, and valuaccounts, as it is an excellent Poeerfalremnoregpinathed diarrhaea. diuretic, and a ofpulqueismosts as well surprising, Theensumprionnade niards become rich by it. The as profitable, for the Spaalone, which is consumed revenue producedi by the pulque amounts in the capital city of annually to three hundred Mexico, Mexican rial only thousand dollars, one Castilian being paid as duty for pounds weight, The every twenty-five consumed in the capital, in the quantity of pulque which was arrobas. Every day are year 1774, was 2,214,204 upwards ofsix thousand brought into the city of Mexico, putation we do not arrobas of pulque; ; but in this comcomprehend what is smuggling, nor that which the introduced by sell in the principal Indians, who are keep above square of the city. privileged, one day, and therefore what Pulque will not consumed. is made, is daily The daily consumption of tobacco for smoking, in the quantity of pulque which was arrobas. Every day are year 1774, was 2,214,204 upwards ofsix thousand brought into the city of Mexico, putation we do not arrobas of pulque; ; but in this comcomprehend what is smuggling, nor that which the introduced by sell in the principal Indians, who are keep above square of the city. privileged, one day, and therefore what Pulque will not consumed. is made, is daily The daily consumption of tobacco for smoking, in the --- Page 344 --- capital, is reckoned at one thousand two hundred and fifty dollars, or thereabouts, which in one year makes the sum oi 450,000 dollars. But it is necessary to be understood, that amoug the Indians, very few use. tobacco; among the Europeans, Creoies, Mullattoes and negroes, great numbers also do not useit. Tobacco is a name, taken from the Cubcan language. The Mexicans had two species ofit, very different in the size ofthe plaut, leeves, and.n the figure of the flower, as well as in the colourof the seed. The smallest plant, which is thc common onc, was called by them picietl, and the largest quaujet). The quaujet! grows as bigh as a moderare tree. Its flower is not dividedinto five parts, like that of the picictl, but only cut into six .or seven angles. These plants vary much, according to clime, not only in the quality of the tobacco, but also in the size of the leaves and other circumstances, on which account several authors have multiplied the species. D LETTER TO THE SPANISH AMERICANS. BROTHERS AND COUNTRYMEN, Ouxnear approach to the fourth century, since the establishment tof our ancestors in the New World*, is an OCcurrence too remarkable, not seriously to interest our attention. The discovery of SO great a portion of the carthis, and ever will be, to mankind, the most memorable event in their annals; but, to us who are its inhabitants, and to our de- *This) letter was written apparently in 1791. --- Page 345 --- scendants, it is an object of the New World is our greatest importance. The the Jatter, that country; ; its history is ours ; and it is in duty and interest present situation with its oblige us to examine our after mature causcs, in order to determine deliheration, to espouse with us, dictated by the courage, the part and mostindispensable of duties our successors. towards ourselves Although our history for three causes and effects the most centuries, as it relates to uniform and worthy of our attention, be SO plain, that one might abridge it into these words-ingratitude, injustice, four hoves us to study it a little slavery, and desolation; it beOur more at Jarge. ancestors, in removing themselves distance from their native to an immense support that country, and in renouncing the which could belonged to them, as well as the no longer succour them in protection unknown; ; our ancestors, regions as distant as / pendence, Isay, in this state ofnatural inde. ventured to procure for : ence, by the mostexcessivef themselves a new subsistand at their own fatigues, with thegreatest expense, * The great dangers, ed the efforts of the success which crownright, which, without conquerors of America, gave them a ter founded than that being the most just, was at least betof the ancient Goths of propriate to themselves the fruit Spain, to aplabours: but the natural of their valour and their led them to make her affection for their native the most country, immeuse acquisitions, generous homage of their tuitous service ofthat having no room to doubt that a graportionate gratitude; importance, would secure them a protury, of according to the custom in this centhe recompensing those who had contributed dominion of the nation. to extend These legitimate hopes baving been frustrated, their deHerrera says, that all the querors, without the smallest conquests were made at the expense of the con. cost to the government. and their led them to make her affection for their native the most country, immeuse acquisitions, generous homage of their tuitous service ofthat having no room to doubt that a graportionate gratitude; importance, would secure them a protury, of according to the custom in this centhe recompensing those who had contributed dominion of the nation. to extend These legitimate hopes baving been frustrated, their deHerrera says, that all the querors, without the smallest conquests were made at the expense of the con. cost to the government. --- Page 346 --- and those of other Spaniards, who successively scendants, the latter emigrated to America, though we acknowledge and that the whole of our subsistence, only as our country, is centered here; have reas well as that of our posterity, attachment and cordially cherished the spected, preserved, their former : it is to hert that we of our ancestors to country kind: it is for sacrificed incalculable riches of every have have to this moment lavished our sweat ; her alone that we occasion we have voand it is for her besides, that on every Led a blind enthusiasm, we Juntarily shed our blood. by to that sO much eagerness for a country have not considered on which which we are strangers, to which we owe nothing, and ofwhom we expect: nothing, becomes we do not depend, and which the worst treason to that in which we are born, nourishment to us and to our children; that our furnishes veneration for the affectionate sentiments of our ancestors, is the most decisive proof of towards their former country, all that we have the preference which we owe to our own; has been snatched from ourselves and lavished upon Spain, has been forging chains from our children, whilst our folly which, if we do not break in time, no other refor us, remains to us, than to bear patiently thisignominious source slavery. condition were as hopeless as it is afflicting, Ifour present of to hide it from your view: it would be an act compassion remedy, let us unbut havingin our hands the most certain and consider it by the light of veil.this frightful picture, itself us, that every law which opposes truth. Sheinforms whom it is made, is an act to the general good of those'for and that to exact observance to it, is enacting of tyranny ; tend to undermine slavery; that a law which would directly would be monstrous the foundation of the national prosperity, Besides, iti is evident, that the people beyond expression. liberty, and of-the whom they would rob of their personal hands the most certain and consider it by the light of veil.this frightful picture, itself us, that every law which opposes truth. Sheinforms whom it is made, is an act to the general good of those'for and that to exact observance to it, is enacting of tyranny ; tend to undermine slavery; that a law which would directly would be monstrous the foundation of the national prosperity, Besides, iti is evident, that the people beyond expression. liberty, and of-the whom they would rob of their personal --- Page 347 --- disposal of their property, whilst all other times unanimously judged in similar nations have at all vital interest was to extend cireumstances that their would find themselves themy-that this same as reduced to a state of people wasimposed on enemics in the vassalage, such Thescincontestable frenzy of victory. principles being admitted, let us see An Artheyweiseereteeals immense empire, reciprocallywith surpass all by us acquired, with treasures thatofSnain. that was known imagination ; a glory and a which to antiquity: these power superior toall tude ofSpain and of her are ourtitles to the gratiguished protection. Yet government, and to their most distinthe most rigid justice our recompense has been would have hardly such, that nishment, if we bad been guilty of inflicted it as a puexiles us from the whole of the the greatest crimes : she from the Old World, and society to which we are cuts us off adding to this unprecedented connected by every tie; berty, a second usurpation of our personal usurpation, no lessi liproperties. important, that of our Since men began to unite in interest, we are the only society for their mutual pelled to provide for people whom government has and to our wants at thel comPart with our bighest price possible; order that this violence productions at the lowest price.-In cess, we have been should have the most channel cut off, as in a besieged complete sucthrough which we town, from every from other nations, at moderate might have been able to obtain the commodities which prices and by faire anent, the fecs of we wanted. The imposte exchanges, of officers, the avarice of governpowered to exercise the merchants em- -all conjointly the most unbridled bearing the same to the way, scarcity no longer Jeft monopoly, a force purchaser; ; and as this mercantile choice the ustohave recourseto ouri tyranny might government took care to industryt to supply our wants, One cannot, without enchain it. indignation, observe the effects of by faire anent, the fecs of we wanted. The imposte exchanges, of officers, the avarice of governpowered to exercise the merchants em- -all conjointly the most unbridled bearing the same to the way, scarcity no longer Jeft monopoly, a force purchaser; ; and as this mercantile choice the ustohave recourseto ouri tyranny might government took care to industryt to supply our wants, One cannot, without enchain it. indignation, observe the effects of --- Page 348 --- ; and the details of it wouid this detestable plan ofcommerce; of if thosei which have been given by persons bei incredible, of belief, did not furnish the most impartiality and worthy of the rest : without the occudecisive proofs for judging of Don Antonio Ulloa, it would be difficultto lar testimony that the price of articles cssentially nepersuade Europcans, was, in Quito, cessary in all parts, such as iron and steel, dollarst for in time of peace, regularly beyond a hundred ofiron, and about 150, for the quintal of steel; the quintal in only from five to six the price of the first being Europe and that of the second in proportion: that in a port dollars, of Carthagena, in theIndies, and in sO celebrated as that there has prevailed SO great a like manner in time of peace, cclebrated in one of wine, that mass could be only scarcity this scarcity and the exorbitant church; and that generally rendered necessary price, prevented the use of this beverage, above all others, by the insalubrity oft the climate. honour of humanity and of our nation, it is betFor the silence the horrors and the cruelties of ter to pass over in in Peru, under the name another exclusive commerce (known which the Corregidors and. Aleadesclaimed of repartimientos) for the ruin of the unhappy Indians and to themsclves, wonder then, if with SO much gold ard Mestizos. What glutted the universe, we silver, with which we have nearly scarcely sufficient raiment to cover our nakedness. possess of lands SO fertile, if wanting Of what use such a quantity It is besides useless the necessary instruments to till them ? befor us to cultivate them beyond our consumption. Such nefits which nature bestows upon us, are in vain; they acthe tyranny which prevents us from drawing a profit cuse in of them with other people. from them, partaking *1 Voyage to South America, vol.ii +1 Vol. i. ted the universe, we silver, with which we have nearly scarcely sufficient raiment to cover our nakedness. possess of lands SO fertile, if wanting Of what use such a quantity It is besides useless the necessary instruments to till them ? befor us to cultivate them beyond our consumption. Such nefits which nature bestows upon us, are in vain; they acthe tyranny which prevents us from drawing a profit cuse in of them with other people. from them, partaking *1 Voyage to South America, vol.ii +1 Vol. i. --- Page 349 --- Tt seems, that without accession could be made renouncing all sense of shame, no genious to such great policy which, outrages.-The inliberty and of pretending our good, had stript us of gest, that it was Property, ought, one would think, to honour, and necessary, at least, to Jeave us a shadow sugsome means fori of new resources. recovering us, and for preparing ment and Thusitis, at lcast, that man grants repose to the brutes that serve nourishcala administration of ouri interests him. The cconomiour other losses, and have mighthave consoled us for Spain, The interests of procured also advantages to our own, their our country being no other good or bad administration than upon ourselves ; and it is recoils necessarily right of exercising evident, that to us alone belongs the with reciprocal it; that we alone can fill its functions What discontent advantage to our country, and to did not the Spaniards ourselves. Flemish, subjects as well as shew, when some of Charles the V. they, and fellow countrymen Spain? What occupied some public mnurmurs? What employments in tion ? By howmany expressions of dissatisfacnot demand that those remonstrances and insurrections did they could their small number foreigners should be dismissed ? nor calm the general and the presence of the monarch, Spain should inquietude. The fear that the pass into another money of to the samne country, although monarchy, was the motive belonging Spaniards insist with the which made the mand. greater warmth upon their deWhat a difference between the this Spaniards, and ours-which temporary situation of Deprived of all the continues three centuries ! perienced from it only advantages the of government, we have cxgreatest vices; ; without the most horrible disorders and the immediate hope of ever obtaining, either an from two to protection, three or a prompt justice, at the distance of thousand leagues, without the resource samne country, although monarchy, was the motive belonging Spaniards insist with the which made the mand. greater warmth upon their deWhat a difference between the this Spaniards, and ours-which temporary situation of Deprived of all the continues three centuries ! perienced from it only advantages the of government, we have cxgreatest vices; ; without the most horrible disorders and the immediate hope of ever obtaining, either an from two to protection, three or a prompt justice, at the distance of thousand leagues, without the resource --- Page 350 --- we have been made the victims of the of objecting to them, at injustice, and therapacity of ministers, as greedy pride,their the favourites of Charles the V. Having no feeling least as and whom for people with whom they were unacquainted, have sought solely to satisfy they regarded as foreigners, they in perfect assurance that their iniquitous their cupidity; from the knowledge of the conduct would be concealed of remain The sacrifice sovereign, or would unpunished. with them dearest interests to those of Spain, has been our which all affected to pride thema patriotic claim, on they overin order to excuse the injuries with which they selves, into which Spain herself is whelm us ; but the misery known the true fallen, proves that these men have never interests of the nation, or that they have only sought to mask their shameful proceedings, and the event with this pretext that injustice never has once more proved toa demonstration, produces solid advantages. indigence, To fill the measure of our humiliating slavery, and ambition, have always furnished to covetousness to hurry to America; they Spain, a host of adventurers ready with arrive there determined to repay themselves amply, for that which they have advanced to obtain our substance, themselves for the their employments; they indemnify and their native country, for their hardships abandoning with them all possible calamities; dangers, by bringing which revive those horrid scenes, without ceasing, they the surface of the earth enhave made to disappear from they tire nations, whose sole crime has been weakness; the splendonr of the grandest conquest, into an change ignominious stain Otl the Spanish name. covered Thus it is, that after having thriven in robbery with the namc of commerce, in exactions of the government liberal benefits, and in rich places for the in return for its under different denoinnumerable crowd of forcigners who, dangers, by bringing which revive those horrid scenes, without ceasing, they the surface of the earth enhave made to disappear from they tire nations, whose sole crime has been weakness; the splendonr of the grandest conquest, into an change ignominious stain Otl the Spanish name. covered Thus it is, that after having thriven in robbery with the namc of commerce, in exactions of the government liberal benefits, and in rich places for the in return for its under different denoinnumerable crowd of forcigners who, --- Page 351 --- minations, in Spain and in America, satiety on our gorge themselves tinual properties; : the to object of the snares of those remaining part is the conpacity knows no other bounds, proud tyrants ; whose rathe certainty of impunity. than those of insolence and Thus, whilst at court, in the of the monarchy, armies, and in the tribunals foreigners of all they lavish riches and honours them; nations, we aloneare declared upon wei are declared incapable of unworthy of country, places which, in the strictest filling, even in our own exclusively. Thus the hard-carned right, belong to us is converted for us into an glory of our ancestors, our immense inheritance of infamy; and with bondage. treasures, we have purchased only misery and Let us survey our unhappy slallevery where find the same country all over, and We avarice as excessive as it is deolationy-evenys where an mostabominable traffic of insatiabley-evey where the part of blood-suckers injustice and inhumanity, on the pression. Let us consult employed by government for our they our annals for three opdiscover to us thej ingratitude and centuries; of Spain, and its in injustice ofthe Court contracted at first treachery with not fulfilling the with the other the great Columbus, and engagements afterwards New conquerors, who gave to it the World, on conditions empire of the see the offspring of those solemnly stipulated; we shall scorn, and pursued by the magnanimous hatred men branded with persecuted, and ruined them. which has calumniated, Jars, should the spirit of After these simple particuat all times signalized itself persecution be doubted, which. has read only what the authentic against the Spanish Americans; written in the second Inca Garcilaso de la Vega has chap. 17. volume of his Commentaries, book 8, When the viceroy, Don Francisco de Toledo, that fero- of the see the offspring of those solemnly stipulated; we shall scorn, and pursued by the magnanimous hatred men branded with persecuted, and ruined them. which has calumniated, Jars, should the spirit of After these simple particuat all times signalized itself persecution be doubted, which. has read only what the authentic against the Spanish Americans; written in the second Inca Garcilaso de la Vega has chap. 17. volume of his Commentaries, book 8, When the viceroy, Don Francisco de Toledo, that fero- --- Page 352 --- put to death the sole direct heir to the emcious hypocrite, of Peru, in order to secure the possession of that unpire in the which he instituted happy country to Spain, process the young and innocent Inca Tupac Amaru, against the false crimes with which this prince was charged, among Garcilaso, <6 those who were born in cc They accuse," says fathers, the this country, of Indian mothers and Spanish of this empire; they alleged that they were seconquerors with Tupac Amaru and other Incas, to excite eretly agreed to favour the discontent of a rebellion in the kingdom, who were born of the royal blood of the Incas, or those whose mothers were the daughters, nieces, or cousins-gerof the family of the Incas, and the Spanish fathers, man who had acquired sO much reputaand first conquerors, that neither tion: that the former were SO little considered, natural right of the mothers, nor the great services and the them any advantage, but merits of the fathers, procured distributed amongst the rclations and friends the whole were that themselves alone remained exposed of the governors: alterthe horrors of hunger, or reduced to the dreadful to and native of living on charity, or becoming highwaymen, their miserable existence on the gallows. These acending preferred against the sons of the Spaniards cusations being were all seized, and those born of Indian women, they them who were of the age of twenty and upwards, amongst and then dwelling at Cusco, were capable of carrying arms, to force them to imprisoned: some werc put to the torture, confess that of which there were neither proofs nor appearIn the midst of thesc furious and tyrannical proances. whose son was condemned to ceedings, an Indian woman, her voicc, exthe rack, came to the prison, and raising the claimed: C My son; since they have condemned you to endure it courageously, likca man of honour; actorture, falsely, and God will give you strength to bear. cuse noner were capable of carrying arms, to force them to imprisoned: some werc put to the torture, confess that of which there were neither proofs nor appearIn the midst of thesc furious and tyrannical proances. whose son was condemned to ceedings, an Indian woman, her voicc, exthe rack, came to the prison, and raising the claimed: C My son; since they have condemned you to endure it courageously, likca man of honour; actorture, falsely, and God will give you strength to bear. cuse noner --- Page 353 --- it; Hev will which compensate you for the dangers and your father and his thet troubles der this country companions have endured to reninto the bosom Christian, and to introduce its of the church." inhabitants hortation, uttered with all the This magnanimous CXmother was capable, made the vehemence of which this mind of the viceroy; she diverted greatestimpression upon the putting those unhappy him from his design of not persons to death; acquitted, but were howeverthey were exiling theminto different condemned to a slower death, in were even sent to parts of the New Spain." World--some Such were the first fruits which the coverers of the New World, ofispring of the disSpain; when the received from the gratitude of cestors remembrance of the was still recent. The deserts of their anster, then appeared the author viceroy, this sanguinary mondeceive ourselves of all those wrongs; but we if we believe that respecting it did the sentiments of the not Court, in our days it has thought participate in these excesses; part of America, in proper to renew them in every her children, snatching from her a greater without seeking even to number of ity: they have been deported disguise its inhumanhaving cast them even as far as Italy. upon a country a After nion, and having renounced stranger to her domiSpain, by a contradietion, them as subjects, the Court of cruelty, and with that by an unheard-of refinement of of sacrificing innocence unrelenting rage which the fear alone itself the right of inspires in tyrants, has reserved to unceasingly them : death has already delivered persecuting and-o oppressing exiles from the calamities which the most part of these the tomb; the others have accompanied them to furnish a new drag on a miserable proof of that of existence, and been such a cruelty character, which has reproach to the. Spanish nation, though really ty, and with that by an unheard-of refinement of of sacrificing innocence unrelenting rage which the fear alone itself the right of inspires in tyrants, has reserved to unceasingly them : death has already delivered persecuting and-o oppressing exiles from the calamities which the most part of these the tomb; the others have accompanied them to furnish a new drag on a miserable proof of that of existence, and been such a cruelty character, which has reproach to the. Spanish nation, though really --- Page 354 --- ought to fall only on the despotism of her this reproach government. * which this has, Three whole centuries, during government) held the same conduct with regard to without interruption, proof of a meditated. plan, to sacrifice us, afford complete of to the interests and the convenience Spain; us intirely of her ministers. Itis not less but above all to the passions efforts of a evident, that notwithstanding the multiplied false and iniquitous policy, our establishments have acthat Montesquieu, that sublime quired such consistence, has said, 66 The Indies and Spain are two powers genius, but the Indies are the principal; Spain under one master, to bring back is only the aceessory. In vain policy pretends to the accessory; the Indies however draw the principal This means, in another sense, that reaSpain to them."t likes sons for tyrannizing over us are every day increasing: who is accustomed to live in pride and perverse guardian, of his ward, the Court of Spain opulence at the expense with the greatest feart the moment approach, which nasees and justice have prescribed, for emaucipating ture, reason, us from such an oppressive guardianship. The void and confusion which the annihilation of this administration of our wealth will produce, are not prodigal which the Court of Spain, in perthel only motives. engage of our our minority, to increase the weight petuating which, with our treasures, she exerchains: the despotism the ruins of liberty, would receive a morcises over Spanish and it is the business of tal blow from our independence; ambition to prevent it by every effort. The claim of the Court of Spain to a passive obedience arbitrary laws, is founded principally on the ignorance to its in Icaly five hundred Ex-Jesuitts * In the year 1789, there Wcrc living natives of Spanish America, + Liv.xxi. chap. 22. the weight petuating which, with our treasures, she exerchains: the despotism the ruins of liberty, would receive a morcises over Spanish and it is the business of tal blow from our independence; ambition to prevent it by every effort. The claim of the Court of Spain to a passive obedience arbitrary laws, is founded principally on the ignorance to its in Icaly five hundred Ex-Jesuitts * In the year 1789, there Wcrc living natives of Spanish America, + Liv.xxi. chap. 22. --- Page 355 --- which she has taken care to cially with keep up and respect to theindefeasible encourage, espeindispensable dutics of rights of man, and the persuading the common every government; she succeeded in on subjects which people, that it is a crime to reason consequently that it is concern vitally every individual, and cious torch which the always a duty, to extinguish the prelighten and conduct Creator has put into our hand to ental 2 doctrine, us. In spite of the progress of SO faits truth and every page of Spanish history deposes legitimacy. against After the memorable justice of the last Gothic epoch of the arbitrary power and inof their cmpire and of the kings, which brought on the ruin in Spanish nation, our re-establishing the kingdom and its ancestors, only of guarding against the government, thought kings have always aspired. absolute power to which our centied the supremacy of With this design, they conof peace, war, justice, and the legislative the Cortes which subsidies, and the granting of monies, powers in tion, and were to represented be the the different classes of the narights of the people. depositaries and guardians of the To this solid barrier the "lebrated magistrate, named people of Arragon added the ceagainst every violence and El Justicia, to protect thenz the abusive power of the oppression, as well as to repress their laws, the people of kings. In the preamble of one of Blanca, in his Arragon say, according to Jerome rility of their Commentaries, page 751, C6 That the stesuch, that if country and the poverty of its inhabitants - liberty did not are nations, the people would forsake distinguish them from other would seck their native country, and to the end that establishments in a more fertile region." And he derived bis theking may never forget the source whence sovereignty, the remony of coronation, Justicia, in the solemn ceVOL. II, addressed bim with the following Z in his Arragon say, according to Jerome rility of their Commentaries, page 751, C6 That the stesuch, that if country and the poverty of its inhabitants - liberty did not are nations, the people would forsake distinguish them from other would seck their native country, and to the end that establishments in a more fertile region." And he derived bis theking may never forget the source whence sovereignty, the remony of coronation, Justicia, in the solemn ceVOL. II, addressed bim with the following Z --- Page 356 --- words : Ce Nos, que valemos quanto vos, OS hacemos neusneustros fueros y libertro rey y senor, con tal que guardeis celebrated Antonio tades, y sino, no;" as is related-by the secretary to Philip the Il. It was therefore a Perez, article of the constitution of Arragon, that, fundamental and of the people, if the king violated the rights privileges the people had a right to disown him for their sovereign, and to elect another in his place, even of the Pagan religion, according to the same Jerome Blanca. It is to this noble spirit of liberty, that our ancestors have been indebted for the energy which made them achieve enterprises, and which, in the midst of sO many such grand and filled her burdensome wars, made the nation flourish, with a prosperity equal to that of England at present, and Holland formerly;- but since the kings have overleaped the which the constitution of Castile and that of Arragon limits the decline of Spain has been as rapid had prescribed, power acquired, or rather usurped by as the extraordinary that absolute the sovereigns; and this sufficiently proves, with which arbitrary power always blends itself, authority, is the ruin of states. The re-union of the kingdoms of Castile and Arragon, the states which,t the same time, fell to the .as well as great of the Indies, kings of Spain, together with the treasures to the crown of Spain an unforeseen prepônderance, gave that in a very little time, it which became SO powerful, all thc barriers raised by the prudence of our overthrew the liberty of their posterity: the forefathers, for assuring inauthority, like the sea overflowing its boundaries, royal and the will of the king and undated the whole monarchy, his ministers became the general law. once sO solidly established, even the shaDespotic power We, who arc as good as you, makc you our King and Lord, provided that you prescrve our rights and liberty, and if not, no. little time, it which became SO powerful, all thc barriers raised by the prudence of our overthrew the liberty of their posterity: the forefathers, for assuring inauthority, like the sea overflowing its boundaries, royal and the will of the king and undated the whole monarchy, his ministers became the general law. once sO solidly established, even the shaDespotic power We, who arc as good as you, makc you our King and Lord, provided that you prescrve our rights and liberty, and if not, no. --- Page 357 --- dow of the ahcient to the natural, Cortes existed no more; therer civil, and remained no other religious rights of the safeguard, than the will and Spaniards, nisters, or the ancient formalities pleasure of the miridicas; these last hàve of justice, called wiasjeposed to the sometimes been oppression of innocence, successfully opventing the verification of the withont however pretvill, the laws give old proverb: Where waz. kings A happy invention means for furnished, at last, the inost removing those troublesome fruitful preme economical power, and the restraints. The suroyal bosom, (expressions motives reserved in the terity) which cannot fail to astonish discovering at last the posthankind about the eterhal vanity of all the reveries of rights and duties of nature principles of justice, on the displayed their irresistible and of society, have Spanish force on suddenly citizens. * more than five thousand Observe, that these citizens which, to its social were tinited in one tion, rights in quality of body, joined the honour of members of the navices no less useful, than public estecm, merited by serOmitting the reflections important. t stances of SO suggested by all the strange a circumprocceding, and leaving apart the In the year 1786, theré were in Exsjesuits-the remainder of those Italy more than three thousand for the whole of their subsistence five thousand unfortunate Spanish tànce scarcely sufficient to maintain only a pension of two paolis persons: : having f 6 Paraguay a servant. per day, a pitbeen imputed as a (says crime Montesquieu) to the can furnish us another command; but it will company of the that example. It has make a ever be a sublime Jesuits, they were fond of "It willbe people more happy. appendage of authority, to use it to countries the ever light glorious for them to have been the the of religion, joined with first to spread in those wounds devastations of the Spaniards, she has that of humanity. ln which mankind has received. begun to heal onc of the repairing deepese 2 2 a (says crime Montesquieu) to the can furnish us another command; but it will company of the that example. It has make a ever be a sublime Jesuits, they were fond of "It willbe people more happy. appendage of authority, to use it to countries the ever light glorious for them to have been the the of religion, joined with first to spread in those wounds devastations of the Spaniards, she has that of humanity. ln which mankind has received. begun to heal onc of the repairing deepese 2 2 --- Page 358 --- unhappyvictims of this barbarous outrage, we will consider it only with regard to the whole Spanish nation. of the natural rights, and especially of The preservation the liberty and security of persons and property, is undoubtedly the foundation-stone of every human society, under s whatever form it may be constituted: it is therefore the indispensable duty of every society, or of the government which represents it, not only' to respect, but still further effectually to protect the rights of everyindividual. these principles to the present subject, it is Applying whom to that moclear that five thousand Spanish citizens, ment the public opinion had had no reason to suspect of any of all their rights, crime, have been stript by thegovernment without even the forms of justice, without any accusation, has and in the most arbitrary manner. The goverment solemnly violated the public safety, and until it gives a saof the motives which have made it act SO tisfactory account instead of the prodespotically, thereis no individual who, tection whicb is his due, may not have a like oppression to individual weakness exposes him fear, particularly as his body, and which, for many reasons, more than a numerous serious and well interested the whole nation. A fear SO naturally excluded every idea of safety; the gofounded, itin thc has vermment, guilty of having destroyed aggregate, into instruments of oppression and ruin, the converted entrusted to it for the protection and security of inmeans dividuals. which this socicty entertains for what they call ho- < A lively scntiment which humblca much morc thosc to whom iti is nour, their zeal for a rcligion have made them undertake great things, preached than those who preach it, collected from the woods peoin which they have been succesful. Theyhave and have ple beforc dispersed; they have given theni a sccure subsistence, alone, clad them; and cven this increase to socicty and stimulus to industry liv.iv, would entitle then to the gratitude of posterity." Esp. des Lois, chap. 6. < A lively scntiment which humblca much morc thosc to whom iti is nour, their zeal for a rcligion have made them undertake great things, preached than those who preach it, collected from the woods peoin which they have been succesful. Theyhave and have ple beforc dispersed; they have given theni a sccure subsistence, alone, clad them; and cven this increase to socicty and stimulus to industry liv.iv, would entitle then to the gratitude of posterity." Esp. des Lois, chap. 6. --- Page 359 --- If government believe itself in lic security, and the duty boundto revive pubgrity of its confidence of the nation, in theinteclearest juridical administration, it onght to manifest in the towards the manner, the justice of its cruel procedure and, in the above-meutioned mean five thousand which it has time, it is obliged to confess individualsy the committed. crime an indispensable duty, towardsthen nation, in and in transgressing But shonld the exercising a merciless tyranny. justification, what difference government think itself superior to this and a flock of sheep, of is there between its subjects which the dispose or make sacrifice at will? capricious owner can lence of the The base and timid sithe disceroment Spaniards on this horrible of the ministry, procedure, justifies dertake without fear an which has dared to unjust. And if it happens enterprise in as difficult às it was unthe human body, that the political diseases as in those of ous as when the patient symptoms are never SO his distemper, seems insensible to the dangertruly the Spanish violence of dition, has some consolation nation, in its present conThe for its progress of this great misfortunes. and government of Spain, revolution in the constitution and which has been handed which we have just sketched, national history; let down to us, coincides fluence us now with our we ourselves may procced to cxamine the inWhilst the known hope or dread from its results. worse, it would be causes of any evil have folly to expect the gradually grow seen the ingratitude, the opposite good. We with which the Spanish injustice, and the foundation of our colonies, government oppressed us from tyranny the very far from that is to say, when which it has possessing the absolute and it was rules than its since arrived; now that it arbitrary power to will, and thatitis knows no other property as an estate which accustomed to consider our belongs to it, all its study con- . worse, it would be causes of any evil have folly to expect the gradually grow seen the ingratitude, the opposite good. We with which the Spanish injustice, and the foundation of our colonies, government oppressed us from tyranny the very far from that is to say, when which it has possessing the absolute and it was rules than its since arrived; now that it arbitrary power to will, and thatitis knows no other property as an estate which accustomed to consider our belongs to it, all its study con- --- Page 360 --- it at our expense, in always giving the sists in increasing to the infamous colour of utility to the mother country, This sacrifice of all our rigbts and of our dearest interests. of it justifies the usurpation logic is that of highwaymen; which arises from them the goods of another, by the utility to the usurper. Jesuits according The expulsion and the ruin of the had, of no other motives than the report to every appearance, exhausted, the government, their riches : the latter being it has rewithout pity for the disastrous situation to which wished to it still further by its newimduced us, aggravate where, in 1780, it particularly in South America, posts, blood. We should groan still under cost Peru sO much if the first sparks of an indignation this new oppression, to desist from had not forced our tyrants too long repressed, Generous dmericans of the new kingdom their extortions. America owes you the noble exof Grenada 1 If Spanish to be opposed to ample of intrepidity, which ought always it is in the and the new lustre added to its glory, tyranny, that we shall see engraven in immortal annals of humanity the characters, that your arms protected our countrymen, for their inIndians, and that your deputies stipulated poor with the same successful zeal as for your own. May terests conduct become a useful lesson to the your magnanimous whole human race! of swalThe ministry is far from renouncing its projects but dislowing up the miserable remains of our property; resistance which it experienced concerted by the unexpected of arriving at its at Zipaquira, it has changed the mcans and adopting, when lcast expeeted, a system contrary aim, mistrustful policy had invariably observed, to that which its the Americans, it has resolved to furnish arms to Spanish withit hopes, to instruct them in the military discipline; the doubt, to obtain from the regular American troops, out whole human race! of swalThe ministry is far from renouncing its projects but dislowing up the miserable remains of our property; resistance which it experienced concerted by the unexpected of arriving at its at Zipaquira, it has changed the mcans and adopting, when lcast expeeted, a system contrary aim, mistrustful policy had invariably observed, to that which its the Americans, it has resolved to furnish arms to Spanish withit hopes, to instruct them in the military discipline; the doubt, to obtain from the regular American troops, out --- Page 361 --- same assistance which it finds in the enforce obedienee; but thanks bayonets of Spain, to ofthe principles of to Heaven, the corruption at its full measure humanity and of morality, is not arrived barbarous amongst us ; never shall we become oursclves instruments of tyranny, and the with thc least sooner than stain brothers, we will. shed drop of the blood of our and of our all our own, in defence of harmless common interests. our rights A powerful destruction, is navy the ready to convey to us all the horrors of other means which -suggests to tyranny; this 2s the our past resistance wernment, and 9f the preservation necessary support ef goained by the decree of of the Indies: it is orrents of the Indies (the the 8th of July, 1787, that the pare funds sulficient article of tolacco ezcepted) the enormous for defraying the half or the third preOur settlements eapenses wehich the royal navy %f on the reguires. even in their state continent of the New World, was in its ofinfincy, and when the greatest decline, have power af Spain every hostile always been sheltered invasion; and our from more considerable, itis clear streugth being now much and sea forces is, in that the increase of the land as useless to cur respect to us, an expense as enormous nounced with defence; thus this formal SO much declaration, anthat the paternal candour, seems only to indicate vigilance of the sperity, of which to this government for our prosweets, intends to moment it has afforded us tachment.* give us new. proofs of its zeal the In consulting the ideas. of and its atmay suppose to belong to justice, which one tempted to believe, that the every government, we would be funds. which we ought to furAs often as the Spanish the members knife what the cxecutioner government said to the announces to us a benefit, one reto his throat, 66 Silence, son of Philip the IL., in your good." silence, my Lord Don Carlos, this is putting all for prosweets, intends to moment it has afforded us tachment.* give us new. proofs of its zeal the In consulting the ideas. of and its atmay suppose to belong to justice, which one tempted to believe, that the every government, we would be funds. which we ought to furAs often as the Spanish the members knife what the cxecutioner government said to the announces to us a benefit, one reto his throat, 66 Silence, son of Philip the IL., in your good." silence, my Lord Don Carlos, this is putting all for --- Page 362 --- nish for defraying the enormous expenses of the royal to our commerce and to multiply navy, are destined protect are to be so that our like those of Spain, our riches, ports, ourselves, free to all nations; and that we shall be at liberty visit the most distant regions, there to sell and buy at to will no more issue forth the first hand: then our treasures like torrents never to return, but circulating amongst ourselves, they will perpetually increase by industry. We should the inore indulge in those flattering hopes, as to the system of union and equality, theya are conformable desires the of which the government, in the royal decree, between us and the Spaniards of Europe. sestablishment field will then for obtaining at court, What a vast open, the in the armies, and in the tribunals of the monarchy, refused honours and theriches which have been SO constantly having had to the present us ! The European Spaniards it the exclusive possession of all these advantages, moment is but just that government, to establish this perfect equality, begin by placing them on the same footing in which we have a time. We should then alone frequent the. been SO long of of Spain, and become the masters of her commerce, ports her riches and of her destiny; we cannot doubt but that the will subniit Spaniards, witnessing our moderation, quietly ; the system of equality, and our to this new arrangement example justify it wonderfully. should What would Spain and her government say, if we insist the execution of this fine system 5 seriously upon in of union aud and why insult us SO cruelly speaking and union, like that of the animals equality? Ycs, equality the of in the fable, in which Spain reserves to herself part the lion. Is it only after three centuries, that the possessions of the New World, our country, is our due, and to hear of the hope of becoming equal to the that we ought should Spaniards of Europe? And why, and by what title, if we insist the execution of this fine system 5 seriously upon in of union aud and why insult us SO cruelly speaking and union, like that of the animals equality? Ycs, equality the of in the fable, in which Spain reserves to herself part the lion. Is it only after three centuries, that the possessions of the New World, our country, is our due, and to hear of the hope of becoming equal to the that we ought should Spaniards of Europe? And why, and by what title, --- Page 363 --- webe deprived of this equality? Alas! base submission to all the itisby our blind, our we bave deserved, thatit outrages of the that has government temptuous and conccived of us an idea's so coninsulting. Dear trymen ! if brothers and know amongst us there be a counand feel his wrongs person who does not know how to mnore sensibly than I should fests itselfin express them, the ardour which your soul, the great manitors and your eager examples of your ancestion that alone suits courage, with prescribe to you the resoluherited, which the honour which you you cherish,andwhichy have inthing. This resolution, the you valuc beyond every pointed out to us, in constantly government of Spain has itself distinct from the European considering you as a pcople imposes on you the most Spaniards, and this distinction on our part to be a different ignominions slavery. Let us agree diculous system of union and people; let us renounce the riour tyrants; ; Jet us renounce equality with our masters and distance a government, whose prevents us from excessive tages which every man procuring even in part, the advanwhich he is attached; ought to expect from the ; this governtnent, socicty to performing its indispensable which in place of and safery of our duty, in Protecting the persons and liberty greatest eagerness to destroy them properties, has shewn the ; and endeavouring to render us happy, which, in place of with all kinds of calamity. continues to overwhelm us government and of the Since the rights and duties of been first in subjects are reciprocal, Spain has first transgressing all her duties towards has broken those feeble us ; she also been able tO attach and retain bonds which would have Nature has us. a son who should separated us from Spain by immense father, find himself at a similar seas : -would without doubt be distance from his a fool, if in the conduct of endeavouring to render us happy, which, in place of with all kinds of calamity. continues to overwhelm us government and of the Since the rights and duties of been first in subjects are reciprocal, Spain has first transgressing all her duties towards has broken those feeble us ; she also been able tO attach and retain bonds which would have Nature has us. a son who should separated us from Spain by immense father, find himself at a similar seas : -would without doubt be distance from his a fool, if in the conduct of --- Page 364 --- least concerns, he always waited the decision ofhisfather. this frce natural right: and ought a numerous The son is set by of people, who do not depend forany thing on anotherpeople, like the whom they have no need, to be subjected to them vilest slaves? natural The local distance which proclaims our independence is still less than that of interests. We have essential which would be in the midst of us, need of a government of the social for the distribution of benefits,--the object removed two or three union. To depend on a government those benefits; thousand leagues, is equal to our'renouncing this is the interest of the Court of Spain, which aspires *nd over our commerce, our industo give us laws, to domineer them to its our wealth, and our persons, only to sacrifice try, ambition, its pride and its avarice. In fine, under whatever aspect our dependence on Spain we shall see that all our duties oblige us to put may be viewed, it in to our ancestors, who an end to it. We owe gratitude in order that were far from lavishing their blood and sweat, the theatre of their glory and of theirlabours should become miserable We owe it to ourselves, by that of our slavery. the natural rights the indispensable obligation of preserving those precious rights which we received from our Creator, under have not the power to alienate, and which cannot, be ravished from us without crime. Can man any pretext, can itnow be torn from him by force? renounce his reas n,or not less essentially than reaPersonal liberty belongs to him, is the inson. The free enjoyment of those same rights, estimable inheritance which we ought to transmit to our posterity. It would be a blasphemy to imagine, that the Supreme Benefactor of man has permitted the discovery of the New World, merely that a small number ofimbecile knaves might Creator, under have not the power to alienate, and which cannot, be ravished from us without crime. Can man any pretext, can itnow be torn from him by force? renounce his reas n,or not less essentially than reaPersonal liberty belongs to him, is the inson. The free enjoyment of those same rights, estimable inheritance which we ought to transmit to our posterity. It would be a blasphemy to imagine, that the Supreme Benefactor of man has permitted the discovery of the New World, merely that a small number ofimbecile knaves might --- Page 365 --- always be at liberty to desolate inessantly have the odious it; and that they should men, who have given them pleasure of stripping millions of tial rights received from no cause of complaint, of essenhis eternal wisdom his divine hand; to imagine that kind of the immense wished to deprive the remainder of manture, SO great an event advanrages which, in the order of nacondemn them ought to procure for to wish with a them, and to had remained for groan, that the New is ever unknown. This World put into practice by the blasphemy, however, right which America, and human malice has Spain arrogates over ofthe bounties of the perverted the natural course due to our particular Almighty, without regard to what was the country. We interests on account of the defence of falfil the are bound, as far as lies in our hopes of which hitherto powcr, to kind. Let us throw they have frustrated manbrother inhabitants open a second time America to all of this globe, from whence our injustice, and the most senseless ingratitude, recompense will not be less to avarice have exiled us ; the The many us than to them. regions in has been Europe, which the crown obliged to renounce, such of Spain tugal, placed within the as the kingdom of Porbrated republic of the compass of Spain, and the celeiron yoke, tell United Provinces, which shook us that a continent offits Spain, richer, more infinitely larger than to powerful, and more depend on that populous, ought not disrance; ; and still kingdom, less, when it finds itseif at such a slavery. when it is reduced to the hardest The valour with which the have fought for the English colonies of America covers our indolence liberty, which they gloriously with enjoy, the palm with which shame; we have yielded to them Newi World by their they have been the first to crown the pess ofthe Courts of ewereigainkependence AddthecagerSpain and of Francc to assist the cause that populous, ought not disrance; ; and still kingdom, less, when it finds itseif at such a slavery. when it is reduced to the hardest The valour with which the have fought for the English colonies of America covers our indolence liberty, which they gloriously with enjoy, the palm with which shame; we have yielded to them Newi World by their they have been the first to crown the pess ofthe Courts of ewereigainkependence AddthecagerSpain and of Francc to assist the cause --- Page 366 --- 34S of the English Americans ; it accuses us of inscnsibility 3 let at least thc feclings of honour be roused-by outrages which have endured for threc hundred years. to cover our resignation ; We have no longer any pretext overwhelm us, and if wei longer bear the oppressions which merited ît will be said with reason, that our cowardice has our descendants will load us with imprecations, them; biting in vain the curb of slavery-of a slavery which when, they will remember the moment they shall have inherited, in which to be frec, we had only to will it. is arrived, let us seize it with all the feclings That moment welland if our efforts be ever sO faint, of pious gratitude; by ordered liberty, that precious gift of heaven, accompanied virtue, and followed by prosperity, will commence every in the New World, and tyranny will be speedily her reign exterminated. and a motive, we may, with Animated by SO great just of order confidence address ourselves to the eternal principle to implore with our humble prayers the divine and justice, of favourably heard, to assistance, and in the hope being console us for any misfortunes that may ensue. triumph will be complete, and will cost little This glorious the weakness of the only enemy who has an to humanity ; does not permit him to employ open interest in opposing it, his entire ruin. His prinforce, which would accelerate withis in the riches which he draws from us; ; cipal support and let them be applied to our own hold those from him, defence, wc shall render his rage impotent. Our causc, besides is so just, SO favourable to mankind, that therc is but little chance of finding amongst other nations, one who will load itself with the infamy of combatting us; or who, its interests, will venture to oppose the renouncing personal The wise and virtugeneral wishes in favour of our liberty. of who in silence under the oppression ous Spaniard, groans riches which he draws from us; ; cipal support and let them be applied to our own hold those from him, defence, wc shall render his rage impotent. Our causc, besides is so just, SO favourable to mankind, that therc is but little chance of finding amongst other nations, one who will load itself with the infamy of combatting us; or who, its interests, will venture to oppose the renouncing personal The wise and virtugeneral wishes in favour of our liberty. of who in silence under the oppression ous Spaniard, groans --- Page 367 --- his country, will himself shall see thenational appland our come the glory revive in an undertaking. WVe secret asylum of all immense empire, bebrotherly hospitality which Spaniards, who, besides the will be able they have alvays of morcover to breathe therc experienced, reason and justice. frecly under the laws May that day, the I do not say happicst that shall have ever globe, arrive upon America, but the entire surface shone, tyranny, speedily! That day, when to the of the of ofoppressions and of cruclty, shall horrors of reason, ofjustice, and succeed the reign distresses, and the ofhumanity; when the give groans of eighteen tears, the way to mutual millions of men, shall and to the confidencc, to the most whose pure enjoyment of the open satisfaction, sacred name shall benefits of the beries, fraud,'a and ferocity; no more serve as a mask Creators to robthe most besotted when the odious barriers, which to the detestable selfishness, in sacrificing its true pleasure of interests others, in preventing the be overturned, opposition to the happiness of all prosperity of will the fertile what an agreeable and mankind, shall shores of America affecting from all nations present, covered with spectacle against ours ! how exchanging the productions of their men or mnisery, will many fromamong country come to enrich us themyflying oppression knowledge, and to bytheir industry and would America repair our exhausted their unite the extremities population ! Thus inhabitants, united of the by a common carth; and her GREAT FAMILY OF BROTHERS, interest, would form one E REVOLUCION DE CARACAS, La revolucion de Caracas zuela en 19 de Abril rompi6 en la ciudad de Veneproximo pasado, La tropa tomo el mnisery, will many fromamong country come to enrich us themyflying oppression knowledge, and to bytheir industry and would America repair our exhausted their unite the extremities population ! Thus inhabitants, united of the by a common carth; and her GREAT FAMILY OF BROTHERS, interest, would form one E REVOLUCION DE CARACAS, La revolucion de Caracas zuela en 19 de Abril rompi6 en la ciudad de Veneproximo pasado, La tropa tomo el --- Page 368 --- desdc los primeros moméntos, yasise partido del pueblo Confiose la administracion de evitô la efusion de sangre. el titulo de pablicos a una Junta, con Supremas los negocios los votos de toda la entretanto que se recogieran legalmente Nombraronse provinci para la formacion de su gobierno. marina/ los diversos departamentos de guerra, secretarios para el nuevo gobierno un hacienda, 8cc: El dia 20 publico contiene Este documiento manifiesto de sus procedimentos. de Andalucia, relacion sucinta de las ultimas desgracias una de Espana como casi desesperada : y describe la situacion revolucion es--ponerse a declara que el objeto de aquella naciones de Europay cubierto de la pretensiones de las demas del gabinete francés, y los designios que pude las intrigas de la disuelta Junta Central, sobre dieran tener los miembros quanto pays-manteners su carâcter politico-sostener, aquel dynastia de Espama-aliviar la suerte sea posible, la legitima se vea libre de su cautiverio, de Fernando 7°. en caso de que ofreciendo un conservar la gloria del nombre espanol, y. restos de aquella nacion generosa. asilo â los desgraciados el mando en favor del El nuevo gobierno empezô a exercer la abolicion del pueblo. Sus primeros decretos han sido, de de alcabala sobre los comestibles y generos impuesto del tributo de los indios para que los primera necesidad; de este suelo (dice la gazeta de Veneprimitioos habitantes a de los zuela del 27 de Abril) sean de los primeros gozar civil. El gobierno (continia) bienes de muestra regeneracion multitud de personas ittiles ha debuelto à la agricultura una ens duno de muestria industria rural, gemian que con grun errada politica,3 bazo preterto prisiones, detenidos poruna con cl nombre de de unu insidiosu scguridad, denigrados Todas las clases de la sociedad han contribuido vugos. las corporaciones que no con donativos expléndidos, y tuvieron parte en la revolucion primera, prestaronjuramento baxo este Para reunir de fidelidad al nueyo gobierno. ens duno de muestria industria rural, gemian que con grun errada politica,3 bazo preterto prisiones, detenidos poruna con cl nombre de de unu insidiosu scguridad, denigrados Todas las clases de la sociedad han contribuido vugos. las corporaciones que no con donativos expléndidos, y tuvieron parte en la revolucion primera, prestaronjuramento baxo este Para reunir de fidelidad al nueyo gobierno. --- Page 369 --- régimen toda la provincia, con salieron emisarios proclamas en que se recomienda la del gobierno ordinacion. Al mismo paz, la union, y subtenor siguiente. tiempo se publico otra proclama del Causa que sit rideris; ; muinc guid agendum sit ANERICANOS! ! El orden considerate. reducido la Espana i politico del otro hemisferio y aquel pueblo ser victima de la perfidia y la ha esta a generoso, al fin de una serie de opresion; punto de ser borrado del calamidades, condenado a no catôlogo de las y en los anales existir, sino en la memoria de los naciones, y del heroismo. hombres, Las connexiones de su suerte, han quehasta aora nos han hecho oprime al cesado ya ; porque ese poder compameros universo, ha acelerado la fatal que agita y separar para siempre a entrambos catâstrofe que debe La Europa mundos. suerte, ha tenido asombrada, fixos y aun ignorante de qual serâ nada los ojos hasta aora en su siempre a servir de América, destilas convenciones prenda, y ser la victima de y tratados, con que todas enganado los gabinetes de reciprocamente se han lable a nuestro rey, â nuestra Europa, Nuestra fidelidad inviotenido suspendida hasta nacion, y a nuestra ha aora la religion, contra ella, persuadida de espada que la Francia sacô varia consigo la de nuestra que la conquista de sus armas lleEstando Venezuela opinion. mas al alcanze de la usurpador, y rodeada de establecimientos rapacidad del naciones cuyos intereses son maritimos de otras estar inquieta acerca de diversos, tuvo mas motivos en saber la de su suerte futura, y para para Espana. Tuvo igualmente interesarse informarse, y mas fuertes motivos mas facilidad en ser la primera en tratar de que otros pueblos visto, que ni su seguridad propria. para nuestros tesoros, ni nuestra Hemos heroismo de nuestros fidelidad, ni el a Espana de la hermanos, han sido capazes de libertar opresion, que habiendo empezado por per- la de su suerte futura, y para para Espana. Tuvo igualmente interesarse informarse, y mas fuertes motivos mas facilidad en ser la primera en tratar de que otros pueblos visto, que ni su seguridad propria. para nuestros tesoros, ni nuestra Hemos heroismo de nuestros fidelidad, ni el a Espana de la hermanos, han sido capazes de libertar opresion, que habiendo empezado por per- --- Page 370 --- los esfuerzos reunidos de todos fidia, ha sido consumada por conspirado contra los principios de desorganizacion, quehan su existencia politica. de su suerte, para con Nucstrointento ha sido separarnos ofrecer un nuestra existencia, y para que podamos servar contra las calamidades queles asilo a nuestros compatriotas, objetos â la vista, hemos reamenazan. Con tan sagrados debuelto politica que nos ha suelto tomar la independencia verificado con : y esto se ha la serie de los acontecimientos: todo el felix éxito toda la humanidad y toda la moderacion, que semejante causa merecia. en el numero de las Americanos 5 Venezula se ha puesto comunicar este naciones libres de America-y se apresura â que, si las disposiciones acontecimento a sus vecinos, para le Mundo estan acordes con las suyas, presten del Nuevo dificil carrera que ha emprenauxilio, en la grande, aunque dido. moderacion han sido hasta aora su mote; fraVirtud, y debe ser el vuestro ; para que, ternidad, union, y ygenerosidad, principos, produzcan entrando en combinacion estos grandes politica que obra de clevar la América ala diguidad la grande tan de derecho le pertenece. F RELAT TIvOS A REFORMA DE GOBIERNO DOCUSIENTOS EN BUENOS AYRES. &c. &c. &cc. EL VIREY DE BUENOS AYRES; de Buenos Ayres. 4 los Pueblos Leules J Gencrosos del Vireynato las noticias ultimamente condicidas ACABO de participaros habiendo salido dc por una fragata mercante inglesa, que del corriente, Ellas Gibraltar, arribo a Monteyideo el 13 RELAT TIvOS A REFORMA DE GOBIERNO DOCUSIENTOS EN BUENOS AYRES. &c. &c. &cc. EL VIREY DE BUENOS AYRES; de Buenos Ayres. 4 los Pueblos Leules J Gencrosos del Vireynato las noticias ultimamente condicidas ACABO de participaros habiendo salido dc por una fragata mercante inglesa, que del corriente, Ellas Gibraltar, arribo a Monteyideo el 13 --- Page 371 --- son demasiado sensibles, profesais à la Madre y desagradables al Glial amor Patriay por quien que generosos sacrificios? 2 Pero habeis hecho tan ocultacion, sial cabo ha de que ventajas produciria su amargura que debe produciros ser preciso que apureis toda la Por otra parte es de mi suinescusable. conocimiento? : estado de la Metrôpoli, obligacion manifestaros, el de toda la peligroso struidos de los sucesos, redobleis Monarquia, para que invuestra lealtad y de vuestra los estfmulos mas vivos de una fortuna adversa, constancia, contra los reveses de sus quilates. Sabed empcmada por decirlo asi, en la astucia que la dicha de un probar con que ha sabido tirano, 6 mas bien, y la desconfianza de los sembrar el desorden la desumion, reconocida pueblos con la pore ellos ha logrado forzar logitima autoridad justamente creida el antemural el paso de la Sierra tan mandose sus de las Andalucias, tropas por aquellas fértiles y derratorrente que todo lo arrastra, han provincias, como un aciones de la Real Isla de llegado hasta las inmedide la importante Lcon, con el objeto de plaza de Cadiz, ydel apoderarsé que en ella ha encontrado Gobierno su Soicrano que si la Espana ha refugio : pero sabed tambiens aun estâ muy cxperimentado tan sensibles cerviz distante de abatirse al desastres, a los tiranos, ni extremo de rendir su cas, a los que reconocer en el Trono de sus segun SuS leyes Monarocuparlo: sabed, ques sin arredrarla fandamentales no deben ni la reiteracion de SuS la grandeza de los peligros, juro desgracias, aun emplear en defensa de su empura Jas armas que sabed en fin, que libertad, 6 de su exércitos provincias enteras, pueblos venganza: que cada dia se levantan de numerosos, y sostienen cada vez con entre Sus mismas ruinas, adorado Soberano el Sr. mayor D. empenio la causo de nuestro Pero aunque estas Fernando VII, tera de lo esperanzas no estan distantes posible, ni es extrana de la eshumanas una mutacion en la vicisitud de las cosas VOL.II. repentina a que especialmente estân 2A provincias enteras, pueblos venganza: que cada dia se levantan de numerosos, y sostienen cada vez con entre Sus mismas ruinas, adorado Soberano el Sr. mayor D. empenio la causo de nuestro Pero aunque estas Fernando VII, tera de lo esperanzas no estan distantes posible, ni es extrana de la eshumanas una mutacion en la vicisitud de las cosas VOL.II. repentina a que especialmente estân 2A --- Page 372 --- los sucesos de le guerra, no creais que mi animo ef sujetos adormecerlos con ideas lisongeras. calmarvuestros temores,ni los à en disminuir riesgos que LA que fin me empeneria deben concurriré esta expuesta la Monarquia, siellosmismos vuestro espiritu, 6 para prevenirlos en tiempo, engrandecer los ultrages de la Metropoli? Mi intencion 6 para vengar la debida a mi carâcter, pues es hablaros hoy, con franqueza del candor, y 5. al vuestro, y deciros en el lenguage proprio dela sinceridad, quales son mis pensamientos, y quales espero serân los vuestros : suponed que la Espana, mas desque esta destinada por los inescrutables graciadaque en siglo VIII, su juicios de la Divina providencia a perder su libertad, y suponedi mas, quel llegaran a extinguirse hasta independencia: las iltimas reliquias de aquel valor heroyco, que quebratando de sétecienos anos de esclavitud, la sacô con las cadenas explendor a ser la envidia de las Naciones, y repremayor que ahora perdiera por su confianza sentar el papel glorioso de haber 6 su desgracia. i Podrân los tiranos lisongearse ezclavisado a toda la Nacion? i Qué insensatos si llegaran a concebir un plan tan desvariado ! Esto seria desconocer, la enorme distancia que los separa, la lealtad aun mas el que valor la constanciâ que OS han distinguido innata, y a manchar las playas que el Ser siempre. No, no llegaran destino Supremo por un efecto de SLI inmensa liberalidad dentro- de ellas, y en la extension de tan vastos para que la libertad, y la independencia de la Continentes conservase monarquia Espanola : sabran a su costa, que vosotros conservareis intacto el sagrado depôsito de la Soberania para restituirlo al desgraciado Monarca que hoy oprimesu tirania, quando los llamen 6 a los ramos de su Augusta Prosapia, Jas leyes de la succsion : sabran que entretranto vosotros, animados de tan fieles sentimientos, sostendreis esta sagrada contra todos los conatos de la ambicion, y de la astucia causa triunfar de la Madre Patria; y en fin, que en que hoy parece subsistirit siempre el trono glorioso de la América Espanola lo al desgraciado Monarca que hoy oprimesu tirania, quando los llamen 6 a los ramos de su Augusta Prosapia, Jas leyes de la succsion : sabran que entretranto vosotros, animados de tan fieles sentimientos, sostendreis esta sagrada contra todos los conatos de la ambicion, y de la astucia causa triunfar de la Madre Patria; y en fin, que en que hoy parece subsistirit siempre el trono glorioso de la América Espanola --- Page 373 --- loreselarecidos miento Reyes Catôlicos, â quienes debio y poblacion, para que lo Su descubrisucesores. ocupen sus legitimos Tales son los sentimientos complacencia mia, OS veo inalterables de que, con la mayer franqueza de mi animadoa, anora resta que con la por la Autoridad caracter OS maniflestelos mios. Encargado estos Suprema de conservar intactos dominios, he dedicado a y tranquilos objeto, todos mis desvelos tan justo y tan interesante quanto he creido conducente y fatigas. Nada he omitido de confanza: vosotros sois al desempefio de tan elevada una alabanza à testigos de que no me que no dispenso Pero ni estos, ni la general tenga.justos y conocidos derechos : siempre viviré agradecido, benevolencia que OS debo,yiq impuesto, me dispensan el deber que deque en el que me he la peninsula, y falta del desgraciado caso de una total perdida de Supremo Superioridad, determinacion Gobierno, no tomari esta acordada en union de todas alguna que no sea previamente pital, a que las represensaciones de esta Cadependientes, posteriormente se reunan las de sus entre tanto que de acuerdo Provincias reynatos se establece una con los demas ViSr. Don Fernando VII. representacion de la Soberania del que profeso, Yyo OS anado con toda que lejos de apetecer el laingenuidad como toda mi mando, vereis entonces vosotros ambicion se cifie a la gloria de por los sagrados derechos pelear entre Monarca, por la libertad, é de nuestro adorado cion extrangera de estos independencia de toda Sus dominios, dominadefensa, si alguno la perturba. y por vuestra propia Despucs de una manifestacion resta que deciros, sino lo tan ingenua nada mas me conservacion de vuestra que considero indispensable a la Vivid unidos, felicidad, y de toda la respetad el monarquia. mas venenosos, de 6rden, huid, como de aspides los OS procuran inspirar aquellos genios inquictos yn maliguos contra los zelos, y desconfianzas que que Os gobiernan : reciprocas, y 2 A 2 aprended de los terribles que deciros, sino lo tan ingenua nada mas me conservacion de vuestra que considero indispensable a la Vivid unidos, felicidad, y de toda la respetad el monarquia. mas venenosos, de 6rden, huid, como de aspides los OS procuran inspirar aquellos genios inquictos yn maliguos contra los zelos, y desconfianzas que que Os gobiernan : reciprocas, y 2 A 2 aprended de los terribles --- Page 374 --- la historia de estos ultimos tiemexemplos que nos presenta â nuestra Metropoli pos, y aun de los que han conducido artificios la malicia hà refinado sus al borde de su precipio; cautelas suficientes para de un modo tal, que apenas hay a los Pueblos incautos y libertarse de los lazos que tiende sencillos. Todo OS lo dexo dicho: aprovechaos si quereis de vuestro Xefe, quien OS los franser felices de los consejos Ayres 18 quea con el amor mas tierno y patemal.-Buenos. de Mayo de 1810. Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros. Cabildo al Vecindario de Buenos Proclama del Ercmo la apertura del ConAyres en SlU Casa Consistorial para General, que se hizo el 22 de Mayo. greso GENEROSO PUEBLO DE BUENOS AYRES. FIEL Y sucesos de nuesLAS iltimas noticias de los desgraciados de este Sucomunicadas al Pablico de orden tra Metropoli, sobre manera vuestro perior Gobierno, han contristado situacion actual y ânimo, y OS han hecho dudar de vuestra de ideas, de vuestra suerte futura. Agitados de un conjunto habeis han vuestra lealtad y patriotismo, que OS sugerido de combinarlas para evitar esperado con ansia el momento velan convuestros Representantes, que toda division; y desean con el stantemente sobre vuestra prosperidad, y que de estos doardor conservar el orden, y la integridad mayor Fernando VII. hân obtenido del Exminios del Senor Don reuniros en un conmo Senor Virey; permiso franco, para toda libertad, hablad con greso. Ya estais congregados: haciendo ver que con la dignidad, que OS es propia, pero sabio, noble, docil, y generoso. Vuestro sois un pueblo toda division, radicar la principal objeto debe ser precaver afianzar vuestra confianza entre él sabdito y el Magistrado, dexar la de todas las demas Provincias, y nuion reciproca, y Senor Virey; permiso franco, para toda libertad, hablad con greso. Ya estais congregados: haciendo ver que con la dignidad, que OS es propia, pero sabio, noble, docil, y generoso. Vuestro sois un pueblo toda division, radicar la principal objeto debe ser precaver afianzar vuestra confianza entre él sabdito y el Magistrado, dexar la de todas las demas Provincias, y nuion reciproca, y --- Page 375 --- expeditas vnestras relaciones pente, Evitad toda inovacion con los Vireynatos del Contimente son peligrosas 6 inudanza, pucs que teneis casi à la vista y expuestas i division. No generalbertad, y que n0 perdera un vecino, que asecha vuestra olvideis linor desorden. Tened ninguna ocasion en medio del mesubsistirsin la union por cierto, que no podreis con las Provincias por ahora y que vuestras deliberacioues interiores del Reyno, de la Ley, 6 del consentimiento serân frustradas, si no nacen Pueblos. Asi pues metitad bien general de todos aquellos tual, no sea que el remedio sobre vuesta situacion acmeis, accelere vuestra para precaver los males que teen qualquiera extremo, destruccion. Huid siempre de tocar despreciad medidas que nunca dexa de ser camino medio, abrazad cstrepitosas 6 violentas, y peligroso; adequado, aqucl, que sea mas siguiendo un ritu de para conciliar con nuestra suerte sencillo y mas Ley, y el respeto a los futura, cl cspizica.-Martin magimnadose-Jian José Lede Yaniz-Mamuel Ucampo-Juan de Moulla-Mandl José Andres Limo-Jayme Nadaly Guarda.- Santiago Dominguez-Dr. Tomas Manel D. Justo Gutierez-Dr. José Julian de Anchorena.- Nunez, Escribano Pablico Layns-Licorciads 3 de Cabildo. En la Muy Noble BANDO, nidad Puerto de 3 Muy Leal Ciudad de la tres de Santa Maria de Buenos Santisima TriMuyo de mil ochocientos Ayres à Ercmo. diez. veintey Cabildo, a saler D. Los Seriores del tin Gregorio Yaniz, Alealdes Juan. José Lezica y D. Mar3 Regidores, D. Mamel de primero 3/ segundo Foto, Manuel José de Ocampo Mansilla dlguacil Mayor, D. de Liano, D.-Jayme Alferez Real de turno, D.. Juan guex Juez Nadaly Guarda, D.Andres dnchorena Diputado de Policia, D. Tomas DominDefensor General de Pobres Manuel D. 3/ Fiel Ezecutor, . Los Seriores del tin Gregorio Yaniz, Alealdes Juan. José Lezica y D. Mar3 Regidores, D. Mamel de primero 3/ segundo Foto, Manuel José de Ocampo Mansilla dlguacil Mayor, D. de Liano, D.-Jayme Alferez Real de turno, D.. Juan guex Juez Nadaly Guarda, D.Andres dnchorena Diputado de Policia, D. Tomas DominDefensor General de Pobres Manuel D. 3/ Fiel Ezecutor, --- Page 376 --- Gutierrez Defensor General de Menores, y D. Santiago Procurador General Dr. D.Julian el Cabellero Sindico de Leyva. General celebrado ayerg2 del corPonquaniodlCangreo ha resultado à pluralidad de votos, deber subrorienteMayo, de estas Provincias que exercia el garse el mando Superior de Cisneros, y refundirse en Excmo. Sr. D. Baltasar Hidalgo Excmo. Cabildo provisionalmente, y hasta tanto se erija este haya de exercerlo dependiente siemuna Superior Junta,que a nombre del Sr. D. pre de la que legitimamente gobierne medio del Fernando VII.: se hace saber asi al Publico, por su 6 inteligencia, y que despresente Bando, para gobierno infundirle las heche qualesquiera recclos que hayan podido bien en tltimas infaustas noticias recibidas de la Peninsula; tendido que este Exmo Cabildo procedera inmediatamente del mando a la ereccion de la Junta que haya de encargarse conhastaque se congreguen los Diputados que se Superior, de las Provincias interiores, para establecer la forma vocarân José Leziea-Martin de Gobierno mas conveniente-Jun. Mlansila-Matuel Jose de Gregorio Yaniz-Mamel de Llano.-Jayme Ladal J Guarda-AnOcampo-Juan Manuel de Anchorend.-Santidres Domingnes-Towar Gutierrez-Dr. Julian de Legma-Asenic-Lker ago Justo José Nunes Escribano ptiblico 3/ ae Cavildo. ciado D. de que. doy fé en Se publicô pormi cl Bando precedente Escribano pubGarcia de Echaburu, su fecha.-Mariano lico. BANDO. Los Sres. del Ercmo. Cabildo, Justicia 3 Regimiento de José de Lezica 3 D. Martin Gregoesla Capital D.Juan Ordinarios de 10.3 20. Foto, Regirio Yanis, Alcaldes Mayor, D. Maruel dores D. Munuel Mansille Alguucil D. Jayme Nadal 3 José de Ocampo, D. Juan de Llano, ano pubGarcia de Echaburu, su fecha.-Mariano lico. BANDO. Los Sres. del Ercmo. Cabildo, Justicia 3 Regimiento de José de Lezica 3 D. Martin Gregoesla Capital D.Juan Ordinarios de 10.3 20. Foto, Regirio Yanis, Alcaldes Mayor, D. Maruel dores D. Munuel Mansille Alguucil D. Jayme Nadal 3 José de Ocampo, D. Juan de Llano, --- Page 377 --- Guarda, D. Andres nuel de Dominguez, cl Dr. D. Tomas MaAnchorena, D. Santiago Procurador General Dr. D. Julian Gutierrez, y el Sindico de Leyva. Por quanto en Acta celebrada Excmo. Cabildo hoydia 25 de se ha determinado lo Mayo por el Muy Noble y Muy Leal Ciudad de siguiente. En la Puerto de Santa Maria de la Santisima Trinidad 1810. Los Senores del Buenos Ayres 15 de Mayo de miento, à saber: D.Juan Excmo, Cabildo, Justicia y gorio Yaniz, Alcaldes José de Lezica y D. Martin Regi- GreD. Manuel Mansilla Ordinarios de 1°, y 2°, Voto, Regidor rena, D. Santiago Alguacil Mayor, D. Manuel de Anchode Gutierrez, y el Dr. D. Tomis Anchorena, Dn. Santiago Manuel de Leyva Sindico Procurador Gutierrez, y el Dr. D. Julian representacion que ban General, se enteraron, de una considerable nimero de hecho a este Excmo. Cabildo un Oficiales de los Cuerpos vecinos, los Comandantes y varios ya nombre del Pueblo, voluntarios de esta Capital, por si entender que la voluntad de en que indicando haber llegado â que este Excmo. este resiste la Junta y Vocales Ayunatmiento se sirvio conseqtiencia de las facultades erigir y publicar a bildo abierto de 22 del que se le confirieron en el careasumido la autoridad corriente; y porque puede habiendo la renuncia que ha y facultades que confi6, y mediante mas Vocales, hecho, el Sr. Presidente revocar y dar por de nombrado y deerigida y anunciada en el Bando ningun valor la Junta revoca y anula, y.quiere de ayer 24 del corriente la à hacer nueva que este Excmo. Cabildo eleccion de los proceda tuir la Junta de Gobierno, Vocales que hayan de constinelio de Saavedra, yhan de ser los Scfiores D. CorPresidente de dicha general de armas, el Dr. D. Juan José Juntay Comandante Manuel Belgrano, D. Miguel Castelli, el Dr. D, Alverti, D. Domingo Mateu, Azcuenaga, Dr. D. Manuel rios de ella los Doctores y D. Juan Larrea, y SecretaD. Juan José Posso, y D. Maria- tuir la Junta de Gobierno, Vocales que hayan de constinelio de Saavedra, yhan de ser los Scfiores D. CorPresidente de dicha general de armas, el Dr. D. Juan José Juntay Comandante Manuel Belgrano, D. Miguel Castelli, el Dr. D, Alverti, D. Domingo Mateu, Azcuenaga, Dr. D. Manuel rios de ella los Doctores y D. Juan Larrea, y SecretaD. Juan José Posso, y D. Maria- --- Page 378 --- manifestar al Pueblo eleccion se dcbera no Moreno; cuya entendiéndose ella baxo por medio de otro Eando pablico: instalada la Junta se la expresa y precisa condicion de que de ha de publicar en el tèrmino de 15 dias una expedecion auxiliar las provincias. interiores del Rey500 hombres para costeânno, la qual haya de marchar a la mayor brevedad; Hidose esta con los sueldos del Excmo Senor D. Baltasar Tribunales de la Real Audiencia Pretorial dalgo de Cisneros, de la Renta de Tabacos, con lo demas quel la y, de Cuentas, cn'inteligencia quelos Junta tenga por conveniente cercenar, absolutamente inconindividuos rentados no han de quedar Y esta esla manifiesta voluntad del pueblo. gruos: porque habiendo salido al Balcon de estas Casas Capitulares, los SS. aclamarion el contexto de y oido que el Pucblo ratifico por de baberse leido dicho pedimento 6 representacion, despucs debian por mi en altas é inteligibles voces, acordaron, que de Gobimandar, y mandaban se erigiese una nueva Junta de los SS. expresados en Ja representacion erno compuesta de se ha hecho referencia, y en los mismos términos, que mientras se erige la Junta general del Vique de ella aparecc los SS. forman la presente corporeynato. Lo II. que que en esta Sala racion comparezcan sin pérdida de momentos à el juramento de usar bien y fielmente Capitular prestar la integridad de esia parte de los dosus cargos, conservar Amado Soberano el Sr. D. minios de América a nuestro Fernando VIL, y sus legitimos sucesores. y observar puntualmente las LL del Reyno. Lo III : que luego que los referidos SS. presten el juramento, sean reconocidos por dede la Autoridad Superior del Vireynato, por todas positarios las corporaciones de esta Capital y Su vecindaric, respetando obedeciendo todas sus disposiciones hasta la congregacion y de la Junta General del Vireynato baxo las penas que impo= las LL. a los contraventores. Lo IV. que la Junta ha nen deba ocupar qualquiera vacante por rede nombrar quien . Lo III : que luego que los referidos SS. presten el juramento, sean reconocidos por dede la Autoridad Superior del Vireynato, por todas positarios las corporaciones de esta Capital y Su vecindaric, respetando obedeciendo todas sus disposiciones hasta la congregacion y de la Junta General del Vireynato baxo las penas que impo= las LL. a los contraventores. Lo IV. que la Junta ha nen deba ocupar qualquiera vacante por rede nombrar quien --- Page 379 --- nuncia, muerte, ausencia, V: que enfermedad 6 aunque se halla remocion. Lo honrosa conducta plenisimamente y buen satisfocho de la nados, sin embargo procedimiento de los SS. tambien para satisfaccion del mencioestar muy a la mira de sus Pueblo se reserva esperado que faltasen à sus operaciones, y caso no con causa bastante deberes, proceda a la deposicion bildo para este solo yjustificada, reasumiendo el Pucblo. caso la Autoridad le Excmo CaLo VI: que la nueva que ha conferido el orden, la tranquilidad Junta ha de celar sobre el todos los vecinos, pablica, y seguridad individualode responsable de lo contrario. haciéndosele como desde laego se le hace que componen la Junta Lo VII: que los referidos SS, ercer el poder Provisioria queden excluidos de diencia, â judiciario, el qual se refundira en exquien se pasaran la Real Auno sean de Gobierno. todas las causas de publicar todos Lo VIII: que esta contenciosas que los dias misma Junta ha se dé razon de la primeros del mes un estado en IX: que no pueda administracion de Real Hacienda. que al Pueblo 6 a sus imponer contribuciones ni Lo de este Excmo, vecinos, sin previa consultay gravâmenes pachen sin Cabildo. Lo X. que los referidos conformidad de lo pérdida de tiempo ôrdenes SS. desinterior, y demas a circulares a los Xefes doles muy estrechamente quienes corresponde, gan que los y baxo de encarganmedio de respectivos Cabildos de cada responsabilidad, uno hario, esquelas la parte principal convoquen por para que formado un y mas sana del vecindahubiesen sido llamados congreso de solos que en hayan de reunirse a elijan sus aquella establecer la la mayor brevedad representantes, en esta y estos forma de Gobierno Capital, para veniente. Lo XI. que se considere mas Ciudad 6 villa que elegido asi el contanto los electores representante de cada tulares le otorguen como los individuos nifestar quando poder en piblica forma Capiconcurran a esta que debera maCapital, a fin de quese llamados congreso de solos que en hayan de reunirse a elijan sus aquella establecer la la mayor brevedad representantes, en esta y estos forma de Gobierno Capital, para veniente. Lo XI. que se considere mas Ciudad 6 villa que elegido asi el contanto los electores representante de cada tulares le otorguen como los individuos nifestar quando poder en piblica forma Capiconcurran a esta que debera maCapital, a fin de quese --- Page 380 --- constancia en dicho poder no reconocer verifique su jurando Soberano que al Sr. Don Fernando VII. y sus legitimos otro el orden establecido por las Leyes, y estar sucesores segun les represente. subordinado al Gobierno que legitimamente capitulos mandan se guarden y cumplan precisa y Cuyos reservando a la prudencia, y discrecion de la puntualmente, Junta el que tome las medidas mas adequadas, para misma debido efecto, lo determinado en el articulo X, que tenga el designe el tratamiento honores y discomo tambien que para que lleguc tinciones del cuerpo y sus individucs: y que bando immeà noticia de todos se publique esta Acta por lo fixandose en los lugares acustombrados, y diatamente, firmaron de que 'doy fé Juan José Lezica.-Martin Gregorio Mansilla-Manuel José Ocampo.-Juan Yaniz.-Manuel Nadal y Guarda.-Andres Dominguez. de Llano.-Jayme Anchorena.-Santiago Gutierrez.- Dr. Tomas Manuel D. Justo José Nunez, Dr. Julian de Leyva.-Lieenciado tanto y para que Escribano Pablico y de Cabildo.-Por a noticia de todos se publica por medio de este Bando, llegue virtud de lo determinado en la referida Acta, ordenando en Juminarias en la noche de esta dia, tambien se pongan José LezicaBuenos Ayres y Mayo 25 de 1810.-Juan de OcamNansila-Maueljor Martin Yaniz.-Manuel Nadal y Guarda.-Andres po.-Juan de Llano.-Jayme Anchorena-Santiago Dominguez.-Dr. Tomas Manuel Juan José de Rocha, Gutierrez.--Dr. Julian de Leyva-D. Escribano Pablico y del Real Proto Medicato. BANDO Provisional Gubernativa de las Provincias del La Junta Fernundo VII. Rio de la Plata por el Sr. D. ha tenido por conveniente esta. Junta disPor quanto eljor Martin Yaniz.-Manuel Nadal y Guarda.-Andres po.-Juan de Llano.-Jayme Anchorena-Santiago Dominguez.-Dr. Tomas Manuel Juan José de Rocha, Gutierrez.--Dr. Julian de Leyva-D. Escribano Pablico y del Real Proto Medicato. BANDO Provisional Gubernativa de las Provincias del La Junta Fernundo VII. Rio de la Plata por el Sr. D. ha tenido por conveniente esta. Junta disPor quanto --- Page 381 --- poner y determinar lo contenido I.Que todas las en los articulos siguientes, à la Misa, corporaciones Xefes y Vecindario dral cl miercoles Solemmeques se celebrara en la Santa asistan 30 del corriente en accion Iglesia CateInstalacion de esta Junta, y de gracias por la las agitaciones de este Pueblo terminacion feliz que hân tenido sucesos de la Peninsula. causadas por los desgraciados II.Que siendo la base tablecido, la confianza del principal del orden felizmente resrespeto y puntual obediencia Pucblo à en sus Magistrados, y el tos, se ordena la subordinacion sus determinacionesy y mandaà la autoridad establecida, en inteligencia, nuevamente gia conveniente que esta usara de toda la sito que el Pueblo para sostener con dignidad el enerle hi confiado, sagrado depoqualquiera que siembre castigandoc on rigor a III. Quc sera desconfianzas, 6 recelos. vierta cspecies castigado con igual rigor, contrarias à la qualquiera que nar entre todos los habitantes estrecha union que debe curra a la division de estas Provincias, 6 reyentre Espanioles que conAmericanos, tan contraria â la Europeos, y Espanolcs lares, y bien general del Estado. tranquilidad de los particuIV. Que todos los coro, y veneracion a habitantes la de este Pueblo guarden deD. Baltasar Hidalgo de respetable persona del Exmo, Sr. raciones Cisneros, dispensandole las triotismo correspondientes a SLI carâcter al considetir con que en favor de este Pais y distinguido paen qualquier destino sus se ha ofrecido a repeV. Que los Alcaldes de importantes servicios. miento de las antedichas barrio celen el puntual cumplinores Oidores de sus prevenciones; avisando a los Seservancia. respectivos quarteles la menor inobPor tanto, y para que lo cinco articulos llegue a determinado en los y habitantes de noticia de todos los vecinos precedentes esta Capital, y que por los mismos estantes se cumpla de este Pais y distinguido paen qualquier destino sus se ha ofrecido a repeV. Que los Alcaldes de importantes servicios. miento de las antedichas barrio celen el puntual cumplinores Oidores de sus prevenciones; avisando a los Seservancia. respectivos quarteles la menor inobPor tanto, y para que lo cinco articulos llegue a determinado en los y habitantes de noticia de todos los vecinos precedentes esta Capital, y que por los mismos estantes se cumpla --- Page 382 --- se publicarân en ella por bando en la forma puntualmente, exemplares para su mayor notoriedad, en de estilo, fijandose Buenos Ayres à 26 los parages acostumbrados. Fecho en Seasedrt-Monuel Belgrano de Mayo de 1510.-Cornelio Manuel Alberti.-Juan Miguel de Ascuenaga.-D. Larrea.-Dr. Mariano Moreno Secretario. EnBuenos Ayres dicho dia mes y ano: Yo el Escribano del Vireynato sali de la Real Fortaleza acompanado mayor tambores de estilo, haciendo cabeza de la tropa, pifanos y D.José Maria principal el Senor Sargento mayor de plaza de esta Capital hice Cabrer, y en los parages acostumbrados antecedente, publicar por voz del pregonero publico el Bando los exemplares que en el se previenen: el que pongo fijando por diligencia y de ello doi fé. Basavilbaso. Gubernativa de la Capital del Rio La Junta Provisional de las Provincias de la Plata a los habitantes de ella, 3 de su superior Mando. PROCLAMA. establecida la Autoridad que remueve la inTENEIS ya calma todos los recelos. certidumbre de las opiniones, y manifiestan vuestra decidida voLas aclamaciones generales nuestra timidez â enluntad; y sola ella ha podido resolver el honor de la cargarnos del grave empeno â que nos sujeta de eleccion. Fixad pues vuestra confianza, y aseguraos intenciones. Un deseo eficaz, un zelo activo, y nuestras viva y asidua â proveer por todos los medios una contraccion la obserposibles la conservacion de nuestra Religion Santa, vancia de las Leyes que nos rigen, la comun prosperidad, y el sosten de estas Posesioncs en la mas constante fidelidad y adhesion à nuestro muy amado Rey y Senor Don Fernando â que nos sujeta de eleccion. Fixad pues vuestra confianza, y aseguraos intenciones. Un deseo eficaz, un zelo activo, y nuestras viva y asidua â proveer por todos los medios una contraccion la obserposibles la conservacion de nuestra Religion Santa, vancia de las Leyes que nos rigen, la comun prosperidad, y el sosten de estas Posesioncs en la mas constante fidelidad y adhesion à nuestro muy amado Rey y Senor Don Fernando --- Page 383 --- VII. y sus legitimos sucesores No son estos vucstros en la corona de grandes sentimientos? ? Esos Espana : objetos de nuestros conatos. mismos son Jos desvelo y fatigas : dexad à Reposad en nuestro la causa paiblica nuestro cuidado todo lo dependa de nuestras que en y entregaos à Ja mas estrecha facultades y arbitrios; proca en la tierna cfusion de union y conformidad reciProvincias todas de nuestra estos afectos. Llevad à las si puede ser, hasta los ûltimos Dependenciz, y aun mas alla, suasion del exemplo de terminos de la tierra, la interes vuestra percon que todos debemos cordialidad, y del verdadero de esta cooperar à la la importante obra. Ella afianzara de consolidacion tranquilidad y bien general a un modo estable taleza de Buenos a que de Ayres 26 de Mayo aspiramos-Real del ForSasedra.-Dr. Juan José 1810-Cornelio -Miguel de Azcuenaga-Dr. Curailti-Bfamel Belgrauo. Matei, Juan Manel -Dr. Larrea.--Dr. Juan José Ldterti-bhmings Mariano Moreno, Secretario. Passo, Sccretario, La Junta Provisional Rio de la Plata à nombre Gubernativa de las Provincias del manifiesta la del Sr. D. Fernando siguiente VII, en el metodo del Instruccion, que servird de despacho, 3 ceremonial en actos regla I. LA Junta se plalicos, taleza, donde sera congregara la todos los dias en la Real Forreunion desde las posada del Sr. Presidente, tarde, nueve de la y durara su y desde las cinco, hasta las Manana, hasta las dos de la II. Todos los asuntos ocho de la noche, ran ante élla por las Oficinas gubernativos y de Hacienda, se, III. El respectivas. girarera a cargo Departamento del de Hacienda en la Doctor D. Juan José Passo; Secretaria, cor- ; y el Departa- congregara la todos los dias en la Real Forreunion desde las posada del Sr. Presidente, tarde, nueve de la y durara su y desde las cinco, hasta las Manana, hasta las dos de la II. Todos los asuntos ocho de la noche, ran ante élla por las Oficinas gubernativos y de Hacienda, se, III. El respectivas. girarera a cargo Departamento del de Hacienda en la Doctor D. Juan José Passo; Secretaria, cor- ; y el Departa- --- Page 384 --- de Gobierno y Guerra, a cargo del Doctor D. Mariamento no Moreno. contestaciones IV. En los decretos de Substanciacion, dentro de la Capital, asuntos leves, y de urgente despacho, bastara la firma del Presidente, autorizada por el respectivo Secretario. deban decidirse por la Junta, la V. En los negocios que en los aformaran quatro Vocales con el Presidente; pero interesantes de gobierno, deberan concurrir todos presuntos cisamente. VI. En las representaciones y papeles de oficio, se dara a la Junta el tratamiento de Excelencia : pero los Vocales no tendran tratamiento alguno en particular. VII. Las armas haran a la Junta los mismos honores que a los Excmos. Senores Vireyes; y en las funciones de' Tabla se guardara con élla el mismo ceremonial. VIII. El Sr. Precedente recibira en su persona el tratahonores de la Junta como Presidente de ella; los miento y quales se le tributarân en toda situacion. de Patronato se dirigiran a la Junta en IX. Los asuntos sin los mismos términos que à los Senores Vireyes ; perjuicio de las extensiones a que legalmente conduzca cl sucesivo estado de la Peninsula. a X. Todo Vecino podra dirijirse por escrito 6 de palabra qualesquiera de los Vocales oala Junta misma, y communia la pablica, y felicicar quanto crea conducente seguridad dad del Estado. de 1810. Buenos Ayres 28 de Mayo Dr. Mariano Moreno. Sccretario. --- Page 385 --- occurrences to press, the following Since this work xeas put place, and are added by ray in Buenos Ayres have taken seithout commnent. of explanation, BUENOS AYRES, JUNE g6. by way of Monte Video 2 1 wrote to you a day or two ago, Gazettes, and acquaintthe twolast Buenos Ayres the late Viceroy, enclosing that by an order of this Junta, had been eming you, the Fiscals, and three Oidores, Cisheros, with them from this country. barked on board a vessel, to convey published by the gazette, I now enclose an extraordinary motives for these proccedings. Junta, setting forth their event in England, it is neon this sumTo form a right opinion the laws here permit this cessary yon should know therefore, have not infringed The Junta, until the mary expulsion. which they are bound to maintain, those laws : nor have they assumed any meeting of a general congress before by the Viceroys here, power which was not exercised Juntas in Spain. It was, and since the revolution by the and the circumbesides, absolutely a necessary measure, It is well known that stances of the times must justifyit. were plotting the overthe men whom they have banished, Cisneros, the late Vicethrow of the present government. annum. The Oidores 12,000 dollars per The Junta roy, was allowed remained in their employments. their breasts and Fiscales with all of them; but Amerihad dealt generously and rancour, at seeing could not contain their envy which they, and employments, forçans, raised to situations usedto Gll. They were,at last, native Spaniardsalont, board the Dart, a Guernsey cutter, tunately embarked on either at Cadiz or Majorca. with directions to land them Vicethrow of the present government. annum. The Oidores 12,000 dollars per The Junta roy, was allowed remained in their employments. their breasts and Fiscales with all of them; but Amerihad dealt generously and rancour, at seeing could not contain their envy which they, and employments, forçans, raised to situations usedto Gll. They were,at last, native Spaniardsalont, board the Dart, a Guernsey cutter, tunately embarked on either at Cadiz or Majorca. with directions to land them --- Page 386 --- come into the measures of this Monte Video has notyct by fear, on one hand, goverament. They are influenced advancing of Carlota, the Princess of the Brazils, as in case exposed to invasion ; her claims, they lie most immediately is still able to the other, they believe that Spain and on and therefore are unwilling, for the withstand the French, in the order of things. Ifit present, to make any change of the Brazils have any really be the case, that the court that they will this there is no probability views on country, and concurrence of England ; move without the assistance letter from this, I hope noand, as I observed in my first them attempt will blind our rulers at home, to make thing obnoxious to forcing upon this people any government there were Before the removal of the late viceroy, them. for Carlota; but at that time the people many partizans almost change from the old syswouid have rejoiced at any tem. that the same spirit which has There is every expectation the other provinces shewn itself here will spread through in some may be partial opposition south of Darien.-There that the cause offreeparticular towns, but I have no doubt and that with little or no bloodshed. dom rwill triumph, off from this place onl an About 1000 men are soon to set there. In to Peru, to aid in the good cause expedition Potosi, La Pax, and other parts, they are Teuuman, Salta, likely to be received with open arms. news from Ishall not fail to send you all the interesting this place with every opportunity. GAZETTE EXTRAORDINARY, Published at Buenos Ayres 072 the 2d of June. GOVERNING JUNTA of MANIFESTO OF THE PROVISIONAL RIO DE LA PLATA. THE PROVINCES OF THE To the Inhabitants, in which you The steady firmness of the government to aid in the good cause expedition Potosi, La Pax, and other parts, they are Teuuman, Salta, likely to be received with open arms. news from Ishall not fail to send you all the interesting this place with every opportunity. GAZETTE EXTRAORDINARY, Published at Buenos Ayres 072 the 2d of June. GOVERNING JUNTA of MANIFESTO OF THE PROVISIONAL RIO DE LA PLATA. THE PROVINCES OF THE To the Inhabitants, in which you The steady firmness of the government --- Page 387 --- attacked, and confidence, has been powerfully from its reposed your under the necessity of deviating the Junta has been not fall a victim to moderation, that the state might Those who usual concession. an ill-timed and pusillanimons strangers to you, but the disturbed your repose, were yet and our fidelity will prove king will decide this great cause, dissipating every species of their conduct, by and the Fisan accusation Cisneros, three Oidores, of calumny. Senor bis and thongh your cals will soon be presented to majesty, departure, the Junta their indignation have precipitated that gave rise to it, with wishes to make known the causes shewn you from the the same frankness they have always and which your uninfirst moment of their installation, demands of them. terrupted confidence particularly had led the way to our election, If ambition to govern, dangers which and distrust might have augmented to regulate jealousy dissipate. The Junta proposed prudence might and the first acts of its governits conduct by this virtue, confidence, and to strengthen ment were to inspire a general and the subject, by rethe bonds between the magistrate of the former, were inmoving all suspicion that the rights latter. The ministers with the interests of the consistent have received undoubted guarantees of the royal audiencia, their employments that their persons shall bc respected, by the and their ministerial offices supported, preserved, will beg given thein in all their procecdings. countenance that and veneration of his perAt the same timc, the immunity Cisneros; ; the to Segnor son has been solemnly guaranteed decreed to hin that he enjoyed same honours have been increased pay has been aswhen he was Viceroy, and an than thej president of signed to him of 12,000 dollars, more contributed to union the Junta himself enjoys. Every thing of the new understanding, and the members and a good that eyen comcondescended to considerations government, 2B vOL. II. and veneration of his perAt the same timc, the immunity Cisneros; ; the to Segnor son has been solemnly guaranteed decreed to hin that he enjoyed same honours have been increased pay has been aswhen he was Viceroy, and an than thej president of signed to him of 12,000 dollars, more contributed to union the Junta himself enjoys. Every thing of the new understanding, and the members and a good that eyen comcondescended to considerations government, 2B vOL. II. --- Page 388 --- their dignity, in order to secure the stability. of promised ancient order, as far as it was possible to adopt it, from the circumstances of the times. the peculiar this conduct, the ministers of the auNotwithstanding decided system of opposition. To the diencia, formed a discovered, when the question of shameful weakness they discussed in the General Conlegality and expedieney was which partook gress, they added a hardihood and obstinacy, The of all the marks of real insolence and malignity. all the after its installation, by Junta was congratulated, of the capital; but there was corporations and authorities affecting silence not among thein a single minister, they the and disgust on account of an establishment, respecting assembled to legality of which, they hadjust been publicly of their In a moment all the eclat give their opinions. and in all their actions was studiously rerank disappeared, timidity which they manifested when peated, that apparent this capital was occupied by the enemy. and of consolidating the new system, The necessity bonds of union and obedience, made the strengthéning the Juntas of Spain, who, examplé be adopted, of the provincial of whose required an oath thosc, in similar circumstances, them. All the military and duty it was to acknowledge concurred in the celebration of civil authorities cheerfully ministers of the audiencia, an act SO important; but the the established continued obstinate in not acknowledging members remonstrances of several authority, and the private Fiscals to take the oath, obtained, with difficulty, one ofthe hastened to take. which every public man voluntarily of thc real state This act convinced the new government and roused their former indignation. of their scntiments, and obedience to An oath was framed, requiring respect ofits installations that the sole object thc Junta, expressing Ferdinand VII.and the prowas fidelity to our monarch, important; but the the established continued obstinate in not acknowledging members remonstrances of several authority, and the private Fiscals to take the oath, obtained, with difficulty, one ofthe hastened to take. which every public man voluntarily of thc real state This act convinced the new government and roused their former indignation. of their scntiments, and obedience to An oath was framed, requiring respect ofits installations that the sole object thc Junta, expressing Ferdinand VII.and the prowas fidelity to our monarch, --- Page 389 --- rights. The Fiscal, of his angust itwas tection and conservation confessed ina loud voice, that at the time oftakingit, all the dutics ofa legally correct, and thati it comprehended against it on the ground, legitimate vassalage; he protested andiencias had never been achowever, that the royal The public will decide respectcustomed to take an oath. protest, considering the legality of this occasioned ing the faimessand circumstances which objects and extraoedinary but the public themto which it referred; they felt, the procceding remember, the just indiguation of sO selves will also criminal Fiscal in the presencc when they saw the and for the purpose of the august the respectable an assemibly, present himself in ceremony of an oath. sO solemn, small cane, and expressing rubbing bis teeth with a hall, his contempt for theJunta. took in' that gross manner, retired to the Real Fortaleza, conThe Junta having that the public the prejudice of a into their consideration, occasion, in the.minds duct of the ministers might felt the necessity already in a state of fermentation, funetions, and of putpeople. them of their ministerial hall ofjusticc shut ofd idivesting the scandal of having the beting an end to detriment and delay of causes pending of their up, to the great recollected also, the circumstances forc it. They their good wishes with respect its having formerly interposed union of the provinces, without for the and to the tribunal, the many acknowlcdgments; baving deigned to return in its commencement, the necessity of checking, convulsions, percciving cnd in irretrievablee conduct thatmight note: : a hostile the audiencia the following agreed to transmit to Junta having directed that all [This note states, that the should take an oath of bodies andi authorities of the several the corporate the said Junta, in imitation to ebedience to on the real audiencia proJuntas of Spain, theyicalled with theni in preserving mulgate the act, and co-operate 2B.9 commencement, the necessity of checking, convulsions, percciving cnd in irretrievablee conduct thatmight note: : a hostile the audiencia the following agreed to transmit to Junta having directed that all [This note states, that the should take an oath of bodies andi authorities of the several the corporate the said Junta, in imitation to ebedience to on the real audiencia proJuntas of Spain, theyicalled with theni in preserving mulgate the act, and co-operate 2B.9 --- Page 390 --- by concentrating their reprethe union of the provinces, determined which was to exersentation, that it might be These notices, cise the functions of our august monarch. by the with SO much disrespect however, were regarded to give them any audiencia, that they did not even deign irritation that this conduct had produced a general to answer; other remedy to the Junta than in the people, and left no from the which had become suspicious abandon a charge, the real audiencia.] great opposition manifested by however, it wished to Before the Junta taking this step, the fatal result that it might produce, secure itself against in the name of the king and and called on the andiencia that had been transthe people to answer the three notes would attend to and state decidedly, if they mitted to them, in the same terms the take the oath of acknowledgment to the proFiscals had done, if they were to recommend and if that out by the Junta, vinces the objects pointed and free administribunal would continue in the punctual and the people retration of justice, as the Junta ordained, the of its TheJunta farther declares, that objects quired. that led the way to it, installation, and the circumstances obedience to the king, and with fidelity and are compatible self-love and interested views to supthat it cannot permit the public tranquillity. port a conduct, that may endanger that their intentions in To this note the audiencia replies, adopted by the were hostile to the arrangements no respect of the king and benefit of the Junta, for the better service interested in all the public, and that they were sufficiently for the preservation means that were considered necessary Ferdinand VII. of those dominions to their lawful sovereign and and union with, the mother country, in dependence on, add farther, that one for the felicity of the people. They of the tribunal, of the Fiscals took the oath in the name to which they thought necessary although with a protest, audiencia replies, adopted by the were hostile to the arrangements no respect of the king and benefit of the Junta, for the better service interested in all the public, and that they were sufficiently for the preservation means that were considered necessary Ferdinand VII. of those dominions to their lawful sovereign and and union with, the mother country, in dependence on, add farther, that one for the felicity of the people. They of the tribunal, of the Fiscals took the oath in the name to which they thought necessary although with a protest, --- Page 391 --- and in obedience to the laws cover their responsibility, admitted it, and granted him respecting oaths; the Junta the tribunal the usual certificate. From these circumstances desires of the Junta, conceived, that it had conformed tothe expressed by its members. for the objects repeatedly was the going of the The result of this communication to take D. Manuel Regès, on the following evening Oidore, of the other Oidores, which he did the oath in the name Fiscal; but the tribunal exactly in the same forms as the the concurred, on the following day to compliment having Real Fortaleza, Segtior Ruges reJunta in the hall ofthe had done in the peated the same insult that Seglior Caspe a cane with which to rub his teeth, Cabildo, and not having to carry still farther he did it with his nails, endeavouring indecent and exthe contempt of the Junta, by an action so traordinary in a man of his rank. in insults would have had no influence These personal ifit had not discoveredi lin them the resolutions of the Junta, but the public the real spirit that animated those ministers; the marked them with a general indignation 3 has already followed with a high hand; the administration of justice day, and all had contempt of the Junta increased every that there their eyes fixed on the real audiencia, knowing were existedin it the standard of a party, among whom they and which serve to interrupt to consider all the discontented, In this state of things the the union of the other states. tribunal the following Junta thought it proper to send the note : Junta states that the necessity of conIn this note the and the confidence and resolidating the new government, the Junta to make spect that alone can support it, compel which will at this farther communication to the audiencia, fears of a least frec it from all responsibility, should its just While the necessity of sacrifatal convulsion be realized. party, among whom they and which serve to interrupt to consider all the discontented, In this state of things the the union of the other states. tribunal the following Junta thought it proper to send the note : Junta states that the necessity of conIn this note the and the confidence and resolidating the new government, the Junta to make spect that alone can support it, compel which will at this farther communication to the audiencia, fears of a least frec it from all responsibility, should its just While the necessity of sacrifatal convulsion be realized. --- Page 392 --- ought to be a ficing every thing to the public tranquillity, and masufficient motive with the constituted authorities, tributhere is obscrvable in the ministers of that gistrates, in all its actions against thc Junta. Their nal, an open war of their associates, and theobcontempt of it, the chagrin submitted every scurity to which they have voluntarily which is not conccaled thing, they say, shews a discontent in this trifrom those who flatter themselves with finding audiencia undertaking against the Junta. The bunal, any ift they have opposed to the installation will know, they say, their reach ; but of the Junta, all the means that were in shew the it is necessary to support it, and to once installed, especially when people where they may expect protection, to recondition, presents an opportunity their provisional whatever right may now be claim, in the General Congress, considered as dormant. replics, that the fears To this note the audiencia again in this excellencies the Junta had suggested which their turn out to be too well founded, note, might unfortunately could either foresee or prevent the but it wasimpossible they had them so much ofgestures of their minister, that given be approved fence; and nothing of that kind could possibly either directly or indirectly ofby them, that was practised by stating, that they against the Junta. They conclude to your nevertheless, to conclude, with intimating have, fully convinced that their situation excellencies, that being and that itis impossible svill daily become morernpleasant, prejadices, prudence for them to shield themselves against This rests in the bands dictates the removal of the cause. excellencies; and the only, and the surest remedy of your from their situations, arid even to will be to disiniss them them from this capital; the governmeht granting remove that, under its shade, they may pass them its protection, citizens, exempt from thosc their lives in the class of private --- Page 393 --- character gives birth with rcsuspicions to which a public gard both to actions and writings. excellencies many years. God preserve your MANUEL DE VELASCO. MANUEL JOSE DE REYES. MANUEL DE VILLOTA. ANTONIO CASPE Y RODREQUEZ. Buenos Ayres, June S, 1810. To the President and Members of the Governing Junta. discovered that the minds of the ministers were This act If they had, theJunta would not satisfied with moderation. but have expected from not have separated from them ; their could not obtain from justice; their will, what they waited for the time when a declaratheywould have patiently have abolisbed the influence of tion from his majesty would its august views, wherewith they pretend to support personal would have been the invariable conduct of rights. This irresistible necessity had not made them rethe Junta, if an with horror, the syssolve otherwisc. The public perceived, their actions and by the ministers ; they saw in tem pursued which would one day produce a dreadin their words, a spark ofthe 10thJunc, discovered ful convulsion; and in thenight assailed the person itselfina numerous body of people, who and beat of the Fiscal Caspe, on his returning to his house, the This disgraceful transaction increased him severcly. because it took away that gricf and the fears of the Junta, barrier of respect which makes the person of a magistrate It was calculated to produce fresh and greater invulnerable. and the Junta had only more weak means of predisasters, them. At the same time there wasdaily discovered venting in the secret communication with powerful persons some convulsion; and in thenight assailed the person itselfina numerous body of people, who and beat of the Fiscal Caspe, on his returning to his house, the This disgraceful transaction increased him severcly. because it took away that gricf and the fears of the Junta, barrier of respect which makes the person of a magistrate It was calculated to produce fresh and greater invulnerable. and the Junta had only more weak means of predisasters, them. At the same time there wasdaily discovered venting in the secret communication with powerful persons some --- Page 394 --- ôther towns, whereby it was endeavoured with the utmost solicitude to divide them from us, and thereby create a general dissolution of the state, or a grievous anarchy in those provinces, before they could enjoy any of the rights which the fundamental constitution of the kingdom allows them, and the Spanish government has solemnly declared to them. These pernicious notions were no less prejudicial by the object, than by the mannerin which they were propagated. Theintentions of the Junta were openly opposed by them; and, in disregard of their oaths and the two solemn acts of their installation, they traduced our fidelity, and represented us as persons having an interest contrary to the rights of our monarch. A Junta, which has sworn to serve and guard the rights of the king, which alone preitself during an incertitude of the sovereign installed represented the absent prince of the power, which kingdom, which has done no more than has been done by all the Juntas of and which acknowledges the same Spain, venerable principles with those assemblies, whoseheroism has been the the nation, and the admiration of support of selves treated Europe; we find ouras disaffected subjects, by those very men who formerly supported obedience to the legitimacy of the of Spain, but who exhibit different Juntas stantly treatment to us, by condeceiving us by voluntary deception. The given to such sentiments, daily publicity tation. No augmented the popular irri. person can believe, the manner in most loyal persons were attacked in the which the of bouour, and all are most delicate points acquainted with the insidious artifice of maintaining a weak opposition, that make a merit of it, and they may one day assume to themselves the credit of havingpreserved rights, which haveno firmerfoundation than oorsoluntaryaubnision to a legitimate vassalage. of Buenos Ayres, is as faithful to their TheJunta king as the Juntas of No augmented the popular irri. person can believe, the manner in most loyal persons were attacked in the which the of bouour, and all are most delicate points acquainted with the insidious artifice of maintaining a weak opposition, that make a merit of it, and they may one day assume to themselves the credit of havingpreserved rights, which haveno firmerfoundation than oorsoluntaryaubnision to a legitimate vassalage. of Buenos Ayres, is as faithful to their TheJunta king as the Juntas of --- Page 395 --- of the monarch will rest secure in the Spain. The rights and when we review our loyalty of a pcople who love him, our we feel we have the glory of having discharged conduct, other obligation than the honour duties, without having any them. Such were the with wbich we have sworn to observe which our affairs objects in view in the deplorable state to confounded the rights of the king were reduced; ; they which no one invaded, with their own sordid interest in the most immibut which they conceived to be and whence arose complaints, calumnies, nent danger; with the manly firmness with which fears, which increased tormidable when the Junta proceeded. Dangers appeared Men who considered themselves personseen at a distance. looked upon the principai magisally engaged to the system, They believe trates of this capital as the rallying point. efforts their interests to be the same, and that their impotent by the secret partv, which they thought would be supported Every thingthreatened they hadsecured by theirneguciationsof which were convulsion, the consequences an approaching and the Junta saw the country in danger from incalculable, to some persons who, in the the deference which they paid with must have become victims to the imprudence end, the state to ruin. T'he danger which they were bringing other mode of averting it havadmitted of no delay, and no thac these minispresented itself, the Junta has decreed ing before the of the sovereignty terss should be sent representation for having where they will have to answer of our monarch, authorized by all the people of opposed an establishment Spain. has the satisfaction of having performed its duThe Junta which caused them to be emties, by the dignity with they and provides barked. Iwatches overthe wantsofthdrlamilie,t with commoditics suitable to their station, and they them a better proof of the confidence think, they could not give the Junta has decreed ing before the of the sovereignty terss should be sent representation for having where they will have to answer of our monarch, authorized by all the people of opposed an establishment Spain. has the satisfaction of having performed its duThe Junta which caused them to be emties, by the dignity with they and provides barked. Iwatches overthe wantsofthdrlamilie,t with commoditics suitable to their station, and they them a better proof of the confidence think, they could not give --- Page 396 --- which they have in their cause, than sent beforc that having their rivals - Sovereign Judge who will try them. Who can disapprove of our conduct, when law and reason sole guides? Can they deny the disasters and are our would involve in confusion the conflicts which sovereign of our representation metropolis? Are we to attack the rights of the people by electing, under the circumstances of the day, a sentative government? If they do sO, the repreindignation of a representative sovereign will fall upon them. The ment will protect the rights of the people, which governconstitutes its own legitimacy. Will it be denied that the people of America are those of Spain? This would be equal to a crime for which would lose all right in this country. Are they we to be accused of crimcs or delinquency? Bat what are they? Public order is preserved; the laws are respected; and the security of individuals is punctually guarded. The king is loved and respected, and we are attached to his sacred the same ties which bind the loyalty and person, by subjection of tbe people of Spain. If the Council of Regency has arrived at a fallknowledge of the titles which legalizes its installation, they will not disregard the complaints of their they will acknowledge the inhabitants faithful provinces; subjects of King Ferdinand, and recollecting that one day Ît was said to them by proclamation, 6C From this moment, American Spaniards, you are clevated to the diguity of shall not be freemen; you hereafter, as formerly you have been, looked at with indifference, distressed by covetousness, and destroyed by ignoranée. Your destinics bereafter wilil not depend On ministers, or viceroys, or on governors; they shall bein your own hands. We will remove all your abuscs, all your extortions, and all the evils which have in country from the arbitrary orders sprung your ofyour ancient government." They will have this exclamation drawn from them, by those who prefer to the perilous of permanency their --- Page 397 --- possession of these regions, who know persons, the tranquil of the sovercign, by ways which howto secure the authority excepting to those who would are not new nor extrancous, not scetheir grievances. kecp the people blind, that they may Buenos Ayres, June 23, 1810. CORNELIO DE SAAVEDRA. MORENA, Secretario. DR. MARIANO G. AND ALLIANCE BETWEEN HIS TREATY OF FRIENDSHIP HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS THE BRITANNIC MAJESTY AND AT RIO DE PRINCE REGENT OF FORTUOAL-SIONED 10TH OF FEBRUARY, 1810. JANEIRO, Pisiiudiy-dutboriy. ofthe most holy and undivided Trinity. - In the name of Great the king of the united' kingdom His majesty and his royal highness the Prince Britain and Ireland, with a sense of the Regent of Portugal, being impressed have derived, from tbe advantage which the two crowns have subsisted beperfect harmony and friendship which equally four centuries, in a manner tween them during moderation, and justice of honourable to the gooil faith, and happy both parties ; and recognising the important at the which their mutual alliance has produced effects, which his royal highness the Prince present crisis, during attached to the cause of Great Regent of Portugal (lirmly as by the example of Britain, as well by his own prineiples, received from his has continually his angust ancestors), and disinterested supBritannic majesty, the most generous and in his other domiand succour, both in Portugal port during moderation, and justice of honourable to the gooil faith, and happy both parties ; and recognising the important at the which their mutual alliance has produced effects, which his royal highness the Prince present crisis, during attached to the cause of Great Regent of Portugal (lirmly as by the example of Britain, as well by his own prineiples, received from his has continually his angust ancestors), and disinterested supBritannic majesty, the most generous and in his other domiand succour, both in Portugal port --- Page 398 --- nions; have determined, for the benefit of their respective states and subjects, to form a solemn treaty of friendship and alliance; for which purpose his majesty the king of the united kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland, and his royal highness the Prince Regent of Portugal, have named for their respective Commissioners and Plenipotentiarics, to wit, his Britannic majesty, the most illustrious and most excellent Lord Percy Clinton Sidney, Lord Viscount and Baron of Strangford, one of his majesty's most Honourable Privy Council, Knight of the Military Order of the Bath, Grand Order ofthe Tower and Sword, and Cross of the Portuguese his majesty's Envoy Extraordinary andMinister Plenipotentiary at the court of Portugal ; and his royal highness the Prince Regent, the most illustrious and most excellent Lord Don Rodrigo de Souza Conttinho, Count ofLinhares, Commander of theOrder of Christ, Grand Lord of Payalvo, of Saint Bento, and of the Order of the Cross of the Order Council of Tower and Sword, one of his royal highness's State, and his principal Secretary of State for the departments of Foreign Affairsand War; who after having dulyexchanged their respective full powers, have agreed upon the following articles: Article 1. There shall be a perpetual, firm, and unalterable friendship, defensive alliancc, and strict and inviolable union, between his majesty the King of the United ofGreat Britain and Ireland, his heirs and succesKingdom and his highness the Prince sors, on the one part; royal the other Regent of Portugal, his heirs and successors, on and their respective kingpart; as also between, amongst so that doms, dominions, provinces, countries and subjects, parties sball constantly employ, as well the high contracting those means which Almighty their utmost attention, as all Providence has put in their power, for preserving the public tranquillity and security, for maintaining their common United ofGreat Britain and Ireland, his heirs and succesKingdom and his highness the Prince sors, on the one part; royal the other Regent of Portugal, his heirs and successors, on and their respective kingpart; as also between, amongst so that doms, dominions, provinces, countries and subjects, parties sball constantly employ, as well the high contracting those means which Almighty their utmost attention, as all Providence has put in their power, for preserving the public tranquillity and security, for maintaining their common --- Page 399 --- and for their mutual defence and guarantee interests, attack, the whole in conformity to the against every hostile between the bigh contracting treaties alrcady subsisting of which, SO far 25 the points ofalparties; the stipulations shall remain in entire liance and friendship are concerned, be by the force and vigour, and shall be dcemed to renewed in their fullest interpretation and extent. present treaty contracted by the of the engagement 2. In consequence contracting partics shall alpreceding article, the two bigh of peace and tranways act in concert for the maintenance should be threatquillity; and in case that either ofthem the other ened with a hostile attack by any power whatever, offices, shall employ its most earnest and effectual good and hostilities, or for procuring just either for preventing complete satisfaction to the injured party. his) Britannic Mawith this declaration, 3. In conformity confirm, and does hereby renew jesty agrees to renew and the Prince Regent of Porand confirm, to his royal highness in the sixth article of the tugal, the engagement contained Plenipotentiaries in convention signed by their respective 1807, which London, on the twenty-second day of October, of the article is hereunto subjoined, with the omission only which words 66 previously to his departure for Brazily" followed the words c6 which his royal words immediately highness may establish in Portugal." established 66 The seat of the Portuguese monarchy being his Britannic majesty promises, in his own name in Brazil, and successors, never to acknowand in that of his heirs other than the heir ledge as king of Portugal, any prince house of Braganza; ofthe royal and legitimate representative and maintain with and his majesty also engages to renew establish in the Regency (which his royal highness may relations of friendship which have so long Portugal), the of Great Britain and Portugal." united the crowns words immediately highness may establish in Portugal." established 66 The seat of the Portuguese monarchy being his Britannic majesty promises, in his own name in Brazil, and successors, never to acknowand in that of his heirs other than the heir ledge as king of Portugal, any prince house of Braganza; ofthe royal and legitimate representative and maintain with and his majesty also engages to renew establish in the Regency (which his royal highness may relations of friendship which have so long Portugal), the of Great Britain and Portugal." united the crowns --- Page 400 --- And the two high contracting parties, do also renew and confirm, the additional articles rclating to the island of Madeira, signed in London on the 16th day of Mareh, and engage faithfully to execute such of them, as remain 180S, to be executed. 4. His royal highness the Prince Regent of Portugal renews and confirms to his Britannic Majesty, the which has been made in his royal name, to make cngagement good all and several the losses and defalcations of property sustained by the subjects of his Britannic Majesty, in ofthe various measures which the Court of consequence Portugal was unwillingly obliged to takein the month ofNovember, 1807. And this articieis to be carried into full effect, as soon as sibleafier the octasp-@bonisadbmafiley pospresenttreaty. 5. It is agreed, that in case it should appear that losses or injuries in point of property have been sustained any either by the Portuguese government, or by the subjects of his royal highness the Prince Regent of Portugal, in consequence of the state of public affairs at the time of the amicable occupation of Goa by the troops ofbis Britannic Majesty; the said losses and injaries shall be and that upon due proof thereof, they shall dulyinecstigated, be made the British good by government. 6. His royal highness the Prince Regent of Portugal, preserving a grateful remembrance of the service and assistathe Mich his crown and family have received from the royal navy of England, being convinced that it has been the powerful exertions of that navy in support of the by and independence of Europe, that the most effectual barrier rights has hitherto been opposed to the ambition and injustice of other states; and designing to give a proof of confidence and perfect friendship to his true and aneient ally the of the united kingdom of Great Britain and king Ireland, is pleased to grant to his Britannio Majesty the privilege of preserving a grateful remembrance of the service and assistathe Mich his crown and family have received from the royal navy of England, being convinced that it has been the powerful exertions of that navy in support of the by and independence of Europe, that the most effectual barrier rights has hitherto been opposed to the ambition and injustice of other states; and designing to give a proof of confidence and perfect friendship to his true and aneient ally the of the united kingdom of Great Britain and king Ireland, is pleased to grant to his Britannio Majesty the privilege of --- Page 401 --- ofbuilding ships of wart to be eansing timber, for the purposc forests, and chases parchased and cut down in the woods, (excepting in ther royal forests, which arc appointed of Brazil navy), together with permisfor the use of the Portuguese or repaired sion to cause ships of war to be built, equipped, and harbours of that empirc, a previous within the ports made in cach instance (for application and notice being which shall immcform's sakc) to the Court of Portugal, assist and atdiately appoint an officer of the royal navy to declared these occasions. And it is expressly tend upon shall not be granted to and promised, that these privileges any other nation or state whatsoever. that 7. It is stipulated and agreed by the present treaty, or number of ships of war should if at any time a squadron parties for the be sent for either of the high contracting the succour and assistance of the other, the parties receiving and assistance shall, at its own proper charge and succour furnish the said squadron or ships of war (so long expense, be actually, employed for its benefit, protections as they may with the articles of fresh beef, vegetables, and or service), in which those articles are fuel, in the same proportion usually supplied toits own ships of war, bythe party SO grant. the succour and assistance. And this agreement is deing binding on each of the high colclared to be reciprocally tracting parties. it is stipulated by former treaties between 4 8. Whereas, Great Britain and Portugal, that in time of peace the ships of war ofthe former power, that may be admitted at any one time into any port belonging to theother, shall not exceed the number of six, his royal highness the Prince Regent of Portugal, confiding in the faith and permanency of bis alliance with his Britannic Majesty, is pleased toabrogate and annul this restriction altogether, and to declare, that henceforward any number of ships whatever, belonging to his reciprocally tracting parties. it is stipulated by former treaties between 4 8. Whereas, Great Britain and Portugal, that in time of peace the ships of war ofthe former power, that may be admitted at any one time into any port belonging to theother, shall not exceed the number of six, his royal highness the Prince Regent of Portugal, confiding in the faith and permanency of bis alliance with his Britannic Majesty, is pleased toabrogate and annul this restriction altogether, and to declare, that henceforward any number of ships whatever, belonging to his --- Page 402 --- Britannic Majesty, may be admitted at one time into port belonging to his royal highness the Prince Regent any of Portugal. And it is further stipulated, that this shall not be granted to any other nation or state whatever, privilege whether in return for any other equivalent, or in virtue of any subsequent treaty or agreement; it being solcly founded upon the principle of the unexampled amity and confidence which have, during SO many ages, subsisted between the crowns of Great Britain and Portugal. And it is further ageed and stipulated, that transports, bona fide such, and actually employed on the service of either of the high contracting parties, shall be treated within the ports of the other the same footing as ifthey were ships of war. on His Britannic Majesty does also agree on his part to mit any number of ships belonging to his royal perthe Prince Regent of Portugal to be admitted at highness into any port of his Britannic one time Majesty's dominions, and there to receive succour and assistance, if necessary, and be otherwise treated as the ships of the most favoured nation this engagement being also reciprocal between the two ; high contracting parties. 9. The Inquisition, or tribunal of the holy office, not having been hitherto established or recognised in Brazil, his roval highness the Prince Regent of Portugal, guided by an enlightened and liberal policy, takes the opportunity afforded by the present treaty to declare spontaneously in his own name, and in that of his heirs and successors, that the Inquisition shall not hereafter be established in the South American dominions of the crown of Portugal. And his Britannic Majesty,in consequence of this declaration on the part of his royal highness the Prince Regent of Portugal, does on his part engage and declare, that the fifth article of the treaty of one thousand six hundred and fifty-four, in virtue of which certain exemptions from the Regent of Portugal, guided by an enlightened and liberal policy, takes the opportunity afforded by the present treaty to declare spontaneously in his own name, and in that of his heirs and successors, that the Inquisition shall not hereafter be established in the South American dominions of the crown of Portugal. And his Britannic Majesty,in consequence of this declaration on the part of his royal highness the Prince Regent of Portugal, does on his part engage and declare, that the fifth article of the treaty of one thousand six hundred and fifty-four, in virtue of which certain exemptions from the --- Page 403 --- granted to, Briare exclusively no efauthority of the Inquisition considered as null, and having of shall be of the crown, tish subjects, South American dominions that this fect in the Britannic Majesty consents, Portugal. And his of the treaty of one thousand of the fifth article also extend to Portugal upon abrogation hundred and fifty-four shall by the command six in that country to all aholition ofthe Inquisition the Prince Regent, and gencrally where he of his royal bighness highness's dominions other parties of his royal tribunal. hereafter aholish that Prince Regent of Portugal, may highness the of the 10. His royal of the injustice and impolicy which arise being fully convinced of the great disadvantages Slave Trade, and and continually renewing labour from the necessity of introducing for the purpose of and factitious population dominions, has rea foreign within his South American Majesty in the cause and industry with his Britannic most efficacious solved to co-operate by adopting the the Slave and justicc, abolition of of humanity about a gradual And, means for bringing the whole of his dominions. Prince ReTrade, throughout bis royal highness the not be peractuated by this principle, that his subjects shall coast gent of Portugal engages, Slave Trade on any part of the mitted to carry on the belonging to his royal hitghness's and of Africa, not which actually that trade has been discontinued which fordominions, in and states of Europe abandoned by the powers however, to bis own subjects, merly traded there; reserving, in slaves within the Afof purchasing and trading Iii is, however, the right dominions of the Crown of Portugal of the prerican understood, that the sripulations or to be distinctly not to be considered as invalidating, to sent article are of the Crown of Portagal otherwise affecting the rights Molembs (which rights have territories of Cabinda and of France); ; the by the governmnent formerly been questioned 2c YOL.II. --- Page 404 --- the commerce of Ajuda, and nor as limiting or restraining other parts in Africa (situated upon the coast cominonly the Costo da Mina), becalled in the Portuguese languagc, the Crown of Portugal; his royal longing to, or claimed by, resolved not highness the Prince Regent of Portugal being his and legitimate pretensions to resign nor forego just with those thereto, nor the rights of his subjects to trade places exactly in the same manner as they have hitherto done. I The mutual exchange of ratifications of the present 11. shall take place in the city of London within the space treaty if to be computed from of four months, or sooner possible, the day of the signature thereof. In witness whereof, we, the undersigned plenipotentiaries of his Britannic Majesty, and of his royal highness the of in virtue of our respective full Prince Regent Portugal, and have signed the present treaty with our hands, powers, have caused the seals of our arms to be set thereto. Rio de Janeiro, on the nineteenth day Done in our city of thousand of February, in the year of our Lord one cight hundred and ten. STRANGFORD. (L.S.) CONDE DE LINHARES. (L.S.) FINIS. Paternoster C. Stower, Row, Printer, London. --- Page 405 --- --- Page 406 --- --- Page 407 --- DY10A W2Hfe wol. 1 2 --- Page 408 ---