--- Page 1 --- A --- Page 2 --- Jabir Carter Browit Liltmny Brmn Hnirrersity 3 - AAU --- Page 3 --- --- Page 4 --- - --- Page 5 --- --- Page 6 --- IN - PLAN houli fiha BRITISI ixr npwnal a CrY of SANTO DONINGO, hie fuly PTY CICIL. III --- Page 7 --- PRESENT STATE OF THE SPANISIE COLONIES; INCLUDING A PARTICULAR REPORT OF HISPANOLA, OR THE SPANISH PART OF SANTO DOMINGO: WITH A GENERAL SURVEY OF THE SETTLEMENTS ON THE SOUTH CONTINENT OF AMERICA, AS RELATES TO HISTORY, TRADE, POPULATION, CUSTOMS, MANNERS, &c. WITII A CONCISE STATEMENT OF THE SENTIMENTS OF TIE PEOPLE ON THEIR RELATIVE SITUATION TO THE MOTHER COUNTRY, &c. BY WILLIAM WALTON, JUN. SECRETARY TO TUE EXPEDITION WHICH CAFTURED THE CITY OPSANTODONISCO FROM THEFRENCH ; AND RESIDENT BRITINAGEKEAHEA Quod sol atque imbres doderant, quor terra crearat Sponte sua, satis id placabat pectora donum, Quod superest, aes atque aurum, ferrumque repertum est, Et simul argenti pondus. LUCRETIUS, lib. F. -mores hominum..et urbes. HOR. MEYW VOL. I. LONDON: RRINTED FOR LONGMAN, HURST, REES, ORME, AND BROWN, PATERNOSTER-ROW. 1810, --- Page 8 --- --- Page 9 --- PREFACE. Tap precipitation with which the following sheets are put to press, will, it is hoped, be admitted as some excuse for any waul of classification orderly arrangement, that and may be observed in the course of the occasionally narrative, The work was commenced on a sick and boisterous voyage across the ocean, and was amidst other completed weightier occupations, and, during intervals, in a great measure stolen from social intercourse of the author the with relations and friends, from whom he had been from his, childhood. It separated was thought, that if it could be deemed however, to contain any information of interest or would importance, its value necessarily be diminished by delay of publication, at a time when the public mind to be, in a particular seemed manner, drawn to the new world, and seeking especially to extend its hitherto --- Page 10 --- vi PREFACE. imperfect knowledge of the in that Spanish Settlements quarter, It having fallen to the lot of the early in life, the author to visit, he here pcople and countries of which attempts a faint formed the delineation, he had design of putting bis researches together at some futurel period, in general a large and description of the Spanish had, with that view, Colonies, and terials collected a variety of marelating both to the Spanish Islands the shores of the and the Continent, from La Vela to Oronoko, which: have been, war, the most during the last accessible to foreigners. his intércourse with From the literati of. the Spanish officers, and witlz country, he had tol 1 obtuin the been enabled docaments which were to formi the neceseary groundwork of such an and he had, besides, undertakings compiled much to the same subject, relating in during a long residence Spain, where he had been access to the best favoured with libraries, and furnished with communications from several resided in official persons who had situations in the dies. Spanish InHappening, however, to be first of those who among the were taken by the at the breaking out of the French, contest in Hispahola, mnany of these papers were then unfortunately groundwork of such an and he had, besides, undertakings compiled much to the same subject, relating in during a long residence Spain, where he had been access to the best favoured with libraries, and furnished with communications from several resided in official persons who had situations in the dies. Spanish InHappening, however, to be first of those who among the were taken by the at the breaking out of the French, contest in Hispahola, mnany of these papers were then unfortunately --- Page 11 --- PREFACE, vii lost, and, to complete his calamity, the remainder perished on board his Majesty's which had ship the Lark, conveyed part of the British from Jamaica to the troops siege of the city of Santo Domingo, and foundered in the month of gust, 1809, Auduring one of those dreadful hurricanes, which sometimes sweep the West India seas, Thus deprived of what he had collected during the course of seven years application and labour, the author is now left with little than the traces of his else, his memory to recur to for guidance, and he therefore wishes to be sidered as conbringing forward the present publication, rather as an essay, than as a treatise on the important complete subject to which it relates. The discovery and colonization of gions, distant rehaving been rendered subservient best and most valuable to the purposes of human by the intercourse and life, exchange which have been established between them, the countries description of such becomes a pleasing theme to the ful mind; while it youthtraveller conveys instruction to the or navigator, who may visit them the purposes of for research, of business, or of sure, pleaRespecting the Spanish were in the Settlements, we greatest want of information; what --- Page 12 --- viii PREFACE. we had, being derived from who wrote their own anthors, soon after the discoveries of and whose works, from Colambus, two centuries intervening, are now become obsolete; the French or else from literati, who have lately visited shores. their It may, perhaps, be the second thought that some parts of volume, are anticipated by what have lately written others on the same it ought also, in subjects; but candour, to be the same counsidered, that sources of information the author, and were open to were actually about the same explored by him time. Reference is here made chiefly to Depons' work on the Caraccas. Where, however, the author's personal observation not direct him, he has, could himself of the without scruple, availed best authorities, to which he could procure access. While he has endeavoured divest his narrative of to cumberous has been minutia, he ambitious of inserting been able to whaterer he has discover of a curious, and instructive interesting, nature, in order to throw much liglt as he could, as on the transatlantic possessions of Spain, and their relative tion to the mother situaavowal of his country. This candid sentiments and views, he submits to the bumbly consideration of the public, SO- While he has endeavoured divest his narrative of to cumberous has been minutia, he ambitious of inserting been able to whaterer he has discover of a curious, and instructive interesting, nature, in order to throw much liglt as he could, as on the transatlantic possessions of Spain, and their relative tion to the mother situaavowal of his country. This candid sentiments and views, he submits to the bumbly consideration of the public, SO- --- Page 13 --- PREFACE. ix licitous to obtain for them its indulgent patronage: : which he dloes with the greater confidence, from the consciousness that he is actuated by no other wish, than to be of some utility to the community at large, Bristol, Sept. 1, 1810. --- Page 14 --- --- Page 15 --- CONTENTS OF VOL. I. INTRODUCTION. CHAP. I. First Discovery, and early History of Hispanola. a - a CHAP. II. Present Government of Haiti. CHAP. III. Description of the Coast, Harbours, Bays, and detached Islands of Hispanola, CHAP. IV. Soil and Resources compared with those of Haiti, Country, Vallies, Climate, Plains, Branding Cattle, Woods described. - - 66 CHAP. V. Rivers, Streams, Lakes, &c. CHAP. VI. Aspect of the Country, and stroke of the Sun and Moon. --- Page 16 --- xii CONTENTS. CHAP, VII. Species dr Woods, ductions, Fruits, Vegetable Pro- &c. - CHAP. VIII, Mines, Mineral Productions; &c. CHAP, IX. Animalsy Game, Fish, Insects, &c. CHAP. X. Population, Cities, Towns, U &c. a CHAP. XI. Amusements. CHAP, XII, Indians, their cribed, History, one of their Idols desDecline and Rise of licy of the French in the West Hispanola, PoIndies. CHAP. XIII, Occupation of the Island by the their final Expulsion French, till by the Spaniards. - English and a CHAP. XIV. Advantages that result to England from sessing the French of disposHlispafiola: - . --- Page 17 --- CONTENTS., xiii APPENDIX. A. Description, of the N. E. Coast of the Spanish : Main from Cape Vela, to the Oronoko - ib. B. General Account of the Bull-feasts in Spain - 2S8 C. Statemeut ofthe Productions of French St. Domingo, with other Commercial Particulars. D. Memoirs of the Prince of Peace, late Minister and Generalissimo of the Spanish Armies. 303 E." Copy of a Dispatch from Major-General. Carmichael, respecting the Capture of the city of Santo Domingo. - t $17 F. Selection of a Cargo, or an Assortment of Goods suited on a general Scale for the Markets of Spanish America. Remarks. a Furtber particulars relating to the Idol or Cemi, described in page 167 of this volume, - 352 --- Page 18 --- xiv CONTENTS. Dissertation on the Antilles, or West India Islands, particularly Hispanola, Soil, State of its Productions, original and other Phenomena, Climate, Winds, Creoles, Caraibs, Buccaneers, &c, a --- Page 19 --- PRESENT STATE OF THE SPANISH COLONIES, INTRODUCTION. HISPANOLA. To give a full and perfect account of SO extensive and varied an island as Hispanola, might absorb a life devoted to the study of geography, topography, botany, and mineralogy; of themselves distinct and important sciences, in which the narrator would require to be equally profound as in those of history and political economy. Educated in the active school of trade, and unprepared by the acquisition of those various branches ofknow-. ledge that qualify the general historian, little more than description can be expected from me ; elaborate and abstruse disquisitions I VOL, I, B and perfect account of SO extensive and varied an island as Hispanola, might absorb a life devoted to the study of geography, topography, botany, and mineralogy; of themselves distinct and important sciences, in which the narrator would require to be equally profound as in those of history and political economy. Educated in the active school of trade, and unprepared by the acquisition of those various branches ofknow-. ledge that qualify the general historian, little more than description can be expected from me ; elaborate and abstruse disquisitions I VOL, I, B --- Page 20 --- cannot enter into, nor attempt sions ofphilosophieal any excurréasoning; which indeed often mislead; ; for, being founded generally on speculative and partial systems, they do not accord with those simple principles of truth and fact, which ought to be the sole - and ornament ofh history. Snch however object have too often been the productions of the French literati; mixed compositions of history and philosophy, a flowery system of things, developed to give room for the delusions of sophistry; narratives of travels dressed up by persons who never left their native and grounded on the hearsay of others, country, who but too often see things reflected from the mirror of prejudice. The intent of the following sheets is to give ani insight into countries little known amongst us, to assist in placing them in the interesting point of view they desérve, and to rescue them from that neglect in which they have hitherto remained. They become doubly interesting in the present advancing crisis, as they open resources to enterprize, and an exchange of duce founded on commercial relations, pro- and protected by our own government. My desire is to tread in paths that have hitherto been to Englishmen nearly inaccessible: to add my --- Page 21 --- mite as well to the annals of the information of the geography, as'to literary and commercial world, and to contribute to the establishment of a correct acquaintance with an race of men, SO long kept interesting reach from want of convenient beyond our the intercourse. In prosecution of my attempt, exactitude shall be my course, and truth my land-mark. Placed from my early youth amongst the people ofSpain, with whose peculiaritiesof character I was pleased, with whose easily assimilated and became manners I whose elegant familiar, and cultivate, language it was my delight to I formed there the my research; I discerned in them ground-work of sources which were stifled dormant regovernment and by their system of nation internal policy ; I beheld a labouring under the thraldom.of rance and depression, and bridled ignocurb of mental and by the iron the diamond political terror; ; yet I saw sparkling in the surrounding incrustation, that wanted but the torch of to distinguish it, and a suitable reason process of improvement to bring forth its genuine lustre. If it be true that instruction man for a state of society, and alone fits the bond of'mutual unites him by happiness and vation; that italone calls forth the latent self-preserenerB 2 labouring under the thraldom.of rance and depression, and bridled ignocurb of mental and by the iron the diamond political terror; ; yet I saw sparkling in the surrounding incrustation, that wanted but the torch of to distinguish it, and a suitable reason process of improvement to bring forth its genuine lustre. If it be true that instruction man for a state of society, and alone fits the bond of'mutual unites him by happiness and vation; that italone calls forth the latent self-preserenerB 2 --- Page 22 --- gis and virtues of the soul:-rend but der the veil of night, that has asunclouded sO" long overSpain, and its inhabitants are of all things. Hitherto capable existing but as the vassals of the great, and accustomed to to their decrees, and those of the pay government - they composed, the same implicit deference as to the infallible précepts of their were pastors; ; they impressed with the idea,that to reason was a privilege theyhad not a rightto arrogate;yet like the genial soil on which they toiled, their minds wanted not the hand ofthe tiller, but merely the planting of those seeds from which were to spring the principles oftrue and active. patriotism; they were not sensible of the extent of which they did not wrongs and accustomed as comprehend ; they were to endure slavery, it did not appear to them an evil to destroy which deserved the sacrifice of their blood. It is with the Spaniard as with the unlettered Indian; ; point out tolhim the summit of happiness to which he is to. ascend, make him sensible of the enjoyment that there awaits him; rouse him by example, and guide him by the hand of union; ; intervening obstacles will then increase hisardour and bis heartand arm will obey the impulse of conviction. It would be almostintruding on the patience --- Page 23 --- ofthe British reader, to enter onlong and neral remarks respecting their distant gesions,though yet SO litile possesiti not forthat interest which knownamongu us,were for the welfare of all everyi bosom feels belouging to this injured people; and at a mnoment when such national sympathy pervades erery class, even outlines cannot be attogether mnacceptable. Ir that alliance which at present subsists between this country and spain, be the emanation of a congenial spirit, as welli as the tie of iti becomes of equal import to attend interest, vital extreinity of their to this distance political body; and its onght not to suffer us to behold it through the wrong end of the Our experience ofit the perspective. which marked the composition of character heterogencous mass of the persons of political influence in Spain, and which even under the immediate eye of vernment has shewn us the obstacles gohave operated against its which independence in Eut rope, may give us an idea oft those which in its colonies exisabroad; what then to be dreaded, in a distant clime, ought not relations of interest and where the nationality are severed, where the sway of authority isl nearly reflective, and where only through the feebleness ofdelegated powerthe people are left to them- persons of political influence in Spain, and which even under the immediate eye of vernment has shewn us the obstacles gohave operated against its which independence in Eut rope, may give us an idea oft those which in its colonies exisabroad; what then to be dreaded, in a distant clime, ought not relations of interest and where the nationality are severed, where the sway of authority isl nearly reflective, and where only through the feebleness ofdelegated powerthe people are left to them- --- Page 24 --- selves, and exposed to the machinations their artful of enemy. In my humble attempt therefore I devoid of hope, that its result am not general benefit; may be of some me to give much time, however, has not enabled to my detached classification or arrangement found to contain remarks, but they will be at least the outlines of the present state oft the country, and a of what it once sketch, not was, but of what by management it soon might proper is to please and to be be.-My ambition at more, usefal; ; I dare not aspire Intending in my outset to the Spanish of convey an idea of which has part Hispanola, the island mnost, and more within my immediate recently come have nothing notice, and of which we forbear novel or correct in print, I to ransack early writers, for the shall pose of presenting their ideas in a purand as my remarks are derived new dress ; observation, from actual date, Is submit or good authority of a recent them to an indulgent with the greater confidence. public Unlike Raynal, and many more, I myself not on the general ground nor do I attempt to reports of others, only existed in pourtray scenes that have fancy. Confining a myself within --- Page 25 --- the pale of descriptive truth, I leave philosophic deductions to the visionary and the speculative, and without attempting to conjure events from the shades of futurity, if I up which are now point at momentous changes impending, it is that they may be counteracted, and turned into the proper stream of advantage, and that the general concussion which has agitated the bosom of Spain may not fatally extend to her Transatlantic settlements. My views are to benefit the merchant who has not had the opportunities of going abroad, by enabling him, from his own. cabinet, to direct his commercial plans, in countries he imperfectly knows; and to hinder SO yet inconsistent adventures in which, from many want of knowledge he fails, involving in his own distress that of the community at large. My endeavour is to promote the increase of trade within its proper channels; to point out new resources which may add to the prosperity of the nation, and frustrate the designs of the comnon enemy against the commercial prosperity of England ; and to demonstrate the means of improving those advantages which are consistent with her national honour, and which come within her reach. In contending as she has done with a go- --- Page 26 --- vernment that admits of no law but nience and caprice, it is but conveher scale of just to increase commerce in and it is right to be every possible way, those occasions prepared to avail herselfof which the injustice of enemy may afford to her naval the her manufacturing and power, or to and thus to secure her commercial enterprize, The world at own just retribution. present no longer exhibits the portrait.of a common state ; fort is now made for every selfish efindividual which, with preservation, England, in great pends on her being enabled measure demerchandize to waft her own unrivalled to ter ofthe globe. Political every distant quarvulsed, much as is a society is now conquake; and city shaken by an earthnations, like seek to ensure their individuals, must tions. The safety by their own exersystem of-no intercourse without sovereignty, is at an end; the trade is an addition to increase of purchased power, and it is better by wise regulations than and fleets. by armies her being enabled measure demerchandize to waft her own unrivalled to ter ofthe globe. Political every distant quarvulsed, much as is a society is now conquake; and city shaken by an earthnations, like seek to ensure their individuals, must tions. The safety by their own exersystem of-no intercourse without sovereignty, is at an end; the trade is an addition to increase of purchased power, and it is better by wise regulations than and fleets. by armies --- Page 27 --- CHAP. I. FIRST DISCOVERY, AND EARLY HISTORY OF HISPANOLA. Ir was in the year 1492 that Columbus first undertook his projected discovery of a Western Hemisphere, and in his passage observed the variation of the compass. He noted, at a distance of 200 leagues from the isle of Ferro, that the needle did not point as usual to the N. but declined to the N. W. and found this phenomenon increased as he proceeded W. A scale of reasoning, founded on cosmography, astronomy, and the theory of the antipodes, was the basis of his scheme. Other regions he conceived must exist in the West, to maintain the equilibrium of the globe, and the theories of several of the ancients led to the solution of this problem. To sagacity then we owe the original conception of his project, which his love of glory, and his zeal for the good of science, urged him to carry into effect. The difficulties he encountered, the obstacles he overcame, and the dangers he braved, in the execution of his plans, have already been SO --- Page 28 --- frequently delineated, that to say more, mere repetition; yet the impartial were lightened will ever and enweep over the fate of this great man, and feel sensations of horror, on reflecting that both disgustful and posterity have tried to rob him contemporaries ofthe and glory ofhis enterprize ; but whilst merit intrigue supplanted him in the favour envyand gratitude ofhis king, and and contest the even authors rose to originality of his plans, ofthe cution of which they could not exeitis a consolation to feel, that deprive him, raised monuments they have only to his fame, which will exist beyond the bounds of time, and have for him a brighter crown by woven merit they tried to enhancing that eclipse, and those laurels they embalming attempted to wither. In speaking of this great late valuable Spanish author occurrence, a has that another enterprise yet remained observed, world worthy of a genius of the first to the and of intrepid class, that courage. From the notions were entertained of the Eastern coasts of Asia, it was supposed that an immense distance from they were at known islands of the coasts and Europe and Africa. That such an extensive space might contain eountries filled with mighty nations large and --- Page 29 --- states, was, of course, a conjecture that nafollowed. What an object of wise turally Even the and laudable curiosity! supposing distance between Europe, the East of Africa, and the confines of Asia, was less than it had hitherto been supposed, Or that the interval was only filled by the ocean, in how much shorter and more convenient a way, might the trade to the Indies be carried on by the Western course? These reflections the mind of the illusincessantly occupied Columbus. Well trious Genoese, Christopher acquainted with all the arts and sciences conducive to the improvement and perfection of navigation then known; stored with knowledge of all sufficient and experimental the yet discovered seas, in correspondence with philosophers of all countries; acquainted with all the books extant at the time, on the subjects of philosophy and history, he raised his ideas above the standard of his all the day, and consequently experienced contradiction, and difficulties, which opposition, combined and directed against are usually the those, who dare to step aside from beaten track. Happy for mankind, that Columbus united greatness of mind and perwhich severance with a large understanding, navigation then known; stored with knowledge of all sufficient and experimental the yet discovered seas, in correspondence with philosophers of all countries; acquainted with all the books extant at the time, on the subjects of philosophy and history, he raised his ideas above the standard of his all the day, and consequently experienced contradiction, and difficulties, which opposition, combined and directed against are usually the those, who dare to step aside from beaten track. Happy for mankind, that Columbus united greatness of mind and perwhich severance with a large understanding, --- Page 30 --- enabled him, through time and prevail on a powerfil and patience, to to protect and patronize his prosperons bold prince 'SO as to display to the wondering untertaking, spectacie, which all the world, a antiquity could not boast. brightest ages of It may clash with the social principles of the compact, to invade regions to which discovery alone gives title; and with of reason and justice also, to those equal and deadly warfare carry an unpeace and untutored into the bosom of nature; nay, it appear an outrage to humanity and may tion of right: but if the a violahistory, have been pages of ancient if those of sacred to similar heroes; modern times are dedlicated to eulogize the destroyers of the human in what rank shall we then mee; venturing place those addemigods of the Western where a handful of men world; millions in a distant were opposed to pulation clime, conquered a polarger than their own in subdued regions of more extent Europe, continent of the Fast, and, than the number, though few in erehtnally planted the standard of sovercignty for that nation which sent't tecm forth. What rank shall we then Columbus, Live to Pizarro, and Coirtes, when Cesar --- Page 31 --- Alexander, and even the Corsican, arrogate to themselves the first seats? Will their acts bear better the analysis of reason and reflection? Have not their paiths equally been stained with blood? Have not perjury, - eruelty, ferocity, and the flames of civil war, purposely kindled amongst the wretches they attempted to subjugate, mutually been their weapons? If the thirst of gold impelled one class, did not that of empire, urge on the other? As the best means of conveying an adequate idea of the island of St. Domingo to our readers, we will proceed to take a statistical view, and a sketch of the character and genius of the inhabitants, and institute a short inquiry into their trade, the extent and division of territory, revenues, strength, agriculture, the nature of its. productions, the of the causes of its demeans improvement, crease, the progress of commercial industry and political prosperity. As there is much affinity in the manners and customs of all the inhabitants, even of the other Spanish possessions in America, these remarks will assist to give a gencral outline of them also. called to St. Domingo, or Hispanola, (so distinguish it from Haiti) discovered by the and institute a short inquiry into their trade, the extent and division of territory, revenues, strength, agriculture, the nature of its. productions, the of the causes of its demeans improvement, crease, the progress of commercial industry and political prosperity. As there is much affinity in the manners and customs of all the inhabitants, even of the other Spanish possessions in America, these remarks will assist to give a gencral outline of them also. called to St. Domingo, or Hispanola, (so distinguish it from Haiti) discovered by the --- Page 32 --- great Columbus, in the reign of the immortal Ferdinand and Isabella of Castile, largest and most fertile of all is the It stands in 18. 19 the Antilles. from 68 to 74 W. degrees N. latitude, and longitude from opposite and near the Spanish London, situated between main. It is Cuba, in the Jamaica, Puerto Rico, and Caribbean sea. the Spanish authors Raynal and say it is 200 long, and from 60 to 80 wide, but leagues most correct even our it maps are very imperfect, nor easyl to traverse and is only by the huntsman survey wilds, trodden or the to the scale of latitude and fugitive negro; we fore, are indebted in longitude, theremeasurement. great measure for its It was called by the natives Highland, for such it Haiti, or presents itself, larly to the N.; they named it also particuorthe mother of Ruisqueya, countries, both which appear to be expressive epithets. names discovered, its When first Spaniards population was immense, the say four millions, and the authors two, but as a census English till the repartimientos was not made after the took place, which was cult conquest was completed, it is diffito say whatnumber perished the and famine; by sword yet scarcely had a century --- Page 33 --- beamed over the country from its discovery, when disease, principally the small-pox, and inhabitual hardships, particularly in the mines, to which the Spaniards, thirsty to amass wealth, forced them beyond their strength, had nearly threatened the entire extinction of its people. Had we but known the language of the Indians, they, no doubt, deplored their fate in strains of native elegance, and genuine feeling. To this land, as abounding in gold, Columbus was directed after discovering Cuba, and some smaller islands; it was the first he settled, and decidedly his favourite. Possessing fertility, local beauty, and natural productions, beyond any other, it was long held the most valuable appendage of the Spanish crown, and gifted and privileged accordingly. Its mountains teeming with valuable ores, first produced, to the discoverers a compensation for toil and danger, and they carried back wealth to pay the expenses of their equipment, to excite the ardour of their own nation to continue discoveries, and to rouse jealousy in the other potentates of Europe, at their success. Its valleys, luxuriant in the richest pastures, and intersected by valuable rivers, sus- , and natural productions, beyond any other, it was long held the most valuable appendage of the Spanish crown, and gifted and privileged accordingly. Its mountains teeming with valuable ores, first produced, to the discoverers a compensation for toil and danger, and they carried back wealth to pay the expenses of their equipment, to excite the ardour of their own nation to continue discoveries, and to rouse jealousy in the other potentates of Europe, at their success. Its valleys, luxuriant in the richest pastures, and intersected by valuable rivers, sus- --- Page 34 --- tained it in its decline, long after were closed, to the mines which . only the seem to have given value. Spaniards lific in every wood that Its slopes, proornament call for, afford trade can require, or analogous to the temperature every production inequality ofits elevation, produced-1 by the mate can be found, and where every cliraised or depressed the thermometer be Lulled in the by a change of locality. soil, no wants, and lap of plenty, with a rich mnust have few vices, the aborigines appeared as beings SO beniguant a climate. congenial to forms, dress, and Interesting in their children of nature, simple manners, perfect the great discoverer; they won the feelings of and his followers might have actually from them nevolence and the learnt lessons of berefinements, their softer virtues. Without existence of state of savage life was an for if at all roused ease, quiet, and active friendship; impelled by their into resistance, they were by the edge oftheir own wrongs, and gonded appeared," own sufferings. 66 says Robertson, 66 in the They nocence of nature, simple inlong and uncurled, naked; their black hair, floated upon their ders, or was bound in tresses shoulheads. They had no beards, around their and cyery part --- Page 35 --- of their bodies was perfectly smooth. Their complexion was of a dusky copper colour, their features singular rathér than disagreeable, their aspect gentle and timid: though not tall, they were well-shaped and active." si The ingenuity and industry of this race," another elegant writer, 66 must have exsays ceeded the measure of their wants. Placed in a medium between savage life, properly SO called, and the refinement of polished SOciety, they were perhaps equally exempt from the bodily distresses and sanguinary passions of the former condition, and from the artifi- / wants and solicitudes of the cial necessities, latter." They were unquestionably the most unoffending, gentle and benevolent of the human race. To this delightful spot, to this salubrious country, abounding in riches, where every and the trees plant wore a novel appearance, bent under an exuberance of'luscious and unknown fraits; where, in short, nature seered tohave formed an elysium that romantic fancy cannot reach, much less describe, the Spaniards were conducted by the immortal Columbus. The French part of the island, though a division not equal to one third of the whole VOL. I. C ably the most unoffending, gentle and benevolent of the human race. To this delightful spot, to this salubrious country, abounding in riches, where every and the trees plant wore a novel appearance, bent under an exuberance of'luscious and unknown fraits; where, in short, nature seered tohave formed an elysium that romantic fancy cannot reach, much less describe, the Spaniards were conducted by the immortal Columbus. The French part of the island, though a division not equal to one third of the whole VOL. I. C --- Page 36 --- territory, was justly of its considered, in the zenith prosperity, as the garden of western world; still it boasted spot the advantages of the not the local of fertility, Spanish possessions in point resources, irrigation, mines; not that mines afford elevation, or cal riches, although the greatest lotached that idea the Spaniards have atto all their have thence formed possessions, and value the criterion of : in a soil like this, culture their the palm, and next to bears away it is the parent of mnanufactures and trade, national serve but to add to its strength, and ages - To trace the resources. progress of this first colony from its European the ideas of origin, were merely to SO many able authors that have copy already exhausted the subject; it cite a mixture of facts that were to readorn the of sully rather than that this page history. Suflice it to island long continuedithe say, perty of the Spaniards, becane sole proin' effecting a variety of other instrumental the main, in settling other discoveries On islands, and extending new conquests. Sometimes it a high pitch of splendour, and rose to pressed by a strange wasa again dethat originated concatenation of events, generally in misguided It was not till the middle of the policy. sixteenth --- Page 37 --- century that the Buccaneers, a hardy warlike set of confederates, who joined together for and aggrandizement, took their own safety possession of Tortuga, from whence they made excursions to the main island to hunt the bulls of the Spaniards, with whom they kept up a continual and predatory warfare, At length they attracted the notice of the French cabinet, who offered them protection, and gave them settlers and arms; when, invited by the fertility of the W. end, they took possession, and maintained it by force. They found it suited to the culture of most of the raluable commodities and Juxuries of Eurotrade; it advanced with rapid strides pean till it grew to that colossal. greatness witnessed in our own days, and was overthrown by those general plans, with which the French revolutionists thought to convulse and confuse the rest of the world. The two cabinets at hoine, having at length come to a mutual explanation and agreement on the subject of these hitherto forced possessions, limits were proposed, and commissioners on each side sent out to draw the lines of demarcation, and fix the rights of the contending settlers. It was agreed that a line should be drawn from the bay of Mansenillo on the N. touchc2 that colossal. greatness witnessed in our own days, and was overthrown by those general plans, with which the French revolutionists thought to convulse and confuse the rest of the world. The two cabinets at hoine, having at length come to a mutual explanation and agreement on the subject of these hitherto forced possessions, limits were proposed, and commissioners on each side sent out to draw the lines of demarcation, and fix the rights of the contending settlers. It was agreed that a line should be drawn from the bay of Mansenillo on the N. touchc2 --- Page 38 --- ing on defined points, to the river on the S.; leaving to the Pedernales of land that lay W., French the tract cubic or square containing about 1000 smaller leagues, intersected with mountains, and ending in two strips of land or capes, less fertile, long Sned plains; for with connot excecd that perhaps all theirs united do Spaniards. of Azua, belonging to the The Spanish division is about 3175 estimated at square leagues, a tract of country equal to the support of a eight millions ofsouls, and population of measure the virgin state ofits preserving in great of its soil, whilst that neighbours is tired, and many of the surrounding particularly in worn out. Here windward islands, clothing and culture alone are required implements of and whilst to other islands for the planter, the purposes of fuel, and we send coal for here the tall and lime for building, t.on, and the crowded forests defy extincabundant lime stone, any where, lies neglected and of unequalled So valuable to the cabinet no use. their ancieut of Paris did in a financial possessions and in this island appear; commercial Rs a maritime point of riew, with the school, and sO nearly niost numerous and connected powerful classes --- Page 39 --- in trade ; that, no sooner did a temporary suspension of hostilities give them free passage at sea, than they sent an immense and expensive armament under Leclerc, but instead of succeeding in its subjugation, their projects were all foiled; they resorted to means till then unheard of; confirming by their conduct that empire which they had come to dislodge: for their own failures and treasons gave the insurgents fresh arms, whilst their traits of bloody conduct will never be effaced from the memory of the survivors; ; and though France still hankers after these flesh-pots of Egypt, and will still attempt to regain them, yet if the present existing animosity is but kept alive and well directed, her empire may for ever be broken. The treachery by which the person of the brave and unwary Toussaint his cruel fate, and the anarchy was entrapped, that has followed his loss, are deeply enlessons that will remain indelible on graven the shield of Haitanindependence, and guard the people against that intrigue which once more begins to insinuate itself amongst them. To enter however into the details of these horrors were merely to burden and darken the narrative of little less than cannibalism ; and as the occurrences have principally happen- --- Page 40 --- ed in our own days, it may not be thought necessary to particularize the several chiefs of colour who have successively wielded the sword of authority, but it may not at the same time be deemed irrelevant to the proposed, before I enter on subject scription of the my general deSpanish part of Hispanola, to give a succinct outline of the old French division, now known by the name of Haiti, IND CHAP. II. PRESENT GOVERNMENT OF HAITL Ix the year 1790 the French division tained 497,000 souls, of which conwhites, 9000 people of brown 38,000 were 450,000 blacks. The colour, and wars of Rigaud, Toussaint, and the French destruction, mated at nearly one half, and are estithe natural decrease of blacks emigration, and themselves, be whén left to may' safely calculated to one third; : by which it would result, equal present population consists that the ofabout 100,000 Ix the year 1790 the French division tained 497,000 souls, of which conwhites, 9000 people of brown 38,000 were 450,000 blacks. The colour, and wars of Rigaud, Toussaint, and the French destruction, mated at nearly one half, and are estithe natural decrease of blacks emigration, and themselves, be whén left to may' safely calculated to one third; : by which it would result, equal present population consists that the ofabout 100,000 --- Page 41 --- / souls, a statement that eyen exceeds the estimate of the mnost sensible among them; for the late and existing intestine divisions have greatly thinned their numbers, and a state of continual warlare with dubious issue, has driven many to seek quiet in other countrics. Their onsets are still often sanguinary, and quarter is seldom given by the victor. Thus in point of population they are, as will hereafter appear, on nearly an equal footing with their Spanish neighbours. General Petion holds posséssion of the S. side of the island, at the head of the brown colour, but their line of division varies, as each party advances or recedes, and the seat of government is at Port au Prince. He is of a sensible humane character; tutored in the schools of Europe, his mind has received that fits him for the helm of an expansion government, and his exterior an address that would distinguish him in a court. Ill suited perhaps to witness scenes to which his station, him in the as a military commander, exposes field of battle, the tear of sensibility often bedews his cheek at the sight of slaughter, and though brave, enterprising, and bold, he values more the responsive glow of a humane act, than the crimsoned laurel he has plucked --- Page 42 --- from the brow of his the purchase of adversary; he sighs at those victory with the sacrifice of subjects he loves: in short, be more nothing can descriptive of his than the motto of peculiar virtues, foot of his an English artist, at the les larmes portrait. e6 Iln'a jamais fait couler de personne." Though the disorganized state and continually threatened invasion of his quire all his time in the field, he country, revident casts a proeye on the well-being of those he heads as elective President, and code of laws does him though his administration credit, yet the civil is' extremely relaxed, and the tenure of property very insecure, The St Nicolas has been the chief Mole and seat of contest, very frequently the scene of personal bravery on both sides. His principally from the rents revenues of come French estates and houses, confiscated port duties, local import and extaxes, &c. By means of general requisition of all above fourteen of age, he musters about 9000 years the regulars have a good men, of whom population has been appearance, and his the increased by people of colour who latcly left collecting St. mingo, though most prefer the Dosecurity of the Spaniards. present quiet Nearly all males of personal bravery on both sides. His principally from the rents revenues of come French estates and houses, confiscated port duties, local import and extaxes, &c. By means of general requisition of all above fourteen of age, he musters about 9000 years the regulars have a good men, of whom population has been appearance, and his the increased by people of colour who latcly left collecting St. mingo, though most prefer the Dosecurity of the Spaniards. present quiet Nearly all males --- Page 43 --- forced the army, and the women are are tojoin left to gather the crops, two thirds ofwhich to the profit of the farmer, after reimgo bursing the hire of assistants; the remaining third to the government, whose officers strictly attend to its collection. He has a small fleet of light vessels, but they seldom meet the foe. The French governors of St. Domingo made repeated overtures to him, which he lad the good policy and prudence to disregard, but in case of ill success in that implacable enmity which exists between the contending chiefs of colour, bis territory may become the seat of intrigue, either by yet the embers of civil discord, or imreviving the moments of defeat; nay are not proving these plans and measures already anticipated? or else is there no foundation for the following authenticated report?" 66 General Rigaud has been sent by Buonato St. Domingo, with a view of estaparte or interest in the island, blishing a footing either by rendering one or other of the rival chiefs dependent on him, by proffers of assistance, or by creating a third party in opposition to both. Rigaud had arrived at Port au Prince in April, and had opened a negotiation with Petion." --- Page 44 --- Christophe, who is in N. side at the head of the possession of the nearly the reverse in black colour, is character to perhaps better fitted to Petion, and of people he is called to sway over that class self-raised despot, than command, More the his sable the elected chief of tive cocrcion, myrmidons, they tremble at his acthe and his army thus advantages of superior possesses his talents are much discipline, though val. Many of hisacts beneath those of his riwould not tiny of phiiosophic bearthe scruis equally to be the justice, but where terror lever of racter is the best suited. action, his chathe largest, and his His population is 10,000 men. His fleet troops amount to about is also the most merous, and consists of two nubrigs, and a few schooners, corvettes, nine he is now the force ofwhich America, attempting to augment from North but though it possesses the of organization, and isi under the exterior of a white admiral, it seidom command bours, and leaves the harits feats. requires no naval chronicle to record The empress, relict of sidles at the Cape, the seat of Dessalines, redeclines shew government, but any or parade of the rank once held in the country, is she conduct, and refuses exemplary in her the attendance of a the force ofwhich America, attempting to augment from North but though it possesses the of organization, and isi under the exterior of a white admiral, it seidom command bours, and leaves the harits feats. requires no naval chronicle to record The empress, relict of sidles at the Cape, the seat of Dessalines, redeclines shew government, but any or parade of the rank once held in the country, is she conduct, and refuses exemplary in her the attendance of a --- Page 45 --- proffered guard, as corresponding to her widowed dignity. The Spaniards seem to incline to Christophe, and think him the most 'secure neighbour ; but since the new possession of their country, no treaty has been entered upon, owing to a want of intercourse from home; but one on the and approbation defensive scale is in agitation, the principal work of which must be a union of ground interests, to repel foreign attacks, a general release of all Spanish individuals, free or slaves, and a guarantee that the latter, in desertion, will not be encouraged; but returned. bi Independent, however, of the two chiefs already inentioned, who at present share, or rather contend for the empire of Haiti, has arisen another, Philippe Dos, the elève of the great and unfortunate Toussaint, late Otl the side of Christophe; but now a chief of considerable power, and at war with both rivals. Seated amidst the populous and fertile mountains of Mirbalais, in the centre of the island, and bordering on the Spanish limits, he has been followed by many partizans of the old causes, in which he was equally chief; his numbers have swelled to 6000 persons, and increase by the coming --- Page 46 --- in of the disaffected from titors; whom he the other compecessation of toil, actracts by promises of a and of the horrors of war; grounding as the basis of his active ment, that they are to act governfensive, and only on the dethem out but in pledging himself not to call Case his lines are invaded. Thus, this once fertile and valuable which the French held, colony, and now have struggled intrigue to. regain; is torn by the contending interests of three chiefs, each a standard, with cause and whilst the statesman looks party; and ders over the forward, and ponpast, he is glad, that dear bought lessons, as well as barriers the hand of nature, guard placed by island which that quarter of the England has lately rescue from the Gallic helped to rendered yoke, and hence it is impervious to every attack from its neighbours, even were any such to be The existing trade to this dreaded. hereafter empire will be considered; SO that from this short digression, it will be proper to return to the subject I proposed in the first of relation; and as it may be of part my voyager whose use to the access is by sea, and whose plans of trade are generally realized coast, I wiil begin by on the describing the coast, --- Page 47 --- with the harbours, detached islands, &c.; commencing at the line of demarcation on the S. side, tracing it E. round to : the N.; proceeding then to take a view of the interior. CHAP. III. DESCRIPTION OF THE COAST, HARBOURS, BAYS, AND DETACHED ISLANDS OF HISPANOLA. THE Spanish division, as we have already remarked, commences on the S. side, from the Rio Pedernales or Flint river, flowing at the West side of the stupendous mountains of Baoruco (the Indian name), that rise majestically from the Spanish lines, and face, with a gentle slope, the sea to the S. opposite Beata island, forming La Bahia de Las Aguilas, or Eagles bay. In consequence of there being little or no population in the small harbours of Cabo Roxo and Abujas, they are unnoticed. Doubling the point that shelters it from the S. there is a small port, with good anchorage near Cape Falso, from , flowing at the West side of the stupendous mountains of Baoruco (the Indian name), that rise majestically from the Spanish lines, and face, with a gentle slope, the sea to the S. opposite Beata island, forming La Bahia de Las Aguilas, or Eagles bay. In consequence of there being little or no population in the small harbours of Cabo Roxo and Abujas, they are unnoticed. Doubling the point that shelters it from the S. there is a small port, with good anchorage near Cape Falso, from --- Page 48 --- which, up to that in front of the the coast is perfectly accessible mountains ten fathoms in seren and water, between the small islands called los Frailes, (or the Friars), even to three, on a bank that lies shallowing to the of Beata. N. This small island, three league from the land, with quarters of a feet a passage of 12 deep, was, till thè fall of Santo Domingo, the great resort of French which eluded chase by drawing privateers, and whilst they had little water, back, hiding places in the they established signals on the the island, to give them notice top of of the proach of any vessel in the apbound to Haiti, Honduras offing; as those or Jamaica, gencrally make this or Altavela, more to the S. W., a steering point of whence they take a fresh recognition from departure. Hither they brought their prizes to unload the siege of that city, from whence during made expeditions in lighter vessels, with they the provisions they amassed in this till admiral Rowley dislodged rendezvous, tioning two light vessels them by staThis island abounds Oil these grounds. in turtle, goats, wild fowl and fish, and is now the solitary abode ofone fisherman, who supplies vessels wind bound --- Page 49 --- up, and where he ranges the Jordly possessor of the wild. Columbus saw it in the year 1498, when he had overshot the city, and in August 1504 he took shelter in its passage from a storm. It is nearly two leagues and a half from E. to W., rather inclining to the N. E., and is better than a league wide. Its safest access, is at the W. end, in a bay that has ten fathoins water. Its soil is good, and was once in a state of cultivation. To the E. of that magnificent range of mountains called Baoruco, is a small port called Petit Trou, erroncously laid down in our charts, the entrance of which is rocky and unsafe, though formerly frequented by small vessels from the capital, which came in search of the hunters' surplus. Round the point, and nearly in a N.direction, is Neyba bay, into which empties itself the river of that name, that takes source in the above mountains, and laves a beautifully picturesque and woody country in an unequal stream of thirty leagues, swelled by many other tributary waters. A line drawn W. from the source of this river, would detach, and prick off that large promontory and fertile tract of land, that has long been in possession of the Maroons, or the capital, which came in search of the hunters' surplus. Round the point, and nearly in a N.direction, is Neyba bay, into which empties itself the river of that name, that takes source in the above mountains, and laves a beautifully picturesque and woody country in an unequal stream of thirty leagues, swelled by many other tributary waters. A line drawn W. from the source of this river, would detach, and prick off that large promontory and fertile tract of land, that has long been in possession of the Maroons, or --- Page 50 --- fugitive negroes, who dwell after braving the old independent, without Spanish power, and mixing in any of the broils of their surrounding neighbours. When force bas gone against them, they have retired the recesses of the mountains, into them, known only to living on game and the roots of'the earth, which spontaneous hamlets with they store in their a provident care. Here formerly existed the large and pulous kingdom of poXaragua, SO much on by the ancient Spanish dwelt the early ages of the authors; and in conquest, on those slopes were found productive and extensive settlements, particularly in sugar, that not withstood the shock of have the wasting hand of time. On revolutions, or of verdant this exteut prospect from the sea, the by looks with pleasurable passer with the alloy of regret. interest, mixed The whole number of these Maroons not exceed G00, prineipally does Spanish slaves, who livein a kind of republican runaway ner, intent only on their safety, and manby their own regulations. governed confined to their They are tranquil, the own limits, and only visit neighbouring towns of St. John's and Azua, when they have tortoise shellaa super- --- Page 51 --- abundance of cured game, or a few ounces collected from the beds of the mounof gold, tain torrent, to dispose of; which they exchange for powder and cloathing; as tobacco and rum, their chief luxuries, they grow amongst themselves. They are not remarkable for any cruelties ever committed on their neighbouring counthough, in 1804, they murdered the trymen, crews of two American vessels, which were driven by the currents upon their coast; for from their elevations they descry, at a great distance, every vessel that approaches, and be unsafe for small ones it may, perhaps, harbour there. The unguardedly to make a direction of the current, throws all peculiar floating wrecks into the bite of their promonand these they consider free booty. tory; Itis remarkable that all floating logs washed away at 40 leagues distance, generally beach there; a peculiarity that enters into the pheeof currents. It would be difficult to nomena overcome these Maroons by force of arms, or to hunt them down; but on the plan of goverin Jamaica, they might be rennor Trelawny dered of some utility to society; hardy as they are, and inured to toil, they might easily be reclaimed to habits of industry, and VOL. I, D free booty. tory; Itis remarkable that all floating logs washed away at 40 leagues distance, generally beach there; a peculiarity that enters into the pheeof currents. It would be difficult to nomena overcome these Maroons by force of arms, or to hunt them down; but on the plan of goverin Jamaica, they might be rennor Trelawny dered of some utility to society; hardy as they are, and inured to toil, they might easily be reclaimed to habits of industry, and VOL. I, D --- Page 52 --- taught to convert to national enoicel region they advantage, this Spanish occupy, The former governor made several useless tempts to subdue them, but atconciliatory measures. never resorted to An oflicer who once commanded dition against them, observes an expescribing this in a report dehave chosen astonishing Eden which for abode, that when they cended the mountains in he ashe found in their pursuit of them, known in the other gardens luxuries rarely that their part of the island, and resting huts for the covered with night were larger size than he cabbage-leaves had of a much rope. ever met with in Euand They are about 200 men in with a knowledge oft the defiles and arms; advantages of the local regular spot, are a deadly foe to troops. Their captain's name tura, the oldest and most is Venthem, and chief civil and respectable amongst live on a variety of game that military. here They principally the wild hog, and horned abounds, cattle, which,tosavetheiry powder, 1 they . made ofa thong, spread in the catchinasnare, their paths leading to watering-places and accustomed that springs and closes by the force haunts, bended sapling. These of a from the immense they cure with salt mountain of mineral rock, --- Page 53 --- situated near Neyba, a valuable and interestcuriosity, which has the peculiarity of ing considerably in weight when exincreasing posed to the air. Their climate is extremely they drink "from the mineral temperate; springs that abound in this quarter ; hunting is the occupation of the men, the cultivation ofroots, and washing of gold from the mountains, that of the women and children ; but sickness is unknown to all. Neyba receives vessels of 30 tons burthen, and in seeking an outlet into the sea, runs over large beds of sand in a variety of channels, that annually change, and confound the pilot, but if collected into one, would make the entrance good, and considerably deeper. Doubling the E. point of this bay, we enter Puerto Viejo, corresponding to the town of Azua la Antigua, that lies inland two leagues ; and according to the testimony of Herrera and Oviedo, once was fertile in indigo, &c.; the remains of works for sugars, This is those productions are still visible. the first port on the south side where mahogany is cut, but its shipment is confined to a few annual cargoes ; lignum vitae is more general, and the Brasiletto wood is unnoticed. D 2 bling the E. point of this bay, we enter Puerto Viejo, corresponding to the town of Azua la Antigua, that lies inland two leagues ; and according to the testimony of Herrera and Oviedo, once was fertile in indigo, &c.; the remains of works for sugars, This is those productions are still visible. the first port on the south side where mahogany is cut, but its shipment is confined to a few annual cargoes ; lignum vitae is more general, and the Brasiletto wood is unnoticed. D 2 --- Page 54 --- Between it, and Point Salinas to the lies Ocoa Bay, a large convenient E. place, with several small rivers watering it. Here British vessels falling into close to the land, and come to an anchor the inhabitants, fire a gun as a signal to who drive down their which they supply at the cattle dollars per head of horned cheap rate of 14 hog and sheep. This cattle, and 4 per river that flows into bay, named from the it, in shape résembles the greek omega, and is situated 18 the capital. Its entrance is two leagues from and it gradually increases leagues across, six. Its shores within, nearly to ofits are clear, and the elevation coast makes it a good harbour to wood and waterin. There are very large the right, that belong to the salt-pans to rent out the government, who privilege of selling this which is of general article, consumption the island. On the E. side is the throughout of Caldera, capacious and safe, which harbour nish ships, too large to cross the bar at Spa: the city, and in the windy seasons dreading the anchorage outside, were in the habit of visiting to complete their loading, which is done by mooring to the trees with a rafter ashore. From Point Salinas or Ocoa, the coast runs from S. W. to E. as far as Nisao, in --- Page 55 --- which distance there are, several anchoring such as Paya, Boca Canasta, &c. places, correspouding with the inland prineipally and where lignum vitae, fustic, town of Banis, shipgum, and Brazil wood, are principally ped. and admits a Nisao is a mahogany port, yessels under 20 feet, but is a good deal open to the S. The entrance is rocky, requires a and the river swells considerably in the pilot, this and three leagues freshes. - Round point, higher, is Palenqui, an anchoring place that ships some wood. It is entirely open to the S. which renders it dangerous ; and here his majesty'sship Lark, Captain Nicholas, slipped her cable in August, 1809, at the commencer ment of the gale in which she foundered. It the place of the British troops was landing that went against the city of Santo Domingo, and in its neighbourhood Admiral Duckworth drove ashore and destroyed the two French line of battle ships which escaped capture in the action off the city. Two leagues higher is Boca Nigua, an anchoring place, opposite to a small river of that name, down which the woods are floated; but the holding ground, being on nearly a perpendicular bank, if once lost, isi not easily regained, and a southerly wind creates great the gale in which she foundered. It the place of the British troops was landing that went against the city of Santo Domingo, and in its neighbourhood Admiral Duckworth drove ashore and destroyed the two French line of battle ships which escaped capture in the action off the city. Two leagues higher is Boca Nigua, an anchoring place, opposite to a small river of that name, down which the woods are floated; but the holding ground, being on nearly a perpendicular bank, if once lost, isi not easily regained, and a southerly wind creates great --- Page 56 --- surf on the shore. This duces the best wood in the neighbourhood prohard to float down the island, but it is tine and river, which is serpenrainy extremely shallow, excepting in the seasons, when it swells and often sweeps considerably, beautiful skeleton away many logs. Thereis a of gin not equalled in sugar-works on its marmechanism point of structure and French by any that ever existed in the part; it was just immense expence, when the completed, at an yet SO great was the national island was ceded, Spanish owner, that he prejudice of the other extensive quitted this and his estates and valuable rather than submit to a new houses, grated in a state of flag; and emi comparative poverty, carrying with him to another island only he could withdraw. Since the negroes works have been that period, these going fast to now the possessor decay, for till never gave them a Haina is a considerable thought. further bay two leagues up, without an entrance into the and beautiful river of that large into it, owing to an name, that falls but it is navigable irregular bar of sand; some distance up, and is very convenient for the floating of those with which it is lined. There is woods to cross, by swimming a ferry-canoe your horse, that is --- Page 57 --- held by a halter on the side ofthe boat. This mode also of crossing cattle, is the general rivers are crossed in though to this day many which frame, covered with bulls' hides, a long over as he swims to the the ferryman pushes other side, and in which the passenger places but when the winds himself horizontally; it reign from the S. in the summer seasons, is difficult to land or load on account of the swell that beats heavy on the beach, in which in the morning is the best time. case early from hence to the capital is level The road indicates that it and good, and evidently deserved the attention of government as once a highway. in 1692, Admiral Penn landed 9000 Here, General Venables, to capture the men under where they were decity of Santo Domingo, feated by the armed peasantry, and compelled to embark with disgrace, They were however successful onJamaica, though Cromwell on their return sent both commanders to for the: failure of the tower, as a punishment their first attempt. According to the Spathen happened that niards a circumstance be deemed worthy of relation from being may unknown to us. The land-crabs found here ars.offan im- in 1692, Admiral Penn landed 9000 Here, General Venables, to capture the men under where they were decity of Santo Domingo, feated by the armed peasantry, and compelled to embark with disgrace, They were however successful onJamaica, though Cromwell on their return sent both commanders to for the: failure of the tower, as a punishment their first attempt. According to the Spathen happened that niards a circumstance be deemed worthy of relation from being may unknown to us. The land-crabs found here ars.offan im- --- Page 58 --- mense size, burrow in the sands, issue in great numbers, and at night amongst the natives, It is on record sion, in the still of that on the above occalanded an ambuscade the night, the English to surprise the camp, which, being Spanish ing of irregulars, had unprepared, and consisthave certainly it been pushed, must from the first fallen. The advanced line boats, had already were proceeding to take formed, and when they heard the loud post behind a copse, ofhorses' feet, and, and quick clatter Spanish lancemen, as they supposed, of the whose who are dextrous, and galling onset they had the day before. Thus experienced discovered, and believing themselves their comrades dreading an attack before had joined, they embarked precipitately, and abandoned their prize; ; but the alarm enterJand-crabs, which proved to be these large receded at the sound of to their holes, and the noise footsteps casioned by their was OCleaves, which the clattering over the dry for the sound of English soldiers mistook cavalry. In rating this defeat, considered commemolous, the inhabitants highly miracuFiesta de los solemnly celebrated la crabs, held cangrejos, or the Feast of the on the anniversary of the day, --- Page 59 --- solid gold land-crab was when an immense earried about in procession, equal in size to the head ofa drum. This valuable and curious piece of plate, collected principally from the devotion ofthe people to this feast, and in celebration of their supernatural release, long held an undisturbed place in the of the cathedral, but its massive sanctuary to the French when weight was too tempting they arrived, who soon took offits hallowed character by passing it through the crucible. has Haina, being a near landing-place, since been defended by a handsome fort on the E. side of the bay ; and the main road from the watering place has also ascending breast-work; but been fortified bya regular the former was dismantled when Toussaint took possession of the country by order of the French Directory, and the latter is in and covered with wild indigo and decay guava trees. For three leagues further is an iron-bound shore, with only one small landing place, a mile from the walls of the capital, to which it leads through a beautiful but gloomy avenue of the sabliers or sand-box trees. This spot is! defended by a strong square the main road from the watering place has also ascending breast-work; but been fortified bya regular the former was dismantled when Toussaint took possession of the country by order of the French Directory, and the latter is in and covered with wild indigo and decay guava trees. For three leagues further is an iron-bound shore, with only one small landing place, a mile from the walls of the capital, to which it leads through a beautiful but gloomy avenue of the sabliers or sand-box trees. This spot is! defended by a strong square --- Page 60 --- fort, called St. Jerome's, dry ditch, with massive surrounded by a but not kept in good walls 25 feet bigh, sixteens face the repair. Three small rampart, but the sea, that washes the lowest the level, dyke is not filled from which being too high above the might easily be made to sea, water, This was in enter at high garrison when General possession of a French against the city of St. Carmichael advanced cutting off the Domingo, who, after be stormed by communication, ordered it to parations for the Major Walker, but the premander to attack induced the comcapitulate. The harbour of the city of Santo mingo is formed by the Dorivers Isabella and confluence of the variety of smaller Ozama, swelled by a Monte Plata, ones, such as the Yavacao, Duey, Haina Savita, Guavanimo, Yuma, Higuero Mosa, Naranjo, Yuca, or Everton, flowing Dajao, estate of that through the after laving the name; which united waters the sea in a S. ramparts direction. ofthe town, fallinto Ozama, that The Isabella and inentioned mutually receive the aboveother smaller rivers, with a variety of streamlets, unite in one at about a league up from the general channel capital, forming --- Page 61 --- and fall down in a beautiful a perfect Y, channel, wide as the Thames at wood-girted the name of the Chelsea, and retaining Ozama. This stream is a great convenience down and produce in bringing provisions from the interior ; a ferry is the conveyance and the dexterity and safety with which over, notwithstanda herd ofcattle is swum across, ing the current, is astonishing. The stream is strong in rainy seasons, and in issuing to the sea tinges it ofa muddy colour regularly for several miles in front, which forms a curious contrast with the clear azure brine, that influence in of taste SO far as the has no point not three end of the walls which are upper mile from the entrance. The quarters of a E. side of the bay projects into the ocean nearly a mile further than the opposite one, which the town stands ; and at the exon of.this point once stood a small tremity Torrecilla, also dismantled by fort called board Toussaint. You keep this point close on when you steer across till you are quite past, where the to the walls under the flag-staff, channel is. The bar has from 14 to 15 feet water according to the swell and freshes, but it is unsafe to enter except with a leading seabreeze, which prevails periodically every into the ocean nearly a mile further than the opposite one, which the town stands ; and at the exon of.this point once stood a small tremity Torrecilla, also dismantled by fort called board Toussaint. You keep this point close on when you steer across till you are quite past, where the to the walls under the flag-staff, channel is. The bar has from 14 to 15 feet water according to the swell and freshes, but it is unsafe to enter except with a leading seabreeze, which prevails periodically every --- Page 62 --- day, as the current impels bow of the ship, and drives strong on the on the flats that lie under her in an eddy Vessels of a larger the rocks to the E. point, half a mile from draught anchor within the ten fathoms the walls, in five and with the water, and in a direction centre oflthe town. parallel is exposed to the south This anchorage swell, but the holding winds, which create a the French fleet had ground is good. Here when been at anchor 17 they were discovered by Admiral days worth. DuckProceeding still E. isi an for threei leagues, iron-bound coast called Caleta, forming then an elbow from the shore. where ships anchor a mile Hence Point more S. but on doubling Caucedo ranges again E. youilcomel it, and stecring called St. Andrew's, into a beautiful bay receive where vessels anchor to river cargo. Macoriz is a small three leagues higher; Soco, navigable the distance of two, with another, at creeks that several inlets and The desart equally produce woods. U island of St. next object in view, situated Catherine's is the the capital ; its length 20 leagues from leagues, and its from E. to W. is two breadth from No to S. quarters, The threepassage to the Main isar mile --- Page 63 --- but will not receive more than 11 feet. over, it resembles Beata. In productions N. N. W: and distant four leagues Bearing the W. end of this island, on the Main, from with 15 feet is the harbour of Cumayazo, the over which vessels procecd two on bar, from all winds; and the inmiles up, secure is much let being entirely of salt water, healtbier than those harbours where it unites with fresh. Vessels of a larger draught anchor without, in 36 feet water, and float down their wood. In this laborious operation to have a pilot it may be a decided advantage of their and a gang ofthe natives, on account dexterity in diving, and handling and rafting in the sun and water is logs, as working who, for the distemdeadly to Europeans, they experience, have more to blame pers conduct, than the climate. The their own with as adhering rafts are made grass-ropes bettery and the male logs, which do not swim, are floated by the buoyant palmetto tree, lashed to them. between Saona aThree leagues more E. and and St. Catherine's, we come into the harbour of Romana, the entrance of which is not well discerned till near, in consequence of the river winding at the mouth, and the banks for the distemdeadly to Europeans, they experience, have more to blame pers conduct, than the climate. The their own with as adhering rafts are made grass-ropes bettery and the male logs, which do not swim, are floated by the buoyant palmetto tree, lashed to them. between Saona aThree leagues more E. and and St. Catherine's, we come into the harbour of Romana, the entrance of which is not well discerned till near, in consequence of the river winding at the mouth, and the banks --- Page 64 --- being ofan equal height and the rest of the shore. It is half resemblance to and capable of receiving a mile wide, that generally anchor and securing fleets the on the W. side, where landing-place is most convenient. perhaps as romantic a This is conceived :a beautiful scene as can well be were by somne strong river, formed as it for the lofty sinuosities convulsion of nature, pond, and seem on each side corresonce to have been in joints. The deep banks are perfect variety of evergreens hung with a ling granite, which is thathalfcover the sparkthe fringed marginally with mangrove, and over-topped in the by native trees ornamented back with creepers that adhere, flower and pendent spots where vegetation perfume, in impossible. would be thought Nay sometimes the seen vegetating on the of creepers are high, the seeds top a tree 60 feet the birds, and from apparently carried there by fibre or them descends a root, as even as a cord, the long which rests on the end of to the elevated ground to convey moisture parent plant, which covers the summit of the tree, where often rested, tempering the fierce it first pical empire ofa trorelieve hemisphere, and aiding to refresh and the sight by the verdant shade it --- Page 65 --- Two miles up the river is a delightful creates. of fresh water, falling from a pellueid cascade romantic rocks, and ending bed, rippling over to such a degrée that inai streamlet, crystal beneath the boat the finny race in gambols On each side without a hiding place. appear cliffs, near the source, are two winding of the the and to the paths that lead up to dwellings, down which inclined planes, or Rombaderos, and from the mahogany sold is precipitated, descent the logs which elevated and rapid detriment sometimes receive a flaw, to the of the shipper. is the river Chiabon, Two leagues higher extent of country, but flowing through a long five feet. Ships anclosed by a bar beyond fathoms the sand bank in eight chor opposite off their woods, which descend water, and tow the river, whose margin four leagues down and adorned with is girted with wild scenery, isles; the ascent several beautiful verdant however is rendered tedious by the rapidity and incommoded by the of the current, musquito and sand-fly. faces the S. E. end.of The island of Saona From the sea, the main land of Hispanola. is 21 it has a low long level appearance, Its nearest, miles in extent and seven wide. sand bank in eight chor opposite off their woods, which descend water, and tow the river, whose margin four leagues down and adorned with is girted with wild scenery, isles; the ascent several beautiful verdant however is rendered tedious by the rapidity and incommoded by the of the current, musquito and sand-fly. faces the S. E. end.of The island of Saona From the sea, the main land of Hispanola. is 21 it has a low long level appearance, Its nearest, miles in extent and seven wide. --- Page 66 --- or N. W. part, is only half a Point Palmilla; the league from but is rocky, and a passage then widens, seven feet through. good pilot only carries The flats around the island, are and rocks at a great depth, from perfectly the visible, even the water. Its best harbour limpid state of end, and both is in the W. points are remarkable near, from being distinguished when tions, as also by a range of small by two elevamiddle, facing the S., which hills in the climate, and fertilize the soil, temper the springs. Itabounds in fish, and with gushing aquatic wild birds, of various terrestrial and ticularly the pigeon, that here species, parannual migration, comes in her young; which undisturbed, to produce done, she with her brood, and in immense again returns other parts of the island, in flocks to the grains, seeds, and berries, search of those and proceeds on which she feeds, periodically to those parts, where they are successively produced, and abound. In their thick flight, most the capital, they pass over where generally in the month of crowds of people line the flat July, the houses, to try their roofs of them. It dexterity in killing may, perhaps, be that in this month, when the British remembered, general --- Page 67 --- the ramparts, on which waved appronched flag, he was surprized to hear a the white found that constant firing, but on enquiry, half-starved Frenchmen were only the from the clouds s'of wild snatching a supper their lines. pigeons, that flew across called by the natives Adamnancy, Saona, and subjects indeonce boasted a cacique, afterwards held pendent of Haiti, and was who imin the right of the body of Jesuits, its fertile soil, and had several settleproved it. Had the ments and pasture-lands upon island, industrious Dutch found this charming of the:l barwith the locality and advantages which it resembles in size, ren Curaçao, would it now be; suited what a garden spot colonial of produc-: as it is to every species romantic: at tions, with forests lofty and it lies unnoticed and unknown, present by a few solitary fishtrodden only visit it, to collect ermen, who annually the wild cattle that tortoise-shell, or ensnare solitude. In abound and procreate in the these yet frequent the tanks the dry seasons, their to which progenitors and reservoirs, herdsman; when they were once led by the riches of their formed, perhaps, part of the of whose desolation there is now no masters, VOL. I. E , with forests lofty and it lies unnoticed and unknown, present by a few solitary fishtrodden only visit it, to collect ermen, who annually the wild cattle that tortoise-shell, or ensnare solitude. In abound and procreate in the these yet frequent the tanks the dry seasons, their to which progenitors and reservoirs, herdsman; when they were once led by the riches of their formed, perhaps, part of the of whose desolation there is now no masters, VOL. I. E --- Page 68 --- other trace, than a few ruins shrubs, a row of fruit-trees, overtopped by lime or logwood or an overgrown hedge, whose tells us that they were once tended regular growth tering hand of by the fosmemorial of man, but now stand a sad devastating time. Bearing a little to the and in the middle of the Southward of E., by Hispanola, and great passage formed small islands, Puerto Rico, are two known to mariners names of Mona.and by the monkey and her Monito, (meaning the laid down in the cub). They are generally latitude of 18. 10. na is seven miles from E. The Motwo wide. It, to W., and nearly cultivation, and likewise, was once in good thought of sufficient sequence to be presented to Diego conbus, by special grant from their ColumMajesties, bearing the date of Catholic remuneration of his services. 1512, as a solitary range of wild It is now the approached, that I have goats, and SO seldom sailor remain six known a shipwrecked could months there, before he communicate a signal to the vessels that pass by. Monito is smaller, many nearer Hispanola, to which both islands but always been considered as annexed. have cheo, erroneously called in our charts Dese- Za --- Page 69 --- barren rock, nearer the coast of queo, isla and at the entrance of MayaPuerto Rico; guez: resume our course round the We will now of which it main island, in the description as we have is intended to be more particular, ofit, and as hitherto had boutincorrectacoante) visited for it bids fair to be more frequently add, as of trade. To this we may purposes that the French navia stronger inducement, made its survey an gators have recently further the views express study, in order to of their government at home. bay, formed to Opposite Saona is Yuma into the E. by a bluff point called Muragua, falls the river of Higuey, after flowing which of that name. The bar has past the town is secure, but the 12 feet water; the port is to the anchoring place without, open This winds from the S. E. part prevailing to culture ; near rofthe island is least adapted earth thin, but the sea it is rocky, and the of woods, for this reason its abundant variety are of a as well for ornament as construction, of a heavier, and susceptible closer grain, better polish. Espada, a long low Till we double Cape the blade of a sword, strip ofland, shaped like E 2 is secure, but the 12 feet water; the port is to the anchoring place without, open This winds from the S. E. part prevailing to culture ; near rofthe island is least adapted earth thin, but the sea it is rocky, and the of woods, for this reason its abundant variety are of a as well for ornament as construction, of a heavier, and susceptible closer grain, better polish. Espada, a long low Till we double Cape the blade of a sword, strip ofland, shaped like E 2 --- Page 70 --- from which it derives its and forming the most E, name, projecting and Cape Engano point in the island, N., we meet three leagues more to the scarcely nothing but a rocky coast, that but these gives admission to a fishing boat; beautiful extent capes once cleared, we enter on a of declivities, crowned lofty and verdant forests, with the E., as far as the sloping gradually to the first inlet, eye can reach. Macao, tremely ships some wood, but is extrade-winds. dangerous, rocky, and open to the Maymon and that flow Nisabon, are small rivers land, where through delightful tracts of rich one admires the of nature in her creative hand these are scenes not multiplied productions: but soltened by a trait dustry, as the confined of inyet reached this distant population has not and and though there are treasures solitary quarter and erect forests, the in these lofy cutter is not often stroke of the woodin steering heard, nor is the round such an extent of voyager we have already led him, cheered coast, as sight of a cottage from with the d Spaniards seem the sea, for the where but in the averse from settling any interior of the being better suited to their country, as pastoral occupa- --- Page 71 --- and as the air of the sea is by them tions, considered unwholesome. remarkable from reA large round hill, behind Cape sembling a sugarloaf, stands side of the great Rafael, forming the S. enter. In Bay of Samana, which we now and point of size, situation, productions, of the councommunication with the interior incalculable: advantages, try, this bay possesses and enterwhich, in the hands of industry most inwould make it one of the prize, in all the West Indies. From teresting spots point to the opposite the above mentioned of 18 8 side of the peninsula, is a distance bulmiles, closed and guarded by a perfect the wark of rocks and sands, that leave only clear, with a safe and deep channel, entrance the shore of Samana close on the by keeping between several destarboard, and passing The first of these, tached islands to the left. have which crowns. the natural mound we up the other entries. to mentioned as shutting of rocks, called the bay, is an elevated ridge with Levantados, but if fortified Callo de los the main peninsula, point on a corresponding command the passage, whichi would decidedly The two small islands is not a mile across. capable of further up the bay, and equially ance the shore of Samana close on the by keeping between several destarboard, and passing The first of these, tached islands to the left. have which crowns. the natural mound we up the other entries. to mentioned as shutting of rocks, called the bay, is an elevated ridge with Levantados, but if fortified Callo de los the main peninsula, point on a corresponding command the passage, whichi would decidedly The two small islands is not a mile across. capable of further up the bay, and equially --- Page 72 --- being fortified, are remarkable for the of wild pigeons, where sacks of resort often filled. The town isi two nestlings are from the entrance; and leagues distant another small opposite to it is island, near which into the harbour, and anchor you steer W.of the a little to the buildings, in a perfect bay, formed by this island: Samana is a peninsula, and not an detached entirely island, as has generally been thought; a low swamp filled with reeds, but fordable, intervenes, but might be The isthmus, easily cut. according to the late engineer, is wider than survey of a down, and in this instance, generally laid as well as in others, Lopez's late map, with which many not generally we are that of acquainted, is more correct than Solano. Ra From the town to Savana la boat crosses the mar, a ferry bay, which is the point of communication with the capital. This tiful bay, was called beauFlechas, by Columbus De las Or arrows bay, from the armed natives he met with quantity of but the Indian on first making it, in name is now retained, as it is many other parts of the island. Its or cacique, Cayacoa, visited him, chief ly, and his widow was friendafterwards became a --- Page 73 --- under the name of Dona Ines de christian, This bay is 60 miles long, 18 Cayacoa. bounded on every side by a ro-: wide, and coast, suited to all the uses mantic and fertile for its conof trade; and has smaller ports ride at venience. In it whole fleets might bosom anchor and be secure, nay, on its of the might contend for the empire they extended lines might encounter, seas, their It may some time pursue and be pursued. for the windward be thought a safe refuge thé that leave their stations to escape fleets, the influence of which seldom hurricanes, down. Its watérsare increased reaches SO far river Yuna, which, after by those of the great meanders navigabeing joined by the Camu, La Real; ble through the rich plains of Vega of &c., passing through an extent Cotuy, 200 miles, and receiving increase nearly of 40 smaller rivers, that cross from upwards several directions, with adthe country in almost vantages of locality and intercourse, Ineffectual measures were lately unequalled. the French, to build the new city. taken by than the old town of of Napoleon, higher up laid out was never Samana, but the ground cleared. The bay underwent a very aftér particular survey by Admiral Lessegues ; ble through the rich plains of Vega of &c., passing through an extent Cotuy, 200 miles, and receiving increase nearly of 40 smaller rivers, that cross from upwards several directions, with adthe country in almost vantages of locality and intercourse, Ineffectual measures were lately unequalled. the French, to build the new city. taken by than the old town of of Napoleon, higher up laid out was never Samana, but the ground cleared. The bay underwent a very aftér particular survey by Admiral Lessegues --- Page 74 --- his defeat, who, perhaps, soften his own fate, thought he might imperial master this by carrying home to his his piece of service done to a country. The French appear to have more sensible ofthe local been much na than the advantages of Samato the Spaniards; and tried, general cession of the previously into their possession. island, to get it key to the Mexican Considering it as the ward and gulph, from its windcentral point commanding of ail situation, and as the continents, their the islands and south ceded to original design was to them, a tract of land to be get by a line drawn 12 leagues cut off bon, to cape Rafael, inland of DejaSamana, which including the bay of ported by those of measure most was strongly supand scemned to be influence at home; as on the justified by their arrogance, their : gaining side, at least, they interests could never be thought those of the separated from safe, they said, Spaniards. It was besides unto trust the inactive and pusillanimous Spaniards, with such teresting point as the bay of an intheir own planters Samana, and their already required lands to extend scheme confined plantations, This was long agitated in their cabinet, --- Page 75 --- and was certainly founded on the deepest, though partial, policy; for if it had been carried into effect, it would have given them possession of the river Yuna and its advantages, Dejabon and Santiago, with their valuable pastures and plains, the seaports to the N., the rich mines of Cibao, and those of La Vega Real, with her plains, &c., in short, the choice tobacco lands in the island, and its best population, besides the command of SO valuable a bay. The realisation of this projeet was left, however, to the administration of Godoy; ideal lines were not then" drawn, all entered into one general cession; and while that wretched patchwork treaty of 1795, gave him the title 'of the Prince of Peace, in addition to the many he already enjoyed, it deprived its ancient possessors of a home, and his country of this key-stone to the entire arch of the West India islands, and greatest check on the whole of the S. American Archipelago. Of this the French were fully sensible to the last, anid it had been SO completely depicted to their ministers, and by them relished, that therc was scarcely an officer in the late army and administration, who had not lands and coffee éstablishments in Samana, where he already the Prince of Peace, in addition to the many he already enjoyed, it deprived its ancient possessors of a home, and his country of this key-stone to the entire arch of the West India islands, and greatest check on the whole of the S. American Archipelago. Of this the French were fully sensible to the last, anid it had been SO completely depicted to their ministers, and by them relished, that therc was scarcely an officer in the late army and administration, who had not lands and coffee éstablishments in Samana, where he already --- Page 76 --- saw, in the panorama, of his fleets, cities, and arsenals arise. imagination, About 50 years ago, orders were by the Spanish sent out valuable governmient, to people this quarter, and Don the then Francisco Rubio; governor of-the some settlers from the island, obtained hardy, industrions, and Canaries, a people climate; but they best suited to the large circuit; lands were too few for such a but neither were indeed given them; negroes nor: SO that this implements oft tillage; others that attempt to colonize, like SO have marked the many the Spanish crown, would parsimony of evén the enterprise and have degraded individual. pocket of a private Thus have the resources and of this spot remained advantages buried in neglect. There unimproved, and situation on this side is not, perhaps, a an arsenal or dock the ocean, SO proper for SO many yard, with the union of requisites, as this Its margin and rivers astonishing bay. finest and most are skirted with the such as the lofty trees for buildings pine and laurei for masts; the capâ, nearly impervious to worms, and ticularly suited to parand sabicua for sheathing; the chicharon keels; mahogany, cedar, --- Page 77 --- of others proper for the frame and a variety all which and every - part of construction; abundance, at be felled, in' the greatest may' door of the builder. Several vegetable the very him with pitch; and the productions supply and grass, with a fibrous and pliant creepers bowels of the earth variety of rope. The and copper, the him with iron, tin, present necessaries for the foundry or arseprincipal and safe locality nal; and advantageous crowns the whole. and steering W. Doubling Cape Cabron, barren shore along the lofty and apparently of Limon is all of Samana, the small river it has a interesting; we meet particularly rich coffee grounds, good inlet, flows through and has the best woods for building. Scots round la Bahia Escosesa or a Coasting place, deserted, and bay, a dangerous rocky vestige, excepting uncheered by a human faces the N. E. on the Estero Grande that stands old Cape FranW. side of the bay, mountain, disçois, an elevated and rugged From thence to covered from a great distance. of coast of about Puerto Plata, is an extent which is rather to 60 miles, the course of stands Balthe N. of W. In this distance of formed by the two small capes samo bay, Escosesa or a Coasting place, deserted, and bay, a dangerous rocky vestige, excepting uncheered by a human faces the N. E. on the Estero Grande that stands old Cape FranW. side of the bay, mountain, disçois, an elevated and rugged From thence to covered from a great distance. of coast of about Puerto Plata, is an extent which is rather to 60 miles, the course of stands Balthe N. of W. In this distance of formed by the two small capes samo bay, --- Page 78 --- Roca to the E., and Macoris in it falls the small to the W., and Pucrto river of St. John's. Viejo, also called 14 feet; it is unsafe for Macoris, admits without a pilot, and this a stranger to enter port used is the first on this side the island, mahogany coast generally abounds in though the woods of all kinds. the best grained Puerto de Plata was discovered lumbus in his first by Cohopes of his voyage, and set the crew afloat. The eager capped mountain that talky white they thought commands the town, which would glittered with massive silver, be, to theirexalted more than an ample imaginations, their toils; the most compensation for all thought it snow; ; yet they moderate, called however, mount, and the port below it the silver name, The admiral still. retains the with the situation, and was highly pleased in his second accompanied by his brother voyage, veyed it, and laid out the Diego, he surwards served for the plan that aftertown. The narrow but safe, entrance is easily defended, facing due N., might be and the three fathoms water, anchorage is in shore-settlemnent This is the principal neighbourhood found on the N. side, its is rich in every species of --- Page 79 --- and wants nothing but industry, and woods, of trade, to improve its dorthe guarantee There are several bye ports mant resources. for small craft, but in that are convenient northern aspect, and the consequence of its the best prevalence of the winds, periodical when it ends loading season here commences on the other side of the island. to the N. till The coast now inclines more of little come to Puerto Caballo, a place we remarkable for being that into note, but vessels which one of the three discovering Francisco called the Pinta, commanded when by he was Martin Puizon, took refuge, then also in separated from the admiral, encountered, distress from the winds they mind from of and under the greatest anxiety Overhis consort had perished. supposing to find him here, he called joyed, however, which name it has, ap it Puerto de gracid, parently, since lost. of the coast, and at a Opposite to this part distance of 14 leagues N., is that dangerous shoal, now called the square handkerchiet called which the Spaniards appropriately Abrojos, OT, open your eyes: and in a kind of Round Point Isabella, ofthat decp bite, once stood the famous city of and under the greatest anxiety Overhis consort had perished. supposing to find him here, he called joyed, however, which name it has, ap it Puerto de gracid, parently, since lost. of the coast, and at a Opposite to this part distance of 14 leagues N., is that dangerous shoal, now called the square handkerchiet called which the Spaniards appropriately Abrojos, OT, open your eyes: and in a kind of Round Point Isabella, ofthat decp bite, once stood the famous city --- Page 80 --- name, where the immortal Iis first settlement, Columbus made august giving it the name of his princess and mistress, who conded his splendid had sewas ambitious of enterprize, and which he testimony of his acknowledging by this first little bay in the gratitude. He entered this seeking shelter night, as it were by chance, from the inclement The next morning elements. fathoms having anchored in 14 water, he was struck the beauty and agreeably with romantic situation of the harbour, a little open to the N. W.and manded in the back by a beautiful comhills, one extremely range of and watered elevated, with rich slopes, also by a beautiful river to which he gave the name of Isabella. The date of the foundation of this was the Oth of place the festival ofthe January, 1494, which was pel erected for that Epiphany, when in a chawas celebrated purpose a solemn mass public by thirteen priests. The utmost buildings were carried on with the rapidity, and composed free stone, The principally of of wood and private houses were formed covered with other leaves, which palmetto and Indians, they found used by the These people appeared pleased, were filled with admiration, highly and dis- --- Page 81 --- played on every occasion the highest respect for the Spaniars. They assisted, served, and obeyed them, and parted with their aliments and utensils for any trifle that was given them. Judges and magistrates wereappointed, Pedro Fernandez Covonel was made Chief Justice, and Antonio - de Torres invested with the command of the fort. Thus was formed the first city founded by Europeans onr this side the ocean. A particular and boasted privilege granted by the King to the Cabildo and other persons of eminent rank forming the govermient of this place, was, the permission granted them on great festival days, to receive the sacrament in the public churches with swords by their sides, a distinction not even allowed to the European Caballero. On.the other side of the harbourisa beautiful savannab, that faces the N. skirted with handsome woods. This infant - city boastedi for some years the tutelary patronage of the Queen, enjoyed a number of grants, privileges and distinguished honours, had increased in buildings and population, yet though we can trace in Italy the ruins ofcities that existed many centuries ago, the inquisitive traveller going here in search of haunts found depicted the sacrament in the public churches with swords by their sides, a distinction not even allowed to the European Caballero. On.the other side of the harbourisa beautiful savannab, that faces the N. skirted with handsome woods. This infant - city boastedi for some years the tutelary patronage of the Queen, enjoyed a number of grants, privileges and distinguished honours, had increased in buildings and population, yet though we can trace in Italy the ruins ofcities that existed many centuries ago, the inquisitive traveller going here in search of haunts found depicted --- Page 82 --- on the page of history, is astonished they have scarcely outlived to find two. The half o'er-hanging arch, the one-armed mouldering pedestal, sometimes cross, or the rank and luxuriant peep through glade, or guava and wild thesprecading indigo, that greatest weeds and nuisances appear the and particularly mark in the country, former culture. the deserted traces of the scite ofthe Even the road leading to knew ancient town, and which a degree of bustle, is not once till one's conductor has now passable, his manchete, cleared the way with Monte Christi is 12 leagues in its charter it is called Jower down ; Monte Christi, and St. Fernando de river on its confines the great Yaque, called by Columbus the River, falls into the sea with a second Gold into Mansenillo Bay, after branch: inland town of flowing from the tent of plains and Santiago through a long exChristi is a large tobacco lands. Monte the sea, where for promontory that comes intol monthly many years the Spanish packets used to land their from Europe in their way to the other letters. ments. Opposite is a small cluster ofi settle-i called The Seven Brothers. islands: Mausenillo Bay is round the point facing --- Page 83 --- ivhere the Spanish linés on the N. the W. It receives the river Dejabon, side terminate. uncultivated state of the but in the present at least till those country is oflittle moment, receded from inhabitants have returned who The incursions of the Haitians: the early that exists, and present good understanding the change in the the security afforded by the frongovernment, will again soon people which from their cattle formerly comtiers, in the French lines, manding a good price had become interesting parts ofthe country. As it is incumbent on the trader, as well from the islands as direct from England, to with those seas which he be well acquainted in his commay have occasion to navigate I mercial undertakings with the Spaniards, for his information, in Aphave subjoined of the principal pendix (A) a description of the coast which e trading ports on that part Hispanola, beginning from Cape lies opposite to the Oroonoko: Vela, and extending and detached All the principal bays, ports, islands, that form the coast of Hispanola, being described, or at least sufficiently for now fully and its advantages of trade, its secure access outlines of its I will proceed to give general curiosities, population, towns, productions, VOL. I. F --- Page 84 --- customs and manners, &c. which, added to 1 Some general remarks, dérived from individual observation or authentic close sources, will my essay on the island, and be succeeded by similar researches on the Main. Spanish CHAP. IV. SOIL AND RESOURCES COMPARED WITH THOSE OF HAITI COUNTRY VALLEYS CLIMATE PLAINS BRANDING CATTLE WOODS DESCRIBED. Iv no part of the world has indulgent nature dealt out her gifts with: a more plentiful hand than here. Whatever plant, either for the sustenance of necessary his luxuries man, or. contributing to ; whether brought from an European, or an East Indian climate, here flourishes and finds a congenial soil, which seems composed of layers of the leaves.and branches of trees, that have rotted for Sticcessive ages, and improved it with their rich LEYS CLIMATE PLAINS BRANDING CATTLE WOODS DESCRIBED. Iv no part of the world has indulgent nature dealt out her gifts with: a more plentiful hand than here. Whatever plant, either for the sustenance of necessary his luxuries man, or. contributing to ; whether brought from an European, or an East Indian climate, here flourishes and finds a congenial soil, which seems composed of layers of the leaves.and branches of trees, that have rotted for Sticcessive ages, and improved it with their rich --- Page 85 --- More generous and beneficent still, deposit. has stored the bowels of her creative power and besides the earth with valuable metals, plenty on its surface, has adorned bestowing diversified it with valleys. of Arcadian and that ennoble the landdelight, and mountains and temper the climate with a variety scape, rills that issue from their bosoms, of fertilizing through plains of flowing with sinuous-course rivers which luxuriant grass, and forming become abundant channels for circumight lating the produçe of art and industry. We have, witnessed in our own days the which the French have attached importance and the immense efforts to their: old division,. nor have uniformly made to regain it; they less valuis the Spanish side comparatively, at able, though uncultivated, particularly as the Haitian present; for, improvident and little possessors - of the former are, thoughtful of the future, from a consciousness that their lands are held by a tenure often on the whim of an officer, and depending liable to the devastations of conmoreover are attend not to the intending armies, they knife seldom crease of planting; the pruning checks the rank luxuriance of the coffee-tree, the choaking weeds ; and or the hoe extirpate F 2 --- Page 86 --- these causes combine to the eastern side of the enhance the value of The tillers, forced island. to exehange ofindustry for those of implements and gather those war, cannot cultivate trade goin exchange crops which in the course of and the loss falls forthe merchant's on the goods, The first years of shipper. gave indeed a gleam Haitian of Independence country was in that prosperity, for the wardness in which the secondary stage of for: from which it has since French left it, and for it is a fact known to all gradually declined coffee-tree, in such a forced planters, that the lives tvelve year's, and it is soil, seldom outthe man who farms not possible that outery, will think of an estate by the public tenure is insecure. future increase when his gin slopes ofthe E. Theu, the fertile and virits superior streams end, its pastures for cattle, it a preponderance, and rich mines, will give and some of our own drained thither even from islands resort, as some from settlers will done to Sainana. Curaçao have already Many of'the tracts ofland in yet held by Hispatiola are companies in . common pending on the amount furnished right, de dividual in the first by each inpurchase, the receipt or a when his gin slopes ofthe E. Theu, the fertile and virits superior streams end, its pastures for cattle, it a preponderance, and rich mines, will give and some of our own drained thither even from islands resort, as some from settlers will done to Sainana. Curaçao have already Many of'the tracts ofland in yet held by Hispatiola are companies in . common pending on the amount furnished right, de dividual in the first by each inpurchase, the receipt or a --- Page 87 --- tsuley nb of which forms the title. or deed, ecrtificate transmitted from father to and js regularly in common ; son. - Their herds thus pasture what wood each proprietor, is allowed to cut and he pleases, to till what ground he pleascs, of the to act in all respects as sole owner whole, though possessing perhaps a compa- is alsinall share, No one however ratively formed lowed to interfere with establishments Jaws, can or fenced in, nor by enacted enclose a tank or watering-placc, any person left open to the general con: all of them being In former times, as a venience ofthe cattle. and the means of encouraging agriculture lent to pursuits of industry, the government from the individuals sums of money many build houses, purchase slaves, &c; treasury to for the Then the property was mortgaged interest of six and an annual sum received, this was called tributos. In per cent. paid; cession ofthe island, to the the act of general who made the treaty, disgrace of the ministry annulled in favour of the these loans were not though destroyed inhabitants : and property, and the general by, the inroad of enemies, continued liable, depreciation of estates, yet the of The French thus entering into rights who preceded thei, exacted the government --- Page 88 --- 70, personally from many of the reduced natives the refunding of these arpounts, but refused the estates which This they were intended to cover. arbitrary proceeding rendered them detested, and opened a source mosity. * ofimplacableaniThe area or superficies of Hispanola is intersected in every direction by small cordilleras or mountains, forming of tonishing size and valleys an asverdure, and thus a greater difference of climate than afiording is met with in an equal extent of easily polar elevation. The territory or highest are those of Cibao, said to be betweeu five and thousand feet above the level of the SIX The valley of La Vega Real (Royal sea, is by far the largest and finest in the island. Field) Watered by the Yaque on the West side, it extends beyond the old French lines; and the Yuna to the E. it projects to the head by the Bay of Samana, of having on its surface an immense number of smaller rivers, streams and rivulets, which cross it in various and which in a populous and trading ways, where canals cost SO much, would be country, of calculable advantage. This valley m- be said to extend a length of 80 may width of 10, and in some leagues on a parts 15, and most aque on the West side, it extends beyond the old French lines; and the Yuna to the E. it projects to the head by the Bay of Samana, of having on its surface an immense number of smaller rivers, streams and rivulets, which cross it in various and which in a populous and trading ways, where canals cost SO much, would be country, of calculable advantage. This valley m- be said to extend a length of 80 may width of 10, and in some leagues on a parts 15, and most --- Page 89 --- 71, attracted the notice and adiniparticularly and his followers, who ration of Columbus when they were first led here, by the natives from Isabella, could scarcely give bounds to their rapture. the is the valley of To the W.of capital Banis, that extends from Nisao to Ocoa, where the pasture is' good, but not SO well watered as those of the other parts of the here sensibly felt by island; an inconvenience the cattle in dry months. Near it is the valley of Azua, next that of St. John's, or the ancient Maguana, and divided from that of St. Thomas by the river Neyba. Bordering on the centre part of the French lines of demnarcation, come those of Hincha, Libon, Guava, and several others; but it would be impossible to individualize all those secondary ranges for cattle in a country where nature seems to have lavished her gifts, and of which scarcely aride of twenty miles does not give a pleasing and diversified succession ofhill and dale. It:is astonishing that in places SO contiguous there should exist such a striking vicissitude of climate both in heat and rain. The plains efBanica border on the more elevated districts of St. John'sand St. Thomas's, all situated in a central part of the island; ; and the degree of --- Page 90 --- heat there is SO perceptibly a diminutive size in the greater, as to cause with those ofthe two latter inhabitants, compared than either climate places. Still colder is that ofthe valley of Costanza, divided only from St. John's ridge of mountains, by a highi the lying more to the N. in jurisdiction of la' Vega Real, closed like an amphitheatre, perfectly enhills; and which by surrounding unknown remained for many years to the Spaniards, after the discovery. Meat is there preserved five or six days untainted ; in the morning a hoar frost js remarkable throughout the year, and fire, disused elsewhere, is in that vale a welcome comfort. To the E, of the capital, and Seibo, are those immense leading to plains called Los Llanos, where the pertinently unobstructed eye wanders over an extent of grassy as level as the sea, but occasionally diversified surface, by a natural clump of trees that seem planted by the hand of man, to resemble a park. are however They nothing more than of small trees and shrubs that have groups grown spontaneously on the margin ofa spring, or collection of water, formed by a small hollow, and round which they thrive to the extent fertilized by the oozing moisture of the pool: plains called Los Llanos, where the pertinently unobstructed eye wanders over an extent of grassy as level as the sea, but occasionally diversified surface, by a natural clump of trees that seem planted by the hand of man, to resemble a park. are however They nothing more than of small trees and shrubs that have groups grown spontaneously on the margin ofa spring, or collection of water, formed by a small hollow, and round which they thrive to the extent fertilized by the oozing moisture of the pool: --- Page 91 --- cattle seek shelter and reYere the ranging heat, and to the freshment from the mid-day trabending boughs the weary and parched his hammock, which always veller suspends forms part ofhis eqbipage. constitutes almost a plain - This astonishing extending neariy to the sixth oft the island, than 90 miles on E. end, a distance of more width of about S0. : 11 On it, cattle ofmore a in herds, and than a hundred owners pasture counted, and - the collected, are annually at the season when the calf young branded, The dexterity cannot mistake its mnother. with with which the herdsman on horseback, lance in his hand, separates one of his masa from the rest, is wonderful. In ter's brand when the bladeis long and rank, the dry season to burn all the grass on the it is customary as an annual manure, for plains, which serves take to the fin that season the cattle generally, the sun has forests in search of the herbage of not had power to parch. The operation fire to the burning is performed by setting from whence most eastern part of the tract, in long it spreads the wind regularly blowss making and succeeding volumes, frequently traveller recede, and effacing the path the C - doig a lo ntatool foro --- Page 92 --- through which he has been accustomed journey. to There is a singular and not ference between unpleasing difofthis an European forest and one country, for the trees, besides to. an immense height, are free from growing smaller branches that those spring from the lower part of the trunk, SO that the planter who pares his grounds, and has already freed them prefrom the smaller tufts of intervening wood, sees over his head a undering verdure, canopy of'branchimpervious to the solar ray, supported by majestic and straight columns, (from which his fowling-piece can drop the pigeon,) interwoven with the scarcely windband, or flowering convolvulus; creeper, here the architect and might find models for a dome, or the colonnade of a temple, for which the groves of palm tree, and SO many others, would. serve as peristyles. To a the species of connoisseur, bounds, indigenous tree that most aindicates the quality of the soil, and when a coffee slope is to be as the bois d'orme chosen, as soon (a species of the elm) and certain kinds of'the seldom palmetto are traced, he turns over the strata with which the tract is covered, to judge of its fertility. --- Page 93 --- Y But before we proceed, it may not be thought improper to particularize some of the principal rivers that, like veins, circulate the means of plenty through this valuable body; for besides being the great sources of agriculture, they serve also to convey its products. Hence a slight sketch may interest the curious, and illustrate our ideas of the locality of the country. CHAP. V. non RIVERS, STREAMS, LAKES, &c. THoUcH mention has already been made of some of the most distinguished rivers, several others equally deserve notice. Haina is the first we cross, riding W. from the capital, at the distance of three leagues. It takes its rise on an estate called Guamitas, at the foot of that beautiful ridge of mountains, which tower often midway begirt with clouds, and bound the prospect from the city. These elevations are particularly remarkable and illustrate our ideas of the locality of the country. CHAP. V. non RIVERS, STREAMS, LAKES, &c. THoUcH mention has already been made of some of the most distinguished rivers, several others equally deserve notice. Haina is the first we cross, riding W. from the capital, at the distance of three leagues. It takes its rise on an estate called Guamitas, at the foot of that beautiful ridge of mountains, which tower often midway begirt with clouds, and bound the prospect from the city. These elevations are particularly remarkable --- Page 94 --- from the sea, opposite the serve to close the view that barbour, and giving shade and limits intervenes by tive. This streamlet to the perspecdnally enlarges, from its source, gravalleys formed by holding the course through the into the bay of that hills,and falls navigable hefore described, It name, which we have fowl of several abounds in excellent wild the snook and kinds, also fisb, bastard mullet, particularly called the salmon and that may bej Indies. Its margin trout of the West plantations of was once studded with &c., but now ist cocoa, sugar, indigo, cotton, berys overgrown with wild shrubcalled Le partieularly one estate which was Hurca, or Hulk, from the sending annually to Seville, owner's description, laden with thel a ship of that grounds; at present, like fruits of bis oWn: forlorn, and the rest, it stands only sends to or a fewi kegs market, vegetables, Irom! the ofisyrop to distil into taflia. city,, this neighbourhood delightful and short excursion, affords a a variety of rural scenery and abounding in Niguay two leagues lower, draws game. near the preceding river, its source tiful bed of sand and rolling Over a beauof nine leagues, in such pebble, for a distance a serpentine form, --- Page 95 --- distance of two miles, you that in goinig a and in riding on its bor eross it five times, reservoir, or aqueduct, ders, a mouldering through the foliage rent sugar boiler, peeping tells us, this was the of intrusive shrubbery, industry in the new first seat of European that in the earliest world. Oviedo mentions cultivation had partiages of the discovery, that the fleets annually cularly centred here; that went homel laden with its productions; settlements wore the appearance of proits that of gressive culture, and the inhabitants does the but in vain ease and hospitality; detached hamlets, traveller now seek a trace; only the consisting of wood cutters, tilling requisite for their own consumpvegetables all he meets; the rich possessors of tion, are herds in this quarter, have refarms and to moulder moved, and left them, perhaps, confidential in the hands of a and dwindle, has, usurped the seat solitary slave; poverty the fields that once of afluence, and weeds, The hopes smiled under the tillage of man: to these scenes, however, begin of renewing spirits of the natives; they cheer the drooping of enlivening see: in embryo the prospect sentiments plenty, and are filled with just to the cooperators in their cause, of gratitude , have refarms and to moulder moved, and left them, perhaps, confidential in the hands of a and dwindle, has, usurped the seat solitary slave; poverty the fields that once of afluence, and weeds, The hopes smiled under the tillage of man: to these scenes, however, begin of renewing spirits of the natives; they cheer the drooping of enlivening see: in embryo the prospect sentiments plenty, and are filled with just to the cooperators in their cause, of gratitude --- Page 96 --- which it rests but with the English foster and improve. This nation to river, in its gress to the sea, receives the united proof smaller streams, and waters venicnce for forming a great conis fordable floating woods on its surface, unless when swelled by the but in the dryest months, the freshes, low. stream is Very The river Nisao flows, in nearly a fine, seven legues lower, and the parallel diate grounds are extremely intermebeautiful, ticularly a forest called parwith those Naranjo; not crowned lofty and corpulent trees which mark the primeeval state of the country, but thick, with a variety of smaller mixed with ones, interflowering and fruit trees, that designate the spot where once existed. - plantations Neyba we have already remarked; and in' the district ofAzua, which could once boast the residence of the great conqueror of Mexico, are found the rivers Mulas, Tavara, Mijo, little Yaque, with several of a less size. Vegetation in this quarter is extremely fine, and here are produced orangés, in flavour, comparable with those of Puerto Rico, decidedly thel best in the West Indies. Since the dreadful shocks that were felt in 1751, --- Page 97 --- the concussion of nature was SO great, when several visible rents in the as to produce mineral waters have burst highest elevations, that indifrom the mountains of Vinjama, contain sulphur. D0 cate they flow through the fairy Several rivulets of St. John's, which the philanthropic valley but with poignant feeltraveller cannot pass, that there Bobadilla ings, when he considers queen L Anacona, destroved the unfortunate in her became with her friends, at a feast; who had long extinct that line of chiefs, The humane governed this great kingdom. and mindful of and just Isabella, ever tender and of these her new subjects, the wrongs treatment she (though late) of whose cruel to provide was sensible, after endeavouring by several wise regulafor their protr-etion, their favour, but, unfortutions enacted in confided to the cruel and nately, too often ior execution, was sO particularly oppressive with this act of inhuman outrage, on struck exaggerated by being a defenceless princess, of confidence perpetrated in the moments death bed, she and conviviality, that, on her condemanded vengeance of her surviving the the man who had abused sort, against theirin: trust reposed in" him, of protecting , after endeavouring by several wise regulafor their protr-etion, their favour, but, unfortutions enacted in confided to the cruel and nately, too often ior execution, was sO particularly oppressive with this act of inhuman outrage, on struck exaggerated by being a defenceless princess, of confidence perpetrated in the moments death bed, she and conviviality, that, on her condemanded vengeance of her surviving the the man who had abused sort, against theirin: trust reposed in" him, of protecting --- Page 98 --- and had repaid their fant but favourite colony, labours with such ingratitnde. and mulhowever, is the variety that it So great, and mountains, tiplicity of rivers to dwell further were, perlaps, nionotonous the curious we will only upon the subjoct; over the map by Solano, ask to cast their eye that of Don Tomas over or, in preferenos, by orders of the Spanish Lopez, since inade in Madrid twentys goverument, and published however, have several five years ago; both, and some hills and topographical errors, rivers inisnamed. curiositys I cannot refrain As a peculiar lake, situated near the mentioning a singular French line of demarcasouth part of the the town of St. tion, a little inland, near the Indian division of John's, bordering on side of the beauCaquani, and forming one This sheet of water tiful valley of Neyba. of La Laguna de is known by the name Lake of little Henry, Henriquillo, or the which the Indian from its being the seat to after bis defeat, chief, of that name, retired, by the Spaniards. and where he was captured of 18 leagues This bason of water is upwards its nearest and though from the sea, in cirounnference; eight leagues margin is placed --- Page 99 --- in which distanice, several considerable mountains intervene, the same flux and reflux of the coast is there. felt; the water being perfectly salt, and of the same speeific weight and appearance as that of the ocean. The fishes are also of a similar kind, and equal in size, such as the shark, scal, porpoise, &c.; but the whale was never remarked. In the possession of the author is the spinal bone of taken in this lake, that shews it a shark, was of a size not usually met with at sea. In the centre is a small island of nearly two leagues long, and one wide, containing, springs of fresh water, and abounding in wild goats and game. Of this romantic and picturesque spot, it is impossible to give an adequate idea; did it possess only the relief of Italian villas and spires to contrast with the solitary, but" majestic forests, that surround its verdant and intervening plains, it would form the most interesting prospect the eye could contemplate, or pencil pourtray. A little to the N. W., is another much smaller, called by the French, Etang du Cul du Sac. VOL. 1. --- Page 100 --- CHAP. VI. ASPECT OF THE COUNTRY, AND STROKE THE SUN AND MOON. OF To convey an idea of the aspect of this country, would rather require the of the poet, or ofithe painter, than the fancy of the traveller; for to mix the narrative with the beautiful sublime, to depict shores lined with the mangrove, often bending under oysters; -scattered fields of luxuriant adhering bearing flowers to rival the white coffee, and berries thel coral jessamin, cherry;-the cocoa. grove;-the light coloured cane and guinea grass patch, intermixed with the useful tain, waving bamboo, and cocoa plannut;-the orange walk, bounded by tufts of -wild shrubbery, in palmettoes; fined by the aloes perpetual green, contive hedge, or shut in by naforests, covered with flowering woodbines of varied tints and continual and watered with the gushing rills, odour, in natural cascades from that fall the mountains, crowned with deep overhanging woods, interspersed with plains and natural méadows; grass patch, intermixed with the useful tain, waving bamboo, and cocoa plannut;-the orange walk, bounded by tufts of -wild shrubbery, in palmettoes; fined by the aloes perpetual green, contive hedge, or shut in by naforests, covered with flowering woodbines of varied tints and continual and watered with the gushing rills, odour, in natural cascades from that fall the mountains, crowned with deep overhanging woods, interspersed with plains and natural méadows; --- Page 101 --- these di- -grottocs and abrupt precipices; harmonizing features of naversified yet swell the scene, bit ture might all equally numbers of the one, or the bid defiance to the canvass of the other. There is no Aurora or twilight as in England, the sun seems to sink hastily beneath the lingering and gradual apthe horizon, there proach of night is not experienced; succession from light to darkness, is a quick medium. The moonwithout any. apparent fine, charming, light nights are extremely of the queen of and serene; but the empire for, besides night, is by no means harmless, when reflecting a sensible degree of warmth, it frethe head is exposed and uncovered, stroke of occasions what is caled a quently which creates a migrene, and the moon, acute nature, that nearly pain of a most distraction. A stroke drives the sufferer to of the sun, or coup de soleil, is also a painiful of the sensation; for the part and dangerous swells and burns face or héad thus smitten, with with a crimson heat, often accompanied and it is intense fever, the skin peels off, not unusual to see the European soidier, march, throw away his under a fatiguing despondent on the firelock, and fiing hiinself G 2 --- Page 102 --- grass, conceiving it to be the first fatal tom of the dreaded fever of the climate. sympThe remedy is, however, simple"and efficacious, and particularly enters into the department, of the officious female creole. She fills with fresh water a long phial, such generally use for preserving as we pickles, and placing a piece of distended linen wide mouth, applies it to the on the 'and in a few minutes the seat of pain, water bubbles, and seems to boil with the extracted fire. Raynal's general description of the island of Hispanola, would mantic to one who has appear illusively rorealize its truth, and not been able to yet Charmilly acknowledges that the French, is by no means parable to the Spanish division, for, added comthe varied productions it can boast, in to the climate is a perpetual spring, from general the afternoon till nine the four in next day, and happily for its otherwise parched the intermediate timne, mbabitants, subject to the force of a perpendicular sun, is generally mitigated by the periodical breezes that seldom fail, and greatly assisted by the contiguity of the mountains, sheltered situations, cool houses, &c.; nor does any thing designate the goodmess of the climate more, than the health, to the Spanish division, for, added comthe varied productions it can boast, in to the climate is a perpetual spring, from general the afternoon till nine the four in next day, and happily for its otherwise parched the intermediate timne, mbabitants, subject to the force of a perpendicular sun, is generally mitigated by the periodical breezes that seldom fail, and greatly assisted by the contiguity of the mountains, sheltered situations, cool houses, &c.; nor does any thing designate the goodmess of the climate more, than the health, --- Page 103 --- robust state, and fecundity of the indigenes, who live at a distance from the stagnant waters; added to the size, thick foliage, and variety, of the forests and plants. The rains. are periodical as in the other islands, but the heaviest are in Mav andJane, when the rivers sweil to an astonishing degree, and often sweep away the labours of the wood-cutter. Hurricanes are seidom experienced; when they occur, they are preceded by a close sultriness oi the atmosphere, in which the clouds, charged with a vaporous lightning, lower, and portend a deiuge. The heavens seem to rend in continual biasts, and the earth emits a deep and hollow sound. The birds flit hastily through the troubled sky, whilst the affrighted negro sees his cabin, plantain grove, and other objects of his care. and toil, in a moment levelled with the ground. Virgil himseif inight here have found materials to heighten the sublimity of his tempest. The thermometer rises, in the plains, to 96, but in the mountains generally stands from 72 to 78. The highest mountains, partiticularly those of Cibao, are estimated at 6000 fcet above the level of the sea; they tend to moderate the violence of the winds, vary the --- Page 104 --- temperature ofthe air, and multiply the resources of human industry. The compute their territory here, to contain Spaniards 3200 square leagues, of which 400 are and the rest divided into mountains, various extent, valleys and plains of ems - nu - I CHAP. VIL. SPECIES OF WOODS, VEGETABLE PRODUCTIONS, Sc. IN consequence of agriculture not having yet resumed its accustomed channel, mahogany is at present thé staple éxport commodity of the country. It isgeneral thronghout island, but more frequent in certain tracts, and 1s, perhaps, now found more abundant, in consequence of its having been, by the old Spanish laws, contraband to cut it, a prohibition that still exists in Cuba. Mahogany or swietenia, generally classed with the decandria, is a tall, straight, beautiful tree, with flowers of a reddish or saffron --- Page 105 --- colour, the fruit oval of the size of a lemon, and resembling galls, but of no use. The trec, when grown in a barren soil, is hard, of a close grain, and more finely variegated than when it proceeds from low damp lands, it is then more porous, pale, and open grained. In the country it is used for joists, flooring, shingles, and for the construction of vessels, &c., and I have seen its hollowed trunk, forn a canoe to contain 100 men. The oak, though of the same species as that of England, differs. in appearance, is not found SO frequently as the maliogany, but is more lofty, though not SO thick. It.is, however, more solid, and better suited for rafters of buildings, mill timber, keels, &c., as it furnishes beams from 60 to 70 feet long. The hacana resembles the oak, but is preferable in many cases, from being less corruptible. The Manchineel tree affords a wood of a beautiful appearance for furniture, shaded like marble with green and yellow veins; but in consequence of its containing a kind of white acrid juice, with which the Indians used to poison their arrows, it is dangerous to cut it down, or saw it into planks, for the smallest particle of wet, dust, or juice falling into the , &c., as it furnishes beams from 60 to 70 feet long. The hacana resembles the oak, but is preferable in many cases, from being less corruptible. The Manchineel tree affords a wood of a beautiful appearance for furniture, shaded like marble with green and yellow veins; but in consequence of its containing a kind of white acrid juice, with which the Indians used to poison their arrows, it is dangerous to cut it down, or saw it into planks, for the smallest particle of wet, dust, or juice falling into the --- Page 106 --- eye, produces inflammation, that often in blindness, and ends obliges the workman to keep his eyes covered with a is sometimes made gauze; yet it ceed the up, and nothing can exbrilliancv of polish, or variety of colouring, this wood produces. The froit, resembling an apple, is poisonous, and the antidote is salt, to which even cattle been noticedto recur from instinct. have Fustic is more frequent near Azua Banis; it forms a handsome tree with and leaf; but several other a small yellow dye woods are remarked, yet unknown in trade, one that approaches nearer to particularly We Il deserving of green, and is experiment. Lignum vitae or guiacum is usual coast, of two kinds, along the one bearing a blue flower, and the other white dented; choicest in trade is that but the which, when cut, presents a dark green colour, and arid lands. It exceeds its grows in usual size when flourishing on the sides of rivers, but to its quicker growth, it is not SO owing reared in sandy barren good as that lands, nor of such specific weight and durability. The Hacha quichra (break-axe), or iron-wood, ofa similar species, has the of when stuck in - the peculiarity petrifying damp ground, The lig- --- Page 107 --- nui vitae affords a gum, well known in inedicine, which requires no other preparation from the bleeding tree, than being gathered and the natives use the bark instead of soap for washing, in which processit gives a good lather. The capà is particularly suited to the sheathing of vessels, from its being strong, and almost impervious to worms, a bottom of this wood being equal to four of pine. The vessels are generally built with it, Spanish outlast all others. In the and they greatly English islands its virtues are not unknown, and it is often in considerable demand.. The laurel is used for the frames of vessels, and often for masts, which from their pliability are suited even to schooners. The pine also is abundant, particularly on the N. sidc, where whole forests are found; when diminished in weight, by bleeding, it is highly serviceable for all purposes of the ship-buiider, but cannot be used for those of domestic utility in the country, in consequence of its being the particular lodging of the wood-ant, one of the most destructive insects in the West Indies. This animal is to be dreaded in drygood stores, as it delights most in the soft deal of packing cases, which it enters, and perfo- oners. The pine also is abundant, particularly on the N. sidc, where whole forests are found; when diminished in weight, by bleeding, it is highly serviceable for all purposes of the ship-buiider, but cannot be used for those of domestic utility in the country, in consequence of its being the particular lodging of the wood-ant, one of the most destructive insects in the West Indies. This animal is to be dreaded in drygood stores, as it delights most in the soft deal of packing cases, which it enters, and perfo- --- Page 108 --- rates through every fold of the goods it tains, till it finds conThe dwarf egress on the other side. pine is very when cut in long combustible, and, for candles, and strips, serves as a substitute lighted by its light, as by that of a torch, prawns, fish, &c. are the rivulets at night. The taken in reason call it Bois French for that Chandeile, Brazileito wood is pretty plentiful down the coast, but has not yet become an article general trade, owing to a want of of ment. The satin wood of the encourage- white yellow species also abounds, but and heavier than that of the East is much agreeable smell, Iudies, has an and bears a much polish, SO as mnot to require varnish. better Spaniards it is called By the those that Espino, or Thorn, from grow on the bark toa size, It bears the considerable same as mahogany. proportionate valie The Seiba, or Cotton Tree, is the all ther vegetable largest of and most sizeable productions; ; and the lightest trunk. It affords canoes are made of its a species. of down that sembles cotton of a short staple, and is reby the Spaniards for beds; it has used tried with success in the also been wild sloe is a tree of making of hats. The great use, it bas partly --- Page 109 --- ofthe ash, is extremely the Alexible properties woods used by hard, and was one of the many produces a the Indians for bows. The Jagua its fruit thought by the natives a delicacy, linen the stain on juice is clear as water, yet serves for dye or is of an indelible jet, also and in baths as a strong marking. They use it and it serves to remove bracer or astringent, The tree is tall and weariness from the bones. and makes straight, the wood firm but supple, white and red the best lances. Cedars ofthe lance wood, and the species, are common, Exserves for billiard-cues. (bois de lance) of carriages cellent woods for the axle-trees The walmight be collected im these forests. of Bayanut tree is frequent in the distriet Oviedo. and particularly noticed by Box guana, Sablier, or Sand The Genepa, utility, affords a Tree, of no commercial to vegetashade unfavourable thick gloomy from its though often used as a hedge, tion, welisuited to thorns, and particnlarly pointed The frait resembies a peroverhang a road. round form, with little fect sand-box, ofa in shape such as we. raised regular divisions which give a cake by means of a patty-pan, through terminate in small fibres in thecentre, into the which the sand filters, and drops epa, utility, affords a Tree, of no commercial to vegetashade unfavourable thick gloomy from its though often used as a hedge, tion, welisuited to thorns, and particnlarly pointed The frait resembies a peroverhang a road. round form, with little fect sand-box, ofa in shape such as we. raised regular divisions which give a cake by means of a patty-pan, through terminate in small fibres in thecentre, into the which the sand filters, and drops --- Page 110 --- inside. The trayeller is sometimes startied riding under them, by a noise in discharge of a pistol; but fiuds resembling it the that has exploded and shivered is the fruic pieces, which must be in a thousand owing to their containing a degree offixed air, or to some other physical cause which I never yet heard fined. The sap is of a singularly acrid deture, and falling in the eye produces naness. blindThe Ebony oftwo kinds, green and is met with in great abundance; black, nadillo, with ; also the Graseveral other woods of a similar species, and equally suited to staining. Ofthese the Indian turnery or known, and they names only are ofthe grow unnoticed in the midst scarcely trodden forests. To describe the many various species of the palm tree, would rather require the skiil ofa botanist, and the sciontific classification Linnaens. of They are tie greatest ornament of the woods, andiserve many ofthe useful poses of man. The gmains ofsome, purthe sustenince of birds, and the serve for hogs; the leaves, in form like fattening of branches like the Arabiang a fiu, or in palm, to thaccl housas, plat hats, baskets, serveequally plank taken from thie outside of &c. The the tree isexe --- Page 111 --- tremelyhard, almiost incorruptible, and when cleared ofthe pulpy substance that forms the centre, serves for durable pallisadoes, casing for houses, and other necessary purposes in the erection of'a cottage. The Palmetto, or Mountain Cabbage, proffers a valuable vegctable, milky white, and, with appropriate sauces, much relished by Europeans. It grows on the top of ant erect and equal tree, frequently 70 feet high, and it is a pity to see its ornamental and waving foliage cut down, for the sake of the perishable production with which itis crowned, or the wild honey with which its sides often teem. , Its annual growth is singularly marked by a small dark circle at about the regular distance of three inches, progressively to its branches, which spread like an umbrella upper the and these lines indicate the on summit, exact time when the tree attained its growth. The pecling that envelopes the cabbage falls periodically every month to the ground, and being about three feet long, and one wide, makes a valuable covering for the roofs of houses. The large cocoa nut is also a species of the palm, and beautifully ornamental: But of a more singular family of the palmetto, isa dwarf tree oft that genus, the juice a small dark circle at about the regular distance of three inches, progressively to its branches, which spread like an umbrella upper the and these lines indicate the on summit, exact time when the tree attained its growth. The pecling that envelopes the cabbage falls periodically every month to the ground, and being about three feet long, and one wide, makes a valuable covering for the roofs of houses. The large cocoa nut is also a species of the palm, and beautifully ornamental: But of a more singular family of the palmetto, isa dwarf tree oft that genus, the juice --- Page 112 --- squeezed from the grains or berries of when applied to the temple and which, the neck, has the back of peculiar property of raising depressed spirits, and giying an not before felt. By those natives exbilaration known it is called to whom it is the brain, the aegra cogote or enlivener of part it most particularly and it will shortiy be introduced affects, under the hopes of becoming into England of melancholic useful in cases lunacy. The sugar cane, cotton and coffee have met with such general plants, so many other pens, that descriptions from we will this appears to be their most barely say, where they grow in the congenial soil, The use of cocoa the greatest luxuriance. from the Indians, and in all Spauiards their adopted both at home and abroad, it now possessions formsa cipal part of their nutrition. prinitalso used as a circulating They found medium, and 300 grains were equal to a quarter of a The cocoa tree is a plant of a dollr. nature, very delicate requires the shade of other trees defend it from the too ardent to and rays of the sun, great care to free it from the worms that prey upon its bark. The monkey, agouti, and deer, are squirrel, tender fruit and particularly fond of its leaves, and on the trees of --- Page 113 --- often commit devastation, the main continent, they but in the few cocoa walks in Hispanola, of felt. Parrots also in a plantation are not to be dreaded as in a this kind, are equally found out by the corn-patch; bnt are easier of their loud garthe planter, in consequence in flocks; but whererulity when they light with their bills, it rots, ever they pick a pod The cocoa isin and falls to the ground. the fruit is found some measure perennial, as scattered on the tree during the whole year; crops made, are in June but the two prineipal December. The natives are particular and in their harvests during the wane in getting idea have of their ofthe moon, from an they better when gathered in that seapreserving are found in a pod resemson. The grains in in which they grow bling a cucumber, substance. rows surrounded by a soft pulpy From the pod, which is of a purple colour the are extracted by the when ripe, grains of the husk precludes hand, as the delicacy machine. The full the possibility of using a are assorted from the bad and good grains from in the same way, and the pod is dropped the tree with a long stick having a small fork the end. When picked, the cocoa is laid at and dried, which in heaps in the sun, spread, which they grow bling a cucumber, substance. rows surrounded by a soft pulpy From the pod, which is of a purple colour the are extracted by the when ripe, grains of the husk precludes hand, as the delicacy machine. The full the possibility of using a are assorted from the bad and good grains from in the same way, and the pod is dropped the tree with a long stick having a small fork the end. When picked, the cocoa is laid at and dried, which in heaps in the sun, spread, --- Page 114 --- done, it is stored in close houses in piles; where it ferments and great a moist heat : in these warehouses sweats, producing sician will sometimes shut the phywhom he has up a patient, to cury, in order prescribed the use of merto produce a greater of salivation. The Spaniards degree it in bulk for when they load Europe, frequently with salt water, which sprinkle it tial sweat, and has the produces another pargood effect any species of vermin that ofdestroying The recinus may yet remain. americanus, or is abundant, and its leafoften palma christi, prescriptions of the colonial enters into the a scald, increase the empirics, to heal riety of other nurse's milk, and a vauses. The calabash is found oferery grows on a tree as well as shape, and dulgent nature on a vine. Inseems to have produced this gift to preclude the use of for the fruit are found, in earthen-ware; ; bowl, teacup and shape resembling a and that saucer, pitchers of any size, can hold four gallons of water, a neck like a with pocket demijoln 2 a powder horn ; a pistol ; and aimost erery other domestic purpose, which an assorted crate of earthen-ware could supply, and when carved, stained, and ornamented, bave a pretty ef- --- Page 115 --- are also made into musical inr fect. They struments. and the musa The paradisaica or plantain, constitute sapientum, banana, or fig plantain, food of the common people, the principal of bread. The planand serve the purposes orin the Spatain is boiled with salt meat, under the nish olla, fried in slices, roasted and cooked in a variety of other ways, ashes, into flour makes good and when powdered Its first state is perfectly green, puddings. and the but as soon as ripe, it turns yellow, as a differs. The banana is eaten raw taste fried into fritters, and is not so fruit, and it grows in long as : the plantain though bunches in the same way. The Spaniards of the natives of have still that superstition but alMadeira, of never cutting it across, horizontal slices, from its. preways in long the figure of the senting in the first case, sacred instrument of our Saviour's destruction. The flower is a singular curiosity, sheath of a purple colour, on having a long of which, the fruit the pendant bunches succeeds, but the same sncherneverbearbsio and is cut down. The fruit is of an obloug somewhat resembling a cucumber, but shape, A bunch is ofan even thickness throughout. VOL. I. H Madeira, of never cutting it across, horizontal slices, from its. preways in long the figure of the senting in the first case, sacred instrument of our Saviour's destruction. The flower is a singular curiosity, sheath of a purple colour, on having a long of which, the fruit the pendant bunches succeeds, but the same sncherneverbearbsio and is cut down. The fruit is of an obloug somewhat resembling a cucumber, but shape, A bunch is ofan even thickness throughout. VOL. I. H --- Page 116 --- sometimes found to contain 58 nearly a pound each. The leaves plantains of top and wave grow on the beautifully to the are of a pea-green wind, they colour, and first formed a roller, from resemble when dually expand, often which they gralong and to a size of eight feet one or two wide; and in tre are supported with the cenriety of transverse a mid rib, and a vaders. This veins that run to the borthan flour, vegetable is even more nutritive serves to fatten all kinds and its is ofcattles. most vegetation SO rapid, as to be alof life perceptible to the eye. It is the in the West Indies, and staff be esteemed a valuable may deservedly but smile, at the confident luxury; nor can one the Creole Miltons naiveté with which in their to be the very fruit couplets, prove this 6 whose ] Brought death into the mortal taste The anacardium world, and all our woe.' wild in or cashew nut tree, grows every direction, and the fruit is of a know strange appearance. The nut, which is all in England, resembles we a small grows at the end of the apple which kidney, down of the size ofa hangs other fruits, the lemon, SO that, unlike and the seed rececplacubim is at the end, grows on the exterior of the --- Page 117 --- indelible black, and is apex. It stains an to the mouth. an acrid fruit, highly astringent in the unfreVanilla is found indigenous congenial woods, where it courts quented shade. It belongs to the vamoisture and climb and rest on the riety of creepers that unnoticed by the naneighbouring tree, but have not an idea that tives in Hispanola, who it the vacould give a simple preparation It is a plant that relue it.bears in Europe. naturally and even itadheres quires no tillage, but it is astonishing that admits of engrafting, Main where it is known, even on the Spanish what circulates in and whence we obtain of Veparticularly in the province Europe, it does not nezuela, where it is most frequent, of trade, for that entire pror yet form an object afford 1000 lbs. which vince does not annually the in presents to principal generally goes times that quantity might officers, when forty the rest being be with equal ease supplied, or to be leit on the trees to rot neglected, to who also appear caten by the monkeys, the great In Spain, consider it a delicacy. the French in infuse it into their chocolate, and use it for a &c. ice creams, perfumes, variety of other purposes. simaraba abound The quassia amara, and of the woods, inhabitant and form a beautiful H 2 to principal generally goes times that quantity might officers, when forty the rest being be with equal ease supplied, or to be leit on the trees to rot neglected, to who also appear caten by the monkeys, the great In Spain, consider it a delicacy. the French in infuse it into their chocolate, and use it for a &c. ice creams, perfumes, variety of other purposes. simaraba abound The quassia amara, and of the woods, inhabitant and form a beautiful H 2 --- Page 118 --- but never enter into the the country, though materia medica of both antiseptic and brifuge. The simaruba fethe wind, is tall and waves gracefully to of the leaf is white, stately, the underpart green; ; the upper of a they are deep The flowers numerous e and alternate. are yellow and beautifully branched. placed on spikes The sarsaparilla (smilax) is also of creeper or bind-weed, but a species only is found wild the large kind in not being there Hispanola, the other variety of other cultivated; yet this, and a balsams equally sudorific plants and are not noticed; ; even and aloes, common the storax and also productions oftheir woods, many other indigenous bought by the drugs, are in the apothecaries of the island England. general assortments sent out from Cotton here requires little planting; which is more than rior sandy generaily done in an infesoil, and its quality if with Gonaives best, and the clear, rates is found as abundant nankeen colour however as the white. That grown on the lower coast of Rico is the best of any of the Puerto possessions, but from want of neighbouring is now much neglected. encouragenient Indigo appears once to have been a prin- --- Page 119 --- for immense cipal culture in this country, found wild, also the rocou, fields of it are yct to season serves the natives which now only and colour certain dishes and ragouts*. is the best, particularly, * The indigo from Guatemala and Aloating the flotant, SO called, from its being light, of its essayists, in consequence on water. Agricultural on its growth great scarcity, are now making experiments continent, by in the southern provinces of the European memorials have order of the French goverment, and Monsieur been transmitted to the National Institute, by de - in Italy, and M. Bataglini in the department Bruley waised, cannot be expected Vaucluse; but the quantity to purto lessen the price at which they. are obliged manuchase the article in England, to supply their own from the are deprived of its import factures, now they The reports, however, made East and West Indies. the best imported, the upon this plant say, that it rivals exclusively culture of which, we had till now thought, is easy, its confined to the torrid zone. Its cultivation of quick, and the seeds resemble grains vegetation cleanliness and gunpowder. It requires the gréatest of in perfectly freeing it from the neighbourhood care, In three months it is ready to cut and throw weeds. this operation detaches from into the vats to ferment; which precipitates to the leaves the colouring particle, after draining, is the bottom, and the deposit left, and then dried, by some in the sun, by others in an oven, beenfully cut in small square cakes. This process having would be a delineated by other pens, any further remarks between the defective mode of the mere comparison and Spaniards, with the more improved, generally adopted, system of the French. In three months it is ready to cut and throw weeds. this operation detaches from into the vats to ferment; which precipitates to the leaves the colouring particle, after draining, is the bottom, and the deposit left, and then dried, by some in the sun, by others in an oven, beenfully cut in small square cakes. This process having would be a delineated by other pens, any further remarks between the defective mode of the mere comparison and Spaniards, with the more improved, generally adopted, system of the French. --- Page 120 --- The malagueta is a spice that the allspice of differs from Jamaica, is by the Spaniards in highly relished found wild in dressing meats, and is Samana. This article was originally called the grains a poignant of, paradise, it is the pepper-like spice, and found by coast Portuguese, of Africa, among the negroes on the in their first voyages to that of country, Guinea and, from it, one part of the coast is called to this day the pepper coast. After the Malaguete, or East Indies, and discovery of the tuguese especially when the Pormonarchs declared the to be a monopoly of the pepper trade tion of the grains of crown, the exportawas probibited; paradise, or malagueta, ticle of they are no longer an arColumbus, export trade, though, in the days of in Portugal they were in general use both and Spain. In all they still form the Hispanola, certain favourite principal seasoning of from their dishes, Iti is thought, that being particularly found in na, they were planted there Samawhen he first visited this by Columbus Their tobacco is bay. esteemed by equal to that of Cuba, and its themselves chiefly confined to the districts growth is and St. Jago, The of La Vega tobacco formerly ga --- Page 121 --- abroad, thered in all the Spanish possesions in, Europe, well as that taken to her ports as account of the crown, was bought up on of manuwherein is vested the sole privilege are, for and vending it. Factors facturing stationed @ to collect it, and they this purpose, fixed by themselves, buy the crops at prices a proaccording to their own inspection, attended with ceeding which was often This the planter. abuses that discouraged it bids of things being now changed, of system one of the many articles fair to become will turn their atculture, to which they tention. ceased to be an object Ginger has long of but the curcuma Or turmeric, of trade; an excellent yelthe same species, yielding become an article of Jow dye, might easily of rice are commercial export. Two crops that of Caroannually gathered, superior to affords it in lina; Puerto Rico, however, and it can often much greater abundance, of three dollars be shipped at the low rate in sandy 100lbs., and unlike that planted per bottoms, it here grows most luxuand moist riant on the high mountains. afford a herbal could Perhaps no country than the extensive. and interesting, more of trade; an excellent yelthe same species, yielding become an article of Jow dye, might easily of rice are commercial export. Two crops that of Caroannually gathered, superior to affords it in lina; Puerto Rico, however, and it can often much greater abundance, of three dollars be shipped at the low rate in sandy 100lbs., and unlike that planted per bottoms, it here grows most luxuand moist riant on the high mountains. afford a herbal could Perhaps no country than the extensive. and interesting, more --- Page 122 --- varied vegetable hitherto SO little kingdom of this island, and explored; but a classification analysis of SO many useful and plants, many of them almost curious usi in Europe, would unnamed to of an enthusiastic require the investigations of considerable botanist, and form a work magnitude. The the novel European, and on landing, is struck with variegated foliage of a hemisphere; the tropical. the orange or golden apple of Hesperides, the shaddock coves covered with the grove, and alin flower and bearing creeping granadillo, a delightful shade to fruit, form at noon, of a dinner enhance the conviviality party. The sweet swelling acacia, the pomegranate, the franchipane, red and white and equally ornament the perfume the air. prospect, As a matter of mention that in curiosity, I cannot but the horse sometimes travelling along the road, of the sensitive steps on a spreading bed plant, that as does the loaded instantly droops, with the corn toi a gust of wind, suddenness of The teaplant runs wild, but magical is influence, an excellent pectoral. only used as has the The almond shrub peculiarity of perfectly taste of that kernel, affording the on mastication, and is --- Page 123 --- to give to cordials its rival used in distilling, flavour. only for fences. The The aloes serves and similar in shape Pita of the same family, answers but of a vivid green, and prickles, for texture, and when a variety of purposes through two sticks the leaf has been pressed divested of its and thus laid horizontally, it leaves a hank of interior pulpy substance, and of a fibres similar to hemp, but longer, natives snow-white glossy appearance. The other manufacture it into hammocks, and articles; it is extremely strong, and useful the attention of the much more deserving tree. than the fibres of the plantain public, of the island, The Pita grows in every part and when in Santiago, but most particularly for ever, for the lasts nearly once planted, have attained their outside leaves, when they full growth, are all that are successively cut, continue to shoot out from the and others vessels are centre. On the river Oronoko, entirely rigged with it. of this island, The fruits and nutritive roots and exotic, are nearly the same as native extremely fine, and infithose of Jamaica, besides those we nitely more abundant, and found the mentioned, there is have already in Santiago, but most particularly for ever, for the lasts nearly once planted, have attained their outside leaves, when they full growth, are all that are successively cut, continue to shoot out from the and others vessels are centre. On the river Oronoko, entirely rigged with it. of this island, The fruits and nutritive roots and exotic, are nearly the same as native extremely fine, and infithose of Jamaica, besides those we nitely more abundant, and found the mentioned, there is have already --- Page 124 --- choux caraib, or Indian kale, with of other vegetables that a variety' same come under the ble denômination; the avocato, or vegetamarrow, the melon, sapadillo, pine-apple, bread and jack fruit, guava, ground nuts, rose-apple, plumbs mango, our own, butof a different resembling others which the taste, with many dom sees European, even there, selbrought to table. Besides these, the plantain, the sweet potatoe, and pumpkin, form yam, the negroes' part of food; as also the casava sweet manioc roots. and stances Many vegetable subgrow wild on the hedges and in the woods, resembling the potatoe; the most remarkable of which is one called French Bondd, and by the by the Spaniards volador (or flyer), from being that often produced on a creeper out-tops the loftiest tree, Cheese, of a poor quality and white pearance, is made, something apcurds, in which the salt infused resembling hard preserve it, and serves to give a pungent taste to the mouth. Itis often matured by being buried some wecks in the ground, yet, unlike who seldom relish cheese but us, taste of with the bitter porter, the inbabitants never eat it, unless covered with sweet marmalade, or --- Page 125 --- fruits; and even in Spain grapes are preserved most delicious and appropriate considered its hence their old proverb, condiment, Uvas y queso Saben i beso. of the skimmings Butter is made by putting which in two shakes, milk into a bottle, be formed into turns it out of a consistency to a mass. of Flora also boasts her The kingdom them, and sweets; but to partienlarize variety The flowerwould fill an endless catalogue. kinds; the inconrolvulus of a thousand ing white and yellow; the digenous jessamine, tints; lilies, and a passion flower of several of other flowers, with which we are variety adorn the wild scenery of the not acquainted, their sweetness on the woods, . and waste desart air." --- Page 126 --- CHAP. VIII, MINES, MINERAL PRODUCTIONS, &c. Ir is now time to valuable convey some. idea of the mines, with. which nature has clusively gifted the East division exisland, and which, in the of the discovery, early ages of the abroad, tempted SO many adventurers excited the jealousy and other nations, ambition of urging them to brave the gers of sea and climate, for the danof rival colonies. There establishment that the best mines can be little doubt the Indians set are yet unexplored, as most no value on gold, and the likely spots have not yet been unless by the huntsman, trod, Those which or the fugitive are known, however, negro. degree of notice, for in the hands merit a workmen, of suitable they would be found more ductive, than many of those on the Main. proEight leagues from the and an old settlement called capital, near mines known Bonao, are the gold by the name of Buena (or good luck) which are ventura, both by the Spanish and minutely mentioned French authors. It gold, and the likely spots have not yet been unless by the huntsman, trod, Those which or the fugitive are known, however, negro. degree of notice, for in the hands merit a workmen, of suitable they would be found more ductive, than many of those on the Main. proEight leagues from the and an old settlement called capital, near mines known Bonao, are the gold by the name of Buena (or good luck) which are ventura, both by the Spanish and minutely mentioned French authors. It --- Page 127 --- Oviedo tells us, that Garay and evas here, wonderful grain of gold, Diaz found that of any equalled in the history never yet 3600 pesos of gold, mines, which weighed It was first equal to 200 ounces. a veight woman in their discovered by an Indian scrvice, and SO great was the astonishment of the two old chiefs of Coand pleasure to the same record, hubus, that, according to feast their they killed a roasting pig friends, which they caused to be served up the boasting at the same entire upon grain, had never time, that their Catholic Majesties indined off sO rich a dish. When it was Bobadilla, who purspected by governor of the king, it was the chased it on account who made opinion of the professional men would not be the essay, that twenty ounces lost in the melting, the metal being SO pure. perished on board one of It unfortunately gale the ships, in that noted equinoctial and in which the old admirai prognosticated, It vessels foundered at sea. which sO many be said that the ocean never may withjustice and valuable received into its bosom, SO great a curiosity. rivulet close by, called Santa In a small after the Rosa, to this day, the poor people, --- Page 128 --- rains, continue to wash the sand in a small calabash, and they collect, children, an old woman and after the rainy season, will often obtain at the rate of an ounce These small per day. particles are dislodged mnountain torrent, from the by the old vein of which is great mine, the now fallen in, though perfectly visible, and out of the clay from the entrance, dug they make earthen pitchers and vessels, that come for sale to the capital, and sparkle with the small they contain. spangles Charlevoix, speaking of the primitive state ofthis country, says, that Columbus being informed by several Caciques that in the there were rich mines of gold, and South - desirous of ascertaining the fact before he returned to Europe, sent Francisco Garay and Diaz with an escort, who Miguel explored this rivulet that falls into Haina river, where blished, for the protection of the they estafort called St. workmen, a Christopher's, which name the mines afterwards bore. This fort was afterwards completed by Bartholomew in whilst holding the office of person, Adelantado, or Vice-governor, during the absence of his brother at Court. Cotuy, more to the N. and situated in the: he returned to Europe, sent Francisco Garay and Diaz with an escort, who Miguel explored this rivulet that falls into Haina river, where blished, for the protection of the they estafort called St. workmen, a Christopher's, which name the mines afterwards bore. This fort was afterwards completed by Bartholomew in whilst holding the office of person, Adelantado, or Vice-governor, during the absence of his brother at Court. Cotuy, more to the N. and situated in the: --- Page 129 --- of the island, was formerly called the centre Miners, from the numbers col. Town of the called lected there to work. On a ridge Maymine; and two leagues furmon, is a copper Esmeralda, firom that ther, another called La precious stone being dug there. Indian The famous mines of Cibao, the were however the name for a stoney country, of the riches of first that afforded specimens and the country, for their Catholic Majesties, them most treasure. They are situyielded ated in the centre ofthe - island, near La Vega bordering on the river Janico. and Santiago, that inclose the valley of In the mountains described, are veins of a Costanza before productive nature, and large particles very washed down by the rains. At a distance are from Santiago, at the of two days journey head of Rio Verde, or Green River, many as also in the river grains are collected, beautiful Yaque, of which specimens of a of the author. nature are in possession of Columbus to these The first journey author*, mines, as related by a good Spanish deserve notice. In March 1494 the Admay miral resolved to visit the mines of Cibao in * Munos. --- Page 130 --- person, and on the 12th set out with 400 followers, his horses, and about Indians. a number of About four leagues after his to encounter that outset, he had very difficult the mountains which had passage through made the first impeded those who expedition. He called it de los Puerto Hidalgos, or the Pass ofthe from some ofthat rank Noblemen, to lead through it. When havinghad the courage the summit, they had gained they were rewarded with an extensive prospect of the renowned Vega. plain of La Columbus also intended to avail himself these opportunitiés of of impress the Indians visiting the interior, to with an idea of the rior power of the Europeans, in order supepare their minds for a ready submission to pre. king. For this to his purpose he caused his to march from Isabella in troops Alying colours, to the sound of squadrons, with in this military trumpets; and the array they proceeded through villages. Most of the astonished came flying to them, Indians ready to offer all possessed in the most submissive they others fled in fear and manner; ; rest enclosed consternation, and the cadoed themselves in cottages and barrithe doors with poles and reeds, to pre. king. For this to his purpose he caused his to march from Isabella in troops Alying colours, to the sound of squadrons, with in this military trumpets; and the array they proceeded through villages. Most of the astonished came flying to them, Indians ready to offer all possessed in the most submissive they others fled in fear and manner; ; rest enclosed consternation, and the cadoed themselves in cottages and barrithe doors with poles and reeds, --- Page 131 --- Cibaes and their chief received the The affection. They pre" Spaniards with great gold dust, and gold sented them withi victuals, that offered the 'grains of various sizes. 'Those other trifles in latter, received glass beads and with which they were SO highly return, to a rivulet pleased, that they ran immediately of which they and returned with more gold, than an gave two grains, weighing which more they set a ounce, for a single bell, on particular value. grains. The Admiral had not seen any gold Caof this size before, except one which the he met near the sea-coast had given cique which he sent by the fleet to the him, and He was now informed by Spanish Monarch. that in the distance ofhalf a day's the Indians were to be found of the journey, gold grains andl he was conweight offive and six pounds, sent firmed in thist by the reports of discoverers into the interior. the mines of Guaba, To the South are and Baoruco, where several persons Rubio, enriched themselves withhave clandestinely use of a tool. The Maout ever making the hills ofthe latter place, roons, who occupy with the gold as before described, procure of their cloththey collect, the principal part VOL. I. I --- Page 132 --- ing, for they hare little or no other the author had once an trade, and opportunity of chasing a square bottle of grains which purhad gathered, containing 45 they some peculiar policy in the ounces. From Spanish perhaps a wish not to rival the mines crown, of Main, which were the and at that time under subsequently the discovered, of persons in peculiar protection power, all the mines closed by a royal decree, which were by an armed force, civil officers was exeeuted spot, and visiting each ties denouncing the most severe on those who should touch them. penalplan might also be founded On a dread This tracting the notice, or exciting the of atany other foreign rivalship of power, which, in an SO detached, and accessible from island quarters, might SO many powerful foe. prove an easy conquest to a On the road to La Vega, at a place called Garabacoa, is situated a rich silver mine, and another twelve leagues from borders ofthe rivulets Santiago, on the dras, In the called Obispo and Pieneighbourhood of Puerto are several others, as well as in Tanci Plata, West, and Yasica near the to the river, near the Yaque. On Haina capital, on an estate called Gamboa, a very excellent vein bas been powerful foe. prove an easy conquest to a On the road to La Vega, at a place called Garabacoa, is situated a rich silver mine, and another twelve leagues from borders ofthe rivulets Santiago, on the dras, In the called Obispo and Pieneighbourhood of Puerto are several others, as well as in Tanci Plata, West, and Yasica near the to the river, near the Yaque. On Haina capital, on an estate called Gamboa, a very excellent vein bas been --- Page 133 --- others also in La Cruz, and,at St: vorked; ; in the E. end Miguel's; and near Higuey, known formerly of the island, is one that was to the Indians, from the capital, is Seven or cight leagites finer one still, near a good iron mine, and a articles of Cotuy, the ore or mannfactured into which would easily descend the Yuna, the Bay of Samana. the source of the Quicksilver is found at of Cibao. Yaque, and also near the gold mines W. from On the right ofthe main road leading Valescalled Haina River, at a small place abounds in quillo, there is a barren ridge that in this mineral. The load-stonc is common placcs, and in the copper mines of Maymany is found; which the mon a blue substance Jasper of several natives use for colouring: and shades is met with, as well as porphyry districts of alabaster. Agates are found in the and Banis, and jet extremely glossy in Azua nearthe Toscino River. There that ofBanica, near Hincha, which is a mine of antimony Mineral yields pieces of six and eight pounds. as well as copperas is extracted near Santiago, near a at the source of the river Guayamuco, in globules hamlet called Morico. Red ochre, egg, is found at Oya as Jarge as a pigeon's 3 2 --- Page 134 --- Chiquita, and in a place called Rica, also ther species ofa flesh colour. In the anoSantiago the district of amethyst has been met with of a transparent violet colour, and of an water. In Neyba and Hincha excellent have been picked Rivers, pebbles But who up that contain brilliants. can with justice describe this but unexplored museum of grand the various fossils with nature, or detail which it teems. rera says, that in early times, when Herthing was on a confined scâle, when every lics and mechanism had not hydrauto the assistance of yet been applied than the mining, and little more pickax was used, the mint or smelting house melted annually from the La Vega and Buena Ventura mines of marks of gold, besides what alone 460,000 its raw was sent away in state, or made up into ornaments. Even now, after the great successive vages and pillages the country has rait is not unusual to see a undergone, cutter, come down from the grazier or woodmassive buckles mountains, with a pound each, two watch chains, and gold watch to perhaps a poor silver one, a rosary, large double hat buckle, &c. which- he buttons, ment, and thinks the parades as ornamost respectable Their church ornaments (inery. werealso veryheavy: away in state, or made up into ornaments. Even now, after the great successive vages and pillages the country has rait is not unusual to see a undergone, cutter, come down from the grazier or woodmassive buckles mountains, with a pound each, two watch chains, and gold watch to perhaps a poor silver one, a rosary, large double hat buckle, &c. which- he buttons, ment, and thinks the parades as ornamost respectable Their church ornaments (inery. werealso veryheavy: --- Page 135 --- but though they had withstood the temptations of Toussaint, and his sooty cohorts, when possession was given him of the country, they soon disappeared after the entrance of the white French government. Such even at those times, was their boasted fraternity to the Spaniards, CHAP. IX. ANIMALS, GAME, FISH, INSECTS, Sc. IN the original discovery of this island, four species of quadrupeds were found, which the and Indians called Hutia, Quemi, Mohuy, Cory, but all of a very diminutive size. The first, however, is now the only one met with, for like the race of natives to whom they have become were at first subservient, they extinct, as if the introduction of European animals had equaliy had effect in the brute creation. The Hutia, or agouti cat, resembles the squirrel and rabbit, is of a grey COlour, but not equally dexterous with the for- --- Page 136 --- mer on the trees, though, like its tail. It it, assisted by stays more on the rows in hollow trees, but ground, burwhen pursued. It takes to the forest is seldom found part of Haspanola in any where it is frequent, excepting near Santiago, abundant, and but in Cuba it is more by when made into pies, is many a great delicacy. Another thought abovementioned of the resembled indigenous species of a small animals, and the third a dog guinea-pig, which without hair, was domesticated did not bark, and by the Indians. The animals brought from ated with great rapidity, Europe procrecattle, hogs, particularly horned and sheep, goats, horses, asses. Oviedo mules, course says, that in 1535 (of forty-three years after the cargoes of hides were discovery) were in such low exported, and cattle ofan estimation, that the skin was equal value with the carcase. the limits oftheir Leaving in the woods, and pastures, they have run wild rightful are now in many places the prey ofthe huntsman. The of hunting is attached to the privilege lands, which are sometimes ownership of particalar right called sold, and the The increase monteria is retained. of cattle would be still much greater, were it not for the great mortality discovery) were in such low exported, and cattle ofan estimation, that the skin was equal value with the carcase. the limits oftheir Leaving in the woods, and pastures, they have run wild rightful are now in many places the prey ofthe huntsman. The of hunting is attached to the privilege lands, which are sometimes ownership of particalar right called sold, and the The increase monteria is retained. of cattle would be still much greater, were it not for the great mortality --- Page 137 --- fly similar to the cantharides caused bys a large which, fastening on any ofthe Mediterranean, animal meets with by accident, excoriation the ofthe hunter, or from from the.escaped lance there deforcing a path in the thick woods, breeds into which afterwards posits an egg,l and widens the sore, a maggot, that gnays the beast oflife. These and at Jength deprives tender navel-string flies also flock round the their cattle, and there lodge of their young all these mortal embryo. Notvithstanding in the plains, accidents, to which those ranging also under the partial caré of a herdsman, are degree liable, notwithstanding, too, in some of the former French the great consumption incursions of the Haytians, Division, and the district of Seibo graziers are still left in the 12,000 head of cattle, which they who own in herds at six and eight dollars often sell Main, grazing head. On the Spanish per to many of the richest also affords occupation immense herds, and it inhabitants, who have singular, that these gentlemen would appear should take graziers, particularly in Caraccas, the halls of their the greatest pride in having the knee with the rotulas, or houses, paved somewhat resembling pans of horned cattle, a good and producing a mosaic pavement, --- Page 138 --- effect. This is always pointed out to the stranger, as the produce from their own grounds, and thei indication oftheir pasture certainly the number of bones wealth, for when each does not must be great, yet I must freely confèss, occupy an inch square : that to the it conveys the idea of their European chers, rather than being great butgreat breeders. Hogs are found equally the inhabitants numerous, and use their flesh most nerally for food, but it is not wholesome gethe European stomach. Those to wild, when that are killed jerked with salt, and the juice of the sour orange, after being smoaked with its aromatic leaves, are palatable, as they form a kind ofbrawn, and SO great are their numbers, that the hunter, with his spear and will often kill four Or five before dogs, breakfast. They are always skinned, and not scalded, the hides being exported for saddles, and covering for trunks. The horse, though small in size, is extremely agile, sure-footed, is easily fed, and naturally goes a gentle, equal, ambling well suited to the fatigue and heat of pace, the road and climate; to trot would be considered his greatest demerit. The ass and mule are equally good in their kinds. Goats and sheep a hunter, with his spear and will often kill four Or five before dogs, breakfast. They are always skinned, and not scalded, the hides being exported for saddles, and covering for trunks. The horse, though small in size, is extremely agile, sure-footed, is easily fed, and naturally goes a gentle, equal, ambling well suited to the fatigue and heat of pace, the road and climate; to trot would be considered his greatest demerit. The ass and mule are equally good in their kinds. Goats and sheep a --- Page 139 --- are bred in great quantities in Banis Azua, and only fetch from three to four and per head. Wool has not yet become dollars sideration of any notice. Itis a conthough the llamas, vicunas and astonishing that deer, on the abound neighbouring main, there never was any one sufficiently patriotic to over to the suitable regions of bring them procreate in these Hispanola, to to benefit approprinte ranges, and thus posterity. The horses, asses at present in the island mules, and 150,000, and the horned are estimated at cattle at 300,000. Poultry here is good, and much than in any part ofthe West Indies. cheaper Game is extremely plentiful, the sportsman more SO than in who.goes in search of a colder climate would exercise plains of Neyba, besides desire. On the called the a peculiar pheasant Flamenco, and other birds, is the wild peacock, which in flavour found the finest turkey, nor can surpasses pleasing than to any thing be more see flocks of this animal feeding in stately parade in the rich Though their plumage is not SO brilliant bottoms. those we domesticate in Europe, it still as to thes sight in gay colours; the varies ing wild, and bird, by becomfeeding on the bitter forms a most desirable treat berries, to the epicure, --- Page 140 --- comparable to the heath hen of growse of North America. England, OF quarter where the This is the only and the author species is seen collectively, cannot but think, owing to their having that it is presented to the been here originally Indians as an curiosity, who retained and European objects of veneration, bred them as sidered as the last tomb this spot being conof those aborigines. unfortunate The guinea fowl, nearly to the bird above equal in flayour plains in such described, is killed in all the quantities that in the are sold in the market for season they nests are found with a rial each. Their and the shell SO hard that thirty and forty eggs, by falling to the it does not break are of four ground. The wild pigeons species; their meat is though rather bitter, of the savoury, parrot is also eaten, and game taste; the scarce, Unlike the Main the ortolan is not islands, and no singing birds are found neighbouring ing the Jamaica nightingale exceptbird, and the banana or mockingbird, with plumage, black and yellow. handsome On the list of wild fowl, are ofa variety of species, the reckoned ducks, ron, crane, teal, diver, galding, heplover, and snipe, pigeons species; their meat is though rather bitter, of the savoury, parrot is also eaten, and game taste; the scarce, Unlike the Main the ortolan is not islands, and no singing birds are found neighbouring ing the Jamaica nightingale exceptbird, and the banana or mockingbird, with plumage, black and yellow. handsome On the list of wild fowl, are ofa variety of species, the reckoned ducks, ron, crane, teal, diver, galding, heplover, and snipe, --- Page 141 --- similar to those of other islands, Fishes are vaand the best are the snook, calapever, rious kinds of mullet, the pargo, the grooper, baracooter, craw and rock fish, jew fish, The land crab is besides the smaller fry. and by the Creole, thought a great delicacy Turtle of mode of dressing. has its peculiar all kinds is taken ; also immense quantities of tarapins, or small amphibious tortoises, The that when dressed are rich and delicate. turtle which yields tortoise-shell ineat of'the made from it is given is not eaten, but soup in cutaneous disorders. the natives, but The guano, is relished by from its ugly scaly fori, that corresponds does not with our ideas of a dwvarf-dragon, The suit the prejudices of the European. harmless ereature, feeding lizard is a perfectly and principally on flies, and basking gamthe walls in the sunshine. The boling on unheeded, but the serpent crosses your path and frequent centipedes is large, dangerous, in old buildings; the scorpion rarely appears, a reptile almost but the venomous crab-spider, as formidable, is sometimes seen. It be worthy of remark that great may under the walls quantities of sharks prowl of the city near St. Gill's battery, éalled by --- Page 142 --- battery, near which the English the yellow and where they stands, offals the slaughter-honse in wait for the to lay a are accustomed out. It is perhaps sport that are thrown the boys throw in novel and curious, to see round which the a fresh full blown bladder, and with hungry vOsharks flock in numbers, side-long jump at it with a clumsy eludes raciousness the levity of the bladder snatch, whilst ends in a bloody their grasp, and generally They seldom enter themselves. thick all war amongst water but are extremely inthe fresh and there have been along the coast ; sailor, to escape a man stances of an English plunging unconscious of war, and get ashore, into their jaws. abound in the other parts That sharks also by the following of the island, may be seen circumstance, handed relation of a surprising ollicers of his Majesty's me by one of the board of which it hapship Daedalus, on in the bay of Samana whilst lying ofthat pened, during the late capture in Hispanola, place. sharks were seen swimming about of Several forenoon of the 20th this ship early in the for prey, and exNovember, 1808, lurking all the crew. A hook citing the curiosity of in the other parts That sharks also by the following of the island, may be seen circumstance, handed relation of a surprising ollicers of his Majesty's me by one of the board of which it hapship Daedalus, on in the bay of Samana whilst lying ofthat pened, during the late capture in Hispanola, place. sharks were seen swimming about of Several forenoon of the 20th this ship early in the for prey, and exNovember, 1808, lurking all the crew. A hook citing the curiosity of --- Page 143 --- weil baited, was hung overboard and diately seized by one of them with immevoraciousness. Its extreme disengage attempts to escape and itselfwere frustrated by a rope in a slipnoose, being passed over its fins, with which it was hoisted on board by no less a number than twenty men. In cutting it were surprised to find in its maw open, they which had been thrown a dead calf, overboard from the ship only a few hours previous. The from the extremity ofthe length snout, tail to that of the measured full ten feet, the circumference of its body was jaws when extended, proportionate, and the the would have admitted body of the stoutest man on board. Three others ofan equal size in the last of which were caught, was found young ones, a turkey, and a live hawks-bill- sixty-two turtle, measuring two feet six inches in and one foot nine inches in length, turtle on being put into breadth; the about a tub of water swam immediately after its release, not injured by its singular apparently An instance of SO confinement. deserves to be extraordinary a nature serted with recorded, and it may be astruth, that with one hook three sharks of different sizes and sixtydimensions, --- Page 144 --- 126 / cangh? voracious, were actually but all equally Few other aquatid at one time of fishing. except the sea-cow or monsters are remarked Beata, the ribs ofwhich pnanati met with near and its moans, those animal resemble ivory, of a female in distress. to have been Pearlsin the first ages appear and near Savana collected in some quantities, is a small harbour in Samana bay, 1531; la mar, their name. In the year that yet bears authorities, the to the best Spanish home to the according Santo Domingo sent of of pearls; govemor five celemines or pecks but Emperor fifth exacted by the crown; in being the and never found they are now unsought, would conceive, that the market ; yet one it would be profitable after SO long a respite, of fishery, to which to resume this kind from being good the natives are well suited, might quantity of tortoise-shell divers; some be annually obtained. dyeis taken (murex) Or Tyrian The purpura roscmnbling a perivinkle, out of a small snail and has been refound in St. Andrew's bay ; by the auof curiosity mnarked as an object place called Guibathing thor, in a beautifinl avenuc Jeading to fort bia at the end of the authors say it ie St Jerome: Some Spani-h from being good the natives are well suited, might quantity of tortoise-shell divers; some be annually obtained. dyeis taken (murex) Or Tyrian The purpura roscmnbling a perivinkle, out of a small snail and has been refound in St. Andrew's bay ; by the auof curiosity mnarked as an object place called Guibathing thor, in a beautifinl avenuc Jeading to fort bia at the end of the authors say it ie St Jerome: Some Spani-h --- Page 145 --- also to be met with on the coasts of quil and Guatemala. GuayaThe cochineal is found indigenous in district of St. Johns; Banis, and the river. This along Ocoa ofthe precious insect feeds on. : a plant species ofthe Nopal of. Mexico, called the alpargata or Indian shoe, from the of the leaf, and generally classed shape the prickly by us with pear, though the leaf is but of-the same thinner, however is configuration ; the fruit larger, more prickly, of a clouded green, and acidulous taste. The the animal, derived from its colouring of as in New food, is the same Spain. In this district is that small red insect found, which, when crushed resembling a spider, upon the human produces a poison through the body only by the Indian system, cured remedy, of entire skin with the flame of scorching the The nigua (so called certain leaves. (acarus bythe Spaniards) or tick, belonging to the order of the is by far the most horrid and aptera) sect in the West Indies. disagreeable indust of a floor, and It harbours in the of a kitchen, It particularly in the ashes makes its attack on the foot, and an itching of the generally skin nounces its lodgement, It ansmall black appears like a speck, seen through the skin, --- Page 146 --- to the size of a and when neglected grows the flesh, with a bag bug, burying itself in contains its eggs, not to under its belly, that dexterity of the break which, forms the great burst, you for should the pellicule companion extraction, to find the troublesome So are sure wecks afterwards. in your flesh for many it leaves, and SO great poisonous is the casing it out, that you are the dlifficulty of clearing flesh open, to get at the forced often to cut the but its best cure burrow it has formed; the caredeep powdered tobacco; ; yet and antidoteis looses his foot. less negro sometimes and have enriched TheTrench callit chiquc, adjective, language with a derivative aptheir generally chiqueur, or ticky, an epithet who neglects his plied to the filthy negro, the greatest term and by him thought with its full deperson, I never met I have read of opprobrium. though cription by a naturalist, a nest of them in preserving in Euofa Capuchin to the colleges his foot, as a present the length of the but unfortunately in that part, rope, produced a mortificution cut it off, and passage made it necessary to ofthis which world were thus deprived of na. the learned intended to enrich the page specimen tural history. --- Page 147 --- The cocullo, is a kind of glow-fly ris) that emits from the belly and (lampyluminous matter; and resembles in eyes, a orders of the scarabaeus. On shape the days in the month of June, certain festival and tied in they are collected great quantities all over the outer garments of the young people; who through the streets on horses gallop mented, producing equally ornaon a dark effect of a large moving evening the it is on this occasion body of light, and the lover displays his gallantry, in decking and tress with these altending his misthis insect living gems. The entrails of crushed on the wall, fect phosphoric effect, that have a perdry. only ceases when VOL. I. A tied in they are collected great quantities all over the outer garments of the young people; who through the streets on horses gallop mented, producing equally ornaon a dark effect of a large moving evening the it is on this occasion body of light, and the lover displays his gallantry, in decking and tress with these altending his misthis insect living gems. The entrails of crushed on the wall, fect phosphoric effect, that have a perdry. only ceases when VOL. I. A --- Page 148 --- a CHAP. X. hagpb CITIES, TOWNS, &cc. POPULATION, abroad, where the Orthe Spanish possessions it is diffiestablishes no census, : goverment exact scale of population cult to give an left to the eeclesiastical for that charge being from the manner in is incorrect ordered by authority, it is drawn up. It being the which of their church to frequent curates of the precepts at Easter, the sacranpents annually enforce this religious the respective parishes, from the pulpit on the practice by anathemas only to the paschal feast and admit a small ireliginus:s as bring of the altar, such persons with the word check, signed by the confessor, added to he or she has confessed, € confeso' On recciving the sacrathe date ofthe year. anothercheck, with the ment thisisreplacedl by she has been at comword 6 comlgo; he or countersigned munion, and is in like manner tickets thus decurate. The of by the parish transmitted to the bishop livered, are when collectively added, the diocese, and with althe returns of the population, form --- Page 149 --- lowances for those under age : such a being generally under-rated, affords census imperfect a very statement, as will evinced when we come to particularly be America. spcak of Spanish The population of the Spanish of Hispanola at present amounts division 104,000 persons of all to about than ages, a number larger generally supposed by those who the island, in visit consequence of its tered over such an extent of being scatcording to themselves in 1785, territory. Acestimate was when their last made; it' amounted to of which the difference from 152,640, stated, consists ofthose the sum before the French took who, emigrating when ing, and also of possession, the are now returnto the Haytian prisoners and refugees The powers, estimated at 4000. following scale may be relied its amount added to 8000, upon, and in the mountains, and living scattered cords 25,000 emigrants, acnearly with the original mate. Spanish esti2 a 12 à om au K 2 --- Page 150 --- Present Population in Ilispanold, City of Santo Domingo and its surrounding districts Santiago and its Jurisdiction 22,000 Dejahon ditto 20,000 La Vega Real ditto Cotuy ditto Haina ditto Los Ingenios ditto Banis, Azua, and their districts 3000 each St. John and district Neyba ditto Banica, Cahobas, Atalaya, Hincha, and respective districts Villages of Las Minas, Monte Plata and Baya Bayaguana, Seibo, and districts Higuey and districts Peninsula of Samana and Savanah la Mar Puertode Plata, Monte Christi, and 3500, districts Persons 103,900 Of this number, about 30000. are and the rest a mixture of white, Indian, slaves, and 3000 each St. John and district Neyba ditto Banica, Cahobas, Atalaya, Hincha, and respective districts Villages of Las Minas, Monte Plata and Baya Bayaguana, Seibo, and districts Higuey and districts Peninsula of Samana and Savanah la Mar Puertode Plata, Monte Christi, and 3500, districts Persons 103,900 Of this number, about 30000. are and the rest a mixture of white, Indian, slaves, and --- Page 151 --- blended. The, European black, extremely, consist of Spaniards are few, and principally Catalans, who come in search of fortunes, shops. Besides the above stateand keep settlers, that live ment, there are many poor nor are in the mountains, nearly unknown, included in the maroons, before described, the amount, the natives are agile, strong, In general, of bearing the greatest healthy, and capable day, and fatigue, With two plantains per of jerked meat, they will travel a small strip and their wants and perform the hardest duty, exceed a hammock, sword-blade, scarcely by their sides, with a little toor manchete bacco, made, and In general they are well This personal deformity is seldom met with, of the female, is owing to the easy parturition accidents which is seldom attended with by of nursing, and which allows to the neglect all the freedom of person prethe infant The children are unscribedl by Rousseau. cloaths, and from shackled by swaddling floors, they are not occupying the ground to those falls, which, in the populous exposed cities of the north of Europe, produce among such an irregularity of the common people, think with Mr. Pauw and shape; nor can we --- Page 152 --- that this peculiarity, SO reDoctor Robertson, Spanish and Indian markable both amongst as it was with American natives, is owing, to Lacedemonians, to their putting the children amongst them, death all deformed of this practice can for no tradition or traces South regions of be found, in any of the to Ilately met with an exception America*. in Santiago, in a fomily this general remark of the common size; of dwarfs, from parents years of age, the eldest son, now twenty-five well shaped, inches high, is only thirty-one and with a active and animated, extremely not be drowned in singing voice that would His bro: bass to a choir of baechanalians: sisters being of similar proportions, thers and introduced into Europe, be they would, if thought a singular phenomenou. called the lepra also The elephantiasis, particuof the Arabians, is not unfrequent, and is a of Hispanola, larly in the negroes viscous humours, collection of venereal and swells gross forms on the foot and leg, surwhich to a size which often them in wrinkles, of murdering deformed * The inhuman practice in Rome, but prechildren, was not only permitted twelve tables. Pater insignem seribed by the laws of the &c.; but this secms puerum cito necatr, ad restrieted deformitateth to the male issue. of the Arabians, is not unfrequent, and is a of Hispanola, larly in the negroes viscous humours, collection of venereal and swells gross forms on the foot and leg, surwhich to a size which often them in wrinkles, of murdering deformed * The inhuman practice in Rome, but prechildren, was not only permitted twelve tables. Pater insignem seribed by the laws of the &c.; but this secms puerum cito necatr, ad restrieted deformitateth to the male issue. --- Page 153 --- that of the huinan body, resembling passes foot of an elephant, and is the misshapen collects also deemed incurable: It sometimes wens or bags of hard matter, in immense from which no that hang from the neck, operation can separate them. The city of Santo Domingo, which may the first or oldest city of the be considered is situated on the West Western worid, whose watèrs on margin of the river Ozama, lave its that side and the sea to the South, the built on ramparts. It was originally Bartholomew other side of the river, by the Columbus, in the year 1496, and called but in consequence of that new Isabella; by the' dreadful equinoctial gale, predicted when which happened in 1502, old admiral, the treasure to Euthe fleet that conveyed its buildings, which were yet rope perished, and this calaonly of wood, were destroyed, visitamity being followed by. a pestilential the tion of destructive ants, Ovando removed to the other side, which he founded and city built on a regular plan*, * The establishments on the river Ozama, appear to have been made by orders communicated to Bartholonew, on his from the old admiral his brother, whilst in Spain the second voyage, whither he had gone, to withstand --- Page 154 --- of the town is picturesque, The appearance the massive piles of buildbut gloomy, from and rounadorned with steeples; ings, interspersed with garmantic, from being The houses are genedens and verdure. built in the old Spanish rally very good, roofs, and a yard or patio in style, with flat galleries inside, the middle, with surrounding The lower wiuand balconies to the street. of the doors dows are all iron grated, many vestibule 4 entrance to a large foid, and, give sits.. The water where the porter of passage, collected into cisterns by for drinking. is roofs, and on the first spouts from the flat the to this side changing of the scite of city, at the pontoon was kept of the river, a passage in which the slaves expence of government, to procure the crossed with their pitchers, but it was in water for the use of familics; founder, to plan of the new the original branch of the Haina convey into the city a leading to river, by ineans of an aqueduct the main square, or fountain in a reservoir yet designated by the remains of whicharc by his enemies at court. attacks making on his reputation, occasioned by the gold found The choice of this spot was the order contains a specific diin the river Haina, as harbour near that rivera rection to look out a convenient the southern coast. and to plant a colony on for the use of familics; founder, to plan of the new the original branch of the Haina convey into the city a leading to river, by ineans of an aqueduct the main square, or fountain in a reservoir yet designated by the remains of whicharc by his enemies at court. attacks making on his reputation, occasioned by the gold found The choice of this spot was the order contains a specific diin the river Haina, as harbour near that rivera rection to look out a convenient the southern coast. and to plant a colony on --- Page 155 --- a flat stone, though the works, been which. had partly executed, have since fallen decay*, to * There is preserved in the works historian, who resided here ofOviedo, a Spanish first about thirty years after its lation establishment, an account of its state at that period, equally and poputhis we present to the authentic and curious : Richard Eden, printed, reader-Prom a translation by 66 But nowe London 1555, in black letter. (says the historian) to of the principall and chiefe speake sumyhat is the citie of San Domenico place of the islande, whiche the : I saye, that as buildynges, there is no citie in touchynge so-muche (no not Barsalona, Spaine, SO mach for seene) that is to bee whiche I have oftentymes Far the houses of preferred before this San Domenico generallye, parte of stone, as are they of are for the moste is" muche better than that of Barsalona. The situation the streates are muche Barsalona, by reason that larger and playner, and comparyson more directe and without buylded nowe in our strayght furth. For beinge the place of the tyme, besyde the commoditie of rected with corde, foundation, the streates were also diexcelleth al the cities compase that I and measure; werein it SO nere, that of one syde there Chave seene. Ithath the sea the sea and the citie, then is no more space betwen the waules. On parte, hard by the syde and at the foote the other passeth the ryver O:ama, whiche of the houses, wherein laden is a marreylons in manner under shyppes ryse very nere to the lande, porte; and the house of the citie is the fortresse wyndowes. In the myddest haven'a also, is SO fayre and and castle ; the port or unlade commodious to shyppes, as the lyke is founde but defraight or in fewe places de and at the foote the other passeth the ryver O:ama, whiche of the houses, wherein laden is a marreylons in manner under shyppes ryse very nere to the lande, porte; and the house of the citie is the fortresse wyndowes. In the myddest haven'a also, is SO fayre and and castle ; the port or unlade commodious to shyppes, as the lyke is founde but defraight or in fewe places --- Page 156 --- as well as the The walls of the honses, formed surround the city, are ramparts that mixed with lime, red earth of a glutinous that are in this citie of the worlde. The chymineis and such houses as hundredeh in number, and are about syxe of which sum are so fayre I have spoken of before;' receave and lodge any lorde large that they maye well with his trayne and familie; or noble manne of Spayne, Colon, viceroy under that which Don Diego that I know and especially hath in this citie, is suche in your majestie, that hath the lyke, by a quarter, the saine, no man in Spayne all the commodities of the considerynge above goodnesse, situation thereof as beinge Lykewyse the of stone, and havynge many of sayde portc, and altogyther with as goodly a prospect : faire and large roomes, dexysed, seemeth unto me so the lande and sea as maybe that your majestie may bec inagnifical and princelyke, in of the moste exquisite as well lodged therein as any There is also a cathedraill buylded houses of Spayne. as well the byshop acchurche buylded of late, where, the canones, are wel incording to his dygnitie, as also of stone andlyme, This churche is well buylded further-more dued. workemanshyppe: There are Domiand of good bearyng the names of Saynt the three monasteries and Saynt Mary of Mercedes ; nike, Saynt Frances, although not so curiouslye whiche are well buylded, There is also a very good hospias they of Spayne. succour of pore people, whiche tall for the ayde and Passamont, threasurer to your by Michaell day to day inwas founded this citie from that the majestie. To conclude, order, as well for crenseth in welth and good with the lordc chaunceloure sayde admyrall and viceroy, --- Page 157 --- which when exposed to the air, hardness and durability acquires a old mode of equal to stone. Their building these massive was by fixing frames of planks that walls, filled by layers of this earth, with sand were lime, which, when watered, and and kneaded, and were well beat mnould on becoming dry, the was withdrawn, by which wall was speedily and means a small regularly built, at a expence. The ramparts are flanked by bastions at appropriate ward the distances, and tosea present the appearance of strength. On the land side, in they are not more than 15 feet many places, parapets weak; indeed high, the formed to withstand they seem better the attack of than the approach of Indians, Instead of a ditch, the regular ordnance. beneath; but the penguin is planted great command surrounding ground has on the centre of the city, and counsayle appoyated there by your theyr continuall majestie, have men of the ilande abydynage resort here, as also that the rychest modious habitation and trade hyther, for thyre moste comare eyther brought owt of of such merchaundies as this iland, whiche nowe Spayne, or sent thyther from that it serveth SO abundeth in many, thyuges, were with usury Spayne with many commodities, as it rcceaved from thense." requityng such benefites as it fyrst there by your theyr continuall majestie, have men of the ilande abydynage resort here, as also that the rychest modious habitation and trade hyther, for thyre moste comare eyther brought owt of of such merchaundies as this iland, whiche nowe Spayne, or sent thyther from that it serveth SO abundeth in many, thyuges, were with usury Spayne with many commodities, as it rcceaved from thense." requityng such benefites as it fyrst --- Page 158 --- it almost untenable in a and would render the thick walls of the regular siege, though Buenos Ayres, to which houses, like those of would be a considerthey may be compared, a number of able corer. There IS great the mortars mounted on ramparts, of cannonand which are many brass pieces amongst value. which stand at the S. W. The barracks, of the port, partly corner of the entrance the river, form a facing the seas and partly buildings, engood regular range of square in the centre, and circling two large courts 2000 men. In these are adapted to contain and their courts the soldiers are exercised, much to air and spacionsnes contribute banks of the river is a ckeanliness. On the tower, with a flag large commanding watch buildings of which staff on the top, the under during the sieges that, are the dungeons, acts of French the scene of SO many erected were This tower was originally since reeruelty. Columbus, but by Bartholomew side that faces the sea, and built. On the walls, stands the arsenal, within the barrack building, which, like the fine also a regular and in good repair, being rest, is nearly new Charles the third. The built in the reign of --- Page 159 --- arsenal battery, which commands the entrance, has sixteen brass pieces, sixteens and twenty-fours, and a powder magazine in the yard. These buildings are shut in from the streets, with which they communicate two large folling gates, and have excellent by cisterns for water. The population contained within the walls of the city in the last years, during the Spaniards held the which, country, is at 20000 persons, but it does not now exceed. quoted 12000; that of its district is, however, about 10000 more. The palace or seat of government, is good plain huilding, and a by order and at the lately put in repair expence of the French governent, but has no display of architecture or ornament. In it were formerly held the High Courts.of Appeal - for the whole Spanish Western world, but they were afterwards confined to their own islands, Cuba and Puerto Rico. This court and tion continued till the cession of the jurisdicto the French, when the tribunal, island regent, and judges, in archives, establishment inthe consequence of their Havannah, being by the commercial and opposed that city, removed ruling interests of to Santa Maria del Puerto ence of the French governent, but has no display of architecture or ornament. In it were formerly held the High Courts.of Appeal - for the whole Spanish Western world, but they were afterwards confined to their own islands, Cuba and Puerto Rico. This court and tion continued till the cession of the jurisdicto the French, when the tribunal, island regent, and judges, in archives, establishment inthe consequence of their Havannah, being by the commercial and opposed that city, removed ruling interests of to Santa Maria del Puerto --- Page 160 --- of the island of Principe, in a central part though soon Cuba, where it still remains, and usurped expected to return to its ancient of Cumana was seat. Even the province audience of St. Dodependant on the royal when a special one mingo, till the year 1786, established at Caraccas. side was standing on the South The cathedral, with its head, as in all of the main square, to the East, was built Catholic churches, sent out by the emperor according to plans taken from a church Charles V. the model at the entrance in Rome. An inscription begun in 1512, records that this church was in 1540. It is a handsome and finished in the modern gothic styles structure within, and the arches well the three naves are bold, however, has been executed. No attention, of the outside, for it paid to the appearanee building, seemingly more is a massive pile of than to intended to withstand an carthquake who and the philosopher, display elegance, of the country, sighs traces back the history edifice having been - ofthis at the recollection labour of Indians, of accumulated by the monucoercion it stands a perennial and whose nine small cliapels, ment. It contains rivalled thosel of fifteen altars, which once --- Page 161 --- and riches, but South America in grandeur of the French, scarcely since the posession value, hangs from the a solitary lamp, of any fretted roof. of iron wood is preserved in A large cross of which says, a small chapel, the inscription the first planted on the very ground it was before the which the church now stands, on with which first stone was laid, a ceremony building, the Spaniards always precede every It even the erection of a domestic dwelling. head bears the date above quoted. At the of which stands in the centre of the choir, occupied by the church, is the seat formerly for who here held his see thel archbishop, with three suffragan bishops, many years, and clergy. They corresponding canons, from the rents of estates were maintained belonging to the church; but and revenues unable to brook the change the incumbents, poverty in another of government, preferred ease settlement of their own, to precarious affluence under the French, to whose and the whole fell a prey. The latter rapacity nominated a bishop in Paris, had themselves waited the return of peace to send and only out his establishments. the first cross which This church contains bishop, with three suffragan bishops, many years, and clergy. They corresponding canons, from the rents of estates were maintained belonging to the church; but and revenues unable to brook the change the incumbents, poverty in another of government, preferred ease settlement of their own, to precarious affluence under the French, to whose and the whole fell a prey. The latter rapacity nominated a bishop in Paris, had themselves waited the return of peace to send and only out his establishments. the first cross which This church contains --- Page 162 --- planted in the island, accompanied Columbus standard of his sovereigns. by the Royal the former is esBy the common people, and is much reteemed highly miraculous, silver case, richly vered. It stands in a three locks, the with inlaid, in a tabernacle three of the first keys of which are kept by Here are good of the church. dignitaries house, but not an epiraults and a chapter that is retaph, monument, or inscription of the old discomarkable, though some notice the tombs verers repose here. We one has a large figure, of two archbishops, in his full robes, in marble, of a dignitary and the crosier in his hand. altar, for many On the right ofthe high rested the remains of the ill-requited, years, Columbus, to which place they but immortal convent removed, from the Carthusian were order, contained in of Serille, by lis own in this first and fahis will, and deposited and settlement, vourite scene of his discovery which his untogether withr the chains him, countrymen there put upon grateful which he bore on his passage home. and island was ceded to the French, When the directed the brass coffin, in his descendants contained; to be rewhich the whole was --- Page 163 --- moved to the Havannah, which was performed on the 19th of January, ceremony when the precious ashes of that 1796, were carried great man - down to the harbour in cession, and under the fire of the forts, proon board a brig, which put the conveyed them to capital of Cuba, where they now lie; yet still, in that great and opulent of the island which could boast the city, prior discovery of the great admiral, no mént rears its head over his proud monution of his dust, in veneraname, and no cenotaph perpetuates his glory. The procès verbal, or of this translation of his proceedings to me by the hereafter remains, was shewn mentioned head of the church, and is on record respectable its minutes. amongst The chapel where the sacrament is has a small roof or dome kept, painted in compartments, and is ornamented with paintings of the twelve large apostles, copied by Velasquez, a native painter now there, whose talents, though residing unassisted any schooling, are particularly by likenesses, the great in taking strongest that can be imagined, though the blendings of his are coarse. There are colours the walls and some paintings on pillars of the church, but VOL. I, L the sacrament is has a small roof or dome kept, painted in compartments, and is ornamented with paintings of the twelve large apostles, copied by Velasquez, a native painter now there, whose talents, though residing unassisted any schooling, are particularly by likenesses, the great in taking strongest that can be imagined, though the blendings of his are coarse. There are colours the walls and some paintings on pillars of the church, but VOL. I, L --- Page 164 --- divested of taste or execntion, altogether to lessen the merit of the and only serve worth nor is there an altar-picce building; the late siege, a bomb, looking at. During batteries, fell on the shot from the Spanish where it lodged, but roof of the church, extinguished, did not from the train being damage; a cireumstance explode or do any mirachlous, and it is considered by the people now shewn as a curiosity. a peculiarity I cannot forbear here noticing Pedro de Prado, long a veneraof Don this cathedral, the more ble dignitary of habits of intimacy I enstriking, as in the of with him, I had an opportunity at joyed Unlike the other clergy remarking it. island, this aged pastor the cession of the which God had would not leave the flock though on the committed to his early care; and had all bis where he was born, main, dignities and premuch greater relations, offered him. With a degree ferments were even in presence foresight, of enthusiastic he would conof the French commanders, then old, he was tinually say, that though live to see - that sacred confident he should ancient and rightful devolve to its of the spot, and on the triummphant entry owners, --- Page 165 --- armies, though too infirm percombined the Te Deum, in congratusonally to sing General on the capturé of lating the British that he the city, he cried out in extacy, the prayer he had unthat day saw realized, and in the ceasingly made for twelve years, words of Simeon in the temple, on receiving the Messiah into his arms, he emphatically 6 Nunc dimittis servum tuum SCexclaimed, tuum in pace, &c." that he cundum verbum he had not a could then depart in peace, remarkable wish on this side the grave. Iti is afterwards, aged 78 that hel died a fortnight the and to redress in some measure years, in which he had cruelties of the French, been at once a sufferer and an eye-witness, he left what he possessed to his fellow-victimns thirteen houses, the in the siege, particularly distributed to the annual rents of which are poor in daily sums. the sodded of the . On the West side squarc, walk, platform of which makes a pleasant stands the Cabildo, or Hall of Audience. On the East side, once stood the public pribut they have now fallen to decay, and sons, those of the military, are substituted by watch tower, in the which stand under the 4 2 E and an eye-witness, he left what he possessed to his fellow-victimns thirteen houses, the in the siege, particularly distributed to the annual rents of which are poor in daily sums. the sodded of the . On the West side squarc, walk, platform of which makes a pleasant stands the Cabildo, or Hall of Audience. On the East side, once stood the public pribut they have now fallen to decay, and sons, those of the military, are substituted by watch tower, in the which stand under the 4 2 E --- Page 166 --- barrack yard. Besides the main are three others. square, there In the other parts of the town convents and nunneries, are several serted them when the whose inmates dehave been of late flag changed. They for the French years in a state of decay; barracks, turned them principally into church into hospitals, public stores, and one a playhouse. At are allotted as present they dwellings for the wooden houses poor, whose were burnt and during the siege, whilst the destroyed damp aisles once trod spacious courts, and choaked up with by the vestal, are now rubbish and more from neglect, than moulder away, hand oftime. The the delapidating ever, soon different orders are, howtheir expected to return, and resume respective properties. The Dominican, Franciscan, convents are the and Merci ments; principal religious establishthey are large spacious with each a well finished but buildings, and are pillaged church, Portugal. comparable to many in Spain and There is a college that belonged to the Jesuits, in which formerly educated those were once the bar of the young men who most shone at audience, and the islands sent their children neighbouring thither; but now --- Page 167 --- which has an elegant dome, and the church, are turned by governthe. other apartments, The nunneries of ment into store houses. to shelter Santa Clara and Regina, serve only There are besides two hospitals, the poor. formerly destined to receive one of which, called St. Laall the leprous persons, was churches, zarus, besides several pretty parish in oratorios, 8c. It was private chapels, convent of this city, that the the Dominican from the benevolent Las Casas took refuge but in persecution of his enemies, and died, vain.haye I sought the traces of his remains. The plan of the city is a trapezium, or figure, whose - four sides are quadrilateral being about 1100 neither equal nor parallel, the Ozama, yards on the East side, towards borderyards on the South side, near a 1000 and 1900 on the West side, ing to the sea, and on the North, facing the king's meadow, Carlos, and surtowards the village of St. of elevations. The circumference rounding is about 4500 yards, and the main the town square to the street runs from the principal There is land gate, Or Puerta del Conde. meadow, another gate that leads into the battery. There are also two near the yellow marine gates. , towards borderyards on the South side, near a 1000 and 1900 on the West side, ing to the sea, and on the North, facing the king's meadow, Carlos, and surtowards the village of St. of elevations. The circumference rounding is about 4500 yards, and the main the town square to the street runs from the principal There is land gate, Or Puerta del Conde. meadow, another gate that leads into the battery. There are also two near the yellow marine gates. --- Page 168 --- of the harbour which it comAt the head Castle, supposed to mands, stands Columbus unroofed, the be built by Diego; it is now left; but it skeleton stone walls only of being his lineal descent. still remains in the right been completed, and It appears not to have stair case with loop from a wvinding stone been intended for the holes, it seems to have of defence, as well as residence. from the purposes To the West, at two miles distance called Saint walls, is a beantiful natural grotto with a Ama's, in the form ofan amphitheatre, cavities in the centre. The surrounding space hollowed under the rock, ofvarious are deeply and the arches, which apcolours and shade, by pillars pear like galleries, are supported water which oozes formed of the petrifying of which some pedestals from the roof, and This is a reached the ground. have not yet haunt, and according to tracurious romantic temple; of which there dition was an Indian the interior and unfreare several others in known to thé quented parts of the conntry of the relics of" the author, containing some of time has leit them yet aborigines; but want god in granite, and unexplored; a household cooking ntensils, beremnants of their some have yet coine into his posing all that --- Page 169 --- which are described in the twejith session, chapter of this work. from the At about the distance of 600 yards vilwalls, till the year 1805, stood a beautiful order of lage called Saint Carlos, founded by Charles the Fourth, ofemigrants - the late King Islands at the exbrought from the Canary called Islenos, or pence of government, and all their wooden Islanders. In that year, that commanddwellings were burnt, to clear Deswhen the city was attacked by ing spot, whose defeat it was partially salines, after by the French on rebuilt, and again destroyed the insurrection of the Spaniards. amounting to 2000, This class ofinhabitants, of in the island, are the most industrious any and the unagain collecting in this village; roofed stone walls, that withstood the fire, are convenient and comnow again convertedinto This was the head quarfortable dwellings. under General Carters of the British Army boasted michael. Thea adjacent environs once gardens, though the grounds are by no good the best; and in the centre stands an means elevated white chureh, which is the first object mariners on their approach from sea. seen by the harbour, is The distant prospect, opposite bounded by elevated and remarkable moun- and the unagain collecting in this village; roofed stone walls, that withstood the fire, are convenient and comnow again convertedinto This was the head quarfortable dwellings. under General Carters of the British Army boasted michael. Thea adjacent environs once gardens, though the grounds are by no good the best; and in the centre stands an means elevated white chureh, which is the first object mariners on their approach from sea. seen by the harbour, is The distant prospect, opposite bounded by elevated and remarkable moun- --- Page 170 --- which may form a point of recognition tains, the port, or driven by for any vessel making the currents below it. situated in the Santiago de los Cavalleros, and prior to the interior, is. the next large city, of riches, apinroads of Dessalines, in point rivalled the capital. pearance, and population, or four days journey, It stands at 60 leagues, leagues from Cape from it, and forty-five plain, It situated on a beautiful François. a is elevation called bounded on one side by an on from its chalky appearance, Cuesta Blanca, fort, and on the which stands a commanding The city contains other, by the Yaque river. 8000. and thejurisdictions about 12,000 persons, industrious, civiThe inhabitants are more intercourse lized and active, from the greater the with their neighbours; they have enjoyed the necessaries climate is extremely temperate, sale of cattle to the of life cheap, and the the graziers a de+ French planters had given gree of-afluence. from the capital, and leadAbout half way main road, are immense ing hither on the which nature seems to ridges of mountains, between the east and have placed as barriers be and which must necessarily west divisions, either. On the one called passed to approach --- Page 171 --- 15S Sierra Viuda, the defile is SO narrow that handfulofmen might a dispute the passage with an army. Here the Spaniards alone offered to make stand against Dessalines, when he attacked their lines, to drive out the French, and had the latter trusted them with passage could never have been effected. arms, a Dejabon, founded only thirty years before the late change, is a frontier town on the line of demarcation, and its pastures and culture had already given it a degree Its precincts contain about 4000 ofconsequence: but the town is still greatly in ruins, inhabitants, from having been long a principal seat ofwarfare and pillage. La Conception de la Vega, an ancient and city bishoprick, was destroyed in the year 1564 by an earthquake, when part ofthe inhabitants retired to Santiago, only 12 leagues and the rest founded a new town distant, twol more to the East, which now, with its leagues contains 8000 souls. The situation district, town is one of those ofthe old traveller romantic places the cannot pass without notice. It is placed in the centre ofa valley encircled hills, and watered by beautiful with sight,and at the distance of streamlets. In famous Santo one league, is the Serro, which the Spaniards COD- retired to Santiago, only 12 leagues and the rest founded a new town distant, twol more to the East, which now, with its leagues contains 8000 souls. The situation district, town is one of those ofthe old traveller romantic places the cannot pass without notice. It is placed in the centre ofa valley encircled hills, and watered by beautiful with sight,and at the distance of streamlets. In famous Santo one league, is the Serro, which the Spaniards COD- --- Page 172 --- miracle, and on the sider the scene of a great Merci Friars; who had summit is a convent of hermitage, and the formed it into a perfect their gardens once faof cold atmosphere. of the principal European voured the growth below, are the ruins caused fruits. In the town remains of convents, the by carthquakes; dwellings, overgrown churches, and private and the conwith creepers, wild shrubbery, receive and give nourishvolvulus, whose cups hummingment to thousands of variegated and form, altogether, an interesting birds, scene. another small town on the same Cotuy, journey nearer the main road, and two days the banks of the Camu, capital, is situated on to the which joins the Yuna, in descending and fertile of Samana. Ithas excellent Bay is the chief occupation plains; and grazing who amount to about 5000 ofits inhabitants, There are several in the whole jurisdiction. and scaitered dwellings, other small hamlets thereare sm all chapels in some which, though enter distributed for their convenience, places, estimate of the capital, into the parochial and cannot be particularized. in The other main road that communicates south side.of direction, with the a westward --- Page 173 --- is also lined with small towns and Haiti, which with their respective scattered villages, districts bear the following scale ofpopulation. and Haina 2000, Los Ingenios 2500, Banis has about 3000 each; St. Johu's, that Azua 4000 persons, Neyba 1500, a handsome town, Hincha and St. Juan de Banica, Cahobas, / in all, 7000. The latter place gives la Atalaya, digtitle to a Baron, the only distinguishing it once nity now extant in the island, though and counts. This barony had some marquises of the name of was given to a rich grazier by Charles the Fourth, a few years Gusman, cession of the island, and in his before the charter he is called, El Buron de la Atalaya. the other side of the Ozama, and east aa On of the capital, the population is proportionably owing perhaps to its having centered smaller, of that quarter niore' in the neighbourhood could be made where a more immediate sale Minas, a of cattle. A small village called Las half the river Ozama, conmile and a up and Monte fains 500 free persons of colour, Plata 600. Baya is a neat village, with a hiandsome church, and holds 200 persons. This was the exile given to the unfortunate where he retired with a Cacique Henrique, failed in his Jast a féw followers,. after having to its having centered smaller, of that quarter niore' in the neighbourhood could be made where a more immediate sale Minas, a of cattle. A small village called Las half the river Ozama, conmile and a up and Monte fains 500 free persons of colour, Plata 600. Baya is a neat village, with a hiandsome church, and holds 200 persons. This was the exile given to the unfortunate where he retired with a Cacique Henrique, failed in his Jast a féw followers,. after having --- Page 174 --- patriotic effort to throw off the and ease his wretched Spanish yoke, galling chains. When countrymen of their close prisoner, till he taken, he was kept a the Emperor obtained the pardon of Charles the Sixth; he withdrew to this solitary then remainder of his spot, and spent the days in its quiet retreat. district, Bayaguana, more east, counts, with its 2000 persons. Seibo, on the road, an assemblage of main some town, situated graziers, is a handriver, and on the margin ofa small contains, with its souls. The church is a handsome jurisdiction, 5000 stone. It was here the structure of assembled to meet, the Spanish patriots first rand, who French General Ferbout two was coming against them, and aleagues nearer the capital on main road he met with that the 7th of November, defeat, on the life, and laid the 1809, which cost him his foundation of their independence. Higuey is the last town of any note to the East, and, with its environs, amounts to persons. Here stands a handsome and 3500 church, the only one in the whole rich that has escaped island pillage. It is the a very miraculous shrine of of Alta virgin called the Virgin Gracia; which the Spaniards visit --- Page 175 --- in pilgrimage from eycry quarter which the legends auid of are singular and rous. numeThe peninsula of Samana, that we have already fally described, contains about 3000 persons, and Savannah la Mar, On the posite side of the bay, 500. The united dis- optricts of Puerto de Plata, and Monte contain' about 6000 Christi, persons. Their aggregate number of militia on list amounts to about 8000 men, but as soon as the country is organized, and the militia law regularly carried into effect, they will reach 12,000. Hitherto they are not in a state of training Or discipline, being in want of arms, accoutrements and oflicers. In they are strong, active, well-bodied general and particularly dexterous with the lance men, horseback, which they wield with on from their habitual great effect, custom of wild cattle on the following the trained, plains. Were they only they would make the best riflemen possible, forbesides being habituated to in the woods in search of prowl shoot well, and game, they generally in a country like this the rifle style of discipline, wonld. give them a great superiority over Europeans; but this is a point much neglected, indeed I.r never saw particularly dexterous with the lance men, horseback, which they wield with on from their habitual great effect, custom of wild cattle on the following the trained, plains. Were they only they would make the best riflemen possible, forbesides being habituated to in the woods in search of prowl shoot well, and game, they generally in a country like this the rifle style of discipline, wonld. give them a great superiority over Europeans; but this is a point much neglected, indeed I.r never saw --- Page 176 --- a rifle in the whole handle the sword country. They also hands well, which is put into their from the age of 12 ycars, and laid aside, but when they never it not only for sleep. They: use the cutting down small timber in woods, but also for many domestic even culinary purposes, and forthey find it serviceable ini killing and equally in skinning a hog and peeling a potatoe. bon uI - l CHAP, XI. AMUSEMENTS, Ir it bea a fact that the stile of indicates the character of a nation, amusements it not be thought foreign to may those of the American my subject to give sideration. Spaniards a brief conA principal one is but without spurs, and the English cock-fighting, much esteemed. The right of game are holding the cockpit is rented by government, and is the day of exhibition. The sunday proceeds of admittaneeprites go to support hospitals of the poor. --- Page 177 --- The general and national taste however here, as in Old Spain, runs bull-feasts, and in those principally on places where there are no amphithentres, the aventes to a are palisadoed, the doors of the houses square closed, the ladies croud the are and flat roofs ; yet though the grated windows natives of Southi America are extremelyaetiveand nimble,these representations consist more in jading and harassing the poor animal, than in of dexterity, and are any display very unlike those of Spain, a description of which, being illustrative of the national strongly found in the character, will be Appendix (B.) The Spanish national dances have marked by most travellers been culiarities, and amongst their peappear beyond the imitation other people, for of though they are on our theatresin England, attempted nied with a certain association being unaccompacannot be relished of ideas, they by any other audience, or represented by any other performers than tives; nay, in Spain itself, the sedate nalian does not exquisitely Castiand animated enjoy the graceful movements of the though he crouds to the dance. Andalusian, a Of all these, the most and peculiarly elegant, scientific, characteristic, is the Bolero. ae of though they are on our theatresin England, attempted nied with a certain association being unaccompacannot be relished of ideas, they by any other audience, or represented by any other performers than tives; nay, in Spain itself, the sedate nalian does not exquisitely Castiand animated enjoy the graceful movements of the though he crouds to the dance. Andalusian, a Of all these, the most and peculiarly elegant, scientific, characteristic, is the Bolero. ae --- Page 178 --- It affords to the well-formed female the most gracelul display of person, as well as dexterity of motion; the dancers beat the and agility their in time to their castenets with fingers through varied interesting changes feet, going by the guitar and and positions, accompanied in this dance is the voice. A great merit of the two bien parado, or peculiar position each other, with their arms dancers opposite foot the air; this posture extended, and one in the suddenly seize and hold the moment they have exhausted the tune, different changes with the last sound ofthe and in perfectaccord of the audience then guitar; the applauses suitable dress to this namost resound. The used in the bulltional dance is à lo majo, as other would be out of chafeasts, and any of the hornpipe racter. This dance partakes the trescone of the Tuscans, of the, English, the corrente of the furlana of the Venetians, of the the Monserrincs, and the minuet French, and is varied both by slow and quick time. is another of their national The fandango but diffidances, also performed by a couple, cult to conceive by any but a spectator. Itis time than the bolero, but of much quicker the voice and guitar, equally accompanied by --- Page 179 --- time beat by the castenets and a quick rolling dancers wheel about, at every cadence. The each other with a fond eagerness, approach approach, whilst then quickly retire, again limb appears in such motion as may every a regular and harbe called, with propriety, but convulsion of the whole body, monious striking of the feet it is rather a quick equal and and toes on the ground, than graceful of The chandè is the outrè continued steps. with this dance, but cannot be looked upon the eye of modesty. Tonadillas, seguedillas, national boleros and tyranas are the general styles, but there are many provincial songs, 5 &c. such as the Malaguena, sometimes met in These dances though used Spanish America, are not those generally they have adopted the waltz, bein society; dance, which is exsides the Spanish country but tremely graceful, and moré complicated, the not SO monotonous as our own, though time is slower. of colour, To visit the dances of the people particularly those of Haiti, Or many who are mixed and blended with the natives of Hisis to be transported into a circle of panola, bacchantes; the motion of the foot lascivions attended to, the time is beat with is no longer VOL. I. M those generally they have adopted the waltz, bein society; dance, which is exsides the Spanish country but tremely graceful, and moré complicated, the not SO monotonous as our own, though time is slower. of colour, To visit the dances of the people particularly those of Haiti, Or many who are mixed and blended with the natives of Hisis to be transported into a circle of panola, bacchantes; the motion of the foot lascivions attended to, the time is beat with is no longer VOL. I. M --- Page 180 --- ofmovement, and volubility a rapid precision almost bid defiance to of reins, that would it of mechanism; which though the powers astonishes by the gesdisgusts by obscenity, ture and activity displayed: of The lower order of the Spanish people their grotesque dances colour, accompany music created out of slips of with yells, and furrowed calabash, hard sounding wood, or a quickly with a thin bone ; the baujo, scraped small pebbles into a rattles made by putting of calabash, the teeth fixed in the jaw-bone with rapid motion, and the a horse, scraped and obscene; drum. The steps are singular and style appear the whole accompaniment and to be derived from the African Congos Indian Din mixed, andis the usual ceremony the death of a relation, which they solemon the in Spain, with dances nize like gypsies the and music. The greatest compliment his favourite in the dance for her Jover pays is to put his hat from his graceful action, the evenown, on her head, to wear during and which she generally returns by ing, from him with a lighted segar, presenting her own stock. ladies at their balls or The dresses of the consist tertulias are fanciful, and generally --- Page 181 --- ofa muslin dress sometimes worked in with handsome fringe and tassels at the colours, bottom. Over this they wear a close body or of'coloured, often red taffeta, or velvet, spencer broidered with gold. Their ernembroidered silk, their slippers are of finest, and often with stockings are of the dalled ; and the well gold clocks, or santhe shortness formed leg and foot, by of the petticoats, are in luxuriant displayed advantage to the ner. Their hair is admiring partchains of generally braided with pearls, or flowers, which forms a contrast with the dark glossy dye, and is confined with several ornamental combs, The women though not or gold have a playful voluptuousness handsomel which cannot fail at first about them European, sight, to please an and accustomed to the more distant demure manners, of the of own clime, but though society his they seldom they thus attract, of'domestic continue to interest. The care convenience and comfort no means enters into their by they think of little else than department, and the church, dressing to go to or processions in a the assemblies in the morning, and evening, liad M 2 handsomel which cannot fail at first about them European, sight, to please an and accustomed to the more distant demure manners, of the of own clime, but though society his they seldom they thus attract, of'domestic continue to interest. The care convenience and comfort no means enters into their by they think of little else than department, and the church, dressing to go to or processions in a the assemblies in the morning, and evening, liad M 2 --- Page 182 --- CHAP. XII. siti HISTORY-ONE OF TIIEIR INDIANS-THEIR AND RISE OF IDOLS DESCRIRED-DNCLINE POLICY OF THE FRENCH HISPAROLA-AND IN THE WEST INDIES. after the discovery ofthis Is the first years flocked hither from island, European settlers country; led by the every part ofthe mother and baited by the flatimpulse of-riches, of those who returned tering representations of gold. Under home with the first samples estaband a soil SO fertile, a sunl SO benign, direction, lands were lishmnents rose in every the Emperor, the dealt out by grants from amongst Indians were shared in repartintientes to till the and taught the rich and powerful, the means of or dig from its bowels earth, tireir masters. 01 Cities, palaces, ehriching to rival many in Eutenuples and towns, the sight, and. ifwe rope, soon swelled upon historians, iti 1504, that can credit their own ad during after the discovery, is, tci yers ofOvando, there were serenthe goveroment and propled, all of which, icen towns founded --- Page 183 --- according to Herrera, had their blazons or coats of-arins, of-which the respective are found in his history, taken from the details grant under date of the Oth December, royal, but ofi these, except in the capital, 1.508, a local trace is now met with, or scarcely by their present respective inhabitants. recognized Of'short duration however was this blaze of prosperity. ; the natives by whoses labour this rapid advance had been made, began to decline; disease and despair fell upon thèm from all quarters, and consigned them to fate of wretchedness and toil, in which a were seen to dwindle and they decay to a state of progressive misery. Not even the great and benevolent Las Casas could stop the evils which now threatened their extinction, staunch the bleeding wrongs under which or groaned. they This worthy bishop of first who introduced Chiappa, was. the slaves into Santo Domingo by special grant and licence of Charles V. in the year 1517, with a to spare his favourite Indians, view he pleaded, without whose cause ture of the interfering with the culnew world, But like SQ of the exertions of the hunane and many volent, the abuse of the remedy has benenearly enevolent Las Casas could stop the evils which now threatened their extinction, staunch the bleeding wrongs under which or groaned. they This worthy bishop of first who introduced Chiappa, was. the slaves into Santo Domingo by special grant and licence of Charles V. in the year 1517, with a to spare his favourite Indians, view he pleaded, without whose cause ture of the interfering with the culnew world, But like SQ of the exertions of the hunane and many volent, the abuse of the remedy has benenearly --- Page 184 --- the disorder it was inproved worse than appears- a and it certainly tended to remove; avowed principles of paradox opposed to the the enthat he thought of this philanthropist criminal, but that slaving of the Indians Africans palliated by necessity. abothe of the Indian To enter on the history the time it was disrigines of Hispanola, at to wander from covered by Columbus, were we now find a nor can the line prescribed, to aid us in sabstituting local trace or remains In vain have I sought fact for conjecture: uder remnant of isolated population, of some knowledge wish to obtain a comparative names a but the and traditions, untheir language insular productions, of trees, roots, and arrival of the Europeans, khown to us till the jargon lof in the Spanish and and still preserved those of some rivers the natives, with all the vestiges at places yet retained, are We sometimes meet to be" found. boast of the ferpresent authors who in with Spanish of the Indian languaige, tility and softness of the learned contradiction to the opinions Condamine, who and of even missionaries, analogous of expression, found in it a poverty their ideas, and hathe confined state of deto this we may ensily bits of taciturnity; --- Page 185 --- duce from the situation of a people, having little intercourse, and no system or refineoccupied only in the means of existing, ment; unable to account for the least phenoand in nature, or to form any classification mena sensations. Many of the Creoles of ideas and that the Indian lanof the main, tell us, isi extremely well adapted to express guage affections of the soul, and in love matthe but as well might ters is highly superior; to the jargon of they pay the same compliment certainly soft, the Creole French ; which being naive, and filled with infantine modulations, to the heart by the key of apopens a gate and the look of languor, parent innocence; and the glow of passion, the sigh of desire, have in it their accompanying accent; ; yet of regular definitions, and is it is devoid that cannot be written, formed of sounds although they convey a tone of feeling. The figure represented in the annexed plate is that of an idol in granite, found in the island of Santo Domingo, and originally worshipped by the natives as an household perfectly with the desgod. It corresponds Moore in his learned cription given us by work called the Hindu pantheon, and answers exactly to the Lingamn worship of that peo- of passion, the sigh of desire, have in it their accompanying accent; ; yet of regular definitions, and is it is devoid that cannot be written, formed of sounds although they convey a tone of feeling. The figure represented in the annexed plate is that of an idol in granite, found in the island of Santo Domingo, and originally worshipped by the natives as an household perfectly with the desgod. It corresponds Moore in his learned cription given us by work called the Hindu pantheon, and answers exactly to the Lingamn worship of that peo- --- Page 186 --- be said to represent it more plè, but it may striking manner, than fully and in a more idols by him described. any this learned and celebrated We are toid by the that Brahma is persotification author, of the deity, and images of the creative power in the temples, and were made to it, placed offerings and invoreverently propitiated by the framer of the cations. 9 He is called world. He is and créator of the universe of matter generated, aiso the personification him called into creation. every thing was by the BrahmaA.is reInthe idol now before us, the world over presented by a disk, to signify called into exiswhich he which he presides, effect is taken to represent tence, and here the which gave it birth. the cause the Yoni, (pndendum muB. Represents Moore creative power. liebre) or mystical of these emntells us that the real history as to of nature is sO veiled in mystery blems its origin. To the render it difficult to give of this mydeep searchers into the systems but Oll indelicate, thology they may appear ofa they will be found symbolical reflection though their typieal reprefirst cause, and a want of decorum, sentations may argue character of the Hinwas the the opposite --- Page 187 --- system of worship was dus. The Lingam ish in families, as apparent said to prevail of the Indians. from the household gods of the Linga, the symbol h C. Represents emblem of the regeneration, or the phallic. characthe Greeks, and is in perfect mystical ter with that of the Hindus. the On the top of the Linga is placed head of the god of Prudence, who presided the moral and physical world, and to over Hindus addressed themselves on whom the is undertaking. The countenance every expressive traits, the marked in) strong remarksockets of the eyes are particularly the outlines of feature are not able, and when it is considered that altogether rude, in the hardest stone, by a they are carved with the use people who were unacquainted tools. The coronet is a triad, perofedged of the cebra or haps, the rude representation four dihooded serpent. In the back are the four seasons. The visions to represent of this curious relic casts a singudiscovery the history of the worship of lari light on of Hispanola, and is a the ancient Indians that collateral support of our conjecture, from the parent stock of the they sprang their communion of worship. Asiatics from they are carved with the use people who were unacquainted tools. The coronet is a triad, perofedged of the cebra or haps, the rude representation four dihooded serpent. In the back are the four seasons. The visions to represent of this curious relic casts a singudiscovery the history of the worship of lari light on of Hispanola, and is a the ancient Indians that collateral support of our conjecture, from the parent stock of the they sprang their communion of worship. Asiatics from --- Page 188 --- as the only piece This idol may be considered to Europe of the kind that has been brought be deand will eventually from Hispanola, Museum. Itis about posited in the English as foot high, and in perfect preservation a In his second represented in the plate. the naColumbus found amongst idols, voyage two wooden tives of Guadaloupe, writhing well carved, with serpents tolerably but the history of Hisparound their feet; nola is silent on this subject. have remarked No native Indians, as we ofthis work, are found remaining in the body but accident latein the island of Hispanola, empiric from the ly brought thither an Indian of talents, who professed to be a man the main, well informed on and who was actually particurelating to his own country, being subjeets herbs, &c. On larly its medicinal what it was, and shewn thisidol, he recognised be on the effects that would produced or to see in the midst of two the Indian, it was placed round it, who began to dance three gentlemet, the idea to the Inin order the betterto convey whether that was the way dian, and to ask him his ancestors. The in which it was used by foamed at the Indian immediately ruged, in his tecth, and appeared mouth, gnashed --- Page 189 --- of fury, till he was the greatest paroxysm not done to ridicule convinced that it was he actheir ancient worship: when pacified, that to this day there are simiknowledged by stealth in the intelar figures worshipped Thus do the ignorior of South America. idols of the dirant address themselves to whilst fashioned by the hand of man, vinity the sage worships him in spirit. from the of earthen-ware D. Is a fragment to be the handle or same island, and appears vessel. The style ear of a vase or cooking and school of art, greatly implies a systematic It represents the resembles the Egyptian. emblem of the monkey's face, (a favourite the his Hindus,) the sides, his ears, and top, forehead. Of fragments of a similar nature researches has been able to the author in his in various collect more than twenty, dug up of the island, but principally in Samana, parts him to most of which were presented by Major General Carmichael. that After rising in SO short a time to above sketched, Hispastate.of improvement, became the seat of equipment for the nola armaments sent to reduce the neighvarious different chiefs raised their bouring islands; followers against the standards to collect , his ears, and top, forehead. Of fragments of a similar nature researches has been able to the author in his in various collect more than twenty, dug up of the island, but principally in Samana, parts him to most of which were presented by Major General Carmichael. that After rising in SO short a time to above sketched, Hispastate.of improvement, became the seat of equipment for the nola armaments sent to reduce the neighvarious different chiefs raised their bouring islands; followers against the standards to collect --- Page 190 --- main, adventurers flocked from oft the island, numbers every part the individual enlisted, some from influence of the leaders, who promised martial glory as the reward of toils, but the most in search of wealth than they there more possessed, for the discovery of mines on that rich a population continent, with capable of working them, peared to their exaggerated apr means of fancies, as a better obtaining riches, than the slow progress of tillage, now become the of only a few broken down charge armies followed the sound of Indians; little the population new enterprise, decreased, the nerve of industry was cut asunder, emigration became fashionable and general; Mexico, Yucatan, Florida, Coro, Peru, and Puerto ceived hence their first Rico, remines and population. The sugar works were deserted, and to moulder in neglected ruins, left fiects ceased to come in search of European their government at home seemed cargoes, of the same sullen sloth and to partake languor that pervaded the nola 1 U remaining settlers in ; andi for several years we find Hispablank in the page of their a total history, and the colony, that twenty years after its gure considerable revenues to its discovery, becrown, --- Page 191 --- came a burthen before a century had pired. exThe greatest draw-back, however, to its prosperity, and what most accelerated fall of this the country, was the disgrace of Columbus, added to the rebellion of and the death of Isabellaits Roldan, her own patroness. Out of purse this magnanimous made the armament for this queen, vigator, and the seat of his enterprising first nashe protected with the solicitude of discoveries dian over a foster child. It a guardecline in life, that was not till her she became with those base acquainted wrongs that had been on the admiral, for whose heaped ration as wellas for the cruel ungrateful remunetreatment ofthose helpless natives ofthe island, whose cause she espoused, the mind feels the most regret. Had her life been only poignant most probably their fate would have prolonged, bettered, and the been history of this would have been clear from country that have been those crimes, of recorded for the execration posterity. It is a bitter aggravation of human calamity, to have the power of the privilege and bloated servation, undeserving, forced on our oband to find others revelling in the etreatment ofthose helpless natives ofthe island, whose cause she espoused, the mind feels the most regret. Had her life been only poignant most probably their fate would have prolonged, bettered, and the been history of this would have been clear from country that have been those crimes, of recorded for the execration posterity. It is a bitter aggravation of human calamity, to have the power of the privilege and bloated servation, undeserving, forced on our oband to find others revelling in the --- Page 192 --- fruits of our own labours; hence judge of the state of those we may nign and enlightened feelings the bediscoverer of the tern Hemisphere Wesdenied experienced, when he was even admittance to refit, and a place in that port and city, which his landing family had formed and founded, and own was again driven out to that when he element from which he less inclement the island he had rescued sought shelter, in the chaotic as it were from gloom of the undiscovered world: unmindful however of his own rather stifling with injury, or ebullitions of his philosophic calmness the the own resentment, if he felt sting of regret, it was for the downfall he anticipated and dreaded, for this his loved but infant settlement. beHis wise and equitable plans he saw overturned and counteracted by Bobadilla, for the soon became the seat of cabal, colony and horror, whilst the Indian, with intrigue, too weak to claim redress a voice that from those laws were humanely framed in for his protection, became the tool and Europe slave of individual aggrandizement, whilst toil, hardship, and want, compulsory root that branch, quickly cut to the on which hung the best source of the country's riches. Thus, as the --- Page 193 --- fertilizing shower that carries plenty in its bosom, is dispersed by jarring clements, and driven away from the parched awaits its descent, the valley that fostering care of the queen, reflected in in its effects, and the Columbus, - was impeded for the yearnings of her heart impending fatel of the reached not those climes to which aborigines, directed. The cabinet in they were length roused by the rapid Europe was at colony, but the alarm declension of their means adopted was too late, or the to stop its fall, were too feeble, nor could the wise and politic efforts, Cardinal Ximenez, who soon after of office, produce redress, came into One misfortune seemed to tread footsteps of another;. in 1586 Sir on the Drake took, pillaged, and Francis the capital, in 1666 (still fresh nearly in the destroyed of the people, and called memory fatal year of the sixes) the proverbially the dysentery raged with destructive small-pox and in 1684 an earthquake fury; and lation. spread fresh deso- - Nobvrithstandingso many colossal SO many, local and extraneous obstacles, that SO early eclipsed the misfortunes already rising glory of fthis improved and fertile spot; it still the Drake took, pillaged, and Francis the capital, in 1666 (still fresh nearly in the destroyed of the people, and called memory fatal year of the sixes) the proverbially the dysentery raged with destructive small-pox and in 1684 an earthquake fury; and lation. spread fresh deso- - Nobvrithstandingso many colossal SO many, local and extraneous obstacles, that SO early eclipsed the misfortunes already rising glory of fthis improved and fertile spot; it still --- Page 194 --- struggled for a secondary its multiplied existence, which resources and great increase cattle would have yet insured of at large, had not the to the nation rotten of own ministers, damped the policy their industry. growing efforts of Amongst the instances of mistaken and impolitic views that have marked the of Spain, cabinets perhaps none are more than that peculiar dread and observable forcigners jealousy of settlements communicating with any of their abroad. Even in time of when it is not in their own war, home their own power to bring suffer the produce, we have seen them crops of the planters to at least lose their value, rather perish, or the than become speculation of a foreign or neutral chant, and in this island that merwas forcibly felt. singular poliey Languishing in a state of abject misery, approaching to annihilation, the natives however began to force a trade with the Dutch and Danish islands, and the English settlements in North America; ; they bartered cattle, hides, tallow, dye-woods, cotton, rocou, sugar, indigo, for cocoa, ginger, and gold dust, cloathing, arins, and some luxuries, and this clandestine exchange chiefly centred on --- Page 195 --- the north side of the island, under the controul and being there less vernment, but immediate eye ofgotime active producing a traffic for some and beneficial, On information however these being sent home of proceedings, by the officious and interested representations of the heads in perhaps one of the most singular edicts office; that ever passed the cabinet was issued, which ordered all the of a prince, distance from the maritime towns at a trade could be capital, where this illicit traced, to be dismantled rased ; by which act, Monte and de Plata, Isabella, and Christi, Puerto blishmentsthat several smaller estaand already boasted good an increased population, buildings laid in ruins, and the were entireiy retire into the inhabitants forced to and interior, to found new erect fresh abodes. This towns, 1606 and whilst it occurred in La gave increase to Vega, and Monte Plata, where Santiago, less fugitives the homedamped the ardour principally took shelter, it velled of enterprize, and ledwellings to the ground, that had great labour, time, and cost mines money to raise. The being closed under the severest ties, and penalhabitants, every source of wealth to the inand of local revenue to the VOL, I. crown N odes. This towns, 1606 and whilst it occurred in La gave increase to Vega, and Monte Plata, where Santiago, less fugitives the homedamped the ardour principally took shelter, it velled of enterprize, and ledwellings to the ground, that had great labour, time, and cost mines money to raise. The being closed under the severest ties, and penalhabitants, every source of wealth to the inand of local revenue to the VOL, I. crown N --- Page 196 --- dried up, by the discouraging conduct of that government which ought rather to bave fostered enterprise and stimulated small entries from the confined industry, the sale of stamp paper, wereallthat came into the treasury, and the governinent became obliged to order S00,000 dollars annually to be sent thither from Mexico, to pay its officers and a local militia; the arrival ofthese funds welcomed with the sound of was always bells. This yearly subsidy existèd till the the cession, for the coffers very year of of the were full, from its havingbeen landed treasury time before Toussaint took a short about possession, SO that one half of the amount, besides luable stores, and public vaprey to the French. This revenue, became a contrast spoil forms a great to what fell to the combined and Spanish armies, in the late English the same city, when the united capture of the estimate of treasury and stores, exclusive of arsenal and brass cannon, foll short of 4000 and even that was for the most dollars, perty taken in the stores of part, protants, whom the French had Spanish inhabi- 'Till the year 1595 the imprisoned. French in the West footing heki by the fined division, had been conto those inroads and singular feats of --- Page 197 --- personal bravery, recorded in the history of the Flibustiers or Buccaneers, whose is not connected with our history, present subjects Though the circumscribed state of in that, quarter, and want of population hands. to till such an extent of naturally detached country, made its possession apparently of little import to the Spaniards, they nevertheless long resisted any formal settlement, and their incursions for some time kept back the colonizing plans of the French. Assembling however in the small island, of Tortuga after their expulsion from. St: Christopher by the Spaniards, and being now openly supported by the French government, they eflected a lodgement on Hlispanola, which they kept, notwithstanding several tres of various success which took rencontween them and the original place bein which the Spanish lancemen possessors, and themselves. For the distingnished particulars we will refer our readers to the too partial accounts, lished by the various French authors pub- who have gone into the details. When the war was declared by France against Holland, the natives sided with the Dutch, and in 1073 Bouerc, then goyernor of Tortuga, formed plans which he submitted to the cabinet of N 2 they kept, notwithstanding several tres of various success which took rencontween them and the original place bein which the Spanish lancemen possessors, and themselves. For the distingnished particulars we will refer our readers to the too partial accounts, lished by the various French authors pub- who have gone into the details. When the war was declared by France against Holland, the natives sided with the Dutch, and in 1073 Bouerc, then goyernor of Tortuga, formed plans which he submitted to the cabinet of N 2 --- Page 198 --- Paris, for entirely dispossessing the of the whole island, but Spaniards they all failed, and though they were: revivedand were they again defeated, with lcontinmedin1601, in Savanah Real, under great slaughter Cussy and nay, two of the boasted commanders FranquesFrench. After this of the cial views united reverse, though commerthem politically as bours, their old animosities neighliterated, but subsisted were never obto the last French held day the possession of the withstanding the country, notgreat efforts well to spread the employed, as of influence. empire of terror, as that In whatever view, as respects the ple of justice, the princiend of possession of the West Hispanola by the French, be considered, it had, by the middle of the century, attained that high 17th vation and degree of cultirevenue, which astonished the world, and was never equalled ropean colony abroad. From by any Eu. it, the mother country drew resources, theindividual, and its trade was the best wealth, The statement school for seamen, found in the will give the reader an idea appendix of the (G.), this part of the island to its mother value of and enable him to form some country, estimate of --- Page 199 --- what its trade gained from the though cultivation Spaniards, for was their main their commerce resource, through the Spanish was a secondary step to advancement. lines These advaritages wer'e also reflected their Eastern on founded neighbours; for it is" a well axiom in the theory of the mist, that example and econotributing to rend asunder intercourse, by conthe shackles of prejudice, and to dispel the of monopoly, call forth chilling system industry, and a ten-fold impuise to the stream of give The force of example roused the action. cabinet of Madrid, as early as 1700; fresh the public expence, colonists, at Canaries, were sent out from the a people frugal, laborious, well suited to the climate. The and more politic and economical adoption of bettered the face of the measures, soon sources of industry country. New increase of were developed, the rapid mediate agricultural pursuits in their imneighbours, called for a great consumption of horned cattle, mules, and tobacco, which horses, gavé them an nity of improving that branch opportuwhich had hitherto of wealth, herds been unnoticed. Their being attended to, increased in their congenial plains and rapidly pastures, the climate. The and more politic and economical adoption of bettered the face of the measures, soon sources of industry country. New increase of were developed, the rapid mediate agricultural pursuits in their imneighbours, called for a great consumption of horned cattle, mules, and tobacco, which horses, gavé them an nity of improving that branch opportuwhich had hitherto of wealth, herds been unnoticed. Their being attended to, increased in their congenial plains and rapidly pastures, the --- Page 200 --- easy and convenient means of sale, edge to their own ardour, and the seeds gave of fresh energy and enterprize began to gerininate and unfold. The old demolished and deserted towns were rebuilt and peopled, new settlements were formed on the frontiers, those of St. Miguel, Hincha, Dejabon, and Atalaya, rose out of the sale of cattle; the scattered inhabitants were coliected into small parishes and congregations, and in chapels and hermitages every quarter, (the first and most sure sign of the progressive state of in a Spanish things country), began to rear their heads. The capital was rebuilt, a degree of communication and commerce established, and every thing wore the face of comparative abundance and refiuement; in short the intercourse which this century introduced, repaired tbe ravages of the former. Iu successive wars, their privateers also cruized with considerable success; several guineamen were taken, which gare working bands to the country, other slares were procured in the French lines, and ofthe Dutch, ill exchange for their owI commodities, and the utensils of industry were replaced. --- Page 201 --- The prudent choice of governors spur to action; men were sent out filled gare with a patriotic zeal for the interest of their nation, amongst whom, Solano may be ranked. Agriculture was encouraged, neutral trade was opened with the Dutch and Danish islands, and again the scowls of want were converted into the smiles of plenty. Monte Christi, that, some years before, we saw dismantled, now received the Royal Indult for ten years of free trade, and the war that existed between England and France, made it a beneficial deposit for both. Thus had the country revived, little had yet been done by its though government at home, who inight have greatly promoted its growth, by more vigorously calling forth its local resources, and tolerating settlers from many of the other barren islands. In when the Black 1790, disturbancos of the island commenced, its population, as we have already remarked, exceeded 152,000 souls. To enter on the details of the revolutions of the French part, were to burden the narrative with a recital of gloomy rences, still fresh in the occurmemories of most persons, and already authors. depicted by our own As far as relates to the country --- Page 202 --- under consideration, these horrors fined to the French were conravages division, nor did their ever pass the frontiers. The active branch of trade most was indeed some of the herds of the cut off, bordering falling a prey to their inroads, and pastures lation from the the popufrontiers, withdrawing for greater safety into the interior; prejudice and national yet from withstood antipathy, their slaves the lure of freedom, and the intrigues that were set on foot for it may be confidently amongst them; Spanish slaves in asserted, that the in the West general are the most orderly Indies, and though with incentives to revolt, surrounded they have adhered to their masters. uniformly In thus tracing succinetly the historic lines of this ill-fated outit rise and fail with country, we have seen of almost an equal degree rapidity. At one timne we have its infant growth reach beheld a state of when, according to their own puberty, ticularly the most historiaus, pardo, it sent fleets respectable of them, Ovieof treasure to the ports in Europe, We haye next marked its and state of languor, which it decline, shook off, and assumed at length a more animated character, by the improvement of a neglected of this ill-fated outit rise and fail with country, we have seen of almost an equal degree rapidity. At one timne we have its infant growth reach beheld a state of when, according to their own puberty, ticularly the most historiaus, pardo, it sent fleets respectable of them, Ovieof treasure to the ports in Europe, We haye next marked its and state of languor, which it decline, shook off, and assumed at length a more animated character, by the improvement of a neglected --- Page 203 --- branch of local resources that accident within its reach. We have beheld placed the impolicy of ministers, conspiring with the destructive hand of pestilence and war, to involve in its fate this valuabie the most colony; but distressing and deplorable epoch in its annals, and what the natives most cate, yet remains for our consideration. depreIt has been lately observed author of by a juvenile distinguished merit, that out all the changes of throughFrance has government which undergone, there has been an unbroken continuity of views and and if this is character; applicable to measures in Europe, iti is equally SO to their schemes other side the ocean. on the Though busied in plans of universal dominion on their continent, their cabinet did not lose own cease to entertain a hope of sight, or colonies again possessing abroad, and they were well aware which were the most desirable. system of invasion had been Perhaps no deeply longer or more premeditated, and digested with more mysterious secrecy, than the entire tion of Spain and her American subjugain which, besides the settlements, common views of aggrandizement, their constitutional to the reigning enmity family, acted as a powerful --- Page 204 --- stimulus. This policy was cocval with that ambition, which marked the first the present ruler of France, and career of veil, under which the the specious hidden, but advances were continued end in view, regularly made towards the adds to the guilt of and ingratitude, when we consider duplicity has scrupulously that Spain alliance, and has maintained her treaty: of fulfilled the entered into in 1795, stipulations three notvithstanding all the changes that have given other to the French names government, without its entity. or altering revolutionary and destructive system; that the cabinets of Madrid, bended to a degree of abject have rather than be precipitated into condescension, that they have sacrificed a new war; inclinations of the interests and their people, and have driven at length into a state of been rather than risk a warfare with non-reprisal, respected, and that a nation they both though an ally, men and money, under fumishing share in the conquests promises to treated rather made, they have been as a faithless neutral without claim, representation, or character, and thus their country has been waste, and the impoverished and laid supports of national and energy, undermined, union ; inclinations of the interests and their people, and have driven at length into a state of been rather than risk a warfare with non-reprisal, respected, and that a nation they both though an ally, men and money, under fumishing share in the conquests promises to treated rather made, they have been as a faithless neutral without claim, representation, or character, and thus their country has been waste, and the impoverished and laid supports of national and energy, undermined, union --- Page 205 --- The firse public instance of this profornd design, was evinced in the exchange of Louisiana for the duchy of Parma, whicli at all times was in their power to regain. This measure followed by that long concerted plan, SO much dwelt upon by their best authors, and relished by their ministers, under the ancien regime, of depriving the Spaniards of Hispanola. As early as 1795 it Was carried into execution, forming part of the disgraceful treaty made at Basle in Switzerland, which the minister Godoy the title of Prince gave of Peace, and served to consolidate the empire and influence which he afterwards attained, as will be seen from the short outline of his life in the Appendix (D.); and formed the first link of that fatal chain of events, which has since brought his country, to her present awful state of anarchy and confusion. By this instrument of diplomatic intrigue and subtlety, Hispanola was made over unreservedly to France; the oldest subjects of the Spanish crown, in the Western world, were thus bartered, like SO many sheep, and an island, not the capture of an during war, and given up at its termination, enemy but one that had descended to them as a pri- --- Page 206 --- mitive right, and had formed the the preceding monarchs, who glory of vered and settled. saw it discogiven, in further When possession was aggravation of the natives, the transfer was received Spanish saint, at the head of the by Tousintrusive one division of the island, settlers of former had with whom the their previously and generously shared territory; in short by a horde of cipated slaves, to whom the French emanhad given equality, republic and who now consistence, and power, came to erect a new on the spot consecrated standard ashes of by the labours and Columbus, and long revered as an object of national pride. In justice to the Dominican be said, that none of the people it may Spanish settlements possess more of that amor patrise which to distinguish loyal ought the news as a thunder subjects; they received bolt, and the presented an universal scence of country They lamentation. appealed to the humanity of their sovereign, but without effect; and then had recourse to remonstrances. The island of St. Domingo, had been considered in the immediate always the prince of right of cession Asturias, and they argued the as illegal without his concurrence, of the people it may Spanish settlements possess more of that amor patrise which to distinguish loyal ought the news as a thunder subjects; they received bolt, and the presented an universal scence of country They lamentation. appealed to the humanity of their sovereign, but without effect; and then had recourse to remonstrances. The island of St. Domingo, had been considered in the immediate always the prince of right of cession Asturias, and they argued the as illegal without his concurrence, --- Page 207 --- and that of the inhabitants, to whom in second right it belonged, for when it captured, and in possession of Sir Francis was Drake, they ransomed and purchased it back for 60,000 dollars, a fund raised by the gregate jewels of their wives and ag and by them considered daughters, of equal to the claim discovery, on which alone the in Europe founded their titie, for government the pences incurred, had been fully exits own boyels. No repaid out of their answer was given to prayers, perhaps indeed these never pierced the crowds of parasites who surrounded their sovereign, nor found access to that throne, on which they had SO great a claim. Unable to brook this neglect, the property and influence left their men of the object of their native island, withdrew their enthusiastic attachment, negroes, and abandoned their property, rather than be forced to legiance to a power they had swear alfrom their cradles to been taught people, whom detest, or submit to a they considered as one part of the island, nsurpers of now unjustly sessing them of the other. The disposand clergy, left their nuns, friars, abodes; convents, churches, and emigration became general, one third of the population near went over to the --- Page 208 --- Main, to Cuba, and to Puerto Rico, in search of their own laws; and their flag. OWn. CHAP. XIII. OCCUPATION OF THE ISLAND BY THE FRENCH, TILL THEIR FINAL EXPULSION BY THE ENGLISH AND SPANIARDS, In was not till the latter end of 1801 that legal delivery was made to the representative of the French nation, Toussaint who came with a considerable LOuverture, the resistance force, to repel he expected to meet on the part of the Spanish people; which opposing spirit would have yet secured the had not Don Joachim Garcia, country, the then governor, refused arms, and counteracted thing that could militate every had against the orders he received from his master. The of the Black entry general, was not, however, marked by any act inconsistent with justice and decorum; the property of individuals and of --- Page 209 --- the church was respeéted. When he tired to his own government in the French Tea part, his brother Paul was placed in command, and continued tili-January, 1803. The government of France had scarcely signed that treaty of Amiens, or rather that arined truce, which its authors told us peace, ofexperiment, was a victorious thought necessary by the dictator, who now assumed the for the consolidation of his own reins, political power and consistency, when the expatriated planters and traders to St. to cond their own Domingo, seviews, set on foot plans, and devised means to turn into their wonted channel, the! great resources of their settlements in this island. Every class throughout nation appeared interested in its the the mania of transatlantic recovery, conquest and trade, pervaded the body of the merchants, whose capitals had for SO long a time been and the government stagnant, already saw in revenues which formerly constituted embryo, pal part of its support. The a. princisul of France, who at that ambitious conpularity, joined in the time sought powell aware that inaction public voice; being less and did not suit the restturbulent spirit of the French, and impressed with the sanguine assurance of the the mania of transatlantic recovery, conquest and trade, pervaded the body of the merchants, whose capitals had for SO long a time been and the government stagnant, already saw in revenues which formerly constituted embryo, pal part of its support. The a. princisul of France, who at that ambitious conpularity, joined in the time sought powell aware that inaction public voice; being less and did not suit the restturbulent spirit of the French, and impressed with the sanguine assurance of --- Page 210 --- success, he thought this a fit time to rid self of many individuals whom himand of a part of his armies, he mistrusted, who from commanded by other more favourite being were not SO much under his officers, controul as he could wish. own individual. The expedition at length sailed, in December, 1802, the military 35,000 men, under the amounting to Le Clerc, his command of general brother-in-law, by his sister and accompanied whom this younger brother Jerome, to ing. The conquest was intended as a schoolof Admiral shipping was under the guidance Villaret, bay of Sainana; the rendezvousing in the intended branch of the armament to take possession of Santo Domingo, amounting, in military, to 700 under Kierversan, who men, was nominated vernor, sailed round to the South side, goanchoring in a small bay to and to sound the state of the windward, sent Paul town. Toussaint, who was this supercession unprepared for by any instructions from brother, felt disposed to resist. his Black garrison, But the being. weak and and the numbers of the scattered, 4 invading force gerated, a Spanish party was formed, which exagthough disarmed of every weapon but their --- Page 211 --- manchetes, in the night took possession, a preconcerted plan with the on yellow shipping, of the battery at the W. end ofthe and covered the landing ofthe French. ramparts, was the city given up, with the loss of Thus three lives, the Blacks returned only lines, and the tricolored to their own its battlements, flag was planted on by the whites. Iti is however foreign to our ter into any further purpose to enthis grand particulars respecting the expedition to Haiti, which cost republic upwards of 50,000 lives, and immense treasures, the recency of occurrences superseding the necessity of further remarks. Suffice it to say, that it proved in abortive, and disgraced as it every way atrocious was, by the most act of duplicity to the great and unfortunate Toussaint, it has given fresh cause ofexecration to the French name in the island, and impressed truths, that will be erased from the memories of'the never On the general defeat and natives. the French evacuation of troops sent out under Leclerc, General Ferrand, who had been left Rochambeau in command of Monte by with 200 men, withdrew to the Christi, Domingo, formed city ofSanto a powerful party, dispossessed Kierversau, who was an older offiVOL. I. O given fresh cause ofexecration to the French name in the island, and impressed truths, that will be erased from the memories of'the never On the general defeat and natives. the French evacuation of troops sent out under Leclerc, General Ferrand, who had been left Rochambeau in command of Monte by with 200 men, withdrew to the Christi, Domingo, formed city ofSanto a powerful party, dispossessed Kierversau, who was an older offiVOL. I. O --- Page 212 --- cer and under the immediate his nomination of and government at home, shipped him vested in himself the entire away, This piece of usurpation, control. to strict SO much opposed discipline, and to the great deference expected from subalterns, was never rated from the breast of his obliteuntil after his gallant despotic ruler, against defence of the capital Dessalines, though his services were only then rewarded by the member's of the Legion d'Honneur, cross that his military rank, notwithstanding commandant ofthe comported to that of same order. The definitive organization of this country, wasby Imperial decree postponed until and in the mean 1 time Ferrand peace, commander in chief and was made ral, which charge he held administrator till geneNovember, 1809, when the 7tl of Seibo by the he was defeated at finding himself Spaniards, and obliged tofly, and and unable hard pressed, his horse tired, to regain the gates of the capital, from which he was at a distance of 12 leagues, he shot himself with a pistol the head, in order to avoi through hands of the falling into the provincialists, whose merited vengeance he dreaded. The strong hold of Santo account of its locality and Domingo, on territorial produc- --- Page 213 --- tions, which were eventually anticipated in its tenure, was considered as a rallying whenever the French should make advances spot on Haiti, or direct their views towards the more attractive shores of the Spanish Main. They valued this fortress as a deposit for their heavy baggage, a secure means of plying their armies with provisions, and supthe mean timewof in directing their plans of espionage; and from the year 1804 till the time of its capture, in consequence of the existing state of war, though five millions of livres were annually allowed, which, added to its local revenue, defrayed the the island, they considered expence of it trivial, compared with the projected advantages hoped to realize. they They saw that from among the well seasoned natives of frugal Hispaniola, could obtain soldiers they capable of bearing the fatigue and heat of the climate, of the Haitian to his inmost following him to the summit recesses, of tracing ofa a mountain, of him in the fastnesses of his ferreting ing him in the almost retreat, and huntuntrodden wild, was early evident that it formed for it policy and part of the the plans of these people, to flee to mountains, iftbeir towns were attacked: O 2 ugal Hispaniola, could obtain soldiers they capable of bearing the fatigue and heat of the climate, of the Haitian to his inmost following him to the summit recesses, of tracing ofa a mountain, of him in the fastnesses of his ferreting ing him in the almost retreat, and huntuntrodden wild, was early evident that it formed for it policy and part of the the plans of these people, to flee to mountains, iftbeir towns were attacked: O 2 --- Page 214 --- the French were well aware, and did of this to them it the adnot dislike it, since gave vantage of meeting their enemy collectively, interior, where the climate was best, a in the had obdesirable object, when once they which the ground and tained the proper men, mode of warfare required. plans a of obtaining That general systemn in and information of every thing interesting countries, which has during the war foreign feature in the policy of formed a principal and to which many the French government, has of their great successes may be attributed, developed by the work of a been SO recently to add late essayist, that it were superfluous To one however who has had no opmore. of tracing the effects ofthis system, portunity to behold the number it would be astonishing de la and variety of plans sent to the depot the and projects of guerre, on campaigns have been some of which Saint Domingo, traces and of others, the plainest printed, lately existed in the country. In order to form an anny of 8000 or 10,000 to fight their enemy in their inen, qualified to it only became necessary proown way, and arms, SO that as early as vide officers had survived the disos1805, all those who --- Page 215 --- ters of Leclerc's expedition, and had fled the neighbouring islands, to rendezvous and hold were ordered to themselves in readiness in Santo Domingo, by which at the time of the late means, even capitulation, the officers, compared to the privates, were as is to twelve. To give greater one influence which spread to that they wished to extend over the Spanish inhabitants of the French officers were suffered and country, to intermarry with the natives, encouraged all alliance with their though refused own creoles. Thus it was, by dragging this into the horrors of intestine people tinction of the war, and by the expart of the island, unconscious natives of one that they hoped to get possession of the other, and thereby to a new empire on the ruins of a state of found ciety, disorganized by their SOtem, and cemented convulsing sysagain by their own impolicy. Notwithstanding that the cession of the island to the French, guarantied the of all property to its former tenure sooner were they well holders, no edicts were issued to invite established, than to return, under threats of the absentees tration, and on the a general sequesexpiration of the time hoped to get possession of the other, and thereby to a new empire on the ruins of a state of found ciety, disorganized by their SOtem, and cemented convulsing sysagain by their own impolicy. Notwithstanding that the cession of the island to the French, guarantied the of all property to its former tenure sooner were they well holders, no edicts were issued to invite established, than to return, under threats of the absentees tration, and on the a general sequesexpiration of the time --- Page 216 --- the menace was carried into préscribed, Near five hundred of the rigid execution. houses, estates, and hatos, or pasture grounds with herds, were put on the cadastre of sequestration ; for, as we have already observed, the rich and powerful had withdrawn, could not inand the menace proclaimed, duce them to abandon their first patriotic other decrees it became illeresolves. By for absentees to dispose of property by gal of attorney, or to draw any thing powers their estates. These, together with from houses, werelet out to officers thesequestrated and the surplus of them by and favonrites, cryer annually; the grazing the public and laid waste, grounds were depopulated the nethe dwellings suffered to decay, sent to other islands to be sold, the groes melted down, and the poor church plate Spaniard bent under the rod of oppression. were thus left to protract a The emigrants miserable existence in other settlements, declared out of the protection of the were of their best families lived law, whilst many could collect from on the small pittance they Yetthis country was not held iby right charity. it had reverted to the French, of conquest, and compact of the Spanish by the sanction --- Page 217 --- government, though without the consent of the natives, their rights were however for this reason, the more solemnly guarantied. Still we have seen that every thing sacred trampled under foot, the legal was a rich possessors of country, were deprived of their and property, and even exposed to rights ties. We may judge then of the indignithis feelings of unhappy peopie, when, by the aid and protection of the British Nation, were restored to their they country and and estates; again saw themselves in possession of their long deserted homes. Te Deums sung in the different towns of'the were Puerto Rico, and Cuba, where the Main, emnigrants were collected, in commemoration poor of success; the name of George the Third of England, was united to that of the siding deity of conquest, a partially enthu- presiastic glow of gratitude was raised, that the French would have well known how spread, keep alive, and turn to their to account. own Not to wound the prejudices or an act that may tend to violate attempt their or infringe comnon practices and received systems, must ever be the landmark of those nations and individuals who act in concert, orare allied the Main, emnigrants were collected, in commemoration poor of success; the name of George the Third of England, was united to that of the siding deity of conquest, a partially enthu- presiastic glow of gratitude was raised, that the French would have well known how spread, keep alive, and turn to their to account. own Not to wound the prejudices or an act that may tend to violate attempt their or infringe comnon practices and received systems, must ever be the landmark of those nations and individuals who act in concert, orare allied --- Page 218 --- with Spaniards, and this caution be observed, till must ever they are modified by other principles, and taught the intercourse, and a social and advantages of of existence. Before refined state control, it is the possession, or when under be maxim of the French, to sedulously careful and points, but when cringing on these once the barrier is they are generally leaped, another line of conduct. very prompt in adopting fail in By this means they conciliating a conquered in assimilating the people, or has changed manners of a nation that its masters. Their conduct subsequent to their entry into served but to irritate the Hispanola. evince to them, theirs Spaniards, and and like was the reign of terror, in consequences may be expected even subjugated Spain. I will mention stance that occurred in an invalleros, an inland Santiago de los Cation is town of which a given in a preceding descripral Devaux, who chapter. GeneFerrand, had was second in command to been stationed there with meu, to watch the Spaniards, tions oft the Haitians hold the moin check, and frustrate any Views of gaining over their We are well aware with what neighbours. the Spaniards regard their veneration churches, and --- Page 219 --- the valuable ornaments that shine on their images and altars. These were long a tempting object to the French in this place, but being few amidst a distant but populous of the country, they resorted to part in order to get them into their stratagem which was done by possession, reporting a threatened invasion of the Blacks, and hinting, that walled capitai would be the best the their deposit for security. The jewels were sent off without molestation ; other contributions and exactions of horses, cattle and slaves, followed; almost every personal offered, and endured indignity was by the disarmed niards in silence, though Spaby the insults and internally roused injustice to which were daily exposed. At length they prostitute appeared, a public parading a valuable pearl necklace, that had long been the cred ornament of a virgin's saparochial church, and the image in the most all the jewels they had sent precious of confidence of away in full security, and thus they the whole plot had been a found to plunder their specious pretext temples. They formed a party of one hundred of the most seized some arms, surrounded the injured, French head-quarters in the night, and a conflict daily exposed. At length they prostitute appeared, a public parading a valuable pearl necklace, that had long been the cred ornament of a virgin's saparochial church, and the image in the most all the jewels they had sent precious of confidence of away in full security, and thus they the whole plot had been a found to plunder their specious pretext temples. They formed a party of one hundred of the most seized some arms, surrounded the injured, French head-quarters in the night, and a conflict --- Page 220 --- ensued in which many lives were lost, but the French were secured, and sent an escort of under peasantry to the gates of the capital, with an intimation, that if another armed force was sent into the interior, would, though against their they in the Haitians, and inclinations, call change their Thus was animosity, allegiance. bordering on enmity, always kept alive, the French could trust them with arms, nor never in was confidence any way ever established. The plans of the cabinet of specting the West Paris, reIndies, were not ther confined to that division of altogeof which they gained Hisp-mola, possession. Iny the early stage of horrors and revolutions devastated the part which the French that nally held, the inhabitants origisword of rebellion fleeing from the and vengeance, sought refuge in the neighbouring and island of Cuba, and opposite St. Jago, and Baracoa. particularly centred in Upwards of 40,000 whites, persons of colour, and at length collected; and, negroes, were having been stripped of their wealth by their volted own reslaves, now aiming at some of them turned their independence, attention to the planting of coffee and other branches of cul- --- Page 221 --- ture, and the rest to privateering and rying on a predatory war in the island carsages. Many rich vessels fell a prey to their pasactivity, and fast sailing cruizers, whole convoys have been distressed even and by them; amongst their most valuable were several guineamen. The captures, sold to their own slaves were planters, who had often shares in the equipments, Their habitual industry soon changed the face of the country; many were already in possession of two and three hundred Blacks, which raised the country to a state of affluence, and power, which it had consisteney, tairred in the hands of the never before atSpaniards. Though SO well settled, restless and they were ever body devising plots, and drew up in a long memorials which were to the transmitted island emperor, soliciting that half of the of Cuba, by a line drawn from Trinidad to Baracoa, might be ceded and in the right of the French, confirmed whole of Puerto together with the settlers Rico, where others of their had also formed Active agents were sent to Paris, establishments. with funds raised from the provided both subscriptions of parties, who were directed to make the obtaining of this cession a common cause. plots, and drew up in a long memorials which were to the transmitted island emperor, soliciting that half of the of Cuba, by a line drawn from Trinidad to Baracoa, might be ceded and in the right of the French, confirmed whole of Puerto together with the settlers Rico, where others of their had also formed Active agents were sent to Paris, establishments. with funds raised from the provided both subscriptions of parties, who were directed to make the obtaining of this cession a common cause. --- Page 222 --- That this project was relished ministers is beyond by the French in doubt, but how far it was reality followed up is uncertain; the authority of their yet on nounced in the Bulletin agents, it was anof Santo and several other oflicial Domingo, cession had papers, that the actually been agreed upon, and carried into effect by the two and on the strength governments, been ofit, fresh lands had purchased. In this way, did to repay the they seek hospitality of the who received them Spaniards, allowed them cordially in distress, and to buy lands and settle them, though the French had often amongst the national honour of the island, exposed excesses their privateers bys the coasts. committed on their Abandoning the safe and tried principles of moderation and moral they thought dominion always rectitude, chased, with the sacrifice of the cheaply purnations, it was the basis of their rights of plan for unlimited control, and in this general instance, formed one small link of the long projected chain of universal empire. No sooner had the national wrongs of the peninsula in Europe, began to spread abroad in Cuba, than the French took alarm at the patriotic feelings testified by the West, In- --- Page 223 --- dian Spaniards, and fearing for their and personal safety, they assembled property at Candelaria, near St. Jago, to oppose their sent en masse from the island, armed being their negroes, and prepared to.deluge in blood, the country that had SO lately received them with open arms. Their plans were, however, discvoered in time, their party and proved weak, they were obliged to quit the in shame and disgrace, but under country bitter the most imprecations of vengeance, most of them retiring to Louisiana. Seeing themselves thus obliged to leave this quarter, their first a project was to form lodgement on the North side of and penetrate to the capital of Santo Hispanola, mingo, which yet held out; had Dothis, scenes of horror must they effected and it might have followed, afterwards have cost valuable lives to dispossess them. many No sooner had the abdication of the of Spain taken king place at Bayonne, than Joseph, assuming his royal robes, sent out new constitutions, regulations, and orders, which, together with his own likeness, were ly distributed round; but being purposethe Havannah, receivedi at the they were thrown down into court-yard of the governient house, in presence of the Cabildo and officers assem- horror must they effected and it might have followed, afterwards have cost valuable lives to dispossess them. many No sooner had the abdication of the of Spain taken king place at Bayonne, than Joseph, assuming his royal robes, sent out new constitutions, regulations, and orders, which, together with his own likeness, were ly distributed round; but being purposethe Havannah, receivedi at the they were thrown down into court-yard of the governient house, in presence of the Cabildo and officers assem- --- Page 224 --- the occasion, and there burnt by the bled on executioner, and the proceedings put public that has since been on record; an example of followed in Mexico, and other provinces Main. These documents were the Spanish of Santo forwarded to the French governor to be distributed at discretion, and Domingo, occasioned by those sent to the eorrespondence of St. Jago, Kinderlan, the patriotic governor is curious, as being a perfect developement of the plans of the French. as the month of October, the OCAs early to be known in currences in Spain began in the Hispanola, the provincials assembled under Don Juan Sanchez Ramerez, East end, of their beloved to assert the trampled rights standard of Ferdinand, and dislodge the and perfidy that yet insulted the counwrong Their first outset was crowned by the try. of the French defeat, before mentioned, them; the general, who sallied out aguinst and every sentiment was responcause spread, of their injured countrysive to the feelings to their own men in Europe, in addition Butwhen they caie regularly local wrongs. artillery, or oficers, to attack, without arms, which the the walls of a fortified city, in the W ork could French were now enclosed, --- Page 225 --- not go on; the.siege lingered from to July, under accumulated November inhabitants; horrors to the the French had many within their gates, and took others, who Spaniards exposed to the greatest cruelties, and were starved; the clergy and persons of note nearly the greatest victims to the Spanish were whom, the author of these cause, of but after seven pages was the first, months of horrible ment, he narrowly escaped with his imprisonfelt an adequate life, and compensation for all his sufferings, in afterwards penning that tion, which gave the city to the combined capitulaarmies. Perhaps the annals of no wars, nor of civil contest, afford examples of any and horror, than those to which more cruelty the were exposed on this occasion. Spaniards forbidden to go into the streets in They were food, and when they search of horse's, got any, it consisted of mule's, and ass's flesh, fora pound of which, they frequently paid a dollar; and cats, dogs, and hides bore a value. proportionate They were denied all rations, and when any smali cargo of provisions arrived safe, after eluding the vigilance of the blockading cruizers, the a clergyman or the father of tanily, was sometimes seen kneeling to a Spaniards forbidden to go into the streets in They were food, and when they search of horse's, got any, it consisted of mule's, and ass's flesh, fora pound of which, they frequently paid a dollar; and cats, dogs, and hides bore a value. proportionate They were denied all rations, and when any smali cargo of provisions arrived safe, after eluding the vigilance of the blockading cruizers, the a clergyman or the father of tanily, was sometimes seen kneeling to a --- Page 226 --- and praying to be allowed brutal Frenchman, share for the wants to purchase a small refused, till of his family, but uniformly French had been fully served. all the distress to which these naSuch was the reduced by their cruel masters, tives were conduct of that government, and such the them which boasted having come amongst and place them on the to make them happy, scale of civilized and rational beings. It would be endless to recount the stratawhich the French resorted, again to gems to and rivet the chains of this wretched people, where wrong and oppresto secure a country, and where sion had marked their footsteps, thing to fear from the roused they had every now wielded energy of its people. They of dread and terror, and now the weapons stretch of artifice and recurred to every invent. It will delusion that subtlety could however, to our confined views, to suffice, without insert the following proclamation, threats more; and whilst it conveys adding barbarism, does not that almost border on that cover the art and weakness altogether lurk under its forced appeals. ComCeneral of Brigade, 44, L. Barquier, General, and mander in chief, Administrator To the ciGeneral, &c. acting as Captain --- Page 227 --- devant Spanish inhabitants of the East of the island of Santo Domingo. part 66 Itis now six months since lifted the standard of rebellion you up against the French nation, during which time you have rent asunder the bosom of What then your own country. are your hopes in this sinful enterprize? and what have you gained in this equally impious, and insensate warP Your fields are laid waste, your herds and you have forced those, who destroyed, lately your friends, to were SO lation carry death and desoamongst you. Ingrates! What was wanting to you? Under what more paternal and kind, could government, live? But I you wish to am aware you have been seduced, cruelly deceived. Still how is it, that your eyes are not yet open? Do you chance wish to sacrifice to the cruel ambition perof your chiefs, and to the perfidious of your eternal enemies, counsels lish), (meaning the Engyour tranquillity, property, and the existence of your wives and children-in short, every thing that constitutes the piness of man on earth, and his hapother life? When hopes in the your chiefs the destiny of this precipitated country, into a tuous sea of revolutions, tempes they were not VOL, I, igP eyes are not yet open? Do you chance wish to sacrifice to the cruel ambition perof your chiefs, and to the perfidious of your eternal enemies, counsels lish), (meaning the Engyour tranquillity, property, and the existence of your wives and children-in short, every thing that constitutes the piness of man on earth, and his hapother life? When hopes in the your chiefs the destiny of this precipitated country, into a tuous sea of revolutions, tempes they were not VOL, I, igP --- Page 228 --- norant of the horrid futurity for you; but, in their they prepared blindly formed delirium, they have plans, which they will never realize, because, myself and soldiers have placed ourselves my valorous and the attainment of their between them, 66 Insensate men! You have projects. the clemency of this despaired of government; not believed you have my words of peace, for after being traitors to your very benefactors, and perjurers to your own oaths, you have despaired of mercy. But be undeceived, it is yet time, I repeat, it is yet time, for I am too strong to fear you, return to your be peaceable, resume houses; tions and labour, your domestic occupaand blot out by a prompt submission, all the injury you have done. God wishes not the death of the sinner; he recommends the oblivion of injuries, and his divine lawis the guide of all my actions. a Christian, and As representative of the ror of the French, I grant Empefull you a general and pardon, Your property shall be respected, you shall be protected and treated as the ancient French; but be quick to avail selves of my generous offers, for yourit will be out of soon, perhaps, my own power to do any thing for you. Returned again to your du- --- Page 229 --- ties, you will one day bless my include clemency, and my name in those acts of thanks may address to the omnipotent, you doubt, wishes to save this who, beyond he yet has reserved country, for which the happiness, and me to be instrument of his goodness. Head-quarters Santo Domingo, April 21, 1809. (Signed) BARQUIER*. Such was the dreadful situation to which the Spanish natives of the city of Santo Domingo were reduced, the armies of their * It would raise a smile in the countenance reader, were he acquainted with the of the speaks sO majestically. Said to be person who here curling tongs, a hero of the he puny, dapper, and exactly in character, accompanied Leclerc's expedition, to the hospitals, on which account he was superintend the army, Le General Syringue and always called in the latter being his favourite dress, Culotte jaune, from of rank having fallen a sacrifice Every other officer war, be stood out, whilst he to the climate, or the double pay. When Ferrand killed enjoyed the colonial and feat by the Spaniards, the command himself after his dequier, and was marked devolved on Barunjust exaction, In by many acts of cruelty and where he a sinart attack on the was more the spectator than the ramparts, reclining in slumber on the butt of a cominander, served that the roar of guns had the cannon, he obsetting him to sleep.-See the original ofthis peculiarity of in the Appendix. proclamation P 2 to the climate, or the double pay. When Ferrand killed enjoyed the colonial and feat by the Spaniards, the command himself after his dequier, and was marked devolved on Barunjust exaction, In by many acts of cruelty and where he a sinart attack on the was more the spectator than the ramparts, reclining in slumber on the butt of a cominander, served that the roar of guns had the cannon, he obsetting him to sleep.-See the original ofthis peculiarity of in the Appendix. proclamation P 2 --- Page 230 --- without the walls, discontending patriots, with necessaries, pirited, and unprovided when the French were summoned to surrender by Capt. Pryce Cumby commanding Britannic Majesty's naval forces, before his and the refusal of the garrison that port; communicated to the rewas immediately spective commanders in Jamaica. The commanders saw that if some more effective measures were not adopted, Engwould lose the merit of all that aid land which had been already afforded and succour and in a considerable the Spanish patriots, to their aid, expensive armament sent up and that in the event of the blockading having to leave the grounds, the squadron would receive those succours for French had sent to Europe, to the which they to Cuba, acUnited States, and particularly arrangements. From cording to previous General Carmithese considerations Major calcommander of the land forces, chael, that would culated the fatal consequence result to the combined English and Spanish that would be cause, and the vengeance of the subsequently inflicted on the patriots island, were the enemy not dislodged, With most laudable and humane zeal he rethe --- Page 231 --- solved to espouse the cause and his ter to the Spanish General own letbest explain his on arriving, will sentiments. - (Copy.) "SiR, His Majesty's Ship Lark, of Point Abacoa, 66 I have the honour 171h June, 1809. Excellency that in to acquaint your nication from consequence ofa a commuVice-Admiral Rowley, mander in Chief of his ComForees, Majesty's Naval Jamaica, and having been made quainted with a summons from acCumby, Commander of his Commodore Britannic ty's squadron off Santo Majesmander in Chief Domingo to the Comof the French General Barquier's forces, with sidered it reply thereto. I conmy duty to adopt the most cacious means of giving effipower to the arms of his every aid in my Ferdinand the Seventh, Catholic Majesty, cellency in by assisting your exyour zealous operations, and to dispossess the French of the city of Santo mingo, that it may be restored Doful Sovereign. to its law66 For this purpose I have to form a corps of artillery and thought proper in obeying the commands infantry, who, of their King, and maintaining the honour of the British tion, are inspired with a fervent nawish to CO- --- Page 232 --- operate by every means in their the glorious cause of the power, for 66 Being informed Spanish Patriots. that the are very strong, and that the French fortifications liance upon them, in reexpect reinforcement and supplies, and that the army under cellency's command is not your eXnished with sufficiently furartillery, it appeared to me a primary object, to have the means of an access to the enemy, and opening French the intrepid proving to the spirit that will ever animate troops, actuated by loyalty to their beloved sovereign, and real patriotism to their country. 66 Being SO far advanced in his ship Lark, with a division of the Majesty's sailed on the 7th instant; I have troops that of making an early the pleasure commnnication to your Excellency, with an anxious hope, of a interview, to concert measures for the speedy entire expulsion of the French, in this the globe. quarter of Ihave the honour to be, &c. (Signed) H.L. CARNICHAEL, To His Major-General, &c. Excellency General Sanchez Ramirez. The expedition destined to go on this advanced in his ship Lark, with a division of the Majesty's sailed on the 7th instant; I have troops that of making an early the pleasure commnnication to your Excellency, with an anxious hope, of a interview, to concert measures for the speedy entire expulsion of the French, in this the globe. quarter of Ihave the honour to be, &c. (Signed) H.L. CARNICHAEL, To His Major-General, &c. Excellency General Sanchez Ramirez. The expedition destined to go on this --- Page 233 --- service, in all amounting to 1200 men, barked about the 4th and 7th of June emJamaica, but owing to adverse winds at part of the divisions arrived before the only on the 2ôth, and on the following city day the Major-General landed at Palenque, and proceeded with his confidential officers to reconnoitre the walls and fortifications' which he fully effected on the 29th. The Major-General then body of disposed a small Spaniards, SO as to cut off all communication with fort St. Jerome, which we have already described, is as situated two miles W. a strong hold from the the main road. After capital, on works of the reconnoitring all the Spaniards, and viewing the sources of the country, he took revillage of St. Carlos, post at the light expecting the British infantry to join him, which from the inclemeney of the weather, and the intervening rivers, swelling of the lst of July. was not effected till The French general in the mean applied to the British commander time, sation of hostilities, which for a ceswas refused; some prisoners and having been taken in to the French outposts, with going lic and private orders and publetters, it appeared, that the --- Page 234 --- French had determined not to surrender prisoners of war. The white as ever kept flying, and flag was howmade, the British another overture being General, as well to time, as to avoid the effasion of gain must have ensued in the blood, which place, the enmity of the storming of that nish peasantry exasperated Spaparticularly sented to the considered; conmeeting of but from 1 the difficulty of commissioners, with the navy, they did not communicating the ad of July: assemble till The commissioners on the part of the French, declaring their determination and pointed instructions, never to submit as soners of war, the Major-General priately broke off the negociation, immedia communication with but required Commodore Cumby commanding the squadron, for the of intimating the rupture, and purpose measures to receive supplies of concerting nance stores, and men, ordof the river provisions, the overflowing structed Haina, having completely oball intercourse with the distant landing place of Palenque. On the 4th, a letter was received English commander from by the the Spanish chief, expressing his apprehensions from the commencement ofthe rainy severe season, respecting negociation, immedia communication with but required Commodore Cumby commanding the squadron, for the of intimating the rupture, and purpose measures to receive supplies of concerting nance stores, and men, ordof the river provisions, the overflowing structed Haina, having completely oball intercourse with the distant landing place of Palenque. On the 4th, a letter was received English commander from by the the Spanish chief, expressing his apprehensions from the commencement ofthe rainy severe season, respecting --- Page 235 --- the diseases that prevailed Spanish amongst the troops; representing the that threatened the dangers blockading from the approaching hurricane squadron the year, on a coast destitute of season of intreating him to concede in shelter; and the conditions some points of proposed to the French. The Major-General however was resolved not to yield a single point derogatory to the English and Spanish interests ; but from existing saw cireumstances, the necessity of bringing the affair to a speedy issue. There being now reason to believe, from various sources of information, that the object of the French garrison was to gain and obtain intelligence time, by spies and ries among the Spaniards, of the number emissaBritish forces which had arrived; of General the Majorperemptorily refused, on the the British, the admission of the part of made by the French, and in propositions hostilities would expectation that instantly commence, general dispositions both for defence and attack made, as will be were fully seen in General Carmichael's dispatch, Appendix (E) which includes all the particulars siege and relating to the capture. A capitulation at length being agreed --- Page 236 --- the forts of St. Jerome and Ozama, upon, with the gate of Condé, were delivered up twelve o'clock the next day, to the comat and Spanish troops, and on bined English the French the 11th of the same month, consisting où 1200 effective men, troops, and laid down their evacuated the city, British of war, to 528 arms as prisoners militia, exwith about 200 Spanish troops, and blacks then clusive of armed peasantry it before the walls. On taking possession that there were, besides 200 sick or appeared and above 400 convalescents, 300 militia, inhabitants. On their walls were armed 42 of which were brass, serviceable guns, of and in their magazines, a Jarge supply engineer-stores, and ammunition, ordnance, It was ascertained, and 14 days provisions. to the surthat in a council of war, previous the British render, a sortie and attack upon and overforces at St. Carlos was proposed, ruled by one voice only. SpaniardscordialTheuifteultyatgeinetbes the English ly to co-operate in thoseenterprizes favour, is one of the have undertaken in their contributed to misfortunes, which have much of the combined plans of both. the failure existed That this distrust SO often remarked, ammunition, ordnance, It was ascertained, and 14 days provisions. to the surthat in a council of war, previous the British render, a sortie and attack upon and overforces at St. Carlos was proposed, ruled by one voice only. SpaniardscordialTheuifteultyatgeinetbes the English ly to co-operate in thoseenterprizes favour, is one of the have undertaken in their contributed to misfortunes, which have much of the combined plans of both. the failure existed That this distrust SO often remarked, --- Page 237 --- among the inhabitants of Hispanola, on the arrival of the British to assist them, cannot be denied, and it is equally true, that it was exaggerated by a peculiarlys untoward circumstance, which had well nigh proved the destruction of the whole The expedition. poor patriots of Hispanola, as yet unaided by their own government in Europe, deriving no succours from Cuba, and few from Puerto Rico, very procured arms and ammunition from their allies in Jamaica in their outset, which made them sible of this aid, from their doubly senown settlements not having stept forward in their support. Having now kept the field for five months, without cloathing and medicines for their hospitals, and during that time, being without any funds to meet contingent the wood-cutters expences, came to the aid of the national cause, and contributed which was put on board a double mahogany, Spanish polacre, and sent to decked sale. This Kingston for transactionbeing in to the English navigation opposition act, the singularity of the notwithstanding case, the polacre and cargo were seized and condemned, and the Spaniards who were unconscious of committed having any impropriety, in thus resorting --- Page 238 --- to the only means they had in of cloathing their their power, ceived this actually naked ranks, reinformation, at the the news arrived, of the very moment tish troops, from landing of the Bricondemnation the very port where the had taken at first kept aloof place. That they stance, be may, after such a circumbeen for the easily conceived, and had it not uniformly of the British conciliating address have general, the accident proved of the most serious might but it is to be hoped, the consequence, those considerations case will meet with that have of justice and ever characterized the generosity, nation, policy ofthis It is a charge the French hinged upon, and often have always that the views of the successfully handled, Spanish English in assisting the patriots, are interested, and more by schemes of their own produced by any congenial feeling; advantage, than of and this occasion bringing it forward A caricature they did not let was immediately slip. presenting an English circulated reofficer, one hand to the sans culotte tendering in guns and Spanish patriots, ammunition, and other logs of receiving in the mahogany; but the planation being applied, this timely exstratagem was , Spanish English in assisting the patriots, are interested, and more by schemes of their own produced by any congenial feeling; advantage, than of and this occasion bringing it forward A caricature they did not let was immediately slip. presenting an English circulated reofficer, one hand to the sans culotte tendering in guns and Spanish patriots, ammunition, and other logs of receiving in the mahogany; but the planation being applied, this timely exstratagem was --- Page 239 --- without effect, and the Spaniards, their as far as means would admit, entered into the cause; and though cordially told the they had been English came to take and keep possession of the city, their duct proved their subsequent conundisguised and disinterested views, and only heightened the base artifice employed to misrepresent their benevolent designs. That this operation was perfectly nant to 'their wishes, and consothe British highly glorious to name, both in the island and the Spanish Main, in on the convincing the natives of sincerity oftheir conduct, will be evinced from the following letter from the General to the British Commander Spanish name of the in the inhabitants, on his up the city to the patriots ; and will delivering also, as a contrast to the serve tion of the French. preceding proclamaHead 2uarters, Santo Domingo, 21st August, 1809, K6 YouR EXCELLENCY, 66 It is with sincere regret that I now see approach, the moment of the ture of your Excellency with the brave deparunder your command, which have troops you fixed --- Page 240 --- the 23d instant, according to for Wednesday of which esteemed favour of yesterday, your the honour to acknowledge the I have now receipt. of the bonds of amity 66 In consequence which with mutual satisand close alliance, unite the faction at the present moment benations to whom we two powerful consider the subjects of long, we feel and a tie the more each, as brothers and friends; which from the continual intercourse grateful, months I have enjoyed with for nearly two officers. In the deliExcellency and your to discuss both cate matters it was necessary of the place, before, and after taking possession and kindI have experienced your affability well as the patriotism and lively ness, as which all have co-operated to interest with that we defend, sustain the common cause that valour and admiring in your troops, with which they have overcome constancy, of difficulties attendant on the fatigues the correct discipline and good war, and the them since our union; ; behaviour observed by moments, when these military in such peculiar would have insured to US success virtues alone, then in the place, over the enemy's garrison --- Page 241 --- and from whence we SO happily them. dislodged All this has served to bind in the manner possible, the existing strongest to make us feel the relations, and relations sincere affection of and friends; ; whilst recollections powerful, only tend to double the SO regret I anticipate, in losing the amiable of your Excellency. company 66 I assure your and in the Excellency on my part, name of all the inhabitants this city and island, that the of gratitude and obligations we feel for the assistance which personally, and in the name of his Bri. tannic Majesty, you have afforded the us, from beginning, to the happy conclusion the enterprise, shall ever be of we will transmit them indelible; and to future generations, as a worthy tribute of our entertaining regard, still hopes, that it may be one day in our power to make a for tle good offices of return, as well of that powerful your Excellency, as nation which has conferred on us the gratification of thy and possessing SO worrespectable a guest, whom we have to regret that circumstances have abledi us to receive and not endeserves, entertain as he But, as a proof of my personal transmit them indelible; and to future generations, as a worthy tribute of our entertaining regard, still hopes, that it may be one day in our power to make a for tle good offices of return, as well of that powerful your Excellency, as nation which has conferred on us the gratification of thy and possessing SO worrespectable a guest, whom we have to regret that circumstances have abledi us to receive and not endeserves, entertain as he But, as a proof of my personal --- Page 242 --- attachment, suffer me to assure your Excellency, that I will never cease to address to the Most High for the prosmy prayers and satisfaction of your Excellency, perity of whom I remain, with the highest consideration, the most devoted servant and friend. JUAN SANCHEZ RANIREZ." (Signed) Major General CarmiTo his Exceliency chael, commanding his Britannic Majesty's Troops. Id certify that the above is a correct copy and translation from the original Spanish. WILLIAM W. ALTON, Jun. Secretary. (Signed) --- Page 243 --- CHAP. XIV. ADVANTAGES THAT RESULT TO ENGLAND FROM DISPOSSESSING THE FRENCH OF HISPANOLA. THE expulsion of the French and evacuation of the English, subsequent à commercial was followed by treaty with the which places the British on a footing Spaniards, themselves. The annexed is a with 66 We, the copy of it. undersigned, Major General Hugh Lyle Carmichael, tannic Majesty's commanding his Briforces, in the island ofSanto Domingo ; and Don Juan Sanchez Governor Intendant and Captain Ramirez, General interim) of the Spanish part of the (per 66 In consideration of the close island, and amity between the British and alliance nations, as also the assistance Spanish Majesty George the third of granted by his representatives and England, to the tholie subjects of his most CaMajesty Ferdinand the seventh. of Spain, for the purpose of territories to their ancient restoring these previous to the treaty of dominions, as Basle, in VOL, I, a August, --- Page 244 --- 1795; and it having pleased Almighty God success to the united allied forces, to grant of the French army : by the surrender 66 We, the representatives of our respective and nations, by virtue of the sovereigns and ofthe restoration of powers in us vested, before the country by the right of conquest, occupied by the French nation, conillegally the mutual advantage that may residering commercial intercourse between sult from'a the two powers, do agree as follows: all vessels bearing the flag of 66 Ist. That according to Great Britain, and navigated shall have free access and admission law, under the Spanish Governinto all the ports shall pay the ment ofthis island ; where they duties and imports as those of Spanish same the rights, liberties, and. vessels, enjoying in navigation and commerce equally privileges with the latter. of 66 2nd. That the persons and property in the Spanish dominions all British subjects be under the safeof St. Domingo shall guard and protection of'the govérnment. taken s6 3rd. The contracting parties having themselves to agree to the aforesaid arupon at the same time to be conticles, they are for the time heing sidered only in force those of Spanish same the rights, liberties, and. vessels, enjoying in navigation and commerce equally privileges with the latter. of 66 2nd. That the persons and property in the Spanish dominions all British subjects be under the safeof St. Domingo shall guard and protection of'the govérnment. taken s6 3rd. The contracting parties having themselves to agree to the aforesaid arupon at the same time to be conticles, they are for the time heing sidered only in force --- Page 245 --- tintil submitted to the of Great Britain and respective governments cc In witness Spain. aflixed whereof, we have our hands and seals, in hereunto ment house of the said the governmingo, this 9th day of city of St. Do- (Signed) HucH LYLE August, 1809. General, CARNICHAEL, Major commandinghis nic Majesty's forces Britanmingo. at St. DoJUAN SANCHEZ A True Copy, RAMIREZ. WILLIAM WAuros, jun. Secretary." It is too much the statesman, to view practice of the English in a national the merit of a country, of its point of view, by the returns imports at the out any conditional custom-house, withaddition, and that this allowance, ist the or collateral of Hispanola, case with the trade Though must be equally no intercourse has till confessed. between this island and now existed England direct, it does the nerchants of ductive not follow thata exchange is proDutch and Danes impracticable. This the the Spaniards, and experienced in the time of when the the Americans and Danes country was in the hands of Q 2 the --- Page 246 --- French; and this we may ourselves continue with threcfold now The advantages. preceding chapters having fully explained the nature of the country, and productions, it is not here its capitulate the articles it necessary to remerce. It has furnishes to comjustly been remarked, there are few notions more that and better founded, generally received, than that the price of every commodity to the consumer, upon the rate at which it can be depends by the original afforded grower and manufacturer, adding thereto a reasonable profit to the merchant, or middle man; and if be made to the list of reference in question products the island supplies, they will be : generally, such as are useful in found, factures, and requisite for our manuhome tion. consumpIn consequence of the failure of rial productions, territotill then mahogany, that had been unnoticed, became its staple commodity, and the fineness of its ever give it a decided quality will In . returns of duties and preference. the mitted to national revenue, subparliament, we find that the importations of mahogany, for the last year, --- Page 247 --- have paid to government 46,027L. when year preceding it only reached the an increase that is forcibly 26,0804 greatest results of striking; yet the commercial in that island have not hitherto speculations England. reached In consequence of the Spaniards in that country no large vessels, having suited to the navigation of or sailors Seas, we shall not find these Northern and bulky articles will that their heavy their own flags; of late come to us under been exported in neutral years they have dium that has bottoms, a meproved advantageous, and may now become of great the ship-holders of this utility also, to small speculations that country. The St. Thomas's, originate locally in Curaçao, and for the last months Jamaica, have supply the principally served to country, and carry back its products; SO that the mahogany that does not importation of all duras direct, come from Honthe may be traced to be from growth of Santo Domingo; besides principal part of the dye woods, the vitae, &c. which come lignum From the indirectly. year 1804 to 1808, when this country was in possession of the French, , originate locally in Curaçao, and for the last months Jamaica, have supply the principally served to country, and carry back its products; SO that the mahogany that does not importation of all duras direct, come from Honthe may be traced to be from growth of Santo Domingo; besides principal part of the dye woods, the vitae, &c. which come lignum From the indirectly. year 1804 to 1808, when this country was in possession of the French, --- Page 248 --- annually visited 75 ressels, on an average, in all amounther ports with small cargoes, sterling, ing to the value of about 150,0004. Bewhich they laid out chiefly in woods. some considerable sides this importation, circulated in the country, English prizes found their way to the neighand then bouring Spanish ports, for consumption. Danes brought Silesian and English The wine, and goods, the Americans provisions, lumber. this island is The quantity of mahogany is about capable of furnishing annually, each containing on an ave10,000 logs, would then amount rage 300 feet, which feet, but to three millions of superficial this it will exceed that quantity. even year to the United States, One third of it goes and the remainder comes over to England; but, formerly, a considerable proportion Holland, found a market in Hamburgh, of the Hanseatic Towns, by the way and Santa Cruz, &c. the Curaçao, St. Thomas, with this artisupplying of which placès branch cle, will again become an important scarcity on of trade, from its great existing ourselves a benefit we may the continent, the return of peace, or preanticipate on --- Page 249 --- viously, should the future Bonaparte enumerate this regulations of of importation. among the articles The following scale will give the merchant an idea of the and prices of the articles the quantity and will at the same time country affords, the value ofthe trade, of which imperfectly define estimate cannot be formed, an accurate each commodity as the call of varies, but the might be increased, quantity ing to the demand. proportionably, aceordLocal Value: Rate of Wara Amount and of Duty, 3,000,000 feet Maliogany,) Permaneats (two thirds to England) - ( 6d. per foot, 30,416 E. 5. 0 d. O 500 tons Lignum Vitae 60s. per ton 500 tons Fustic 60s. 17,700 0 o 400 tons Logwood 120s. 500 0 O 140 0 0 Annual amount of duties. which St. Domingo productions pay in England in war d. 48,756 0 0 time Besides the above enumerated 1,000,0001. of coffee, articles, island, and partly grown in the coast of Puerto partly brought from the west addition, Rico, are shipped; and in 10,000 hides in hair, and building timber, mill, ship, red wood, cattle, &c. satin-wood, ebony, have not Cotton and indigo yet become an article of culture, 0 Annual amount of duties. which St. Domingo productions pay in England in war d. 48,756 0 0 time Besides the above enumerated 1,000,0001. of coffee, articles, island, and partly grown in the coast of Puerto partly brought from the west addition, Rico, are shipped; and in 10,000 hides in hair, and building timber, mill, ship, red wood, cattle, &c. satin-wood, ebony, have not Cotton and indigo yet become an article of culture, --- Page 250 --- they bid fair soon to form part of though Tobacco can be had equal to the exports. is given a that in Cuba. In Appendix (F) of an assorted cargo, intended for catalogue of the trader to all parts of the direction and to which reference the Spanish Colonies, be had in selections for this market. may advantage however to be deThe material commercial rived from the above inserted that whilst on the Main, and in the treaty is, Islands, the import duties on other Spanish amount to more than 34 per cent*, goods five, and the exports they here do not exceed cent. by which means this port might six per for all the west coast be made a depôt, of of Puerto Rico, from whence the course is as convenient as that pursued navigation- search of goods to the city of in going in end, which is geneSt. John's, in the east also from St. Thomas's. Vessels rally supplied from the east end of Cuba, as come there is in all respects on a paralthe navigation Havannah, and they lel with that of the of duties in the Havannab, * The present regulations and articles of are 34 per cent. on all foreign of goods necessity 15 per cent., Juxurys on provisions or articles barrel. Lumber is free ; and on flour three dollars per also frce. and Spanish goods, in national bottoms, --- Page 251 --- have an opportunity of bringing small goes of their own productions to market. carBritain will find, in her policy with other nations, that it is decidedly to encourage intercourse with advantageous insular countries, as on them she has a double besides the convenience of hold, her commerce, and having ports for harbours fpr the and victualling of her fleets. refitting The trader to Honduras, culates on the loss of one third commonly of calthe sent thither, in vessels consequence of the bad and heavy surf, which renders the coast, of cargoes extremely difficult. If sbipping it be fact that the a importations of grain, and the smuggling traffic, have drained this ofher circulating specie, it will be found country that even the small trade of Hispanola, annually replace part, and it will be would while to recur to the statement of worth exports from their division of the French inserted in the island, Appendix (B) in which however are included, the dollars that thither to purchase were sent goods from the and Cuba; but, in that amount of Main, Hispanola may be said to enter for specie, fourth. Not that the one Spaniards in any of the possessions openly permit the shipment of spe- , it will be found country that even the small trade of Hispanola, annually replace part, and it will be would while to recur to the statement of worth exports from their division of the French inserted in the island, Appendix (B) in which however are included, the dollars that thither to purchase were sent goods from the and Cuba; but, in that amount of Main, Hispanola may be said to enter for specie, fourth. Not that the one Spaniards in any of the possessions openly permit the shipment of spe- --- Page 252 --- cie, but there are SO many ways of on board, that it is seldom getting it sary to pay the fifteen thought necestheir per cent. exacted by regulations, on its being taken the from country, nor would the dollars that each an ounce, be the less valuable weigh melted into ingots, by being would be saved, by which the duty Shut in as the continent of present is, and enhanced Europe at culty the as is the diffiEnglish manufacturer there finds in sending his goods to market, it becomes of national interest to increase their tion elsewhere, The consumpSpanish we shall see from possessions, as subsequent were long principally statements, and French supplied by German goods, of which they are now deprived, and this quantum required falls the share of to England. It being the fundamental however principle of all regular commercial enterprize, to suit the ties sent, to the wants and taste ofthe commodiand by no means to exceed the people, tion of the country, these two criteria constmpuniformly to govern the estimate of all ought ments made to the Spanish shipto any of thein islands. Main, or indeed cious sclection of A small and judigoods, commands a greater --- Page 253 --- profit, than a large quantity of nate articles, of which indiscrimi. are of no local utility perhaps one third stance, should we not think whatever. For infolly, to send out it the height of country where a cargo of tea-pots to a ries tea is only sold in shops as a drug, yet of a apothecaare many of the similar nature abroad in these shipments one meets with speculative every mechanic and days, when merchant, not tradesman becomes plodding content with the sure means of acquiring riches and domestic trade affords, his own the present moment How usual is it at to Buenos to hear the adventurer Ayres, for example, losses, and curse the lament his yet were he resources of the country, which have been simply to sum up the goods sent thither, and then population to consume the the shipments have them, he would find of ten to one, and exceeded it in the ratio from their that haif of the kinds and former, sell there at the best of qualities, would not It is yet fresh in the times. trader who took memory of the British goods to ago, that when a bale card Spain forty years market, as was offered in the package, the corresponding Spanish with a particular purchaser never thought which have been simply to sum up the goods sent thither, and then population to consume the the shipments have them, he would find of ten to one, and exceeded it in the ratio from their that haif of the kinds and former, sell there at the best of qualities, would not It is yet fresh in the times. trader who took memory of the British goods to ago, that when a bale card Spain forty years market, as was offered in the package, the corresponding Spanish with a particular purchaser never thought --- Page 254 --- of opening it, but without any scruple took the word of the seller, yet now this confidence is entirely lost, owing to SO many packages, which have gone amongst spurious them, to the injury of the fair and candid dealer, and the utter destruction of good faith. advantages we have alTo the commercial enumerated as likely to result from ready of the French garrison from a dislodgement the city and Spanish part of Santo Domingo, we may add others ofa political nature. Since the year 1804 upwards of fifteen of fastest vessels have been in conthe sailing commission from the late French gostant and their yearly vernment as privateers, depredations in these seas, as well as on the coasts of Cuba, to which they also rebe safely estimated at more than sorted, may thus causing distress to a million of dollars, British the subject, and expence to the gowhich are now terminated by the vernment, deprived of the only port he enemy being being thus had in these seas, and by security to the rising trade of England, with given the Spanish settlements. of view, the In an equally important point service rendered, may be considered asa new --- Page 255 --- bond to the Spanish Crown, and timony to the world, of a fresh tesBritain in the the fidelity of cause of Spain, for though the colony, owing to the impolicy of its administration, did not produce any the government at home, revenues to sion to France, previous to its cesyet in consequence of its being the first settlement of their and the seat of ancestors, his enterprize to Columbus and followers, the Spaniards regard it culiar veneration and with peed from them respect, and when wrestin the year 1795, as we have ready related, they deplored its loss secrated ground. What as conbeen their then must have gratitude, and how have been the joy of the lively must ticular, on being restored inhabitants in parhomes, and to their long lost again united to their friends relatives! Beyond doubt the and brance of such feelings, lasting rememto the alliance of the must add a new link a stronger two countries, and give impulse to the common However dark and cause. future fate ofthe impenetrable be the incumbent continent of Europe, it is on the British cabinet, to as much as possible all the guard ments in the western Spanish settleworld, to make them impervious to the worming and undermining and to their long lost again united to their friends relatives! Beyond doubt the and brance of such feelings, lasting rememto the alliance of the must add a new link a stronger two countries, and give impulse to the common However dark and cause. future fate ofthe impenetrable be the incumbent continent of Europe, it is on the British cabinet, to as much as possible all the guard ments in the western Spanish settleworld, to make them impervious to the worming and undermining --- Page 256 --- schemes of the cabinet of St. Cloud, and by and conciliatory measure, to every politic the benefits of their secure to this country, trade. The empire of commerce is certainly which the nation depends, and whatthat on its extension, is a good ever tends to promote that benefits all parties. will be of the first In case of reverse, it emigration to Hispanola, utility to encourage observed, insular confor, as we have before nections are the most desirable, inasmuch accessible and better as they are more easily OCcontrouled. An increase of populationof consumption, and in casions an increase be said to Hispanola the Englishman may and reception, founded have a peculiar right rendered it, on the important public services the nation at which have been favourable to and well deserve to be extended and large, This colony, besides being a kept alive. will decidedly be amongst barrierto the Main, that France will attempt to the first places, in her to regain, if she has it ever power revisit the West Indian seas, and we areof her Eufully enabled, by our experience much the ropean policy, to perccive how influence, and prejudice will conprevalence, tribute to assist a conqueror in subjugating --- Page 257 --- a people. That this bias is, in the colonies, at present turned Spanish against the usurpers of the mnother country, is also questionable; but it might unstronger impulse yet receive a by an intercourse with land, that would teach them the value Engsincerity of a peoplc, hitherto and or unknown to them; would misrepresented commercial give them that importance they have SO sighed for. - If long proper persons were placed amongst them, as well to guard the interests of the crown and the nation, as to them on the alert against the keep machinations are aimed against their that well being, with peace, existence, and a view to rob them of those resources their country affords; a and more sympathetic union would nearer mented. be CeTo countries of this nature disaffected Irishi might the resort, who make the cause of their religion unhappiness, and whose poverty drives them to seek support, in distant and foreign countries. Here might ceive lands of a most fertile they rea single man can with nature, on which ease raise 60001bs. cotton annually, beside the of sustenance, and be able vegetables for his necessaries of to procure the other life at the cheapest rate, What sympathetic union would nearer mented. be CeTo countries of this nature disaffected Irishi might the resort, who make the cause of their religion unhappiness, and whose poverty drives them to seek support, in distant and foreign countries. Here might ceive lands of a most fertile they rea single man can with nature, on which ease raise 60001bs. cotton annually, beside the of sustenance, and be able vegetables for his necessaries of to procure the other life at the cheapest rate, What --- Page 258 --- would these neglected a cheering prospect their tillers ceasing to plains then present; new struggle with want and wretchedness, would rise in the desart, the trackless villages become the habitation of wilderness would the its wild fertility wafted beyond man, alleviate the wants and seas, would again native country, by a distresses of their own and thus, insteadof supply of new materials, them birth, being lost to the state which gave be they would continue to by this means useful to it, and bear at least a reflected part and advancement. A rein its prosperity scale of those currence to the commercial to the cotton countries which afford materials will prove that this is not a manufactures, idea; for a colony thus constituted, visionary with a those manufactories besides supplying article, which is what superior quality of the to most want, as leaving a double profit they it would be found of double serthe nation, accidents deprive her vice, should fortuitous her workmen of the other main sources; and the active would mo longer be at a stand, of her tradesmen would not languish spirit materials. for the want of raw of that deluded What will be the fate --- Page 259 --- lnd unfortunate scarcely possible to country in Europe, it is before us foresee; but the may perhaps decide. campaign character and energy in the There is yet were their officers Spanish people, unanimity, firmness, only possessed of that direct them, and insure and skill, necessary to comparison, there can be success. little In point of nation at large cordially doubt, that the the English; the esteem and respect their welfare, and in sacrifices we have made for are not without behalf of their yetit their due tribute of sovereign, may be regretted, gratitude; or well known they are not Western on the other side generally, of the munication. ocean, from the great want In those of'com: ever, been found, that regions it has, howtheir nation the services rendered confined by the English, have not to a particular been have been equally sphere, that they their moments of extended to them, for in country was unable distress, when their mother them, and even to succour and sustain tlements their own kept aloof, in this neighbouring setthey found that England important struggle, their battles and able was ready to fight tually putting them to relieve them, evenVOL, I. in possession of their R. 'com: ever, been found, that regions it has, howtheir nation the services rendered confined by the English, have not to a particular been have been equally sphere, that they their moments of extended to them, for in country was unable distress, when their mother them, and even to succour and sustain tlements their own kept aloof, in this neighbouring setthey found that England important struggle, their battles and able was ready to fight tually putting them to relieve them, evenVOL, I. in possession of their R. --- Page 260 --- long sighed for country, which will duce the happy effects of soon procontented now directed by those who industry, fruits. are to receive its Long before the present crisis of when French events, intrigue was nevertheless at its greatest stretch; when it had the basis of government, and undermined dice the sentiments of the sought to jaunlish traveller in people; the EngSpain, who scarcely dared avow himself as such, before and the year 1800, found after strongest every where the predilections in his favour, and the popular proverb of 66 Con todo elmudo 31 paz con Ingluterra, >9 often made him guerra, ponder on the difference that existed stop and the opinions of the people, and the betieen of their chiefs. conduct We indeed accuse them of but it is more justly languor, and when the applicable to their leaders, trammels have been with SO much design, and placed time and consummate tightened by art, it than human requires more means, more than the conviction of energy even spire, to throw them treachery can inoff, particularly in a country, where patriotism has of late been --- Page 261 --- considered as a crime ofa heinous ture, and the want of communication, naconveyance of instruction, and means of mutual explanations, have tended much to daunt the ardour of the people, in their own wrongs. avenging The present age has afforded instances of thestimulus a nation receives from a political change; and certainly the West Indian Spaniards have acquired more and a new bias of character; the energy, magic of French politics is destroyed, and it rests much with us to extend the benefits of the connecting more change, by closely our mutual interests. Should the shock fall will heavily on Europe, it certainly rebound to America, and it is beyond the stretch of though human to describe momentous foresight in the darkness events, yet, enveloped of futurity, it is well for us to be prepared to take advantage of them. Honduras costs annually lives and treasure to secure what Hispanola alone affords, better quality, whilst in Curaçao and St. Thomas's, in the present system of longer things, no possess any local advantages. It be thought ill-timed to interfere might thing that clashes with their with any own interests R 2 the stretch of though human to describe momentous foresight in the darkness events, yet, enveloped of futurity, it is well for us to be prepared to take advantage of them. Honduras costs annually lives and treasure to secure what Hispanola alone affords, better quality, whilst in Curaçao and St. Thomas's, in the present system of longer things, no possess any local advantages. It be thought ill-timed to interfere might thing that clashes with their with any own interests R 2 --- Page 262 --- and prejudices, or to force into maturity 00 which are yet in embryo, but it currences to increase those mutual can never be impolitic and relations, which unite countries in amity, those affections which good-will, to cultivate in the national interest, and courtesy implant heart. --- Page 263 --- APPENDIX TO VOL. I. (A) Survey of the East Coast of South America from Cape Fela 0 the OQronoko, from actual Observation and the best duthority, intended to assist the Tradef tt his Access to this part of the Coast. Caracas. THIS division of the east part of the Spanish main, includes the province of Venezuela in the centre, Maracaibo to the west, Guiana to the south, Cumana to the east, and the island of to the north east, and bounded the Marguerita north. Its extent of by sea to the coast is from Cape Vela to Point Paria. It is bounded by Dutch Guiana and Peru to the south, and by the kingdom of Santa Fé to the west. Caracas is the seat of government, and is situated in a valley surrounded by mountains, in 10 31 minutes north latitude, and 69-3 west degrees from Paris. It was founded in 1567 by Diego longitude Losada. The authority of the Captain-General extends --- Page 264 --- APPENDIX. Venezuela, Maracaibo, Varinas, Spanish Guiover Cumana, and the island of Marguerita. The ana, civil of the royal audience and intendancy, power footing. The temperature is in are on an equal general mild, and the. weather agrecable. The valley in which the city of Caracas is built, is of an extent of four leagues, verging East and West, and formed by that great chain of mountains that rise above, and range along the coast from Coro to Cumana. On the north and south, it has also elevations. the town stands is 2000 The space on which level the paces, but art has done nothing to square of the ground, SO that it being placed irregularities the back of. the first ridge, its on a declivity cn uniform descent and streets bave a continued and inclining to the north and south. ascent, principally four small rivulets. The first It is watered by called Guira, bounds it on the south, the second Anauco laves. it to the East, over the latter called thrown a handsome bridge called La Candelaria, is the of Chaçao. The third is which leads to valley Caroata, taking a course from north to south, the division. It separates that part of Javing the west the town called St. Johu's, with which communication another stone bridge. The fourth is the is had, by supplies the town with Catuche which principally that is conveyed for its convenience to sevewater, fountains. There are five small bridges ral public over it of a very inferior order. The streets like those of modern towns are reguabout 25 feet wide, and paved; thcir crossings lar, of about 300 fect form squares, at a distance each other. The town from the surrounding from white appearance, and elevations has a handsome called St. Johu's, with which communication another stone bridge. The fourth is the is had, by supplies the town with Catuche which principally that is conveyed for its convenience to sevewater, fountains. There are five small bridges ral public over it of a very inferior order. The streets like those of modern towns are reguabout 25 feet wide, and paved; thcir crossings lar, of about 300 fect form squares, at a distance each other. The town from the surrounding from white appearance, and elevations has a handsome --- Page 265 --- APPENDIX. is well built and There ornamented in tho are threc public Spanish style. name, viz. La Plaza squares which deserve that Paul's; the other Mayor, La Candelaria, and St. two called the Lion are very mean. There Trinity and Del square are besides, six smaller openings, before their and convents. respective churches Their mode of is building, as in the of Domingo, in moulds of about five city Santo of the width of the feet long, and lime, and wall, in which sand, a glutinous substance stones, mixed, and in time, take are beat up and and when well the consistency of stone; ; it. The walls plastered and coloured appear like the heat. The being thick protect the inside from tiles. covering of the roofs is of bended Their style of furniture though aided importations from the English by many and consists of large gilded islands, is yet antique, in damask red silk, chairs and sofas, hangings gilded and ornamented, tables bed-posts, heavily carved with gilded tres, &c. The alcova or legs, gilded lusopens into the family bed room as in Spain, There principal apartment or are no public sitting room, to religion. The houses buildings but those dedicated the Royal Audience of the Captain-General, of and military indifferent appearance. The hospitals are of good buildings, barracks are however command of the new, elevated, and have a full ing 2000 town, they are capable of containmen, who are all having separate regulars ; the militia apartments. Caracas is an archbishop's from the year 1803, see, that only dates the limits being till then only a of this diocese extend bishopric ; further than the . The houses buildings but those dedicated the Royal Audience of the Captain-General, of and military indifferent appearance. The hospitals are of good buildings, barracks are however command of the new, elevated, and have a full ing 2000 town, they are capable of containmen, who are all having separate regulars ; the militia apartments. Caracas is an archbishop's from the year 1803, see, that only dates the limits being till then only a of this diocese extend bishopric ; further than the --- Page 266 --- APPENDIX. civil and military at Coro, esrablished jurisdiction. Its original seat was The there in 1532. cathedral, for SO is an inferior important and large a city, or merit in building, and has nothing of elegance architecture, is' about 150 feet distribution, or finish. It is in the middle leng on a breadth of 75. The of the main choir rich, and the general nave, the altars are large clock in the ornaments valuable. Theonly church. Like town is in the turret of this the cathedral of Santo lidity has however been Domingo SOeffects of consulted, to avoid the ill earthquakes. The city is divided into five cathedral St. Rosalie, St. parishes, that of the La Alta Gracia. Paul's, La Candelaria, and Franciscans, There are three conventz, viz. house of Dominicans, and Mercenarians, one Oratorians, one hospital of nunneries, the Capuchins ; two Conception and the one institution for the Carmelites ; and education of are also three small females. There those afflicted with oratories, and an hospital for leprosy. The general of these buildings, is architecture in in Spain, bnt the good in the style of those is the best, and parcchial church of Alta Gracia would shine in most towns in rope. EuThere is a play-house, but indeed the price of very inferior actors; 5 of a dollar, entry, which is only one could not afford much eighth pieces in themselves better. The it is nevertheless are bad, but the playing crouded by both worse; and conditions. It is a sexes of all ages bias to the politics of the great engine for giving a changes of people, and since the government in Spain, been many picces have played,"analogous to the tines ; in which the a There is a play-house, but indeed the price of very inferior actors; 5 of a dollar, entry, which is only one could not afford much eighth pieces in themselves better. The it is nevertheless are bad, but the playing crouded by both worse; and conditions. It is a sexes of all ages bias to the politics of the great engine for giving a changes of people, and since the government in Spain, been many picces have played,"analogous to the tines ; in which the a --- Page 267 --- APPENDIX. nisurpers of that country have been There are three tennis ponrtrayed. been introduced there by courts; the the game having common people gamble Biscayans. The young and dice. greatly at billiards, cards, in 1802 Caracas contained which enterinto the same about 42,000 souls, describe in speaking of the divisions of classes: as we shall white class, there rest of the main. In are six titled the viz. three marquises and three persons from Spain, are amongst the finest, counts. Their women any of the Spanish most gay, and sensible of Gaditanas settlements, and or those of Cadiz approach the They are fond of foreigners more than any other. as was testified by the kind particularly the English, governor and officers of reception given to the cursion thither. It is to be Curaçao, in a late extural and lively talents regretted that their naare not cultivated. Their complishments, are confined to acThe slave attendants dancing and are much more singing. necessary, as this is a principal numerous than parade ; and a lady well dressed point of luxury and foliowed by five or six well dressed going to church is carrying ber carpet to kneel negro females: one third her prayer-book, and on, another her fan, a and scent-box. a fourth her handkerchief They are strumental in extremely handy and inThere is conveying letters to their a college and mistresses. racas for the education, of university united in Cafounded by youth. The Bishop Gonzales d'Acufa college was 1682, but in it they teach who died in and theology. Since that only latin, philosophy, versity has been period, however, an uniconfined scale, added, but it is poor, and on a a --- Page 268 --- APPENDIX. $50 Immense numbers of poor people, amongst whom loathsome objects, croud the streets, and are many and this point is perfectly harass the passenger, overlooked by the police. America, The roads, as in other parts of Spanish are little more than wide paths, in this province, and in which have been opened at no expence, are almost impassable. This may the rainy seasons to the paucity of inin great measure be owing of country, habitants in proportion to such an extent is the the most distressing part of travelling, but and the uncomfortable passage over want of bridges, The want of regular posts isa the rivers by canoes. the efforts of trade and mutual great impediment to who wants to and the government communication, the merchant who wishes to convey an order, or obliged to of information, are generally give a piece in which duty some of the military send expresses ; Some periodical but of the former are employed, the capital to some of slow posts indeed go from &c. but the the large towns, such as, Maracaibo, then of no use, time they take to arrive, render In time of and cross ones are entirely unknown. sailed for the there was a monthly packet peace touching at Puerto Rico, the Haport of Corunna, Canaries on its route. vannah, and the communiThe immediate seaport that originally with Caracas, wbich, as we may have noticed, cated was the port of Caravellada, stands in the interior, Caracas in 1568. built by the same founder as afterwards deThe town was, however, some years of an inserted by its inhabitants, in consequence of privilege on the part of government, fringement retired to Caracas and Valencia. and they a peace touching at Puerto Rico, the Haport of Corunna, Canaries on its route. vannah, and the communiThe immediate seaport that originally with Caracas, wbich, as we may have noticed, cated was the port of Caravellada, stands in the interior, Caracas in 1568. built by the same founder as afterwards deThe town was, however, some years of an inserted by its inhabitants, in consequence of privilege on the part of government, fringement retired to Caracas and Valencia. and they a --- Page 269 --- APPENDIX, Since that time La sea-port, Guira has been used though much as the nient, being inferior, and less convecast and west, nothing without but a bay open to the north, swell, There are eight shelter, exposed to a quarter of a mile from and nine fathoms water heavy at agitation of the the shore, and the a waves makes continual dangerous, tardy, and lading and unlading with another and expensive. This is the sand great attended by the action inconvenienee, of which is, that movcable, and the tide is deposits on the rendered necessary to take it up to anchor, rendering it worm also bites with examine it frequently, the The town which uncommon keenness. several good forts, faces the sea, is the harbour, and has a pretty protected by from appearance from but is extremely being ornamented with from the sultry, particularly when the verdare, south, from being shut in wind is mountains, at the foot of by the stones that sometimes which it stands. surrounding and roll down from are loosened by The the the, rains, mage in the city. The summit, do considerable dapaved, and in no'other strects are narrow, and badly than as the light can it be which it is landing place for the considered, in itself distant five short leagues, capital, from rugged, Over a A loaded mule unequal, and bad in rainy road, this is the goes it however in six seasons, common mode of hours, and may shew the merchant conveyance, which of proportioning his trading thither, the necessity All goods packages, reside, and where go to Caracas, where the the merchants centres. None but consumption of the country Guira to see the goods agents and factors live at La landed, and sent regularly on. --- Page 270 --- APPENDIX. are safe, and the cone The arrieros or muleteers veyance by no means exorbitant. at La There is a population of 6000 persons small the whole governed Guira, and a garrison, few They have also a gun-boats by a Commandant. landing at La Guira waits on this station. A stranger to proceed the permission of the Captain-General on to Caracas. Puerto Cavello. Cavello is situated thirty leagues to lee. Puerto but the distance by land ward of La Guira by sea, and It lies in a bite a little to windward is greater. from whence for many years it has near Curaçao, of its trade. It indeed derived the principal part trade, derived Gwes its origin to the contraband of the when in the possession from that island, 10-20.d.W. lon. 64-30. Dutch. Itisin N. Jatitude to the east of Borburata a small port one league founded Cavello, was the harbour; and town, Puerto officers in 1549, and was destined to by the king's the whole interior be the maritime town to supply more Puerto Cavello being a point of Venezuela. to the immediate inconvenient, and not subject and stragglers spections of the customs, fishermen were added to built huts ; many Dutch smugglers village dependant that it became rather a them ; so to the Spanish crown. than subject on Curaçao of this trade, soon gave it The activity and profits and the pcople were of a degree of consequence, spirit. The the most daring, bold, and enterprising attempted to conseveral times and Spanish government ineffectual, but all efforts proved trol them, of independence, conto they long, retained a degree and stragglers spections of the customs, fishermen were added to built huts ; many Dutch smugglers village dependant that it became rather a them ; so to the Spanish crown. than subject on Curaçao of this trade, soon gave it The activity and profits and the pcople were of a degree of consequence, spirit. The the most daring, bold, and enterprising attempted to conseveral times and Spanish government ineffectual, but all efforts proved trol them, of independence, conto they long, retained a degree --- Page 271 --- APPENDIX. tinuing their contraband authority. operations in the face of Such at least was the situation Guipiscoa of this the Main, company, as mentioned in place when the our this receivedthe exclusive chapters on quarter of the coast, and privilege oftrading to Perceiving the sent out their the harbour, goodness and local agents, they soon chose it convenience of factory, the better to for their traband, by which stop that habitual use principal and it became the people had sO of conThe a chief seal of long existed, goodness of the thein no other on this harbour, is an operations, we have part of the coast advantage that a gone into these possesses, and port of secure retreat details, because it suffer in the to vessels which may be short open roads of La Guira sometimes distance, and from its ; for from its gained in a few leeward traders from hours, and position, it is the English islands though the West India acquainted with these are in general well vailing winds, the coasts, harbours, and may derive Enropean . merchant is preThe advantage from these not, and establishment formed outlines, Spanish commercial here by this maritime force, company, and privileged the the troops protected by her support of they had in of the town, government, soon changed pay, and had only been regular buildings rose, and the face of a herd of what before even persons, who had smugglers, and a collection justice in other many of them dustrious and parts of the Main : now escaped from well regulated became an inenterprise and active society, noted commerce. It distinguished is by asylum of many turbulent however the refuge from the interior, and persons, who take has been for many --- Page 272 --- APPENDIX. where negro slaves are bronght years the chief place from the islands for sale. built for their own conThe Guipiscoa company hundred feet long, on venience, a large wharf one forts for its width of twelve, and corresponding a erected large store-houses for the defence. They and counting-houses reception of their commodities, which, though for the transaction of their business, this day, and are is extinct, exist to the company for the use of other merchants. rented out of this company, which we shall It was the system under the Royal grant hereafter see, was formed in their purin the province of Biscay, to employ their own provinof traffic no other than inposes well from their being sober, hardy, cials, as from their being better dustrious, and trusty, as a secret means understood, their own dialect forming adherence besides their mutual of correspondence, always given to natives of s0 that the preference In this they were much like the same province. this account, we to this day the Scotch ; and on in those places where the trace SO many Biscayans they it was who company formerly had factories; their business. navigated their vessels, and transacted Cavello, and found centred in Puerto Many are the best inhabitants from may be considered amongst and their sober habits of their regular way of life, deprive them of industry; though ages will not which, of their own northern province, the jargon talk among themlike the Catalans, they always to puichase and partieularly when they go selves, when they make their from a foreign supercargo, form their caleulations and reniarks on the goods, unknown to others ; cir* bargains in a language and transacted Cavello, and found centred in Puerto Many are the best inhabitants from may be considered amongst and their sober habits of their regular way of life, deprive them of industry; though ages will not which, of their own northern province, the jargon talk among themlike the Catalans, they always to puichase and partieularly when they go selves, when they make their from a foreign supercargo, form their caleulations and reniarks on the goods, unknown to others ; cir* bargains in a language --- Page 273 --- APPENDIX. cumventing by this means chiasers who ouly speak often the Creole The original scite Spanish. pursula, which was of the town was a small which has since formerly almost under peningress of been raised by labour. water, but the building has, however, been The proback principal part of the edifices sO rapid, that ground, in which are now in the ably extended. This small direction they have considerthe main land by a small peninsula was joined to dred yards wide; isthmus, about two huncut, by which means through it a canal has since been blished with the sea from communication the has been estanal is a bridge, where south, Over this tioned, and a the prineipal guard is cathat the gate, that is closed staand the insulated part is every night, SO exterior buildings, considered as the town, numerous, are looked though by far the most The first bouses upon as the suburbs. the forts of the of the latter which stand from being town, are of under built without irregular king's any construction, officers, on grounds permission from the ment, The amount of belonging to the is about 8000 population in Puerto governthe whites is persons. The principal Cavello, this bommnerce and occupation of nish port was considered in the navigation. Though first trade, ever since the regulations of class (mayores) that is, year 1798 as one of Spa- the vessels could arrive from one of the ports at which rect, no more than five the mother country dithough there were vessels entered it vessels better than one ammually, by which employed in the island and bundred light means the inhabitants smuggling trade, practices, and were actire in continued their old every species of en- bommnerce and occupation of nish port was considered in the navigation. Though first trade, ever since the regulations of class (mayores) that is, year 1798 as one of Spa- the vessels could arrive from one of the ports at which rect, no more than five the mother country dithough there were vessels entered it vessels better than one ammually, by which employed in the island and bundred light means the inhabitants smuggling trade, practices, and were actire in continued their old every species of en- --- Page 274 --- APPENDIX. pursuits chiefly centerprize, but their commercial tred in Curaçao and Jamaica. for all the West Puerto Cavello is the entrepôt of Venezucla ; and the jurisdicpart of the province St. Philip, tions of Valentia, St. Carlos, Barquisimeto, &c. which forming a considethe valley of Aragoa, with rable extent of inland country, are supplied from it, and the chief part of their producgoods tions are shipped in its harbour. 1743 the English lost a considerable In the year attack by number of men here, in an unsuccessful be conand land. This harbour which may sea the best of the whole Spanisla sidered as one of convenient main on this side the continent, is equally and of trade, and the repairing for the purposes well supplied with good building of vessels, for itis before obtimbér. In these respects, as we have serviceable to La Guira. served, it is extremely of surrounding From its situation and quantity waters, covered with mangroves and stagnant marsh, considered healthy. In the back of the town is not of bog, which might be the suburbs is a long strip but the inhabitants easily drained and filled up, overlook all these points of convenience seem to are considered SO esand comfort which in Europe much healthier timable. It is however considered than on be in the harbour on the salt water, to is not suffered to expose himshore, if the seaman air, a relief to which selfin the night to the damp from the he is too apt to recur, in order to escape the hold, without considering warmth of a ship's This ought to of such temerity. bad consequences of the Captains, as well as to call be the great care as soon as the first of the country, in a physician --- Page 275 --- APPENDIX. symptoms of fever this will never be observed appear in any of bis crew, but ment shall think till the British to the proper to give it in express governageuts whom they charge, tection of their trade, may appoint for the vide to prepare lodgings, and protreatment experienced persons for the proof sick seunen, reception and trade to these foreign belonging to vessels wbich many lives would be ports, a. regulation, by which The medicine-chest, saved, at a trifing espence, obliged to which by law eachi have, is by no means vessel is quate to dangerous cases of suflicient, or adeclimate, and the fever from-change of injudicious proves of more injury than administration of it, the humane and charitableat bencfit. It would shock sums in the support of the home, who spend annual many of their valuable aged and infirm, to see SO from want of care and countrymen perish abroad, when disabled, turned proper assistance ; nay, often manders. adriftb by their unfeeling comThe government is commandant, who exercises superintended by a military for there is no almost all the civil cabildo, or powers, the appeals are carried municipal governinent, and Caracas. to the Royal Audience of It is remarkable that there Puerto Cavello than in are fewer churches at on the whole Spanish any town of the same size is all they have, main. One parochial church in another has been too ) building, to afford any hopes of its many years pleted; the walls being combeing all that is to be overgrown with wild shrubbery ligious convent : there seenof it. There is no re. for the are however two military, and the other for hospitals, one VOL. I. poor people. S It is remarkable that there Puerto Cavello than in are fewer churches at on the whole Spanish any town of the same size is all they have, main. One parochial church in another has been too ) building, to afford any hopes of its many years pleted; the walls being combeing all that is to be overgrown with wild shrubbery ligious convent : there seenof it. There is no re. for the are however two military, and the other for hospitals, one VOL. I. poor people. S --- Page 276 --- APPENDIX, The garrison is formed of one company from the regiment of Caracas, besides the local militia. There a number of galley-slares here, are always great employed in the public works. Coro, the next principal town and port to leeward is situated in N. latitude 11 and of Puerto Cavello, of Venezuela. W. lon. 70 at the bottom of the gulf the second settlement made by the EuThis was this coast. It was, in point of prerogaropeans on of Venezuela, till the tive, considered the capital fertile and of Caracas occasioned more locality growth The at transfer of all the appendages of government. of the was fixed there in first residence governor but 1576, since which time, no persons of authority, the bishop and chapter, remained at Coro. The town is situated on an arid sandy plain, and indication of verdure pronounces the surevery soil, to be of the worst kind. Three leagues rounding from whence the town off, however, are good Jands, with necessaries. The inhabitants are is supplied as the others of this pronot sO hospitable or gay though genevince;. they are extremely punctilious and they pride themselves on being rally poor, amount descended from the first conquerors. They but little activity or enterin all, to 10,000, possess with the Some trade is indeed carried on prize. islands in mules, hides, goats, coarse pottery, checse, from the interior. Their &c. which are all brought commercial relations are with Curaçao, from principal and often which they are distant but a day's sail, less. few slaves in this quarter, and There are negro the work is principally done by Iudian labourers. The water that supplies the inhabitants, comes a dis- but little activity or enterin all, to 10,000, possess with the Some trade is indeed carried on prize. islands in mules, hides, goats, coarse pottery, checse, from the interior. Their &c. which are all brought commercial relations are with Curaçao, from principal and often which they are distant but a day's sail, less. few slaves in this quarter, and There are negro the work is principally done by Iudian labourers. The water that supplies the inhabitants, comes a dis- --- Page 277 --- APPENDIX. tance of two miles The town has on the backs of mules the a very mean and asses, streets are regular appearance, and though is one parish church, they are not paved. There ciscans. The civil and a small convent of Franto which is added authority is lodged in a a cabildo, town is situated 80 military commandant, This leagues W. of Barquisinieto, an inland Caracas, 33 from and 65 from Maracaibo. town of some To the consequence, mus, about a league wide, N.of Coro is an isthsula of Paragoana which unites the ranges from with the main peninIt is the S. W. to N. W. about continent. This principally inhabited by twentylengues. sants of colour, who breed Indians and poor peawhich are shipped off to great quantities of cattle; market being in a great Curaçao clandestinely; that and vegetables from this measure supplied with meats on a clear day ; and from peninsula, which is in sight over. which the open boats cross Proceeding still W. from Coro of any Caracas, the next port to founded in consequence, is Maracaibo. It sition and consideration of the was Venezuela, locality, by orders of advantages the of poIn and long remained government of the new division, under its domination. tablished at however, a nearthe Merida, a town of New government was eslimits which divide that Granada, situated nezuela. Maracaibo then province from Vefor some time, but became afterwards dependant on it capital, and has since was formed into a of province. given to its district the The name of' jurisdiction of the government Maracaibo includes and but a small extent from provinces reachesmore than a hundred E. to W. S 2 leagues inland to the --- Page 278 --- APPENDIX. whereiti is bounded by the kingdom of Santa FE. south, of Rio de la Hacha, which belongs The government bounds it to that of the kingdom of New Grenada, the west, the sea to the north, and the province oll of Venezuela to the east. also near the town are barren as js The lands covered the east side of the lake, being principally and thorns, which evidently with the prickly pear, from its indieates its sterility. It is also unhealthy low sandy situation. western side of The. town is placed on the left or the and at a distance of six leagues from the lake, is hot from the inequality sea. The temperature the breezes ; the environs are and unfrequency of refreshed by not well watered, nor is the atmosphere of the showers of rain ; hence the middle months which is the reason year are almost insupportable, bathing in the lake, that the inhabitants are always that the so much as to make it almost proverbial, as children are born in it, nor is it so unhealthy would be imagined, as the Indians, particularly here, Thunder-storms and lightning live to 'a great age. damage, being and do considerable are frequent, which fall in such cataracts accompanied by rains, and every thing as to carry down houses, trees, found to impede their passage. on the part of the town is placed The principal the main lake, and the side of a small inlet from of the other faces to the north along the margin the town, is about three great lake, which, opposite to the leagues in width, but it widens considerably south. mixture of buildings of wood aod The town is a great age. damage, being and do considerable are frequent, which fall in such cataracts accompanied by rains, and every thing as to carry down houses, trees, found to impede their passage. on the part of the town is placed The principal the main lake, and the side of a small inlet from of the other faces to the north along the margin the town, is about three great lake, which, opposite to the leagues in width, but it widens considerably south. mixture of buildings of wood aod The town is a --- Page 279 --- APPENDIX. stone, which has a confused becn attended with fatal appcarance, and has It isaupplied with water consequences from of the soil from the lake, the fire, last affording no other. When the quality is long, and drive up the waves sea breezes very brackish, the rich then of the ocean it they collect jn cisterns use rain water, which emergeney. prepared against such an The town contains whom are emigrants 24,000 inhabitants, class of from Hispahiola. many of selves nobles population, are persons who Amongst this from being descended consider themconquerors, or from their from the ancient held some employment forefathers having once which serves to by brevet from the though the stamp their lineal kings habitants, proudest, they are among the descent; but poorest inThe habitual custom of tinually in boats, or being on the lake conthe youth from swimming in its induces an early age inclined waters, renders them generally to choose to sea, and sailors, the ship-builders, or profession of ployments they generally fishermen, in which emsightly, and well-finished excel. The best, most Spanish Main are built here, schooners of any of the leys and The plains are well surrounding valThe people of this stocked with cattle, animated, and province are in general under the tuition possessed of good talents, lively, distinguished of the Jesuits, they Whilst men, but since the produced some clesiastics, their education expulsion of those ed. Their women has been much have been noted neglect reigners, as being more by many fothan most of those of the exemplary in their conduct other towns of the Main. --- Page 280 --- APPENDIX. church, and another smaller There is one parish besides which, one also destined to public service, of and well endowed convent Eranthere is one large chapels. There is a ciscans, with several smaller footing as that at Maracaibo, on the same W. governor The town is in N. latitude 10. 51., at Cumana. with other parts longitude 70. 15. It was once, under Sir by the English of the coast, plundered defeated a fleet sent to intercept Henry Morgan, who him. Maracaibo yet retains the name of The lake of commanded its disthe Indian cacique, who once neck froin the sea; trict Its entrance is by a narrow running 208 miles in the interior, the lake extends and aboundsin sou:h, a width of fifty in many places, and facilitate the fish. Several rivers fall into it, to It is of a depth conveyance of inland produce. this advantage is renswim the largest vessels, but sand-bar at dered useless, from a bad and dangerous twelve feet where, in time of the swells, the entrance, which makes it necessary often will sometines touch, before they can proceed up. to unloid the vessels some of the many canoes Gusts of wind, fatal to natural reservoir with which the bosom of this great Gay boats experienced. is crowded, are sometimes direction, and form a lively are seen wafting in every of the houses, which perfrom the balconies prospect command the whole. sterile part fectly the N. E. of the lake, in the most inTo in which is found an of its margin, is a hollow, mineral pitch (pix montana), exhaustible quantity of good bottom mixed with tallow, gives a very rises from which, bituminous vapour that to a vessel. The inflamed in the air, and produces this mine, becomes perienced. is crowded, are sometimes direction, and form a lively are seen wafting in every of the houses, which perfrom the balconies prospect command the whole. sterile part fectly the N. E. of the lake, in the most inTo in which is found an of its margin, is a hollow, mineral pitch (pix montana), exhaustible quantity of good bottom mixed with tallow, gives a very rises from which, bituminous vapour that to a vessel. The inflamed in the air, and produces this mine, becomes --- Page 281 --- APPENDIX. the effect of 26S phosphoric larly in the hot lights in the night, the sailors the seasons. These lights are called particuthe lake, Marncaibo by are a good substitnte lanterns, and in Indians steer by the for the navigating the night. sun in the day, and compass, The The by these in found a Spaniards, variety when they first visited of iron of small towns built this lake, la wood, hence they upon it, on or little Venice, called the district posts to the which name has been Venezueverned province; all but the name of the extended has been chief who the lake. The transferred, and gocause they Indians chose to build perpetuated to round, cunsidered it more upon it, beand more healthy than the of life, which convenient to their country settlements was fishing. The habitual mode met the whole of in the destructive these year 1529, who vengeance amongst their spread desolation ofAlfinger, and four small peaceable inhabitants, and death remarkable villages from fire and sword. spared only of epoch of the, As this was a remark, and serve province, it may be tory. as an elucidation of worthy After its histhe demise of Spanish and Imperial Ferdinand and son of Charles crowns were united Isabella, the too the fifth. This in the pergreat to be exercised accession of only to add to the by an individual, power, Spanish ambition of that served between history of those days, is filled monarch. The him and the with contentions being the greatest people; for not satisfied be the only sovereign of his age, with to one. A succession of he wisbed to augment his pride without battles served but were followed by the increasing his glory, and depopulation of his states, and too the fifth. This in the pergreat to be exercised accession of only to add to the by an individual, power, Spanish ambition of that served between history of those days, is filled monarch. The him and the with contentions being the greatest people; for not satisfied be the only sovereign of his age, with to one. A succession of he wisbed to augment his pride without battles served but were followed by the increasing his glory, and depopulation of his states, and --- Page 282 --- APPENDIX. derangement of his finances. His the absolute settlement of Venezuela, is conduct to the Spanish of his the least memorable outrages not amongst marks the low ebb to which reign, and it particuiarly under he had reduced the nation he had been called, the best auspices, to command. established in The commercial house of Weslers, the richest and most accredited of its Germany, was advance to Charles the fifth. day, and in considerable he a solemn Being yet in want of funds, passed transfer of the province of Venezuela to the Wisiers, fief of the crown, comprebending as an hereditary with power a district from Cape Vela to Maracapana, to the south. to cxtend indefinitely the title of governor to the per. The emperor gave them; whom the Weslers sent out to represent son the revenues of the crown, and were they received They had also the right of distributors of justice. who would not submit making slaves of all Indians, but to force of arms. would be easy to foresee From such a treaty, it sacrificed that must ensue to the the fatal consequences becomc the property of people, now, as it were, national feeling, forcigners, who had no patriotic or themselves for and even solely intent on reimbursing subjects the loans they had made. Thus were loyal of of Spain, made over to a parcel of the crown had rendered stockjobbing Germans, whom necessity favourites at the court of Spain, and whose preponsownl the seeds of civil disderance had well nigh cord. of this fatal treaty, was confided to The execution and another German, ofthe name Ambrose Alfinger; 400 armed adofSailler, was sent second in command; --- Page 283 --- APPENDIX. renturers joined them, and 1528. Ampues, who had they landed at Coro in Spaniards, and had founded long been governor for the province, that were then in most of the towns in the was dismissed by his a state of advancement, authority to these sovereign; he abandoned all immediantely busied adventurers, who, thirsting for gold, resources of the themselves in appropriating the country. abundant Alfinger expected to mcet with than those of Cibao gold mines more were at that time famed and Mexico, which when he found there throughout all Europe; but dians still existed in their were none opened, that the In.. without toil, and that the retreats, without luxury and found partially in the beds only gold collected, was vered, in short, that bis of rivers, when he discorealized, he adopted the illusive hopes could not be interior with his armed plan of penetrating into the bitants, and sell all those force, to pillage the inhabands.. who might fall into bis It was then tbat the Indian Maracaibo were towns of the lake of around, the Indians destroyed, that ravage was the whole sold to merchants as spread province converted slaves, and and devastation. The into a scene of horror long survive this perpetrator did not, however, was killed by the natives bloody and inhuman conduct; he his deserved end in in the year 1531, and plona, that still a valley, six leagues from met afterhim bears his name, Two Pamtill the maintained néarly the same line other of agents tions of king, roused by the clamours conduct, the people, and representathe traces of their dispossessed them legally; but this day ellaced; the desolating hand have not been to name of the German tyrant is petrator did not, however, was killed by the natives bloody and inhuman conduct; he his deserved end in in the year 1531, and plona, that still a valley, six leagues from met afterhim bears his name, Two Pamtill the maintained néarly the same line other of agents tions of king, roused by the clamours conduct, the people, and representathe traces of their dispossessed them legally; but this day ellaced; the desolating hand have not been to name of the German tyrant is --- Page 284 --- APPENDIX. still held in execration, and the thorn thus implanted rankles in the bosom of the by the government, yet people. four of these Indian villages As we before remarked, escaped destruction, most probably by contribution, for the iron wood or stakes on and are yet standing, and endure like stone. which they are built petrify, situated in the East part of the lake, at They are and have one church built on the unequal distances, live on water. The Indian inhabitants principally fish, and the wild ducks which are caught in abundance on the lake, in the way practised on the lake of Mexico. the Jast port of consequence on this side This being to which the provinces of Caracas and Venezuela, here confined our allusions, we will return to we have which that part of the coast lying to windward, equally well deserves a few remarks. Cumana. is composed of the provinces of This government It is bounded on the North Cumana and Barcelona. the West by the river and the East by the sea; on The soil Unare, and on the South by the Oronoko. and, in many parts, a great is of a good quality, salt is found. The quantity of marine and mineral fit for the wiich borders on the Oronoko, is only part of cattle, in which itg greatly abounds. The breeding of Cumana is crowned by lofty mountains, interior elerated of which is the Tumerequiri, the most feet above the level of the sea. rising 5600 is found the cavern of Guacharo, In this mountain and the Indians. It is immenses famed amongst --- Page 285 --- APPENDIX. serves as a retreat to the species of the thousands of nocturnal birds, of forms the famous oil Cuprinuiguu, of the fat of which grounds are Guacharo, The d'acil romantie, and the whole surrounding truly noble and forms a coup out of the cavern, majestic. A small river melancholy and in the inside is issues sound of the heard the dians to contain the souls birds, of supposed by the Indoomed to this those departed, who are. another world: trausmigration, before they pass into So confirmed was their that the belief of this the parents or friends of the circumstance, inouth of the deceased came to could distinguish cavern, to listen whether their souls had their voices, and dizcover they to a happier met with any obstacle in whether ed, the state; if the voices were their flight visitants departed not distinguishfestival with dances and home, and celebrated the greatest testimony of their drunkennes, which was the border on the Oronoko, joy. The Indians, who the same veneration civilized Or their for this article of uncivilized, their bave descend ancestors could have had, and creed as to the cavern of with them, to die, being Guacharo is the same as amalogous to the to among the ancients, passing of the Styx A great quantity of good ley uear tobacco is Cumana, on the king's grown in a valductions of this fertile account. All the proNorth by Barcelona and province are shipped to the gulph of Paria, and to the Cumana; to the East, by the Its principal trade is to the South, by the Oronoko. goods and utensils of island of Trinidad, whose culture tillage it takes in have being on a rapid return; agridone every thing that increase, could nature appears to be desired for this A great quantity of good ley uear tobacco is Cumana, on the king's grown in a valductions of this fertile account. All the proNorth by Barcelona and province are shipped to the gulph of Paria, and to the Cumana; to the East, by the Its principal trade is to the South, by the Oronoko. goods and utensils of island of Trinidad, whose culture tillage it takes in have being on a rapid return; agridone every thing that increase, could nature appears to be desired for this --- Page 286 --- APPENDIX. and to have gifted it withi every variety of provincc, The whole province contains territorial production. over a surwho are: spread great about 100,000 persons, detached and amongst them are many face of country, wherein reside missionaries. Indian establishments, visited lately The most famous of these is Chaymas, by Humboldt. be consideréd the oldest town Cumana, which may Gonzalo Ocampo, in of all Terra Firma, was built by and arid about a inile from the sea, on a sandy 1520, stands in about 10. 20. N. latitude, and spot. It and is the seat of government; 64. 20. W. longitude, depends on the Capbut the governor, nevertheless, thing that relates tain-general of Caracas for every relations and military; and the intendancy to foreign extends over this in of the latter province, equally thing relating to financesand commerce. every the North of the town is the gulph of Cariaco, To side the coast of Cumana, and on formed on one by ten to the other by point Araya. It extends Jeagues the of three. In the middle, the West, on a width and being shut in by depth is from 90 to 100 fathoms, the water is smooth like that of a Jake, mountains, landing places in it. and thcre are several good the town of The river Manzanares flows through for boats. The anCumana, but is only navigable a place is to the West of this river, opposite choring called Bordones, about a league from small rivulet, is brought in the town, to which the merchandize lighters. but the climate is not unhcalthy, The air is sultry, elevaas it is greatly moderated by the surrounding of the town is tions. On an eminence in the back which forms the sole defence of the the fortress, place, and has a garrison of 250 regulars. for boats. The anCumana, but is only navigable a place is to the West of this river, opposite choring called Bordones, about a league from small rivulet, is brought in the town, to which the merchandize lighters. but the climate is not unhcalthy, The air is sultry, elevaas it is greatly moderated by the surrounding of the town is tions. On an eminence in the back which forms the sole defence of the the fortress, place, and has a garrison of 250 regulars. --- Page 287 --- APPENDIX. There is only onc vents. The houses parish church, and two solidity, which are low, and have conis owing to the nothing of earthquakes. In December frequency of the late houses were thrown 1797, almost all the stone shock was again felt. down, and in 1799, a considerable The cause of this, by the ascribed to its judicious Humboldt, is whence there proximity to the gulph of munication appears to be some Cariaco, with the volcanoes subterrancous comemit great quantities of of Cumuenta, which boiling sulphurous waters. hydrogen It gas, sulphur, and earthquakes are felt is observable that these caverns of Cuchivano only after the rains, when the quantity of inflammable throw out, during the night, 2 height of 600 feet, gas, which is visible to the Tbe population of Cumana consists persons of all colours. This of about 30,000 scale of as rapid town is, perhaps, on a and its inhabitants advaneément as any on the cial activity and are noted for a degree of Main, commerease and enterprize, which gives a affability to the habits and certain people, unlike the pride and manners of the places. penury of many other A considerable class of the of white creoles, who population is telligent. Some are in general composed and are lively insailors, or fishermen. agriculturists, others plentifal, and The fisheries of merchants, salt being Cumana are great quantity of fish, with convenient, they cure a Caracas, and the which they This branch neighbouring supply of trade in the ports and islands. bcen considered as a European scas, has source of wealth, and a alwvays nursery class of the of white creoles, who population is telligent. Some are in general composed and are lively insailors, or fishermen. agriculturists, others plentifal, and The fisheries of merchants, salt being Cumana are great quantity of fish, with convenient, they cure a Caracas, and the which they This branch neighbouring supply of trade in the ports and islands. bcen considered as a European scas, has source of wealth, and a alwvays nursery --- Page 288 --- APPENDIX. and laborious subjects; nor is the for active seamen in They notion less applicable to the place question. collect also a quantity of medicinal herbs. belweerr New Barcelona is a good town, that stands founded in 1634, and situated Caracas and Cumana, bank of the river Neveri, at in a plain, on the left reaches about aleague from its mouth. Its population and there is one parish church, to 15,000 persons, who have the charge of one convent of Franciscans, all the missionaries in this quarter. meanly though The town has a regular appearance, and in built; the streets in time of rains are muddy, dusty. The great quanthe dry seasons disagreeably which are always tity of hogs bred in the town, in the streets, render it still more disgusting, prowling from the stagnant pools in which and even unhealthy, for the civil affairs they wallow. There is a cabildo commandant in and local police, aided by a military whom nomination of the governor of Cumana, on the if it mayl be SO called, is dependent. this province, are not so general here as Activity and enterprize country is and though the surrounding at Cumana, culture of cotton and cocoa, they raise suited to the of trade. This may, howerer, little for the purposes slaves, of which it is be owing to the want of negro by long exdestitute, for it is a fact proved perfectly without their aid, culture will never perience, that of commerce, advance SO as to become an object with the and a means of supplying the manufactures materials. They have principally necessary raw the of cattle, and the turned their attention to raising Besides the and numcrous. herds are abundant of jerked beef are quantity exported alive, cargoes where, for the annually sent down to the Havannah, , of which it is be owing to the want of negro by long exdestitute, for it is a fact proved perfectly without their aid, culture will never perience, that of commerce, advance SO as to become an object with the and a means of supplying the manufactures materials. They have principally necessary raw the of cattle, and the turned their attention to raising Besides the and numcrous. herds are abundant of jerked beef are quantity exported alive, cargoes where, for the annually sent down to the Havannah, --- Page 289 --- APPENDIX, feeding of the lower mand, and the orders, it is in Americans. hides and tallow considerable deried A considerable are sold to the on. with the island contraband trade is that finds an outletin of Trinidad, and the carmillion of dollars this way, may be reckoned specie Bareclona annually. at a three stands in N. latitude badness leagues from Cumana 10, 10., is about of the circuitous by sea, but from the by land. roads, it is more than The small island ten Santa of Marguerita, by Margueria de las some called latitude, and 64. 12. W. Caracas, is in 10. 56. from the Main longitude, and is N. the N. of the by a strait of 24 miles. It separated Paria or New main Jand, at about 68 stands to his third Andalusia. Columbus miles W. of in voyage, in the year discovered it in right of 1498, and it was property to a ceded Villalobos, by the Spaniard of the name of 1524. emperor, Charles the There fifth, in which was formerly a pearl produced one fishery on this at £25,000 pearl, the finest ever coast, The increase sterling, and bought by the seen, valued to excite of this place king of Spain. the became burnt the jealousy of the Dutch, sufficiently great it. town, and who, in The bzdness of destroyed the fort that 1662, kept it in a its soil would, defended a very inferior languishiog state, for its however, have wild kind, consisting of productions are of hogs, and a small Jittle else than culture of which the quantity of cotton, to measure sandy strata of earth the ferent congenial. It might are in some for system of things, a valuable become, under a dif. being to entrepôt of windward, and near goods, many of the rich, zdness of destroyed the fort that 1662, kept it in a its soil would, defended a very inferior languishiog state, for its however, have wild kind, consisting of productions are of hogs, and a small Jittle else than culture of which the quantity of cotton, to measure sandy strata of earth the ferent congenial. It might are in some for system of things, a valuable become, under a dif. being to entrepôt of windward, and near goods, many of the rich, --- Page 290 --- APPENDIX. that border on the fertile, and populous provinces which are opposite coast, and its local advantages, easily be turned to those of Trinidad, might superior to good account. of this island, there are only In the whole extent of which is that of Pampathree ports, the principal South East, the second, situated in the East of tan, Pueblo de la Mar, is one league to leeward named the North side, is called the former, and the third, on there is a small village, Pueblo del Norte. In each where all the fortifiof which, the first is the largest, of the island. cations are placed for the defence almost in the centre of The principal town, situated there are, besides, the island, is called Assumption; the same name three villages, each of them bearing The amount of of tbe valley in which it is placed. occupation is population is 14,000, and the principal which, with Quantities of turtle are taken, to the fishing. and carried of other fish, are salted, are a variety markets for sale. Many Indians neighbouring who partly live on the employed in this labour, thitherin the fishing seasons. island, and partly resort and said to be superior Hammocks of a good texture, and plaited in this made elsewhere, are woven to any to Trinidad. island, and exported Spanish Guiana. which is situated between That space of country North, and that of the thae river Oronoko to the bytheseat to the East, Amazons to the Sonth, bounded is what is the 70th degree of W. longitude, as far as properly termed Guiana. the mouth of the AmaThe coast, ranging from forms an extent of 120 zons to that of the Oronoko, of a good texture, and plaited in this made elsewhere, are woven to any to Trinidad. island, and exported Spanish Guiana. which is situated between That space of country North, and that of the thae river Oronoko to the bytheseat to the East, Amazons to the Sonth, bounded is what is the 70th degree of W. longitude, as far as properly termed Guiana. the mouth of the AmaThe coast, ranging from forms an extent of 120 zons to that of the Oronoko, --- Page 291 --- APPENDIX. leagues, in guese have the possession of four powers. The peace made with Southern part. Before the Portuheld the France in September, treaty of far country from the 1901, as Cape mouth of the they Carpori, North, to the East of the Amazons as and By this, treaty, the new limits island of Portuguese Guiana were of French Carapana, which falls into the determined by the river 20° North, above fort Amazons in latitude up the river to its Macapa, These limits follow large chain of mountains source, when they cross over that the degrees of two and near to Rio Blanco, Portuguese three N. latitude. between left bank of the Guiana is consequently situated the old French Amazons; bounded. on the on the of W. possessions, as far as the 55th North by the Spaniards. longitude, and confined on the West degree limit; but they The eguinoctial line is the side with territories, have SO far encroached stipulated that their on the Spanish leagues North of the establis.ments extend forts to repel line, thirtystwo French any usurpation notwitistanding of there are Guiana is bounded ground, Carapana, which falls into to the South bythe by the the river West, Maroni; to the East, Amazons;t to the North, by the Spanish by the sea, and to the Surinam, possressions. Dutch Essequibo, and Demerara possessions, are on the South, by bounded on the East, originally the river the river by thes sea, Essequibo, (though Maroni, on the North, by A. Nassau), and on the West, they extend as far as whole of these have since by Spanish Guiana. cape It was long considered devolved to the The Spaniards, who often as a fact, beliered English, on the relied with too by the reports of the great VOL. I, Indians, that in the credality T centre of on the South, by bounded on the East, originally the river the river by thes sea, Essequibo, (though Maroni, on the North, by A. Nassau), and on the West, they extend as far as whole of these have since by Spanish Guiana. cape It was long considered devolved to the The Spaniards, who often as a fact, beliered English, on the relied with too by the reports of the great VOL. I, Indians, that in the credality T centre of --- Page 292 --- APPENDIX abounding in gold, in a Guiana there was a country and for this much greater degree than any yet known, reason they called it El Dorado. of supported by the testimonies This assurance, made it pass for a fact in the so many Indians, but the distance and danger kept opinions of all; Martin Silva obtained powers, every one back, till 15th of 1568, to explore bearing date of the May, of the Omeand conquer the countries in possession Indians, who Omaguas, and Quinacos tribes of gas, to be in possession of the countries were supposed abounded. The right of gowhere the massive gold was vested in him verning all such discovered country and a band for two lives, that is, to descend to his son; of followers was accordingly collected. became who on landing Of six hundred Spaniards, deserted, and disgusted with the enterprise, many other to begin his march without: any Silva was obliged south from Valenguide than the compass;b but steering and wearycia the point of his departure, after long and over through unfrequented forests, some, journies of every narivers, sustaining the greatest privations fruitless effort, after wasting five months in this ture; arrived at Barquisimeto, where he and his companions the expedition ended. however, Silva returned Far from being disspirited, followers, who were to Spain, and collected new getting riches. filled with the idea of immediately he landed on Profiting by the experience of the past, and Amathe coast of Guiana between the Oronoko into the infrom whence he began to penetrate zons, advance was, however, soon stopped terior. This the most warlike and savage by the Caraib Indians, withstood several bloody enof those regions; he --- Page 293 --- APPENDIX. gagements with them, but all his hardy and daring eventually fell, and with triumplant feast of their companions, became the aries wereaftervardss conquerors. Jesuit missionobliged to return without sent, but, afterthree years, were relative to the sought for having discovered any thing Peru, and Pedro Ordaz from object. Both Pizarro from tions on this fruitless Quito sent out expediHamboldt, who discovery. great and long was the most fitted to solve this in 1800, when he existing problem, was very noko, of exploring went from Rio Negro to the desirous OroGuayecas Indians. Parima, but was deterred diminutive This tribe, by the size, never though of the most three inches, are in their exceeding four feet two or and have hitherto resisted primitive savage of persuasion, both force and condition, It has to adopt a more civilized the means been, however, proved that state of life, quantity of talc in this there is a it is almost quarter of the great presumable that the country, and respecting El Dorado, have tradition and belief of the eye, caused by arisen from the brilliancy the sun, which illusion surpassing the glitter of produces a Hispàfiola, is found a large metals. Even in which, when pulverized, ridge of sparkling and is used resembles of talc, generally in the grains gold, gold sand, to throw on damp island, under the name of writing. River Oronoko. interior Spanish Guiana, from its fertility, communication, position, and day, to become the appears to be the Oronoko centre of a great trade, destined, one may be cousidered the of which, future T 2 parent. ispàfiola, is found a large metals. Even in which, when pulverized, ridge of sparkling and is used resembles of talc, generally in the grains gold, gold sand, to throw on damp island, under the name of writing. River Oronoko. interior Spanish Guiana, from its fertility, communication, position, and day, to become the appears to be the Oronoko centre of a great trade, destined, one may be cousidered the of which, future T 2 parent. --- Page 294 --- APPENDIX. 2'16 which may be considered the capital Santo Thoma, built in 1586, on the left of Guiana, was" originally from its side of the Oronoko, at about fifty leagues and but-having been successively captured entrance; 3 Dutch, and French, the pillaged by the English, distance of nincty was removed, in 1764, to a town on the right side of the stream, leagues from the sea, fortifications more eligible place, where good to a the central ard were erected. This is, at present, in these point of the trade, carried on protecting waters. of this great river are, at present, no The sources the than known with certainty to Spaniards, more the Nile were to the world at large, before those of Bruce. Father Gumilla, in the travels of the famous places the the he has left us of this coantry, map West of Santa Fé de Bogota, source to the South thence towards the giving the river a course from better North. Since the stream has been explored, for has been discovered to be incorrect, this opinion that the first waters of the it has been ascertained situated more to Oronoko, arise near lake Parima, that it rises the South. Some writers indeed say, the mountains from the lake itself, and others from the North West of it; the latter conjecsituated to ture is the most probable. the North West of which rise to These mountains the, Indians Ibrinoco, the lake of Parima, are called by they is natural that, according to their usage, and it river the name of should have given to this cclebrated which the from whence it issued, the mountains into Orinoko, and we from Spaniards have corrupted of this hypothesis, them into Oronoko. In support this stream had come it may be further said, that if North West of it; the latter conjecsituated to ture is the most probable. the North West of which rise to These mountains the, Indians Ibrinoco, the lake of Parima, are called by they is natural that, according to their usage, and it river the name of should have given to this cclebrated which the from whence it issued, the mountains into Orinoko, and we from Spaniards have corrupted of this hypothesis, them into Oronoko. In support this stream had come it may be further said, that if --- Page 295 --- APPENDIX. from lake Parima, same they would also 'haye it name, which is Indian ; given that marked, no person has but, as we have before rethe penetrated further than where Casquiare issues from the visited bythe French literatiin Oronoko, which was It has long been 1800. Spanish tenaciously contended by the withi the sissionaries, that the Amazon was not united Oronoko, by the Rio Negro, and, standing the labours of notwithlearned men, the fact Condamine, and several other to remove all doubt till was Dot established in a way faliy ascertained, and 1800, when the point was the exist. Esmeralda is the communication found to highest placed on the Oronoko. Spanish settlement This great river flows of plain land, which it through an immense extent degree, but to fertilizes in an no purpose, for the astonishing these regions, isin possession greatest part of against whoin, armed of uncivilized Indians, expeditions would be laborious, and unsuccessful. expensive, Several rivers of considerable with the Oronoko, and size, mix'their waters the most are confounded in its interesting of these is the stream; at about thirty leagues below Meta, which joins As it is navigable, and the cataract of Atures. Santa Fé, descends from the borders of traversing an immense and country, is valuable as a means to interesting the productions with which convey to market abound. This river will such happy regions again become an object as it once was, before the interesting of the ministry impolitic measures destroyed the efforts of navigation, by forcing allt the industry and to productions to be carried Carthagena, a conveyance difficult and and a sacrifice expensive, purchased at the expence of intrigue, --- Page 296 --- APPENDIX. and much opposed to the real interests of the country; for every other article excepting four and coarse manufactured cottons, were forbidden to be conveyed down the Meta, from the kingdom of Santa Fé to the Oronoko; by which prohibition the inhabitants it being a death blow to culture, were greatly injured, of the and, of course, detrimental to the revenues to the advancement of Guiana, even to their crown, trade, and the general and public own metropolitan prosperity. The river Apure, from being the next interesting stream that falls into the main river of Oronoko, is of being mentioned; for after rising in anoworthy of the kingdom of Santa Fé, it is swelled ther quarter of the volumes of water that issue from a variety by and laves the inmost parts of Venezuela, other rivers, bringing with it the tributary produetions of a variety of populous towns and countries. It is navigable through its course, and falls through several mouths into the common bed of the Orcnoko, which it seems to rival in magnicude. Immense herds of quadrupeds feed on the margins mules; and all the of all these rivers, particularly in this creat bosom of the contiproductions grown called Varinas, nent, in all that part of Venezuela with ease carried down to Guiana, instead of are transported on the backs of mules, over the being almost desart roads, to Caracas, and Puerto Cavello, considerations which cannot but inspire the beholder sentiments of thanksgiving, to the with respectful of nature, who besides great distributor of the gifts imparting fertility beyond measure to productions unbounded, in the hands of industry, has equally given them the natural and safe means of conveyance, contiproductions grown called Varinas, nent, in all that part of Venezuela with ease carried down to Guiana, instead of are transported on the backs of mules, over the being almost desart roads, to Caracas, and Puerto Cavello, considerations which cannot but inspire the beholder sentiments of thanksgiving, to the with respectful of nature, who besides great distributor of the gifts imparting fertility beyond measure to productions unbounded, in the hands of industry, has equally given them the natural and safe means of conveyance, --- Page 297 --- APPENDIX, means which Europcan pence of so many millions nations purchase at the exThe of treasure. effected junction of the Apure with the about eighty Oronoko, is but it would bertoo leagucs abore Santo Thomé; rivers that fall into this diffuse to particularize all the after traversing the magnificent stream, and which, join it with their country in different directions, The Oronoko tributary waters. falling periodically river is remarkable for rising and itself once a year. It gradually during the space of five elevates one month stationary months, then remains months, and in its 5 after which, it decreases five more. These alternate lowest state continues one month invariable, changes are regular, and known forming a convenience for even in any other river of the navigation, unthe Missisippi only had, earth, and which, if valuable in the world, would make it the most The Oronoko, (at the distance leagues from the sea, forms of about forty quantity of mouths that a kind of Delta, by the detached islands, and issue, leaving a South and a Jabyrinth of small inlets variety of tends North, along a space of sea to the upwards of sixty coast, thatexof mouths and outlets, leagues. In all this diversity which are however, there are only seven isd naviguble, and hence the choice of dangerous to any, but the best and passage pilots. To choose the most experienced only be dreadfal from the wrong channel, would not met with; but might shelves and windings there cruelties of the Goaraunos expose the navigator to the islands. Another material Indians, inhabiting these himself of the favourable difficulty is that ofavailing Auenced by the obstructing current, for as this is inpoints, which occasion a --- Page 298 --- APPENDIX. deviation of the stream, it requires both judgment and experience to select the most advantageous. The first of the seven navigable, mouths, is twelve leagues South of the entrance of the river Guarapiche, in the province of Cumana, which falls into the gulph of Paria. This mouth is called the great Manamo), to distinguish it from the Manamo, which (grande joins it near the sea, but is only navismaller, gable forboats. to the South Fast of The second is at two leagues the first, and is called Flint Channel, or (canai de PeIt comes out at the East of the island dernales). and falls into the sea tbree leagues called Guarisipa, Island, (isla del soldado), South West of Soldier's which is situated at the South entrance of the gulph but this channel is too shallow for large of Paria; vessels. third is called Capure, and is a branch of The from which it is detached at about Flint Channel, from the sea; its entrance is seven or eight Jeagues in the South part of the gulph of Paria. the The fourth is Macareo, six leagues more to South than the preceding one, and is that which from Guiana to the island serves for communication and of Trinidad. It is navigable for schooners brigs, the cbannel is clean ; its outlet is opposite the Erin and unites more advantages than river in Trinidad, of the others. The Spaniards have purposely any land-marks, and points of neglected to establish good on these places, by which poliey they recognition this in their own hands; but keep indced navigation well excellent pilots may bc obtained, by persons with the language and manners of the acquainted country. island serves for communication and of Trinidad. It is navigable for schooners brigs, the cbannel is clean ; its outlet is opposite the Erin and unites more advantages than river in Trinidad, of the others. The Spaniards have purposely any land-marks, and points of neglected to establish good on these places, by which poliey they recognition this in their own hands; but keep indced navigation well excellent pilots may bc obtained, by persons with the language and manners of the acquainted country. --- Page 299 --- APPENDIX, The fifth its entrance is litile dificulties, as from its frequented, as well from dians, before alluded vieinity to the savage Infrom the tribe that to, and it is called at twelve dwells on its margin. It is Maruisas, trance. leagues South of the situated fourth, or main enEighteen leagues still narigable forsmall higher is the sixth last, which issues vessels ; but is only a branch mouth, Eight from the great bed of the of the is leagues to the Sonthward Oronoko. termed the grearest mouth of this, is what is called la boca de los of the Oronoko, and the large vessels, navios, or the entrance for hundred tons. This meaning those of four or five at the entrance, that three passage is widle, and SO deep bottom : but it lessens hundred fathoms find no This river, progressively, of nore than 1400 including its windings, takes a miles, course beyond deseription, and fertile through a country romantic man, In one part, where it beyond the wants of more than one hundred feet is narrowest, a rise of ness of the water is is observed. The fresh. leagues from the sea. preserved to a distance of 12 As e have before rise in the water which remarked, there is a the month of takes place periodical and remains April and terminates regularly abont wbole oll the month of about August, volume of water it has September with the ceding monthis, received the five and worthy of presenting a scene the most prelow flats and admiration. It then striking adjacent plains overflows the expanse of water, with an equal and rich and leaving a nutritious producing the effect of smaller In the early slme like that of the seas, part of Nile. Cotober, it again begins to a the month of takes place periodical and remains April and terminates regularly abont wbole oll the month of about August, volume of water it has September with the ceding monthis, received the five and worthy of presenting a scene the most prelow flats and admiration. It then striking adjacent plains overflows the expanse of water, with an equal and rich and leaving a nutritious producing the effect of smaller In the early slme like that of the seas, part of Nile. Cotober, it again begins to --- Page 300 --- APPENDIX. and falls within its ancient bounds. Fresh recede, studded then appear rising on islands, and groves and present to the eye a picturesque its bosom, hills. When the waters contrast from the surrounding seek the sandy shores have thus subsided, the turtles hatched by the acto deposit their eggs, which of the sun, humidity, and the powerful rays quired It is then that the Indians come produce young. to collect the eggs and catch down to the shores, oil which as well to make an they the turtles, salt down meats to serve for their greatly use, as to other of the year. The subsistence during the parts used of the Oronoko are potable, and are waters Beyond Santo Thome, an adverse often medicinally. felt in ascending the river. current is scarcely of all kinds of fish are taken in Great quantitics of them is the this stream. The most singular which is found to be numecurbinata or caraib-fish is it is more vabut thongh its meat good, rous, It is small, and seldom lued for its other qualities. estimation arises above two pounds, but its weighs stones found in the head, where the from two small an almond brain is placed, of a form resembling These and of the perfect colour of a pearl. kernel, estimated in weight at the same small stones are virtue of curing value as gold, owing to their specific grains of of retention of urine. Three all cases of are given in a table spoonful this, pulverized, the urine instantly to wine or water, which causes Joses is considered flow; its repetition in smaller as a perfect cure. is larger, and in The cayman of the Ororoko and crodiffers frm the alligator many particulars, it most resembles, but codile, which in appearan:e, pearl. kernel, estimated in weight at the same small stones are virtue of curing value as gold, owing to their specific grains of of retention of urine. Three all cases of are given in a table spoonful this, pulverized, the urine instantly to wine or water, which causes Joses is considered flow; its repetition in smaller as a perfect cure. is larger, and in The cayman of the Ororoko and crodiffers frm the alligator many particulars, it most resembles, but codile, which in appearan:e, --- Page 301 --- APPENDIX, he is heavier, Hc is from 15 more clumsy, and not SO mouth to 18 feet dangerous. is furnished long, and his ranges of large on each side with extended and keen, sharp teeth, His fangs, or and he just eyes are which means he keeps them above piercing covered. sees every thing water, by His skin is protected without being disnetrable to a by thick scales, the fish and musket-ball. He is the impeThe a terror to man. devastator of Indians cateh them dread, and cat their flesh dexterously, and like beads round ; they wear the teeth without race of their necks. It is strung people that the believed by this neighbouring caymans and the the woods, tigers of the fornier is often frequently have battles, in which devours his foo:i victorious. The cayman gills, he cannot ashore, for having no always His teeth swaliow in the water, tongue or are considered Oronoko, as a by the Indians of are known to be counterpoison, when the said that excellent pulverized, a they cataract, drop of his gail antispamodies. on the It is also and Temoves the eye, cures the seat of vision, filins that obstruct property. having a perfectly the The antiophthalinic warm grease melted from this to the ears, has also animal, applied the auditory the virtue of lukeeffect on the channels, and also produces opening mesenteric the are obstructed. veins and ducts same to those of Itis for this reason when they fect from the Indian tribes who sometimes given by their cating the carth, feel any ill ef. many. which is practised about Theiguans, which is a two feet and species of a half long, with water-lizard, is a scaly body. warm grease melted from this to the ears, has also animal, applied the auditory the virtue of lukeeffect on the channels, and also produces opening mesenteric the are obstructed. veins and ducts same to those of Itis for this reason when they fect from the Indian tribes who sometimes given by their cating the carth, feel any ill ef. many. which is practised about Theiguans, which is a two feet and species of a half long, with water-lizard, is a scaly body. --- Page 302 --- APPENDIX. Its meat is relished by the Spaniards and Indians, and equal to that of a fowl. The eggs of the thought female, who lays 25 or 30 at a time, are esteemed by them to be as good as those of the hen, and have a small pellicule that serves as a shell. The chiquire of the Indians, and guardatinajas of the Spaniards, is another amphibious animal something like a sheep, with reddisb hair, and a tail SO be This animal small that it can hardly perceived. the on abstinence days, and is is eaten by Spaniards to the generally found in herds, sometimes coming surface of the water to breathe the air. They feed the fine that grows on the margin of the on grass Indians in wait to kill them river, where the lay deconsidering their meat the most with arrows; licious food. is of the size of a full The lapa or water-pig The sucking pig, whose meat it resembles. grown of red with white spots. It is exhair is a kind and in the feasts tremely shy, feeds on the shore, and Indians, always of the neighbouring Spaniards occupics the first place. The perro del agua, or water-dog of the Spaniards, the castor in appearance, but the hind feet resembles and the skin soft, and of are flat and membraneous, the water's colour. He livesin the cavities on a grey dexterous in catching fish, but edge, is extremely also feeds on the grass. living The manati is a kind of sca-cow, generally in the sea, but from going ashore frequently to graze, animals. Its it is classed among the amphibious bulbut in size it is equal to a shape is deformed, also in chewing its cud, lock, which it resembles, as horns. the head perfectly resembles the cOW without and of are flat and membraneous, the water's colour. He livesin the cavities on a grey dexterous in catching fish, but edge, is extremely also feeds on the grass. living The manati is a kind of sca-cow, generally in the sea, but from going ashore frequently to graze, animals. Its it is classed among the amphibious bulbut in size it is equal to a shape is deformed, also in chewing its cud, lock, which it resembles, as horns. the head perfectly resembles the cOW without --- Page 303 --- APPENDIX, The skin is two small thicker, the eyes exceeding small, and it with flippers or arms without has which it pushes itself fingers or divisions, pasturing, they often fall over the shallows. When the moanful noise a prey to the tigers, and caused the they make when in female French to call them distress, has carries her lamentines. The rishes them with milk, young under her arms, and nouto pasture. The till grown sufficiently and meat is extremely strong yields a quantity of oil for fat and tender; niards use soaps made of this burning. The SpaThe ribs are nearly flesh as an antivehereal. equal to ivory, and its isadministered to stop the powder This appears to be a different bloody flux. lions found in animal to the particularly many other rivers of South seaon the island of America, Plata. wolves, in the river La From the preceding of Guiana. to the considerntions, the Spanish importance appear empire in America problematical, for besides cannot fertility of its soil, and the the unparalleled in a country watered convenient sected by by the Oronoko, conveyance. and it is the upwards of three hundred interonly avenue by which smaller rivers; trate into the interior of an enemy can penethe kingdom of Santa Venezuela, be Fé. Such Varinas, and repelled at the mouth hostilities are the key to all, of the Oronoko only of This ought which is industry and naturally to be the tary position. riches, as well as an important seat miliSpanish Guiana from the to the Portuguese mouth of the Oronoko limits, contains a leagues. Its width, space of about not extend more than at first ninety leagues, does thirty leagues to the south, --- Page 304 --- APPENDIX. where it confines with the old Dutch possessions, but it thence widens to more than 150 leagues. On this great surface of country, there are not of all conditions and more than 36,000 inhabitants, under the tuition colour, of which 20,000 are Indians of missionaries; ; 7000 form the popuand guidance and the remaining 9000 are lation of the capital, country. scattered in the other villages and surrounding and central part of the population is in a The greatest from the sea to a space beginning at fifty leagues distance of one hundred and thirty up the Oronoko. This extent of country is divided into upper and the imaginary line of which is about Jower Guiana, stands. Tbe Dutch before the where the capital formed considerable loss of their establishments, had and they relations with the Indians in the interior, their political bonds with cemented particularly inof the ferocious tribes of the Caraibs, by many of hatred to the culcating and upholding a degree to which they used as a tool of flattery Spaniards, trade they coveted. The Intribes, whose exclusive the colours predians on the Oronoko still preserve in his advensented to them by Sir Walter Raleigh turous expedition thither. Franciscan order, liave Catalan missionaries of the successful amongst these savages, however been very villages they have and many civilized and orderly of them, formed attest the fact, but the major part at too much danger in attempts have yet presented their spiritual conversion. indolence of the naCulture, from the habitual of measures to encourage tives, and a want proper of industry, and stimulate the Indians to the pursuits low be well imagined, is still at a very as may Walter Raleigh turous expedition thither. Franciscan order, liave Catalan missionaries of the successful amongst these savages, however been very villages they have and many civilized and orderly of them, formed attest the fact, but the major part at too much danger in attempts have yet presented their spiritual conversion. indolence of the naCulture, from the habitual of measures to encourage tives, and a want proper of industry, and stimulate the Indians to the pursuits low be well imagined, is still at a very as may --- Page 305 --- APPENDIX. ebb, and the small quantity of productions tobacco appear confined to a king, on the river grown on account ofthe St Antonio de Caroni, in the an inconsiderable Uspata, of an excellent neighbourhood of harvest of quality ; and riety of kinds are found, cotton, Gums of a vaalso resins and medicinal particularly the copal, as of commerce. plants, which form objects The best criterion of its the tythes, which do not revenue, may perhaps be dollars. The convent of annually exceed to have the Franciscans 10,0CO of which belonging to them are said a great quantity is 150,000 horned cattle, There is a governor resident annually exported. dependent on that of Caracas. at Santo Thome, but established in this town, but The bishop also is country, a building suitable there is not in the whole either, or the for the residence celebration of divine of worship. --- Page 306 --- APPENDIX. (B) Account of the Bull-Feasts in Spain, front General the duthor during kis early Resithe Journal of dence 2n Spain. but conceive it an egregious error in I CANNOT who have attributed buil feasts, or those travellers, entertainments in Spain to the Moors, amphitheatrical relict oftheir customs. It and stiled them the barbarous that Gibraltar was not tilllong after the Christian ara, leader of by Tarick, the famous was first conquered this can be traced the African adventurers : but practice from which we now to epochs long before that period if it is an exotic custom, they date ; of consequence, the of the Romans, must owe its origin to conquest neighbours. It or the imitation of their European retain to this day cannot be denied that the Spaniards remains of Moorish customs and manners; many be more to their credit, if and it would, perhaps, from retained more; for if we may judge they the latter have left behind them, the monuments valuable ideas of architecthey possessed the most and laying out ture, tilling, draining, watering, rude which once made the now plains grounds; garden, and beautified them of Grenada a perfect ideas of an elysium; but beyond our most romantic and dreams of dear-bought amidst all their splendor Bobadil's amidst the gaieties of a reign, happiness, fighting bulls ; for their enterthey did not practise contests of the sword, tainments consisted of hunting, and lance, wrestling, &c. at which their. jealous club did not suffer their women often to be dispositions ude which once made the now plains grounds; garden, and beautified them of Grenada a perfect ideas of an elysium; but beyond our most romantic and dreams of dear-bought amidst all their splendor Bobadil's amidst the gaieties of a reign, happiness, fighting bulls ; for their enterthey did not practise contests of the sword, tainments consisted of hunting, and lance, wrestling, &c. at which their. jealous club did not suffer their women often to be dispositions --- Page 307 --- APPENDIX. present, the very soul of the consideration; ; nor is it the exercise under nish writers of theme ofany of the our their customs. romance, who have handed Spatecture in The many remains of down to us built Spain, the circular and Roman archifor exhibitions of oval forms of cells, vomitoria, this kind, together with places, ruins, evince podia, seats, and other the called to us, that those yet visible the Prozincia conquerors of what they glory of their arms Cunicularis, not only spread the people, but celebrated amongst this newly their suljugated arches, and those public viétories by mon amongst exhibitions, which triumphal mentioned themselves. Few Roman werc comthe historians have annals of the amphitheatrieal church games 5 and the victims, that are filled with the carly inob, and the were exposed both to the mention of their liberty assaults of the lion and contumely of the rage. and pardon were the the tiger, whilst This was a favourite rewards of theircounals, and at once punishment for their crimiworld, of proves that these masters a few learning and renown, had of the removes beyond only advanced wards altered this barbarism. Legislation either hired, practice, and the afteror served as combatants were only at a loss to ascertain volunteers. We are then upon as the tortured why bulls were is easily acounted object of this pitched culty and for when we consider practice, which expence of the diffi- * The lion obtaining the lion* and the dependent and tiger, to this day, form the are peopled beysi in Africa : and the part of the tribute of shew; with these savage bagnios and slave ; and, to the shocking rangers of the wild, but prisons nity, they are made the torture of every feeling of only for tered slave, who is often inmates of the wretched and humaVOL, I, destined to be their keeper, equally fet. U expence of the diffi- * The lion obtaining the lion* and the dependent and tiger, to this day, form the are peopled beysi in Africa : and the part of the tribute of shew; with these savage bagnios and slave ; and, to the shocking rangers of the wild, but prisons nity, they are made the torture of every feeling of only for tered slave, who is often inmates of the wretched and humaVOL, I, destined to be their keeper, equally fet. U --- Page 308 --- APPENDIX. after the Moorish conquest tiger alive, particularly access to the when the Spaniards had only a partial ferocious shores of Africa, and when they had such which would afford nearly beasts on their own plains, without that extreme of an equal display of courage, danger. the origin of the bull-fight, we find In tracing valiant of the Luthat formerly the most captains in this ferocious sitanian bands, entered the lists Gonsalvo, combat. After conquering the Saracen, a the dartwielded the spear and sword against a Lara, was the smile of approenraged bull; their recompence The merit in bation from their favourite fair. greatest bond in' love her eyes was courage, and the greatest in the scarftheir was the contempt of danger. Arrayed their to shew mistresses had embroidered, it was pride with scenes of peril, and the lengths their familiarity which they would go for objects incomparably to This spirit was fostered by their generals; deserving. martial fire to their hearts, and counteracted it gave a of the camp. Not the inert languor and inactivity nobleness their pristine such the present champions: and the traits of their is Aed; they are hirelings, butcher-like. courage are ferocious and the chosen for this sport are generally The days wwith which the calendar is anniversaries of somesaints, during the season, it alled ; but in the great cities, week. No sooner is the may be seen three times a than the news is ea : day fixed on for the exhibition, classwithjoy. The gerly sprend,and clectrifies every countenance exults in topic becomes general, every joyous, tidings, and old and young, equally the glad From all parts they crowd to anticipate the scenc. withholds them, the spot; neither distance nor penury wwith which the calendar is anniversaries of somesaints, during the season, it alled ; but in the great cities, week. No sooner is the may be seen three times a than the news is ea : day fixed on for the exhibition, classwithjoy. The gerly sprend,and clectrifies every countenance exults in topic becomes general, every joyous, tidings, and old and young, equally the glad From all parts they crowd to anticipate the scenc. withholds them, the spot; neither distance nor penury --- Page 309 --- APPENDIX, and if ties, had government not fixed and the police of the individoal would remain Trestrictions to these ciThe bulls ontilled and the grapes games, the fields into the intended for the day's ungathered. city in the night, when sport are brought bymeans ofa tame OX ora the strects are They are pent up in Cow, which serve as empty, have not room to turn, separate and cells, SO small that decoys. They are heres goaded, with their heads to the they artificial means, and rendered furious, arena. by Already is the every concourse, impatient amphitheatre for crowded by an not a sight in nature the signal to immense is begin, spectators, clothed in all equal to this of the Perlaps dress, filling the the gaieties and thronged most frantic progressively luxuries of with pleasure. rising seats, and almeasures its favourite The eye, the grateful focus, and cirele, rows on Tows at enraptured, once The men are clothed in give splendor to the swell witrinnumerabler their short cut scene, brimmed rows of buttons alo jackets, lcaded is confined hats, or small high velvet majo ; with broad or scarlet, within a silken net, and caps, their hair whose half envelope their cloaks of black ed in all general street attire is shoulders, The women, the shewy black, now of ribbons contrast of appear deckmantles ornament their colours; gay bunches flow down their jet-black hair; the richest fringed petticont; and at comely waists, over a most divine; without once give to view forms shorteyes and animated biding those the rapture, and countenances, wbich soulienlivening command. allure, entificially cool Costly fans sain, serve to atmosphere, and with prodace an ardrinks and salute their distant friends. great legereté de cakes of every kind are handed Refieshing U 2 about by bunches flow down their jet-black hair; the richest fringed petticont; and at comely waists, over a most divine; without once give to view forms shorteyes and animated biding those the rapture, and countenances, wbich soulienlivening command. allure, entificially cool Costly fans sain, serve to atmosphere, and with prodace an ardrinks and salute their distant friends. great legereté de cakes of every kind are handed Refieshing U 2 about by --- Page 310 --- APPENDIX. hand-bills announce the particulars their attendants ; different coloured ribof the entertainments, and the denote bons that are affixed to the bulls' manes, A and from whenc e brought. gay theirrace, progeny, the of the battlements; display of flags wave on tops of the nations with whom they are at war being those The shouts reversed in the most conspicuous place. rockets of the gay multitude, and the swift-winged of that break high in the air, announce the approach four in the afternoon. The signal the hour, generally of soldiers, with a lively trumpet sounds; a company and after forming band of music, enters at the gates, One of clears the arena of its numbers. into a line, each of the little recesses, made them is then placed at and sufficient distances in the inner palisado, at small for whose safety to admit the body of the combatants, they are intended. and the ministers of poThe governor next appears, where the bullsare lice are seated nearly over the place them, and confined. Two trumpeters stand behind their direction the feast is conducted. Every under in different COthing in readiness, four champions horseback; their loured dresses enter the arena on in their and thighs are cased in tough leather ; legs hands they bear a long ashen Jance, tipped their right of iron, and with their left skilfully with a small piece gaily along the manage their steeds. They prance make their devoirs to the governor, presidents circle, and their individual patrons and protectors. ) of the feast, according to their merit, They then range thenselves, from which the bull is expected opposite the first cell, the animal from inbut ratheron the left, as to issue; his attack on that side. A trumpet again stinct makes and forth rushes thebelsounds, a trap door is raised, their right of iron, and with their left skilfully with a small piece gaily along the manage their steeds. They prance make their devoirs to the governor, presidents circle, and their individual patrons and protectors. ) of the feast, according to their merit, They then range thenselves, from which the bull is expected opposite the first cell, the animal from inbut ratheron the left, as to issue; his attack on that side. A trumpet again stinct makes and forth rushes thebelsounds, a trap door is raised, --- Page 311 --- APPENDIX. fowing monster, astonished, hunger and frequent enraged, and frantic, from he rushes On the goudings, With impetuons onset lance repels him to prepared the horsemen, who with bis second right or left of bis horse. and receives champion then follows, invites bim The bim in the same to conbar, strength and way. The onsets, but it dexterity often are evinced in these greatest of the horned happens that the greater frequene and lays both enragé overturns both horse and strength often share the promisctously in the dust. Both rider, furiously frantic revenge ofthe then torn, animal, and are others to get him notwitlatandling the efforts of the side. away and divert him on He often buries another both, throws their his towering horns in the bodies strews them shattered limbs in of on the arena. More the air, and escapes by the recesses in the frequently the rider remounted, with fresh palisado, and returns is not unusual for one bull courage to provoke battle. It these animals, to kill several that with particularly in horses; but their entrails Andalusia, are SO face the tortured dragging on the ground noble, beast, and by their they snorting, trained seem to enjoy the neighing and to it. Should they sport, although not cover their eyes with a prove refraetory, the riders unconseious of their danger; handkerchief, that they may be rage and noble spirit of this though such is the couthis is seldom necessary; domestic animal, that feeling that butit is grating to should be ofhumanity, the end of this first every perverted by ofbeasts After a round of feats practices of SO cruel. disgusting, the trumpet this kind, equallyhorrid and men retire, The again sounds, and the horscfoot-combatamns then come forth, a prove refraetory, the riders unconseious of their danger; handkerchief, that they may be rage and noble spirit of this though such is the couthis is seldom necessary; domestic animal, that feeling that butit is grating to should be ofhumanity, the end of this first every perverted by ofbeasts After a round of feats practices of SO cruel. disgusting, the trumpet this kind, equallyhorrid and men retire, The again sounds, and the horscfoot-combatamns then come forth, --- Page 312 --- APPENDIX. and each bearing a pair of darts in his gaily dressed, the furious animal hands. With these they provoke and when he puts down bis head in an attitude tobattle, stick to tear them with his horns, they dexterously his horns the barbed darts behind his neck, and evade aside. These chulitos a pie croud around by' slipping darts, and when he goes him, wound him byineessant of small ones from near the seats he receives showers ornaIn the tops of these darts, gaily the people. fire-works are fixed, mented with coloured paper, with frewhich when the match burns down, explode and He stands with an aspect of rage quent crackings. dart around the circle, he seeks terror. His flaming eyes evade him, the place rcobjects to sate his rage; they of red frothi issue sounds withi horrid bellowings, streams from his mouth and nostrils, he paws the blood-stained disand in vain shakes his sides and neck to ground, load. Furious from rage aud pain, lodge the galling to climb the palhe bounds across the arena, attempts object. lisado and wreak his revenge on every opposing but be catches the chulitos on his horns, Frequently their agility they escape, and he generally from great of the red garment only bears away in triumph part and deceived. I with which he had been provoked the one of these combarants hard pressed by have seen without means to escape. enraged bull, and apparently and no recess at He was pent close to thc pallisado, to tear hand. Already had the furious beast stooped and the terrified spectators imagined him to pirc ces, his horns. The active comhim horribly mangled on presence and wi:h unexampled batant undismayed, the forchead of the bull, with of miud, put his foot on behind tbe was out of danger, and relighting one leap seemed to laugh at bis unavailing efiorts furious anional, aged bull, and apparently and no recess at He was pent close to thc pallisado, to tear hand. Already had the furious beast stooped and the terrified spectators imagined him to pirc ces, his horns. The active comhim horribly mangled on presence and wi:h unexampled batant undismayed, the forchead of the bull, with of miud, put his foot on behind tbe was out of danger, and relighting one leap seemed to laugh at bis unavailing efiorts furious anional, --- Page 313 --- APPENDIX, to catch him, then walked round skipping the gaily and unhurt away. He money from all sides circle with his bat in his the pleased was showered down to him hand, from spectators and his quite an extraordinary patrons, who always rereward. display ofa agility by a ofthe Formerly a favourite flower from collective fair, or a bunch of the breast the victorions ribbons, was thrown down to turn for the exertion champion, and he was happy in that reevery means of ofhis cournge and agility. When ed, the harassing the animal has been trampet again is blown; the exhaustarena; and la single champion footmen leave the hand, be bears a steps forth. In his right arm a red cloak. double-edged After Toledo, and on bis left spectators, he provokes the making bis obeisance to the red garment, and afterseveral bull by holding to him the prepares fort the last and most evasions of bis horns he this way. He places noted exertion of skill in him, holds his sword himselfin a firm position before ing beast rushes with obliquely, Gn which the the hilt. such impetuosity as to madden. Already the bury it to nizing pain, streams staggering bull bellows with wound and mouth, of black gore burst from agotured his Aggard looks the state; the dreadful steel proclaim his torbonc has searched the entering at the collar denysupport, he sinks source of life, his feeble and limbs vast circle, re-echoes with strnggles in the dust. The and frantic incessant peals of acclamations, such as applause, Olympic games of the resounded at the scenes of the Romans. Greeks, Or the music joins the loud The most lively and gladiatoriat animated the plaudits of the sound, but is nearly mob. Three drowned by and ornanented with mulesyoked together, and bloody carcase from gay streamers, drag the the arena, and mangled every prepara- ast circle, re-echoes with strnggles in the dust. The and frantic incessant peals of acclamations, such as applause, Olympic games of the resounded at the scenes of the Romans. Greeks, Or the music joins the loud The most lively and gladiatoriat animated the plaudits of the sound, but is nearly mob. Three drowned by and ornanented with mulesyoked together, and bloody carcase from gay streamers, drag the the arena, and mangled every prepara- --- Page 314 --- APPENDIX. tion is made for a repetition of the same sport, which only varies according to the courage of the men, and the fury of the bull. and Ten or sixteen are often killed in an evening, the amusement from neither its sameness, nor disgustto tire. As many horses often fall, ing scenes appears maimed. Romero and men are frequently killed or famous matador the Spaniards ever had, was the most The meat is exposed for and his end was shocking. The sale, but bought only by the common people. is often varied by the fighting of two horses, scene and though horrid, has somewhich is indeed grand, sometimes let thing in it noble and fierce. They loose the wild boar, the stag, and other animals, to fight dogs, and if a bull will not face the combatants, loose him, which becomes quitc an dogs are let upon or his English bull bait. The last bull is emborado, with wood; the common people all horns are tipped and and wrestle with rush out, cling to the horns tail, with him in bodies. The entertainment is often closed and the interval is agrecably filled up fire-works, their fints and steels which they bya all the men striking curious gleam always carry, and which give a most around. Part of the funds arising from these entertainto the hospitals of St. Jobn ofGod, the ments belongs The amphitheatre in Cadiz other pays the expences. people, and is of wood, holds ten or twelve thousand under belongs to the city. Itis rented to a company but this cannot hinder frequent imgreat restrictions, Those in Madrid, Seville, positions on the pablic. of foundation. and Grenada, are of stone, and royal the smaller cities, which have none, they use In the scale. Indiansfrom market-squares, but on a very paltry America often display their feats with aleathern South --- Page 315 --- APPENDIX. thong, with which they and throw him on his dexterously entangle the bull by their dexterity render back; when they mount, and animal to shake off the vain the exertions of the are amongst the foot unusual load. Many gypsies ten to sixty dollars combatants, Their pay is That side of the an afternoon, according to merit from sun beats, is amphitheatre on which the only half price. afternoon rence in the several There is a small diffes leading traits. cities, but in all, these are the To foreigners, accustomed feats of to see the dexterous equestrians, such resting and diversions appear to which barbarous; ; and from the unintethe riders and the horses continual danger feeling mind can derive no are exposed, the age of refined philosophy, satisfaction. Even in this multiply means for the extinction man seems to be glad to which, from the brute of his own species, husband. This creation, he might learn to ens the traits of familiarity the with sceues of blood dark. revolution to agitate the national character; ; and were a more sanguine than people, it would we have possibly be ment has often wished yet witnessed. in vain, iti is to abolish this GovernSO generally practice; but that tlie Spanish ladies relished. It is astonishing monotonous. Possessed enjoy this sport, SO of savagely feelings in nature, with susceptibility and the finest delicucy and every sense in unison with flyi it as a sentiment, one would bane: still do they imagine they would tion, which neither the frequent it, a contradic. can reconcile or combine, moralist, nor the keen observer ment has often wished yet witnessed. in vain, iti is to abolish this GovernSO generally practice; but that tlie Spanish ladies relished. It is astonishing monotonous. Possessed enjoy this sport, SO of savagely feelings in nature, with susceptibility and the finest delicucy and every sense in unison with flyi it as a sentiment, one would bane: still do they imagine they would tion, which neither the frequent it, a contradic. can reconcile or combine, moralist, nor the keen observer --- Page 316 --- APPENDIX. (C) landed 212 the oarious ports of France, Merchandize of Santo Domingo, in the year 1789. from the island Commodities and Products. 328) Pounds Coffee. white and brown. 217 463Casks Sugars, 51836Ditto, Molasses. 3257510Poumds Indigo. 1536017Ditto. Cocoa. Cotton Wool. 1317200Ditto. 1514Serons Spanish Cochineal. wood, Logwood, Fustic, Nicaragua 6814Tons Lignum Vitee. 1869Ditto. Mahogany. 4618Bags Black Pepper. 2426Ditto. Ginger. Guas, Clema, Guaiacum, &c. 380.Casks 248Boxes Aloes, Cassia, China Root. 26948Hides Tanned. Inthe hair, from the Spaniards. 1141630Ditto. 4107Pounds Tortoise shell. 27s1aBarrels Syrop. 134CBoxes Jesuits Sweetmeats. Bark, Qninquina. - 1475Serons Spanisli coined, hard Dollars. the 30175d0Dollars A7215Ounces Gold in Grains, kc. from Spaniards. Total value of the above products, when landed and before the French duties had been paid in France, thereon. E 6,094,230 English money. in the year 1789, The number of vessels employed, from the different ports of France, viz. Bourdeaux, Marseilles, Hiavre de Grace, Dunkirk, &c., Nantes, --- Page 317 --- D APPENDIX. immediately to French St, 710 vessels, navigated by Domingo, 'amounted to whole measuremient 18,460 mariners, and their goes which they carried equal to 213,540 tons. The caring manefactures, and other ont, consisted of the followdresses of the religious men and commodities ; stuffs for convents, superfine woollen women in the Spanish cloths, woollen stuffs, white cloths, coarse woollen ties, gold and silver French linens of all qualilaces, wbite and black laces, white and black beautiful patterns, silk laces, printed callicoes thread in France from Switzerland, in and in Flanders, callicoes printed flannels, coarse Rouen checks baizes, crapes, white quantities, large handkerchiefs for negroes, in great negro men and women, and for head dresses of landkerchiefs, handkerchiels people of colour, Madras linery goods of all kinds, for snuff takers, milfashions, vast variety of silk made upin Paris, newest Lyons, German and Silesia goods manufactured at quantities, also German linens in silk, thread, and and French prodigious white dimities, cotton stockings, Ozuaburghs, vets, velvuretts, ginghams striped and haberdashery, jeans, white cordurois, white and checked, dyed vellins plain, muslinetts various patterns, white Indian white sprigged and tamboured, white muscloths counterpanes of all sizes and bed quilts, quiltings, silks of all and patterns, tapes, toweiling, threads, table fishing tackle, colours, hats, slops, sail sewing cotton bagging, cloth, twine, shipping, watches, clocks, ropes and stores for families, ornaments for jewellery, silver plate for lery, guns, pistols, swords, churches, ironmongers, cuttools, machinery for workmen's tools, planter's earthenware properly plantations, nails hoes, tin ware, assorted, copper sheathing, and and bed quilts, quiltings, silks of all and patterns, tapes, toweiling, threads, table fishing tackle, colours, hats, slops, sail sewing cotton bagging, cloth, twine, shipping, watches, clocks, ropes and stores for families, ornaments for jewellery, silver plate for lery, guns, pistols, swords, churches, ironmongers, cuttools, machinery for workmen's tools, planter's earthenware properly plantations, nails hoes, tin ware, assorted, copper sheathing, and --- Page 318 --- APPENDIX, bolts, sadlery for military, private usc, and copper books, statiouary, writing paper, great plantations, of flour in casks, salt beef, pork, hains, quantities Dutch cheeses in large quansalt fish, salt tongues, European fruits, cases of tities, cases of preserved ankers of French vinccordials, baskets of aniseed, and bottled variety of French wines in casks, gar, beer in casks and bottled in cascs, in cases, strong candles and fambeaux for the quintals of wax of bischurches, quintals of tallow candles, quintals of of cating and burning oils, quintals cuit, quintals cases of mustard, cases of soap, cases of pickles, small shot olives, boxes of medicines, gunpowder, scents, &c. in boxes. and lead balls, perfumes, Santo in from France to Domingo Value exported pounds English money. the year 1789, 4,125,610 extensive trade was carried In the year 1789 an and the Spanish on between French St. Domingo, America and in the settlements on the continent of vesscls Spanish Islands ; in which year, 283 Spanish of arrived there, from the city of all descriptions Puerto Bello, Puerto Santo Domingo, Carthagena, Rio de la Hache, VeCavallo, Honduvas, Truxillo, Orleahs, the Floridas, nezuela, La Vera Cruz, New Puerto del Prinisland of Puerto Rico, La Havana, of Cuba ; Spiritu Santo, and the other parts cipc, with them in dollars and various which brought pounds English products, to the value 2,450,115 goods, with which they purchased Europcan money, &c. These they carried to the said Negro slaves, and islauds, into which the Spanish settlements, greatest part of them werc sunuggled. from France to the In the year 1789, there saled iuto coast of Africa 119_large ships, which imported land of Puerto Rico, La Havana, of Cuba ; Spiritu Santo, and the other parts cipc, with them in dollars and various which brought pounds English products, to the value 2,450,115 goods, with which they purchased Europcan money, &c. These they carried to the said Negro slaves, and islauds, into which the Spanish settlements, greatest part of them werc sunuggled. from France to the In the year 1789, there saled iuto coast of Africa 119_large ships, which imported --- Page 319 --- APPENDIX. the ports of Port au Jeremie, Les Prince, St. Marc, ef St. Domingo. Cayes, and Cape François in the Leogone, island 17,674-Men. 8,146-Women, 6,329--Buys. 2,916-Ginls, 35,263-Negro Slaves By which the French imported ia 1789, upwards of one million African merchants gaied sides the said one million pounds English money; ; betrade gave in profits, this African 4125 mariners, employment to 119 ships, factures, caused large sales of French navigated by various French manu- &c. which were sent out products, from East India gocds, pay for the purchase ofthese France to Africa, to SO employed in the African Negroes, and said ships laden with theproduets of St. trade, returned to France America ; by which their Domingo, and Spanish still more considerable respective owners gained A profits. French smuggling and trade was carried on between Spanish ports of St. the notwithstanding the Domingo; ; which, enmity, always subsisting hereditary and irreconcileable was actually productive between the two of much good colonies; Spaniards ; for the supplies of horned even to the mules, &c. were Procured with cattle, horses, in return the French much Jabour : and rious manufactures and supplied them with the Vaas slaves on much more products of Europe, as well could pessibly moderate terms than The annual procure them by any other they but amount of this means. small, as the Spaniards had simuggled trade was not any export trade --- Page 320 --- APPENDIX. and required only to answer these commodities, of the sufficient in quantity, for the consumption of inhabitants of ell colours, resident in their part It consisted annually of Santo Domingo. Dollars. horned cattle valued there at 35 dol25,000 875,000 lars mules perhead and horses at 35 dollars per head 70,000 500,000 Cash Amount sent to procure goods, negroes, and farming utensils 1,445,000 In general also, a very extensive trade was carried the United States of America to the French on by In the year 1789, six hundred ports in St. Domingo. States built vessels (burden and eighty-four United entered the different on the average seventy tons) French ports in St. Domingo. Their cargoes, brought the United States, consisted of barrels of flour, from of all kinds, as beef, pork, butter, salted provisions and other salt fish in great &c. salted herrings, English manufactured quantitiés, East India goods, goods, live stock of various kinds, andlamber. Said vessels carried back in payment to the United States, cotton, wool, indigo, cochineal, coffee, sugars, molasses, ginger, black pepper, cordials, gums rum, of various kinds, sweetmeats, segars in great quantities, nicaragua wood, logwond, fustic, Jignum vita, ebony, mahogany of all sizes in great quantitics. The returns of trade amounted to between cight and niue hundred thousand pounds English per annum. quantitiés, East India goods, goods, live stock of various kinds, andlamber. Said vessels carried back in payment to the United States, cotton, wool, indigo, cochineal, coffee, sugars, molasses, ginger, black pepper, cordials, gums rum, of various kinds, sweetmeats, segars in great quantities, nicaragua wood, logwond, fustic, Jignum vita, ebony, mahogany of all sizes in great quantitics. The returns of trade amounted to between cight and niue hundred thousand pounds English per annum. --- Page 321 --- APPENDIX. (D) Memoirs of the Prince of the Spanish of Peace, late Generatisino Armies, DON Manuel the year 1766, of Godoy was born at Badajos about relieved by the usual parents, whose necessities were often convents, and who donation of soup, &c. at secreting were occasionally the of the respectable smuggled goods during tbe employed in witnesses of inhabitants of the night, Many the miserable city are still living family. Their connection situation of the with Godoy encreasing as the family smnugglerse, however, doubtless that idea that first acquired strengih, it was brothers, Luis and indnçed the two king's life Manuel, to become eldest the guards, where soldiers in the most open manner. Luis smuggling is carried on in entered as a private in the set Out for Madrid not done duty long life guards, where he and attention of the before his portly had ed the then princess of figure caught the honours of queen. She Asturias, who manner ofsending him rich began in her enjoybox of tortoise presents, such as usual gold, which shell, with her a snuff 31. 19s. was worth an ounce portrait of set round in value, and sterling ; sometimes articles of Spanish gold, or Atlength she sometimes a purse full of much greater and Luis ventured to procure him ounces of gold. time appeared a complete a pair of colours, bim Manuel arrived; and his officer, During this to keep him as a cadet brother's success enabled * rather than to enter as a Badajos has existed being no legal commerce pursued many years by emuggling only, there that can be avoided. with her a snuff 31. 19s. was worth an ounce portrait of set round in value, and sterling ; sometimes articles of Spanish gold, or Atlength she sometimes a purse full of much greater and Luis ventured to procure him ounces of gold. time appeared a complete a pair of colours, bim Manuel arrived; and his officer, During this to keep him as a cadet brother's success enabled * rather than to enter as a Badajos has existed being no legal commerce pursued many years by emuggling only, there that can be avoided. --- Page 322 --- APPENDIX. that he should soon be able to private soldier, hoping In the mean time the procure him a preferment. his error in of Charles III. regretting jealous eye became every day more alert forcing his son to marry, in law, and of his daughter to the gross imprudencies to this new made officer he beheld her attachment and sent him imwith the most poignant indignation, his ever coming mediately into exile, prohibiting him howof Madrid, giving witbin twenty-fireleagues in the militia of Exever the command of a company and also of an old fortress in that province. tremadura, the cross of the military order Hc was also promised was too violent to of Alcantara, but Charles's passion with the and he was dismissed wait that ceremony, when nominal title of this order. This was the period and it began to think seriously of nobility; the family found the noble appendage of de was then that they of the Whether the Godoys were originally Alvarez. and had acquired a title to that Alvarez family, of the Extrethe vulgar pronunciation seignoryywhich contracted, and in fine omitmadurians had originally antited, is a question I have not found any Spanish to resolve. It now rests on the ipse quary disposed and there exists no negative evidixit of the prince, and the dence. The exile of Luis was effected; of Asturias ) with all the facility queen (the princess forgot her lover in pursuit of ofa lady of easy virtue, but erroncously, that other gallants. It has been said, in his exile, by her majesty kept sending him presents to her by the hands of Manuel, who was introduced on the of Alva, under pretext of playing the duchess circumstance is too ridiculous to guitar; the latter the contrary is the fact, 110T require confutation; but till does it appear that the qucen cyer saw Manuel all the facility queen (the princess forgot her lover in pursuit of ofa lady of easy virtue, but erroncously, that other gallants. It has been said, in his exile, by her majesty kept sending him presents to her by the hands of Manuel, who was introduced on the of Alva, under pretext of playing the duchess circumstance is too ridiculous to guitar; the latter the contrary is the fact, 110T require confutation; but till does it appear that the qucen cyer saw Manuel --- Page 323 --- APPENDIX, the death of Charles III. Indeed she was occupied, as she generally too much Jants whom she could was, in meeting with galfruitless efforts, the time enjoy, without spending in ments. During the necessary to her other amuseel procured long banishment* of an Luis, Manuhad married appointment in the an amiable guards, and alsa he had four or five children. young woman, by whom he of Charles III. At length the glory. On this gave existence to the era of our death exile, event, Luis hoping to be recalled hero's determined on from herr addressing a loving memorial majestyyrecalling to her to der pledges of his memory, the numeroustento attachment, and his approach her person. The eagerness again this memorial to the hands difficulty of the of the presenting onlys obstacle; and for this queen herself, was the properest person. This Manuel was deemed Her majesty received he performed con the aciertot. but was more struck with the memorial most graciously, figure that Presented young, bold and of an it, than with the brawny enamorato, long since plaintive tale after appointing a convenient enjoyed, The queen, into hour to take the consideration, and to converse with matter himself, dis. of The precipitation and rigour of Madrid, often presented an banishment from the court tyranny; the desterrados example of merciless their former friends are gone in an hour, no one cruelty and in a similar fate, Nor or connections, lest they should be recognizes al letter. Thus does any one dare either to involved in a character, as popular in write or receive the House of Commons in London, Madrid as some speakers a day into an oblivion as have been precipitated ip were the entire, as if dead forty blessings of an absolute monarch. years. These + We have no word in express with effect. English so emphatic as the abore te VOL, I. X in an hour, no one cruelty and in a similar fate, Nor or connections, lest they should be recognizes al letter. Thus does any one dare either to involved in a character, as popular in write or receive the House of Commons in London, Madrid as some speakers a day into an oblivion as have been precipitated ip were the entire, as if dead forty blessings of an absolute monarch. years. These + We have no word in express with effect. English so emphatic as the abore te VOL, I. X --- Page 324 --- APPENDIX. indicated missed Manuel with a present which at once From feelings, and personal attachment. ber private borne him on her this period, fort.ne seems to have of honour, as his advancement wings to the temple favours of that fickle goddess. was as rapid, as the and he received a coloLuis's exile was terminated, but a new office was nel's commission in the guards, in the life created for Manuel, adjutant-general in the army. guards, with the rank of major-general long, till he had He had not held these situations address of the succeeded, through the constmmate with the king, and himself queen, in ingratiating in the after made lieutenant-general was shortly to be one of his majesty army, and called upon of first secretary of state. ministers, in the capacity a complete asthis that he acquired It was at period, mind, by doing every thing cendancy over the king's enquiring for the king's without as he thought proper, to the king's approbation. This was SO flattering that he resolved in political affairs, that he natural indolence, another minister ; and never after to have the helm of the state,as might should govern and direct His majesty felt grateful beagreeable to his own views. him from the burden to the man who had thus relieved pouring honours of. and he continued that Manuel government, his head. It was now and wealth on and it must be confessed, that was to be ennobled, nobility from his anaddress, in claiming Don he evinced from his personal merit. cestors, rather than was created a graudee of Manuel Godoy de Alvarez the title of duke of AlSpain of the first class, under him the royal domain eadia; the king bestowing on of four of the most and also the revenues above of Alcadida, which must be rather wealthy military orders, that Manuel government, his head. It was now and wealth on and it must be confessed, that was to be ennobled, nobility from his anaddress, in claiming Don he evinced from his personal merit. cestors, rather than was created a graudee of Manuel Godoy de Alvarez the title of duke of AlSpain of the first class, under him the royal domain eadia; the king bestowing on of four of the most and also the revenues above of Alcadida, which must be rather wealthy military orders, --- Page 325 --- APPENDIX, han below $07 100,0001, duke of Alcadia found his sterling a year. The now distant relatives were all power unlimited; his most offices ; the most placed in the most lucrative to be obtained trifling favours of the court were without his permission; and not grandees of Spain paid their the ancient ed his levees, with court to him, and attend. The queen's equal assiduity as those of the liberality to him, at least king. favours, was in her sO unremiting; ; and their amours personal common, so public, and SO much in nowl became decency or decorum, that lshould defiance of all language in a be sorry to abuse the The period of description the of their wanton the duke of Alcadia war with France arrived, excesses, in which sagacity. The evinced more power than ed, which grand council of political was then a spirited, Castile was summonbody. This liberal, and at its head, council, with the brave count independent de decided in favour of Aranda contrary to those ofthe duke. defensioe measures, dence greatly incensed the Their timidity and prudetermined on ofensive duke of Alcadia, who, solved the council with measures and on plunder, dised the worthy count de great indignation, and banishhe survived Aranda to just long Sarragoza, where and downfall ofhis enough, to witness the and the most ancient country.-Thus was the most disgrace noble by the puerile council in Europe frenzy of a amnihilated instituted by Alonzo XI. mushroom duke; a council Moors in the end of the and the conquerors of the I1th 10th or the century ; a council too, beginning of the some of the wisest and from whose bosom in a genuine most salutary laws, sprung spirit of conceived say liberty, were the humanity, word justice, and I would council, which pointedly intelligible. This ancient admonished the X 2 emperor renzy of a amnihilated instituted by Alonzo XI. mushroom duke; a council Moors in the end of the and the conquerors of the I1th 10th or the century ; a council too, beginning of the some of the wisest and from whose bosom in a genuine most salutary laws, sprung spirit of conceived say liberty, were the humanity, word justice, and I would council, which pointedly intelligible. This ancient admonished the X 2 emperor --- Page 326 --- APPENDIX. checked the sangaiCharles V. and which repeatedly Truc, ambition of the Philips, is now no more. nary under the same name has been called into exanother to emblazon the shield of istence, but it serves only the rights and the Prince of Peace, and not to protect of the nation. The war with France comimmunities the time that the Spanishi soldiers menced, and during French territories, they continned advancing into the and behaved with uncommon bravery, often fighting of with two to three. The discordancy conquering occasioned them to receive orders the cabinet councils and into the Spanish territory, to retire immediately This order to act for the future on the defensice only. conthrough the whole army; and they struck a panic insulted and betrayed, and never ceived themselves The after fought either with inclination or courage. their fell before the French almost on frontier towns to the and there remained no alternative approach; the country, but by making peace. Spaniards to save could not be This the short-sighted duke thought and too dear under the existing circumstances, bought the of which poste. consequently made a treaty, folly will lament. By this treaty the Spanish territory rity and Louisiana were deliwas curtailed ; St. Domingo and an article was concluded, by vered up to France; France with a certain numwhich Spain was to furnish whenever the ber of ships of the line, well equipped, should be at war ; and also to pay, suplatter power French soldiers to protect port, and clothe, 45,000 For this treaty the Spain, whether in war or peace. de la Paz, besotted Charles IV. made our hero principe general de los Exercitos Espamnoles por Ticrray eapitan him at the same time new domains, gor Mar ; giving monasteries. Hitherto Caterontmendtenedirdetr numwhich Spain was to furnish whenever the ber of ships of the line, well equipped, should be at war ; and also to pay, suplatter power French soldiers to protect port, and clothe, 45,000 For this treaty the Spain, whether in war or peace. de la Paz, besotted Charles IV. made our hero principe general de los Exercitos Espamnoles por Ticrray eapitan him at the same time new domains, gor Mar ; giving monasteries. Hitherto Caterontmendtenedirdetr --- Page 327 --- APPENDIX, the impropricty of the tural prince's conduct consequence of lis scemg the naand titles ignorance; but as his witb traits increased, his character power of treachery, appears marked can never be erased.-I cruelty, and tyranny, which Gasper Melchior de allude to his treatment of don genius, a philosopher, Jovellansts a man of taste and not inferior to statesman and courted, any other in Europe, He agriculturist, this adinired, and became the originally philosopher, and assumed friend of cause than his superior afterwards, without any other directed by wisdom and talents, which were of his unbappy penetration to the renovation uniformly inveterate enemy, country, became bis most cruel and miserable prison in condemning him causelessly to ted from the first Mallorca, where he was a communication secretariship of state, precipitaThe cruel with his friends, and even denied all and unjust with his wife. man will for ever stain sufferings of this most infamy and the character of our hero worthy detestation.-Hia conduct with respectable' characters, but of to two other equally criminal and less of ferocious, notoriety, was partiality to the English, falsely accusing them About this period, his of the princesses whimsical marringe with being absolute, royal took; place. His one and quite power now This independent of the those who great statesman and queen, are familiar with Spanish patriot is not would enrich any Spanish affirs, and his unknown to and liberal langunage: This work, and Ley Agraria present sentiments, occasioned his his general free of change of things, and as an exile, which lasted till the liberty, he was aggravation to his and obliged to spend interdicted his the use of pen, paper and privation shism, a task forcibly time in teaching children books, imposed upon him, their Caten independent of the those who great statesman and queen, are familiar with Spanish patriot is not would enrich any Spanish affirs, and his unknown to and liberal langunage: This work, and Ley Agraria present sentiments, occasioned his his general free of change of things, and as an exile, which lasted till the liberty, he was aggravation to his and obliged to spend interdicted his the use of pen, paper and privation shism, a task forcibly time in teaching children books, imposed upon him, their Caten --- Page 328 --- APPENDIX. for her increased daily; which she perhis contampt able to discover whether he ceiving, and never being diminutive to her Manuelito (a was married, proposed in the public levee, to of great tenderness in Spanish), to whom marry one of the princesses, then present, answered, 6 that he was alshe pointed. The prince the favours of her majesty : ways ready to receive of Toledo (an Italian) being and the then archbishop immediately. present, the nuptials were celebrated This was the completion of his power. of the pope, he obliged At the re-establishment the anthority the bishops of Spain, who had enjoyed the indistricts, during of popes in their respective to the new terregnum, to render their obeisance of who in return constituted him € protector pope, catholic faith : and the archbishop of Tothe whole was translated to ledo, who celebrated his nuptials, hat. The present archbishop Rome, with a cardinal's Louis de Bourbon, of Toledo and primate of Spain, uncle. On the declaration is hence his matrimonial Portugal, of the unprovoked and unjust war against as himselfat the head of the soldiers, our bero placed but his and only of the army; principal generalissimo some convents of woachievement was breaking up the counmen, and dispersing the nuns throughout consistent with a protector try, a conduct not very of the catholic faith. we behold Whilst we view his political character, traits it tissued with errors, crimes, and occasionally, character we of benevoleuce; but from his private and unshrink with horrer and disgust, at his endless christian in any limited debaucheries, unparalleled his powers age or country. By amour he acquired to bold andhonours, and by amour he was determined some convents of woachievement was breaking up the counmen, and dispersing the nuns throughout consistent with a protector try, a conduct not very of the catholic faith. we behold Whilst we view his political character, traits it tissued with errors, crimes, and occasionally, character we of benevoleuce; but from his private and unshrink with horrer and disgust, at his endless christian in any limited debaucheries, unparalleled his powers age or country. By amour he acquired to bold andhonours, and by amour he was determined --- Page 329 --- APPENDIX. them. Fathers, 31i cheerfully mothers, hushands, conduct their brothers, would if somewhat daughters, wives, or in order handsome, to the attention of sisters, to procure places and the prince, ment. A handsome peusions from governfailed to woman, ofaddres, indeed, procure either her seldom or other father, husband, relative, a place : but orbrother, was common to see six or at what a price !!! It in his saloon seven of these hapless to their every morning, with whom in victims beanty or charms, he proportion cession. This is a regaled himselfin sucless melaneholy just. It is, picture, but is not the however, a danger of satire ; and bad lamentable proof of the ininitable Don Quixotte, Cervantes never written bis dared to dispatch her a queen would never have much less a prince enissaries to search for in the have dared to establish gallants, had capital of Spain ; nor conld a seraglio any other existence than cabronazos, * have an innocent and in words. Quixotte is but has proved fatal amusing work to an English it be for to the Spaniards. reader, Spain had she still Happy would cabronazos ; her chief knights.errant in lieu of ted by pestilence and townswould not then be desolasunk into famine, nor her debility and degenerate sons standing, among those of premature old age, Notwithdesty in the men, and education, there is still inoThe queen, chastity in the women, who, ject to any infirmities whether, as it is said, she be snbof abandoned nature, or actuated principle, the natural by an * consequence of an I do not believe that either be benefited by a translation of our language or morals would be more dangerous than this word : yet as curiosity wiyes' fayours, truth, it means € men who sell their may standing, among those of premature old age, Notwithdesty in the men, and education, there is still inoThe queen, chastity in the women, who, ject to any infirmities whether, as it is said, she be snbof abandoned nature, or actuated principle, the natural by an * consequence of an I do not believe that either be benefited by a translation of our language or morals would be more dangerous than this word : yet as curiosity wiyes' fayours, truth, it means € men who sell their may --- Page 330 --- APPENDIX. Italian education, must be classed with greatly injured Spain. Her Messalina, has been published, and private memoirs have who are said to be authentic ought to know; butas it is a by those more scandalous than that of work, if possible, only desert, To account Cleland, oblivion is its usage of the for the contempt and illprince to her, it has been she had, in some unguarded supposed that proposed to him the death of moment of pleasure, desperate expedient; the king, or some such would have dared otherwise, it is thought he never The to treat her in the manner he king, simple man, knew did, any thing but nothing, nor minded fowling, to which he was attached, and is an excellent extremely was devoted to marksman. The queen ducted the searching for gallants ; Godoy conhe thought fit. government, He and created new nobles as is net really an as he has been accused ; but his enemy to learning, have been badly schemes to protect it conceived, and to the progress of proved equally fatal in the absurd knowledge. An instance appears privilege given to the late don Cavanilles, whose pupils alone were Joseph the professors' chairs in the different permitted to fH public schools: all others, universities and even those of formation, not disciples of superior ined being professors of Cavanilles, were prohibitbotany. Cavanilles long time in Paris, where he resided 2 and intrigue than acquired more cunning consisted in philosopby; and his great labours reducing (improperly) the naeus to fifteen. Such have classes of Linbeen the efforts of the Prince of Peace to left-handed encourage the arts and sciences. proteet learning, and strongly marked with His manners are provincialism; at first violent and impetuous; then ccol, repentant, and meditative, and, botany. Cavanilles long time in Paris, where he resided 2 and intrigue than acquired more cunning consisted in philosopby; and his great labours reducing (improperly) the naeus to fifteen. Such have classes of Linbeen the efforts of the Prince of Peace to left-handed encourage the arts and sciences. proteet learning, and strongly marked with His manners are provincialism; at first violent and impetuous; then ccol, repentant, and meditative, and, --- Page 331 --- APPENDIX. In fine, passive, able-bodied yielding, and is man, at present friendly.--Ile a vcry figure mnore agreeable from its very corpulent : of a of the deportment of strength than that of a courtier a man of business rather beauty; or than strong than noble. philosopher; He and of a mien more yet he rarcly shews that is not destitute of talents, ness, which uneducated depth of perpicuity orshrewdrally evince. His men of strong minds rously attended levees, were regularly and geneby the first numewas not wanting in attention nobility of Spain ; and he visitants. He was hated and to the fair part of his grandees, whose privileges feared by the aucient short, his pride and his he greatly curtailed. In disgraced his country, and debaucheries, ruined and detestation, His annual cannot be held in too great at upwards of 250,0001, income has been estimated much more. sterling, but was probably It would be endless to of this man's administration enumerate the baneful effects fuller idea of the influence in Spain, but to give a and acquired, we add the following supreme authority he order, wbhich contains the titles translation of a public upon him. 'succesively conferred NOTICE TO THE PUBLIC. This afternoon public walk and being the 30th of August, a celebrate the procession is hereby grand Madrid, joy of this Royal Board proclaimed, of to fire which procession is to be Trade of works in the evening accompanied with commemoration of the prepared for that effect, in Serene Highness the Prince happy elevation of his most of Great Admiral of of Peace, to the Spain, and the dignity Indies, and Pro- --- Page 332 --- APPENDIX. of maritime trade in all the dominions of his tector majesty. ordered that all the public walk, including the It is and the quarter of the town called Salud, field of Mars, and bands of music placed be handsomely adorned, Round the statue of our at appropriate distances. Charles the Third, (to whose august King and Lorl, soul God grant rest) there shallbe placed one company and another round the royal porof cavalry on guard, Charles the Fourth, trait of our august King and Lord, God this portrait with that of-his (whom preserve:) the Prince of Peace, GeneralMost Serene Highness shall be placed in state issimo, and High Admiral, Castle la Punta. at the end of the public walk near the The frame in which are represented these two porbeing the same that was placed in the theatre on traits, the evening ofthe 23rd instant. and It shall be displayed with all suitable elegance, with the different merchant flags, with tha adorned the royal standard, names of the principal sea-ports,and from the which trade will receive to signify protection and the beneficence of his his Most Serene Highness, which will be followed Majesty in this new elevation, increase and opulence in comierce, by the greatest in addition to the royal marine on being thus protected, walk will be presented two vesforces. In the public from the trade of the sels manned with youths, chosen and dressed in sailor's cloathing, handsomely town, manifesting their joy at the re-estabrichly adorned, and election of the High lishment of the admiralty, in the of Admiral, and great protector of trade, person Serene Prince and Generalissimo, his Most Highness, which promise the bappy results wc may expect. , by the greatest in addition to the royal marine on being thus protected, walk will be presented two vesforces. In the public from the trade of the sels manned with youths, chosen and dressed in sailor's cloathing, handsomely town, manifesting their joy at the re-estabrichly adorned, and election of the High lishment of the admiralty, in the of Admiral, and great protector of trade, person Serene Prince and Generalissimo, his Most Highness, which promise the bappy results wc may expect. --- Page 333 --- APPENDIX. TITLES OF THE PRINCE S15 Our-Most Serene or PEACE. rez de Faria, Lord Doni Manuel de Godoy, AlvaPeace, Count of Rios, Sanchez Zaragoza, Prince of Rome and Ebramonte, Lord of the Forests of Albalat, La Aldobea, and the States of the and the Sirena, Lagos de la country of towns of Huetor de Albufera de Valencia, Perpetual Mayor of the cities Santillana, of Veas and Lueca, and Reus, of the cities of Madrid, Nava del Rey, Exija, Burgos, Segovia, Santingo, Cadiz, Malaga, Mauresa, Guadalasan, Valencin, Murcia, Ronda, St. Lucar de Barrameda, Gerona, Barcelona, Pensicola, Assumption in Paraguay, Teruel, Lerida, Toledo, Dignitary of the towns of Buenos Ayres and Mexico, Seville, Elder Brother Xerez de la Frontera, and tribunal ofthe Holy and and Perpetual Alcalde of the of Toledo, with Royal Brotherhood of the city in all their functions, representation, vote, and presidency of the college of Nobles Deputy Director and President sury for the in Madrid, and of the support of Officers' TreaSpain of the first class, Widows, Grandee of order of the Golden Knight of the distinguished the royal and Fleece, and of the Great Cross of and of St. Jobn, distinguished order of Charles the Third, order of Christ, of Knight Saint of the Great Cross of the royal the most Gonaroand Saint Fernando, of Comendador distinguished rank in the Legion d' ofValencia, del Honmnetor, neschal in the Vensoto, Rivera, and Seand Senior ofthe militaty order of Santiago, Counsellor Generalissimo State, Gentleman ofthe ral of the of the royal armies by land, Bed-chamber, dies, royal maritine forces of High Admiand Protector of the maritime Spain and the Inminions of bis Royal Majesty. trade of all the do. Printed by superior orders. the most Gonaroand Saint Fernando, of Comendador distinguished rank in the Legion d' ofValencia, del Honmnetor, neschal in the Vensoto, Rivera, and Seand Senior ofthe militaty order of Santiago, Counsellor Generalissimo State, Gentleman ofthe ral of the of the royal armies by land, Bed-chamber, dies, royal maritine forces of High Admiand Protector of the maritime Spain and the Inminions of bis Royal Majesty. trade of all the do. Printed by superior orders. --- Page 334 --- APPENDIX. Who could ever imagine that SO many titles and dignities ever belonged to one man, but less to a plebeian by birth, originally a stripling unknown, but who rose to be a man of the first consequence in a kingdom of nobles, by his address, cunning and person, for he had not an accomplishment beyond droning out love songs to the sound ofa guitar, which he first learnt in the guard house, --- Page 335 --- APPENDIX, (E) Copy of a dispatch From to Yiscount Major-Generat Carmichact the cily of St. Custteroagh, dated Saint Carlos, before Domingo, 8th July, 1809. Saint Carlor, before thecity %f St, My LORD, July 8, 1809. Dominge, Ihave the ship, that I sailed from pleasure to inform your Lordwith the Jamaica, on the troops as per 7th ultimo, lenque, the nearest margin, and landed at Pafrom the city of St. landing place, thirty miles distant when Timmediately Domingo, on the 28th instant, and fortifications, which procceded to reconnoitre the forts the 29th, and fully was completely effected bastions were assailable satisfied me that the walls and on sidering the garrison who by a coup-de-main, and, confor a constant had bravely me that siege of eight defended them prompt and decisive months, it appeared to prudent before a measures were most the evil effect of gallant enemy, and would the only foe to be open trenches in the rainy obviate had already made dreaded by this season, natives of a severe corps, and which the country, 400 impression on the unfit for out of 600 Spanish with service, and would being rendered flict more mortality to the British probably be attended upon the walls, troops, than a His Excellency conmet, on the 30th General Sanchez, from whom reception, being ulimo, the most kind and I am grieved to very sick some time cordial liver say, still before, and, I disease, ordered the continues SO by fatigue and Spanish troops at the dif- and which the country, 400 impression on the unfit for out of 600 Spanish with service, and would being rendered flict more mortality to the British probably be attended upon the walls, troops, than a His Excellency conmet, on the 30th General Sanchez, from whom reception, being ulimo, the most kind and I am grieved to very sick some time cordial liver say, still before, and, I disease, ordered the continues SO by fatigue and Spanish troops at the dif- --- Page 336 --- APPENDIX. any directions given by me, ferent posts to execute by a forward movewhich they cheerfully perforned cutting off the ment, immediately and effectually of St. Doiningo and communication between the city fortress of Fort Jeronie, which, by covering the strony prevented our communicating the only landirg place, with the squadron. refused the French geHaving tbe sane evening as by inclo. for an armistice, neral's application advanced with a detachment of sures 1, 2, & 3, I and established Spaniards to the church of St. Carlos, of the city, there within musket-shiot that my quarters troops' would be with us confdenit that the Brtish however, was rendered impracticable night, which, until the following night by heavy and incessant rai, fatigue aud of the Ist, after suffering the greatest on bad roads, dragging the field-picee S' privations, and passages of rivers without and dreadful weather, proper conveyance. I received another letter from The Ist of July answered by No. 5, allowing General Barquier, No. 4, him until twelve the next day for an answer. of a continual fire of musketry In consequence whilst the white flag was up, 1 moved from the walls and sent an aid-deforward with a party of dragoons, demaud the cause, who was very politely camp to General Barquier, that the received, and assured by numbers of jnhabitauts were firing at immnense but that he would wild pigcons Aying over the walls; strict orders forit to cease during the suspension give On the 2nd instant I rereived a letter, of hostilities. respecting the moveNo. 6, from General Barquier, which had been ment of the troops to St. Carlos, for on the 30th uitimo, when bis overture occupied --- Page 337 --- APPENDIX, negociation was rejected; the 3rd, the commissioners answered by No. 7. On those on the part of the for the capitulation met; their instractions French having declared that surrender, which I were also positively not to consent to intercepted letters, and, understood by and as I did not prisoners justifiable in admitting conceive myself aujourned until a any other terms, the meeting the commander of communication tbe naval could be had with In forces. consequence of bad not received until the 6th weather, the answer was coincided with instant, which could be granted my opinion, as to the only terms perfectly that the river to the enemy. I was also that Haina had informed were thus separated from overflowed its banks, and we ordnance stores and tbe greater part of the termined me to our provisions, which further deas I stated to bring the matter to immediate Captain Cumby, and issue, cooperation in ermed requested that visions, which I found seamen, him ammunition, and proto afford. ever ready most cordially With humble of submission to the events, full confidence in a just Almighty Disposer hearts to maintain it, I cause, and British be delivered to General wrote the letter, No. 8, to rison, again Barquier on the French refusing to lay down their garimmediately made the following arms, and The first brigade, under the disposition. Colonel command of Lieutenant Horsford, who that the duty of Deputy preferred command to The second Adjutant General. brigade, under 54th regiment, Lieutenant Major Curry of the regiment, a valuable Colonel Smith of the 55th officer, not baying joined, by and British be delivered to General wrote the letter, No. 8, to rison, again Barquier on the French refusing to lay down their garimmediately made the following arms, and The first brigade, under the disposition. Colonel command of Lieutenant Horsford, who that the duty of Deputy preferred command to The second Adjutant General. brigade, under 54th regiment, Lieutenant Major Curry of the regiment, a valuable Colonel Smith of the 55th officer, not baying joined, by --- Page 338 --- APPENDIX. transport, in which he was embarked, being the Diego whose absence I should have greatly a bad sailer, and excellent officers and men regretted, as well as the taken place. with him, had the expected engagement the reserve On firing the first gun from the enemy, formed of the Royal Irish and 54th grenadiers, to be the second West India regiment, and fifty men of Rico regiment, as this the same number of the Porto walls of the body had sufficient cover, as long as the above church and my quarters remhained, upon which, distance of and one mortar bore at the twenty guns yards. I directed three hundred and eighty-eight active and zealous Brigadier General French, a most take a at a hollow, about one officer, to up position and should hundred and fifty paces distant, in my rear, attempt a sortie upon the reserve, to the garrison charge bayonets and folwait their close approach, remained low them into the city. Had the enemy different the false attacks and feints, at within gates, during the night, and scalingpoints, were to be made assault was to_take ladders being prepared, a general place in open day, the first favourable opportunity, but to be effected upon the bastions; a lodgement the streets until further orders. the troops not to enter under arms, the During this hour of suspense was impatience for attack, only sensation perceptible, British soldier, at that and the countenance of every determination interesting period, depicted a resolute of the of England, with the points to plant glory fortified walls of St. Dotheir bayonets, upon the military The hour having expired, I sent my mingo. Twigg, to know the reason the secretary, Captain after thc time had elapsed, white fag was coutinxed the troops not to enter under arms, the During this hour of suspense was impatience for attack, only sensation perceptible, British soldier, at that and the countenance of every determination interesting period, depicted a resolute of the of England, with the points to plant glory fortified walls of St. Dotheir bayonets, upon the military The hour having expired, I sent my mingo. Twigg, to know the reason the secretary, Captain after thc time had elapsed, white fag was coutinxed --- Page 339 --- APPENDIX. and not any answer at the gate returned to my letter? He that the Lieutenant Colonel Myers, met ultimatum had been announcing garrison consented to lay agréed upon, and the of war. down their arms as I also detached prisoners with three light Major Walker of the Royal Irish, and 55th companies of the Royal strong fortress regiments of foot, to Fort Irish, 54th about two miles west Jerome, a very orders, on the of the city, with the gate with commencement a of the action, to force port, the walls field-piece, and storm by the his summons, being too high for escalade, sallyvisions but biscuit Captain Gillerman, who had Upon soldier, that he left, gaye the answer of no proThe honour would abide the fate of a brave of his the city. been maintained, withont Majesty's arms, my lord, has soldier, by shot Or the loss of one British that glorious, sickness, or having source, the but, at the same time, recourse to considered assault of a deplorable rethie populous city. When it the French courage and persevering is and garrison, with their fortitude of of numbers, I trust his superiority of the measures taken Majesty will not position nitude of the for the disapprove object reduction, the to the enemy, and obtained, and the terms maglordship by which will be delivered granted of the 54th my military secretary, to your for forther regiment, to whom I Captain Twigg, him informnation, and beg leave to refer as an officer earnestly his Majesty deserving such mark of recommend I may be graciously favour, as have, my lord, now a pleased to confer. duty to perform, that of farther most VOL, I. making known to his gratifying Y Majesty --- Page 340 --- APPENDIX. exertions of the the most zealous and indefatigable officers:-Brigadier General French, sefollowing Lieutenant Colonei Horsford, cond in command ; Lieutenant Colonel commanding the first brigade; whose Smith, commanding the Royal Artillery, abilities aud unwearied attention surmounted uncomdifficulties; ; Lieutenant Colonel Myers, Deputymon and commissioner to arrange quarter-imastegr-gesensle the articles of capitulation. of those officers af6 The prominent situation of their zeal, forded me a constant experience honourable abilities, and, anxiety for the most termination of the enterprise 5 and which sentiments, lordship, actuated every officer, I can assure your the exnon-commisioned officer, and soldier, upon pedition. in me, my Lord, were I It would be ingratitude terms, the to omit stating in the strongest possible noticed, as I have already the cordial co-operation, received from Captain and efficient aid, the army before commanding his Majesty's squadron Cumby, also landed two officers, Lieuthe city, who with a detachment tenants Denman and Sheriff, and cheerwho were of infinite service, of seamen, the most severe fatigue and lafully underwent bour. for me to pass over in silence, It is impossible from William Walton, the great assistance I reccived who formerly rejun. Esq. an English gentleman with sided in the island, and whose acquaintance rendered his inhabitants, and languages, the country, able services of the most essential voluntary and before commanding his Majesty's squadron Cumby, also landed two officers, Lieuthe city, who with a detachment tenants Denman and Sheriff, and cheerwho were of infinite service, of seamen, the most severe fatigue and lafully underwent bour. for me to pass over in silence, It is impossible from William Walton, the great assistance I reccived who formerly rejun. Esq. an English gentleman with sided in the island, and whose acquaintance rendered his inhabitants, and languages, the country, able services of the most essential voluntary and --- Page 341 --- APPENDIX. benefit, as private pedition. Secretary to me during the ex- (Signed) Ihave the honourto be, &o H.L. CARNICHAEL, His commanding Major-Genemi), Forces at the Britannic Majesty'a City of St. Domingo. Then follows the tween Major-General correspondence referred to be. Commandant, which Carmichnel and the pitulation, at length terminated French by which the garrison in a caFrance, not to serve till were to be sent to were to be sent first to regularly exchanged. They veyances were to be Jamaica, from whence contheir destination. provided to take them to His Capture of Samana. Majesty's brigs Port Royal, Reindeer and Pert arrived bring us the in Samana, the famous tidings of the capture of vateers, by his Majesty's rendezvous for a horde of priDaedalus, and Reindeer frigates Franchise, Aurora, 1Oth instant these vessels and Pert brigs. On the when the alarm was anchored off the of such a superior soon spread, and at the town, inhabitants force, the sight of the town, principal part of the French, men, women and consisting of upwards of 900 board the children, sought Exchange privateer refuge on men, and another of 14 guns, and 100 pecting they would privatéer be lying in the to St. able to effect harbour, their exDomingo with the assistance escape Themen of war perceiving of their sweeps. dispatched four boats well manned, in LAEELISE Y 2 pursuit of them, --- Page 342 --- APPENDIX. them. In which soon came up with and captured to time, several other boats proceeded the mean after a storm the fort, which was accomplished to add, resistance. We regret, however, slight Duer of the Aurora, was dangerously that Captain while landing wounded in the head by a musket-ball, Jaden Four vessels lying in the harbour, the party. also fell into the hands of the capwith coffce, &c. after dispatched to Putors. A vessel was shortly and requesting a erto Rico with the intelligence ; from thence, to sufficient number of troops to be sent to the the place, which was transferred garrison Spaniards. Proclamation found in page 208.) (Original of General de Brigada ; Comandte. en < L. Barquier haciendo funciones Xefe, y Administrador-geseral, vecinos antiguamente Esde Capn. General. Alos Este de la Isla de Sto. Dopanioles de la parte del mingo. del Este de Sto. Domingo. 66 Vecinos de la parte levantado contra el GoHace seis meçes que haveis de la rebelion ; hace bierno Frances el estandarte de vuestra patria. seis meces que desgarrais el seno culpavuestra esperanza en ruestra Qual era pues haveis ganado en esta guerra ble empresa ! ay que 2_Vuestros campos estan tan impia como insensata y vosotros haazolados ; vuestros hatos despoblados; vuestros. amigos à veis forzado aquellos que fueron la desblacion. i Inllevar entre vosotros la mucrte y antoridad mas gratos ! a Que OS faltaba? i Baxo vivir! qual Yo se que haveis paterna y amorosa queriais sido cruelmente enganasido seducidos, que haveis ojos no estàn todados; à Pero como aun vuestros uestros campos estan tan impia como insensata y vosotros haazolados ; vuestros hatos despoblados; vuestros. amigos à veis forzado aquellos que fueron la desblacion. i Inllevar entre vosotros la mucrte y antoridad mas gratos ! a Que OS faltaba? i Baxo vivir! qual Yo se que haveis paterna y amorosa queriais sido cruelmente enganasido seducidos, que haveis ojos no estàn todados; à Pero como aun vuestros --- Page 343 --- APPENDIX. via abiertos P i Por nal ambicion de vuestros ventura, sacrificarinis à la criml. cejos de vuestros Gefes, y a los perfidos dad, vuestras enemigos eternos, vuestra conEsposas propriedades, la tranquiliy de vuestros existencia de vuestras pone la felieidad del hijos, y en fn quanto comy sus hombre de bien en Gefes esperanzas en la otra la tierra, han vida7-Quando precipitado el destino de vuestros tempesttosa mar de Jas este Pais en la raban el horroroso revoluciones, ellos no qual OS entregaban venidero que OS ignocigamente ; pero en su delirio preparaban, y al azia un punto han andado por que yo, y mis que no alcanzaràn esto entre ellos, valerosos soldados, nos fainas, y esse punto, hemos puInsensatos ? todos la clemencia del vosotros haveis dido gobierno ; desesperado de creer en mis vosotros no haveis de haver sido palabras de paz porque poy traidores con vuestros despues perjuros à vuestros bien-hechores, desconfiados; ; pero juramentos, Os haveis hecho empo; ; y yo lo repito, desengafiaos : todavia aun es tifuerte para no porque me hallo demasiado sed pacificos; bolbed temeros; regresad à vuestras mesticas, à vuestras tareas casas ; mal y borra con una sumicion y faenas dohaveis causado. Dios no pronta quanto pecador : el encomienda el quiere la muerte del siendo su ley olvido de las. Como divina, el norte de mis injurias, dor de Cristiano, y como acciones, los Franceses, representante del neral y entero. yo OS consedo un indulto EmperaVuestras gepectadas; sereis protejidos, propriedades serân resantiguos y tratados como los mis Franceses; pero daos priesa à angenerosas ofertas ; aprovechar quiza ya no estarà en mi porque de aqui à poco, poder el hacer cosa al- --- Page 344 --- APPENDIX. guna por vosotros. Bueltos pues à vuestro deber, algun dia bendicireis mi clemencia, è incluireis mi nombre en las acciones de gracia que dareis al omnipotente, quien sin duda quiere salvar este pais, quiere que todavia sea dichoso, y que yo sea el elinstrumento de su bondad. Quartel general de Sto. Domingo, 21 de Abril de 1809. (firmado) BARQUIER. --- Page 345 --- APPENDIX. (F) Selection of a Cargo suited, on a general Spanish Setilements in Scale,Jor the tion of Goods, America, being the DescripBritish Proportions, Kc. intended to assist the Trader in his dssortments. Superfine Woollen Broad Cloths, J00 Pieces Cloth, to be packed in Ten 4 Pieces Mazarine Bales, viz. Blue. 1 Green, 1 Black. I Brown, dark colour. I White, being regimental colour. 1 Rei, 1 Purple. 1O Pieces in each Bale, Kerseymeres, 150 Pieces, viz. 4 Blue. 2 White. 2 Red. 1 Bottle Green, 1 Brown. 1 Purple. 4 Fancy Colours, say, Fawns, and 15 Pieces in each Bale, Chocolates, &c. in his dssortments. Superfine Woollen Broad Cloths, J00 Pieces Cloth, to be packed in Ten 4 Pieces Mazarine Bales, viz. Blue. 1 Green, 1 Black. I Brown, dark colour. I White, being regimental colour. 1 Rei, 1 Purple. 1O Pieces in each Bale, Kerseymeres, 150 Pieces, viz. 4 Blue. 2 White. 2 Red. 1 Bottle Green, 1 Brown. 1 Purple. 4 Fancy Colours, say, Fawns, and 15 Pieces in each Bale, Chocolates, &c. --- Page 346 --- APPENDIX. Ladies thin Woollen Cloths, 80 Pieces, viz. 4 Blue. 2 White. 1 Red. 1 Black. 1 Purple. I Bottle Green. 10 Pieces in each Bale. Yorkshire Woollen Cloths, 80 Pieces. 4 Blue. 2 Maroon. 1 Scarlet. 1 Purple. 1 White. I Bottle Green. 10 Pieces in each Bale. Truco, 0T Billiard Cloths. second quality, packed in two Bales. 1O Pieces Green, Blankets. different sizes assorted in each Bale. 6 Bales, cheap, Buntings, to make Spanish Flags. 100 Pieces Yellow? in Bales 20 Pieces each. 50 Red --- Page 347 --- APPENDIX. Sz Hats, 10 cases, to contain 40 round hats hats-good each, in all 400 quality-some and green undernenth-dark silks,-quarter white, best hide linings, or such as few hats, perspiration-prices white from 8s. to 228.-a with and black, suited to a large brim, and small friars, that is 2 cases hats crown, ornamented for officers in the stile peaux bras, but of chaand buckles large-none for women-bands must each must be dressed and accompany hat, and it on opening. No preserved in shape to use the greatest negro hats ; this article luxury the Spaniards being fer them guod. have, they preBed Ticks. 4 Cases, and blue the prevailing colour. Linens, Scotch and Irish. All as white as possible, for the Spanish quires the commodity to flatter American remore than the touch and please the eye seeks it or feel, but at the same time cheap, viz. 10 Bales Osnaburgs. 5 ditto Ticklenburgs, 6 Cases Platillas White. 2 ditto ditto Brown. 4 ditto Caserillos or White 10 ditto Estopillas, Rolls, 10 ditto Britannias. --- Page 348 --- APPENDIX. 4 Cases Ravensburgs. 2 ditto Sheeting, folded as Russia. Linens folded and marked as Creas a la 4 ditto Morlaix. N. B. The more they imitate German goods the a strong preference is given. better, as to the latter Sail Cloth, 100 Pieces, No. No. No. No. No. No. Pieces in each Bale. Cheapest quality. Sail and Seive Twine. in three Bales. 300 Pounds weight Irish White Linens, 200 Pieces. (Bounty on Exportation.) 4 Pieces at 12d. per yard. 4 ditto at 15d. ditto. 4 ditto at 18d. ditto. 4 ditto at 21d. ditto. 4 ditto at 2s. ditto. 20 Pieces in each Trunk. colour. N. B. Shewy, high glazed, and good . No. No. No. No. Pieces in each Bale. Cheapest quality. Sail and Seive Twine. in three Bales. 300 Pounds weight Irish White Linens, 200 Pieces. (Bounty on Exportation.) 4 Pieces at 12d. per yard. 4 ditto at 15d. ditto. 4 ditto at 18d. ditto. 4 ditto at 21d. ditto. 4 ditto at 2s. ditto. 20 Pieces in each Trunk. colour. N. B. Shewy, high glazed, and good --- Page 349 --- APPENDIX. Checks, 250 Pieces, Linen and Cotton. 100 Pieces linen checks three quarters, good blues and clear whites hot calendered, highly stripe. A Bounty is had on exportation. glazed, small 150 Ditto cotton checks folded as much as imitate linen checks, and in the possible to No plaid patterns. German style. 250 Pieces packed 25 in each Bale. Handkerchiefs, 400 Dozen. 200 Dozen blue and white, blue ground, white bar, and to measure 35 to 40 inches cross 100 Dozen fancy red, purple, and white square. 100 Dozen fancy colours. cross barred, 400 Dozen, 25 in each Bale. N.B. These handkerchiefs being intended for poor people to wear on the head, must be cheap. Printed Calicoes, 1000 Pieces, 28 Yards 600 Pieces low priced, say from 16d. to 22d. each, glaring colours and per yard, grounds, neat sprigs, more depends on the colours and shew, than on the fineness of the cloth; if they only consist of two colours let them be gaudy and 200 Pieces from 20d. to 24d, Chintz lively. farniture sprigged, shewy and tawdry. patterns, 200 Pieces ell wide from 2s. to 2s. 6d. 21 yards, all most shewy per yard, length the prints done possible, to imitate the by Portales in Neufchatel, Switzerland, or East India Calicoes. 1000 Pieces packed in Trunks 25 Pieces half divided into Pieces of 7 each, one folded in the book fashion. yards each, and --- Page 350 --- APPENDIX. Glasgow White Muslins, tamboured, and spotted, 500 Pieces, each to Lappet, thinnest grounds, thickly worked contain 10 Yards, but newest and most shewy patterns, and sprigged, the cheapest rates. 50 Pieces also worked in gold, flowered, &c. dresses, bottoms worked in colours, 200 Ladies' gay, &c. 100 Dozen white muslin handkerchiefs. 100 Pieces book muslin, good quality. clear and 100 Pieces for mosquito nets and curtains, cheap. White Dutch Rope, 100 Pieces, viz. 10 Pieces at 15d. per yard. 5 ditto at 18d. ditto. 5 ditto at 21d. ditto. 5 ditto at 2s. ditto, 25 Pieces in each Trunk. Ginghams, 300 Pieces, viz. 10 Pieces at 14d. per yard. 5 ditto at 16d. ditto. 5 ditto at 18d. ditto. 5 ditto at 21d. ditto. in each Trunk. Colours to be lively, light, 25 Pieces roses, crimsons, yek shewy, such as pinks, lows, &c.. d. ditto. 5 ditto at 21d. ditto. 5 ditto at 2s. ditto, 25 Pieces in each Trunk. Ginghams, 300 Pieces, viz. 10 Pieces at 14d. per yard. 5 ditto at 16d. ditto. 5 ditto at 18d. ditto. 5 ditto at 21d. ditto. in each Trunk. Colours to be lively, light, 25 Pieces roses, crimsons, yek shewy, such as pinks, lows, &c.. --- Page 351 --- APPENDIX. Lancaslire White Muslinets, (Variety of small Patterns) GO Pieces packed in Trunks, 20 in each, but priced. low Jeannets, 40 Pieces. 20 Pieces in each Trunk, dyed of lively colours. White Shirting Calicoes, 200 Pieces. 4 Pieces 12d. per yard. 4 ditto 15d, ditto. 4 ditto 18d, ditto. 4 ditto 21d. ditto. 4 ditto 2s. ditto. 20 Pieces in each Trunk, Cotton Estopillas. 500 Pieces folded and packed to imitate German. Small Cotton Platillas, 600 Pieces. Being cotton shirting cut into small yards each, and then folded and pieces, seven imitate, in miniature, German papered to platillas. Mock Madras Handkerchidfs, 400 Dozen, To imitate, as much as possible, the real Jours, shewy, &c. 25 dozen in each Trunk, lively CO- --- Page 352 --- APPENDIX. Table Cloths of Cotton. Trunks with table cloths, and napkins to match, Two red and blue wide borders. The table with cloths not largest sizes. 200 Dozer. Pullicat and Romal Handkerchiefs, and gaudy, from 36s. to 50s. per dozen, each Shewy trunk to contain 25 pieces. Mantillas OT Shawls for Veils. worked, shewy and handsome, of 500 Sprigged muslin. White laced veils, fashionable and large. 50 Black. in of cotton knot, This article is made Nottingham worked broad borders, and variety of patterns. Velverets, Half Ell wide, none Half Yards, 100 Pieces. All 2 Black. 4 Blue. 1 Yellow. 1 Purple. 1 Rose. 1 Sky Blue. Pieces in each trank from 2s., Sd. to 3s. 6d. per yard. --- Page 353 --- APPENDIX. Cordurois, AIl Half Ell wide, and ribbed, 100 Pieces. 4 Blue. 2 Black. 4 Fawns, and fancy colours. 10 Pieces in each Trunk. White Cotton Tapes. 1001. value in an assortment, but broad sizes avoided. Blue Cottons, 400 Pieces. To imitate East India, well dyed, second and cloths, and packed in bales 25 inferior This is a great wear of the pieces in each. people. Indians, and common White Cotton Thread. 501. value assorted, some in smal! boxes. White Flar Thread, 501, assorted. White Corded Dimities, 100 Pieces Yard wide. 10 at 15d. per yard. 5 at 18d. ditto. 5 at 21d. ditto. 5 at 2s. ditto. 25in each Trunk. To imitate East India, well dyed, second and cloths, and packed in bales 25 inferior This is a great wear of the pieces in each. people. Indians, and common White Cotton Thread. 501. value assorted, some in smal! boxes. White Flar Thread, 501, assorted. White Corded Dimities, 100 Pieces Yard wide. 10 at 15d. per yard. 5 at 18d. ditto. 5 at 21d. ditto. 5 at 2s. ditto. 25in each Trunk. --- Page 354 --- APPENDIX. Ladies' Dresses, 100 Pieces. Lighit Silks for 8 Pieces full black, for ladies. 5 ditto ditto wear for clergymen, and strong. 2 ditto ditto Blue for ladies. 2 ditto ditto Rose. 2 ditto ditto White. 1 ditto ditto Crimson for parasols. 20 Pieces in each Trunk. assorted, figured and spotted silks, strong 20 Pieces for ladies shoes. Black and White Bombazeens. black for ladies church dresses, and secular 200 Pieces The upper street petticoat clergy, good quality. of the ladies is of this article. friars of the order 50 Pieces good whites intended for of Mercenarians. &c. in Trunks, 25 Pieces in each, 250 Pieces packed Sewing Silks. sol. value in common assortments. Silk Ribbons. Pieces assorted, lively, gay, and shewy. 500 ditto hair ribbon. assorted velvet-ribbons and 4500 Picces,-also 1 case shoe binding. --- Page 355 --- APPENDIX. Silk Stockings. 500 Pairs for men, new 200 ditto for women, with fashions, not high priced. clocks, &c.-and shewy. Ihite Cotton Stockings, sandalled, 8c. 1000 Pairs open clocks,some others plain and assorted. Gloves. 100 Dozen, low-priced, and shewy military. colours, some for Military Ornamenis. 200 Gold Epaulettes for officers. 200 Silver ditto. 100 Sword Knots, half gold, and half Small quantity silver and gold silver. spangles. galoon, thread and 200 Military swords, and small dirk and belts compleat. S with sheaths 200 Plumes various colours as the French use. long and straight, such Earthencare 60 Some plain white, and Crates, viz. some blue assorted. 20 Dozens flat plates. 5 Ditto soup ditto. 4 Soup Tureens. 2 Dozen chambers, 2 Ditto jugsand in each crate, And a small mugs. assortment of dishes not large sizes. VOL. I. Z --- Page 356 --- APPENDIX. Earthenware Cups, Saucers, 8c. 200 Gill bowls. 100 Sets coffee cups and saucers largest sizes. 100 Ditto tea ditto that will serve for chocolate also, of" largest sizes. N.B. The seller allows five per cent for breakage, other articles than the above, are useless. Glass-Ware, 30 Cases all pint tumblers cheap kind, 2 Ditto goblets better quality. 1 Case wines shewy, but not richly cut. I Ditto fruit dishes, &c. not richly worked. 1 Ditto decanters, shewy and cheap. N.B. If the cargo is intended for Vera Cruz 40 boxes good window-glass may be added as used in Mexico, &c. Lnoking-Glasses. 2001. Valuc laid out in looking-glasses for rooms, some good. 501, In shaving common ditto assorted sizes. Iland-Hhips. 50 Dozen long hand-whips, not lashes. 100 Dozen plated spurs, leatbers complete, shewy, but not richly cut. I Ditto fruit dishes, &c. not richly worked. 1 Ditto decanters, shewy and cheap. N.B. If the cargo is intended for Vera Cruz 40 boxes good window-glass may be added as used in Mexico, &c. Lnoking-Glasses. 2001. Valuc laid out in looking-glasses for rooms, some good. 501, In shaving common ditto assorted sizes. Iland-Hhips. 50 Dozen long hand-whips, not lashes. 100 Dozen plated spurs, leatbers complete, --- Page 357 --- APPENDIX. Stationery. 2001. in valuc in good writing and Jetter if it can be had, to imitate paper, and for smoaking, some blank Barcelona, a paper randum books, quills, account and memoin tin boxes. Some sealing-wax, and wafers English and mars and dictionaries. Spanish gramTwo trunks Spanish playing cards. Hanmocks, 400 Hammocks cotton, shewy and as the Indians use, and well imitated ornamented, such Phillips, of Manchester, by Messrs. packed in bales. Silk Unibrellas 300, 10 Umbrellas large sizes crimson, 4 Ditto green. 2 Ditto sky blue. 2 Ditto yellow. 20 Umbrellas in each case. Silk Parasols for Ladies 300. 10 Crimson, shewy, fringed, well 2 Green. plated, 4 Sky blue. 4 Assorted shewy colours. 20 in each case. N.B. This article cannot be too mented from being much used, stylish and well ornaZ 2 --- Page 358 --- APPENDIX. Toys. little images, dolls, &c. 6 Cases assorted, Lead Shot. 25 Kegs No. 3. 25 Ditto No. 4. 25 Ditto No. 5. 25 Ditto No. 6. 100 Kegs, but no other numbers. Gunpowder. quality, and some glazed in tins for pri50 Kegs good vate shootingsmall assortment of English fowling-pieces and A and ornamented than highly pistols, more shewy finished. Tin Plates 100 Bozes. Plated Candlesticks. shewy and such as in England 20 Dozen assorted, considered old fashioned. are now Pewter Table Spoons. 20 Gross pewter table spoons. 2 Ditto tea spoons --- Page 359 --- APPENDIX. Spying-Glasce. 50 Good ones in cases each. Cloatl's Brushes. 12 Dozens assorted sizes. 4 Ditto Hair brushes. Fishing Tackle. 501. in assorted fishing hooks. Needles and Pins. 50L. in good ncedles in tin boxes. 201. in pins. Tin Canteens for Soldiers. 502. value, packed in tierces. East India Goods. 4 Bales Nicanees blue colours. 2 Ditto blue Baftas. 4 Ditto white. blue, white and yellow. 6 Ditto Nankeens, cannot be had cheap, they are N.B. If these goods are cheaply supplied better excluded, as they from the United States. --- Page 360 --- APPENDIX. Nails. 10 Kegs of tacks. 50 Ditto half inch fat nails. 50 Ditto inch flat ditto. 50 Ditto inch and a half ditto. 50 Ditto two inches ditto. 10 Ditto three inches ditto. cast nails For the credit of the English manufacturer, accusought not to be sent. The Spaniards are from Liege in Germany tomed to be supplied and will purby way of France and Holland, chase only the beaten ones. Sad Irons. 500 Pairs packed in wrapper to avoid rust. Iron Saucepans. this article is not much in' use, from the 501. value, in earthen pipkins of Spaniards cooking chiefly call ollas. their own manufacture which they Iron Pots. 1004. in assorted sizes. Chafing Dishes. 2OL in chafing dishes to burn charcoal. accusought not to be sent. The Spaniards are from Liege in Germany tomed to be supplied and will purby way of France and Holland, chase only the beaten ones. Sad Irons. 500 Pairs packed in wrapper to avoid rust. Iron Saucepans. this article is not much in' use, from the 501. value, in earthen pipkins of Spaniards cooking chiefly call ollas. their own manufacture which they Iron Pots. 1004. in assorted sizes. Chafing Dishes. 2OL in chafing dishes to burn charcoal. --- Page 361 --- APPENDIX. Iron Hoes. for Aeld work, not without handles, 2004. in Iron Hocs, eyes. heavy, but with good Truuks, 8c. headed Tacksfor. Brass 50 Gross. Manchetes, 6000. blades, nearly in the They are large long sword common on board a ship, shape of the hangers used in in the woods, cutuse them for cutting They the spaniards and many other purposes. article ting the sugar cane, to be supplied with this those have been accustomed the most esteemed, are and dog in a from Germany, from having a small half called del Perrillo, upon them, or a large running posture stamped the marks of a partieular and stars, which are value. The moon them additional and give as a butcher's manufacture, to be long and straight horn riveted handle ought of ornamented knife, with two pieces the handle of the Algerine each side, and like on atargan or sword. Butcher's Krives, 2000. riveted handles, and black All white bone, well sheath of leather. Low priced. Scissars. and only few ligb priced 100 Dozens low priced, --- Page 362 --- APPENDIX. Boots. 100 Pairs long and half boots, shewy, but not high; feet not too large nor thick soles. Razors, 100 Dozen. Principally low priced, some of a superior quality in cases, but a small proportion. Sailor's Knives, 200 Dozen. Large sizes, low priced, and, if they can be had, some of the long bladed knives, such as are used by the Spanish and French sailors. 200 Dozen assorted pocket knives, some with several blades and good quality. 100 Dozen pen knives assorted, of all prices. Table Krives. 100 Dozen Table Knives, and three pronged forks, good quality. 100 Dozen Table Knives without forks. 10 Ditto siiver eating forks. 5 Ditto dessert ditto. Combs Jor the Hair. 100 Duzen small tooth combs, assorted. --- Page 363 --- APPENDIX, Buttons. 5007. value in Birmingham buttons, few yellow and wbite shewy, viz. a plain, oval raised gilt and plated, some anchor buttons buttons, navy, and artillery buttons; for the ; others with the Spanish coat of arms in the centre, such as is found on the impression of a dollar, and it the inscription, Viva Fernando round Septimo. Smef Boves. 2007. in value, metal and imitation snuff on them, portraits and boxes, heads Jikeness of fancy, if possible a Ferdinand, the motto above also round it; also some navai heroes, and the of England. king A few fancy segar boxes would also must have devices to sell, and all please the cye. Copper Sheatling, and Copper Bolts. A quantity sufficient fer six schooners. Sugar Plantations. Materials sufficient to erect works for ten but not SO large as those used in Jamaica. plantations, is in great want of them. Cuba Files, 100 Dozen assorted files, hand saw, triangular, 8;c. if possible a Ferdinand, the motto above also round it; also some navai heroes, and the of England. king A few fancy segar boxes would also must have devices to sell, and all please the cye. Copper Sheatling, and Copper Bolts. A quantity sufficient fer six schooners. Sugar Plantations. Materials sufficient to erect works for ten but not SO large as those used in Jamaica. plantations, is in great want of them. Cuba Files, 100 Dozen assorted files, hand saw, triangular, 8;c. --- Page 364 --- APPENDIX. Copper Stills. Ten stills of various sizes, say complete. 2 of 60 gallons each. 2 of 70 ditto. 2 of 80 ditto. 2 of 90 ditto. 2 of 100 ditto. - 10 Stills copper. Tools. assorted ship and house car2002. value in joiners, &c.; also for penter's tools; coopers, smiths, &c. watch makers, silversmiths, Padiocks. 2000 padlocks single, a few double, assorted. Crucibles. 2 Tierces assorted crucibles for silversmiths. Oils. also almond oil is Oils suited for canvas painters, and comes in tin much used by the Spaniards, canisters, also esscntial oils and scents. Cloves and cinnamon are good articles, if bought low, and not undersold from the United States. --- Page 365 --- APPENDIX, Suall assortment of leaf gold, stones, coflee mills, buckles, copperas, alum, grindkegs of flints, &c. &c., for sadlery, Musical Instruments. 10 Piano fortes. 6 Large good organs for a A few flutes, fifes, and room, lively tunes. violins, and harps, &c. Spanish guitars, Medicines, An assortment excluding those the and to consist of cream of country affords, manna, glauber salts, tartar, rhubarb, senna, ipecacuanha, calomel, cantharides, opium, nitre, drugs must not be in mercury, their precipitate, &c.; for use, powdered, raw state, but ready tedious in a hot &c., as these operations are country, and require apparatus. Jewelry. 4007. value in ear rings, necklaces, for fingers, broaches, bracelets, rings breast buckles, bandeaus crosses, sleeve buttons, ladies heads, lockets, and ornaments for shewy stones, &c., gold pins, &cc., set with jeweller's gold, chains, &c.; all must be of of the article, when nothing of copper, as not manufactured theyjudge selves, by the smell, and others by themtoo much from the climate. would tarnish operations are country, and require apparatus. Jewelry. 4007. value in ear rings, necklaces, for fingers, broaches, bracelets, rings breast buckles, bandeaus crosses, sleeve buttons, ladies heads, lockets, and ornaments for shewy stones, &c., gold pins, &cc., set with jeweller's gold, chains, &c.; all must be of of the article, when nothing of copper, as not manufactured theyjudge selves, by the smell, and others by themtoo much from the climate. would tarnish --- Page 366 --- APPENDIX. Some cheeses, pickles, porter, cyder, good vinegar, soap, fish-sauces, hams, &c. would sell, but must be well packed. Though the above is calculated on a Jarge scale, it may be reduced to suit the convenience of the shipper, and consumption of the market to which the cargo is destined. --- Page 367 --- APPENDIX, REMARKS, TO make quick and part of the Spanish profitable sales of goods in on the selection of possessions in America, any kets. It is for the cargo destined for depends sO want of these those marmany enterprizing merchants proper assortments, that been and injured, as also from not adventurers have ments to the proportioning the wants of the consumption of the country. shiphe does Spaniard are few, his The real not like innovation, prejudices confined, The Spanish and his luxuries are many, also home, the customs taste varies from our It as well as the own at ought to be the climate are different. goods as will bear object of the trader, to an equal select such profit in all their parts. proportionate advance and All package, piece-goods in whatever kinds order ought to be or description of to avoid accompanied with bale pond opening the same, and cards, in the perfectly. It will be adviseable ought to correspackage, as the also to sell by goods and leave shop-keepers would cull choose the most many of littlel or no value, or at your All saleable. least the trunks, cases, and trunks sell for their packages ought to be good, handy than cases, all fine original value, and are more in them. Each matted goods ought to be plain letters, and and well covered, marked packed trouble of numbered in two places to in and lifting, and mistakes in avoid the delivering to the shipping, It is to be purchaser. landing,&c. nish observed that goods market, in their intended for the be liglit, shewy, thin respective kinds, are Spaand required to iow-priced, and on a diferente --- Page 368 --- APPENDIX. of strength, and good wear to those which principle in Great Britain. are intended for saleand consumption not to last They require the article to be dressy, cheap and pretty, is their corresponding proIong; verb. REMARKS ON WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. make 108 Spanish varas. 100 Englishyards varas. 100 English ells make 140 Spanish pounds. are equal to 100 English 97 Spanish pounds called fanega,is equal to nearly The Spanish measture, three bushels or 150 pounds in weight. Eight arrobas of wine make25 gallons. One arroba contains 25 Spanishi pounds. One Spanish vara contains 33 inches. by 80 and divide by 100 to inake Flemish ells multiply Spanish varas. One Flemish ell contains 27 inches. measured, are sold by the Spanisla All piece goods vara. One quintal contains 100 Spanish pounds. Four arrobas make one quintal. in reales de vellon, for Spanish invoices are made out 40% varas à 80 example, two pieces blue cloth, rs. vn. = rs. vn. 3260. O. bills, a Spanish usance is sixty days. In drawing however, more general in America, Rials of plate are, value of a dollar, or 12% and eight form the cents. 27 inches. measured, are sold by the Spanisla All piece goods vara. One quintal contains 100 Spanish pounds. Four arrobas make one quintal. in reales de vellon, for Spanish invoices are made out 40% varas à 80 example, two pieces blue cloth, rs. vn. = rs. vn. 3260. O. bills, a Spanish usance is sixty days. In drawing however, more general in America, Rials of plate are, value of a dollar, or 12% and eight form the cents. --- Page 369 --- APPENDIX, Comonodities procured in the Spanish Domingo, with tehich part of Sunto payments are madc. Products of the said island of Santo Logwood, Fustic Lignum Doningo. Mahogany for Fineering, Cotton of -Satin VeeNaenre five different Wol,-lida, island, -I Iudigo, / - Sugar, qualities - grown in the Tortoise Molasses, and Gum Guaiacum. ebel-Aises-Bhack Peppsn,-Gingue -Coffie, Gold both Bronght from the Continent, &c. and coined and uncoine-Sirer in neal-Yellow mcolnenlr-indigo from Dollars, Red Bark, Bark, Quinquina, Gesonals-cacat or Jesuits Gusiacum, Nicaragua Bark,- Sarsaparilla, Copal, &e-Casia Wanl-Gums, and China Elema, --Goat -Cotton in Rootslin-osperehtuse Skins,-Tallow and Hides, --- Page 370 --- APPENDIX. relating to the Idol or Cemi, desFurther particulars cribed in page 167, Vol. I. discoverers found amongst the THE European but it natives of Hispanola, a species of religion, dificult to define into a sect, or ascertain was object of their worship. Herwhat was the leading had each of them a reira tells us, that all the Caciques distance from their towns, that conhouse, at some made of stone or wood, and tained some odd images called Cesometimes painted or stained, which they different ceremonies were permis, in whose worship formed. They had a small round board well wrought, strewn a kind of powder, and then on which was With a hollow laid on the head of the image. the devotee then inbaled into his nostrils, this cane of consecrated dust, with the accompaspecies he niment of certain words and gesticulations, beside himself, as if the then seemed to remain powder had the effect of intoxication. They gave to these statues, being those of their grandnames fathers, and in the memory of them, worshipped devotion. The caciques,. and the theu with greater better Cemis people valued themselves on having than others, and endeavoured to hide them or idols to admit them into from the Spaniards, refusing of worship, but it was usual to steal their places much the Cemis of one another, and they were prized if taken from a vanquished foe. finding that oracles were delivered The Spaniards certain idols, rushed into one of their temples, by and spoke unintelligible and the statue groaned imwords in the language of the country. They theu with greater better Cemis people valued themselves on having than others, and endeavoured to hide them or idols to admit them into from the Spaniards, refusing of worship, but it was usual to steal their places much the Cemis of one another, and they were prized if taken from a vanquished foe. finding that oracles were delivered The Spaniards certain idols, rushed into one of their temples, by and spoke unintelligible and the statue groaned imwords in the language of the country. They --- Page 371 --- APPENDIX. mediately dashed it down, and found that it hollow, and had a cane was put through it, communicating to the mouth, and of the extending to one corner room, where a species of priest den by a curtain. The stood, hidintreated the cacique, whose idol this was, Spaniards not to discover his secret and deception, as it was a means to keep the people in awe and subjection. common Most of the caciques had three stones of a shape, to which they also paid particular said was good for the devotion; the one, they the earth, growth of the productions of another for women with child to forth with ease, and the bring Three of these third, for rain or sunshine. Columbus sent to their Catholic Majesties by the first fleet that others he afterwards sailed, and three carried to Spain no bistorian mentions himself, but which is any Cemis brought to a collateral reason to believe, this is Europe, the only onc, for the author either in the cabinets of never met with any curiosities of Spain, are several that formed though there dians of the once the worship of the In. Main. When a Cacique died, they him by the fire, that he opened, and dried tire, the might be preserved enbody was then laid in some cave, with his arms, and together frequently his most wife attended him. This is the favourite use to which cave of St. Anna mentioned in this the the city of St volume, and near Domingo, was destined, but there one in the centre of the island, that has is visible marks of its having been many more species of catacomb. once used as a Many sick whose recovery was hopeless, were strangled, and it was their opinion that VOL. I. after deatb, A a --- Page 372 --- APPENDIX. souls went into a valley, again to join their patheir pleasurcs awaited rents and predecessors, where many them. that their idols were immortal, and They thought to them. They had many that the dead appeared the world, the sun, fabulous traditions respecting the latter came out of a cave and moon. They said which they held in great veneration, called Tovobaba, with two stone idols, to whom they and kept adorned for rain and other made offerings, and supplicated blessings. kind of called Buuutios, who preThey had a priests, and knew conversed with the dead, tended they who also acted as physicians to their secrets, and were the them of charms, which they thought cure These men carried several stone causes of all discases. rain, others Cenis about with them, some to obtain of the earth thrive, aud some to make the products considered their idols They for family purposes. and prayed to them for capable of inflicting pain, of dressed food to them, relief. They made offerings and they fasted in their honour. priests, and knew conversed with the dead, tended they who also acted as physicians to their secrets, and were the them of charms, which they thought cure These men carried several stone causes of all discases. rain, others Cenis about with them, some to obtain of the earth thrive, aud some to make the products considered their idols They for family purposes. and prayed to them for capable of inflicting pain, of dressed food to them, relief. They made offerings and they fasted in their honour. --- Page 373 --- APPENDIX. Dissertation 072 the Antilles o? IVest India Isturds, particularly Hlispahiola, Soil, original State of its Productions, Climate, Winds, and other Phenomena, Creoles, Caraibs, Buccaneers, &c. FROM the 8th to the 32nd tude, America may be said degree of N. latinot only to form an numerous and Archipelago, that. the ocean has extensive, but the richest yet offered on its bosoin, to the enterprize, or cupidity of man. Since the of the new world, these islands, of which discovery have been called the it is formed, Antilles, and divided into windward, and leeward West the named SO in India Islands, and consequence of the wind prevailing from the East, where generally ranging in a western direction. they commence, a curved string or chain, They seem to form and beginning at the extending to the gulf of Oronoko, ones being the largest, Mexico; the leeward rash to nor may it be considered of the suppose, that they were once main continent, and divided integral parts great couvulsion of nature, from it by some a channel or These islands have each passage, of various which, serve for access to the widths, some of. or to communicate with south side of each, ever, most central, and the main; the largest howleast the Mona dangerous, is that calledpanola. passage, between Puerto Rico and HisThe direction of the mountains diversify these several that stud, and the situation and islands, is on a parallel with mits form the bearings of each ; and their sumsame regular curve, The waters also A a 2 --- Page 374 --- APPENDIX. which issue from their bosoms, soem in like manto incline to the W. 'The three largest, viz: ner and Cuba, have indeed Puerto Rico, Hispanola, the N. and E. but some rivers, which descend to which they are not SO large, or sO general, as those fall 'in the other two directions, but the ocean violence to the S., though the beats with_greatest is there less than that which convolume of water Besides the evident patitutes the Atlantic seas. rallel directions of the mountains, that coincidesalso with the Main, we are further led to suppose them detached islands, from the similarity of into be remarkable in each, particndigenous productions and Trinidad, to windlarly in Tobago, Marguerita, with the main, the wild ward, and which confine such of soft woods are found, cocoa, and a variety shores, and in Cuba as correspond to the opposite the cedar, and the other extreme islands to teeward, the Flothe same as in cypress, &c. are produced, ridas. the soil is formed of layers of rich In general, on a bed of rock, which chay, or soft light gravel, more renders the diferent qualities and proportions is Where the clay Ur less suited to vegetation. mixed with found Jess humid, and easily broken, remains of spreads of rotten leaves, amdl crumbled soil is thicker than wherc it is oniy plants, the Where the earth is light, composed of rich clays. the dew less compact, and as it were more porous, the deeper, and preserves and moist are imbibed which is the parent of longer that moist freshness, Wbere these adyantages are not united, fecundity. sterile, and as sooll as the layers the soil is more by the long decompohave been created wlajcit , and easily broken, remains of spreads of rotten leaves, amdl crumbled soil is thicker than wherc it is oniy plants, the Where the earth is light, composed of rich clays. the dew less compact, and as it were more porous, the deeper, and preserves and moist are imbibed which is the parent of longer that moist freshness, Wbere these adyantages are not united, fecundity. sterile, and as sooll as the layers the soil is more by the long decompohave been created wlajcit --- Page 375 --- APPENDIX. sition of original becomes plants and vegetable destroyed, by the surface b.i proluctions, exposed to theraction of the ing too much particles exbale; for which sun, the saltand jnicy tations, reason, in colonial planumbrageons trees are serve the nutritive mixed, as well to premoisture of the protect the tender ground, as to of the mid-day nurseling from the potent sun, and the powerful and rays efects cf the sweeping winds, till dreaded "ficient root, and it has taken suffor the horizontally spread its own branches the purposes of its defence. In coffee upper sloots are always cut, grounds, sucker spread below to shelter which makes the and as a conrenience also to the the space it covers, who cannot easily reach gatherer of the berries beyond six fect. sequence of this great Itisin conof natrition, that lands evaporation of the particles covered of their native which have been long unany planting that forests, are not suited to only serve for requires rich or forced soil, and When the sugar, which needs less they found Europeans first landed on these indulgence. them covered with shores, stately trees, bound as it large, lofty, and variety of wood-bands were together, with a and great them impenetrable till creepers, which rendered native forests, they were cut, and of these in Hispanola, many are yet in their original state hare thongh the other isiands seen them exhausted. in gereral and towering woods, These tall, straight, formation of the world, apparently coeral with the generations of seemed to possess sereral Jeaves, trees, and the anneal their falling of their cay of their decomposition, limbs and the successive dethe soil, that rich and trunks, gave the surface of sediment or deposit, which pro- --- Page 376 --- APPENDIX. increase of vegetation, when duced SO rapid an of man, were substiplarits, reared by the hand the face tuted for those groves; which first studded trees it The roots of the largest of the country. into do not strike perpendicularly is yet remarkable, horizontal direction the ground, but seem to take an indistance of two fect from the surface, at the in search of the moist influence clining that way sink deeper, of the rains, which do not generally solar ray, and 1 again absorbed by the from being the descending dews. only partially replaced by summit of the Trees again found on the rugged ; are the naked sides of the precipice mountain, or hard and solid, as to blunt the comparatively SO well from the time exbest tempered tools, as the little moisture hausted in their growth, as from therewhich it has been assisted. In the valleys by the mountain casfore, refreshed as they are, by softer texture, the woods are uniformly of a cade, verdure, and more the enbut cloathed in greater of the wild. inhabitants livening and refreshing roots desthe native shrubs and nutritive There, of man, grew in their tined for the subsistence by a superior original state, scemingly planted both the staff of life in these regions, hand, to be and their variety, utility, and wholesomeness, from enumeration has been already of which a partial made. to have placed a degree Nature, which appears of the pcople, relation between the character of which are to form their suband the productions Antilles with vegetables sistence, had gifted the that sought the which shunned the mid-day heat, There, of man, grew in their tined for the subsistence by a superior original state, scemingly planted both the staff of life in these regions, hand, to be and their variety, utility, and wholesomeness, from enumeration has been already of which a partial made. to have placed a degree Nature, which appears of the pcople, relation between the character of which are to form their suband the productions Antilles with vegetables sistence, had gifted the that sought the which shunned the mid-day heat, --- Page 377 --- AFPENDIX. freshening shade, that suited to the required little or no were languor of the culture, yearly natives, and which Their inhabitants reproduced, twice or three proving or appeared not times. suffered aiding her sponteneous ambitigus of imher nature freely and operations, but hounties, nor ever unmolested to of her thought of produce Directed productions, to give greater destroying one by the hand of vigour to another, cane, they gathered what chance, as the for their the earth had season aliment, but were not prepared vantages of timely or added sensible of the adTo these tuberous culture. was stored, were roots, with which the kinds, and of different superadded fruits of a country intended for size and variety of the food of favour; as well ing ellecis of a torrid man, as to allay the from the effects zone, and relieve parchof his a glowing sun. fatigue, under the system ment of the These fruit trees, influence of of the forest, as well as the were the ornaplain, waving quired no according to their beauty care, and ministered genus; they rejourneying to the collected Indian, as well as of wants of the into clans. The those who were fruits, now often give cabbage tree and who travel subsistence to forést on devious rumaway island to the other, roads from one end negroes; of them for and alone serve the many months. It is to nourish creeper and wood-band, remarkable, that the out-top the tallest which cling to, and or never inhabitant of the often approach those woods, seldom parent nature had which bear fruit, deference to what stamped them with as if nance and relief of was destined to form the respectful man, suste- subsistence to forést on devious rumaway island to the other, roads from one end negroes; of them for and alone serve the many months. It is to nourish creeper and wood-band, remarkable, that the out-top the tallest which cling to, and or never inhabitant of the often approach those woods, seldom parent nature had which bear fruit, deference to what stamped them with as if nance and relief of was destined to form the respectful man, suste- --- Page 378 --- APPENDIX. however, such as eatable In other vegetables, deficient, and herbs; &c., these islands scemed the list. and water-cresses nearly filled up purslane domestic fowls, and the other inhaThey had no remarkable for the bitants of the air, appearedl more of their plumage, than even the delicacy brilliancy or the taste of their flesh, excepting of their notes, birds; for, as we have the pidgeon and a few aquatic though now found in abundance, already seen, game, of exotics. The finny race, neverconsists chiefly the and convetheless, was not wanting to pleasure it is nience of the aborigines, though, in general, in and more tasteless, than that taken less healthy, But their woods were crowded the European waters. and balsams, suited to with medicinal herbs, gums, intended to the ills of the climate, which, they were and the mineral rills which roll down from counteract, served to give tone to the human the mountains, of health. frame, and add to the blessings which The climate is divided into two seasons, be classed under those of wet and dry. Nature, may though veiled always at work to reproduce herself, is at all times attired in a verin. secret operations, and is quickly and dant dress, the leaf falls gradually, serves replaced; ; no mellow autumn imperceptibly SO that the viwith the perennial green, to contrast that take place; are not cissitudes and changes observer. The fruits sucnoticed by the superficial is not ceed each other rapidlys but their approach Those of some trees are sensible as in Europc. which is obnearly ripe, before the leaves put out, in the family of the plumbs; and again servable bear little else than flowers, such as other trees in the cocoa walks, whosc those generally planted gradually, serves replaced; ; no mellow autumn imperceptibly SO that the viwith the perennial green, to contrast that take place; are not cissitudes and changes observer. The fruits sucnoticed by the superficial is not ceed each other rapidlys but their approach Those of some trees are sensible as in Europc. which is obnearly ripe, before the leaves put out, in the family of the plumbs; and again servable bear little else than flowers, such as other trees in the cocoa walks, whosc those generally planted --- Page 379 --- APPENDIX. scarlet canopy aflord the required shade. however, being uniform in her unwearied Nature, more attentive rounds, the observer, who nearly studies her proaches, can perceive, besides the varied apof the climate, an icer division of the temperature dications that seasous, and inforcibly strike the botanist; but the Jeading features from, which the hasty are from the carth being inundated travellerjudges, heary by frequent and showers, or parched by a continued drowth. These last are the inaterial which in some measure changes, however, of: a perpendicular temperate the potent rays thick, sun; but are never assisted by cloudy, or foggy weather, from the serene and transparent state of the continued rainsdo not fali; though sky, when the of the mountains carly in a morning, the sides are seen covered with thick pours, which arise from the valleys, vapowers of the solar beain, attracted by the ly raises them which, as he rises, gradunlout of their specific they seem to lose, ascending like gravity, which thick white smoke, till revoiving clouds of verdant declivities they disperse, and unveil the they had hitherto view. kept out. of The variations of climate, it may, said, originate from and nevertheless, be change of are less caused by the seasons, than the influence of the yet these, when they blow, are not winds; from all quarters. The cqually refreshing Easterly breezes air, a S. or W. wind render it cool the ly one, if it lasts sultry; but a NortherJannary, long, as it sometimes does in sions creates a cold dryness in the air, and occacatarrhs. The winds, in general, prevail from the which may, as We have berore East, considered as owing to two remarked, be great canses. The first , when they blow, are not winds; from all quarters. The cqually refreshing Easterly breezes air, a S. or W. wind render it cool the ly one, if it lasts sultry; but a NortherJannary, long, as it sometimes does in sions creates a cold dryness in the air, and occacatarrhs. The winds, in general, prevail from the which may, as We have berore East, considered as owing to two remarked, be great canses. The first --- Page 380 --- APPENDIX. the diurnal motion of the earth, evolving from is and which consequently creates a West to East, about the equinoctial greater rapidity from its shape, where, line, than in the other distances of Jatitude, is and more time the space it has to pursne greater, forcible, allowed. The second, which appears equally arises from the warmth of the sun, which, in ascendrarifies the air, and obliges it to ing on his course, the earth advanices toflow to the W. gradually, as of the wards the E. It is owing to the prevalence that the trees which are breezes from this direction, and form exposed to its continued action, spread branches tc the W., to which point they are their and their roots are observed to shoot most impelled, it the hetter to resist its in an opposite line, as werc, of wind from the W. power. Owing to this, gusts of the violence do the most damage, SO that to judge the of it is nct SO good a criterion to sum up a storm, have been blown down, but quantity of trees that have been unin which direction they to examine rooted. above we reof the pheenomena, In consequence Easterly breezes are not in mark, that the regular o'clock in the day, and general felt, till about ten holds oll his course, increase progressively as the sun in as he loses bis influence, apbut diminish again Towards the evening, the proaching nearer the W. but ouly reaches to a certain land-wiud springs up, change of distance from the shores. This periadical which has is occasioned by the air of the carth, wind, the day, rarifed by the exhalations, been, during rise from the heated globe, and which continually from the exuberance of which are herc multiplied of the sun vegetation, when the attractive powers his course, increase progressively as the sun in as he loses bis influence, apbut diminish again Towards the evening, the proaching nearer the W. but ouly reaches to a certain land-wiud springs up, change of distance from the shores. This periadical which has is occasioned by the air of the carth, wind, the day, rarifed by the exhalations, been, during rise from the heated globe, and which continually from the exuberance of which are herc multiplied of the sun vegetation, when the attractive powers --- Page 381 --- APPENDIX, recede, necessarily again flow back on the attaining their lost weight, same physical spacc covering the sea, where the creates causes do not exist. This a reflux, naturally On each producing a brecze from the shorc, but opposite side of the island at the which is only felt same time; has strong to a certain distance. greater and farther prevalence It the Main, from the size of along the coasts of the Jand greater corresponding giving rise to islands, it can be causes; but amidst all the SO much relied a degree of on, as to produce fro. dependance in the navigation to and The land-wind continues till nine day, when the sun or ten the next the sea air, and again dispersing the acquired density of of the earth, which raising up the exhaled particles their accustomed had, during the night, received which forms the freshness, the air from the sea, and produces greatest body, in its turn, rushes what is called the breeze in, These physical du and, as it were, large. not only give rise to a species of providential causes, render the torrid zone luxury, but aid to a degree of habitgble, and give navigation facility and security. In the summer, even in the dog days, it is middle ot Easterly breezes are the noticed, that the of the sun on the strongest, from the activity air, being then the Curaçao, the wind from that greatest. In gularand predominant, quarter is SO very reperienced; but in the that any other is seldou exThe evening periodical showers of rain which fall changes. sons, also partly serve to soften irregularly in seaclimate; but not in an the effects of the is found to break the equal degree. When nothing the clouds influence of the are successively reigning Eolus, dispersed by him as they the strongest, from the activity air, being then the Curaçao, the wind from that greatest. In gularand predominant, quarter is SO very reperienced; but in the that any other is seldou exThe evening periodical showers of rain which fall changes. sons, also partly serve to soften irregularly in seaclimate; but not in an the effects of the is found to break the equal degree. When nothing the clouds influence of the are successively reigning Eolus, dispersed by him as they --- Page 382 --- APPENDIX. form, or are driven by his sweeping power througl and forced to disburthen themselves amidst the sky, attractive woods, or on the mountain the lofty and over which, their weight will no longer carry summit, Thus it is, that in the elevated and secluded them. frequeney, than spots, it rains with, much greater the shores, or such places as are chosen for the near settlement of towns. becomes violent, or the When the storm, however, or pass over to the S. and W., it winds are variable, fall thick and heavy, and ltbe is then that the rains themselves in increased clouds seem to disgorge withheld and quantities, from having hitherto been back, by the empire of the prevailing East. In kept where his constancy is less, some of the other islands, and abundant, particularly rains are more frequent about the in the winter, wbich may be said to begin middle of July, and to last till that of October, when the rainy season commences, during which time, that more rain falls in one weck, than it is remarked, climate, in the whole is experienced in a European showers Unlike the gentle and penetrating year. here the clouds unload which are there met with, time themselves in torrents, which, without having imbibed the parched and porous earth, run to be by to the sea in a rapid and unavailing current. that these rains refresh the air, Notvithstauding the same time, give it a certain moisture, they, at but extremely dethat is not only uncomfortable, tainted; structive. Flesh mcat, for this reason, is soon andit becomes necessary to consign dcad bodies early Bread soon turns mouldy, wine to their graves. soon after they are plucked; easily sourS, fruits decay this and humid power, is most prevabut corroding to be by to the sea in a rapid and unavailing current. that these rains refresh the air, Notvithstauding the same time, give it a certain moisture, they, at but extremely dethat is not only uncomfortable, tainted; structive. Flesh mcat, for this reason, is soon andit becomes necessary to consign dcad bodies early Bread soon turns mouldy, wine to their graves. soon after they are plucked; easily sourS, fruits decay this and humid power, is most prevabut corroding --- Page 383 --- APPENDIX, lent on iron and steel, der an assortment of which soon rust, SO as to rendepends on the hardware, whose merit often this polish, a very dangerous selection in country, for, being closed a current of air cannot up in stores, where they soon tarnish, remove the damp atmosphere, Garden and, if neglerted, spoil. secds can scarcely be season of putting them into preserved till the can it be the ground arrives, nor considered, on this the clurehes in the account, healthy to visit been night or morning, till opened some time, and are well they have the pernicious miasmata ventilated from and burying that arise from the vaults places. Books and papers away, or are devoured easily moulder in them, for by a small insect that burrows which reason, when the French possession of the W. end of Santo held notary, magistrate, and Domingo, every annnally to send parish curate, was obliged transactions and over legalized copies of all their records, for the of preservéd in the archives of purpose being the destruction of the Paris, and secured from colonial serve as a partial climate. These now pelled planters of the consolation, at least, to the exlost their estates, island, for alhough they have property. they have yet access to the titles of Owing to this great their continually decay of papers, and prey upon being consumed by worms, which them, the archives of the Domingo, do not contain city of Santo ancient date, and a writing or document of which the author has examined, in hopes of narrowly at least of the meeting with some sons of Columbus. signatures, also, of the moisture of the In consequence, poisonous qualities of the ink surrounding element, the throngh, and destroyed scem to have corroded the texture of the paper; but their continually decay of papers, and prey upon being consumed by worms, which them, the archives of the Domingo, do not contain city of Santo ancient date, and a writing or document of which the author has examined, in hopes of narrowly at least of the meeting with some sons of Columbus. signatures, also, of the moisture of the In consequence, poisonous qualities of the ink surrounding element, the throngh, and destroyed scem to have corroded the texture of the paper; but --- Page 384 --- APPENDIX. is said to be preserved a letter written by Columbus, that many of their in Jamaica. The natives also say, of the in the capture public records were destroyed city, by Sir Francis Drake, of the air, are, in a more These moist properties with regard to all sorts striking manner, observed, of the causes, in the early of grain. This was one reduced Columb us to days of the discovery, that his grains distress for want of provisions; such great became his followers and four fermented and spoiled, complaints dissatisfied and clamorous, heavy were the feets to Spain against the adwere sent over by link of that chain of mismiral, which formed one him. The which afterwards fell upon fortunes, observed soon to sprout, swell, wheat and barley were in storing and be rendered useless. The French, found that their garrisoned towns in the West Indies, aided to the preservation of flour, to pack it greatly beating it with an iron it very tight in the barrels, by to the which rendered it less impervious weight, thought of, destructive air. A plan was afterwards and received the encouwhich fixed the attention, which was, to pass it, ragement of their ministers; which operation rewhen powdered, through kilus, and destroyed the yet remaining moved all moisture, have also proved, vegetable particles. Experiments advantage in point of presevationl, that it is a great of to besmear the barrels, particularly frequently with the American flour, which are packed loosely, it brine in which pork has been put up, as greasy to fll up the pores, and hinders the helps greatly in the wood, which is the many weavels from lodging old four barrel, first point of their attack, SO that an have devastation, is perforated in which they spread --- Page 385 --- APPENDIX. throughout like a honey comb, hending. partienlarly in the Many persons are of opinion, that sequences attendant among the conon rain, enumerated; but earthquakes may be they are now SO Hispaniola, at least, that unfrequent, in whatever of dread. they create no sensations It is, however, from their having been more, perhaps, the end of the rainy generally noticed to occur at rise to the season, and those when the tides highest, that philosophers have said they might be attribnted that may, however, be to these two causes, which ration. thought to have a collateral opeThe united waters of the sky and ravage and undermine the sea rush on, and The sea, earth in convulsive shocks. particularly in this doubled force on the quarter, bursts with refury. Amongst the coasts, and there spends its most violent assaults quiet and turbulent of this un perienced once or element, are those which are exof July and twice a year, between the months October, and which are called colonies, raz de maree, in the on the W. coasts, when They are always most noticed blowing from that the winds have continued break on the shore quarter, or the S. The waves then with an throw the spray in milky astonishing violence, and in the clouds around. No outports or open roads, vessels their anchors. can, at that time, keep The burricanes viceable to the are, however, thought to be sercrops, in both ing them forward. Whether increasing, and bringagitations, in it is, that these violent pare it for rending the bosom of the earth, fecundity, or that leave presome particles they behind them proper to the vegetation of plants, ap- an throw the spray in milky astonishing violence, and in the clouds around. No outports or open roads, vessels their anchors. can, at that time, keep The burricanes viceable to the are, however, thought to be sercrops, in both ing them forward. Whether increasing, and bringagitations, in it is, that these violent pare it for rending the bosom of the earth, fecundity, or that leave presome particles they behind them proper to the vegetation of plants, ap- --- Page 386 --- APPENDIX. 36S dificnlt to decide; it has, however, been repears and passing disorder, was marked, that this apparent order of naof the constant not only a consequence by the means ture, which provided for regeneration, destruction; but a cause of preservation of previons which only to the whole system of reproduction, creative freshness; keeps alive and retains its wonted fermentation, SO that this phenomebut by an interior of the relanon of hurricanes, is, on the principles tive evil, producing general good. they had The first settlers of the Antilles, thought the certain prognostics of this alarming discovered indicated the air considered it was by event. They and troubled, the disk of the sun turning red, being thick that added to its being covered with a vapour, if winds were size. The caverns emitted a sound as N. W. the closed and pent up within them. To the forthi sky was seen to lower, the sea groaned and sent broke smell, and though its surface was not a strong seemed to swell and roll in long and wide in waves, it bodies of lifted water. The wind suddenly changed the aud blew with quick and infrom the E. to W., creased violence. from the Thesc hurricanes are seldom experienced what is their influence is in general partial, and E., is, that though they often scower still more strange almost say, anthe windward islands, nay, one may Puerto Rico. nually, they are not often felt below are This has induced many to believe, that they wbich the continent; for the W. wind, formed on blows with violence in the S., mneetsometimes reigns, whe, in his turi, has sway, produées ing with Boreas rapidity and aca shock equal to their respective in the long and quired motion. If this happens general partial, and E., is, that though they often scower still more strange almost say, anthe windward islands, nay, one may Puerto Rico. nually, they are not often felt below are This has induced many to believe, that they wbich the continent; for the W. wind, formed on blows with violence in the S., mneetsometimes reigns, whe, in his turi, has sway, produées ing with Boreas rapidity and aca shock equal to their respective in the long and quired motion. If this happens --- Page 387 --- APPENDIX, harrow defiles of the paturally issue, and mountains, extend a current of air must sumed force, and in proportion to the ason a parallel with impulsive the velocity, and of a size confined. All solid bodies channel, in which it has been this impelling torrent of which may be opposed to air, willr portionate to their receive a shock prothis volume of surface, SO that was the force cular opposing wind, to be met by a large of the mass, instead of an horizontal perpendiconsequences must be of a nature one, Happily the different the most fatal. angular and spherical bearings of the islands, their of compressed air, figures, present to these volumes which serve to break surfaces more or less and the current, divide its oblique, has lemdalydianiteiu dreaded force, proved this to be SO much power. Experience rection where a burricane the case, that in a diand combined has smitten with its ceived fury, it has greatest ten leagues to frequently not been has been moreover windward, or to leeward. perhurricanes noticed, that these It from the come from the N. W., of most dreadful Martha, defiles formed by the conseqenee, and issuing mountains - of Santa Paria, swveep, in an E. colleetively over the gulf of which lay in their direction, the windward son, that their way, thus creating a islands and the influence is not SO secondary reamore distant the mnch felt below, placed, the effects become obetnucting bodies The various diminished, are have gone over mixtures of different to settle in the population that generation that islands, have created which we call exclusively belongs to a some creoles, and who néither, and sallow degree, of the effects of generally partake, in appearance, the climate, in VOL. 1, though no transverse blood their e b should islands and the influence is not SO secondary reamore distant the mnch felt below, placed, the effects become obetnucting bodies The various diminished, are have gone over mixtures of different to settle in the population that generation that islands, have created which we call exclusively belongs to a some creoles, and who néither, and sallow degree, of the effects of generally partake, in appearance, the climate, in VOL. 1, though no transverse blood their e b should --- Page 388 --- APPENDIX. in their veins. The members of their bocirculate arising, not sO much dies are of a singular suppleness, the free and from their organic constitutions, as from unshackled manner in which they are brought up. This gives them a great degree of agility, and nakes them excel in fcats of activity. They are in general and from their lively and brave, but not persevering, of discipline or conlofty spirits, are little capable that ends with trol. Their courage is an ebullition of reverse; but is not decreased by the the approach or deof danger. If once vanquished, appearance not rallied, or again led on. pressed, they are easily than the mass They have finer sentiments of honour, people in other climes, and treasons or of common that often soil their venality, are not characteristics actions. They are in general hospitable, prepossessand marked with a degree of candid generosity. ing, however, often ostentatious; Their professions are, share of disinterestbut the females boast the greatest Some traits might be mentioned of them, ed feeling. of heroic actions, and some OCthat wear the stamp curred in the siege of the city of Santo Domingo, in point of individual distress, may be menwhich, with of the age, that might be deemed tioned any matrons*, worthy of the most famed Roman imaFrom the vigour however, and warmth of their they cannot brook the least restraint, which ginations, and they are inconstant in renders them impetuous, * It is remarkable, that, in the great distresses occasioned by the siege of the city of Santo Domin go, whilst the European Frenchmen enjoyed the scenes of wretchedness, by which they surrounded; the creoles of both sexes, uniformly did were in their power to relieve the Spanish inhabitants avery thing --- Page 389 --- APPENDIX, their actions, and modes of thinking. tinually They are conimpelled on in search of pleasurc, which they court in a new shape. Toit they sacrifice consideration, and are not wearied by its continued every round. They are however possessed of they have a ready facility in seizing all penetration, ideas that depend on fancy, and do not require a combination of thought, They have the talent of not of deep reflection, observation, but mixture yet, this gives them a of character, that renders them happy sing and gay, often always pleathem with interesting, and in general endows good qualities. The Spanish creoles however partake, in a certain degree, of that of character, SO remarkable in their wary bias trymen. European counThe voracious and saline air ofthe Antilles, the women of that fresh deprives ruddy forms the characteristic complexion which traits of the more northera fair, but they are possessed of a soft paleness of tenance, accompanied with a winning coungives them equal languor, which powers to captivate and are extremely sober, and drink little else charm.They than late and coffee, which latter is taken chocomorning, often in the early in tbe course of the day, and after any meal; being always thought to give tone to the frame, and to help to counteract the of the climate. The enervating effects Spanish creoles often file teeth into a point, which they consider their nal beauty, but which the as an additioEuropean by no means and prisoners ; effecting the escape of many, at the risk. of own personal safety: It was also noticed, that the militia their formed out of these people, were always the first in the face corps, of danger, and underwent the most fatigué, and with the eheerfulness. greatest B b 2 , and to help to counteract the of the climate. The enervating effects Spanish creoles often file teeth into a point, which they consider their nal beauty, but which the as an additioEuropean by no means and prisoners ; effecting the escape of many, at the risk. of own personal safety: It was also noticed, that the militia their formed out of these people, were always the first in the face corps, of danger, and underwent the most fatigué, and with the eheerfulness. greatest B b 2 --- Page 390 --- APPENDIX. would think so. It is difficult to say, whether they from the former have borrowed this singular practice, natives. The creoles are jealous in the extreme, but have little of that steady attachment which marks the woman of sound morals, and they seem to forget with as much ease, as they acquired a sympathetic The females are often found more inexfeeling. orable and severe to their slaves, than the men, and prefer to witness the infliction of those generally which they ordain. Both sexes are punishments marked with a degree of hauteur, and overbearing for such are in general the propensities of pride, accustomed to live amidst his inferiors. man, of the preceding essay, we have As in the chapters inhabitants of given some outlines of the original it may not be thought amiss, to add a Hispanola, the aborigines, that were found on few remarks on islands, which may serve as an the neighbouring It after disadditional illustration to the whole. was, covering and settling Haiti, one ofthe great Antilles, Columbus examined the smaller ones that lay that bolder, to windward. He found the natives stronger, warlike than those he had before visited. and more from Guiana, They considered themselves sprung the shores ofwhich they pointed, and this appears to of those Indians, still probable from the resemblance to the original natives of the Caribean found there, held in dread by the Islands. These Indians were time effeminate ones to Lecward, whom at one more for, at the arrival of the they must have ravaged, them to be Spaniards, those of Haiti fled, supposing and infuriate invaders from the islands the thirsty to desolate their country, above, who again came promise of protection, against and it was Columbus's --- Page 391 --- APPENDIX, them, that served as a future subjugation. sccondary instrument to their He found the Caraibs they more fierce and with painted, or rather covered athletic, and a wash of their naked stings of rocou, to preserve them limbs, insects, as well as to make from the terrific, and which gave them them look more lobster. the colour of a boiled Their opinions with regard common to barbarous to religion, were those rude notions of a good tribes, and chiefly consisted of Were more inclined and evil principle, but that which to dread the malignant, than they they thought benign. revere aborigines of the Leeward Like the other in a state of nature, Islands, they were found had no distinction they had no form of find of rank, and were govemnment, subordination in the Europeans surprized to amongst them, They when they went weak should command thought it strange, that the should overrule the the strong, and that one man whole, pride, ambition, interest, and Divested as they were of passions which mark those other ners couid nations in over-reaching not be society, their manto live in a separate complicated, each family seemed midst ofit, dwelt the manner from the rest; ; in the his descendants head, like a kind of to have lived in huts patriarch; no habits of around, but appeared by the wants of industry, till they were nature, for the impelled growth of roots and quick and abundant which principally cotton, rendered the culture not laborious. devolved on the women, Smoaking * was their easy, and * The great luxury, he arrived in custom of smoaking Columbus first Cuba. The Spaniards discovered when were struck with surprize rest; ; in the his descendants head, like a kind of to have lived in huts patriarch; no habits of around, but appeared by the wants of industry, till they were nature, for the impelled growth of roots and quick and abundant which principally cotton, rendered the culture not laborious. devolved on the women, Smoaking * was their easy, and * The great luxury, he arrived in custom of smoaking Columbus first Cuba. The Spaniards discovered when were struck with surprize --- Page 392 --- APPENDIX. and sleeping, which was done in hammocks of their own plaiting, was their chief pastime. They had nothing even of that more animated feature of the Haitians, and their dances were heavy and serious, and the movements of the body, seemed in unison with the gloomy state of their minds, but they generally ended in bloody contests that were preceded by drunkenness. Hatred and vengeance seemed the ruling passions of these savages, and in the midst of their feasts it was, that they swcre to each other fidelity, and to go and carry the ravages of the war to the neighbouring continent, or the other islands that offered them more abundant pillage. Even love to their females, was a sentiment beneath their demonstration, and professions of tenderness, were apparently incompatible with their habitual disregard of danger. They embarked in canoes formed of a single trce, which had been felled by the application of fire at its foot, and which was hollowed with sharp Alint stones, and burning coals, which they were dexterous in confiuing to the parts intended to be scooped out. On these they embarked at the most seasonable periods of the year, and were guided to the place on seeing the natives traverse the fields with fuel in their hands, with which they lighted the leaves of certain plants, folded and rolled up in the present form of cegars. For this reason the name tabace was by the Sponiards given to the burning herb which was only the Indian term for the mode of smoaking it, but cegars yet are synonin:ous with tabacos in the colonies, as well as in Spiin. This is suppo ed to be the first discovery of the uses and propertics of this nauseous plant, now become SO guneral. --- Page 393 --- APPENDIX. of their invasion, by the progress of the sun. These they attacked for the sake of of vengeance, or in search piunder. Their weapons consisted of large knotted clabs, and poisoned arrows, When the first visited their shores, Spaniards they were not always successful in their efforts to subdue but the them, as gold was priwary object of their research, and this did not find amongst the Caraibs, their they not SO much sought for; and in their subjugation was second to carry them away as slaves, they found that attempts their haughty and sullen dispositions would not brook straint, they became despondent, and died when forced reto labour, which made their the blood and toil possession not worth expended in seizing them, SO that the conquerors relinquished their enterprize. The Lucayos Indians, however, or those of the which were the first discovered Bahamas, of little territorial by Columbus, but utility, answered their and they were all imported into purpose, in the mines, and till the Hispanola, to work earth, where they perished with the rest. eventully The English and French at length cstablished themselves in the windward the islands, on the ruin of Caraibs, and these ports became the first in the colonies, for partial seats armaments made to intercept the Spanish vessels that visited those depredations continued seas, which even in times of peace: in retaliation the Spaniards seized all vessels in the islands, which they they met considered as exclusively belonging to them, from their prior the English and French, discovery. Both long frequented these where they were well received by the shores, they thought of making Caraibs, before formed any settlements. In 1625, both a lodgement on St. Christopher's, and peace- armaments made to intercept the Spanish vessels that visited those depredations continued seas, which even in times of peace: in retaliation the Spaniards seized all vessels in the islands, which they they met considered as exclusively belonging to them, from their prior the English and French, discovery. Both long frequented these where they were well received by the shores, they thought of making Caraibs, before formed any settlements. In 1625, both a lodgement on St. Christopher's, and peace- --- Page 394 --- APPENDIX. ably divided the island between them, intent only on enriching themselves, with the spoils of the common enemy. The natives retired, telling them < that land must be very scarce and bad in their countries, since they came sO far, and amidst SO many dangers, in search of fresh ones, that had littlealluring in their quality, or appearance." The court of Madrid viewed these settlements with a jealous eye, and in 1630 sent admiral Toledo with a formidable fleet to the Brazils, intended to operate against the Dutch. They ordered him on his way, to exterminate these pirates, as they called thei, and who, according to the notions of that crown, had usurped part of their possessions ; but it was from the dreaded neighbourhood of two more active and enterprizing people creating a degree of inquiemnie, that made them think of destroying them. On their defeat, the greatest part of the French who escaped, went down to the siall island of Tortuga, opposite the W. end of Hispanola, and eventually receiving succours from their government at home, at length got possession of part of the main island, by which means the Spaniards lost what they prized more, than the useless island from which they had driven them. The English and the other French who escaped the sword of the Spaniards at St. Christopher's fled to other islands, and the latter, busied about their other more valuable possessions of the main, left them there to repose in tranquillity. The conquered settlers suspended their national rivalities, to the great misfortune uf the Caraibs. Frequenta and destructive wars were waged mutually against them, and the different islands often presented scenes of --- Page 395 --- APPENDIX. horror and desolation. These hitherto did not receive the consideration of their adventurers, governments at home, till the month of respective 1660, when a treaty was formed, which secured January, each nation, the possessions which the varied fortune to of war, bad mutually placed in their this treaty it was stipulated, that power. By retain France should Martinique, Grenada, and Guadaloupe, and England was to maintain Barbadoes, Nevis, Antigua, and Monserrat, but St. Christopher's remain in common, between the was to Caraibs two nations. The were concentrated to Dominica and St. Vincent, where their population was now to 6000; but they have reduced that gradually decreased from number as the white population has and at present there are only a few spread, separate in a kind of left, who live cant to deserve force independence, too insignifiThese islands being carried against them. have all undergone a of fortune;'in general, those of the French, change in time of war, and have been taken peace, and given up at the making of now they have not a footing them; the English and Spaniards amongst all the West Indies being masters of which is too excepting St. Bartholomew's of either. inconsiderable to merit the attention The English colonics, in the first ture, Aourished more than those of the stages of culto a greater naval French, owing blishment of protection, and the better estaregulations. The latter, like the niards, soon fell into the Spaabusive depressing system of privileges, and monopoly. As we have already observed, many of the French who had escaped the inroads of the adventurers Spaniards at St. excepting St. Bartholomew's of either. inconsiderable to merit the attention The English colonics, in the first ture, Aourished more than those of the stages of culto a greater naval French, owing blishment of protection, and the better estaregulations. The latter, like the niards, soon fell into the Spaabusive depressing system of privileges, and monopoly. As we have already observed, many of the French who had escaped the inroads of the adventurers Spaniards at St. --- Page 396 --- APPENDIX. effected a lodgement on Tortuga, and Christopher's, and then turned their pursuits first to privateering, fertile form settlements on the opposite and to shores of Hispanola. from the COThey were at first called Buccaneers, word boucan, which means, a fire made in the lonial dressed and smoaked their woods, at which they kind of barbacue way. They were yet food, in a associated in small parwithout women, and they was in common, and descended ties. Every thing resembled some of the to the survivors, and they the which Caesar found when he conquered clans disputes occurred, if Gauls. Whenever personal of the neighbours was unavailing, they the arbitration certain distance with ended in duels, fought at a firelocks. Their own country was forgotten, their recollection of it, appeared washed away and their had received on passing the by the baptism each names, their family tropics. They even changed that afterwarlike ones, or noms de guerre, and adopted and created some wards descended to their families, of the law-suits among the most wealthy singular genealogy, as they after-, future planters, respecting land-holders in the country wards became the greatest behind them the largest when it was planted, and left and most valuable estates. blood of the animals A shirt, often stained in the leaand a killed in the chase, a thick pantaloon, from which hung a short sword or manther girdle, of sandals made of chete, a butcher's kuife, a pair and accoutredried hides; fornied their cloathing and and a musket that carried an ounce ball, ments, were what they depended on some good bull-dogs, --- Page 397 --- APPENDIX. defence. Their time was taken for subsistence and which since the discovery up in hunting the mbulls, increased to such a rapid deof the Spaniards, had sought, and these that the hide was all they' where the Dutch gree, collected in the byc ports, were to barter for the arms, ammuand Danes came the hunters required. nition, and cloathing settlers of the great colony of To these onginal added, redemptioners, French St Domingo, were who werc carried out or a species of poor men, of their from Furope, and for the consideration whom they were soid to the Buceancers, the passage for three years, at expiration consented to serve and couid work for themtime they became free, French called, 272 trente selves. These were what the became, as it were, they sir mois, or relemptioners, and many afterwards the founders of the colony, brevets of nobility. sought to be ennobled with hardened by continual Men of this description, with fresh meat and game, exercise, and daily fed and their daily exnot subject to infirmities, with it, were made them SO familiar posure to danger foe to the troops which that they became a deadly of Santo Domingo sent the Spanish goverament colony however, which against them. The Spanish had reached a times as we have seen, in the early and consisteney, had grahigh degree of splendour this time, retained little dually declined, and by what it had been. At else, than the shadow of were however, different periods strong expeditions who fled to the sent out against the Buccaneers, obliged to defend with mountains, which they were resolved At length the Spaniards unequal success. catile that had themselves to kill all the horned o sent the Spanish goverament colony however, which against them. The Spanish had reached a times as we have seen, in the early and consisteney, had grahigh degree of splendour this time, retained little dually declined, and by what it had been. At else, than the shadow of were however, different periods strong expeditions who fled to the sent out against the Buccaneers, obliged to defend with mountains, which they were resolved At length the Spaniards unequal success. catile that had themselves to kill all the horned --- Page 398 --- APPENDIX. in the West end of the island, and this spread returned to the East, leaving the desart effected, they of the woods and plains to the quiet possession who finding their pristine habits of former hunters, their attention to planting, at life useless, turned which laid the great first for their own subsistence, have foundation to that gigantic colony, which we noticed in our former pages. In 1665 it was, that France began to acknowledge and sent them out a governor; 5 and women them, be distributed amongst them. were picked up to be to be the The morals of these could not supposed from the manner in which they were collected ; best, amassed from the purlieus of they were in general, the of the the large cities, and were within power at the time they were sent out. They were, police, to these hermits, and however, the most acceptable the hust chance decided their lot. <I take thee," said, < without caring what thou hast band generally indication that thy been. Thy being here, is an but I life has not been the most exemplary, past about it. I do not ask thee to render heed little thou wert then misme any account of the past, but I shall detress of thy own will and actions, what is to mand of thee rigorously to answer for the butt end of his musket, come." Then striking of fu66 this is what will avenge me thy he added, if thou art wanting to me, this ture infidelities; :"-and thus was the marriage wilt thou not escape ceremony ended. the Buccaneers were not conIn the mean time, to the shores of Hisfined in their feats of prowess After driving the Spaniards from Tortuga, panola. fortifications. They fitted out light they erected --- Page 399 --- APPENDIX. vessels manned with from 70 to 150 who formed into a daring spirits, company, and cruized with the greatest success against the common seemed to be a enemy. They congregation of all many Indians nations, and that forced preferred their free mode of life to niards. restraint they experienced from the SpaThey generally boarded their their history is filled with feats enemy, and have ennobled the naval annals that would ever sels laden with of any nation. Vesmerchandize from sufficiently Europe were not tempting, they had no means of ding such cargoes, they waited till expenfreighted with precious metals. they returned attacked the They have even galleons, and were dreaded in convoys which they strong glers. followed, to pick up the They went round into the South strag-. terror along the coasts of Peru Seas, spread even captured the armed and California, and repel them : force that was sent to joined in the frequently the English and same attack, and French, the spoils, The first lots fraternally shared those who had been were always laid aside for wounded in the an extra remuneration combat; and was besides to the deserts of the made, according case. The only a right to one share, like commander had crew, but they the rest of the proportioned presented him with more, in a to the zeal and way played, and if any were killed activity he had disin the parts were given to their relations. action, their The Spanish navigation being naval force, and continually unprotected by a became confined, the exposed to dangers, pertyo continually devastated merchants finding their protheir commercial by these privateers, ceased relations, and sen-privatering at according case. The only a right to one share, like commander had crew, but they the rest of the proportioned presented him with more, in a to the zeal and way played, and if any were killed activity he had disin the parts were given to their relations. action, their The Spanish navigation being naval force, and continually unprotected by a became confined, the exposed to dangers, pertyo continually devastated merchants finding their protheir commercial by these privateers, ceased relations, and sen-privatering at --- Page 400 --- APPENDIX. became a trade to the Buccaneers scarcely length They then turned their attacks to worth following. maritime towns of the main consome of the rich all their acts of atrotinent, and Cuba, but amongst renand cruel audacity, none were cious courage of the leader Montbars, dered SO fainous as those in early His dislike to the Spaniards commenced and carried him to lengths youth, when at college, of with which wouldi equaily soil the page history, of those of the objects of his hatred. A handful many Buccaneers took and pillaged Maracaibo, of the the lake. and overrun the country surrounding the Main, burnt the town of Gibraltar on They didi not answer their expéctations, because its pillage with the same fate, and Maracaibo would have met ransomed the town. They, had not the inhabitants valuables they could however, carried off all the several images, and bells, many of wbich meet with, at in Port au Prince, particularly are existing present cut out of iron-wood, and a large Saviour on the cross, It was in much revered by the common people. famous that Morgan, one of the most this interval, master of PorBuccaneers of Jamaica, made himself the town, he took posto Bello. After surprising the women and friars session of the forts, by making ascend the ladders, march before him, and first the that the garrison would not fire upon supposing He afterwards took objects of theit love and respect. by that Panama, which was preceded and ravaged of St. Catherine's. on a state of The declension of Spain, brought colonies. which soon reached her distant languor become the seat of domesThe peninsula had Jong weakened by the revolt in tic divisions, and it was --- Page 401 --- APPENDIX. Cataloniaa and Portngal, by dom of Naples, by the couvulsions in the kingmies at Rocroy,* defeat of the Spanish arby their Low Countries, continaed losses in the by the at the head of affairs, incapacity of those placed of that national by the apparent extinction pride which bad till SO famous, and both the then made them this the most French and English favourable moment to thought reigu dominions. It attack her fohave was then that seen in the body of Cromwell, as we an expedition that our essay, in 1655 sent the year 1509 remained captured Jamaica, which from and its former under the Spanish inhabitants retired to Cuba. flag, From Jamaica several gainst the Main, and expeditions were formed awith the French often carried on in concert on both parties. Bnccaneers, the same object led attack, and Peru now became the each nation point of their own homes, thought of bringing back to lage. Some marched riches, and an abundance of pilmus of to the South Sea by the isthDarien, and others went straits of Magellan, in all to the round by the On arriving, they number of 4000 men. every direction, spread desolation and terror in they took upwards of pillaged the country round, and twenty towns, through which they laid every place The issue of this passed, under contribution. famous expedition did not an- * A town situated in the the celebrated for the victory which department of the Ardennes, Duke of Enghien and the Prince de Condè, then only 22 years of Spaniards in 1643. Nine thousand age, gained over the said to haye fallen in the Spaniards and Walloons are quarter. battle, most of whom refused to take in they took upwards of pillaged the country round, and twenty towns, through which they laid every place The issue of this passed, under contribution. famous expedition did not an- * A town situated in the the celebrated for the victory which department of the Ardennes, Duke of Enghien and the Prince de Condè, then only 22 years of Spaniards in 1643. Nine thousand age, gained over the said to haye fallen in the Spaniards and Walloons are quarter. battle, most of whom refused to take --- Page 402 --- 09051-1 APPENDIX. of the adventurets, swer however the expectarions others again in remany fell a prey to the climate, fell into ambusturbing loaded with their spoils, some which were placed to intercept them, cades, sO that few got safe to their perished with hunger, of the vessels in doubling respective islands. Many which had Cape Horn were lost, and an expedition the four to effect it, ended in nearly taken years brave band that undertook it. destruction of the which the BucCampeachy was the next place on and in F resolved a descent, caneers of St. Domingo The inhabitants 1685 it was carried into execution. dread of these fled into the woods, SO great was their booty famed ravagers of their country, a considerable carried off, but the last most memorable OCwas men was the capture of currence of these daring force from in conjunction with an armed Carthagena which soon afterwards broke out France. But the war division of with the Prince of Orange, creating a and French interests in the Buccaneers of the English ceased, the respective islands, these depredations of culture, now encouraged the progress governments and 'this hardy the toils of the field were assumed, became disand enterprising race of men, gradually of and distributed in the tilling grounds, persed, the foundation of those two great eventually laying have witnessed in our own days, colonies, which we cxceeded those of any and that have progressively other nations. END OF VOL. I. H. Bryer, Printer, Bridge-Street, Blackfriars, Loudon. --- Page 403 --- --- Page 404 --- --- Page 405 --- --- Page 406 --- --- Page 407 --- A J --- Page 408 ---