--- Page 1 --- --- Page 2 --- 3labir Garier rolont Cibnary Bromit Hnthersity O The John Carter Brown Library * * O Brown University Purchased from the Louisa D. Sharpe Metcalf Fund & O --- Page 3 --- --- Page 4 --- --- Page 5 --- THE PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, (SAINT DOMINGO.) WITH REMARKS ON ITS AGRICULTURE, COMMERCE, LAWS, RELIGION, FINANCES, AND POPULATION, ETC. ETC. BY JAMES FRANKLIN. LONDON: JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET. ADCCCXXVIII. --- Page 6 --- G. WOODFALL, ANGEL COURT, SKINNER STREET, LONDON. --- Page 7 --- CONTENTS. Page vii PREFACE. Introduction CHAPTER I. description of the French and Situation and general the revolution in the Spanish divisions, previously to former country CHAPTER II. Cause of the revolution in the colony-People of with the colour in France-Theirj proceolings-Lengue defeat rebellion.-His society of Amis des Noirs-Ogés ofthe proprietors and planters.- and denth.-Conduct Consequences of it CHAPTER III, First revolt of the slaves in 1791.-Their ravages. Decree of the national assembly 4th April 1792.- Santhonax and Polverel-their secret agency-Encoudeclaration of freedom to the rage the slaves.-Their of slaves-Consequences arising from it.-Character of the coloured people the slaves-Disabilitics CHAPTER IV. the slaves.-Arrival of the Effects of emancipating subsequent operations-EvactnBritish forces.-Their --- Page 8 --- iv CONTENTS. Page tion by General Maitland.-M. Charmilly negotiates with the English.-Views of the English cabinet.-Parties in the contest.-And insincerity of the French planters CHAPTER V. The period between the evacuation by the British forces and the arrival of the French army under Le Clec-Cultinmion-law to enforce it.-Character of Toussaint." - Reverses. His arrangement with the French general. His seizure and removal to France.. 117 CHAPTER VI. The period from the seizure of Toussaint to the final expulsion of the French by Dessalines, in 1803.-State of callivation.-Commerce declined-and observations on the population.-Its extent. CHAPTER VII. Independence declared-Deslines attempts to take the city of Santo Domingo-Raised to the imperial dignity.-New constitution.-) His atrocious massacres-Attempts to import negroes from Africa. Encourages cultivators. Census taken.-State of his army. - His death and character CHAPTER VIII. Christophe takes the command. His officers of government. Promotes agriculture and commerce. Petion opposes him. Cessation of arms mutually agreed upon.-Christophe crownedl king-Code Henry. --- Page 9 --- CONTENTS. V Page Baron dc Vastey's opinions. Commissioners from France. - Conduct to them. - Christophe pursues his system of government. - Petion relaxes in his. His offers to the British government.- State ofhis dominions. Has recourse to a debased cimengy-Couegpeacet LHis death-Christophe negotiates for the possession of the Spanish part. - Revolution in his dominions.- His death * CHAPTER IX. Boyer clected president. - His character. Revolution in the north-annexed to the south-Revolution in Spanish part.-Union of the whole. - Measures pursued after. - - Overtures to France. - - Arrival of French floet.-Negotiation and independence. Baron Mackau. Dissatisfaction prevails. British consul-general.-Further dissatisfaction. - Determination not to paythe indemnity--Voluntary loan attempted-it fails. - Observations on the inefficiency of government. State of the military.-Naval force, etc. CHAPTER X. Topographical sketch.-State of the roads.-Mode of repair by criminals.-How criminals are treated.- Description of inns. Accommodations at them. - Mode of travelling. - Value of land in several districts, and in towns. CHAPTER XI. Agriculture. - - Crops in Toussaint's and Dessalines' time. - System of Christophe and Petion. 1 Decline - Determination not to paythe indemnity--Voluntary loan attempted-it fails. - Observations on the inefficiency of government. State of the military.-Naval force, etc. CHAPTER X. Topographical sketch.-State of the roads.-Mode of repair by criminals.-How criminals are treated.- Description of inns. Accommodations at them. - Mode of travelling. - Value of land in several districts, and in towns. CHAPTER XI. Agriculture. - - Crops in Toussaint's and Dessalines' time. - System of Christophe and Petion. 1 Decline --- Page 10 --- vi CONTENTS. Page under Boyer.-Crops in his time.-Attempts to revive - - Code Rural - doubts on it. - - Coercion resorted to. enforcing its clauses-Disposal oflands-Conaeguences of of cultivafrom it,-Incompetency planters.-State tion of sugar, coffee, cocoa, cotton, indigo.-Freel labour. Consequences arising from it-its inefficacy, etc.. CHAPTER XII. Commerce. State of exports and imports. 1 Exactions at the customs depredations and impositions. labour under.- Foreign merchants - disabilities they of etc. Insecurity. - State finances.-Revenue, CHAPTER XIII. jurisprudence.- -State of the courts.-Trial Haytian judges-Justices of the pence-their corbyjury-Thej of a missionruption.-State of the church-Account in the church.- Moral and religious state ary.--Schism of the people shewn by their mode of living.-Descripdescribel-Furniturs, tion of this mode.-Habitations do not enete-Education-is) progreat-Govemmente it.-Remarks on the consequences of not doing courage of senators and communes- shew so.- Qualifications the state of knowledge and education CHAPTER XIV. 1824-opinion on it.-Further Population-Cenaus of taking the census.- _Checks to statement-Maner of those checks. incrense-decrense is evident-nature Increase in the United States, according to Raymond. _Conclusion --- Page 11 --- PREFACE. THE Author has prepared this work for the press somewhat hastily, and under many circumstances which heavily oppressed him; he hopes therefore that the want of arrangement, and the dearth of matter which may be observed in his narrative, will not subject it to a severe condemnation. In presenting it to the public, he is not actuated by any personal considerations, his object being to convey somc information respecting the resources of a country, and the character of a people, which have been SO variously represented. The short delineation here attempted will, in all probability, suffice to shew that the accounts which have been given at diffcrent times of Hayti and its inhabitants have been much too highly coloured by the zealous advocates of negro independence: ; and he is ready to confess that at one time he was somewhat dazzled by the description, and was almost made a convert to their opinions. It having bcen his lot however, at a subsequent period, to hold considerable intercoursc with the country, he has been enabled to form what he considers a more correct cstimate of its present con- --- Page 12 --- viti PREFACE. dition. Experience has convinced him that the representations SO generally received of the improvement which it has made are greatly exaggerated, and he is not without the hope that the following sheets will convey more correct information on the subject, and thus prove useful to the merchant, if not interesting to the general reader. He readily admits that in the historical part he has touched upon matters which have been already handled by other and much abler writers ; this could not be very well avoided, the annals of Hayti affording but few events, and those having been often detailed. He conceived that such a summary of the history of the country would be necessary to illustrate the cause of the revolution, to shew the decline which ensued in agriculture and commerce, the decay of knowledge, and the progress of vice and immorality among the inhabitants. Actuated therefore by the desire of throwing some light on the state of Hayti, and giving a faithful representation of the condition of its population, he ventures to solicit the attention of the public to the facts which have fallen under his own personal observation. of Hayti affording but few events, and those having been often detailed. He conceived that such a summary of the history of the country would be necessary to illustrate the cause of the revolution, to shew the decline which ensued in agriculture and commerce, the decay of knowledge, and the progress of vice and immorality among the inhabitants. Actuated therefore by the desire of throwing some light on the state of Hayti, and giving a faithful representation of the condition of its population, he ventures to solicit the attention of the public to the facts which have fallen under his own personal observation. --- Page 13 --- THE PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, OR SAINT DOMINGO. INTRODUCTION. AN account of the present state of Hayti I believe has not yet been submitted to the public : to offer one likely to meet with a favourable reception is, I am aware, an undertaking of considerable difficulty: it requires, no doubt, that the author should be well skilled in the various branches of knowledge, in order to render it in every respect satisfactory and interesting to the public. Ignorant as I acknowledge myself to be in the higher walks of philosophy, and educated solely for the more humble avocations of a mercantile life, I can lay no claim to such acquirements : I must therefore rest my hope of commanding any degree of attention, on the truth and correctness of the statements which I B --- Page 14 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, shall produce, founded as they are on actual observation. I am conscious that I am standing on delicate ground, and touching on a subject likely to excite angry feelings in those who have long been the eulogists of the republic, who have been its adwhen assailed, and who have held it forth vocates to the world as a country in which wealth abounds, virtue flourishes, and freedom reigns triumphant, instead of the oppression, the vice, and the poverty which once prevailed there ; but I will not shrink from the undertaking, though powerful obstacles may present themselves, and formidable opponents be arrayed against me. My object in the following sheets is, to endeavour to dissipate this delusion, and to shew that there is nothing to warrant the unqualified panegyrics poured forth by those individuals who have been the most conspicuous: for their zeal and enthusiasm, in holding up Hayti as a 66 land flowing with milk and honey ". In the performance of this, I have no other aim than that of benefiting the merchant and capitalist, the manufacturer, and the trader, who have had no opportunity of visiting a country to which their speculations in commerce may lead them, by guarding them against the shoals and quicksands upon which adventurers, destitute of information, are SO frequently wrecked. The admirers of Hayti have been very industrious in circulating the most deceptive accounts of the state of its commerce, by garbled and exaggeXIE --- Page 15 --- OR SAINT DOMINGO. rated specifications. They have led many to believe that its imports and exports are daily on the increase, and that the resources of the people for the purchase of the products and manufactures of other states receive a gradual and steady augmentation. I am much deceived if I shall not succeed in convincing the reader that this representation is delusion, and that from the diminished a perfect means of the people, the commerce of Hayti, instead of increasing, annually sustains a considerable diminution ; and that while the present state of things continues to exist-while its rulers are weak and imbecile, and the mass of the population are kept in a state of the grossest ignoranee-there does not appear a ray ofhope that any improvement may take place in the circumstances of the country, or that any change will be effected, likely to prove adto foreigners disposed to embark in an vantageous intercourse with Hayti. Several visits to Hayti-in two of which I had, from the nature of my mission, occasion to remain me opportunities of there a considerable time-gave seeing the actual state of it, in all its different branches of agriculture, commerce, finances, and the moral and religious condition of its people, together with the state of its government and the views of its chief. I am therefore encouraged to hope that my details may be productive of some benefit to the commercial part of the community, B 2 adto foreigners disposed to embark in an vantageous intercourse with Hayti. Several visits to Hayti-in two of which I had, from the nature of my mission, occasion to remain me opportunities of there a considerable time-gave seeing the actual state of it, in all its different branches of agriculture, commerce, finances, and the moral and religious condition of its people, together with the state of its government and the views of its chief. I am therefore encouraged to hope that my details may be productive of some benefit to the commercial part of the community, B 2 --- Page 16 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, and not be altogether unacceptable to others, whose avocations are different, but who may be desirous of information those parts of the correct respecting globe of which they may know but little except the name. An historical account of Hayti would be a superfluous undertaking ; I see nothing to add to what has already been written by Charlevoix, Raynal, Edwards, Walton, and others, in their elaborate and voluminous works, and who have omitted nothing interesting, or worthy of being recorded, from its first discovery by the illustrious Columbus down to a very recent period. Every event connected with its history seems to have been most faithfully detailed by these writers, and their works are entitled to the highest credit and consideration, as containing the best and most authentic account of this very extensive island. Impelled, no doubt, as they were with a desire to afford to the world every possible information relative to the resources of the country, and of the character and general habits of the people, they have left little to be performed by their successors, except to notice the changes and events which may have taken place since the date of their latest productions. Besides a copious and a faithful historical sketch, they have given a correct statistical view ofits agriculture, its commerce, and public revenue; they have also pointed out the slow advances made : --- Page 17 --- OR SAINT DOMINGO. by the people in industry, in morality, and in general knowledge : but little, therefore, remains to be said onl these subjects, except to call the attention ofthe reader to the striking contrast which the present situation of the republic exhibits, when compared with that which it displayed before the revolution ; to give a brief sketch of Hayti as itis, with an occasional reference to Hayti as it was. I must beg leave to assure my readers, that in executing this task, I am actuated by no unfair nor unjust motives; I am only anxious that the highly coloured statements which have been published respecting its present wealth and prosperity should be submitted to the test of candid and impartial scrutiny. Fora series of years Hayti has been made the theme of constant praise, and has excitcd no little share of the public attention, on account of the unexampled efforts which its slave population made to throw off the fetters by which they had been previously bound, and on account of their having, as their eulogists declare, made the most rapid and extraordinary strides in civilization and social improvement. It must be admitted that the revolution effected in Hayti, was an event almost unparalleled in history; and that a people just emerging from a state of barbarism should have SO successfully combated and defeated the. finest troops of France, is no doubt a circumstance calculated to call forth no trifling portion of astonishment and ad- of the unexampled efforts which its slave population made to throw off the fetters by which they had been previously bound, and on account of their having, as their eulogists declare, made the most rapid and extraordinary strides in civilization and social improvement. It must be admitted that the revolution effected in Hayti, was an event almost unparalleled in history; and that a people just emerging from a state of barbarism should have SO successfully combated and defeated the. finest troops of France, is no doubt a circumstance calculated to call forth no trifling portion of astonishment and ad- --- Page 18 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, but when the partial eulogists of the Haymiration : of asserting that they have tians go to the length that arrived at a high degree of moral improvement, infehave reached a state of refinement little they prevails in Europe, the rior to that which generally : such overstrained limits of truth are overstepped: of the semblance assertions are totally destitute even experience cnables me to of truth, and my personal terms, declare, in the most explicit and unqualified moment, the people of Hayti are that at this very than the slave populain a worse state of ignorance cases, tion in the British colonies. There are some in which instances ofintelligence have been itis true, citizen, but this never discovered in the Haytian have had the adwhere individuals occurs except education, or who, being vantages of an European to the of persons who previously the descendants of wealth, had the means revolution were possessed the manof travelling, for the purpose of acquiring But ners and customs of more enlightened nations. from the people in the aggregate, they are far taking having made any advances in knowledge. the friends It has also been commonly asserted by in credited of Hayti, and I believe very generally Europe, that it preserves its agricultural pre-emi- shall be by free labour; now I think I nence solely that this is not the able to prove to a demonstration document casc, and that it is too evident, from, every on the subject, that agriculthat has yet appearcd AdN --- Page 19 --- OR SAINT DOMINGO. ture has been long on the wanc, and has sunk to the lowest possible ebb in every district of the republic; of the culture of that the true art and principles the soil, are not understood, or if in the least known, There is nothing they are not practically applied. to be seen having the least resemblance to a colony, flourishing in the wealth derived from a properly regulated system of agriculture. On the subject of free labour I shall have occasion to offer a few remarks, and I trust that in doing sO, I shall not be considered as inimical to it, whereever it may be found practicable to obtain it; on the contrary, no man would be more happy to see that our own colonies could be cultivated by free labour, provided a full compensation should be honourably made to those whose interests might be endangered by the experiment, if unsuccessful; but I shall, I think, be able to shew that this is absolutely impracticable, and that the system of labour SO pursued in Hayti, instead of affording us a proof of what be accomplished by it, is illustrative of may the fact, that it is by coercion, and coercion only, that any return can be expected from the employment of capital in the cultivation of soil in our West India islands. I shall also be able to shew that Hayti presents no instance in which the cultivation of the soil is successfully carried on without the application of force to constrain the labourer : on the estates of every individual connected with ew that this is absolutely impracticable, and that the system of labour SO pursued in Hayti, instead of affording us a proof of what be accomplished by it, is illustrative of may the fact, that it is by coercion, and coercion only, that any return can be expected from the employment of capital in the cultivation of soil in our West India islands. I shall also be able to shew that Hayti presents no instance in which the cultivation of the soil is successfully carried on without the application of force to constrain the labourer : on the estates of every individual connected with --- Page 20 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, all the labourers employed work the government, police, and under the superintendence of a military alone that any thing reit is on these properties exists in Hayti. I sembling successful agriculture of that this will excite the astonishment am aware to think otherpersons who have been accustomed but I shall state facts which cannot be conwise; President Boyer himself-nay, troverted, even by which I have seen I shall produce circumstances estate; cirwith the utmost surprise on his own that must shew his warmest advocates, cumstances have not been obthat all his boasted productions without the application of that system against tained which they loudly exclaim. of what might Instead of holding out an example by a people released from bondage, be accomplished for freedom by without first having been prepared instruction, I think Hayti ramoral and religious the ther forms a beacon to warn us against dangers has and difficulties by which that unhappy country overtaken. The present condition of Hayti, been the events which have taken place since arising from cautious therevolution, should render us exceedingly our own colonies into the same misery how we plunge conferring on a rude and untaught and calamity; by without the least people, without qualification, or themselves. command over restraint, an uncontrolled feel for the miseries to However acutely we may subwhich the West Indian slave was at one period --- Page 21 --- OR SAINT DOMINGO. jected, yet I cannot conceive it possible that any one information on the subcan be SO destitute of correct ject as not to know, that at this moment the slave is in a condition far more happy, that he possessesi infinitelyg greater conforts and enjoyments, than anyclass of labourers in Hayti, and that, from the judicious measures which have been already adopted by the colonial legislatures, and from others which are in contemplation, for improving the condition of the slave, it is very rational to conclude that before long slavery will only be considered as a name ; and that were it to receive any other designation it would furnish no peg on which the European philanthropist might hang his declamations against slavery. To place the slaves in the British colonies upon a footing with the frec labourers in Hayti, or with the largest proportion of the people in that country, would be a work of easy accomplishment: ; but the effect would be, to cause them to exchange a state of comparative plenty and comfort, for one in which every species of tyranny and oppression, with their concomitants, disease and want, are most lamentably conspicuous. Whatever may be the views of the British Cabinet relative to their colonies, I should warn it to steer clear of the erroneous policy which has proved sO fatal to Hayti, and should it be determined that a change should be introduced into the policy hitherto pursued with SO much success, and with SO much advantage in our colonial work of easy accomplishment: ; but the effect would be, to cause them to exchange a state of comparative plenty and comfort, for one in which every species of tyranny and oppression, with their concomitants, disease and want, are most lamentably conspicuous. Whatever may be the views of the British Cabinet relative to their colonies, I should warn it to steer clear of the erroneous policy which has proved sO fatal to Hayti, and should it be determined that a change should be introduced into the policy hitherto pursued with SO much success, and with SO much advantage in our colonial --- Page 22 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, possesions, I trust it will not be by emancipating before he is prepared for freedom by a the slave, education. Let the proper moral and religious and the system of slavery be gradually improved, into a state of freedom. slave will glide imperceptibly in this early stage of my It is not my intention, detail of the remarks, to enter into any lengthened between disunion or want of cordiality subsisting of in Hayti: this I shall rethe two classes people where it will be seen, that serve for its proper place; the dissatisfaction prevails amongst a very strong which manifests itself upon almost black population, public events, and every occasion of cclebrating arises festivities. This acrimonious fecling evidently excited by the predominant infrom the jealousy fluence of the coloured people in the government. detrimental as it may be to the good This influence, is courted and order and repose of the country, of nurtured by the president, to the great danger the whole establishment. One or two overthrowing have been made by the people of attempts at revolt of the late Christhe north, who were the subjects it tophe, and from these efforts, although abortive, be inferred, that the spirit for a more extensive may still lurks in their minds, and that the commotion and inflame least possible irritation would sO agitate that the whole would be thrown into a scene them, tumult, and irremediable confusion. of disorder, and powerful, but The combinations are numcrous AXs --- Page 23 --- OR SAINT DOMINGO. such was the extraordinary apathy of the government, that until a communication was made by an individual to Boyer, neither he nor any one of his officers had the least intimation that such proceedings were in contemplation. The want of energy visible in the government makes it obnoxious to the people, and no country like Hayti can be expected to remain long in repose and tranquillity, unless its possess both talent and resolution to comgovernors mand. That the government of Hayti is the most inefficient and enervated of any of the modern republics cannot be denied, and I cannot see the least hope of an improvement, unless there be a complete revision of its constitution, and a new one framed, better suited to the tastes of the people, and more adapted to their present very rude state of knowledge. From the present rulers it would be vain to expect any effort which might prove beneficial to the country; ; any attempt to cultivate or improve the habits and morals of the people, or to promote agriculture. The members composing the present government, seem to consider the poverty and ignorance of the people, as the best safeguards of the security and permanence of their own property and power. A recognition of the independence of Hayti by Great Britain may give some strength to the measurcs of its government, because the people have , and more adapted to their present very rude state of knowledge. From the present rulers it would be vain to expect any effort which might prove beneficial to the country; ; any attempt to cultivate or improve the habits and morals of the people, or to promote agriculture. The members composing the present government, seem to consider the poverty and ignorance of the people, as the best safeguards of the security and permanence of their own property and power. A recognition of the independence of Hayti by Great Britain may give some strength to the measurcs of its government, because the people have --- Page 24 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, ETC. called out loudly for the protection of that power, exclaimed against the whilst they have as loudly No event in its hispolicy pursued towards France. abhorrence tory has excited in thé republic greater than the act of purchasor more general murmuring, that which it had de facto possessed ing from France unmolested and undisturbed : for twenty-one years the sovereignty of that thereby at once admitting France over the island, and which sovereignty power convenient period, unquestionably aswill, at some without the least fear of any inconsert, and that from it; for what venient consequences arising France, can give aid to the Haytians against power the former have openly and formally admitted when upon the themselves to be a colony dependent Whatever intercourse Englishmen French crown. maintain with Hayti, it is inmay be disposed to the most that they should use vigilant dispensable adherence to such precaution, and exact a rigid if they have been entered into, treaties as may for the Haytian character, would avoid certain loss : will be found, SO far from being taken generally, not even to entitled either to credit or confidence, honesty. Compacts with them are possess common adherence to agreements easily made; but a faithful maxim is to break must not be expected 1;-their whenever they find it can be accomplished them, with advantage. X --- Page 25 --- CHAPTER I. Situation and general description of the French and Spanish divisions, previously to the Revolution in the former country. THE island of St. Domingo, once the abode of fertility, and the scene of extraordinary political changes and events, lies in latitude 18° 20' north and in longitude 68° 40' west from Greenwich, having on its west the islands of Cuba and Jamaica, on its. east Porto Rico, the Bahamas on its north, and bounded southerly by the Carribean Sea. Its extent has been variously stated; but Edwards, who describes it to be about 390 miles in length from east to west, seems the most correct; and it appears from late surveys to be nearly 150 miles in breadth from north to south. The Abbé Raynal has represented it at 200 leagues in length, and from 60 to 80 in breadth, but it is evident that his estimation is erroneous. Rainsford also states it to be about 450 miles in length, but from every information which I could obtain, its length docs not appear to exceed 400 miles, nor its breadth 140. The reader, therefore, must look into these discrepances, and judge between them. As it is not easy to sur- most correct; and it appears from late surveys to be nearly 150 miles in breadth from north to south. The Abbé Raynal has represented it at 200 leagues in length, and from 60 to 80 in breadth, but it is evident that his estimation is erroneous. Rainsford also states it to be about 450 miles in length, but from every information which I could obtain, its length docs not appear to exceed 400 miles, nor its breadth 140. The reader, therefore, must look into these discrepances, and judge between them. As it is not easy to sur- --- Page 26 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. I. intersected by wilds and impenetrable vey a country mountains, much is necessarily left to conjecture. It is the most extensive, and was at one period of the most productive of the Antilles, and its history and the aborigines Haiti, or Highland, was called by which ancient designation it is now generally by having been abolished known, that of St. Domingo idea of at the revolution. To convey an adequate island was, is not the obwhat this once delightful head it is sufficient ject of the present work; on this observe that in the richness and extent ofits proto and in its local beauties, it exceeded every ductions, and that the other island in the western hemisphere, divisions of the east and the west, when under two of Spain and France, the respective governments indeed known to be the most were considered and to those splendid and most important appendages Its and valleys presented the most crowns. plains of the and inviting scenes from the richness pastures the verdure with which they eternally abounded. mountains were also said to contain ores of the Its valuable kind, and produce timber admirably most adapted for every useful or ornamental purpose. could exceed the extreme salubrity of the Nothing it be in the vast whole country, nor could surpassed exuberance of its luscious fruits, and in those productions of the soil which became the general artiand from which all the wealth and cles of export, all commerce of this colony flowed. sh --- Page 27 --- CHAP. 1.] OR SAINT DOMINGO. The French division, though infinitely less eXtensive than the Spanish part, and not containing a third of the whole island, has been considered the most valuable spot in the western world. The Spanish division however has greater natural resources, and affords greater facilities for agricultural operations: but the very extraordinary exertions of the French planter in the culture of the soil, compensated for the want of those advantages possessed by their Spanish neighbours, who, more indolently disposed, relied on the produce of their mines, which local riches than afforded, as they imagined, greater those which could be obtained from either agriculthat these alone furture or commerce, forgetting nish the wealth which can render any country really and permanently prosperous and great. It appears from every authority, that the first colony established here by the French, was settled in the sixteenth century, having been attracted thither by the Buccaneers, who had previously obtained a footing in the island from excursions which they often made from Tortuga, for the purpose of hunting the bulls of the Spaniards. These hardy and predatory warriors attracted the French, who supplied them with such necessaries as they required, and even sent them many settlers, with arms and implements for defence and labour. The extreme fertility of the country invited them to make some efforts to gain a permanent footing in it, and by ony established here by the French, was settled in the sixteenth century, having been attracted thither by the Buccaneers, who had previously obtained a footing in the island from excursions which they often made from Tortuga, for the purpose of hunting the bulls of the Spaniards. These hardy and predatory warriors attracted the French, who supplied them with such necessaries as they required, and even sent them many settlers, with arms and implements for defence and labour. The extreme fertility of the country invited them to make some efforts to gain a permanent footing in it, and by --- Page 28 --- 16. PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. I. of intrigue coupled with a little force, they means possession of the whole of succeeded in obtaining the line of which seems to have run the west end, direction, from about Cape François in an oblique Rosa on the south. Having on the north to Cape themsurmounted all the obstacles that presented overcome those difficulties which selves, and having at colonigenerally accompany the first attempts zation, or are met with in a newly discovered land, with incredible ardour and industry they pursued and the improvement of their the culture of the soil, valuable acquisition. of and unable to conThe Spanish court, jealous tend with their rival colonists, submitted to France, when the two cabinets at home came to a mutual and adjustment, respecting these understanding possesions. An arrangement was entered foreign under which commissioners were appointed into, the boundaries, and fixing the rights for settling of between which had formed the ground disputes of these rival nations. The line of dethe settlers commenced at the marcation finally agreed upon in its of Mansenillo on the north, dividing bay thence taking rather course the river Massacre; course, it reached an acute point at Dona westerly southerly to the river don, and afterwards proceeded Pedernales. of as conceded to the French, This tract country, contained about 1000 square leagues, exceedingly - --- Page 29 --- CHAP. 1.] OR SAINT DOMINCO. irregular in its character, intersected with mountains, and having plains confined and difficult of approach, SO as to make it altogether much inferior in point of natural value to even a single district of the Spanish division ; having also two extreme points or capes, Cape Nicolas Mole on the north, and Cape Tiburon on the south-west extremity, in both ofwhich the soil is less valuable, from its being SO very mountainous, and from its not possessing those facilitics of communication which can be obtained in other districts. Notwithstanding the disadvantages against whicl the first settlers had to contend, and in defiance of every local obstacle, they seemed to have been impressed with the conviction, that if a spirit of perseverance and labour could be diffused amongst them, they would ultimately be richly rewarded for all their toil, and all that anxiety and deprivation to which it appears, at their first setting out, they were unquestionably subjected. Their conclusions were just, and time shewed thc correctness of the principles on which they reasoned and acted, for their colony gradually rose in estimation; and at sO early a period as the year 1703, under the government of M. Auger, a native of America, and who in early life had been in a state of slavery, it had become of SO much consideration to France, that the greatest possible efforts were made to extend their system of cultivation to the whole of their colonial territory. That C their first setting out, they were unquestionably subjected. Their conclusions were just, and time shewed thc correctness of the principles on which they reasoned and acted, for their colony gradually rose in estimation; and at sO early a period as the year 1703, under the government of M. Auger, a native of America, and who in early life had been in a state of slavery, it had become of SO much consideration to France, that the greatest possible efforts were made to extend their system of cultivation to the whole of their colonial territory. That C --- Page 30 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP.I. it is said, in his exertions officer was indefatigable, the colonists in in encouraging and in stimulating culture of the lands, and as he had been prethe of Guadaloupe, it is to be inferred viously governor skill in the business of that he possessed no ordinary of those the ground for the production preparing which became the main exotic and indigenous plants That he articles of export to the mother-couutry. for efficient all writers admit, was a most the governor state of his colony to a very he had brought when he died, lamented high pitch of prosperity, The all who had lived under his command. by this had increased in every plantations at period where the soil was particularly in the valleys, part, and where the labour could be permore congenial, attended with those difficulties formed without being districts. which impeded it in the more mountainous the cocoa-tree had begun to In the western parts wealth to produce most luxuriantly, yielding great The individuals, and a large revenue to the state. had also arrived at great perfection, and sugar-cane the sugar from it had been the art of manufacturing success. for some time carried on with astonishing and the plantCoffee plantations were establishing, with each other in direction were vying ers in every their properties into the highest possible bringing state of cultivation. the island suffered a In the year 1715, however, and in the succeeding year very severe calamity, & : --- Page 31 --- CHAP. 1.] OR SAINT DOMINGO, another followed, in both of which almost all cocoa-trees perished, and considerable the done to every vegetable damage was production ; and the ers, who had by this time plant competent acquired an easy, ifnot a fortune, sustained losses that and continued exertion could only time will be seen, possibly repair. It however, that a great gradually followed, and that improvement been neglected, for in the agriculture had not advanced to a wonderfal ycar 1754 the colony had pitch of seems to have satisfied the wishes prosperity, and of the of the soil, as well as the most proprictors tions of the government. It is said sanguine expectamous writer, that 66 the various by an anonyported from the island commodities examounted to a million and quarter sterling, and the a seven hundred and imports to one million hundred and nine seventy-seven thousand five pounds. There were thousand white inhabitants, fourteen free nearly four thousand mulattoes, and one hundred and thousand seventy-two negroes ; five hundred and sugar plantations, three thousand three ninety-nine and seventy-nine of indigo, hundred nine hundred and ninety-eight thousand three hundred forty-six cocoa-trees, six million thousand three hundred and seven cotton plants, and about sixtyof cassia-trees, twenty-two millions sixty-three thousand horses and mules, ninety-three thousand head ofhorned six millions of bannana cattle, trees, upwards of one million C 2 , and one hundred and thousand seventy-two negroes ; five hundred and sugar plantations, three thousand three ninety-nine and seventy-nine of indigo, hundred nine hundred and ninety-eight thousand three hundred forty-six cocoa-trees, six million thousand three hundred and seven cotton plants, and about sixtyof cassia-trees, twenty-two millions sixty-three thousand horses and mules, ninety-three thousand head ofhorned six millions of bannana cattle, trees, upwards of one million C 2 --- Page 32 --- STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. I. PRESENT two hundred and twenty-six thouplots of potatoes, three million trenches of sand of yams, and nearly marrioc." to the French revolution From this period up every advanced still furtherin prosperity, the colony the wealth of the planters, and to year adding to Nothing could exceed the revenue of the crown. had been the condition into which the plantations by their owners; a steady and enlightened brought had been established, which system of agriculture beneficial results. had been productive of the most care laid out with the greatest Every plantation, as to bring every part and neatness, was SO arranged order of succession of the soil into use in its proper the to have escaped --not the least particle appears be rendered fit of the owner, for what could not eye of the cane, served either for for the production In the valcoffee, indigo, or other plants. cotton, mountains, the access to which leys surrounded by and with some danger, for carriages was attended the verdure consequently were chiefly in pasture, small rivuThese valleys having was astonishing. through them, and shaded lets or streams running and shrubs, which by occasional groups of trees or on the margins of a spring, grew spontancously that occasionally be round any body of water might extremely collected from the mountain falls, became for the raising of cattle for the consumpvaluable and on this account extremely tion of the planters, S --- Page 33 --- CHAP. 1.] OR SAINT DOMINGO. profitable to their owners; for here the animals could graze undisturbed and cool under a meridian sun, and range unmolested, indulging in the richness of the surrounding herbage. The culture of the land for the sugar-cane at this period seems to have engaged the greatest attention of the planter, for at no timc had such amazing crops been produced as in the year preceding the revolution ; the soil in the plains of the north, Artibanite and the Cul de Sac, being peculiarly adapted for it, from its extreme strength and exccllent quality, and from its situation, which enabled it to receive the aid of irrigation in scasons when drought prevails. The estates also appropriated to the production of sugar exhibited a degrec of uniformity and order, in all the departments of plantation labour, which can scarcely be exceeded even at the present period, when the system is supposed to have become more mature, and its truc principles better understood. The coffee plantations had at this time arrived at great perfection-they were extensive, and exceedingly fruitful; ; for the genius and industry of the proprictors were exerted to their utmost limits in this branch of agriculture. Every property was divided and subdivided into small ficlds, in which the trees were planted with all that niccty and regularity which is often seen in a well regulated nursery. The pruning-knife and the hoe were regularly applied to the trees requiring to be dismembered of when the system is supposed to have become more mature, and its truc principles better understood. The coffee plantations had at this time arrived at great perfection-they were extensive, and exceedingly fruitful; ; for the genius and industry of the proprictors were exerted to their utmost limits in this branch of agriculture. Every property was divided and subdivided into small ficlds, in which the trees were planted with all that niccty and regularity which is often seen in a well regulated nursery. The pruning-knife and the hoe were regularly applied to the trees requiring to be dismembered of --- Page 34 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. I. their superfluous branches, and wanting nurture at their half expiring roots. The cotton and indigo plantations had also arrived at the height of excellence in planting, and it was not possible that abundance could have been obtained from greater them, than that which was usually returned at or a few years previously to the convulsion which took place. The cocoa tree was also at this time exceedingly flourishing, and much care and attention were bestowed upon its cultivation ; its produce being found an article of no inconsiderable demand, and extremely profitable in the returns which it yielded the cultivator. A better or clearer proof cannot be given of the highly improved state of agriculture at this time, than by a reference to the number of plantations which had been established, and to the quantity of produce which had been exported to France, with the value of the whole, as estimated by persons whose authority may be relied on, and who were doubtless competent judges, from having in the island filled situations which gave them opportunities of fairly estimating everything connected with the country. Morcau St. Mery, a writer of great credit, and a native of St. Domingo, states, 66 that in the year 1791 there were, in the French division alone, seven hundred and ninety-three sugar estates, seven hundred and cighty-nine cotton plantations, three --- Page 35 --- CHAP. 1] OR SAINT DOMINGO. thousand one hundred and seventeen of coffec, threc thousand one hundred and fifty of indigo, fifty-four cocoa manufactorics, and six hundred and twenty-three smaller settlements, on which werc produced large quantities of Indian corn, rice, pulsc, and almost every description of vegetables required for the consumption of the people. There were also forty thousand horses, fifty thousand mules, and two hundred and fifty thousand cattle and sheep; and that the quantity of land actually in cultivation was about two million two hundred and eighty-nine thousand four hundred and ciglity acres.' 22 The quantity of produce exported from the island to France appears, by various accounts, to have been very large indeed, furnishing a very strong corroboration of the fiourishing state of the colony, and of the extent to which agriculture had been carried. It would appear that not much regard was paid to other means by which the prosperity of the country might have been enhanced, the inhabitants resting solely on the culture of the soil to exalt the island in the eyes of the parent state, and to make it an appendage worthy to be cherished and protected. Mr. Edwards and others have stated the amount of exports as follows: that is to say, about one hundred and sixty-three millions four hundred thousand pounds of sugar, sixty-eight millions onc hundred and fifty thousand pounds of the colony, and of the extent to which agriculture had been carried. It would appear that not much regard was paid to other means by which the prosperity of the country might have been enhanced, the inhabitants resting solely on the culture of the soil to exalt the island in the eyes of the parent state, and to make it an appendage worthy to be cherished and protected. Mr. Edwards and others have stated the amount of exports as follows: that is to say, about one hundred and sixty-three millions four hundred thousand pounds of sugar, sixty-eight millions onc hundred and fifty thousand pounds of --- Page 36 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAF. I. six millions two hundred and eighty-six coffee, of cotton, nine hundred and thirty thousand pounds thousand thousand pounds of indigo, twenty-nine hogsheads of molasses, and three hundred puncheons Walton, in his Appendix, enumerates of rum. besides those which I many other articles of export of cach much have named, and he states the quantity and and values the whole at about six millions larger, thousand two hundred and thirty pounds, ninety-four The same writer observes, that the English money. into the country about that value of the imports time from France was four millions one hundred thousand six hundred and ten and twenty-five At this period, also, it appears pounds sterling. amounted to from authority, that the population thousand white people, twenty-cight about forty of colour, and about four thousand free persons thousand slaves; and that the hundred and fifty-five in culture, valuation of the whole of the plantations slaves, cattle, and every implewith the buildings, at ment for the use of agriculture, was estimated hundred and ninety millions of livres, or fourteen millions English money. somewhat about seventy division of Hayti is said to contain The Spanish and is estimated at about two-thirds of the whole, leagues, three thousand one hundred and fifty square extent of country capable of affording the means an of at lcast seven milof subsistence to a population this part CCrlions of souls. In local advantages --- Page 37 --- CHAP. 1.] OR SAINT DOMINGO. tainly exceeds the western division, from its soil being almost in a virgin state, and a very Jarge proportion of its valleys and elevations never having been tilled. The indolence and inactivity inherent in the Spanish character have been displayed in all their colours in this part of St. Domingo ; for although their district possessed all the natural means required to raise them to an equal pitch of splendour with their French neighbours, yet SO powerful were their propensities for pleasure, and every species of amusement, that they devoted but little of their time to the improvement of their propertics, and they obtained from them but little beyond ab scanty supply for their own immediate wants. From every source of information that can be consulted, it appears that the Spaniards, from their earliest settlement down to the period when they finally quitted the country, depended more on their mines than on anything that possibly could be derived from either agriculture or commerce ; consequently agriculture was in a backward state, and the culture of the soil made but a very slow progress : indeed, but a very small proportion of the country was in a state of tillage; the inhabitants merely paid a little attention to the natural pastures which abounded in all the plains of the cast, and whosc luxuriance and verdure continued throughout the whole year. In thesc they raised large herds of cattle, for which they found a market, not only among their ncigh- than on anything that possibly could be derived from either agriculture or commerce ; consequently agriculture was in a backward state, and the culture of the soil made but a very slow progress : indeed, but a very small proportion of the country was in a state of tillage; the inhabitants merely paid a little attention to the natural pastures which abounded in all the plains of the cast, and whosc luxuriance and verdure continued throughout the whole year. In thesc they raised large herds of cattle, for which they found a market, not only among their ncigh- --- Page 38 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. 1. bours the French, who required a considerable supfor their estates, but they exported very large ply Jamaica and Cuba. To the raising quantities to and to the occasional cutting of cattle, therefore, of other cedar, and a varicty of wood-mahogany, work, as well as dye-woods, timbers for omnamental their time, and hence did the Spaniards devote moderate and condid they contrive to satisfy their without having recourse to tillage. tracted wants, and I think very truly, It has been observed, obstacle to the advancethat the most important of this part of Hayti, was the policy purment towards her colonies. The system sued by Spain which she ruled her transof government under to have been one of exatlantic settlements seems rigour, and, and of unexampled treme oppression, of her sway, this system from the earliest period There enforced in Hispafieola. was most rigidly circumstance predoes not appear upon record any which evinced a disposition viously to the year 1700, the welfare of the on the part of Spain to promote and by colony, by calling forth its local resources, others of and tolerating settlers from encouraging in which all their unprofitable and barren islands, and efforts had been fruitless and untheir energies state of the west end, under availing. The high the their prudent and more assiduous neighbours and perseverance had astoFrench, whose industry and highly nished the world, and whose judicious R --- Page 39 --- CHAP. 1] OR SAINT DOMINGO, commendable system for promoting the cultivation of their country had become the theme of much praise and adiiration, seemed about this time to have produced among the Spaniards some disposition to adopt measures for insuring to the parent state a more lucrative trade from their colonies. The force of example was too powerful to be resisted, and even the Court of Madrid began about this time to devise measures which might improve, and which might call into play all those resources which this highly fertile and most congenial soil was known to possess. Governors of known prudence and patriotic zeal for the interest of their nation were selccted, and sent out, with injunctions to promote theinterests of agriculture, and to give a spur to commerce, by opening an intercourse with their neighbours. The wants oft the Frenchin cattle, mules, and horses, were exceedingly extensive, and offered to the Spaniards an opportunity ofimproving their properties, by providing a vent for the sale of their stock. It gave an impulse to industry, and the once inert and unconcemned Spanish planter became in time an active and enterprising agriculturist, shaking off that languor by which he had been previously characterized, and at length assuming a degree of animation and spirit, which cnabled him to take advantage of those resources which nature had placed within his reach. A mutual interchange and good understanding wants oft the Frenchin cattle, mules, and horses, were exceedingly extensive, and offered to the Spaniards an opportunity ofimproving their properties, by providing a vent for the sale of their stock. It gave an impulse to industry, and the once inert and unconcemned Spanish planter became in time an active and enterprising agriculturist, shaking off that languor by which he had been previously characterized, and at length assuming a degree of animation and spirit, which cnabled him to take advantage of those resources which nature had placed within his reach. A mutual interchange and good understanding --- Page 40 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAF. I. between the two powers of France and Spain having this intercourse, become more frequent taken place, continued for a series of and reciprocally beneficial, branch years. In 1790, however, this most important of their commerce was cut off by the convulsion into province was thrown. All which the neighbouring who dwelt on the that part of the population leavfrontiers withdrew themselves into theinterior, behind them their cattle, which fell into the ing neighbours, whose inroads hands of their rapacious caused much consternation amongst the propriebut their slaves, from habit or from some tors; remained unmoved and atother powerful cause, had before them such tached to them, although they made by incentives to revolt. Every appeal strong (and it is said, that they made inthese people the cabinet of Spain for protecnumerable ones) to of the French divition against the fatal example cold reception, if not a posision, met with a very and conIn this state of suspense tive rejection. remained, until tinued fear and alarm the people to the disgraceful treaty of Basle gave Hispafieola of France; and this the republican government describe than in the language event I cannot better * of one of the most correct writers on this country 2 which has whom I shall here quote as an authority of been hitherto decmed uquestionable. Speaking * Walton. MXEA --- Page 41 --- CIAP. 1.] OR SAINT DOMINGO. this event, which occurred in the year 1795, and of the designs of the French rulers, he says, 66 though busied in the plans of universal dominion on their own continent, their cabinet did not lose sight or cease to entertain a hope of again possessing colonics abroad, and they were well aware which were the most desirable. Perhaps no system of invasion had been longer or more deeply premeditated, and digested with more mysterious secrecy, than the entire subjugation of Spain and her American settlements, in which, besides the common views of aggrandizement, their constitutional enmity to the reigning family acted as a powerful stimulus. This policy was coeval with that ambition which marked the first career of the present ruler of France and the specious veil under which the hidden, but continued advances were regularly made towards the end in view, adds to the guilt of duplicity and ingratitude, when we consider that Spain has scrupulously maintained her treaty of alliance and has fulfilled the stipulations entered into in 1795, notwithstanding all the three changes that have given other names to the French government, without altering its entity, or revolutionary or destructive system; that the cabinets of Madrid have bended to a degree of abject condescension, rather than be precipitated into a war; ; that they have sacrificed the interests and inclinations of their people, and the hidden, but continued advances were regularly made towards the end in view, adds to the guilt of duplicity and ingratitude, when we consider that Spain has scrupulously maintained her treaty of alliance and has fulfilled the stipulations entered into in 1795, notwithstanding all the three changes that have given other names to the French government, without altering its entity, or revolutionary or destructive system; that the cabinets of Madrid have bended to a degree of abject condescension, rather than be precipitated into a war; ; that they have sacrificed the interests and inclinations of their people, and --- Page 42 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. I. have been driven at length into a state of non-rerather than risk a warfare with a nation they prisal, both men respected, and though an ally, furnishing under promises to share in the conquests and money have been treated rather as a faithless made, they or character, neutral without claim, representation, and and thus their country has been impoverished and the supports of national union and laid waste, energy undermined." continuation of this disgraceful treaty, Further, in submitted to surrender by which Spain SO abjectly this instrument of her colony to France, he says, cby wasmade diplomaticintrigue: andsubtlety Hispafieola to France; the oldest subjects of over unreservedly in the western world were thus the Spanish crown and an island, not the bartered like SO many sheep, at its of an enemy during war, and given up capture that had descended to them as a termination, but one formed the of the preprimitive right, and had glory settled. monarchs, who saw it discovered and ceding in further aggravation When possession was given natives, the transfer was received by of the Spanish settlers of one Toussaint at the head of theintrusive had division of the island, with whom the former shared their territory; previously and generously slaves to whom in short by a horde of emancipated consistence, the French republie had given equality, and who now came to erect a new and power, KoEIA --- Page 43 --- OR SAINT DOMINGO. CHAP. 1.] the consecrated by the labours and standard on spot of ashes of Columbus, and long revered as an object national pride." Dominican it may be 66 In justice to the pcople said, that none of the Spanish settlements possess more of the amor patrice which ought to distinguish subjects: they received the news as a thunderloyal an universal scene bolt, and the country presented They appealed to the humanity of lamentation. and then had of their sovereign, but without effect, recourse to remonstrances." 27 Receiving no answer to their prayers or to their the people were left in a state borremonstrances, with the only alternative dering on despondency, alleof leaving their native land, or of swearing in whom they could not confide, giance to a power Emiand which they had been taught to detest. therefore was determined on,and all ordersgration and men of property and innuns, friars, clergy, families and their slaves, emfuence-with their barked for Cuba, Porto Rico, and the Spanish main, behind them their possessions, to seck a leaving and to find homes and occupations, in a shelter, be protected by laws country in which they might had been accustomed, and submit to which they had been taught to reto a government which they The extent of this emigration was considerspect. able, and is said to have amounted to one third ofthe population ; and it is evident from a subsequent men of property and innuns, friars, clergy, families and their slaves, emfuence-with their barked for Cuba, Porto Rico, and the Spanish main, behind them their possessions, to seck a leaving and to find homes and occupations, in a shelter, be protected by laws country in which they might had been accustomed, and submit to which they had been taught to reto a government which they The extent of this emigration was considerspect. able, and is said to have amounted to one third ofthe population ; and it is evident from a subsequent --- Page 44 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. I. and that census that this was not an exaggeration, left of the people absolutely SO large a proportion their abodes and much the country, abandoning whom they wealth rather than submit to a people hated as the usurpers of their possessions. which time the In the years 1789 and 1790, about among the slaves in the Frenchpart first disturbances the diviofthe island commenced, it appears Spanish thousand about one hundred and fifty sion contained census taken souls or upwards; but by a subsequent and after after the cession to the French, immediately had in some measure subthe spirit for emigration thouthere remained only about one hundred sided, strong of the. sand of all descriptions, a very proof in which the Spaniards heid this treaty, detestation them over as subjects of the rewhich assigned of France. Itis very evident, publican government this arrangement however, whatever impressions colonists, that itwas might have made on the Spanish therefore acdictated bythe rulersin France, and one and not from choice. The cepted from necessity, of Peace (which high soundinfamous Godoy, Prince this treaty) was the leading title was confirmed by and being secretly ing personage in its negotiation, became a willleagued with the French ministry, and valuinstrument in consigning this bright ing of the Spanish crown to the more able appendage schemes of the French cabinet, designing and crafty of their ambiwhich had been from the beginning --- Page 45 --- DOMINGO. CHAP. 1] OR SAINT universal dominion, not unmindful of tious aim at be derived from colothe advantages that were to When it is seen that the mistaken nial possessions. the of the and weak policy, as well as pusillanimity cabinet, caused sO great a sacrifice as the Spanish of their most valuable colony, it bedismemberment that the people comes a matter of no astonishment and should relax in their efforts to aid the means of their parent state, by any exertions, in resources of their lands, beyond what might be the cultivation As this neglect and requisite for their own support. had been heedless inattention to their prosperity series of observable, and as every incenfor a years checked the measures of the tive to industry was by this division crown, it is not to be wondered at that of the island did not advance at the same rate as under the dominion of Francethat which was of the colony was to However manifest the declension Spain, she never made any movements, nor adopted a desire to revive the droopany means indicating and reinstate them in ing energies of the colonists, If circumstances and affuence. their former easy to those the cabinet of Madrid had had recourse which would have promoted the cause of wise plans instead of becoming a agriculture and commerce, of the decline of calm and unconcerned spectator might still have remained the most both, this colony who brilliant gem in the Spanish crown. A pcople had, from the example of their neighbours, and by D , nor adopted a desire to revive the droopany means indicating and reinstate them in ing energies of the colonists, If circumstances and affuence. their former easy to those the cabinet of Madrid had had recourse which would have promoted the cause of wise plans instead of becoming a agriculture and commerce, of the decline of calm and unconcerned spectator might still have remained the most both, this colony who brilliant gem in the Spanish crown. A pcople had, from the example of their neighbours, and by D --- Page 46 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. I. the most surprising, been roused from a an impulse exertions in state of lethargy and inactivity to great the culture of the soil, in the breeding of cattle, and enterprise, might have exalted their in commercial to the highest possible state of prosperity, country had their efforts been seconded by the regulations of a wise government, and had that protection been given to them to which they were surelyentitled; but instead of such support and protection, instead, of being watched over and guarded by their parent state, their prayers, their petitions, and entreaties, were unattended to, and they were given up as a to their rebellious and uncivilized neighbours, prey who used every exertion to throw their country into a state of anarchy and confusion. The individual and unsupported energies of the colonists, however, roused the alarming predicament into which were by they had been thrown, through the apathy and suof the cabinet ef Spain, and they effecpineness the incursions of the pillagers for a tually stopped of their towns and time, prevented the destruction plantations, and finally, by their firmness and persaved their properties from the devastaseverance, had those of the western ditions which destroyed vision. To the astonishment of the world, the slaves, as I have before remarked, adhered with extraordinary fidelity to the cause of their masters, and evinced to become participators in the work no disposition INN --- Page 47 --- CIAP. 1.] OR SAINT DOMINGO. of rebellion, nor to enrich themselves by the spoils obtained by plunder, rapine, and cvery kind of predatory warfare. Although the example to throw off the yoke of slavery was constantly before them, few were the instances in which a slave joined the insurgents. Such an attachment on the part of the slave towards his master, however, is not to be wondered at, when it is known, that the Spaniards were kind, indulgent, and liberal owners, always attentive to their wants, and alive to their comforts; seldom inflicting punishment, except for flagrant acts ofinsubordination and theft, but treating them with a lcniency and humanity which softened the rigours of slavery, and left it to be known only by name. Notwithstanding the enmity which always existed between the two colonies, a smuggling trade was carried on, which, although not very extensive, was exceedingly productive to the Spaniards, as it took off part of their horned cattle, mules, horses, &c., and in return for which they received the products and manufactures of Europe, and slaves, which they could not obtain by the regular course of importation, on any thing like the same moderate or favourable terms. It is stated, that the French purchased annually upwards of twenty-five thousand head of horned cattle and about two thousand five hundred mules and horses; and that the Spaniards also transmitted upwards of half a million of dollars in specie during the year, for the purchase of goods, D 2 it took off part of their horned cattle, mules, horses, &c., and in return for which they received the products and manufactures of Europe, and slaves, which they could not obtain by the regular course of importation, on any thing like the same moderate or favourable terms. It is stated, that the French purchased annually upwards of twenty-five thousand head of horned cattle and about two thousand five hundred mules and horses; and that the Spaniards also transmitted upwards of half a million of dollars in specie during the year, for the purchase of goods, D 2 --- Page 48 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. I. implements of agriculture, and negroes. Large shipments of mahogany and dye-woods found their to and different parts of Europe, and the way Spain to and a United States, and indirectly England: considerable intercourse existed with the islands of Porto Rico, Cuba, and Jamaica, to which latter two islands cattle were exported, and mahogany and dye-woods found a market in Jamaica more advantageous than any that could be found in Europe, owing to their being able to procure their returns in a more direct way than through the mother-country or any of the European states. The commerce with Porto Rico and the Spanish main was also productive of some profit to the people of St. Domingo. The advantages accruing to the former arose from the facilities of smuggling, by which the enormous duties on foreign European goods of thirty-four per cent. in most cases were saved; and these goods could be purchased in St. Domingo on more moderate terms, from having been illicitly obtained from the French part of the island. The trade to the United States was also of no little importance: 5 for the vessels of that country took large quantities of mahogany, hides, some coffee, and a little dye-wood, in return for the cargoes which they brought thither, consisting of flour, beef, pork, butter, salted herrings, and dried cod-fish, with some East India goods, and various descrip- --- Page 49 --- - CHAP. I.] OR SAINT DOMINGO. tions of lumber of America, more useful and easy in working for buildings than the hard wood of the country. The aggregate value of the exports and imports of this part of the island I have seen nowhere correctly stated: itis very evident, however, from the various accounts which I have seen, that it was infinitely less than the aggregate of the French part ; and this may be safely confided in from the extremely fertile state of the one, when compared with the uncultivated condition of the other; from the industrious, the assiduous, and enterprising spirit, SO characteristic of the French colonist, aided by the judicious measures of the cabinet of France, which sought to protect and encourage the agriculture and commerce of her colonies, whilst the Spaniards of the eastern division were left to pursue both their agricultural and commercial avocations under every species of discouragement and restraint. The energy displayed by one government, and the very relaxed system pursued by the other, accounts for the flourishing state of one part of this rich COlony, whilst its rival was steeped in poverty: nothing, therefore, is left for conjecture as to the cause of SO great a contrast; and both having subsequently been shaken by the effects of those pernicious doctrines SO generally propagated at the Revolution, little is to be seen of the antecedent state of either, and chacs, ignorance, and indolence have euperseded order, light, and industry. discouragement and restraint. The energy displayed by one government, and the very relaxed system pursued by the other, accounts for the flourishing state of one part of this rich COlony, whilst its rival was steeped in poverty: nothing, therefore, is left for conjecture as to the cause of SO great a contrast; and both having subsequently been shaken by the effects of those pernicious doctrines SO generally propagated at the Revolution, little is to be seen of the antecedent state of either, and chacs, ignorance, and indolence have euperseded order, light, and industry. --- Page 50 --- 38 PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, ETC. [CHAP. I. Such was the state of the island at and during the two or three succeeding years of the revolution, as related by several writers, and confirmed byi information obtained from individuals now residing in the country, who were present during the troubles which agitated and destroyed it, and reduced them from the height of affluence and peace into misery, and oftentimes into want-from them, much, of course, was to be elicited ; and although I thought it a matter of prudence and a necessary caution, not to rely too implicitly on their communications, yet I always found them justly entitled to my confidence, fullest I never had a cause to on the investigation. their veracity. Their account of the question which took place during the early stages and scenes of the revolution, accords with the stateprogress of others who have described them, and I ments behave not been able to discover any discrepances tween them. --- Page 51 --- CHAPTER II. Cause of the revolution in the colony.-People of COlour in France.-Their procedings-League with the society of Amis des Noirs.-Ogé's rebellion.-His defeat and death.-Conduct of the proprictors and planters-Consequences of it. IT has been very erroneously thought by some persons, who fcel interested in the fate of the slave population of the West Indies, or at all events they have, with no little industry, propagated the impression, that the revolution in Hayti begun with the revolt of the blacks, when it is evident, from the very best authors and from the testimony of pcople now living, who were present during its opening scenes, that such was not the fact, and that the slaves remained perfectly tranquil for two years after the celebrated GG Declaration of Rights" was promulgated in France. Such persons give themselves but little trouble in searching the history of the island-they are satisfied with the report of others, who mayl be equally uninformedwith themselves; and thus it is that they imbibe ideas and notions of the wonderful capacities of the negro population, who could have commenced, and SO effectually carried --- Page 52 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. II. themselves through a struggle for freedom, without, allege, the aid of any other more enlightened as they It requires no observaor more powerful auxiliary. that the first symptom of distion of mine to shew that class of people in order shewed itself among denominated, at the time, Sang-melées, the colony termed in the British COor Gens de Couleur, or, as their numbers formed a lonies, mulattoes, who from countenanced body, and not being very poverful became in time inveterately opposed by the whites, natives of the coiony and of to them : many of them, in France at the other French islands, were residing consisted of the time of the Revolution, and these life for who had been sent thither in early persons together with others who possessed their education, as well as some talent and considerable property, also, from an extraintelligence. At this period that prevailed in France against ordinary prejudice the colonies, arising from an the inhabitants of and which was aversion to the principles of slavery, by the denunciation against everymuch encouraged of despotism, a thing having the least appearance SAmis des denominated society was established, which aimed at the Noirs" (Friends of the Blacks), and called for an imsubversion of the government, as well as a mediate abolition of the slave-trade, at the emancipation of all those who were general time living in a state of slavery. the men of colour cWith these people" (meaning - arising from an the inhabitants of and which was aversion to the principles of slavery, by the denunciation against everymuch encouraged of despotism, a thing having the least appearance SAmis des denominated society was established, which aimed at the Noirs" (Friends of the Blacks), and called for an imsubversion of the government, as well as a mediate abolition of the slave-trade, at the emancipation of all those who were general time living in a state of slavery. the men of colour cWith these people" (meaning - --- Page 53 --- CHAP. II.] OR SAINT DOMINGO. in France), says a writer on this subject, <the SOciety of Amis des Noirs formed an intimate connection. Their personal appearance excited pity, and, cooperating with the spirit of the times and the representations of those who deeply sympathized upon principles of humanity with their condition, all ranks of people became clamorous against the white colonists, and their total annihilation was threatened." Not long after the formation of this union of feeling and sentiment between the friends of the blacks and the men of colour in France, the national assembly promulgated their famous declaration of rights, an act certainly contemplating the destruction of all order, and having an evident tendency to excite the lower classes of the people into every species ofinsubordination and general ferment; one of its leading and most important clauses being, that sall men are born and continue free and equal as to their rights." The society of Amis des Noirs, aided by a corresponding institution in London, together with the united body ofthe coloured people in France, lost no time in sending out this very celebrated declaration, and in disseminating its principles throughout the whole island; their efforts were not unavailing, for the mulattoes, conscious that the French nation were favourable towards their designs of demanding a restitution of their rights, and the full and unqualified enjoyment of those privileges hitherto con- --- Page 54 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. II. fined to the white colonists, had recourse to arms, and appeared in bodies for the purpose of awing the assemblies into concession; but their numprovincial ber not being great, they were in the onset easily subdued. Itis said, however, that notwithstanding this check to their progress, the assemblies were much disposed to concede to the demands of the mulattoes; but in no instance could they think of those white inhabitants to participate in permitting these privileges, who had in any way cooperated with them. Several of the civil officers of the coloand magistrates declaimed against slavery, and ny avowed themselves supporters of the declaopenly ration of the national assembly of the mother-country; they were arrested by the provincial assemblies, to prison, and such was the irritation and committed that Mons. Beaudierre, a and fury of the mob, magistrate at Petit Goane, was taken out respectable force, and, in spite of the municipality and other by to death. In some cases the governor powers, put and those who were most successfully interposed, obnoxious to the people were conveyed out of the COlonybysecret means. During all theseoutrages, there record of the negroes taking any is no account upon that at part, and the fact seems to be established, and unmoved, this period they were quite tranquil although their several proprietors were concerned the measures from which the either for or against agitations sprung. taken out respectable force, and, in spite of the municipality and other by to death. In some cases the governor powers, put and those who were most successfully interposed, obnoxious to the people were conveyed out of the COlonybysecret means. During all theseoutrages, there record of the negroes taking any is no account upon that at part, and the fact seems to be established, and unmoved, this period they were quite tranquil although their several proprietors were concerned the measures from which the either for or against agitations sprung. --- Page 55 --- - CHAP. n.] OR SAINT DOMINGO. It appears that the governor of the colony had lost a great deal of his popularity, and consequently of his power, by his interposition: ; for a general COlonial assembly, convoked in January 1790 by order from the king, determined that his instructions were imperfect and inapplicable, and the people therefore proceeded on a plan of their own, and changed both the time and the place at which the assembly should be held. Nothing could have emanated from the deliberations of the body convoked by this determination of the people, for the discontented and confused state of the colony being soon known in the mother-country, and an apprehension having arisen that the island was likely soon to be declared independent, the national assembly, in March 1790, came to the following decision : 66 That it never was the intention of the assembly to comprehend the interior government of the colonies in the constitution which they had framed for the mother-country, or to subject them to laws which were incompatible with their local establishments; they therefore authorize the inhabitants of each colony to signify to the national assembly their sentiments and wishes concerning the plan of interior legislation and commercial arrangement which would be most conducive to their prosperity." Then followed a resolution, 66 That the national assembly would not cause any innovation of to be made, directly or indirectly, in any system --- Page 56 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. II. in which the colonies were already concommerce cerned." * of Amis The people of colour and the society have been anticipated, des Noirs were, as it might alarm by the promulgation thrown into considerable and no of a decree of SO ambiguous a character, and consternation followed its appearlittle surprise into an acance in the island. It was construed slavein the further continuance of the quiescence also conceived to confer upon the trade ; it was and affixing their COcolonists the power of settling from their and to absolve them lonial constitutions, allegiance to the French crown. island which of the The first general assembly after these decrees had been received, was convoked astonishment of the people, and had excited the 1790. held at St. Marc on the 16th of April was functions commenced with a disTheir deliberative the of the hardships to which people cussion upon of under the military system colour were subjected that on no subthe colony, and it was determined, occasion should they be required to perform sequent exacted from the more duty than was usually whites. into the abuses alleged to prevail in An inquiry and the discussion the colonial courts of judicature, the of a new plan of colonial government, were Anonymous. the 1790. held at St. Marc on the 16th of April was functions commenced with a disTheir deliberative the of the hardships to which people cussion upon of under the military system colour were subjected that on no subthe colony, and it was determined, occasion should they be required to perform sequent exacted from the more duty than was usually whites. into the abuses alleged to prevail in An inquiry and the discussion the colonial courts of judicature, the of a new plan of colonial government, were Anonymous. --- Page 57 --- CHAP. II.] OR SAINT DOMINGO. principal subjects which occupied the attention of the assembly until the end of May, when it was adjourned or prorogued. M. Paynier was at this time governor-general of St. Domingo: he had neither the capacity nor the disposition required for administering the affairs of the colony at such a period. Instead of being actuated with the desire of conciliating the parties opposed to each other, he secretly gave every possible aid and encouragement to the supporters of ancient despotism. The appearance of Colonel Mauduit, however, a man of some talent and energy, effected a change; for he soon acquired much influand the ence over the governor-general, prevented coalition which was about to take place between the assembly and the mulattoes ; and declaring himself the protector of the latter, he speedily gained over to his interest the greater part of that class of people. The planters at this time, too, were in an undecided state, wavering in their opinions, and fixed to no measures likely to preserve the tranquillity of the island, and there was not one of their body capable Iof impressing them with a due sense of the condition into which they were likely to be precipitated by their want of energy and decision. Forming as they did a numerous class of the inhabitants, had they been unanimous in their opinions, and united in their views, the repose of the colony would in all probability have been preserved. Such not being --- Page 58 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. II. however, and some of the provincial asthe case, the measures semblies making efforts to counteract to be of the general one, a civil war seemed likely The of sentiment. the result of sO much diversity of the 28th decree of the general colonial assembly convulof May was indicative of an approaching burst which before long might be expected to sion, to this decree exhibited sentiforth; the preamble hostile to which seemed to breathe a spirit ments The articles themselves the peace of the people. of the assume it as a branch of the prerogative confirm or annul the acts of the colonial crown to These articles are importlegislature at pleasure. have been given ant, and I shall detail tliem as they by others. in every thing G6 First. The legislative authority, relates to the internal concerns of the colony which is vested in the assembly of its (régime interieur), which shall be called 6 The General representatives, of the French Part of St. Domingo. Assembly No act of the legislative body, in 66 Secondly. internal concerns of the colony, what relates to the unless it may shall be considered as a law definitive, of the French part be made by the representatives chosen, and conof St. Domingo, freely and legally firmed by the king. necessity, a legis- < Thirdly. In cases of urgent in what relative decree of the general assembly, shall lates to the internal concerns of the colony, interieur), which shall be called 6 The General representatives, of the French Part of St. Domingo. Assembly No act of the legislative body, in 66 Secondly. internal concerns of the colony, what relates to the unless it may shall be considered as a law definitive, of the French part be made by the representatives chosen, and conof St. Domingo, freely and legally firmed by the king. necessity, a legis- < Thirdly. In cases of urgent in what relative decree of the general assembly, shall lates to the internal concerns of the colony, --- Page 59 --- CHAP. I1.] OR SAINT DOMINGO. be considered as a law provisional. In all such cases the decrce shall be notified forthwith to the governor-general, who, within ten days after such notification, shall cause it to be published and enforced, or transmit to the general assembly his observations thereon. <6 Fourthly. The necessity of the case, on which the execution of such provisional decree is to depend, shall be a separate question, and be carried in the affirmative by a majority of two-thirds of the general assembly; the names and numbers being taken down (prises par T'appel nominal). c6 Fifthly. If the governor-general shall send down his observations on any such decree, the same shall be entered in the journals of the general assembly, who shall then proceed to revise the decree, and consider the observations thereon, in three several sittings. The votes for confirming or annulling the decree shall be given in the words Yes or No, and a minute of the proceedings shall be signed by the members present, in which shall be enumerated the votes on each side of the question, and if there appears a majority of two-thirds for confirming the decree, it shall be immediately enforced by the governor-general. 66 Sixthly. As every law ought to be founded on the consent of those who are to be bound by it, the French part of St. Domingo shall be allowed to propose regulations concerning commercial arrange- --- Page 60 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. II. and the system of mutual connexion (rapments, commerciaux, et autres rapports communs), ports which the national assembly shall and the decrees shall not be enforced in the make in all such cases, shall have concolony, until the general assembly sented thereto. of necessity, the 65 Seventhly. In cases pressing of the inhaimportation of articles for the support of the bitants shall not be considered as any breach Doof commercial regulations between St. system provided that the decrees to be mingo and France; assembly shall be made in such cases by the general submitted to the revision of the governor-general, conditions and modifications as are under the same three and five. prescribed in articles also, that every legislative <6 Eighthly. Provided executed provisionally, act of the general assembly shall be transmitted in cases of urgent necessity, And if the king forthwith for the royal sanction. its execushall refuse his consent to any such act, refusal tion shall be suspended as soon as the king's notified to the general assembly. shall be legally assembly shall be < Ninthly. A new general two years, and none of the members chosen every in the former assembly shall be who have served cligible in the new one. decree that the Tenthly. The general assembly of the constitupreceding articles, as forming part shall be tion of the French colony in St. Domingo, the king forthwith for the royal sanction. its execushall refuse his consent to any such act, refusal tion shall be suspended as soon as the king's notified to the general assembly. shall be legally assembly shall be < Ninthly. A new general two years, and none of the members chosen every in the former assembly shall be who have served cligible in the new one. decree that the Tenthly. The general assembly of the constitupreceding articles, as forming part shall be tion of the French colony in St. Domingo, --- Page 61 --- CHAr. I.] OR SAINT DOMINGO. immediately transmitted to France for the acceptance of the national assembly and the king. They shall likewise be transmitted to all the parishes and districts of the colony, and be notified to the governor-general." It was not likely that a decree, the articles of which werc thus opposed to the maintenance of order, could exact the acquiescence and submission of the people, and lead them to an approval of that which seemed to aim at the destruction of all subordination. Serious apprehensions arose as to the mcasures which would be adopted and pursued at this juncture, to avert the impending storm which was expected at no distant period to burst forth. It was imagined, and was a received opinion, that the < declaring of the colony an independent state, in imitation of the English American provinces 22 2 was certain, and every effort was made to avert such a proceeding. No obedience to the general assembly could be enforced. The inhabitants of Cape François were the first to set the example of rcnouncing all respect for that body, and of calling upon the governor-general to dissolve them. With this request he instantly complied, charging the general assembly with a design of undermining the peace of the colony, by forming projects of independency, contrary to the voice of the colonists; he cven charged them with having been accessories or instigators of the mutiny of the crew of one of the E --- Page 62 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. II. and pronouncing them traitors to their king's ships, he declared that he should take king and country, and effective measures for bringing the most prompt for which their treachery them to that punishment SO loudly called. arrest the committee of An attempt was made to assembly, and a force under the western provincial but he failed M. Mauduit was sent for that purpose, of in effecting bis object, for the members, hearing collected about four hundred of the his approach, for their defence, and M. Mauduit national guard without any other retired after a skirmish or two, than the capture of the national colours. advantage being apprised of this atThe general assembly the people to the suptack, immediately summoned The and protection of their representatives. port assembly adhered to the governnorthern provincial the progress of his opor-general, and, to oppose stationed in they sent him all the troops ponents, with an additional force of that quarter, together mulattoes. The western proabout two hundred vince collected a much greater force, and everyseemed to indicate a sanguinary civil war, thing which for a time averted all when an event occurred have results that would inevitably those unhappy parties come in contact. taken place, had the opposing at this momentous juncture, Most unexpectedly, the of trying the effect of a personal apfor purpose assembly of France, the general peal to the national ed in they sent him all the troops ponents, with an additional force of that quarter, together mulattoes. The western proabout two hundred vince collected a much greater force, and everyseemed to indicate a sanguinary civil war, thing which for a time averted all when an event occurred have results that would inevitably those unhappy parties come in contact. taken place, had the opposing at this momentous juncture, Most unexpectedly, the of trying the effect of a personal apfor purpose assembly of France, the general peal to the national --- Page 63 --- CHAP. i.] OR SAINT DOMINGO. assembly of the island determined on a voyage to Europe. About one hundred members, all that remained of their body, from the cffects of sickness and desertion, cmbarked on board the Leopard (that very ship, the crew of which had declared themselves in their interest a very short time previously) oll the 8th of August, and took their departure, hailed with the warmest acclamations of the populacc, who could not restrain their admiration at SO extraordinary an act of devotion to the good of their country. Iti is said, that 66 tears of sensibility and affection were shed at their departure by all classes of people, and the parties in arms appeared mutually disposed to submit their differences to the king and the national assembly." Immediately after this storm had subsided, every effort was made by the governor-general, Paynier, to restore confidence and tranquillity amongst the people, and for some time, therc was a strong indication of the peace of the colony being once morc established; but the designs of the people of colour in France, abetted by the socicty of Amis des Noirs, at the head of which were somc of the most violent of the revolutionary characters of France, destroyed all their hopes, and every species of anarchy and confusion was anticipated from the proccedings of thesc disseminators of the pernicious doctrine of equality and the rights of man. E 2 --- Page 64 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. II It was at this period that the first mulatto rcbellion took place, at the head of which was the famous Ogé, the protegé and disciple of La Fayette and Robespiorre, a young man about thirty years of age, and a native of the northern part of St. Domingo. He had been educated in France at the expense of his mother, a woman of property living near François; having been admitted to the Cape of the society of Amis des Noirs, he had meetings all their principles, and had become enthuimbibed of rights and prisiastic in demanding an equality vileges for his coloured brethren. Encouraged by and the revolutionary leaders, he left the society, of his fellow COFrance for the purpose instigating lonists of colour to take up arms in the assertion of their claims. To give him something like an apof military command, the society purchased pearance the rank of lieutenant-colonel in the army of for him the German states. To conccal his designs one of the national assembly, he made a from the king and North America; but his object circuitous voyage by known before he left France, and intimation was the that he had was sent out to governor-general embarked for St. Domingo, and that his scheme was excite his coloured brethren to arms. A descripto tion of his person, and I believe a portrait also, were transmitted for the better discovery of him on his arrival; but notwithstanding every precaution, he the German states. To conccal his designs one of the national assembly, he made a from the king and North America; but his object circuitous voyage by known before he left France, and intimation was the that he had was sent out to governor-general embarked for St. Domingo, and that his scheme was excite his coloured brethren to arms. A descripto tion of his person, and I believe a portrait also, were transmitted for the better discovery of him on his arrival; but notwithstanding every precaution, he --- Page 65 --- CHAP. II.] OR SAINT DORIINGO. landed secretly, and the circumstance remained unkuown, until some wecks afterwards hc wrote to the reviling him for his proceedings, andin the governor, all the mulattocs, of which he declared name of himself to be the protector, demanding in the most contumelious language the immediate execution of all the statutes oftheCode Noir, and that in all times to come there should be no distinction, as to rights between the whites 'and the other and privileges, force inhabitants of the island. To give a greater he to his demand, he vauntingly stated, as thought that unless the governor-general acceded to his prohe should assert them by the force of arms. positions, in his calOgé, however, was somewhat premature culations ofsupport and aid in the carrying into effect the object of his voyage; for although some considerable time had elapsed from his landing, and he had the assistance of his brothers, who werc tainted with the same love of insubordination and tumult, he never could collect at any one time more than from hundred to join him in his cause. He two to three and encamped his followers near the Grand Rivière, it is said, that his brothers and another chief, Cheinstigated their people to commit many exvane, murdered the unoffending incesses, and at times habitants in the vicinity, with the most shocking cruelty, whenever they declined to join in their proInstances were many, in which whole ccedings. from the circumstance of a families were murdered, --- Page 66 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. II. father, or even a brother, refusing to take up arms to favour their cause. and no simulSupported by SO small a body, of movement taking place in any other part taneous the career of Ogé and his associates was the colony, duration. Steps were not likely to be of any long the immediately taken by the governor to suppress the leaders to trial, if it were revolt, and to bring and to apprehend them. Troops found practicable them, when a the Cape militia were sent to oppose fell, skirmish ensued in which many of the rebels taken Ogé escaped with and some werc prisoners. known that they had fled Chevane; but as it was territory, they were demanded by into the Spanish (the the successor of Peynier, M. Blanchelande resigned his command, and emformer having them to trial in barked for Europe,) who brought and and they were condemned: Ogé March 1791, the and his brother Chevane to be broken on whecl, The forand some of his followers to be hanged. never forsook him to the last, titude of Chevane resolution and he met his fate with extraordinary but Ogé exhibited the greatest pusiland courage ; in the most abject manner lanimity, supplicating be extended to him. It appears that mercy might in consideration that a respite was granted to him, discohis to make the most important of promisc He made a full confesveries were his life spared. for that pursion before commissioners appointed be broken on whecl, The forand some of his followers to be hanged. never forsook him to the last, titude of Chevane resolution and he met his fate with extraordinary but Ogé exhibited the greatest pusiland courage ; in the most abject manner lanimity, supplicating be extended to him. It appears that mercy might in consideration that a respite was granted to him, discohis to make the most important of promisc He made a full confesveries were his life spared. for that pursion before commissioners appointed --- Page 67 --- CHAP. u.] OR SAINT DOMINGO. and in that confession was detailed the whole pose, coloured had devised to excite plan which the pcople the negro population to open rebellion. of hardship, if not of It secmed a case peculiar and breach of all faith and honour, great injustice, unfortunate and deluded man had that after the disclosures, and had informed made such important of the whole of their designs, by the governor might be defeated, his which their further progress been held life should be sacrificed ; mercy having the of his confession, it should have out as price for this he had unquestionbeen extended to him, of justice, a right to exably, upon every principle it should not have been pect and to demand. Why He granted to him, no reason has been assigned. after, and at the fatal was executed immediately fortitude, nor spot he shewed neither the firmness, of the mind of a brave man suffering in that cause which he had been the leader. The procecdings of the government with respect to the revolt of Ogé, and the very unjust exccution of the latter, excited great animosity between the whites and the people of colour, the latter of whom had collected in large bodies in various parts. In and southern districts they formed enthe western to resist campments, and displayed a determination and the unjust decrees of the gothe oppression and at Aux Cazes in particuvernor. At Jeremie, well lar, a most formidable body had collected, --- Page 68 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHaP. II. armed and accoutred, and shewed a great desire to in contact with the government troops. It come admitted that Mauduit, who has been generally was in commanded the troops of the government, conference with their leaders, and that on secret occasions he appeared among them singly, several with them, advising them not to deand consulted forward with sist from their purpose, but to move That he did this traitorenergy and perseverance. of ously, is evident, for having obainedintligence the whole of theirplans through this ruse, he availed himself of it for the purpose of defeating them, and afterwards turned out, the mulattoes were disas it in any place where persed and obliged to seek refuge that they could be known or discoit was not likely vered. of the colonial assembly who had The members of their comto France for the purpose laying gone the foot of the throne, were not received plaints at the having apwith much favour; on contrary, at the bar of the national assembly they were peared disappointment and dismissed with considerable chagrin. The report of the committee appointed their claims, displays no little disapproto examine of the general colonial asbation of the proceedings saying, 66 that all the presembly. It concludes by tended decrees and acts of the said colonial assembly be reversed and pronounced utterly null and should that the said assembly should be deof no effect; of the throne, were not received plaints at the having apwith much favour; on contrary, at the bar of the national assembly they were peared disappointment and dismissed with considerable chagrin. The report of the committee appointed their claims, displays no little disapproto examine of the general colonial asbation of the proceedings saying, 66 that all the presembly. It concludes by tended decrees and acts of the said colonial assembly be reversed and pronounced utterly null and should that the said assembly should be deof no effect; --- Page 69 --- CHAP. II.] OR SAINT DOMINGO. clared dissolved, and its members rendcred incligible and incapable of being delegated in future to the colonial assembly of St. Domingo; that testimonies of approbation should bc transmitted to the northern provincial assembly, to Colonel Mauduit and the regiment of Port-au-Prince, for resisting the proccedings at St. Marc's; that the king should be requested to give orders for the forming a new COlonial assembly on the principles of the national decree of the 8th of March 1790, and instructions of the 28th of the same month; finally, that the cidevant members, then in France, should continue in a state of arrest, until the national assembly might find time to signify its further pleasure concerning them." Nothing could exceed the consternation which this decree excited throughout the colony, and the indignation of the people was manifest from one extremity of it to the other. To have called another general colonial assembly would have bcen an act of impossibility, for the pcople in many districts absolutely refused to return other representatives, declaring those that were under arrestin France to be theonly legal ones, and that they would not proceed to another election. The national guards, who had for some time felt, with no little mortification, thei insult offered them by Mauduit, who had previously carried off their COlours, evinced a disposition to resent the affront, --- Page 70 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAF. II. refuse all further adherence to the cause in and to after which they had enlisted; and they were soon joined in their revolt by the very regiment ofwhich the tearing the white Mauduit was commander, cockade from their hats, and indignantly refusing the error into which obedience to him. Discovering he had fallen, he offered to restore the national COlours, and appealed to them for protection against which these faithless wretches pledged. But insult, he would not stoop to the humiliation of because the national guards on his begging pardon of this pledge, on the lenees, he was, notwithstanding the COday appointed for the ceremony of restoring suddenly pierced by the bayonets of those lours, innumerable occasions he very soldiers whom on The other had SO kindly and SO liberally treated. daswho happened to be present at this most troops inhuman act, could not witness it withtardly and themselves on the perpeout an attempt to revenge from effecttrators; ; they were however restrained them to lay ing their intention, and only compelled when they were sent off prisoners down their arms, which there to receive that punishment to France, such an enormity most justly deserved. fatal end of About this period the accounts of the had arrived in Paris, an event that caused an Ogé the advocates of the amazing sensation amongst of Amis des Noirs; people of colour and the society forward the Abbe Gregoire, the staunch it brought emselves on the perpeout an attempt to revenge from effecttrators; ; they were however restrained them to lay ing their intention, and only compelled when they were sent off prisoners down their arms, which there to receive that punishment to France, such an enormity most justly deserved. fatal end of About this period the accounts of the had arrived in Paris, an event that caused an Ogé the advocates of the amazing sensation amongst of Amis des Noirs; people of colour and the society forward the Abbe Gregoire, the staunch it brought --- Page 71 --- CILAP. n.] OR SAINT DOMINCO. friend of the former, who, with extraordinary eloand great warmth, claimed the benefit which quence of March 1790 gave to them. Af the instructions violent address from Robespierre, who said, ter a rather than sacrifice one iota <6 Perish the colonies of our principles' ", 2 the national assembly confirmed the decree ofthe 15th of May, 1791, which enacted, <6 that the people of colour resident in the French colonies should be allowed the privileges of French citizens, and, among others, those of having votes in the choice of representatives, and of being eligible to seats both in the parochial and colonial assemblies." This decrec, on being received in the colony, excited no little sensation : the greatest indignation was manifested by the white people in every quarter, but still they refrained from acts of hostility to the of the mother-country, under the hope measures that when the new colonial assembly, which was to mcet at Leogane on the 9th of August, entered its legislative functions, it would without upon doubt afford them that redress which they SO anxiously desired. The mulattoes, no doubt, expected that a most serious opposition would be given to this decree, as the governor, M. Blanchelande, had assured the provincial assembly of the north, 66 that he would suspend the cxecution of this obnoxious decree whenever it should come to him properly authenticated"; --- Page 72 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. I accordingly assembled in large bodies throughthey out the whole colony, and displayed a determination enforce arms the concession of those privileges to under by the decree of the national assembly, to which, they asserted they were entitled. Herc, it will be perceived, the first serious symof tumult and insubordination appeared, not ptoms revolt of the slave population, but from from any interference of the national assembly the unhappy influenced by the supporters and advoof France, of colour, and the society of cates of the people been declined Amis des Noirs. Had thisi interference and had the colonial assemby the mother-country, with the sole legislative power of bly been invested internal of framing regulations for the government all those lamentable scenes which subsethe island, would have been averted, and the quently followed its peace and repose, colony would have preserved rich and cultiand have proceeded on, in its highly condition, to the great advantage of the provated of the revenues of the prictors, to the enhancement the state, and without, in any way, oppressing parent the burthens under slave cultivators or increasing which they were said to labour. of this narrative to which we have At the period in France arrived, the effects of the Revolution now sensible impression on the whites, had made a very of colour; and it has been as well as on the people that during the a matter of no little astonishment, its highly condition, to the great advantage of the provated of the revenues of the prictors, to the enhancement the state, and without, in any way, oppressing parent the burthens under slave cultivators or increasing which they were said to labour. of this narrative to which we have At the period in France arrived, the effects of the Revolution now sensible impression on the whites, had made a very of colour; and it has been as well as on the people that during the a matter of no little astonishment, --- Page 73 --- CHAP. II.] OR SAINT DOMINGO. disputes which SO unhappily existed, and whilst the adherents of one party werc committing acts of hostility against the other, the slave population should have remained passive observers of the contest bctwcen their respective masters, and in no instance, I believe, did they fly to their succour and support. The proprietors and planters of all denominations had arrived at a very high state of affluence, their plantations werc extensive, in a high state of cultivation ; thus possessing a soil rich and productive in a climate particularly favourable for cultivation, their wcalth scarcely knew any limits. But unfortunately their manners and habits became relaxed and depraved in proportion as they advanced in af fluence and prosperity. Proud, austere, and voluptuous, they often committed acts which humanity must condemn ; and in the season of agitation and disappointment, when the contending factions at home and abroad werc endeavouring to undermine them, they perhaps were led to the infliction of excessive punishments, and to practise an unusual degree of severity yin exacting labour from their slaves. Sensual pleasures had also, at this time, become so prevalent as to excite very general disgust. The mass of society had become SO depraved, that vice in every shape was gloried in, whilst virtue was scarcely known; it cannot therefore be a mattcr of much surprisc, that the rude, untaught, and unlcttered slave, just cmerging from his savage customs, --- Page 74 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. II. should be led by example to imbibe the vicious habits, and indulge the loose and ungovemable propensities which characterized his master. Upon the creole slave example made an instant impression, whilst the newly imported African, slow to observe, was only led into excesses by the craft and persuasion of his creole fellow bondsman. Example, therefore, the extraordinary most unquestionably suggested cruelties which in the spirit of revenge were inflicted by these infuriated people, instigated by the mulattoes in the first instance for the more certain enforcing of their claims to the privileges which the decree of the 15th of May, 1791, conferred upon them. In all these disputes the females of the COlony also bore a conspicuous part; entering into all the views and feelings of their male companions, they displayed an unparalleled degree of enthusiasm for the cause in which their husbands, fathers and brothers had respectively engaged : forgetting their sex, and lost to the softer feelings of female nature, theyfuriously flew to thes standards of their party,and by gesture and menace shewed that they were ready to meet the fate which seemed likely to fall on their friends. I cannot better illustrate the characters of the planters and the slave population at this period, than by the description given of them by Rainsford in his History of St. Domingo, who must have bcen conversant with them from having bcen a sojourner the cause in which their husbands, fathers and brothers had respectively engaged : forgetting their sex, and lost to the softer feelings of female nature, theyfuriously flew to thes standards of their party,and by gesture and menace shewed that they were ready to meet the fate which seemed likely to fall on their friends. I cannot better illustrate the characters of the planters and the slave population at this period, than by the description given of them by Rainsford in his History of St. Domingo, who must have bcen conversant with them from having bcen a sojourner --- Page 75 --- CIAP. 11.] OR SAINT DOMINGO. in the colony under circumstances of great danger, and whose experience, arising from general intermust cnable him to be a very competent course, He says of them : < Flushed with opulence judge. the majority of the planters in St. and dissipation, of sentiment the Domingo had arrived at a state while most vitiated, and manners equally depraved; the-slaves had injured by an example SO contagious, become more dissolute than those of any British and island. If the master was proud, voluptuous, and often riotcrafty, the slave was equally vicious, ous ; the punishment of one was but the consequent but that of the other was often ofhis own excesses, cruel and unnatural. The proprietor would bear rival in his and would not bend even to no parish, The creole slaves looked the ordinances ofjustice. the newly imported Africans with scorn, and upon sustained in turn that of the mulattoes, whose complexion was browner, while all were kept at a distance from an intercourse with the whites; nor did the boundaries of sex, it is painful to observe, keep their wonted distinction from the stern impulses which affect men. The European ladies too often participated in the austerity and arrogance of their male kindred, while the jet black beauty among slaves, though scarcely a native of the island, refused all commerce with those who could not boast the same distinction with herself." --- Page 76 --- CHAPTER III. First revolt of the slaves in 1791.-Their ravages.- Decree of the national assembly 4th of April 1792.- Santhonax and Polverel.-Their secret agency.--Endeclaration of freedom to courage the slaves.-Their from it.-- Character the slaves-Consequences arising of the coloured people. of the slaves-Disabilities I have sought to discover IN the preceding chapter the first cause of the revolt of the slaves in Hayti if hatred towards their proprietors, proceeded from any) of the contendorif it were excited by the intrigues who were each attempting to gain over ing parties, of their cause; and I find that that class in favour of the subject is in the result of my investigation that favour of the latter supposition. From facts I have come to theconcluappear to me undeniable of France sion, that unless the national assembly to destroy that principle of had made an attempt been the colony which had previously governing which before the Revolution had been adopted, and connected with it, the sanctioned by every person remained until this day slave population would have and tranquil observers of passing events, peaccable of their being in bondage, because under unmindful and in that statc, that bondage they had no wants, favour of the latter supposition. From facts I have come to theconcluappear to me undeniable of France sion, that unless the national assembly to destroy that principle of had made an attempt been the colony which had previously governing which before the Revolution had been adopted, and connected with it, the sanctioned by every person remained until this day slave population would have and tranquil observers of passing events, peaccable of their being in bondage, because under unmindful and in that statc, that bondage they had no wants, --- Page 77 --- CHAP. m.] PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, ETC. 65 whatever may be the opinion of mankind, they had no care beyond that of their daily labour, to which they felt it was no hardship to submit; for there does not appear an instance in which it exceeded the ordinary work of any labourer within the tropics. The revolt of the slaves, therefore, I take leave to say, did not proceed from any severity or great oppression on the part of their proprietors, but from the proceedings of the parties who at different periods were striving for a preponderating power in the colony:-of the whites who aimed at the preservation of their privileges, and resisted all innovation; and of the people of colour, who made every possible effort to be admitted into the same sphere, and to the enjoyment of those rights which Gregoire and his revolutionary colleagues were willing to concede to them. To these causes, and to these alone, as it will appear to every unbiassed reader, are to be attributed all those lamentable scenes which subsequently ensued, and to which the human mind cannot turn its attention without experiencing those painful sensations which are excited by the ravages of civil warfare and rebellion. The first act of open rebellion among the slaves appears to have occurred in the vicinity of the Cape on or about the 23d of August 1791, on the plantation Noé, situated in the parish of Acub. The principal ringleaders murdered the white inhabitants, whilst the other slaves finished the work of deF --- Page 78 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. ITI. the works and setting fire vastation, by demolishing huts, and other places contiguous to the dwellings, to them. by the negroes from other They were joined all of which estates in the neighbourhood, upon desolation and similar tragedies were performed, the whole plains of seemed likely to spread through marked their the north. The barbarity which exceeded description; ; an indiscriminate progress of the whites ensued, except in instances slaughter the females were reserved for a more where some of to the brutal wretched doom, being made to submit diswretches that ever lusts of the most sanguinary record, where the graced humanity. Cases are upon of the female sex were first brought most amiable butchered, and forth to see their parents inhumanly submit to the emwere afterwards compelled to their exebraces of the very villain who acted as The distinction of age had no effect on cutioner. of twelve and these ruthless savages, for even girls were made the objects of satiating fourteen years Nothing could exceed their lust and revenge. and the laof the white people; the consternation women struck every one mentations of the unhappy has scarcely with horror. Such a scene of massacre that which the combeen heard of, as accompanied mencement of the rebellion in the north. was made to their progress by a Some opposition of the line, which M. De few militia and troops age had no effect on cutioner. of twelve and these ruthless savages, for even girls were made the objects of satiating fourteen years Nothing could exceed their lust and revenge. and the laof the white people; the consternation women struck every one mentations of the unhappy has scarcely with horror. Such a scene of massacre that which the combeen heard of, as accompanied mencement of the rebellion in the north. was made to their progress by a Some opposition of the line, which M. De few militia and troops --- Page 79 --- CHAP. In.] OR SAINT DOMINGO. Tonzard collected for the purpose; not indeed, with the expectation of effectually dispersing them, but of enabling the inhabitants of the city of Cape François to put themselves in such a state of dcfence as might save them from that destruction which seemed to await them. The citizens flew to arms, and the national guards, with the seamen from the ships, were mustered, and ready to receive the rcbels should they make an attempt upon the city. There was in the city at the time, a large body of free mulattoes, on whom the lower order of whites looked with a suspicious eye, as being in some way the authors or fomenters of the revolt; these were also enrolled in the militia, the governor and the colonial assembly confiding in them, and relying on their fidelity. The report of the revolt was soon known throughout the whole colony, but more particularly in the northern districts, the white inhabitants of which, being speedily collected together, established two strong posts at Grand Rivière and at Dondon, for the purpose of checking the advance of the revolters, until such time as a force could be concentrated, sufficiently powerful to disperse them: but in this they were disappointed, for the negroes had increased their own numbers by the revolt of the slaves on many other estates, and they had also been joined by a large body of mulattoes. With this united force, they successfully attacked the two positions which were occupied by the whites, who F 2 --- Page 80 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. III. routed. Success put the rebels in were completely possession of the extensive plain with all its surrounding mountains, abounding with every production of which they stood in need for their sustenance. The defeat ofthe whites was followed by a scene of cruelties and butcheries which exceeds imagination; individual who fell into the hands ofthe almost every revolters met with a wretched end, tortures of the description being resorted to by these most shocking savages: blacks and mulattoes seemed blood-thirsty to rival each other in the extent of their enoreager mities. The union of the mulattoes with the revolted slaves, was not an event unlooked for; as I have bewere strongly suspected of being fore remarked, they theinstigators of the rebcllion. Thisjunction caused that those mulattoes who had serious apprehensions, for joined the whites in the city, and had marched of cooperating with the inhabitants of the purpose would desert their posts and go over to the plains, the revolters; and it is probable that such an event might have ensued, had not the governor, before he them to be enrolled, and before he could permitted confide in them, demanded from them implicitly for their adtheir wives and children, as hostages herence to the cause which they had engaged to support. the destruction of In this northern insurrection, that those mulattoes who had serious apprehensions, for joined the whites in the city, and had marched of cooperating with the inhabitants of the purpose would desert their posts and go over to the plains, the revolters; and it is probable that such an event might have ensued, had not the governor, before he them to be enrolled, and before he could permitted confide in them, demanded from them implicitly for their adtheir wives and children, as hostages herence to the cause which they had engaged to support. the destruction of In this northern insurrection, --- Page 81 --- CHAP. m.] OR SAINT DOMINCO. the white inhabitants, it is said, was considerable, exceeding, of all ages, two thousand; besides the demolition of the buildings of a great many plantations, and the total ruin of many families, who from a condition of ease and affluence were reduced to the lowest state of misery and despair, being driven to the melancholy necessity of supplicating charity, to relieve the heart-rending calls of their hungry and naked offspring. The loss of the insurgents was however infinitely greater; being ignorant of the effects of cannon they were consequently cut down in masses, while the sword was also effectually used. It appears that upwards of 10,000 of these sanguinary wretches fell in the field, besides a very large number who perished by famine, and by the hands of the executioner; a very just retribution for their savage and inhuman proceedings. There is every reason to believe that the loss sustained by them in all their engagements must have been immense, as they seemed to have imbibed a most extraordinary idea of the effect of artillery: it is said of them by a writer of repute, that <The blacks suffered greatly in the beginning of the revolution by their ignorance of the dreadful effects of the guns, and by a superstitious belief, very generally prevailing at that time, that by a few mysterious words, they could prevent the cannon doing them any harm, which belief induced them to facc the most imminent dangers." --- Page 82 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. 1II. Whilst these ravages were going on in the north, the western district was menaced by a body of men of colour, who had collected at Mirebalais, sanguinely expecting to be joined by a large party of slaves from the surrounding parishes. Their aim the of Port au Prince and the whole was possession only about plain of Cul de Sac; but beingjoined by hundred of the slaves of the neighboursix or seven and hood, they did not succeed in their object; after having set fire to the coffee plantations in the mountains, and done some injury amongst the estates in the valley, they began to deliberate on their condition, and to devise some plan, by which they might be able to rescue themselves from the dilemma into which they were thrown by their own rash and Some of the most powerimprovident proceedings. ful of the mulattocs, who found it impossible to gain the negroes over to their cause, deemed it advisable an of their disputes, and atto propose adjustment tempt to bring about a reconciliation with the whites. One of the planters, a man of some power and address, and having been always very highly esteemed by the people of colour, as well as the negrocs through the whole of the Cul de Sac, interposed, and a treaty was concluded on the 11th of September, between the people of colour on the one part, and the white inhabitants of Port au Prince on the other. This treaty was called the Concordat: it had for the negroes over to their cause, deemed it advisable an of their disputes, and atto propose adjustment tempt to bring about a reconciliation with the whites. One of the planters, a man of some power and address, and having been always very highly esteemed by the people of colour, as well as the negrocs through the whole of the Cul de Sac, interposed, and a treaty was concluded on the 11th of September, between the people of colour on the one part, and the white inhabitants of Port au Prince on the other. This treaty was called the Concordat: it had for --- Page 83 --- CHAP. nr.] OR SAINT DOMINGO. its basis the oblivion of past differences and the full recognition of the decree of the national assembly of the 15th of May. The treaty was subsequently ratified by the general assembly of the colony, and was issued, in which it was held out a proclamation that further concessions were contemplated for the purpose of cementing a good understanding between both classes, and these concessions, it was supposed, alluded to the admission of those persons of colour to the privileges of the whole who were born of enslaved parents. Mulattoes also were voted to be eligible to hold commissions in the companies formed of persons of their own colour, and some other privileges of minor consideration conceded to them. This, it was hoped, would restore order, and enable the people once more to enjoy peace and repose. But a circumstance occurred which blasted these hopes, and the flame, which appears only to have been partially subdued, was rekindled, and burst forth again with an astonishing rapidity, devouring all within its overwhelming reach. Immediately after the ratification ofthe Concordat by the colonial assembly had been announced, and when itwas admitted bys all parties that its several provisions, amongst them the decree ofthe 15th ofMay, and commendable, tending to were judicious highly preserve order and tranquillitythrough the island,intelligence was received of the repcal of that very de- --- Page 84 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. III. the national assembly in France, and of its cree by majority. This having been voted by a very large was followed too by an intimation that the national assembly had determined on sending out commissioners to enforce the decree of the 24th of 1791, which amnulled the decree of the 15th September of May, and to endeavour to restore order and subordination. Such unaccountable, and, as they be characterized, deceptive proceedings may justly of the national assembly excited the inon the part dignation of the people of colour, who immediately accused the whites of being privy to these transactions, and declared that all further amity and good must be broken off, and that either understanding or the other must be annihilated. All one party in the western and southern the coloured people flew eagerly to the standard of revolt, and parts in a having collected a strong force, they appeared few days before Port au Prince, on which they made an attempt, but as that city had been strengthened additional force from France, it was enabled by an the attack of the insurgents, and ultito receive loss. mately to repel them with no inconsiderable The city however sustained considerable injury, and the revolters were successful in several attempts to set fire to it, by which a very large part of it was burnt down, or otherwise injured. In the plains of the Cul de Sac the negroes joined in a having collected a strong force, they appeared few days before Port au Prince, on which they made an attempt, but as that city had been strengthened additional force from France, it was enabled by an the attack of the insurgents, and ultito receive loss. mately to repel them with no inconsiderable The city however sustained considerable injury, and the revolters were successful in several attempts to set fire to it, by which a very large part of it was burnt down, or otherwise injured. In the plains of the Cul de Sac the negroes joined --- Page 85 --- CHAP. ni.] OR SAINT DOMINGO. the mulattoes, allured by the charm of plunder and the pledge of freedom, and the expectation of satiating their lust on the defenceless and unoffending white females who should fall into their hands. In these plains some sanguinary battles were fought, remarkable however for nothing except the unrecruelties with which the prisoners of the relenting spective combatants were visited, and the barbarous and inhuman executions which followed them. In these engagements it is recorded that the whites had the advantage, but they were unable to follow their success, being destitute of a force of up for the pursuit, a circumstance which made cavalry for them to improve on any deciit quite impossible sive movement which they had effected. It appears, that in every skirmish or engagement the whites were in all cases most forward and bold in their attacks, and few only were the instances in which the contest was commenced by the mulattoes; whenever they were brought in contact with their opponents they exhibited no individual or collective displays of courage and heroism, but, on the contrary, there seemed a tincture of cowardice in all their proceedings, for they arranged the negroes in front of their position, and in all cases of advance these deluded creatures bore the first attack of their adversaries, whilst their coloured allies, leaders, and deluders, often remained inactive during the moment of trial and slaughter. --- Page 86 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. III. In December the commissioners Mirbeck, Roosne, and St. Leger arrived. Their reception was respectof submission ful, and there was a peculiar degree shewn to them; but when they proclaimed a geneand pardon to all who should submit ral amnesty and and desist from further acts ofinsubordination, subscribe the articles of the new constitution, a murmur was excited, and marks of disapgeneral shewn towards them, not only by the probation were individual of the colonial assembly, but by every island They remained in the contending parties. that but a short time; and as an opinion prevailed were the mere instruments or organ of the they they obtained no attention or renational assembly, display of talent, they aspired spect. Without any who were not to be to the government of a people, without being first taught that their commanded and that their commission was of a pacific tendency, instructions were to appease, and not to excite. Instead of this, they declined to give any explanation of the object of their appointment beyond that which had been previously known, the enforcing of the decree of the 24th of September 1791. Findall their efforts unavailing, and that they were ing by either party, finding that their all unsupported and their representations dethority was disputed by spised, and, above all, left without any troops which they might attempt to enforce obedience to and submission to the dccrees of the their power, , instructions were to appease, and not to excite. Instead of this, they declined to give any explanation of the object of their appointment beyond that which had been previously known, the enforcing of the decree of the 24th of September 1791. Findall their efforts unavailing, and that they were ing by either party, finding that their all unsupported and their representations dethority was disputed by spised, and, above all, left without any troops which they might attempt to enforce obedience to and submission to the dccrees of the their power, --- Page 87 --- CHAP. ut.] OR SAINT DOMINGO. mother-country, they took their departure from the island by separate conveyances, after having made many most ineffectual attempts to obtain the confidence and the good opinion of the people over whom they were sent to preside, and from whom they were sent to exact an accordance with such measures as the national assembly might think it expedient to adopt. About this time, also, there were some changes in France which indicated further arrangements with respect to, the administration of the colonies, which could only tend to widen the breach, and inflame the parties to that degree of violence which would preclude the expectation of any amicable adjustment at a future period. The society of Amis des Noirs had now gained a considerable influencc in the national assembly, and there seemed to exist an union of feeling in favour of the mulattoes, and also of the slave popuiation, whom it was designed at no distant period to emancipate, however unprepared they might be, by moral improvement, to receive such a boon. It was suggested that instructions should be sent out to the colonial assemblies, conveying to them such intentions, as well as their opinion of the means by which 66 slavery might be abolished in toto ", 9 without in the least affecting the interest of the people, or in any way putting their property in jeopardy. This design, however, of the anti-slavery party in France met with some moalthough the advocates of the mentary opposition, --- Page 88 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. III. uttered loud invectives against the planters measure in general ; but whatever influence the former might collected and brought against the latter, it is have clear it failed in its desired aim, for in less very this passed another dethan two months assembly which abrogated that of the 24th of Septemcree, This decree is of the 4th of April 1792, and ber. of slait is the first step towards an emancipation very,alchoughit does not declare such an intention. and I shall therefore insert it from Itis important, another work, to the writer of which a translation in I am much indebted. and deG6 The national assembly acknowledges that the people of colour and free negroes in clares, of the colonies ought to enjoy an equality political in of which it rights with the whites; consequence decrees as follows:- after the publication <6 Article 1st. Immediately of each of of the present decree, the inhabitants leeward the French colonies in the windward and shall to the re-election of colonial islands proceed assemblies, after the mode prescribed and parochial of the 8th of March 1790, and the inby the decree assembly of the 28th of structions of the national the same month. and free negroes 66 2d. The people of colour shall be admitted to vote in all the primary and assemblies, and shall be eligible to the leelectoral and all places of trust, provided they gislature , the inhabitants leeward the French colonies in the windward and shall to the re-election of colonial islands proceed assemblies, after the mode prescribed and parochial of the 8th of March 1790, and the inby the decree assembly of the 28th of structions of the national the same month. and free negroes 66 2d. The people of colour shall be admitted to vote in all the primary and assemblies, and shall be eligible to the leelectoral and all places of trust, provided they gislature --- Page 89 --- CIAP. m.] OR SAINT DOMINGO. the qualifications prescribed by the fourth possess article of the aforesaid instructions. < 3d. Three civil commissioners shall be named for the colony of St. Domingo, and four for the islands of Martinique, Guadaloupe, St. Lucia, and Tobago, to see this decree enforced. C 4th. The said commissioners shall be authorized to dissolve the present colonial assemblies: : to take every measure necessary for accelerating the convocation of the primary and electoral assemblies, and therein to establish union, order, and peace, as well as to determine provisionally (reserving the power of appeal to the national assembly) upon which may arise concerning the reevery question gularity of convocations, the holding of assemblies, the form of elections, and the eligibility of citizens. G6 5th. They are authorized to procure every information possible, in order to discover the authors of the troubles in St. Domingo, and the continuance thereof, if they still continue ; to secure the of the guilty, and to send them over to persons France, there' to be put in a state of accusation, &cc. 66 6th. The said civil commissioners shall be directed, for this purpose, to transmit to the national assembly minutes of their proceedings, and of the evidence they may have collected concerning the persons accused as aforesaid. 46 7th. The national assembly authorizes the civil commissioners to call forth the public force when- --- Page 90 --- PRESENT STATE OF IAYTI, [CHAP. III. think it necessary, either for their ever they may of such orders own protection, or for the execution issue by virtue of the preceding aras they may ticles. is directed to send a <6 8th. The executive power sufficient force to the colonics, to be composed chiefly of national guards. after 66 9th. The colonial assemblies immediately formation shall signify, in the name of each their their sentiments respecting that colony respectively, of constitution, those laws, and the administration them, which will best promote the prosperity and themselves nehappiness of the people, conforming which the vertheless to those general principles by colonies and the mother-country are connected toand by which their respective interests are gether, to the decree of the 8th of best secured, agreeably instructions of the 28th of the March 1790 and same month. 66 10th. The colonial assemblies are authorized home delegates for the purposes mentioned to send in the preceding article, in numbers proportionate to the population of each colony, which proportion shall be forthwith determined by the national asaccording to the report which its colonial sembly, committee is directed to make. the colonies C6 11th. Former decrces respecting shall be in force in every thing not contrary to the present decree." the decree of the 8th of best secured, agreeably instructions of the 28th of the March 1790 and same month. 66 10th. The colonial assemblies are authorized home delegates for the purposes mentioned to send in the preceding article, in numbers proportionate to the population of each colony, which proportion shall be forthwith determined by the national asaccording to the report which its colonial sembly, committee is directed to make. the colonies C6 11th. Former decrces respecting shall be in force in every thing not contrary to the present decree." --- Page 91 --- CHAP. IIL.] OR SAINT DOMINGO. The carrying of this decrec into effect was cntrusted to Messrs. Santhonax, Polverel, and Ailhaud, the executive in France sending out a body comprising cight thousand men of the national guards, for the purpose of compelling the colonists to submit to their authority. Having arrived on the 13th of September, their first act was to dissolve the colonial assembly, and their next, to send the governor, Blanchelande, to France, where, after an examination into his administration, he was sentenced to death, and suffered on the guillotine in the April following. M. Desparbes, who was invested with chief command in his stead, having disagreed with the commissioners, was also suspended, and, like his predecessor, he was sent to France to undergo a similar fate. The greatest consternation everywhere prevailed on the announcement of this decree, and, as I have before observed, a pretty general feeling existed, that this was only a prelude to a general emancipation of the slave population, and which afterwards was actually realised. The white inhabitants, in particular, suspected the candour of the commissioners, who were anxious to have it believed that the object of their mission was nothing more than to carry into operation the provisions of this decree, and to settle all those disputes between the one class and the other, which had been fomented to the great destruction of persons and property. These agents --- Page 92 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. III. of the national assembly scem to have been well skilled in the art of dissimulation, more particularly the leader, M. Santhonax, who, whilst professing to the whites the warmest solicitude and anxiety for of and the promotion of the the preservation peace prosperity of the colony, was secretly intriguing with the mulattocs, and holding clandestine meetwith their chiefs; and in the end, in conjuncings he openly declared that tion with his coadjutors, they, with the frce negroes, should enjoy their prireceive the protection of the national guards, vileges, would their cause in every posand that he espouse sible way in which it could be effectually promoted. of the whitc inhabitants, as well The propertics this in the greatas their lives, seemed at juncture and they possessed no means of avertest jeopardy, which seemed to await them. Some ing the fate raised in their minds by little hope, however, was the appointment of a new governor, M. Galbaud, who arrived to take the command in May 1793, the island in the strongest state of deand to place fence, it being apprehended by the French government that the British might interpose in the existhad bcen declared between the ing disputes, as war the authoritwo powers. His arrival was hailed by ties and the inhabitants of the Cape with the manifestations ofjoy, and from his having strongest had the highest confiproperty in the island, they dence in his character for probity, and anticipated the appointment of a new governor, M. Galbaud, who arrived to take the command in May 1793, the island in the strongest state of deand to place fence, it being apprehended by the French government that the British might interpose in the existhad bcen declared between the ing disputes, as war the authoritwo powers. His arrival was hailed by ties and the inhabitants of the Cape with the manifestations ofjoy, and from his having strongest had the highest confiproperty in the island, they dence in his character for probity, and anticipated --- Page 93 --- OR SAINT DOMINGO. CHAP. IIL.] decisive measures would be adopted that the most and for the for the restoration of their property, their of their lives. But how vain were security their hope! The anticipations, and how fleeting of all national assembly of France, the great mover evils which afflicted this unhappy country, again the and suspended the interposed with new instructions, that any from his command, decreeing new governor in the colonies should be inone holding property office of trust in the colony in eligible to fill any which his estate was situate. Galbaud did not, however, resign his appointand aided by his brother, ment without a struggle; he cola man of some spirit and great enterprise, from the lected a force composed of militia, seamen in the harbour of the Cape, and a strong body ships and without delay advanced against of volunteers, whom he found ready to receive the commissioners, A conflict him at the head of the regular troops. resolusevere and bloody ensued, and considerable the rival parties, each suption was displayed by firmness and deporting their cause with unshaken termined bravery ; but the sailors, who composed body of Galbaud's force, having become the greatest which he did disorderly, he was obliged to retire, without being in the least interrupted or opposed by the force of the commissioners. in The next day various skirmishes took place, which the success was in some degree mutual; and G --- Page 94 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CIIAP. III, the brother of Galbaud fell into the hands of whilst the son of Polverel was the commissioners' troops, force. captured by the seamen attached to Galbaud's finding,however, that their force The commissioners: were resolute diminished, and that their opponents with unexampled bravery, had recourse and fought which in the sequel caused much to a measure in the destruction slaughter, although it succeeded in the aid of the of Galbaud's force; they called and revolted slaves, offering them their freedom, that the city of the Cape should be given promising Some of the rebel chiefs rejected a up for plunder. the sacrifice proposition which could only produce of lives and the spilling of human blood, without promoting their own cause, but Macaya, in any way over his adherents, a negro possessing some power with and being of a savage and brutal disposition, insatiable thirst for the blood of the whites, acan of the commissioners, and with cepted the proposal thousand of his negro brethren joined three or four of horror and of cartheir standard, when a scene would shock the ensued, the recital of which nage heart. Men, women, hardest and most unfeeling and children were without distinction unmercifully these barbarians, and those who had slaughtered by rush into the city, and had reached escaped the first of getting on board the water-side, for the purpose and their the ships in the harbour, were intercepted just at retreat cut off by these merciless wretches, the proposal thousand of his negro brethren joined three or four of horror and of cartheir standard, when a scene would shock the ensued, the recital of which nage heart. Men, women, hardest and most unfeeling and children were without distinction unmercifully these barbarians, and those who had slaughtered by rush into the city, and had reached escaped the first of getting on board the water-side, for the purpose and their the ships in the harbour, were intercepted just at retreat cut off by these merciless wretches, --- Page 95 --- CHAP. III.] OR SAINT DOMINGO. the moment when arrangements had been accomplished for their cmbarkation. Here the mulattoes had an opportunity of gratifying their revenge : here they had arrived at the summit of their greatest ambition and glory ; here it was that these cowardly and infamous parricides, gorged with human blood, sacrificed their own parents, and afterwards subjected their bodies to every species of insult and indignity; here it was that these disciples of Robespierre-this injured and oppressed racethe theme of Gregoire's praise, and the subject of his appeal and harangue, shewed themselves worthy disciples of such masters ! If any thing were wanted to establish the fact of these scenes being unexampled, and without a parallel, one thing, I am sure, will alone be sufficient, and that is, that the commissioners, these amiable representatives of the national assembly, the immaculate Santhonax, and the equally Kumane and virtuous Polverel, these vicegerents of the society of Amis des Noirs, these protectors of the mulattoes, were struck with horror at the scene which was presented to them, and repaired to the ships, there to become spectators of the effects of their own crimes, and of a splendid and opulent city devoured by the flames which had been lighted by the torch of anarchy and rebellion. In this destruction of the Cape, some instances of the most extraordinary brutality werc exhibited, G 2 --- Page 96 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CIAP. III. others of devotedness and heroism were disand or two it will be as well to mention, as played ; one and humanity of the illustrative of the generosity of the and of the ferocity and cruelty one party, the revolters first entered the city, other. When and child were bayoneted or cut every man, woman, instruments as they could muster, down with such but the young females were in most cases spared, of the lust of those for the momentary gratification of the most into whose hands they fell. One case took place:-a leader of the resingular enormity had entered the volted slaves, named Gautier, in merchant in the square, house of a respectable his wife, his two sons, which were the proprietor, not exand three daughters ; the sons were young, the age of ten, but the daughters were eleceeding the eldest about eighteen,and the gant young women, fourteen. Gautier, assisted youngest not exceeding by one or two wretches equally inhuman, prothe family, on account of his havmised to spare of kindness and generosity ing received many acts sent from the father, to whom he was often by he being a domestic slave. his master on business, at first halfexpirThese poor creatures, who were them, from the terror of the scene around ing the idea of being the captives of barbaand from somewhat from the alarm into rians, recovered through the promises which they had been thrown, pledged to them; of security thus unconditionally by one or two wretches equally inhuman, prothe family, on account of his havmised to spare of kindness and generosity ing received many acts sent from the father, to whom he was often by he being a domestic slave. his master on business, at first halfexpirThese poor creatures, who were them, from the terror of the scene around ing the idea of being the captives of barbaand from somewhat from the alarm into rians, recovered through the promises which they had been thrown, pledged to them; of security thus unconditionally --- Page 97 --- CHAP. III.] OR SAINT DOMINGO. not permitted to go out of the sight of and although that any mistheir captors, they did not apprehend and that their lives were to be chief was in embryo, with the idea of safety, they sacrificed. Impressed proceeded to prepare a repast for their supposed and set it before them in the same splenguardians, were wont to do when receiving their dour as they Gautier drank freely, and best and dearest friends. to the rich repast. his compeers did no little justice coming on, and apprehensive of the conseNight from the governor's force, quences of a surprise should they began to deliberate upon what plan they their unhappy captives from flight, adopt to secure devise any thing likely to when, not being able to resolution of be effectual, they came to the savage them all. The daughters were locked murdering under the watch of two of the reup in a room, of them commenced volters, whilst the remainder The task bayoneting the two sons. the bloody by with pitiful mother, on her knees, imploring mercy the huscries, met with the same fate, whilst who was bound hand and foot, was barbaband, having first his arms and then rously mangled, by the his legs cut off, and afterwards run through During this blood-thirsty scene, the daughbody. of the tragic end of their parents, ters, ignorant of alarm and terror not to be dewere in a state that their lives were safe. But, scribed, yet hoping --- Page 98 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. I1I. alas ! how deceitful that hope! ! for their destiny was fixed, and their time but short. Gautier and his diabolical associates went into their room, stripped them naked, and committed on their defenceless persons the most brutal enormities, when with the dead bodies of their parents they were thrown into the flames which were then surrounding them, where they all perished. I shall mention another case of an opposite character, and in which a degree of heroism was exhibited that deserves to be recorded with every praise. A M. Tardiffe, a planter, and a young man of considerable property and of great courage and presence of mind, had joined the force of the governor, and had consequently become an object of great on the part of some of the hatred, particularly mulattoes who resided in the. vicinity of his estate. Awakened one night about twelve o'clock by the cries of females, he jumped up, and rushed to the room in which his sisters, two amiable young ladies, whcre he found armed men attemptwere reposing, the window. He instantly flew ing to get through his for his sabre and pistols, which were loaded, sisters following him, and then returned to the room the assassins. He found one had accomto oppose of into the room, whom plished his purpose getting ran the body; when, turnhe in an instant through ing to the window, he shot another fellow just en- cries of females, he jumped up, and rushed to the room in which his sisters, two amiable young ladies, whcre he found armed men attemptwere reposing, the window. He instantly flew ing to get through his for his sabre and pistols, which were loaded, sisters following him, and then returned to the room the assassins. He found one had accomto oppose of into the room, whom plished his purpose getting ran the body; when, turnhe in an instant through ing to the window, he shot another fellow just en- --- Page 99 --- CHAP. ni.] OK SAINT DOMINGO. tering, and afterwards one or two others who made similar attempts. About this time his doinestics had all come up stairs, and they shewed themselves most faithful in adhering to their master; for, not contented with mercly opposing the entry of the assassins into the house, they sallied forth to mect them at the front of it, and although their numbers were inferior to that of their unprincipled and lawless invaders, they successfully attacked them, killing seven, and driving away the rest, with the exception of one, who was captured, who happened to be the illegitimate brother of M. Tardiffe, to whom he had shewed the warmest affection and whom he had cherished as the dearest relation. In return for such ingratitude and villainy, how did M. Tardiffe act? Did he give him up for public justice ? No. Did he permit his faithful and enraged domestics, who were witnesses of his crimes, to exehim ? No. But cute momentary vengeance upon he took him by the hand, mildly remonstrated with him, and afterwards furnished him with the means of leaving the colony for America, lest the searching hand of justice might before long stay his career. Ihave thought it adviseable to relate these two cases, from the extraordinary enormity of the first, and from the singular circumstances attending the last, having received the detail of them from an individual who was engaged in most of the events which occurred at that period. --- Page 100 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. III. After this first revolt of the slaves in the north, emigrations commenced in almost all parts of the colony, some going to the United States, many to the neighbouring islands; and some of the most opulent and powerful of the planters to England, under the impression that the British government would be disposed to turn its attention to their cause. The war between France and England having commenced, some regard was paid to their solicitations, and through the instance of M. Charmilly (the M. Charmilly of Spanish notoriety) the government of England sent out directions to the governor of Jamaica to afford to those inhabitants of St. Domingo to themselves under Briwho were desirous place tish protection every possible support, and to send without delay a competent force, and to take possession of such places as the people might be disposed to surrender to them. The intentions of the British government being known by the means of secret agents, the commissioners, Santhonax and Polverel, had recourse to the force in every possible means of strengthening the colony, and of being prepared for the reception of the British troops whenever they should make descent. They collected the retheir contemplated militia, and such of the whites as were gular troops, together with the free negroes and in their interest, mulattoes who had hitherto followed their cause. But this was not deemed by them a sufficient body to surrender to them. The intentions of the British government being known by the means of secret agents, the commissioners, Santhonax and Polverel, had recourse to the force in every possible means of strengthening the colony, and of being prepared for the reception of the British troops whenever they should make descent. They collected the retheir contemplated militia, and such of the whites as were gular troops, together with the free negroes and in their interest, mulattoes who had hitherto followed their cause. But this was not deemed by them a sufficient body --- Page 101 --- CHAP. I.] OR SAINT DOMINGO. when united, to oppose British soldiers led on by commanders. They therefore at once experienced <6 proclaimed the abolition ofevery species of slavery, declaring that the negroes were thenceforth to be considered as free citizens"; and thercby assigned over to a lawless banditti the fee simple of every in the French part of the island of St. property white inhabitant within Domingo, placing every almost the grasp of a set of people insensible to feeling of humanity, rude and ruthless as in every their native wilds. be A description of these untutored people cannot better given than in the language of Mr. Edwards, and the who says, 66 The Charaibs of St. Vincent, Maroons of Jamaica, were originally enslaved Afriand what they now are, the freed negroes of cans ; in the St. Domingo will be hereafter,-snvages midst of society, without peace, security, agriculof the duties of life, and ture, or property ; ignorant relations unacquainted with all the soft endearing which rendered it desirable; averse to labour, though perishing for want; suspicious of each frequently other, and towards the rest of mankind revengeful and faithless, remorseless and bloody-minded; pretending to be free while groaning beneath the capricious despotism of their chiefs, and feeling all the miseries of servitude without the benefits of subordination." The prediction of this elegant author has certainlybeen realized in allits parts, and subsequent --- Page 102 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAF. III. events have fully confirmed the opinion which he had formed of the negro character, when left to his own uncontrolledwill: and unrestrained in his propensities. Sloth, lust, and every species of wantonness and cruelty marked the progress of the enfranchised slaves in the first moment of their freedom; and until leaders of decisive and resolute powers for command undertook to preserve some degree of order and submission, they wandered in parties through the different parishes, inflicting the most unheard-of cruelties on the innocent and unoffending, without regard to sex or colour. To the will and command of their chief they were generally obedient, although they were subjected to duties of the most dangerous and laborious description ; but when the least relaxation of discipline was permitted, they again resorted to plunder and destruction, and to every other species of insubordination, gratifying their insatiable thirst for the blood of the whites, as well as of that of the mulattoes, who were averse to the measure of emancipation. In these predatory excursions they committed the most shocking excesses, and more real and afflicting accounts have been received of the enormities practised by them when wandering in detached parties, than have been known to follow the most sanguinary battle in which they had been engaged. the whole career of the reI see nothing through bellion to induce me to alter my opinion of the cause other species of insubordination, gratifying their insatiable thirst for the blood of the whites, as well as of that of the mulattoes, who were averse to the measure of emancipation. In these predatory excursions they committed the most shocking excesses, and more real and afflicting accounts have been received of the enormities practised by them when wandering in detached parties, than have been known to follow the most sanguinary battle in which they had been engaged. the whole career of the reI see nothing through bellion to induce me to alter my opinion of the cause --- Page 103 --- CHAP. IuI.] OR SAINT DOMINGO. whence all thesc lamentable effects sprung ; and I must again repeat, that it was not misconduct on the part of the proprictors which excited the first revolt, and induced the slaves to take up arms against those from whom, in innumerable instances, they had experienced kindness and indulgence. It was natural to expect that in a colony, the operations in which are entirely performed by slaves, some cases of oppression would occur which would deserve reprobation; but the rebellion bejustly came general, although I am not aware that any successful attempt has been made to shew that the conduct of the planters towards their slaves was generally harsh and oppressive. De Vastey, in his remarks, would wish it to be inferred that the brute creation received infinitely more kindness and indulgence from their master than was shewn towards the slave: but De Vastey being a negro, it is natural that he should exhibit the worst side of the picture, without noticing its better one. He adduces no instances of that oppression which he wishes to prevail upon mankind to believe to have been inflicted: we have nothing from him but allegations and assertions, without proof to support them. It is true, that he puts forward some statements of cruelties inflicted on his nebrethren, but those were subsequent, even by his gro own account, to the revolt and to the emancipation; but he has forgotten that the first atrocities, the --- Page 104 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. III. of and indiscriminate murder, were first acts cruelty brethren (for whom he claims committed by his very and for the pity of mankind for their sufferings unmerited bondage) on the plantation Noé, their De Vastey, it is plain, and others in the vicinity. of cruelty on is no authority on which the charge be of the planter before the rebellion can the part supported. to the mulattoes, or free men of COWith regard the chief instigators of lour, who were doubtless revolt of the slaves, the rebellion and of the first although they cannot escape the condemnation justdue to them for their perfidy, yet the extreme ly under which they laboured in some disabilities in mitigation of the cenmeasure might be adduced dewhich their faithless conduct SO truly sure had not commenced the work of served. If they observers of the revolt, but had remained quiet of the national and colonial assemproccedings until the result blies, and delayed their operations of those of the deliberations and arrangements would have bodies had been promulgated, they expressions of approbation called forth spontaneous which from all classes of people: but the eagerness manifested for civil feuds and for a preponthey of power in the colony, without any condiderancy has tions and without the least possible reservation, called down upon them, and I think justly too, very It has becn observed, that this severe reprobation. semproccedings until the result blies, and delayed their operations of those of the deliberations and arrangements would have bodies had been promulgated, they expressions of approbation called forth spontaneous which from all classes of people: but the eagerness manifested for civil feuds and for a preponthey of power in the colony, without any condiderancy has tions and without the least possible reservation, called down upon them, and I think justly too, very It has becn observed, that this severe reprobation. --- Page 105 --- CHAP. III.] OR SAINT DOMINGO. class of people were, from their education and from their general demeanour, as eligible members of SOciety as the whites, and as such ought to have been admitted into all its rights and advantages. This, I believe, no one undertakes to deny; but it is no more than fair and equitable towards the white population to observe, that prior to every concession being made to them, something like a line ofdemarcation should have been drawn as to the limits to which those concessions should be carried, otherwise from their number and power the mulattoes might in the have obtained an overwhelming preponderancy colony, rendering the white colonists mere cyphers. The decrecs against the people of colour, as they appear on the records of the colony, are extremely harsh and impolitic, and a relaxation, if not a repeal of them, would have been only an act of justice. The government held them in no repute, but considered them as it were national property, and gave the public a right in them. They were subjected by the governors, when they had arrived at a particular age, to a military servitude ofthe most degrading kind, and for a time to labour on thep public roads, the severity of which was almost too great to be borne. They were not permitted to hold any of. fice of power or trust in the state, nor could they even follow the humble calling of a schoolmaster. The least possible taint in the blood excluded them, and the distinction of colour had no termination. Not --- Page 106 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAr. I11. colonies, where it is lost in the third SO in the British It is said also, that 66 the courts of crigencration. adopting the popular prejudices minal jurisdiction and to the against them gave effect permanency A man of colour, being a proseeutor, must system. case indeed, if at any time have made out a strong On he obtained the conviction of a white person. the other hand, the whites never failed to procure and speedy justice against mulattoes. To prompt the distinction between the mark more strongly declared that if a free man of two classes, the law of whatcolour presumed to strike a white person, his right hand should be cut off; ever condition, assault on a free while a white man for a similar on the payment of an insigmulatto was dismissed nificant fine." * for any one to be inIt is,T-conceive, impossible without formed of the existence of such a system that whatever might have been the proexclaiming, of colour in the work of receedings of the people considerable exbellion, their grievances offered the most tenuation of their conduct. This presents and indefensible page in the colonial redisgraceful True it is that cords of criminal jurisprudence. that its flagrant injustice, precluded its severity, the abhorrence the possibility of putting it in force; of excited among all orders which it SO generally * Anonymous. -conceive, impossible without formed of the existence of such a system that whatever might have been the proexclaiming, of colour in the work of receedings of the people considerable exbellion, their grievances offered the most tenuation of their conduct. This presents and indefensible page in the colonial redisgraceful True it is that cords of criminal jurisprudence. that its flagrant injustice, precluded its severity, the abhorrence the possibility of putting it in force; of excited among all orders which it SO generally * Anonymous. --- Page 107 --- CIAT. m.] OR SAINT DOMINGO. people, made it a dead letter ; but it was notwithstanding a law in force, and might have been acted upon by an arbitrary and unmerciful judge. The only circumstance that contributed towards affording the coloured people some degree of security and protection under their disabilities was the power which they indirectly derived from the possession of property in the colony. They consequently had influence, because under a corrupt government money bought it, and many were the venal officers of the state who had stooped to be their pensioners. Many of these mulattoes held large estates, and possessed besides extensive available funds ; these men in most cases evaded those exclusions from society, to which their brethren of less influence were obliged to submit. They were secure enough both in their persons and property, whilst the less wealthy among their coloured brethren had to submit to every species of insecurity and mortification. I have now said as much as may be deemed necessary on the subject of the situation of the COloured people at the time of the first disturbances in St. Domingo, and I trust I have made it appear conclusive, that the cause of those disturbances did not proceed from the oppression and the tyranny practised over the slaves, but from the measures of the national assembly, the colonial assemblies, aided --- Page 108 --- 96 PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, ETC. [CHAP. III. by that specious and intriguing body, the society of Amis des Noirs, and the coloured people then residing in France, who had been tainted with the pernicious doctrines then prevailing in that country. --- Page 109 --- a CHAPTER IV. Effects of emancipating the slaves.-Arrival of the British forces.-Their subsequent operations-Evacation by General Maitland.-M. Charmilly negotiates with the English.-Views of the English cabinet-Partics in the contest.-Andi insincerity of the French planters. HAVING, in the last chapter, arrived at the period when Santhonax and Polverel conferred freedom upon the slave population, and at the time also when the planters of the colony had solicited the aid of the British government to their causc, I shall now proceed in my detail of the effects produced by the former, and, in as succinct a manner as possible, notice a few of the operations of the latter, as well as the consequences arising from them. No sooner had the abolition of slavery been promulgated, than it spread through the whole colony with remarkable rapidity, and the work of insubordination and destruction commenced. In the different parishes the slaves rose simultaneously, formed into bodies, took possession of the mountains, and secured themselves within those fastnesses which everywhere abound through the island. They then sallied forth into the plains, spreading devastation around them, setting fre to the cane fields, and deH in as succinct a manner as possible, notice a few of the operations of the latter, as well as the consequences arising from them. No sooner had the abolition of slavery been promulgated, than it spread through the whole colony with remarkable rapidity, and the work of insubordination and destruction commenced. In the different parishes the slaves rose simultaneously, formed into bodies, took possession of the mountains, and secured themselves within those fastnesses which everywhere abound through the island. They then sallied forth into the plains, spreading devastation around them, setting fre to the cane fields, and deH --- Page 110 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAF. IV. description of habitation within molishing every white inhatheir range, murdering the unoffending wherever they met with them. In one part bitants amounted to nearly one of the colony the insurgents leader who had the hundred thousand, without any them. In the north least possible command over amounted from their force in the first instance only but they about twenty to twenty-five thousand thousand, of a most dequickly increased to forty sperate and sanguinary character. made The British force under ColonelWhitelocke) before Jeremie on the 19th of Sepits appearance it consisted only of about eight huntember 1793; rank and file. As this place was dred and seventy force by stipulation, to be given up to the British of the next day, and the town was taken possession with all took the oath of allegiance the inhabitants St. Nicolas next followed; much eagerness. Cape but here the inhabitants displayed some hostility, the standard of republicanand most of them joined adhered ism, although they had before strenuously always the royal cause, and kept the white flag to but here, notwithhoisted. Tiburon was next tried, the strongest pledges of cooperation on standing the their infidelity was sO mathe part of planters, had become SO nifest, and the force of the enemy that the troops were obliged to retreat formidable, and this object of the expedition with some loss, failed. From fatigue and therefore unfortunately --- Page 111 --- OR SAINT DOMINGO. CHAP. rv.] from the exposure to which they had from sickness, both in the sun and the noxious been subjected, became much disspirited dews of night, the troops were susand discouraged, and further operations arrived of pended until a force from England sufficient magnitude to prosecute further offensive This did not take place until the measures. arFebruary following, when a British squadron rived with troops, which were immediately landed, (now Sir Brent) Spencer at their head, with Major attacked the enemy, drove them who most gallantly and thereby retrieved back with considerable loss, The whole that which before ended in a failure. bight of Leogane was now commanded by theBritish and a further force being expected from squadron, that Port au Prince England, it was anticipated from the supposition would fall an easy conquest, favour of their cause. that the people were mostlyin before the reinforceA considerable time elapsed the from England made their appearance : in ments skirmishes took place in the vicinity interim, many and in the neighof Leogane, as well as at Tiburon, instances bourhood of Cape Nicolas Mole; in some British were successful, and in others the enemy the obtained advantages. About this period it was that Andrew Rigaud made his at the head of the revolted first appearance of colour, and had the comslaves: he was a man thousand of mand at Aux Cascs. With about two H 2 the from England made their appearance : in ments skirmishes took place in the vicinity interim, many and in the neighof Leogane, as well as at Tiburon, instances bourhood of Cape Nicolas Mole; in some British were successful, and in others the enemy the obtained advantages. About this period it was that Andrew Rigaud made his at the head of the revolted first appearance of colour, and had the comslaves: he was a man thousand of mand at Aux Cascs. With about two H 2 --- Page 112 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. IV. the rebels he marched from his station and besieged Tiburon : but the fort which was manned by some who defended it with their usual British soldiers, afterwards sallied forth, attacked intrepidity, ,and who the besiegers in the field, and put them to the rout with great slaughter. During the interval occasioned by the non-arrival of the reinforcement from England, the planters who were, in the first instance, favourable to the cause of the British, began to shew some symptoms of displeasure: : and the tardiness with which the were carried on, and the absence of that operations which the urgency of their situation redecision individuals to quired, induced many very powerful all further adherence to the party in relinquish had engaged, and to join the republican which they standard. On the 19th of May the force which had been sO looked for arrived under the command of Gelong neral Whyte, who, with Commodorel Ford, proceeded to deliberate on the measures which it would at once for the capture of Port au be adviseable to adopt Prince. On the 30th the ships of war, consisting of four ships of the line, three or four frigates, and several smaller vessels, anchored off the city. The land forces amounted to only about fifteen hundred of doing duty. The next morning a men capable the to surrender, to flag was sent to summon city attention was paid, and it is even said that which no --- Page 113 --- - - CHAP. Iv.] OR SAINT DOMINGO. the letter was returned unopened. The commissioners, Santhonax and Polverel, were known to be in the city with a considerable force; and it was expected that a powerful stand would be made, for the preservation of this important place. Fort Bizotton, which is situate on an eminence to the southward of the city, commands the Leogane road and the southern entrance in the harbour. The land-side was attacked by a body of troops under the gallant Major Spencer, whilst a simultaneous attack was made on the sea-side by two of the ships of war. Captain Daniel of the forty-first regiment, with about seventy or eighty men, took advantage of a thunder storm which happened about eight o'clock, entered the breach which had been rendered practicable, and carried the fort at the point of the bayonet. The captain was severely wounded, and some of his men and officers fell. The city soon surrendered, and the commissioners evacuated it on the fourth of June, the birth-day of the then sovereign of Great Britain, George the Third, when the British troops entered and took possession of it together with the shipping in the harbour. It was the intention of the republican commissioners to set fire to the city, but the prompt and decisive attack of the British gave them no time for carrying SO destructive a design into effect. This capture was of great consequence to the the point of the bayonet. The captain was severely wounded, and some of his men and officers fell. The city soon surrendered, and the commissioners evacuated it on the fourth of June, the birth-day of the then sovereign of Great Britain, George the Third, when the British troops entered and took possession of it together with the shipping in the harbour. It was the intention of the republican commissioners to set fire to the city, but the prompt and decisive attack of the British gave them no time for carrying SO destructive a design into effect. This capture was of great consequence to the --- Page 114 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. IV. of the British as far as their proceedings cause confidence to the soldiers, had gone on ; it gave who had joined and inspirited the colonial troops to be the their standard; but it afterwards proved soldier: sickof many a British officer and such grave the troops to ness began to rage amongst the case in the extent, as is generally an alarming that it was found necessary, for autumnal months, to erect additional lines the preservation of the post, the fearing that in their then condition of defence, the To acmight try to regain position. enemy the troops were subjected to incessant complish this, and then during the night extoil, first in the sun, arising from posed to all the pernicious vapours scasons. In rains which fall during the rainy heavy of Port au Prince was a point of booty the capture the commissioners very fine acquisition, although valuable which it carried off with them every thing of upwards of two hundred contained, consisting also by upmule loads. They were accompanied who folwards of two thousand of the inhabitants, that they lowed in their career. Finding however and that lost all their influence in the colony, had L'Ouverture had obtained Rigaud and Toussaint it expedient of the whole, they thought possession and return to France, where they to leave the island, whose softhe government, received the congratulationse to carry representatives they had been appointed --- Page 115 --- CHAP. Iv.] OR SAINT DOMINGO. into operation the most injudicious decrees that could possibly have been framed for theinternal government of any colonial appendage. The value of the captured property has been variously estimated : a writer of some authority says, that <6 In the harbour were found two and twenty top-sail vessels, fully laden with sugar, indigo, and coffee, of which thirteen were from three to five hundred tons burthen, and the remaining nine from one hundred and fifty to three hundred tons, besides seven thousand tons of shipping in ballast; the value of all which at a moderate computation could not be far short of four hundred thousand pounds sterling. One hundred and thirty-one pieces of canmounted in batterics were on the non regularly lines." After the reduction of Port au Prince, a further reinforcement arrived under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Lennox, consisting of about six hundred men, but on their passage from the windward islands to Jamaica, to which latter place they first sailed, sickness broke out amongst them, by which more than one hundred died on board, and a hundred and fifty were left at Port Royal in the last of disease. It is impossible to describe the stage that prevailed amongst the troops in St. mortality Domingo. When active operations were likely to be attended with a beneficial result, the commanderadvantage of the in-chief was prevented from taking arrived under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Lennox, consisting of about six hundred men, but on their passage from the windward islands to Jamaica, to which latter place they first sailed, sickness broke out amongst them, by which more than one hundred died on board, and a hundred and fifty were left at Port Royal in the last of disease. It is impossible to describe the stage that prevailed amongst the troops in St. mortality Domingo. When active operations were likely to be attended with a beneficial result, the commanderadvantage of the in-chief was prevented from taking --- Page 116 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. IV. which he held, by the epidemic which at positions There could not be the time so lamentably raged. soldiers in a condiproduced eight hundred British of them had only a tion for the field, and many from the hosshort time previously been discharged of course they were not equal to the fatigue pitals; in the least fit for a of active service, nor were they them to which rendered it necessary to expose duty of the night air. The comthe pernicious humidity was seized with mander-in-chief, General Whyte, much fever: ; and his health was sO this malignant effects of disease, and anxiety for impaired by the who were. daily dythe fate of his officers and men, the around him, that he was compelled to leave ing when the command island and return to England, Horneck. devolved on Brigadier-General General Whyte in SepFrom the departure of William1794, until the arrival of General tember, month of May following, nothing of any son in the ensued, except some skirmishes material consequence of the British and revolters, atbetween the posts either side. During tended with no decisive result on of the this short period of inactivity on the part Rigaud, collecting a strong force, advanced British, which at that time was defended towards Leogane, and succeeding in his atby some colonial troops, murdered the tack upon the place, he inhumanly and afterwho fell into his power, French planters but in his atwards advanced upon Port au Prince; --- Page 117 --- CHAP. Iv.] OR SAINT DOMINGO. tempt upon Fort Bizotton which commanded his advance, he failed, having becn repulsed by the garrison, with great slaughter, whence he retreated, for the purpose of making another effort for the recovery of Tiburon. He left Aux Cases with a force of three thousand men with four small armed vessels, and on the 25th of December they commenced the attack on the place. The fort, which consisted of only about four hundred and fifty men, defended it with great bravery; and after the loss of two-thirds of their number, the remainder sallied forth, cut their way through the revolters, and reached Irois in safety. In the vicinity of St. Marc, Colonel Brisbane, who commanded there, had much to do in keeping the insurgents in check, who had at this time become exceedingly bold in their movements, and seemed determined on the most vigorous operations, both offensive and defensive. The colonel with a few British and some colonial troops, obtained advantages over them in several skirmishes in the plains of the Artibanite; but whilst he was engaged there the mulatto inhabitants of St. Marc, who had pledged themselves most solemnly to observe the strictest neutrality, violated their pledge, andin the most cowardly manner put to death all whom they found actively engaged against the French republic. The garrison defended themselves in the fort, from whence they were relieved in a short time by a vesscl of war from seemed determined on the most vigorous operations, both offensive and defensive. The colonel with a few British and some colonial troops, obtained advantages over them in several skirmishes in the plains of the Artibanite; but whilst he was engaged there the mulatto inhabitants of St. Marc, who had pledged themselves most solemnly to observe the strictest neutrality, violated their pledge, andin the most cowardly manner put to death all whom they found actively engaged against the French republic. The garrison defended themselves in the fort, from whence they were relieved in a short time by a vesscl of war from --- Page 118 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAF. IY. The white inhabitants also of Cape Nicolas Mole. the most forward to St. Marc, many of whom were themhail the arrival of the British and to place engaged in a plot selves under British protection, but that offor the destruction ofColonel Brisbane, the discovered and successfully ficer, ever on alert, defeated their designs. similar conspiracy was At Port au Prince a of which was the debrought to light, the object of the and all the English people struction garrison inhabitants who joined in by those very French the arrival of the British hailing with acclamations abominable treachery force before the city. Such punishment ; did not go without its commensurate and about twenty of the conspirators were seized, several ones, amongst whom were the principal condemned by the senFrench officers of rank, were fif Of these conspirators tence of a court-martial. 1795, and teen were shot on the 18th of February, were sent off the island. the remainder who had been previously General Williamson, in the West Indies, appointed commander-in-chief: and immediately proarrived in the island in May, best state of destation in the ceeded to place every would allow. He fence that his very limited means whole line of posts endeavoured to strengthen the a force St. Marc to Jeremie, and not having from enable him to secure all points by a sufficient to British and colonial troops, hc restrong cordon of --- Page 119 --- OR SAINT DOMINGO. CHAF. Iv.] which, although at the moment sorted to a measure was not likely it might have been one of expedieney, his in the end. To augment to be advantageous of negroes, whom he force he formed several corps them of the French planters, and placed purchased of officers of the line; but their under the command and they became inefficiency was soon discovered, unbut also a very not only a very unserviceable, Williamson retained the governable body. General time; his successor, command but a very short ofhis General Forbes, completed the arrangements and remained entirely on the defensive. predecessor, of this year, 1795, intelligence had In the autumn France and been received that the war between of and that the Spanish part Spain had terminated, to the French republic in the island had been ceded however, that SO many perpetuity. It was stipulated, to depart of the inhabitants as should feel disposed of the from the island to reside in the dominions should be permitted to remove or King of Spain, and that the space of one dispose of their property, should be granted to them for that purpose. year the end of this year the termination of the About Flanders having placed troops at the operations in Brigadier-Gedisposal of the British government, thousand men neral Howe arrived with about seven this Nicolas Mole. From the extent of at Cape have been accomplished force a great deal might had they arrived at an carlier stage of the proceedings of the from the island to reside in the dominions should be permitted to remove or King of Spain, and that the space of one dispose of their property, should be granted to them for that purpose. year the end of this year the termination of the About Flanders having placed troops at the operations in Brigadier-Gedisposal of the British government, thousand men neral Howe arrived with about seven this Nicolas Mole. From the extent of at Cape have been accomplished force a great deal might had they arrived at an carlier stage of the proceedings --- Page 120 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. IV. but the subjugation of the colony had in the island, become extremely difficult, if not altogetherimnow attempted but little, and becompracticable. They from sickness and disease, ing languid and spiritless in numbers, as well whilst the enemy were increasing the little that was underas in vigour and activity, taken proved umsuccessful. 1797, that It was not until the month of March, when Geactive operations were recommenced; any Simcoe landed to take the command, an officer neral his for the who had been sclected by government and tried eximportant trust, from his known talents by He began his arduous undertaking perience. the whole line of defence, and lost no examining arrangement for retime in making every judicious also about the suming offensive operations. It was time that the negro Toussaint L'Ouverture same invested by the republican government appeared with the high rank of General-in-Chief of France To this very of the Armies of St. Domingo. was personage the British general extraordinary and from the sysdestined first to be opposed; warfare which had been purtem of insurrectional found he had to combat with an sued, the general and courage. antagonist of no ordinary capacity with cautious, well acquainted Wary and exceedingly British force and the experience the strength of the made no effort Toussaint of their commanders, of Mirebabeyond that of menacing the position --- Page 121 --- OR SAINT DOMINGO. CIIAP. 1v.] before which he appeared with an almost overlais, The British force at that point whelming force. retired not being sufficient to oppose his progress, Port the plains of Cul de Sac into thence through the whole of the country au Prince, abandoning and from which, through which they retreated, the enemy were enabled to obtain from its fertility, this movement also abundance of provisions. By of the all communication with the Spanish part island was cut off. were To the southward, however, the operations favourable to the British. The negroes were more which they had occupied in driven from every post and Rigaud the neighbourhood of Port au Prince, the head of his mulatto force was defeated at at Nearly at the same time Toussaint attacked Irois. to retire with considerSt. Marc's, but was obliged followers a great many of his priable loss, leaving soners. these partial successes the BriNotwithstanding in the island seemed on the wane, and tish cause of concurrent their force diminishing from a variety was afterwards made circumstances, no attempt were the enemy; but measures to advance against attack adopted to guard against any surprise or any their contemplated upon those which opponents which were conpositions, in the line of defence, and dursidered to be vulnerable. In the interim, the existence of this irregular warfare, General ing great many of his priable loss, leaving soners. these partial successes the BriNotwithstanding in the island seemed on the wane, and tish cause of concurrent their force diminishing from a variety was afterwards made circumstances, no attempt were the enemy; but measures to advance against attack adopted to guard against any surprise or any their contemplated upon those which opponents which were conpositions, in the line of defence, and dursidered to be vulnerable. In the interim, the existence of this irregular warfare, General ing --- Page 122 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. IV. finding that in the present condition of Simcoe, could be undertaken with the his forces nothing and that to remain least probability of success, left within his line of defence was imperative, island about the month of August, when the the Whyte. Ficommand devolved on Major-General nally, however, the Honourable Brigadier-General Maitland succeeded, to whom was left the important duty of making the most beneficial arrangements could the island, which his situation for evacuating when it is considered that that galcommand. And did not arrive until April, 1798,) lant officer (who British forces under cirtook the command of the of extreme difficulty and discomfiture, cumstances of disasters and distress, the terminat the moment truce and neation of the contest, the subsequent some with Toussaint, although making gotiations called for by considerations of concession, were These negotiations gave overwhelming expediency. and their the whole of the British possessions, up (for whom a very large sum of colonial black troops who afterwards money was paid to the very persons Tousthem) to the black general, took arms against and thus saint, in the name of the French republic, from which no advantage reended an enterprise or to the interests sulted either to the ex-colonists of Great Britain. to enter into a discussion Itis not my province into which Great of the merits of the enterprise --- Page 123 --- iv.] OR SAINT DOMINGO. CHAP, had been led, nor shall I venture to cenBritain on the one hand, or to apsure the undertaking unquesplaud it on the other. It was commenced the period, when gotionably at an unfavourable not only vernment of England had to contend, of the French republicin against the gigantic power spirit which Europe, but against the revolutionary Initself at that time in England. had manifested the time of the volved, therefore, as she was at of the French agents from St. Domingo emigration abroad and in domestic feuds at home, in disputes that those efforts were not made it is not surprising and which they which the planters had anticipated, which had been were led to expect from the pledges of who had been the organ given to M. Charmilly, and who, it is to be feared, was too those planters, of the unanimity sanguine in his representations be disthem. I should which prevailed amongst of the conduct of M. posed to think favourably Charmilly had I not received the most unquestionthat his communications were much ablei information, and that his zeal for the cause too highly coloured, exceeded that which ought of his colony somewhat been evinced by a discreet and prudent negoto have was without doubt detiator. The British general to the of the revolters and as ceived as to strength of the planters; , and the unanimity the disposition them, was most manisaid to have existed amongst in which infestly negatived by subsequent events, posed to think favourably Charmilly had I not received the most unquestionthat his communications were much ablei information, and that his zeal for the cause too highly coloured, exceeded that which ought of his colony somewhat been evinced by a discreet and prudent negoto have was without doubt detiator. The British general to the of the revolters and as ceived as to strength of the planters; , and the unanimity the disposition them, was most manisaid to have existed amongst in which infestly negatived by subsequent events, --- Page 124 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. IV. superseded fidelity and honour. trigue and treachery in the opinions of many, M. Charmilly, however, himself to censure by his may not have subjected been actuated by the best of conduct; he may have the time, that by exmotives, and have thought, at the impresfavourable side of the picture hibiting a ; but the best insion would be likely to succeed with whom I havel had opportunities formed persons, have given it as their of conversing on the subject, the disposition of unbiassed sentiment, that had not the Brithe colony been too favourably represented, have entered into tish cabinet would either never with their accusthe contest, or have undertaken it they would and known vigour; tomed promptitude to chance, nor have denever have left any thing pended sO much upon extensive cooperation. have much inclined Great Britain might However favourable moment for dismemberbeen to seize a France of her colonial possessions, ing republican would have paused before she comyet I think she against St. Domenced any offensive operations state, had she not mingo in its then insurrectional to believe been led by the most specious arguments great efwas attainable without any that the object the slaves were in open rebelforts; for although the were dilion, still they, as well as mulattoes, themselves, and that an interposing vided against turn the scale, and eventualpower would inevitably and finally the ly succeed in restoring tranquillity, --- Page 125 --- CHAP. Iv.] OR SAINT DOMINGO. conquest of the whole colony. That the cabinet of England had been influenced by the accounts laid before it of the state of St. Domingo, needs no further argument than this, that the force sent was quite inadequate for the accomplishment of the object, which certainly would not have happened, had the descent upon that island received that deliberation which was usually given to similar operations in the time of war. Before I proceed any further in my remarks, it may not be irrelevant to shew who were the parties engaged in this civil warfare and general havoc in the colony, for I find only one or two who have written before me who have been sufficiently clear and explicit on this point ; and it is probable that I may not be quite SO explanatory as the subject requires, but I shall, I trust, succeed in dissipating some of the cloud in which the whole seems to have been enveloped. At the commencement of the revolution in the colony, the party that first appeared was composed oft those white inhabitants who were tainted with republicanism, those of the mulattoes or gens de couleur of property who imbibed the same principles, and others of the people of colour, who had no stake in the country, but embraced similar opinions respecting liberty and equality. Their opponents consisted of the white inhabitants and persons of colour who adhered to the old form of government. I shall, I trust, succeed in dissipating some of the cloud in which the whole seems to have been enveloped. At the commencement of the revolution in the colony, the party that first appeared was composed oft those white inhabitants who were tainted with republicanism, those of the mulattoes or gens de couleur of property who imbibed the same principles, and others of the people of colour, who had no stake in the country, but embraced similar opinions respecting liberty and equality. Their opponents consisted of the white inhabitants and persons of colour who adhered to the old form of government. I --- Page 126 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. IV. To the former party, in the course of time, were added the revolted negroes, who had doubtless been instigated by them, and after the promulgation of the decree declaring a general emancipation, they by the greater proportion, if not by the were joined that class. To the latter party a few whole of small of only of the mulattoes, and a very body remained attached; added to which were the negroes, British forces which, from the end of the year 1793 to the evacuation in 1798, at different periods were landed. the former party, and to weaken To strengthen assembly of the latter, the decrees of the national whilst the proccedFrance materially contributed, ings of the general colonial and provincial assemblies, instead of giving to the latter any support, had a contrary effect, by inducing many of the peoof colour, who had espoused it, to hoist the ple and become active members of national cockade, giving the cause of the republican party, thereby the royalists a fatal blow. It will be perceived that most of these proceedings of the two parties in occurred before the British forces had the contest of the been called in; and that the emancipation with their arrival and an slaves was simultaneous the act of the French commissioners to strengthen the royalists and the British. national cause against Now as the agents or emigrants of the royalist party who had gone to England, and as the negotiations --- Page 127 --- Iv.] OR SAINT DOMINGO. CHAP. took place at the very period when of M. Charmilly rested upon SO insecure a the hopes of his party like deception foundation, it seems to me something and that the British government were was practised, of the actual state of the not correctly informed to support : and it cause which they were engaging founded is under this impression, an impression the authority of persons who were actually upon in all the scenes of active operations which engaged from the first arrival of the British to took place under the Hothe termination of their proceedings Maitland, that I vennourable Brigadier-General and their party ture to charge the French planters with that want of unanimity which M. Charmilly, representative, assured the British their accredited itself through most parts of commander displayed the colony. review be taken of the whole of If an impartial during the conthe conduct of the French planters it will become test in which they were embroiled, the Brievident that no blame can be attached to who were successively employed. tish commanders of conflicting They had to contend against a variety sickness, and had local opinions and unexampled They difficulties to surmount of great magnitude. evinced on all occasions superior military judgment, and unwearied zeal, and exundaunted courage, and discretion in mohibited the greatest prudence ments of no ordinary anxiety. I 2 impartial during the conthe conduct of the French planters it will become test in which they were embroiled, the Brievident that no blame can be attached to who were successively employed. tish commanders of conflicting They had to contend against a variety sickness, and had local opinions and unexampled They difficulties to surmount of great magnitude. evinced on all occasions superior military judgment, and unwearied zeal, and exundaunted courage, and discretion in mohibited the greatest prudence ments of no ordinary anxiety. I 2 --- Page 128 --- 116 PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, ETC. [CHAP. IV. The calamitous disease which prevailed amongst the troops, was itself almost enough to disspirit the most sanguine : and it is not to be wondered at, that men who met death bravely in the field, should have shrunk from its approaches wheni it thus appeared in all its hideous forms amongst their comrades. Such was the state of things in the colony at the close of the year 1798, and with which I shall conclude this chapter. --- Page 129 --- CHAPTER V. The period between the evacuation by the British forccs and the arrival of the French army under Le Clerc.- Cultivation.-Law to enforce it.-Character of Toussaint.-Reverses.-His arrangement with the French general.-His seizure and renoval to France. THE evacuation of the colony by the British troops having taken place, most of the planters who had been faithful to their engagements departed at the same time, taking with them such moveable property as they were enabled to carry away : many proceeded to Jamaica, and others to Cuba and the United States. Toussaint L'Ouverture was thus left in full possession of the island, and in the undisturbed enjoyment of the chief command, with which he had been invested some time before by the French republic. The adherents to the British, except such as had previously left the island under the protection of the English squadron, having joined the national standard, every thing scemed to have the appearance of tranquillity. Peace succeeded the din of arms and the asperitics of civil war. Having, thercfore, compietely subjugated the party who had been opposed to him, Toussaint com- --- Page 130 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. V. in the whole demenced his work of improvement Free from the toils of partment of his government. in which he had been enthe complicated warfare were turned to gaged, his first care and attention of the soil, in which in a short period the culture and astonishing progress : he made the most rapid that 66 agristrongly impressed with the conviction sinew of culture is the main spring, the master fountain of wealth", state, the perennial every great attention to all its he began to enforce a rigid to place it in branches, and by every possible means in which it stood condition that highly productive revolution. Many of the planters previously to the reinvested with who had joined his standard were the slaves, their estates, but without any propertyin in by him to persevere and they were encouraged lands, assured of his prothe cultivation of their of such regulations tection and of the early adoption cultivators. He as should enable them to procure idea of the seems to have possessed a very correct wealth was obtrue source from whence national untried that would tained, and he left no measures Hehad heard, and in the least promote its increase. to believe <that rural or agricultural appeared firmly conducive to health and strength labours are equally The culture of the earth constiof body and mind. innocent of tutes the most natural and employment hearts it flls our houses with plenty and our man ; He never allowed an opportunity with gladness," . He as should enable them to procure idea of the seems to have possessed a very correct wealth was obtrue source from whence national untried that would tained, and he left no measures Hehad heard, and in the least promote its increase. to believe <that rural or agricultural appeared firmly conducive to health and strength labours are equally The culture of the earth constiof body and mind. innocent of tutes the most natural and employment hearts it flls our houses with plenty and our man ; He never allowed an opportunity with gladness," --- Page 131 --- - CHAP. v.] OR SAINT DOMINGO. to escape him of shewing how indelibly this maxim was imprinted on his mind. It may, however, be well imagined, that after five or six years' relaxation from the labours of the field, those who had been accustomed to it in a state of slavery, were not at all disposed to return of their own accord to their original occupations : and as he well knew that his brethren could not be easily induced to lanegro of coercion would be bour, and that some degree requisite to enforce it, he began to issue strict injunctions, that every one not employed in any milicapacity should labour in the cultivation of the tary lands held not only by the government, but by such of the planters as had been restored to their estates. The planters were compelled to receive them on their plantations in the capacity of servants, and the cultivators were ordered by the government to make choice of their employers under whom they were destined to work for their sustenance, and were to leave the pronot on any consideration permitted perties on which they in the first instance agreed to labour, unless their services were required in the The government had fixed a remuneration army. for the cultivators equal to one-third of the crops, but there were many who made other arrangements more suitable to the views of parties, and by which, also, each was accommodated. Such a law as this, and enforced SO immediately after the cessation of civil war, when the minds oft the negroes were scarcely --- Page 132 --- - PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. V. illustration of the power which cool, was a strong and of his conviction, Toussaint held over them, in the advancethat nothing could be accomplished unless he at once adopted powment of agriculture He therefore enacted erful and rigid measures. and excite induslaws and regulations to encourage against while he denounced very heavy penalties try, idleness and vagrancy. of the This celebrated edict for the enforcing of the soil appcared in the year 1800, and culture part of the Code it subsequently formed a leading of Christophe. It embraces every object Henry be conceived likely to promote that could possibly whilst its enactments might his great aim 5 and unpalatable to the have the appearance of severity, was his just emerged from slavery, sO great people that he felt no alarm for the consequences influence them and those who had the temerity of enforcing : visited with the whole weight to infringe them were of the penaltics. the hours of labour for the This law apportions the 22d article appears in every cultivator, which by from the the same as that which is exacted point British islands, that is to say, it comslave in the and concludes at night, mences at the break of day and interval of an hour for breakfast, allowing an It another of two hours at noon, or thereabouts. innovations, and precludes the provides against any from the chance ofi imposlabourer or the proprietor of the penaltics. the hours of labour for the This law apportions the 22d article appears in every cultivator, which by from the the same as that which is exacted point British islands, that is to say, it comslave in the and concludes at night, mences at the break of day and interval of an hour for breakfast, allowing an It another of two hours at noon, or thereabouts. innovations, and precludes the provides against any from the chance ofi imposlabourer or the proprietor --- Page 133 --- CHAP. v.] OR SAINT DOMINGO. ing on each other. I see nothing ambiguous in it, it is clear in the letter, and the spirit of it cannot be erronconlyinterpreted. From the 113th to the 120th article inclusive, it appears beyond the possibility of contradiction, that Toussaint was conscious that nothing could be done in the work of the soil without such forcible regulations as would command the most strict attention to tillage. It is quite clcar that the labour which this law exacted each day from the cultivator was not oppressive, nor have I been able to discover that the slaves in the British colonial possessions ever complained of the labour to which they were subjected, as having been too severe : and it is undeniable that Toussaint, under the very law which has been cited, compelled the same portion to be done, and that for the better 1 insuring its performance, military the labourers and guards were placed to superintend to seize those who endeavoured to evade their duty. That they could not have been injured by labour, and that they did not murmur at its quantum is tolerably clear, for it is said by a writer of some repute, that < the plantation negroes were in general contented, healthful, and happy"; and that this was their condition I am assured by the concurring testimony of men who had witnessed their state at that period. Is it not the case also in the British COlonies? Are not the slaves on the plantations in the time of crop, when the labour is perhaps hcavier than --- Page 134 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. V. at any other period, c contented, healthful, and happy"? Most unquestionably they are; Inever them otherwise than <6 contented and happy", 2 saw at the moment when some insidious and inexcept triguing person was attempting to estrange them, and to impress them with the idea that they were degraded and debased. Ifdegradation accompanied labour, the cultivators under Toussaint were the most abject people in existence, for they were driven to it under the strong and for any offence which arm of military power, they committed they were liable to.be brought betribunal. There were no civil aufore a military thorities by which the indolent or refractory cultivator was to be tried for his offences; there was no distinction between the vagrant who was detected in idleness and the soldier who fled from his post, they were both amenable to the military power, were sentenced by a court-martial, and awarded an equal punishment. Possessed of no mean capacity and judgment, he knew the character and the dispositions of his brethren, and SO nicely did he discern and negro and discriminate between the acreward industry, tive and meritorious and the indolent and the worthless, that, although in some cases his judgment was harsh, it was admitted to be just. His plans were allowed to have been devised with great skill, and his regulations produced the hap- post, they were both amenable to the military power, were sentenced by a court-martial, and awarded an equal punishment. Possessed of no mean capacity and judgment, he knew the character and the dispositions of his brethren, and SO nicely did he discern and negro and discriminate between the acreward industry, tive and meritorious and the indolent and the worthless, that, although in some cases his judgment was harsh, it was admitted to be just. His plans were allowed to have been devised with great skill, and his regulations produced the hap- --- Page 135 --- CHAP. v.] OR SAINT DOMINGO. piest results, which soon became manifest throughout the whole colony. His agricultural improvements excited the astonishment and surprise of his greatest enemics, for in a short period after he commenced his system, the most beneficial results became visible; and notwithstanding the protracted warfare in which he had been engaged, and the devastation caused by it, he produced a crop equal to one-third of the quantity of the best year of the French planters. He was extremely attentive to the state of the population, which he was anxious to increase by means. He held out to those who every possible had emigrated during the contest, every encouragement to return, pledging himself to reinstate them in their properties, and assuring them that their agricultural avocations should receive all the support which it was possible for him to afford. This had a very happy effect, and many returned and brought with them the slaves who had accompanied them in their flight, but who of course became free on their landing. He also endeavoured to impress the people with a sense of their improper conduct when they addicted themselves to sensuality and voluptuousness, and made great efforts to prevent its extension, by recommending marriage throughout his country : he was aware of the evil effects of the system of polygamy which prevailed amongst his brethren, and knew that it was a severe check on the --- Page 136 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. V. of for he had discovered innuincrease population, merable instances in which the offsprings were but was sO unlimited ; and after few, where concubinage increased a short time, it became evident that an resulted from his salutary regulations. population the character of this exWith regard to general man I have but little to say in addition traordinary recorded of him. I am to what has been already however inclined to believe that his biographers of him with too much warmth, and would speak without a fault. have it believed that he was almost he has Whatever may be the prevailing opinion, marks behind him which prove that he left indelible in the field; and the was revengeful and sanguinary and crueities which he exercised over atrocities who fell into his hands, are demonthose mulattoes It hss strative of no little ferocity of disposition. that surrounded as he been argued in exculpation, with of that class who adhered to his was people might revolt and join cause, and who, he expected, of abthe standard of his enemies, it was a matter that he should resort to the sesolute expedieney, deter them from deserting his verest measures to inimistandard, or from engaging in any enterprise his cause. But in all his actions he seemed to cal to determination to exact the most be actuated by a in his will and a complete acrigid acquiescence and to estaknowledgment of his supreme power, true it is, he had at times recourse to bish which, might revolt and join cause, and who, he expected, of abthe standard of his enemies, it was a matter that he should resort to the sesolute expedieney, deter them from deserting his verest measures to inimistandard, or from engaging in any enterprise his cause. But in all his actions he seemed to cal to determination to exact the most be actuated by a in his will and a complete acrigid acquiescence and to estaknowledgment of his supreme power, true it is, he had at times recourse to bish which, --- Page 137 --- CIAP. v.] OR SAINT DOMINGO. harsh and cruel measures, which, although efvery nevertheless proved injurious to fectual for a time, afterthe peace and security of his government wards. for he had Rainsford, who is no mean authority, knowledge of Toussaint, says, that he was personal feelings which a man without those unrelenting others ascribe to him; but this opinion may proceed on the part of that officer, who was from gratitude Toussaint after having been in priset at liberty by and in momentary son for a considerable period, of the forfeiture of his life. Speaking expectation character, and of his actions of him in his general this in the field, he says: K Thus proceeded illustrious man, like the simple acorn, first promiscuousscattered by the winds, in its slow but beauteous ly the oak, spreading its foliage progress to gigantic above the minor growth of the with august grandeur humble shrub, and braving the forest, defending the elements." And again, as if fury of the contending for the the author would wish to find a cover many which Toussaint had sanctioned and inmassacres dulged in, he says: 66 When the cloud, charged becomes too ponderous, it sclects with electric fluid, heath, but not the brooding murderer on the barren in wasteful venbursts perhaps indiscriminately over the innocent flocks reposing in verdant geance fields. Hc was, without doubt, a man possessed of virtues, and performed many very good and many --- Page 138 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. V. and, what must be admitted to very generous acts, his he was have redounded greatly to reputation, unregrateful, and never left an obligation always whom he induced to requited. To those planters he restored to their turn to the island, and whom and indulgent ; properties, he was generous, kind, in his asand of the confidence which they placed Taking they had never cause to repent. surances, a most extraorhim altogether, he was undoubtedly have been the character, and whatever might dinary counter-baextent of his vices, they were certainly lanced and atoned for by many virtues." who seems to It is said of him by another writer, and public have been conversant with all his private unfolded that < the excellences of his character acts, and more, as opportunities were themselves more The same humaafforded for their developement. his humble and benevolence which had adorned nity him in his elevation. life, continued to distinguish of other leaders, in He never imitated the conduct them in crimes, flattering the multitude, encouraging ; on the them to revenge and slaughter or urging industry, and order were always contrary, mercy, recommended by his exinculeated by his counsels, The fertility ample, and enforced by his authority. the correctness of his judgments, of his inventions, the extent of his lathe celerity of his movements, business of bours in the combined and multifarious friends and astonished both war and government him in his elevation. life, continued to distinguish of other leaders, in He never imitated the conduct them in crimes, flattering the multitude, encouraging ; on the them to revenge and slaughter or urging industry, and order were always contrary, mercy, recommended by his exinculeated by his counsels, The fertility ample, and enforced by his authority. the correctness of his judgments, of his inventions, the extent of his lathe celerity of his movements, business of bours in the combined and multifarious friends and astonished both war and government --- Page 139 --- CHAP. v.] OR SAINT DOMINGO. foes."* And in another place it is observed of him: < If there was one trait in his character more conspicuous than the rest, it was his unsullied integrity. That he never broke his word, was a proverbial expression common in the mouths of the white inhabitants of the island, and of the English officers who were employed in hostilities against him." Immediately after the business of the war had been completed, Toussaint proceeded to the restorto the forms ation of public worship, according which existed prior to the revolution, and he even extended the liberty of religious worship beyond the Roman communion, by admitting one or two of the Methodist persuasion, who had arrived from the United States, to the privilege of preaching in Cape François, and to whom he gave every protection. His military establishment was on a scale of some extent during the war, but was much reduced at the The discipline of his troops did him great peace. credit, and excited considerable surprise in the British officers; ; their movements were effected with great precision, and although they were not after the manner of European evolutions, yet they were well adapted for that species of irregular warfare in which they were engaged. The men were under tolerable command, and no symptoms of insubordination were known to have shewn themselves; they seemed to be aware of the consequences that would * Anonymous. --- Page 140 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. V. ensue to their cause if order and submission were and they were therefore taught not rigidly exacted, for their to obey their officers as a duty indispensable security. intersected and The country generally was SO varied with underwood and mountains of difficult that more reliance was placed on the moveascent, bodies detached in small parties, ments of irregular that could be accomplished by than on any thing Such the more steady operations of heavy masses. the mode of warfare best calculated to meet being Tousthe obstacles presented to military operations, saint sought to drill his troops in such evolutions as would enable him effectually to meet the exigencies he have to contend. He had them with which might and taught expertness, promptitude and dexterity, and steady firing, without any attention to quick in column which are SO much practhose movements It is said of them, that 66 at a tised in Europe. four whistle a whole brigade would run three or hundred yards, then separating, throw themselves the to their backs or sides, flat on ground, changing the whole of the time till keeping up a strong fire in then they would form again they were recalled; This sinan instant with their wonted regularity. manceuvre used to be executed with such facility gle to cavalry from and precision as totally prevent charging them in bushy and hilly countries." This is nearly similar to the one practised by our system infantry corps in England, and derifle and light would run three or hundred yards, then separating, throw themselves the to their backs or sides, flat on ground, changing the whole of the time till keeping up a strong fire in then they would form again they were recalled; This sinan instant with their wonted regularity. manceuvre used to be executed with such facility gle to cavalry from and precision as totally prevent charging them in bushy and hilly countries." This is nearly similar to the one practised by our system infantry corps in England, and derifle and light --- Page 141 --- OR SAINT DOMINGO. CHAP. v.] best adapted for any operations in the colocidedly sO rugged and unnics, where the country presents of his force has been even a surface. The amount stated, and I do not conceive it possible variously fair estimate of the whole during the time to give a establishment consisted of of the war : his peace cavalry, about forty thousand foot and two thousand well and at all times all of which were equipped, in readiness for active service. of his government, and in In the organization Tousthe framing of his constitution and Jaws, some able men from America saint was assisted by and Europe. He never allowed any prejudices white persons to influence him, when their against nor did he permit any of the services were required, to shew any dissuperior officers of his government towards them, but he exacted the most respect attention to them as the most likely means courtly whatever to secure the aid of men of learning, have been their country or their calling. It may this that he induced the able Molière and was by well-informed English M.Marinit, as well as several to reside near him; to these he was and Americans the kind and liberal, obtaining from them greatest assistance in the organization of his municipal goand in the whole arrangement of the vernments, departments of state, as well as in formdifferent for the better insuring to his couning regulations withintercourse with strangers, try a commercial K --- Page 142 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. V. out which all his efforts in cultivating the soil would have been unavailing; for without a vent for the products there would have been no stimulus for the exertions of the grower, and one of the sources of national wealth would consequently have been dried up. His tour through the Spanish part of the island was attended with considerable advantage to him, for it infused a kind of confidence into the people, by whom he was received in every part with great respect, and often with every demonstration ofjoy. This is not surprising, for the fame of his deeds and his warlike achievements and bis deportment, which is said to have been mild and courtly, were likely to excite favourable sentiments, and to elicit a good deal of applause. This tour was certainly one of necessity, and not undertaken from any vain parade and ostentation; for the Spanish part of the island, although formally ceded the of 1795, had not all been to France by treaty occupied by the republican forces. The city of Santo Domingo, a place of considerable strength, and surrounded with fortifications sufficiently powerful to resist any attack that might have been made it, still held out, and it was not until the arupon rival of Toussaint in 1801, with a large force, that a legal surrender of the whole Spanish division was finally accomplished. Having succeeded in this, he left his brother Paul in command, and then pursued his journey through the other districts, establishing the of 1795, had not all been to France by treaty occupied by the republican forces. The city of Santo Domingo, a place of considerable strength, and surrounded with fortifications sufficiently powerful to resist any attack that might have been made it, still held out, and it was not until the arupon rival of Toussaint in 1801, with a large force, that a legal surrender of the whole Spanish division was finally accomplished. Having succeeded in this, he left his brother Paul in command, and then pursued his journey through the other districts, establishing --- Page 143 --- CIIAP. v.] OR SAINT DOMINGO. appointing oflicers to command them, with posts, and civil arrangements, other important military of which he deemed necessary for the purpose the whole of that part of the governing more easily which was island. Having completed this tour, attended with much benefit to every part of the island which he visited, he began to hope for some from the fatigues attendant on such multirepose which might enable him to farious occupations, of and retirement, as cultivate the sweets peace and well as to see all those designs fully completed, of his which had for their object, the enriching country and the happiness of his people. The end of the year 1801 placed the wholei island of tranquillity, and in once more in some degree chief, submission to the authority of the negro advancing in wealth and increasing its rapidly with those countries which sought to intercourse cstablish with it the friendly relations of commerce. But the short peace of Amiens, which took place in the then ruler in October of that year, leaving Bonaparte, without any power to contend France, was the recovery of Saint with, his first object for his large Domingo. Wanting employment colonists who armies, and instigated by the fugitive at the commencement of the had been expelled longing for revolution, and who were anxiously thirsting also for colonies their lost possessions; in and commerce, and urged by the speculators K 2 --- Page 144 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. V. he determined on subjugating the island France, slavery, and reinstating by force, reestablishing To the ex-colonists in their original properties. these objects by force rather than by accomplish to the temper and negotiation, was more congenial of the French ruler. He therefore martial spirit extensive for an underbegan to make preparations could not fail taking, which he vainly thought and ultimately to gain new laurels for his troops, exalt himself more than ever in the estimation of the people of France, who were always forward to reward him for any successes which accompanied his efforts, with no ordinary demonstrations of joy. consisted of twenty-six sail of This expedition the line, on board of which were embarked 25,000 under the command of the brother-in-law of men, General Le Clerc, seconded by some Bonaparte, ablest of France, and many other of the generals with officers of distinction who were conversant the island, and who formerly held properties in however, relying entirely on what such it. Not, the First Consul a force might be able to execute, would had recourse to a measure which he concluded of Toussaint, if it did not insure the neutrality induce him to lend him an active cooperation. Two of the sons of the negro chief had been sent for their education, for the purpose of to France them the opportunity of following a course giving France, and many other of the generals with officers of distinction who were conversant the island, and who formerly held properties in however, relying entirely on what such it. Not, the First Consul a force might be able to execute, would had recourse to a measure which he concluded of Toussaint, if it did not insure the neutrality induce him to lend him an active cooperation. Two of the sons of the negro chief had been sent for their education, for the purpose of to France them the opportunity of following a course giving --- Page 145 --- v.] OR SAINT DOMINGO. CHAP. them to fill, with of studics, which might prepare to their country, those important posts advantage destined. Taken from their for which they scemed they were by orders of the First Consul, preceptor board the fleet, to be made as it were to hurried on their father, and, if possible, to intercede with as the prevail on him to accede to such proposals commander-in-chicf of the expedition was emand, in fact, they were placed as powered to offer; of the French commanders, hostages in the hands which and thus made amenable for any hostile steps their father might be disposed to take. in arrived in the bay of Sumana, The expedition of the island, on the 25th of the eastern extremity without the least delay, January, 1802, when, his force into three General Le Clerc distributed attacks divisions, which were to make simultaneous distinct parts of the colony. One division on three. and take possession of was directed to disembark of Santo Domingo, and was commanded the city under General Bouby General Kerseran; another, whilst the comdet, was sent to Port au Prince; of mander-in-chief proceeded with the remainder the troops to the south side, when a part was landed Bay, under General Rochambeau: ; at Mansenillo with Le Clerc, and his perand the principal body sonal staff intended to disembark at Cape François, of possession of that city. for the purpose gaining of the intentions of Toussaint had been apprised --- Page 146 --- PRESENT STATE OF IIAYTI, [CHAP. V. to send out a force to Saint the French government and its Domingo, but of its extent, its nature, he had no knowledge. He merely ulterior designs, object, and that conjectured, that it had no hostile such a force as might have been expected it was just for the better would be sent by the parent state, the peace and obedience of the colony. insuring I think there is great That such was his impression his for he issued his orders to all reason to believe, commanding them generals at their respective posts, and the French troops without suspicion; : to receive the people to admit his proclamation called upon infer that them as friends. Others again seem to knew that the designs of the consuhe not only order of lar cabinet were inimical to the existing the but that he knew the extent things in colony, in their of the means which were to be employed If this latter were the fact, then that execution. which had marked caution, vigilance, and activity him, for it his former career, had entirely forsaken he made no preparations for the reception is evident hostile intentions. of a force entertaining the whole detail of the I shall not go through of this armament at the different points landing that but I shall offer a short selected for purpose, which followed. sketch of the general operations Whatever might have been the instructions given Consul to Le Clerc, the latter did not by the First to the cflect of negoappear the least disposed try caution, vigilance, and activity him, for it his former career, had entirely forsaken he made no preparations for the reception is evident hostile intentions. of a force entertaining the whole detail of the I shall not go through of this armament at the different points landing that but I shall offer a short selected for purpose, which followed. sketch of the general operations Whatever might have been the instructions given Consul to Le Clerc, the latter did not by the First to the cflect of negoappear the least disposed try --- Page 147 --- CHAP. v.] Ol SAINT DOMINGO. some intentions ofhostitiation before he displayed who landed in the lity, for General Rochambeau, formed his troops neighbourhood of Fort Dauphin, who had been led on the beach, and the negroes, to of their governor-general by the proclamation had landed as friends, ran in believe that they and with the crowds to witness the disembarkation, their arrival. demonstrations welcomed most friendly dastardly and inhumanly, But Rochambeau, most intimation of what was to folwithout the slightest the bayonet, when low, charged them at the pointof and the rest with a great many were slaughtered, leaving the difficulty fled to places of protection, This took place fort in possession of the French. the arrival of on the 2d of February, two days before of Cape in the harbour the commander-in-chief ofit soon reached the François, and as the account there, General Christophe, who commanded city, for its defence, and at once was enabled to prepare of coming as friends, this discovered, that instead arrived for the purpose of subjugation. force had commencement at Fort DauBy this premature foiled in his design of taking phin, Le Clerc was off any the black general by surprise, or in playing and intrigues SO characteristic of those stratagems which he From the intelligence of a Frenchman. movements of Rochambeau, had received of the the vive. Wary Christophe was instantly on qui he disposed of his men judiciously, and watchful, --- Page 148 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. v. the most vulnerable points, and enstrengthening attack with couraging his troops to meet every and fortitude, setting to them an example courage which animated of confidence in their own power, efforts. He also intithem to the most surprising mated to the inhabitants of the city, that their lives would be inevitably held as a security for the hostile proceedings of the French armament, and that he would never surrender the place SO long as a habitation remained standing. This threat single of the negro general produced the most apalling because they were aware of the intensensations, hostile, and they were tions of the French being of that there would be no abatement also sensible, commander. the dreadful denunciation of the black To avert the dreadful alternative, a select body of headed by the municipal authothe inhabitants, rities, were deputed to wait upon the French commander-in-chief, and to implore him to desist from until such time as their safety hostile operations, could be provided for, as it was the determination to sacrifice them, and to destroy the of Christophe from the French city, should any attack proceed he force. Le Clerc gave them no assurances that would desist from offensive measures : he received however, courteously, and advised them to them, return to the city, and take with them the proclamation which he was about to issue, and give it every in their power. He also told them in the publicity , and to implore him to desist from until such time as their safety hostile operations, could be provided for, as it was the determination to sacrifice them, and to destroy the of Christophe from the French city, should any attack proceed he force. Le Clerc gave them no assurances that would desist from offensive measures : he received however, courteously, and advised them to them, return to the city, and take with them the proclamation which he was about to issue, and give it every in their power. He also told them in the publicity --- Page 149 --- OR SAINT DOMINGO. CIIAP. v.] that the object of his force was most specious way, but the preservation not the restoration of slavery, in obedience to the consular governof the colony without in any way interfering ment of France, the rights of the people, as with or infringing upon rather to fix those rights on a now admitted; but secure them against basis, and to more permanent communications the innovation. To such flattering and relistened with easy credulity, deputation with the delusive hope tumned to the city buoyed up be would protected, that their lives and properties resulting from and that the lamentable catastrophe averted. measures would be effectually retaliatory couched in his The proclamation of Bonaparte, to destyle, was intended no doubt usual ambiguous confirming their rights ceive the negro population by time the real whilst at the same to be free and equal, of slavery, object ofthe expedition was the restoration condition of the colony to its and the restitution Having pledged howpreviously to the revolution. should enhis faith to the negroes, that they ever which had been conferred upon joy that freedom time told, that in the them, they were at the same which the event of their rejection of the terms viocommander-in-chicf was empowered to offer, would be resorted to, and the pledge withlence be to insert a transdrawn. It may not improper which will thus spcak lation of this proclamation, for itsclf.- --- Page 150 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAF. v. < INHABITANTS OF SAINT DOMINGO! 66 Whatever your origin or your colour, you are all French; you are all free, and all equal before God, and before the republic. G France, like St. Domingo, has been a prey to factions, torn by civil commotions and by foreign But all has all nations have emwars. changed, braced the French, and have sworn to them peace and amity; the French people too, have embraced each other, and have sworn to be all friends and brothers. Come also, embrace the French, and friends and brothers of rejoice to see again your Europe. 66 The government sends you Captain-Gencral he with him numerous forces for Le Clerc; brings your enemies, and against protecting you against the enemies of the republic. If it be said to you, these forces are destined to ravish from you your the republic will not suffer it to be liberty, answer, taken from us. he brings 66 Rally round the Captain-General; and plenty. Rally all of you around you peace himself from him. Whoever shall dare to separate will be a traitor to his country, the Captain-General will devour and the indignation of the republic him, as the fire devours your dried canes. 66 Done at Paris, &c. 66 (Signed) The First Consul, BONAPARTE. 66 The Secretary of Statc, H. B. MARET." your the republic will not suffer it to be liberty, answer, taken from us. he brings 66 Rally round the Captain-General; and plenty. Rally all of you around you peace himself from him. Whoever shall dare to separate will be a traitor to his country, the Captain-General will devour and the indignation of the republic him, as the fire devours your dried canes. 66 Done at Paris, &c. 66 (Signed) The First Consul, BONAPARTE. 66 The Secretary of Statc, H. B. MARET." --- Page 151 --- CIIAP. v.] OR SAINT DOMINGO. Such a document as the preceding, promulgated too at a moment when an extraordinary panic had arisen from the extent of the French force, about to commence its operations simultancously from several points, was not likely to pass without making on those whose minds were a very deep impression vacillating and unfixed, and who had refrained from declaring themselves until they were informed as to the views of the French government with regard to the future administration of the colony, in the event of their being successful. This proclamation was received by the wavering among the negro population as one of great sincerity, assuring them that they had nothing to apprehend about their being again destined for slavery. Many therefore embraced the offers which it held out, and joined the standard of the invaders, and Le Clerc, anticipating further submissions before Toussaint arrived, determined on the commencement of active measures SO soon as he should be informed that Rochambeau, having effected a successful landing, the He did not howwas advancing upon city. ever land his forces till he had tried the effect of communication with General Chrisan epistolary tophe, the commander at the Cape, in which in the truc Gascon style of invective and threat, Le Clerc informs that individual, that unless he immediately accedcs to the landing of liis forces, he will <6 hold him (Christophe) responsible for what may happen." --- Page 152 --- PRESENT STATE oF HAYTI, [CHAP. V. Christophe was not to be entrapped. Firm, inand determined in his conduct, he returned flexible, the French commander couched in an answer to which could bear but one interpretation, language resistance to the that he would make every possible and that they should not enter <6 Cape French arms, C6 says Town until it was reduced to ashes." Nay," <even in the ruins I will renew the combat." he, Again he says, < How can you hold me responsible for the event? you are not my chief. I know you therefore take no account of you, till not; and can Toussaint." 5 Governor you are acknowledged by had taken Immediately after this correspondence Le Clerc made preparations for landing, which place, in the neighbourhood of Da he effected promptly distance to the Limbe and the Bay of Acul, no great westward of the city. Le Clerc's object seems to have the heights round the Cape, before the been to gain their threat of denegroes could effectually carry These vastation by fire and sword into execution. by the negro general, movements were anticipated Knowwho therefore prepared to intercept them. that the white inhabitants were wavering and ing and that he could not confide in them faithless, their neutrality, and being fully were he to permit were aware that many mulattocs, and even negroes, inclined towards the French, he without secretly hesitation commenced the work of conflagration, which he had previously given them to understand the been to gain their threat of denegroes could effectually carry These vastation by fire and sword into execution. by the negro general, movements were anticipated Knowwho therefore prepared to intercept them. that the white inhabitants were wavering and ing and that he could not confide in them faithless, their neutrality, and being fully were he to permit were aware that many mulattocs, and even negroes, inclined towards the French, he without secretly hesitation commenced the work of conflagration, which he had previously given them to understand --- Page 153 --- OR SAINT DOMINCO. CHAP. v.] the moment the French set their foot would be done The order being on shore in an hostile manner. and both Le Clerc given, was obeyed with alacrity, within sight Villaret, when they came and Admiral devastation which was likely to of the city saw the made great efforts ensuc. The French commanders of the ships were to save the town, and the crews able to landed for that purpose, but they were only from the destructive element. save a few buildings threat most dreaded The part of Christophe's of the city, but was the massacre of the inhabitants it in execuhis credit be it said, he did not put to it is that he carried off a great tion. True no doubt for the whom he intended to hold as hostages many ; but it is not recorded that conduct of the French; or that he exehe treated them with any barbarity, of them. After this the negro general cuted any and took up a strong posiretreated with his forces, tion until he was joined by the Governor-General Toussaint. short time after the fall of the Having arrived a issued orders to all Cape, and having previously for the most his subordinate generals to prepare active defence against the French arms, Toussaint and minutely surpersonally inspected every post, to in which it was practicable veyed every position stand against his opponents. make a successful and whilst he was at his seat It was at this time, that about thirty miles from the Cape, at Ennery, --- Page 154 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. v. to him to try how far his two sons werc presented and hypocrisy another attempt at fraud, sophistry, the succeed. I shall not attempt to go through might which took place between whole detail of the scenes children, the the wily tutor Coisnon, the affectionate and the tender mother; let it suffice, fond father, failed of their wonted however, to state that they resist for Toussaint was inflexible. I cannot success, of quoting a passage from a writer, the temptation interview which took place who describes the tender ran to meet their between them. G6 The two sons and he with emotions too big for utterance, father, in his arms. Few it is to be clasped them silently nature, who, hoped are the partakers of our common the embraces and tears of parental on witnessing could have proceeded at least and filial sensibility, of heart, to execute the without powerfal relentings commission with which Coisnon was charged." emissary of France beheld But this cold-blooded worthy of the the scene with a barbarous apathy, When the first cause in which he was employed. Toussaint burst of paternal feeling was over, stretched out his arms to him, whom he regarded as the tutor of his children, with complacency the roof and embraces of and their conductor to which Coisnon their parents. This was the moment of his thought most favourable to the perpetration GG The father and the two sons > treacherous design. into each other's arms. says he, 66 threw themselves eld But this cold-blooded worthy of the the scene with a barbarous apathy, When the first cause in which he was employed. Toussaint burst of paternal feeling was over, stretched out his arms to him, whom he regarded as the tutor of his children, with complacency the roof and embraces of and their conductor to which Coisnon their parents. This was the moment of his thought most favourable to the perpetration GG The father and the two sons > treacherous design. into each other's arms. says he, 66 threw themselves --- Page 155 --- OR SAINT DOMINGO. CHAP. v.] them shed tears, and wishing to take advanI saw which I conceived to be favourable, tage of a period when he stretched I stopped him at the moment out his arms to me. 29 thought that The crafty and unfeeling Coisnon favourable moment had arrived for opening the most and without delay enthe business of his mission, and implortered upon it by addressing the chief, that would ing him to reflect upon the consequences against inevitably result from any hostile measures of Bonaparte, as any resistance to SO powerthe power of troops that had always been ful a force, composed On the elated with victory, must prove unavailing. with which his other hand, he pledged the sincerity which of the admiration master was actuated, spoke and of the distinToussaint's conduct had excited, which he had displayed guished valour and judgment He also of the war. in the multifarious operations delusive, held out to him the most attractive, yet the of what would ensue from his joining promises and the vengeance that would French standard, and, doubtless accompany any act of hostility; he handed to the negro chief the letter, of finally, written by Bonaparte in his which he was the bearer, which might own hand, and teeming with expressions have moved the resolution of more determined men than Toussaint. But that cautious, unbending, and the snare inflexible man was on his guard against laid to him, and the cumning tutor that was entrap --- Page 156 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. V. to try the effect of a more powerful was necessitated of his children and the enagency, the intercession in his letter to the treaties of his wife. Bonaparte, the former will chicf, tries what effect an allusion to G6 We have made known to your children, have. 29 he says, 66 the sentiments by and to their] preceptor, We send them back to you. which we are animated. influence, and your Assist with your counsel, your desire ? the captain-general. What can you talents, You know that in all The freedom of the blacks? it to we have been in, we have given the countries Do desire considerthe people who had it not. you the services honours, fortune? It is not after ation, rendered, the services you can still render, you have estimation we have for yoz, and with the personal with respect to yozr" that you ought to be doubtful the honours that and considerations your fortune, have had some await you. 29 Such an appeal might and the feelinfluence and power over a vain man, when the of the father mighthave been softened ings in behalf of the eloquence of the preceptor plended of the nonwhose lives would be the forfeit children, But this would not do, compliance of the parent. of the tuwould the subsequent artless appeal nor aided by the faithful mother, from tored children, looked whose tears the savage Coisnon prematurely and Toussaint, for success. All were unavailing, an apcomposed himself, and assumed after having confidence, took the preceptor pearance of case and man, when the of the father mighthave been softened ings in behalf of the eloquence of the preceptor plended of the nonwhose lives would be the forfeit children, But this would not do, compliance of the parent. of the tuwould the subsequent artless appeal nor aided by the faithful mother, from tored children, looked whose tears the savage Coisnon prematurely and Toussaint, for success. All were unavailing, an apcomposed himself, and assumed after having confidence, took the preceptor pearance of case and --- Page 157 --- OR SAINT DOMINGO. CHAP. v.] the others to retire, hc by the hand; then directing manner, with a stern and dignified said to him, since it must be so. I eTake back my children, God." will be faithful to my brethren and my mission, the failure of Coisnon's Notwithstanding for a few days, for the a truce was agreed upon between of carrying on a correspondence purpose Toussaint, to try if the horrors of Le Clerc and mutual concessions. not be averted by war might favourable result, but Le Clerc anticipated a of his subToussaint's reply contained no augury to the will of the chief consul. The truce, mission each of the chiefs pretherefore, being at an end, and Chrispared for active operations, and Toussaint French declared to be enemies of the tophe were were called upon to seize republic, and all persons them. stratagem was now devised Every art and every entice over the negroes by Le Clerc, which might first held out assurto his cause ; and he therefore in the to their officers of rank and preferment ances and to the negroes themselves he gave French army, that their freedom should the most solemn promise Another cirbe respected and preserved inviolate. contributed to cumstance also, which very materially that the which Le Clerc gained, was, the successes the colony had had enough of cultivators throughout remain neutral in the war, and had determined to were pending struggle, sO long as their properties L --- Page 158 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. v. and their remaining inactive was insured to them, Le Clerc having nothing permitted. Consequently, them, was at liberty to turn the to apprehend from the organized forces of whole of his attention against required no the negro chiefs; ; and, to oppose these, obstacles little skill and manceuvre, from the great which the face of the country presented to European inured only to a systematic mode of fighting, forces, instructed whilst the negro soldiers were thoroughlyi other irrebush fighting, and every in skirmishing, of warfare. For such operations as these, gular mode order, both as to they were in the highest possible knew well how to discipline and equipments. They in firing, and no manage their artillery, were quick effected All their movements were bad marksmen. and from one point of comwith amazing rapidity, they flew with the greatest munication to another seemed astonished at the cclerity. The French their movequicknes with which they performed and at times when they thought victory cerments, themselves unexpectedly opposed to a tain, found attack upon them, body, who made the most desperate discomfited. and forced them to retire completely also had another advantage over the European They neither the scorching hcat of the sun, nor troops; influence of the night air, had any the pernicious them, whilst the French were injurious effects upon of both. suffering severely from the evil consequences dehave sustained a Although one day they might quicknes with which they performed and at times when they thought victory cerments, themselves unexpectedly opposed to a tain, found attack upon them, body, who made the most desperate discomfited. and forced them to retire completely also had another advantage over the European They neither the scorching hcat of the sun, nor troops; influence of the night air, had any the pernicious them, whilst the French were injurious effects upon of both. suffering severely from the evil consequences dehave sustained a Although one day they might --- Page 159 --- - v.] OR SAINT DOMINGO. CIIAP. still, on the next, the negro soldiers appeared feat, to renew the in force before their enemy, prepared with the French; for the severity combat. Not SO and on of the duties of the field was insupportable, occasions, when they had gained advantages, many that they were unable to their fatigue was SO great their follow them up, and thereby throw opponents into disorder and confusion. comexertions of the French troops The principal after the menced in the plains of the north, just and about the 20th of February, truce had expired, which place having surby an attack on Plaisance, and his soldiers, rendered, the black commander of five hundred infantry and cavalry, consisting standard. Marmalade followed, joined the French been defended a short time by Christophe, having last to retreat, in consequence of who was at obliged officers who had surrenthe treachery of one of his and had folon his line, dered an important position lowed the example of the commander at Plaisance. of Port Paix, the French In the neighbourhood sustained a check; and on troops, under Humbert, under General Dethe 20th of February the troops sustained to retire, after having belle were obliged some loss. Boudet having landed at The division of General left that city, and proceeded against Port atl Prince, where the celebrated DessaLa Croix des Bouquets, lines had taken up a position; but on the approach L 2 --- Page 160 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. V. of the French force he set fire to the place, and the a most extraordinary and rapid movenext day, by before Leoment across the mountains, appeared to which place he also set fire, notwithstanding gane, which lay the resistance offered by a French frigate and which had been sent thither to insure in sight, of this chief were the its safety. The movements one day he was found in the plains most surprising; determined of the Cul de Sac, acting with the most dreadful ravages in the bravery, and committing face of the French army; and the next, he was found in the plains of Leogane committing similar excesses, avoiding, in both, coming in contact with the enemy field. Bush fighting, and setting fire to in the open the advance of the enemy the plantations, to impede and and destroy their provisions, was his only aim, in this he seems to have been unusually fortunate and successful. La Plume, who had reOne of the black chiefs, treated before Generals Desfourneaux and Hardy from the vicinity of Plaisance, surrendered, with all his troops, to General Boudet, which compensated for the losses which the French had sustained, and if not a fatal, blow to the negro cause. was a serious, Rochambeau On the 24th of February, General fell in with Toussaint, who had under him about three thousand men, and had taken up a strong position in the Ravine à Couleuvre- The attack was comand met with great skill menced by Rochambeau, before Generals Desfourneaux and Hardy from the vicinity of Plaisance, surrendered, with all his troops, to General Boudet, which compensated for the losses which the French had sustained, and if not a fatal, blow to the negro cause. was a serious, Rochambeau On the 24th of February, General fell in with Toussaint, who had under him about three thousand men, and had taken up a strong position in the Ravine à Couleuvre- The attack was comand met with great skill menced by Rochambeau, --- Page 161 --- OR SAINT DOMINGO. CHAP. v.] by the negro general and his troops, and courage conflict ensued. The blacks and a most sanguinary bravery, and the fought with the most determined exceed them; French made the greatest efforts to hundred of his after having lost eight and at last, dead in the field, Toussaint men, who were left and take up his posithought it prudent to retreat, 'There could tion on the banks of La Petite Rivière. than was disskill shewn not have been more military commanders in this battle. played by the respective and the loss of the The slaughter was immense, exceeded that of the French, it was conjectured, to anbut the latter had no public journals negroes; whilst the former had the nounce their triumphs, to extol their benefit of gazettes and proclamations disasters of their opposuccesses, and to magnify the action RochamIt is certain that after the nents. and the black general was beau could not advance, the victory, as measure justified in claiming in some merit for taking up another position, well as some to cut him particularly as Le Clerc was advancing force; and which seems true enough, off with a large line in the vicinity of Gonaives, for he took up a the road of St. Marc. with his advance upon of the result of Whatever opinion is entertained were certainly injurious the battle, its consequences of disto his cause; his retreat was demonstrative his and such a fecling existed among comfiture, thosc of his other divisions. troops, as well as among --- Page 162 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. v. Under the influence of this feeling, and the allureof the French generals, who held out the most ments desertions became frequent, and engaging promises, the conduct of the black general in one instance the district of St. Marc, Maurepas, who commanded and who, at the moment that Le Clerc was engaged to compel him to retire from in making preparations consisting of two thouit, surrendered with his force, the quite decisive of the fate of sand men, proved contest. to enter into a further detail of the Declining consisted chiefly of operations in the field, as they irregular warfare, and presented nothing of importI shall merely make a few observations on the ance, conduct of the respective chiefs who commanded, and their measures to defeat each other's design. I think it must be admitted to be indisputable success wasin favour of the French, that the greatest advantages were and that although some partial by the blacks, yet they seemed to have no gained chance of prolonging the contest. It is ultimate Christophe, and Dessalines true that Toussaint, and that it would take a conheld strong positions, them, as well as cause a siderable time to dislodge sacrifice of human lives. Le Clerc therefore great device likely to gain over the resorted to every his black troops, and the most successful one was, promotion of many of those who had previously joined him, and the practice of an unusual degrec of partial by the blacks, yet they seemed to have no gained chance of prolonging the contest. It is ultimate Christophe, and Dessalines true that Toussaint, and that it would take a conheld strong positions, them, as well as cause a siderable time to dislodge sacrifice of human lives. Le Clerc therefore great device likely to gain over the resorted to every his black troops, and the most successful one was, promotion of many of those who had previously joined him, and the practice of an unusual degrec of --- Page 163 --- CIIAP. v.] OR SAINT DOMINCO. mildness towards the remainder, by which he SO much exalted himself in the estimation of the whole, that the negroes undertook to allure their brethren to their standard, holding out to them advantages similar to those which they had themselves gained. This stratagem succeeding in a very extensive dehe was joined by a great number of the troops gree, laid down their ofthe black chiefs, and a great many SO that in a short period Toussaint was left arms, except those few plantwith scarcely any adherents, who the designs of the French, and ers suspected correctly dived into the intentions of the French These remained firm to him for a time, general. but when one reverse was followed up by another, and when there was not a visible chance of any further efforts being likely to succeed, and when his retirement seemed inevitable, most of these deserted him, and made their submission to the French commander, leaving Toussaint to contend against a variety of difficulties, and to surmount obstacles sufficient to have reduced the proudest and noblest spirit to a state, of the greatest despair. But even Toussaint's fortitude never at this trying period forsook him. He foresaw that his enemy before long would find that they had to contend with obstacles than any which his resistance could greater he mistaken; for in a short time, present; nor was Le Clerc, elated by his successful movements, the designs with which hc was began to develope --- Page 164 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAr. V. instructed, and thinking that he had completely discomfited the whole of the forces of the black generals, Or, at all events, that he had sO dispersed their followers that they could not again appear before him, he set about executing the great object of of restoring the planters who the expedition-that had accompanied him to their hereditary estates, and of placing the negroes once more under their control, reviving their ancient property in them, and the French government to resist all future pledging attempts that might be made to disturb them. It is impossible to portray the indignation which this impolitic and base act of Le Clerc so universally excited. The very planters themselves, apprchensive of the consequences which SO unwise and sO hasty a proceeding was likely to produce, declined to avail themselves of an offer, the impracof enforcing which seemed to them to be ticability were convinced that no good could certain. They result from it; but circumstances of the most painful and dangerous nature were more likely to arisc, were the general to attempt putting his plans into exccution. who The poor deluded and credulous cultivators, had been allured by the promises of their enemy, now saw their crror, and without a moment's delay began to consult their own safety, to devise means to cvade the orders of the French commander, and join their brethren who still adhered to the negro genc- seemed to them to be ticability were convinced that no good could certain. They result from it; but circumstances of the most painful and dangerous nature were more likely to arisc, were the general to attempt putting his plans into exccution. who The poor deluded and credulous cultivators, had been allured by the promises of their enemy, now saw their crror, and without a moment's delay began to consult their own safety, to devise means to cvade the orders of the French commander, and join their brethren who still adhered to the negro genc- --- Page 165 --- OR SAINT DOMINGO. CHAP. v.] and finally, to aid in defeating such outrageous ral; and the most efproccedings by the most cnergetic of concertfectual plan which they had the means ing. troops, also, as had joined the Such of the negro the perfidious pledges of the commandFrenchunder anxiety lest er-in-chief, began to feel considerable scemed should be forced to share the fate which they their black brethren in general. To to impend over almost impossible; they revolt, however, appeared but seemed were not concentrated at any one point, and have been placed in small detached bodies, to under the control and surveilwere sO completely desertion was difficult, and lance of the French that without detecin most instances not to be effected crucl when they were subjected to the most tion, punishment. saw that his predictions were reaToussaint now had arrived when the scale lized, and that the time and with that of success would turn in his favour, resolutions which accompanied all his promptitude he seized the favourand all his plans of operations, celeand with the most extraordinary able moment, with Christophe, when they rity formed a junction the cultitowards the north, calling upon proceeded their cause, and to revenge vators on their way to, join of the French the base and unprecedented conduct flocked From all quarters the cultivators general. standard, and in a few days their force to their --- Page 166 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. v. and although they became somewhat imposing; have armed with such weapons only as could were and had but a short been found on the plantations, forced of musquetry, still they moved on by supply rapidity, driving marches with the most surprising without their enemy from one post to another, with the least opposition, until they apmecting François, which being defended peared before Cape covered by the fleet in the by a strong force, and the fate which awaited it. harbour, was saved from of Le Clerc, now shut up in the besieged city François, was reduced to the greatest extreCape and he began to devise means for evacuatmities, within the ing the place, and taking up some position which Spanish territory; but a strong reinforcement from France somewhat revived his hopes, arrived he knew further offensive measures would although advisable. The city too, from the number not be within its walls, began to exhibit sympof people and the alarm became toms of a pestilential nature, alike beinhabitants and troops most distressing and every thing indicame martyrs to its ravages, of the siege. cated the most wretched termination of Beginning therefore to feel the evil consequences and precipitant as well as nefarious his premature to consult with his officers upon conduct, he began have the effect of putting a some plan which might to the further prosccution of the impending stop the error he had committed, and struggle: he saw to exhibit sympof people and the alarm became toms of a pestilential nature, alike beinhabitants and troops most distressing and every thing indicame martyrs to its ravages, of the siege. cated the most wretched termination of Beginning therefore to feel the evil consequences and precipitant as well as nefarious his premature to consult with his officers upon conduct, he began have the effect of putting a some plan which might to the further prosccution of the impending stop the error he had committed, and struggle: he saw --- Page 167 --- v.] OR SAINT DOMINGO. CHAP. that he should recover the position it was necessary his ill-advised and perhe held, before he gave of slavery. fidious orders for the reestablishment this, the captain-general had reTo accomplish and delusion, and to every course again to cunning which his inventive mind species oftrick and artifice : but it was a work of no ordinary could suggest and impress the difficulty to restore confidence, after cultivators with an idea of sincerity, simple of the most atrocious acts of having been guilty however, it was treachery and deceit. Something, and the usual measure of proclaimperative to try, decided upon as likely to mation was immediately produce the desired effect. decontains the old specious This proclamation to all the claration of 66 Liberty and Equality of Saint Domingo, without regard to inhabitants apology for his concolour," and the most abject that his duct in the late contest, with an assurance and intentions were of the most friendly kind, future desired to reconcile conflicting that he ardently internal discord, restore peace opinions, appease and place the colony in to all classes of pcople, condition. In the most flourishing and prosperous also said about this proclamation a great deal was that should be acceptable to the peoa constitution was the old term < Liberty ple, the basis of which for the and] Equality, ," providing however, it appears, --- Page 168 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. v. of it by the French government, as a acceptation measure of precaution. that such submisIt may easily be conjectured solicitude for the sive expressions of regard and peoplewould be likelyto accomplish theFrenchman's and that the negro population, in their purpose, would not be able to disrude state of ignorance, at which he cover or penetrate into the designs aimed. That this was the case with the proclamation is most evident, for that class of the captain-general, declared to them by the of the people, on its being emissaries of the French that the reestablishment and that the of slavery was not contemplated, merely aimed at the sovereignty French government clamourous for arrangeover the island, became whilst the cultivators who had encountered ments, and who had been much fatigue and inconvenience, and deprived of those comforts which peace repose anxious for some underpresented, were equally of the war standing by which a further prosecution be avoided. All classes seemed to concurin would that the only object for which contention one point, the French was justifiable, was the and resistance to of that liberty which the representpreservation declared to them atives of the French government confirmed and which declaration had been in 1793, by the national assembly of France. the issued by Le Clerc on This proclamation, and inconvenience, and deprived of those comforts which peace repose anxious for some underpresented, were equally of the war standing by which a further prosecution be avoided. All classes seemed to concurin would that the only object for which contention one point, the French was justifiable, was the and resistance to of that liberty which the representpreservation declared to them atives of the French government confirmed and which declaration had been in 1793, by the national assembly of France. the issued by Le Clerc on This proclamation, --- Page 169 --- OR SAINT DOMINGO. CHAP. v.] 1802, confirming, as they conccived, 25th of April, that there their liberty, they did not consider of the remained further cause for a continuation for the question of sovercignty was not struggle, one which gave them any concern. of the people To the wishes of the great body reluctantly submitted, and Dessalines Toussaint should his decided opinion that no negotiations gave except for the purpose of receiving be entered into, evacuation of the colony by the a proposal for the chiefs doubted the sinFrench forces. Both these believed that his cerity of the French general, and intended to cover more propositions were only hereafter. In the vigorous efforts to crush them found it prudent, from some mean time Christophe his troops, to open a symptoms of defection among with Le Clerc, and officers were appointnegotiation when the former demanded a ed for that purpose, of his own rank general amnesty and preservation his : and property, as well as that ofall compatriots: also to Toussaint and Dessalines. the same to extend deliberation, but with To this Le Clerc, after some will, acceded, and the arrangements were no good accordingly concluded. reflected Toussaint and Dessalines, after having situations, and for a short time Oll their respective wish standing almost alone against the prevailing consented to the terms which had of the peoplc, both of eXbeen granted to Christophe as a matter --- Page 170 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. V. and thus for the present periment and expediency, which for the extent of it may ended the contest, the most cruel and have been justly described as this sanguinary in the annals of warfare. By peacc island of St. Domingo is admitted to be under the the sovereignty of France. cultivators and The peace being concluded, the returned to their homes, and recomproprietors their labours in the soil, in the pleasing menced permitted to remain in the bosom of hope of being all those comforts of which their families, enjoying denied them. The the horrors of war had SO long and Christhree negro chicfs, Toussaint, Dessalines, after tophe retired to their respective plantations, mark having been assured by Le Clerc, with every that their persons and property should of sincerity, and that instructions should be be held sacred, which they were to act transmitted to them, upon In their retreat, in their future military commands. it appears that Dessalines and Christophe however, confident of their own safety; were far from feeling slumber in their retirethey consequently did not of the conment; and being greatly apprehensive which they had sequences of the experiment into the bcen led, they waited, with no little anxiety, result ofit. the Credulous, and relying on captain-general's from the confidence which he had inspired, honour, of little but the enjoyment of Toussaint thought transmitted to them, upon In their retreat, in their future military commands. it appears that Dessalines and Christophe however, confident of their own safety; were far from feeling slumber in their retirethey consequently did not of the conment; and being greatly apprehensive which they had sequences of the experiment into the bcen led, they waited, with no little anxiety, result ofit. the Credulous, and relying on captain-general's from the confidence which he had inspired, honour, of little but the enjoyment of Toussaint thought --- Page 171 --- OR SAINT DOMINGO. CIAP. v.] in the bosom of his family. At his estate repose of Gonaives, he took up his abode, in the vicinity and chilsurrounded by his faithful wife endearing the exception of his two sons who had dren (with and of whose fate no been detained as hostages, in was ever received), there to indulge intelligence domestic life, after the toils and the the sweets of in which he had cares of a protracted civil war, shared in all borne the most conspicuous part, and vicissitudes and all its heartits extraordinary But his rending scenes of death and destruction. invaded-the snare was laid for him retirement was and in the moment of by the perfidious Le Clerc, unconscious and unsuspecting, he was sursleep, sent for the purpose, torn rounded by some troops from his from his bed in the dead of night, torn wife and beloved children, and hurried on faithful there to remain until preparations board a frigate, It was useless were made for sending him to France. resistance, or to exclaim and unavailing to make any he subagainst such treachery and inhumanity: his and left it to his countrymen to mitted to fate, asked for the prohis wrongs. He only avenge of his family, but they betection and security and were subcame also the objects of suspicion, with hurried on board the same vessel sequently were all sent to France, and their father. They end became the subject of. general their tragical Europe. Lc horror and indignation throughout --- Page 172 --- 160 PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, ETC. [CHAP. v. Clerc, to soften the barbarity and atrocity of this act, gave it out that Toussaint was plotting against the French, and was aiming, in conjunction with his other officers, to seize the first unguarded moment in which they might be caught, to break the peace, and to renew the combat with redoubled vigour and determination. Thus terminated the career of Toussaint. His end will ever blacken the pages of French history, and leave such a stain on the character of its government that no lapse of time can efface. History cannot produce a more base and unjustifiable act of violence; and it is to be hoped, for the sake of humanity, its perpetrators will mect with that just execration which SO much perfidy and treachery descrves. --- Page 173 --- CHAPTER VI. from the seizure of Toussaint to the finai The period by Dessalines, in 1803.-State expulsion of the French, observations declined-and of caltivation.-Comere on the population.-lts extent. between the people of the island and THE dispute assumed a different character, the French had now contest befor it could no longer be designated a slaves of a colony and their tween the revolted but a civil war, originating in an atgovernment, on the part of that government, tempt of oppression inhabitants whom it had thought proper over those and declare to be, 66 frce and equal before God, to A conflict, I say, emanating before the republic." and from the most from the basest act of duplicity, that has unexampled breach of faith and confidence ofin modern times; a conflict which, in been heard destruction of its authors, and the sequel, proved the St. of the French from all propertyin the expulsion be divested of Domingo. Our minds must totally which the rebellion of the slaves all thoseimpressions must view the future operaat first created; and we and not tions of the contending parties abstractedly, connexion with past events. as having any M the most from the basest act of duplicity, that has unexampled breach of faith and confidence ofin modern times; a conflict which, in been heard destruction of its authors, and the sequel, proved the St. of the French from all propertyin the expulsion be divested of Domingo. Our minds must totally which the rebellion of the slaves all thoseimpressions must view the future operaat first created; and we and not tions of the contending parties abstractedly, connexion with past events. as having any M --- Page 174 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. VI. have been the instructions given Whatever might Le Clerc by his master, that to the captain-general acted with a degree of precipiofficer seems to have Had the French that must be condemned. tancy in the success of anl enruler been ever sO confident he had engaged, as a terprise as the one in which commanded in a who had soldier and as a general have left something series of campaigns, he must whom he had apto the discretion of the officer insisted on an to conduct it, and not have pointed that could only implicit obedience to instructions of the scene have been given from a vague knowledge into effect. such was to be carried on which enterprise depends in The success of most offensive operations which a commeasure on the localinformation a great on his arrival at the point manding officer acquires and a which such operations are to commence; at I imagine, be left to his great deal, therefore, must, him with and discretion, without fettering judgment which he cannot deviate, however instructions from become, from the injudicious and inefficient they may Bonaobstacles with which he has to contend. local never acted but as circumparte himself, I believe, but little attention to the stances pointed out, paying he received from directions which, from time to time, of France. I think it, the executive government from this the inference therefore, not unfair to draw Le Clerc, to that, on sending out his brother-in-law, --- Page 175 --- OR SAINT DOMINGO. CHAP. vI.] command the expedition to St. Domingo, he vested in him the power to act as circumstances might and discretion might require, and as prudence dictate. which he committed on the After the outrage unfortunate Toussaint and his family, the captainto deliberate on the organization of a general began and about the end of June, new form of government, for that purpose ; 1802, he issued his regulations but he had forgotten that the treacherous conduct, been remained ofwhich he had SO recently guilty, and that the people would not submit unrevenged, but resort to measures of reto it with impunity, themselves for the taliation until they had satiated atrocious deed. These regulations had certainly in them new; they were merely those of nothing re-modelled as it were, but they were Toussaint, issued, for they only tended to inflame prematurely that crisis which began to the and to hasten - more, the French cause in the colony. threaten the cruel seizure of Toussaint No sooner was and Clerveaux known, than Dessalines, Christophe, called collected their scattcred forces, flew to arms, their standard, to the cultivators and others to join committed on their chief, and revenge the outrage the designs of the to defend themselves against found themFrench general. In a few days, they selves at the head of a large body of troops, armed and well equipped, and determined on a most despeM 2 , the French cause in the colony. threaten the cruel seizure of Toussaint No sooner was and Clerveaux known, than Dessalines, Christophe, called collected their scattcred forces, flew to arms, their standard, to the cultivators and others to join committed on their chief, and revenge the outrage the designs of the to defend themselves against found themFrench general. In a few days, they selves at the head of a large body of troops, armed and well equipped, and determined on a most despeM 2 --- Page 176 --- PRESENT STATE oF HAYTI, [CHAF. VI. for liberty, and either to expel the rate struggle The French French or perish in the attempt. on the other hand, were hourly diminishing troops, diseases incident to the climate. The by various and others sunk into an officers were dying daily, disaffected spirit irrecoverable despondency; and a manifested itself amongst them, through which had and subaltern officers deserted not only the privates followed the extheir standards, but even generals destruction The scenes of carnage and ample. which took place are said to have shocked humanity, of the French exceeded SO much and the atrocities that the the executions of their black opponents, chaseem to have entitled themselves to the latter merciful when compared with the racter of being tortures inflicted by the former. bloodof the introduction of The circumstance heard spoken of by some who were hounds I have have all declared that engaged in the war, and they the statements of the cruelties said to have many of unfounded. Theywere been committed bythem were for brought it is true, but the blacks were prepared and although in some instances in which they them; and absolutely were tried they tore some persons, found to be devoured a child or two, yet they were inineffèctual for the object for which they were were shot in great numbers, SO that tended, as they and those which were at last they had but few to use, having left were rendered useless, from the negroes --- Page 177 --- OR SAINT DOMINGO. CHAP. vI.] prepared to mcct them. I do not mean been always lessened the enormity of such an by this that it at all not the of the French, because it was . act, on part the ferocity of it stands successful; on the contrary, unmitigated, although it proved abortive. of the Cape, and in the city, the In the plains the of massacres by the French were beyond powers and the least that can be said of the description : of the French government is, conduct of the agents of must have been bereft of all feelings that they of the worst and most dehumanity, that they were and unbased of the dregs of the French pcople, become the associates of even the untutored worthy to nature for his savage savage. The latter may plead to offer to but the former has nothing propensities, ofhis crimes, or to efface tho lessen the magnitude recollection of his unheard-of cruelties. Whilst these scenes of carnage and destruction height, the French were daily losing were at their diminand their force was constantly their positions, of the which raged ishing from the effects pestilence who through the whole army. The general-in-chief, time been in an impaired state of had for some sink under the ravages of health, began visibly to and on the lst of November he breathed discase, in the memory of his opponents a his last, leaving unatoned for blackened by the worst of crimes, name by one single virtue. devolved on GeneThe command of the army now the French were daily losing were at their diminand their force was constantly their positions, of the which raged ishing from the effects pestilence who through the whole army. The general-in-chief, time been in an impaired state of had for some sink under the ravages of health, began visibly to and on the lst of November he breathed discase, in the memory of his opponents a his last, leaving unatoned for blackened by the worst of crimes, name by one single virtue. devolved on GeneThe command of the army now --- Page 178 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. VI. who, to say the least of him, was ral Rochambeau, and simisuccessor of Le Clerc, possessed a worthy was it left to pursue lar virtues. To him, therefore, barbarous which had been introduced by that policy and which only tended to inflame his predecessor, without in any way the ardour of the black troops, the good of the French cause. Rochampromoting took the command at a time when it beau certainly that the object of the expedition must have appeared of the contest had failed, and that the prolongation would be attended with no favourable result. Opposed to an enemy, whose force was dailyinereasing, and whose ardour was unabated and resolution unshaken, he had but little hopes of accomplishing thing beyond acting on the defensive, until such any should arrive as would enable him to reinforcements the offensive with some degree of effect; but, act on there seemed not the remotest possibility even then, which had ofhis being able to retrieve the positions and his forces in such security as been lost, place should might enable him to provide for a retreat, disasters make such an alternative absosubsequent lutely necessary. decisive was In the early part of 1803, nothing side. Rochambeau and Dessalines done on either battle ensued, in which the came in contact, and a but the scene of carnage and latter was successful; which followed is much too painful to massacres who admit of being detailed. The French gencral, --- Page 179 --- SAINT DOMINGO. CIAP. vi.] . OR put them all to took about five hundred prisoners, of the fate of his own death, forgetting or careless The soldiers who were in the power of his enemy. retaliated; and the next morning at day break, latter exhibited five hunthere were on as many gibbets, sacrificed through the dred French officers and men, impetuosity of their general. savage broken out between England and The war having appeared off France in July, a British squadron thereby François and blockaded the harbour, Cape to the blacks a most important service, rendering contributed to accelerate which in a great measure This squadron prethe expulsion of the French. the of the French recciving any cluded possibility and the garrison and supplies from the Spanish port, reduced to the inhabitants of the city were therefore that could lamentable extremities. Every thing most mules, asses, all had been conbe found, horses, last obliged to feed upon sumed, and they were at for It is said <4 that the French were obliged dogs. weeks to subsist on those very bloodhounds, scveral for the purpose of hunting which they had procured down the negroes." reduced to the most melanThe city was at last and from the effects of famine disease, choly state exertions to intercept any the besiegers making great for the relief of supplics that might be on their way of All hopes of eluding the vigilance the besieged. vanished, and extenhis enemies having at length for It is said <4 that the French were obliged dogs. weeks to subsist on those very bloodhounds, scveral for the purpose of hunting which they had procured down the negroes." reduced to the most melanThe city was at last and from the effects of famine disease, choly state exertions to intercept any the besiegers making great for the relief of supplics that might be on their way of All hopes of eluding the vigilance the besieged. vanished, and extenhis enemies having at length --- Page 180 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. VI, having been made to take the city sive preparations began to by storm, the French commander-in-chicf to that there would be a necessity for offering see Dessalines having received these procapitulate. to them, and the articles were signed posals, agreed November. These articles were ceron the 19th of for highly favourable to the French, they tainly for the security of private property, and provided sick and wounded should be carefully that all their to attended by the blacks, and afterwards conveyed France in vessels bearing a neutral flag. For the evacuation ten days were allowed, and Rochambeau attempted a ruse de guerre, by which he hoped to then blockading the evade the English squadron that city, but in this he totally failed. He thought the strong and stormy winds which prevailed during months, might blow off the English the autumnal and enable the French squadron to steal away ships, but the English commodore saw the unperceived; French and consequently indesign of the general, creased his vigilance, and began to provide against the attempt meditated by the French commander. Finding that he had been too sanguine, and that to elude the vigilance of the it was not possible to enter English squadron, Rochambeau was obliged into terms with the British commodore, to avoid alternative of destruction in the harthe dreadful bour by red-hot shot, with which he was threatened, from the time agreed upon in the articles having --- Page 181 --- OR SAINT DOMINGO. CHAP. VI.] force which surrendered consisted of expired. The smaller vessels, three frigates and nearly twenty thouto the number of about eight and prisoners and afterwards sand men were taken first to Jamaica to England. between the French and the Thus ended the war blacks in St. Domingo, and thus an expedition, brought out upwards of which at different periods and terminated in discomfiture forty thousand men, the conduct of the redisgrace ; and which, from devolved, generals on whom the command spective stain on the military will ever remain an indelible in the character of their country. No expedition under annals of that country had been fitted out favourable and encouraging auspices, and more the success of which a greater interest respecting Composed of the finest troops, and was excited. officers, a different under the most experienced but a termination might have been anticipated; having been pursued, after the mistaken policy which had been moment of victory, the advantages gained were altogether lost, and upon previously entailed the odium of defeat, togethe victors was and the want of ther with the reproach of neglect, precaution and discernment. therefore beheld The end of December, 1803, of the island, after a the blacks in quiet possession proofs of struggle in which they certainly exhibited dutics of skill and perseverance in the multifarious but a termination might have been anticipated; having been pursued, after the mistaken policy which had been moment of victory, the advantages gained were altogether lost, and upon previously entailed the odium of defeat, togethe victors was and the want of ther with the reproach of neglect, precaution and discernment. therefore beheld The end of December, 1803, of the island, after a the blacks in quiet possession proofs of struggle in which they certainly exhibited dutics of skill and perseverance in the multifarious --- Page 182 --- PKESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. VI. creditable to their chiefs who had the field, highly leaders on the planning of them, and to the inferior and it would : whom devolved the executive part: in terms, the admibe wrong not to express proper which they ration called forth by the resistance the made whenever they were hard pressed by They at times displayed a great French troops. Standing deal of heroism and unshaken courage. the dead bodies of their comrades, they were on man to man with the French. often seen fighting their liberty was Such real determination to protect by the French ; the colonists, never contemplated of the expedition, who had been the promoters represented the negro character as being always deficient in courage, and destitute of completely ingredient for making soldiers. In every necessary but examples of individual part this may be true, were not wantbravery among the negro population the ing to negative the first charge ; and although be admitted, still time and expelast may partially them efficient for the field, and rience had made that, at the evathe sequel has sufficiently proved cuation of the island, the negro troops were in a of discipline but little inferior to the French, state equal. Looking at them and in point of courage consideration in other respects, and taking into that that they were men, who before, nay even at were in the grossest state of ignorance and timc, astonishment is excited, moral degradation, our --- Page 183 --- vi.] OR SAINT DOMINGO. CHAP. find that in the moment of rage and when we refrained from acts of cruclty revenge they often insatiable enemies were and torture, whilst their barthe most shocking and unfeeling committing barities. that during the war It is fairly to be presumed, the cultivation but little time could be devoted to and that every thing relating to it must of the soil, and have dwindled into a very have been neglected was the case I believe backward state, and that this known, for the cultivators were obliged is generally ever permitted to fly to arms, and were scarcely homes ; the during the struggles to return to their themtherefore, who could employ only persons, were the femalcs, and sclves on their plantations to carry such of their children as were too young much But the efforts of these were not of arms. the destruction which accomuse, for such was of the parties at war, that the panied the movements each side of the line of estates were laid waste on of agriculmarch for some miles. Every operation and ture was therefore in a very languid state, under which people laboured was the apprehension that they thought not of any productions SO great required for their own sustenance: beyond what they only to look forward, they having no inducement guarded against present wants. It is represented by many intelligent persons the pcople of colour, and in particular by amongst such was of the parties at war, that the panied the movements each side of the line of estates were laid waste on of agriculmarch for some miles. Every operation and ture was therefore in a very languid state, under which people laboured was the apprehension that they thought not of any productions SO great required for their own sustenance: beyond what they only to look forward, they having no inducement guarded against present wants. It is represented by many intelligent persons the pcople of colour, and in particular by amongst --- Page 184 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. VI. the late Baron D- 2 who was secretary to Christalent and of tophe, and a man of considerable veracity, that the succesthe most unquestionable that influence over the sors of Toussaint had not and that cultivators which their predecessor had, nor the expectation of gain could neither persuasion prevail upon them to return to their agricultural and that immediately after the war, it employment: would have been impolitic, if not utterly impracticable, to have enforced it, as any thing like coercion when the minds of the people were at that moment, been attended with the in a ferment, might have most disastrous consequences. for the Commerce too had also been suspended want of articles of exchange for the manufactures and the provisions of America, and of Europe were during the existence of the struggle foreigners deterred from adventuring to any extent, fearing resulting from such an unsettled the consequences state of things. efforts to revive Toussaint certainly made great and until he was commerce as well as agriculture, treacherously seized by the French, he certainly promoted both to an extent which, when the state of the country and the agitation of the people somewhat surprising, and of are weighed, appears The which I shall hereafter give a specification. adopted by Toussaint was not dissimilar to system to in Russia, where the that which appears prevail --- Page 185 --- OR SAINT DOMINCO. CHAP. vi.] attached to the soil, 46 adscripti peasantry are he acted wisely by doing SO on account glebne"; and whose innate love of indolence he of his people, of and.he was anxious to remove was no mean judge, and stimulate exertion. it, to promote industry at this period The population of St. Domingo increase had diminished; the natural had greatly and the ravages of war had caused been very small, besides the emigration the loss of a great many, the protection of the which had taken place under in 1802, as estiFrench. The entire population hundred and mated by M. Rumboldt, was three and thousand; of which two hundred seventy-five forty-seven thouninety thousand were cultivators, &c. and thirtysand seven hundred domestics,sailors, soldiers. By a subseven thousand three hundred of the island in sequent statement of the population of the after the expulsion the year 1803,immediately of which a note was given to me by an French, and about the person of Dessalines individual who was the chief command, at the time of his accession to about three hunthe number appears to have been two hunthousand, of which dred and forty-eight thousand were cultivators, dred and seventy-two and the remainder thirty-five thousand soldiers, artisans, and a few were composed of domestics, these two statesailors. The difference between short a time of thousand in SO ments twenty-seven of men must] have appears large, but the destruction given to me by an French, and about the person of Dessalines individual who was the chief command, at the time of his accession to about three hunthe number appears to have been two hunthousand, of which dred and forty-eight thousand were cultivators, dred and seventy-two and the remainder thirty-five thousand soldiers, artisans, and a few were composed of domestics, these two statesailors. The difference between short a time of thousand in SO ments twenty-seven of men must] have appears large, but the destruction --- Page 186 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, ETC. [CHAP. VI. indeed during that period, from the been very great which existed in the French, extraordinary rancour determination to give no and from their cruel but to pursue a system of extermination quarter, destroyed all those who until they had completely to were inimical to their interest. The emigration of the island was also considerable; the Spanish part blow, and many fled thither to avert the impending themselves from the fate which awaited those to save in the cause of liberty. who had been wavering would The successors of Toussaint they were aware visit them with the heaviest penalties, and from of Dessalines they had to expect the known ferocity his brethren but little mercy, his character among and thirst for blood and revenge being for barbarity dreaded. too well established not to be greatly of the I shall now proceed to take a short review of the succeeding chiefs who governed proccedings after this time. In doing sO, I shall abthe island exstain from any reference to military operations, the in cases where it may be required for cept clearer illustration of my subject. --- Page 187 --- CHAPTER VII. decared-Desalines: attempts to take the Independence of Santo Domingo-Raised to the imperial dignity. city constitution-His atrocious massaeres-At- -New tempts to import negroes from Afica.-Encournges cultivators-Census taken.-State of his army.--Hlis death and character. of Hayti was declared on the THE independence and the first step taken by 1st of January, 1804, vested with the chief comDessalines, who had been mand, was to endeavour to stop the emigration on, and remove the delusion under which was going For this purpose which the blacks were labouring. that all he caused it to be made generally known, opinions would be buried in oblivion, previous those who had been allured to take part with and enemies of the colony, and had been induced the from apprehension of the consequences to emigrate might entail upon them, were which such conduct assured of invited to return to their homes, being protection and security 5 at the same time, however, he it out, that all those who were disposed to gave the French army were at liberty to do accompany and should be allowed to depart unmolested. sO, This augured favourably, and many took advantage buried in oblivion, previous those who had been allured to take part with and enemies of the colony, and had been induced the from apprehension of the consequences to emigrate might entail upon them, were which such conduct assured of invited to return to their homes, being protection and security 5 at the same time, however, he it out, that all those who were disposed to gave the French army were at liberty to do accompany and should be allowed to depart unmolested. sO, This augured favourably, and many took advantage --- Page 188 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. VII. of clemency, who afterwards had of this declaration their own their credulity and condemn to regret want of foresight and discretion. to this To give a colour of clemency andl humanity and to declaration of the black general-in-chicd, it with the mark of sincerity, another prostamp Dessalines, Chrisclamation was issued signed by which the intophe, and Clerveaux, a mulatto, in of the colony is declared, and endependence given to the emigrants to return to couragement It < towards those men who their properties. says, brothers; let them relyfor do us justice, we will act as them return ever on our esteem and friendship; let the God us. The God who protects us, amongst stretch out towards them our of freemen, bids us arms." 27 Allured by a proclamation conquering of security and protection, which held out a promise of the island, returned from the interior many whither they had fled for safety. freemen of colour, as well as As a great many States at the slaves, had emigrated to the United had of the revolution, and as many commencement but were without the manifested a desire to return, devised a means of accomplishing it, Dessalines does to enable them to do so; but this plan plan for there is no aunot appear to have succeeded, returned: it is thentic proof that any of them ever that although the cmissariesof on the contraryknown, employed in America, Dessalines were industriously --- Page 189 --- OR SAINT DOMINGO. CHAP. VII.] but very few of the negrocs and people of colour availed themselves of the advantages which were so glowingly held out to them; doubting the sincerity on the one hand, and on the of the general-in-chief of comfort and tranother, living in some degree wish to quillity with their new masters, they had no which they might lose a great try an experiment by afterwards turned out, deal, and gain nothing. Asit was and wise, for it was no their decision prudent make doubt the aim of the inhuman Dessalines to of his brutal ferocity, and this was them all objects the reach the impression of those who were beyond of his vengeance; they could never be inspired with the hope of safety, were they to give up the hold of which they had obtained possession. To by visionary schemes of improvehazard a security, and indiscretion ; and ment is a proof of weakness those who had obtained that security were determined to preserve it, by not listening to the proposals of the negro chief. Had such a proposal been made by Toussaint, many, from an innate love of their native soil, would no doubt have accepted it; but a proposition from a man SO base and sansurely, could never have guinary as Dessalines, who would have had faith or found one individual that he meditated confidence in it. Itis evident, the destruction of all those who returned, and that too in the most cruel and brutal way; such a thing formed no constituent of the character of as mercy N , by not listening to the proposals of the negro chief. Had such a proposal been made by Toussaint, many, from an innate love of their native soil, would no doubt have accepted it; but a proposition from a man SO base and sansurely, could never have guinary as Dessalines, who would have had faith or found one individual that he meditated confidence in it. Itis evident, the destruction of all those who returned, and that too in the most cruel and brutal way; such a thing formed no constituent of the character of as mercy N --- Page 190 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. VII. tyrant that ever afflicted the inthe most ferocious Those who had emigrated habitants of any country. had the I think, would have returned, to America, for their doing SO been made by any proposition the chiefs; but coming from such a wretch other of deterred instead of having enas Dessalines, it couraged them. had been invested A short time after Dessalines discard all with the chief command, he began to which were used in the time of the the appellations the name given to the island French, and Hayti, instead of Saint by the Aborigines, was adopted extreme towards Domingo, and he was severe in the who might by the smallest and purest acany one of the abrogated terms. This was cident use any the to revenge followed by a general call on people which they had endured, and to exethe wrongs those whom they conceived to cute vengeance upon of it. The white French have been the authors sacrificed, people, therefore, were indiseriminately who not indeed by the inhabitants or cultivators, and wished clemency to be shewn topreferred peace, headed by their officers, wards all, but by the troops, No and under the orders of the general-in-chief. the brutal soldiers, led on age nor sex was spared: from door to door, by their merciless officers, ran could find within; and left not one alive whom they have whose amiable softness might the females, in his native wilds, stayed the hand of the savage --- Page 191 --- CHAP. vII.] OR SAINT DOMINGO. the most dreadful violation, and then first endured and most shockingly mangled. were bayoneted execution is at all times, and in all counMilitary drcaded. It is always attended trics, to bc greatly and barbarities, with those appalling enormities nations which which make it the scourge of those resort to it; it shews not the least mercy to either the child, or the female with all her the innocent, sweetness and charms, but all are indiscriminately and the innocent with the the objects of its ravages, without being able guilty feel its atrocious influence, the cfto avert its vengeance and fury. In Hayti fects of it must have been heavy indeed, and from the fact of its having been perpetrated by people who were little advanced over the unlettered savage its consequences must have been horofthe desert, of language to describe. rible beyond the powers which the merciless Dessalines adoptThe measures expressing their ed were enough to deter peoplefrom He abhorrence for such vindictive proceedings. made all his officers assume the capacity of spies, it became dangerous even to and in consequence, silent spectators of his speak; all therefore being he took it for granted that they apenormities, whilst fear alone prevented them from loudiy proved, and detestation of his pronouncing their abhorrence most flagitious conduct. This crafty and exccrable monster had recourse acts recorded in the to one of the most diabolical N adoptThe measures expressing their ed were enough to deter peoplefrom He abhorrence for such vindictive proceedings. made all his officers assume the capacity of spies, it became dangerous even to and in consequence, silent spectators of his speak; all therefore being he took it for granted that they apenormities, whilst fear alone prevented them from loudiy proved, and detestation of his pronouncing their abhorrence most flagitious conduct. This crafty and exccrable monster had recourse acts recorded in the to one of the most diabolical N --- Page 192 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. VII. annals of history, for the purpose of collecting all who had escaped from the those people togethier, massacres. He gave it out by a proclamamilitary intended to stay his vengeance for tion, that as he brethren had been exthe sufferings to which his under posed, all those who had escaped execution decree, should appear at an appointed his military tickets, which spot for the purpose of receiving of might in future protect them from the vengeance and many who had been fortunate the people; in the first enough to escape, as they thought, became the victims of the second; for no massacre, and deluded creatures sooner did these unsuspecting that their obtain what they conceived an assurance lives would be spared, than leaving their hiding they ran with cagerness to the place anplaces, the tickets, when they were nounced for issuing for instant execuimmediately scized and led away Before he perpetrated sO deliberate, base, tion. and horrible an act, even Nero would cool blooded, but the infamous and blood thirsty have paused; : rejoiced at the success of negro Dessalines secretly his inhuman stratagem. is reAnother of this monster's acts of barbarity Frenchman, the son of a very opucorded. A young during the early part ofthe lent planter, had escaped his with his father and the rest of family, revolution, where he had followed the occupation of to Jamaica, house in Kingston. On its a clerk in a mercantile --- Page 193 --- - CHAP. VII.] OR SAINT DOMINGO. that all persons werc invited back to being known he adopted the resolution to their native country, leave to settle to Port au Prince, and procure go up fluently, he obtaineda clerkthere. SpeakingEnglish merchant of an English ship in the counting-house been there for some time, in that city. After having that heard ofhim, and it was intimated the monster When he was sent for to aphe was a Frenchman. the young man compear at the govermment-house, Dessaand attended at the time appointed. plied, him in the presence of his numerous lines received him that he had sent for him to officers, and told The young man ascertain ifhe were a Frenchman. native of the and that he was a replied in negative, and had come to Jamaica, born of French parents, connected the city as a clerk to an establishment had lived in that with the house in which he at the disDessalines expressed much regret island. said he hoped to discover in appointment he felt, from whom him the son of a planter of his name, and had reccived much kindness, he, Dessalines, his life; and stated that he was who had once saved if of the family were most anxious to learn any his that he might be enabled to shew gratiliving, them to their estates, and affordtude, by restoring and protection. The ing them encouragement of kindness man elated with this expression young will, and in the moment of credulous joy, and good be the son of the man whom he declared himself to the son of a planter of his name, and had reccived much kindness, he, Dessalines, his life; and stated that he was who had once saved if of the family were most anxious to learn any his that he might be enabled to shew gratiliving, them to their estates, and affordtude, by restoring and protection. The ing them encouragement of kindness man elated with this expression young will, and in the moment of credulous joy, and good be the son of the man whom he declared himself to --- Page 194 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. VII. had represented as having been his benefactor. inhuman savage with a laugh which The through the whole resounded apartment, and was wont to do whenever he had jumping, as he trapping an individual, from succeeded in enhis chair, ordered young man to be bayoneted in his the was instantly done, whilst he presence, which most ferocious looked on with the satisfaction countenance, indicative of the inward he felt in having sacrificed victim on the altar of another revenge. It is certain that Dessalines himself the willingly took upon he responsibility of all these even gloried in them, boasted that enormities; he flicted them on the had inpredecessor French, and alleged that his Toussaint had been too lenient and backward in his measures against those too his cause. In his who opposed subsequent claims to himself the whole merit proclamation, he of these atrocious proceedings, and declares that in future he admit no Europeans to hold will That part of his propertyin the colony. proclamation is and shews the extremely harsh, malignancy of his hatred of the whites; it nature, and his from another states, as the translation author has it: 6 Generals, soldiers, somewhat unlike him who has officers, the ex-general Toussaint preceded me, faithful to the L'Ouverture, I have been promise I have made to I took up arms against you when of life remains in tyranny, and whilst a spark me I will keep my oath. Never --- Page 195 --- CIIAP. vII.] OR SAINT DOMINGO. shall a colonist or European set his foot upon again this territory, with the title of master or proprietor. This resolution shall henceforward form the fundamental basis of our constitution."* When all the massacres were at an end, he began to turn his attention towards restoring the country of tranquillity, after the injuries to some degree which it had sustained by the war, and to endeavour, to remove the fears under which the peoif possible, from the apprehension of a ple seemed to labour, He future interruption of their quiet and repose. determined to visit all parts under his therefore which command, and to make those arrangements not only to augment the wealth of had a tendency, the welfare of his the island, but also to promote and inspire confidence in his future governpeople, an act was certainly enment. So commendable the and consideration, but titled to highest praise from sO execrable a character it seemed emanating his sincerity, and paradoxical, and many questioned that he contemplated measures were apprehensive tendency. In the present instance, of a contrary for he evinced however, he was not dissembling, than common anxiety for the reestablishment more and held out to the people the high of agriculture, that were to be derived from their peradvantages exertions in the culture of their lands; and sonal them, he assured for the purpose of stimulating * Anonymous. to highest praise from sO execrable a character it seemed emanating his sincerity, and paradoxical, and many questioned that he contemplated measures were apprehensive tendency. In the present instance, of a contrary for he evinced however, he was not dissembling, than common anxiety for the reestablishment more and held out to the people the high of agriculture, that were to be derived from their peradvantages exertions in the culture of their lands; and sonal them, he assured for the purpose of stimulating * Anonymous. --- Page 196 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. VII. them of his intention to encourage an intercourse with the United States and England, in order to open a vent for their own productions, and to ensure on better terms the purchase of those articles of foreign growth and manufacture of which they stood in need. This seems to have been particularly of. fered for his consideration by some American merchants of respectability, with whom Dessalincs frequently held conferences on subjects having a reference to his future government: and it has been communicated to me by one of them, that he was, notwithstanding his irascible temper, very attentive to their representations, and shewed great deference for their opinions, and frequently acted upon them in matters of commerce, when he found them consistent with the policy which he meant to pursue. ; otherwise he heard them deliberate upon them, and if he thought they proposed any thing to which he could not readily concur, he would freely state his objections, but always expressed himself thankful. After a short period had elapsed, he also began to concert measures for the reduction of the Spanish part of the island. The city of Santo Domingo had rendered ineffectual all the efforts of the blacks to SOW dissensions among the people. There were but few slaves in this part ofthe island, and those were living in SO great a state of equality with the people, that slavery was only known by name, and they evinced no desire whatever to throw --- Page 197 --- L OR SAINT DOMINGO. CHAP. vn.] adherence to their masters, and join their off their Both these parties united in brethren of the west. whom they their resolution to oppose the tyrant, before Santo detested, should he appear equally laid siege to the city, Domingo. At last Dessalines terror of his name and vainly conceiving that the would deter the peothe extent of his achievements and that they would ple from making any resistance, before it, on being surrender on his first appearance But in this assured of his protection and friendship. made deceived, for the besieged he was egregiously and determined on for defence, strong preparations efforts to repel his attacks. In the most vigorous having arrived from the mean time a reinforcement succour to the inFrance, proved a very seasonable to raise the siege habitants; this induced Dessalines been able to and return to the west, without having which caused him into effect this last design, carry no little chagrin and disappointment. and his incursion His tour through the country, followed in of the island, were to the Spanish part short timc by his elevation to the imperial dignity; a 1804, with great parade and on the 8th of October, 66 Emperor of Hayti." he was crowned splendour, the throne was recogHis elevation to imperial nized in the following year by the new constitution, the immediately throughout and being proclaimed reccived with little or island, the announcement was no enthusiasm. little chagrin and disappointment. and his incursion His tour through the country, followed in of the island, were to the Spanish part short timc by his elevation to the imperial dignity; a 1804, with great parade and on the 8th of October, 66 Emperor of Hayti." he was crowned splendour, the throne was recogHis elevation to imperial nized in the following year by the new constitution, the immediately throughout and being proclaimed reccived with little or island, the announcement was no enthusiasm. --- Page 198 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. VII. In this new constitution there are some things indicate a great desire for the imwhich certainly of the country, and manifest a very provement the happiness and improve strong wish to promote introduce somethe condition of the people, and to them. It says, that no thing like morality among is entitled to the privileges of a citizen, Haytian inherit all the qualities of a good who does not husband. No child father, a good son, and a good could be disinherited by his parents; emigration to the loss of his citizenship, and subjected a person lost all his privileges ; a citizen becoming bankrupt all citizens too were required to make themselves skilful in some mechanical trade. Such enactments these did credit to the people from whom they as and must in some measure soften our emanated, who consented that they detestation of Dessalines, of the fundamental laws which should form a part to and which he engaged he was sworn observe, by the new constitution also religion to govern. By declared that there was tolerated, although it was copying in this should be no predominant religion, the aim particular the United States, which it was of the Haytians to imitate as nearly as cireumstances it declared to be mercly a would permit. Marriage and to civil ceremony, tending to improve society, inspire the people with a disgust for the unlimited sensuality then SO prevalent in the country. Dessalines during his imperial reign made the --- Page 199 --- - OR SAINT DOMINGO. CHAP. vI.] efforts to increase the population of the strongest ferocious disposition having been someisland, his the sweets of peace and tranquilwhat softened by reigned. People lity, which now in all parts happily homes, of colour and blacks began to return to their others from the French and British colonies and thither, and were received in a very found their way of protection being cordial manner, every pledge however, for given them. One act of the emperor, seems his male population, the purpose ofinereasing astonishment as well as into have excited no little of people dignation, and that was the importation enter into from Africa. For this object he wished to commercial treaty with the British agent from a the of Hayti to the Jamaica, offering to open ports the Jamaica imBritish slave ships, and to grant to in the exclusive right of selling negroes porters True it is, the privilege was to extend to Hayti! and that they were the importation of men only, but those apnot to be sold to any other persons wanted them, as pointed by the government, which wished should be understood, it has been generally establishment, but which to increase their military of the goin fact required them for the cultivation state of vernment lands which had fallen into a This arrangement neglect and umproduetiveness. not by reason of any however did not take place; but because backwardness evinced by the cmperor, to was shewn by the British agent no disposition and that they were the importation of men only, but those apnot to be sold to any other persons wanted them, as pointed by the government, which wished should be understood, it has been generally establishment, but which to increase their military of the goin fact required them for the cultivation state of vernment lands which had fallen into a This arrangement neglect and umproduetiveness. not by reason of any however did not take place; but because backwardness evinced by the cmperor, to was shewn by the British agent no disposition --- Page 200 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. VII. accept the offer of a grant, which, to say the least ofit, appeared a most extraordinary and unaccountable measure. Some have observed, that the emperor himself was dissuaded from it on the ground that its principle was nearly allied to that slave trade, to which it could not fail to give encouragement; but he contended, that it was a measure of necessity, of political expediency, which, with him, superseded every other consideration; and besides, he alleged that he should be performing an act of humanity towards the African race, by permitting them to be broughtinto his dominions, as otherwise they would be taken to Jamaica and made slaves. From a note which I obtained ofa census taken in 1805, the population of Hayti appears to have amounted to about four hundred thousand, of all denominations, SO that by natural augmentation and by emigration from other countries, there was an evident increase in three years of at least twentyfive thousand, taking M. Humboldt's statement of the population in 1802 to be a correct one. But from the manner in which the census was taken, a considerable degree ofinaccuracy must have arisen, and hence the census of 1805 may in all probability have overstated the actual number: : otherwise the increase seems to have been prodigious, and consequently questionable. The taking of a census was Jeft entirely to the military officers of the respective districts in which they commanded, and a very --- Page 201 --- - OR SAINT DOMINGO. CHAP. VI.] could ncither of these personages large proportion confidence can thereread nor write, and 10 great fore be placed in these returns. of the census of Placide Justin states the amount and three hundred and eighty thousand, 1805 at which from a variety of causes, twenty thousand, omitted in the returns. he says, may have been of their mode of taking This is a strong evidence a census being most imperfect. solicitous for the Dessalines was particularly of the soil, and of the cultivators encouragement possible inducement to held out to them every and The code of Toussaint was enforced, labour. but not to seemed to work contentedly, the people did in Toussaint's time. the same extent as they to Dessalines the cultivators were permitted By which they had chosen to change the estates on officer of to the commanding work, on expressing wished to do sO, and by asthe district that they for such wish: but on no signing a sufficient reason leave the property without other account could they attached to such an offenceincurring the penalty about the freedom of the Now whatever may be said for free labour, I cultivators by the advocates has yet to say, that no instance must be permitted freedom in practice, and I been adduced of such still that the code of must beg leave to maintain his successor, which was acted upon by Toussaint, of the existence of coercion exhibits a greater proof he district that they for such wish: but on no signing a sufficient reason leave the property without other account could they attached to such an offenceincurring the penalty about the freedom of the Now whatever may be said for free labour, I cultivators by the advocates has yet to say, that no instance must be permitted freedom in practice, and I been adduced of such still that the code of must beg leave to maintain his successor, which was acted upon by Toussaint, of the existence of coercion exhibits a greater proof --- Page 202 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. VII. I have seen, and that the conduct than any thing by Dessalines towards the cultivators, pursued he wished it to be understood that he was though welfare, was harsh and severe in anxious for their the the extreme, and that those who worked on estates felt it sO. It has been comgovernment who managed one municated to me by an individual held by the governmient, that of the properties the work which could Dessalines, who well knew be performed by one man, had a regular daily return sent in to him of the quantum of work done, and should there have been any relaxation from the day before, he broke out into a torrent of abuse, and often sentenced the negligent negroes, as a punishment, to labour on the public roads. of the labour bestowed upon The greater portion cultivation of coffee. the soil was confined to the having been destroyed andthe The sugar plantations in works demolished, but little sugar was now made in the time of proportion to the quantity produced the French, as will be shewn hereafter in my geremarks the agricultural state of the neral upon of the returns at country, and the specifications the respective periods. attention to the Dessalines, it is said, paid some although he was but little better than an clergy, He strict injunctions that all persons infidel. gave celebration of should be attentive to the public observe the sabbath. worship, and particularly --- Page 203 --- a OR SAINT DOMINGO. CHAP. vi.] dictated by policy, for the bctThis was a mcasure the people in a order, and keeping ter preserving the exterior tranquil state. He went through worship as a matter of necessity, forms of religious but not from and as an cxample to his subjects, for of devotion or regard any inward feelings marriage as much as religion. He encouraged exacted atamong his people, and rigidly possible to impress his tention to it, and endeavoured and with the impropricty of sensuality people butin his own person he appears to voluptuousness; and most licentious have been the most depraved man in the country. did not form a very The army of the emperor force after the conpowerful body. His standing thousand clusion of the war did not exceed twenty as and cavalry. The militia, OT, men, of infantry the national guards, they were formerly termed, from the age of were numerous, because every man four times a sixteen to fifty was obliged to assemble for and undergo a regular service of training year, each when they returned to several days at period, active, well their usual avocations. His troops were of and armed, but their clothing was disciplined kind, and at all times in the very worst the coarsest in the different condition. All the fortifications of the island he endeavoured to put in a proparts lest the French should make per state of defence, were at times very another descent, of which they four times a sixteen to fifty was obliged to assemble for and undergo a regular service of training year, each when they returned to several days at period, active, well their usual avocations. His troops were of and armed, but their clothing was disciplined kind, and at all times in the very worst the coarsest in the different condition. All the fortifications of the island he endeavoured to put in a proparts lest the French should make per state of defence, were at times very another descent, of which they --- Page 204 --- PRESENT STATE OF IAYTI, [CHAP. VII. apprehensive, and he took care to keep all the provision grounds in the vicinity of the several fastnesses in the mountains in a good state, that the different garrisons might be well supplied with provisions in case it should, at any subsequent period, become necessary to resort to them for security. The good old maxim, that the best security for the preservation of peace is always to be prepared for war, seems not to have been forgotten by Dessalines, or by those on whom the executive part of his government devolved. Although Dessalines, impressed atlast by a sense of his own enormities, endeavoured to make some atonement for them, yet the people, who had SO often experienced the severity of his mandates, and dreaded a recurrence of similar measures, secretly detested him as a savage and a tyrant, under whom it was not possible to expect happiness or repose ; and any indication of mildncss and humanity was only considered the forerunner of some atrocious crime which he meditated. Wearied out by his suspicions and jealousies, deprived of friends and connexions who were often snatched from them, and hurried to an immediate execution, without even the semblance of judicial proceedings having been instituted against them, the people at last determined to dethrone him, and aided by his troops, who could no longer submit to his caprices and his tyranny, they conspired against him, and in the ; and any indication of mildncss and humanity was only considered the forerunner of some atrocious crime which he meditated. Wearied out by his suspicions and jealousies, deprived of friends and connexions who were often snatched from them, and hurried to an immediate execution, without even the semblance of judicial proceedings having been instituted against them, the people at last determined to dethrone him, and aided by his troops, who could no longer submit to his caprices and his tyranny, they conspired against him, and in the --- Page 205 --- DOMINGO. CHAP. v.] OR SAINT of Port au Prince, and at no great distance vicinity north of the city, he was killed by from the gate the of October, one of his own soldicrs, on 17th 1806. individual who shot him was a mulatto The and who at the time of youth, whom I have seen, of death did not exceed fifteen years the tyrant's to the militia, and was in age. He was attached advance at the ambush at the time of Dessalines' soldiers. head of his staff, accompanied by some of they saw their master fall, some The moment his death, but they met them attempted to revenge event which similar fate: others rejoiced at an a them merely in the light of just retriappeared to inhumanity and bution for crimes of unparalleled atrocity. his master was a Dessalines had been a slave; tiler in somewhat like a carpenter, or shingler, stoutly formed, England. He was short, but very of undergoing more than the ordinary and capable of men. His capacity was not extensive, fatigue if at all, above mediocrity ; he could rising but little, the of being neither read nor write, with exception of signing his name. His military talents capable of daring movements, had more the appearance and than of judicious and well planned operations; often succeeded by his own courage and he more of his arrangeexample, than by the superiority and the cclements. His activity was surprising, --- Page 206 --- 194 PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, ETC. [CHAP. VII. with which he moved from one point of his rity astonished even his enemies. command to another, and fond of flattery; He was vain, capricious, and those who were most forward to compliment to which he him for his exterior embellishments, attentive, were certain of being was exceedingly his favour. His last wife, for he had admitted into in Port au Prince been twice married, is now living and with a very small income. She in retirement, to its is quite neglected by the present government, as she had often been the means of staying disgrace, hand of her husband, when he was about the bloody execution of to sign an order for the indiseriminate marks of the whites and mulattoes. She bears the who at one time was extremely handsome, a negress must have been commanding : she and her exterior but not is rather above the middle size of females, in The white too tall, nor yet too large proportion. inhabitants of Port au Prince, and particularly visit it, never fail to atstrangers who occasionally and to obtain a sight of her, as her name tempt deal of interest, and her character excite a great entitle her to the best support of the existing surely which boasts-and it is only an empty government, to those who have rendered boast-ofbeing generous the country a service. been commanding : she and her exterior but not is rather above the middle size of females, in The white too tall, nor yet too large proportion. inhabitants of Port au Prince, and particularly visit it, never fail to atstrangers who occasionally and to obtain a sight of her, as her name tempt deal of interest, and her character excite a great entitle her to the best support of the existing surely which boasts-and it is only an empty government, to those who have rendered boast-ofbeing generous the country a service. --- Page 207 --- CHAPTER VIII. takes the command.--His officers of governChristophe ment.-Promotes agriculture and commere-Petion him.-Cessntion of arms mutually agreed upon. opposes Henry-Baron de -Christophe crowned king-Code from France.-ConVastey's aginton.-Cemmidioens: pursues his system of governduct to them.--Christophe in his.-His offers to the British ment-Petion relaxes dominions.-Has recourse to goverement-State ofhis Consequences. - His death.- a debased currency. for the possession of the Spanish Christophe negotiates death. part.-Revolution in his dominions--His Dessalines fell, the people seemed to conWHEN sider that they were relcased from the most abject and the event was celebrated and oppressive tyranny, and satiswith the greatest demonstrations of.joy ; and comfort were observed in the countefaction ofthe whilst the soldiers congratulated nances peoplc, relieved from a state of servieach other on being It was no doubt a most tude almost insupportable. and fortunate event for the liberty of the people, exultations therefore cannot be in the least a their matter of astonishment. There was one evil however which they had not contend with in the time of Dessalines, a comto for the chief command. He had kept all petition 0 2 --- Page 208 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. VIII. subordination by the terror of his name, none in him; and consequently, so long as daring to oppose the duties of their station, the people attended to of and remained passive observers of the measures but after his government, they were not molested; his death, civil war was rekindled, and their repose much disturbed, and consequently their avocations for a time were again partially suspended. command to Christophe, who-had been next in and who, during the period of TousDessalines, displayed great skill and activity at saint's sway, under his command, and to the head of the troops of Cape whom was entrusted the defence of the city on the arrival of the French army under François, assumed the supreme command in Le Clerc, now and talent he scemed Hayti, and from his spirit for this important trust than any better qualified other of the officers attached to the government. At this period he stood very high in the estimation and his humanity, with his moral of the people, satisand religious conduct, had diffused a general faction and approval of his elevation. His bravery as he had upon several trying was indisputable, of courage, which occasions manifested a degree his troops with confidence and his country inspired His assumption of the supreme with admiration. command was therefore pleasing to his countrymen, who were not backward in proving that his elevation met with their universal concurrence, and that they qualified other of the officers attached to the government. At this period he stood very high in the estimation and his humanity, with his moral of the people, satisand religious conduct, had diffused a general faction and approval of his elevation. His bravery as he had upon several trying was indisputable, of courage, which occasions manifested a degree his troops with confidence and his country inspired His assumption of the supreme with admiration. command was therefore pleasing to his countrymen, who were not backward in proving that his elevation met with their universal concurrence, and that they --- Page 209 --- CHAP. vi.] OR SAINT DOMINGO. looked forward for the most flourishing and happy times from an event SO auspicious. displayed great judgment and good Christophe of his government by sense at the very beginning both black and calling around him men of talent, whether they had been at all times atcoloured, of Or, on the contached to the cause independence, occasions been ranged in oppotrary, had on some he looked for sition to it. He made no distinction; and of abilities wherever they could be found, men aversion for even the whites (unless they he had no of whom he was always suspicious were French, having several of from their intriguing characters), often consult them near him, with whom he would of state policy, and on his future views on matters commerce, and matters with regard to agriculture, paid implicit of finance. To these persons he always deliberated upon every subject which they attention, and otherwise evinced thought it prudent to suggest, reconfidence in them, which in return inspired a and an attachment for his perspect for his authority Mons. Dupuy, son. With one of his secretaries, Baron Dupuy, I have had some conversaafterwards connected with the history of his tion on subjects of education and of great country. He was a man informanatural talents; had acquired considerable of and seemed to postion on matters government, of the politics and sess no little degree ofknowledge His mind was well views of thc European cabinets. --- Page 210 --- 198 PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. VI1I. stored with historical sible of the information, and he was senway by which his herself in the estimation country was to exalt of the world. He looked upon it to be the first duty of the executive plans for the to devise the extension encouragement of agriculture, and for of commerce; and he left no untried to endeavour to means those countries open an intercourse with from which there was a of deriving probability advantages, and with England in cular, which he highly extolled. To partiMons. Christophe looked up with attention; and Dupuy, he was a man of colour, which, although as some have insinuated, was objectionable, not one in his suite ceived more attention, for there recould be more serviceable: was not one who as the chief's too he was invaluable, and no interpreter more faithful man could have been towards his master. De Vastey, another of his man of secrctaries, was also a strong natural understanding, and described as his 66 Reflections a work Whites", with on the Blacks and his notes, printed at Cape 1814, shews, that he Haytian, with possessed no little acquaintance history, and that he was not without knowledge of mankind in most some of the opinions countries, as well as of bis entertained in Europe on the affairs country. De Vastey is now living at the in retirement, and is Cape English exceedingly attentive to the residents, for whom he has a very spect and veneration. He high rcis a black. ", with on the Blacks and his notes, printed at Cape 1814, shews, that he Haytian, with possessed no little acquaintance history, and that he was not without knowledge of mankind in most some of the opinions countries, as well as of bis entertained in Europe on the affairs country. De Vastey is now living at the in retirement, and is Cape English exceedingly attentive to the residents, for whom he has a very spect and veneration. He high rcis a black. --- Page 211 --- DOMINGO. CHAP. vm.] OR SAINT afterwards Count Limonde, and Mons. Prevost, exhibited proofs of a secretary for foreign affairs, considerable strong mind, and displayed very matters, as his state papers knowledge in political in him also Christophe particularly exemplify : him he entrusted the placed great confidence, and to and entire regulation of his forcign communications; he shewed that he confided in a servant in doing so, and discretion, who seemed of no ordinary judgment of his with a sense of thei importance to be impressed desire to acquit himself duties, and shewed a great ensure the reof his chief, and to to the satisfaction spect of his countrymen. and one or two others, With such men as these, conChristophe generally English and Americans, for his future plans ferred, and to their suggestions acceded: he generally, if not always, ofgoverning, therefore of any surprise if and it is not a matter his career with which he commenced the regulations judgment, discretion, should be marked by great and good policy. was to assume the The first step of Christophe Governplain andsimple designationof f"Chiefofthe under which, and not the imperial ment of Hayti", to govern ; and he dignity, it was his determination for immcmade the most prompt arrangements commercial undiately endeavouring to establish a United with Great Britain and the derstanding To effect this object hc expressed the States. --- Page 212 --- 200 PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. VIII. greatest anxiety to several of the officers of the British men-of-war who frequented the port of the Cape, and to whom he always shewed the greatest courtesy and civility. To the Americans who were about him, and who had taken up their residence at the Cape for the purpose of carrying on their commercial dealings with the people, he also expressed a similar desire; and thelatter, always on the alert to communicate any thing likely to extend the commercial intercourse of their country, immediately undertook to transmit his wish to their government, but the proposition made to the British did not at that time receive an immediate acquiescence. Had it been consistent with the British colonial interests to enter into a commercial treaty at this time, there is no doubt, I think, of one having been concluded, which would have insured to Great Britain privileges of trade that would not have been conceded to other country. Every man connected with the any government, and who had any weight with Christophe, considered it of paramount consequence that the countenance ofEngland should be gained, ,ifpossible, and that it was expedient that such advantages should be offered as would induce that power to enter into a commercial treaty with them, without at all adverting to the effect it might produce on other powers: but it does not appear that such measures were ever adopted, and it is presumed, that an intimation was given from an un- to Great Britain privileges of trade that would not have been conceded to other country. Every man connected with the any government, and who had any weight with Christophe, considered it of paramount consequence that the countenance ofEngland should be gained, ,ifpossible, and that it was expedient that such advantages should be offered as would induce that power to enter into a commercial treaty with them, without at all adverting to the effect it might produce on other powers: but it does not appear that such measures were ever adopted, and it is presumed, that an intimation was given from an un- --- Page 213 --- OR SAINT DOMINGO. CHAP. vm.] could be redoubted quarter, that no propositions in ceived by the British government at that juncture of the effect it might produce in their consequence therefore, remained in own colonies. The matter, to turn his attention suspense, and Christophe began measures for the aggrandizement to other important of his country. teemed with sentiments which His first address which he was actuated. didhonour to the feclings by 1806, and set It was dated the 24th of October, with forth the system which he intended to pursue free It proclaimed certain respect to commerce. of all nations would be reports, and that the flag that personal spected, and property protected : the odious law, security was pledged; and that which estapassed by his predecessor Dessalines, in the citizens of the blished exclusive consignments individual was abrogated, and that every country, his in the should be privileged to place property have the full hands of his own factor, who should protection of the government. of the greatest Such regulations were productive Americans and Europeans benefit to the country. with Hayti; began to find their advantage in trading the the manufactures of England, with proand the United States, began to flow into it visions of large enough for the freely, and in quantities quite for which they obmeans of the people, in return and on tained the staple products of thc country, --- Page 214 --- 202 PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. VIII. terms that enabled them to ficial and lucrative carry on a very benetrade. The people were not disposed for any of the extravagantly rich factures of Europe; they confined manutirely to such as their means would themselves enpurchase, and in no case permit them to resorted was a system of credit to; every thing was confined to barter with foreigners, who certainly were not yet conscious of the rectitude and sufficiently ple, to adopt a measure integrity of the peotended with which was likely to be atSO much danger of loss. Where, if therefore, there was no credit, there was but little any risk, and the commerce of Hayti consequence of such a system, of was, in to those who engaged in it, great advantage adventured thither many of those who first realizing handsome fortunes. Christophie had not long been at the head of the government before a competitor for the thority started up in the supreme auperson of Alexandre a mulatto, who had succeeded Petion, by Clerveaux, to the command held after the death of that was subsequently general, and Prince. Petion commander-in-chief at Port au he was of a mild was and greatly respected by the people; sessed talents of attractive manner, and posbeen educated a very superior order. He had in France, and served in the French armies, in which he had acquired the rank of officer. He was a skilful a field city, it appears, hc had engineer, in which caparendered the most essen- who had succeeded Petion, by Clerveaux, to the command held after the death of that was subsequently general, and Prince. Petion commander-in-chief at Port au he was of a mild was and greatly respected by the people; sessed talents of attractive manner, and posbeen educated a very superior order. He had in France, and served in the French armies, in which he had acquired the rank of officer. He was a skilful a field city, it appears, hc had engineer, in which caparendered the most essen- --- Page 215 --- OR SAINT DOMINGO. CHAP. vm-] Toussaint and Dessalines; from both tial services to marks of attention of whom he received the greatest rank. He was inand advancement in his military at the induced to aim at the sovereign authority and weststigation of the population of the southern of which were ern districts, the largest proportion in the same diof colour; and the blacks persons much inclined to support his claims, vision were and his known talents havhis general deportment confidence and esteem. ing inspired them with have recourse to arms, Both chiefs now began to of the who had succeeded in many and Christophe, secured the whole rencontres which had taken place, and of the north; but on his advancing to the south, on Port au Prince, he failed, making an attempt returned to his seat of government at Cape François, towards peace and and began to shew a disposition which he meditated the prosecution of those designs and prothe tranquillity of his country, forinsuring moting the happiness of the people. following he published his new In the February religion is deconstitution, in which the Catholic be the religion of the state, and every clared to For the better encourageother religion is tolerated. with foreigners, ment of commerce and an intercourse it is declared <4 that the government solemnly their guamerchants the security of rantees the foreign persons and properties." 5 advancement in the He began also to make great --- Page 216 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. VIII. instruction.0 of youth, and contemplated the establishment of public schools, SO soon as the state of the country should be sufficiently tranquillized to enable him to carry his intentions into effect. In a proclamation which he subsequently issued, he dwells strongly on the subject of agriculture, and expresses an anxiety, beyond his ordinary solicitude, for the encouragement of that great source of national wealth. He makes a most forcible and powerful appeal to the people, exhorting them to an unceasing application to the culture of the lands, by the produce of which foreigners would be attracted to their ports, to enter into an exchange for the products of their own countries, as well as for money, whereby their country would advance in wealth, and themselves in happiness and prosperity. Being uninformed as to the line of politics which foreign countries might adopt towards them, he declared it to be his wish to remain quiet until they had made their decision, expressing a hope only that it might be such as would be favourable to their commerce, and tend to cement an intercourse founded on a basis of reciprocity. The declaration often made by Christophe, that he never would permit an interference with the COlonies of any European state, was often questioned and never believed to be sincere; but an event occurred which at once proved his sincerity, and called forth the approbation of the British govern- line of politics which foreign countries might adopt towards them, he declared it to be his wish to remain quiet until they had made their decision, expressing a hope only that it might be such as would be favourable to their commerce, and tend to cement an intercourse founded on a basis of reciprocity. The declaration often made by Christophe, that he never would permit an interference with the COlonies of any European state, was often questioned and never believed to be sincere; but an event occurred which at once proved his sincerity, and called forth the approbation of the British govern- --- Page 217 --- VIII.] OR SAINT DOMINGO. CHAP. that some individuals in the ment. Discovering with southern parts of the island were intriguing in the island of Jamaica who were those persons he immediately arrested hostile to their government, for infringthem, and brought them to punishment made. which he had SO often ing the declaration viewed this act of ChrisThe British government tophe in a very favourable light; andin consequence it permitted an intercourse with cerofl his integrity, order of council of Fetain ports in Hayti, by an increase 1807- This contributed greatly to bruary, and became of the commercial views of Christophe, importance to the Haytians, as well as considerable beneficial to British merchants. raised to the In the year 1811, Christophe was act under the title of King Henry, an throne, have had the approbation of the which seems to the whole of his subjects who majority, if not of They were endowed with talents to discriminate. that the conversion of the state into were of opinion of the times, as suited the exigences a monarchy abroad, and more likely to make them respected maintain their rights at home; putting it ever out that it was an act only of graof their consideration their sentiments of titude, that they should manifest attachment for one who had, through a long career rendered such important serof war and desolation, vices in the cause of liberty. The act which raised him to the throne provided --- Page 218 --- 206 PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. VIII. also for the establishment of the various state, and made other offices of the security of the important arrangements for family of crown, declared hereditary in the Christophe, all of which met ral coneurrence, and with a genethe gave the fullest satisfaction to people. I shall Inot pursue my narrative of the of the respective chiefs who operations of the were now at the heads governments. of the north and the south, but merely notice a few circumstances which most prominent in the appeared About the proceedings of each. period of the elevation of to the throne of the northern Christophe tion of hostilities part of Hayti, a cessabetween him and his rival took place, through, it is generally sion of the British believed, the intercesstop the further effusion government, who interposed to of blood between the two chieftains, and if possible to reconcile them government of their respective to the divisions, without encroaching on each other, or without that jealousy which had again exciting them. The SO long existed between application to the British to take upon itself directly the government differences, and to adjustment of their suggest a reconciliation on terms, was entrusted to the charge of a British specific chant in the confidence of Petion, merverses, seemed to court who, from his rea peace with his rival. Lord Castlereagh, the then secretary of state for affairs in England, it is believed, foreign declined to inter- , without encroaching on each other, or without that jealousy which had again exciting them. The SO long existed between application to the British to take upon itself directly the government differences, and to adjustment of their suggest a reconciliation on terms, was entrusted to the charge of a British specific chant in the confidence of Petion, merverses, seemed to court who, from his rea peace with his rival. Lord Castlereagh, the then secretary of state for affairs in England, it is believed, foreign declined to inter- --- Page 219 --- - OR SAINT DOMINGO. CHAP. vIIr.] the the nature of fere when applied to upon subject, British the application being such as to preclude the in it. Petion solicited the cabinet taking any part his dominions against aid of England to preserve for which the encroachment of his rival, in return he offered to place the trade of the British upon a favourable footing than that of any other namore in the tion: motives however of a political urgency then state of the colonies of Great Britain induced the ; but it is unhis lordship to reject proposition: that derstood, and I believe generally admitted, indirect made to Christophe there was an suggestion which succeeded; for we to suspend hostilities, and subdo not perceive that any acts of aggression were committed by either chief. It is also true sequently that Petion lowered the imposts on British goods into his country from 12 to 7 per cent., imported of 5 per cent. over those giving them a preference of other neutral nations. both these Hostilities having been suspended, chiefs began to turn their attention towards the imof their dominions, and to use every provement of agriculpossible effort for the encouragement ture and commerce : but they certainly pursued courses to attain their end; and in a quite opposite that the one who adopted a few years it was evident, into of rigid enforcement raised his country system whilst the other who submitted to the inaffluencc, of dolent habits of his people, and was regardless --- Page 220 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. VITI. that would ensue from too great a the consequences sunk it into the lowest supineness and inactivity, to resort to state of poverty, and was necessitated offer its ruin. I shall measures which finally proved of these a few remarks on the respective characters different way of shewing their two individuals, by and of the ideas of the people whom they governed, of raising their country to wealth most effectual way and prosperity. was the most conChristophe, thereis no doubt, of with the real character and disposition versant with He was sensibly impressed his countrymen. it would be requisite the idea, that to govern them, to resort to strong and powerful and imperative by slow and easy demeasures, and not to proceed in his he knew that if he were once to relax grees : them to pursue their own authority, and permit rooted, indolence would become SO deeply course, exertions from them hereafter, that to obtain any task, and in all prowould prove a most Herculean if not bability lay the foundation of much irritation, therefore, that, of disturbance. He was persuaded in before it would be possible to raise his country wealth and in happiness, an implicit obedience to as he should deem adviscable, must such regulations if the were left to their be enforced; ; that people from their innate love ofi indolence, own free agency, from them : they would nothing could be obtained unconcerned for to-morrow, sawander about quite any task, and in all prowould prove a most Herculean if not bability lay the foundation of much irritation, therefore, that, of disturbance. He was persuaded in before it would be possible to raise his country wealth and in happiness, an implicit obedience to as he should deem adviscable, must such regulations if the were left to their be enforced; ; that people from their innate love ofi indolence, own free agency, from them : they would nothing could be obtained unconcerned for to-morrow, sawander about quite --- Page 221 --- CHAP. VIIT.] On SAINT DOMINGO. tisfied with that which the day had produced. He knew that the negro race were prone to idleness and addicted to lust and sensuality; that they were igof the duties of civilized life, and of the tics norant bound them together; and it was a matter of which the first importance for the consideration of those who were to direct the affairs of state, to devise the which should be taught their duty to means by they their country; that idleness and concupiscence were vices of the worst cast; and that unless an upright and moral course were pursued, they could neither improvement in their individual condition, expect advance themselves in the opinions of mankind. nor To accomplish these objects, he was fully aware, Or, his advisers had made him sensible of at all events, difficulty, and that it, would be a work of no ordinary unless obedience could be legally exacted, and the compelled to the performance of all civil obpeople it would only be a waste of time to attempt ligations, to rule, or to endeavour to place the government on a solid and permanent foundation. With such impressions as these, Christophe and his council and advisers set about a work, which, whatever may be said of them as legislators, exhibits share of talent and judgment. His Code no little made its appearance in 1812; it is a digest Henry of the laws passed for the government of the kingdom, and scems to have provided for every class of oflences. Some of its laws are new, and others are D --- Page 222 --- 210 PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. VIII. founded upon the laws of his predecessors, with such judicious curtailments or additions as circumstances secmed to require. Those of agriculture and commerce are decidedly : such as were in force in the time of Toussaint and Dessalines; and as they were effectual, and tended highly to augment those sources of national wealth, it displayed great discernment and discretion in Christophe to adopt them as part of his code. With this shield for the executive administration of the government, Christophe began to exact a due observance of all those measures likely to be beneficial to his country. He enforced attention to agriculture, encouraged commerce with foreigners, whom he led to his ports by extensive purchases of their commodities to supply the wants ofhis government, and he made rapid strides towards the advancement of education by establishing schools for the instruction of youth, and by inviting men of learning and talents from all countries, for the purofpresiding at the head oft thei institutions which pose he had formed for the promotion of science. His unquestionably display sound views of regulations policy, which ought to have ensured the welfare of the country, together with the security and happiness ofits people. It has been often asserted that the negroes are as capable of reeivinginstruction in morality, religion, and every branch of science, as the people of any rapid strides towards the advancement of education by establishing schools for the instruction of youth, and by inviting men of learning and talents from all countries, for the purofpresiding at the head oft thei institutions which pose he had formed for the promotion of science. His unquestionably display sound views of regulations policy, which ought to have ensured the welfare of the country, together with the security and happiness ofits people. It has been often asserted that the negroes are as capable of reeivinginstruction in morality, religion, and every branch of science, as the people of any --- Page 223 --- - OR SAINT DOMINGO. CILAP. VITI.] other nation or colour. This I shall not attempt to deny; but it may not be improper to say that very few instances have yet been adduced to support such and that Hayti is an illustration of the a theory, being the fact; for with all the advantages, contrary afforded with all the opportunities which Christophe their minds, and to seek for his pcople to improve knowledge in the various branches of sciencc, very few indeed have bcen found who have raised themwhilst thousands have been selves above mediocrity, found incapable of tuition, or have rejected instruction altogether. of them, says, C6 The negro Mazeres, in speaking is only a grown child, shallow, light, fickle, thoughtneither keenly sensible ofjoy or of sorrow, imless, without resources in his spirits or his soul. provident, his Careless, like other sluggards; rest, singing, and his dress form the contracted limits of women, of his affections, for affechis taste. I say nothing SO called, are too strong for a soul SO tions, properly soft, SO inactive as his." * On the subject of public instruction, which, the writer contends, can never be introduced into same because there cannot be found people to comHayti, virtues, he 66 There cannot be prehend its true says, the dominions of Christophe ten found throughout men who can read fluently; and there certainly * Letter to Sismonde. P 2 --- Page 224 --- 212 PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. VIIL. cannot be found one sufficiently learned to comprehend the meaning of the words military tactics, geography, mathematics, fortification, &c." Mazeres is certainly not altogether wrong; his observations in the first paragraph are correct, with the exception of his opinion of the affections of the negro. It must, Ithink, be admitted that the affections of the negro race are somewhat warm and unalloyed; and in no instance are they SO feelingly illustrated as in the solicitude evinced by the negro for his offspring. To his children his attachment is strong and unalienable; and he displays it on leaving his home with the greatest fervour, and on his return with every mark of gratitude and joy. Mazeres would wish to sink the affections of the negro to a condition below the instinct of the brute creation; but that he is wrong I can pronounce from experience, not only in Hayti, but in other quarters in which that species of the human race exists. In his second paragraph, he has gone too far in saying, not <6 ten men can read fluently"; but if he had asserted that, at the period of the revolution, when the first acts of rebellion commenced, a few only could <4 read fluently," I think he would not have been wrong, for I do not find that among the blacks, at that period, any were at all learned, or had any skill or knowledge in those branches of science which he particularizes. This is exemplified in Toussaint, Dessalines, and Christophe, not one of whom, at the paragraph, he has gone too far in saying, not <6 ten men can read fluently"; but if he had asserted that, at the period of the revolution, when the first acts of rebellion commenced, a few only could <4 read fluently," I think he would not have been wrong, for I do not find that among the blacks, at that period, any were at all learned, or had any skill or knowledge in those branches of science which he particularizes. This is exemplified in Toussaint, Dessalines, and Christophe, not one of whom, at the --- Page 225 --- L OR SAINT DOMINGO. CHAP. vIn.] commencement of the struggle, had been instructed the common branches of education. Dessain even with lines in particular could neither rcad nor write, of signing his name. All the the simple exception for the elethree chiefs were indebted to foreigners style of language in which their proclamations gant written; and it is too great a stretch of vanity werc them to the citizens of the and egotism to attribute those when it is SO notorious that most of country, which issued from the bureau of Christophe, papers and from the bureau of Count Limonde, were writwhom the former had admitted ten by Europeans, consulted the into his confidence, and who were by latter on all occasions ofimportance. Baron Dupuy well for the office he was doubtless a man qualified to the king (Christophe), and to held as secretary of of the state whom has been given the credit many of his sable majesty, and I know that such a papers is than what isjustly due to his compliment no more he would declare that talents; but were he present, he derived the highest possible assistance, in his productions, from one or two foreigners who were acwith the technicalities of official correquainted to which the Baron had not been accusspondence, and who therefore generally undertook to tomed, ofit that required such labour. correct any part for the Baron de Vastey, who is a warm advocate and talents of his countrymen, and excecdgenius ingly severe upon the opinion of Mazeres, says, --- Page 226 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. VIII. 66 Sec the grown children planning the construction of impregnable fortresses, building palaces, calculating almanacks, possessing black writers, pocts, and ministers of state." Now I really have not been able to discover where these impregnable fortresses, planned by Haytians, are to be found. T believe that when the Baron wrote there was not one single fortification erected from the design of a Haytian; they were the old works of the French repaired, where such repairs were wanted. The Citadel Henry, or Fort Ferrier, is the only new fortress of which I have heard, and that was not constructed from the design of a Haytian, but from the plan of a British officer, from whom it takes one of its appellations, Ferrier. The same thing is true with respect to the palace Sans Souci. The only merit to which the Haytians can lay claim, in the erection of these works, is the preparing the materials, and the labour of carrying them to the spot on which they are built: for the whole of those materials for building which could not be obtained on the spot, were carried from other parts on the shoulders of the people, and Christophe compelled blacks and browns, young and old, boys and girls, of all ages and denominations of citizens, to perform that labour which ouglit to have been performed by brutes. Young and interesting girls were to be seen carrying bricks or boards up the mountains, almost ready to sink under their loads, followed by soldiers with fixed the materials, and the labour of carrying them to the spot on which they are built: for the whole of those materials for building which could not be obtained on the spot, were carried from other parts on the shoulders of the people, and Christophe compelled blacks and browns, young and old, boys and girls, of all ages and denominations of citizens, to perform that labour which ouglit to have been performed by brutes. Young and interesting girls were to be seen carrying bricks or boards up the mountains, almost ready to sink under their loads, followed by soldiers with fixed --- Page 227 --- OR SAINT DOMINGO. CHAP. vm.] both De bayonets or the sabre; but on this subject writers Prince Larnders are silent. As to Vastey and heard of those now menand pocts, I have only Chandlatte, tioned, Dc Vastey and Larnders, except something Count dc Roziers, who, Iimagine, being of the of poet-laureate to the king, governor-general tecmprepared pieces for representation, play-house, to the moing with the most fulsone compliments the virtues, and wrote sonnets to peerless narch's and the princesses. Here, I beautics of the queen poets, and believe, ends the catalogue of architects, and unless the Baron de Vastey writers of Hayti; I adduce other proofs of Haytian capacitics, can if I still remain sceptical. I must must be excused intercourse with wait to see what time and a further but little of the world will accomplish; at present which has been manifests itself that improvement and admiration. That the subject of SO much praise and that society the people of Hayti should confess improve, I wish may be reashould become xefined, I distant from it. lized, but at this moment it is very anxious to improve Christophe was particularly exertion the face of his country, by making every divest it of all those appearances of dilapidation to the war; and by commanding all the effected during attached to the state, to crect nobility, and persons and otherwise magnificent houses on their cstates, of their the plantations in the vicinity to ornament thewhole an air of grandeur residences, SO as to give --- Page 228 --- PRESENT STATE Or HAYTI, [CILAP. VIII. equal, if not superior, to former times; but in this he did not succced, except in a few instances, the poverty of the people who had been raised to their new dignities, putting it out of their power to comply with his demand. After thefall of Bonaparte in 1814, the ministers of Louis XVIII. sent out commissioners to Hayti to try what could be accomplished by a negociation with the two chiefs on the subject of the admission of France to the sovereignty of the island. By these emissaries an indircct menace was held out, forgetting that by harsh measures no good could be done. Dc Medina, who was the commissioner deputed to Christophe, had served in the army of Toussaint, and afterwards betrayed his cause and joined Le Clerc. Such an individual was an object of considerable suspicion to Christophe, and from some irregularity which ensued respecting the credentials of Medina, he Was arrested, and his papers scized. On the examination of the papers, it was discovered that his aim was to excite insurrection and disorder among the people, and endcavour to prevail upon them to recognize Louis XVIII. as their sovercign, that monarch assuring them of his paternal solicitude, and of his pledge that they should retain their property and military rank. Christophe brought Medina to trial, and he was found guilty by a military tribunal of the charges which had been alleged against lim. He was com- ity which ensued respecting the credentials of Medina, he Was arrested, and his papers scized. On the examination of the papers, it was discovered that his aim was to excite insurrection and disorder among the people, and endcavour to prevail upon them to recognize Louis XVIII. as their sovercign, that monarch assuring them of his paternal solicitude, and of his pledge that they should retain their property and military rank. Christophe brought Medina to trial, and he was found guilty by a military tribunal of the charges which had been alleged against lim. He was com- --- Page 229 --- à viu.] OR SAINT DOMINGO. CHAP. of the Cape, and it was said mitted to the prison accounts were given died in confinement; but no which befcl respecting him, or of the fate afterwards him. who seems to have been the Monsieur Lavaysse, and who had at the same time chief commissioner, for the purpose of proceeded to Port au Prince, met with Petion, carrying on a similar negociation been that having with no better success,-except the fate of Medina,--as more cautious he avoided of the nature of his that chief was well informed to give a decided negative mission, and was prepared French crown : and the to the propositions of the to M. Larejection of his proposals was conveyed flattering to him, nothing being vaysse in a way very violence exhibited by evinced like the passion or during the progress of these negociaChristophe tions. be in Jamaica at the time of the I happened to who touched arrival of the French commissioners, for Hayti; and I was often therc on their passage after his return from his in company with Lavaysse and I heard him speak in high unsuccessful mission, and terms of the conduct of Petion for promptness whilst he was warm against the harshness decision, This however might have emanated of Christophe. to the French a pecuniary from the former offering he would not indemnity for his dominions, although whilst recognize France as having the sovercignty; --- Page 230 --- PRESENT STATE oF HAYTI, [CHAP. VIII. Christophe would receive no proposals from France on the one hand, nor would he submit to any claim for pecuniary compensation on the other. After the failure of this mission, the French king declared officially that Monsieur Lavaysse had exceeded the power which had been delegated to him; but such a disavowal had no effect on the people, who were more determined than ever to resist the admission of French influence into the country. Other attempts werc afterwards made, and commissioners were appointed to procced to Hayti, with powers from the king of France; but although they proceeded round the island, and sent letters on shore at different places, yet they received no attcntion, and consequently they thought it advisable to give up the object of their mission as impracticable; and I believe no attempt was afterwards made during the sway of cither of these chicfs. As Hayti might then be considered perfectly secure of her independencc, and as a strong feeling pervaded the people of the north as well as the south against the French, the two governments, although there had not been any relations of amity established betwcen them, procceded in the work of civilization and general improvement in their divisions, without being apprchensive that their tranquillity wouldbeinterrupted by the encronchmentsof cither. Christophe was unquestionably, as has been before obscrved, better qualified than his rival to go- fs. As Hayti might then be considered perfectly secure of her independencc, and as a strong feeling pervaded the people of the north as well as the south against the French, the two governments, although there had not been any relations of amity established betwcen them, procceded in the work of civilization and general improvement in their divisions, without being apprchensive that their tranquillity wouldbeinterrupted by the encronchmentsof cither. Christophe was unquestionably, as has been before obscrved, better qualified than his rival to go- --- Page 231 --- vin-] Ol SAINT DOMINGO. CIAP. like the Haytians, from his being navern a people andresolute temper, and not turally of a determined of his measures, to be alarmed by the consequences and therehowever tyrannical, harsh, or oppressive; aided as he was by men of capacity, he enforced fore, and exacted from the sO rigid a system of government, to his will, that the people SO complete a submission of over which he reigned, presented an aspect north, different from that of the south. Agriaffairs quite the produce of the soil increasculture was smiling, whilst commerce was making rapid ing considerably, fair to become equally adprogress, and bidding Both contributed to the vantageous to the state. for all the exirevenue, making it sufficiently ample there were of government, and consequently gences the people of any importance in the no calls upon way of taxation. of Petion, on the other hand, The government of relaxation which subscrelapsed into a system and ultiproved the bane of his country, quently him all thosc unhappy difliculmatcly brought upon previously to his death. ties which he experienced to follow their After he had permitted his people in the proown indolent inclinations, and indulge he found it impensitics inherent in the negro race, measures for the advancement possible to proseeute of his country similar of the wealth and prosperity to those which lis rival had SO successfully pursued. the Agriculture had sunk to the lowest possible ebb, --- Page 232 --- PRESENT STATE OF IAYTI, [CHAP. VIII. cultivators being allowed to follow their own inclinations. Instead therefore of industry and a spirit of emulation displaying itself through his dominions, scarcely any thing was to be seen but men and their families indulging in idleness, and in those lusts and vices which could only entail wretchedness on themselves, and poverty on their country. Although Petion had laws, doubtless, by which he might have enforced from the people the cultivation of the soil, and prevented them leaving their plantations, except on those days particularly enumerated, yet he never seems to have attended to the spirit of the laws and have insisted upon their due execution, but simply to have contented himself with the mere letter, without in the least reflecting on the serious consequences that would inevitably flow from his want of that resolution and decision which formed SO prominent a feature in the character of Christophe. The mild and soft disposition of Petion disqualified him to be the head of such a rude and untaught people as those over whom he was appointed to preside. Far from possessing the unrclaxing and unrelenting temper of his rival, he was kind, indul gent, andhumane. Over a country SO disorganized, and over a people sO prone to every vicious propensity, and regardless of their own as well as the public good, a man of more nerve, and not SO sensible to the finer feclings of our nature, would have been better calculated for governing than President Petion, who, ion disqualified him to be the head of such a rude and untaught people as those over whom he was appointed to preside. Far from possessing the unrclaxing and unrelenting temper of his rival, he was kind, indul gent, andhumane. Over a country SO disorganized, and over a people sO prone to every vicious propensity, and regardless of their own as well as the public good, a man of more nerve, and not SO sensible to the finer feclings of our nature, would have been better calculated for governing than President Petion, who, --- Page 233 --- - VIIL.] OR SAINT DOMINGO. CITAP. of a writer on his country, was said in the language humanc character; tutored to be 6 of a sensible and mind has received an in the schools of Europe, his that fits him for the helm of government, expansion address that would distinguish and his exterior an to witness scenes him in a court. Ill suited perhaps commander eXto which his station as a military him in the field of battle, the tear of sensibility poses his cheek at the sight of slaughter, and often bedews and bold, he values more though brave, enterprising, humane act than the crimthe responsive glow of a the brow of his soned Jaurel he has plucked from with He sighs at the purchase of victory adversary. whom he loves: in the sacrifice of those suljects of his pecushort, nothing can be more descriptive artist at liar virtues than the motto of an English couler the foot of his portrait- Il n'a jamais fait les larmes de personne. 1* Mr. Walton, The character given of Petion by in confirmed by all classcs of people I have heard well versed in the Hayti, and by those who are admitting dispositions of their countrymen; ; whilst however, they were not backward in expressing it, that he was of too easy and too lenient their opinion those measures which the exia temper to enforce and imperaof the government SO loudly gences such lenieney and indultively called for. Through * Walton, Vol. I. --- Page 234 --- 222 PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. VIII. gence, therefore, his country relaxed to an alarming degree in both agriculture and commerce, and he was driven, for the purpose of supplying the wants of government, to means which, although they brought temporary relief, were finally most baneful and ruinous. The revenue arising from the produce ofthe soil was small, from his not enforcing the culture ofit to that extent which he might have done, considering the strength of the population 1; and the imposts on foreign manufactures fell infinitely below his estimation, from the reduction of the duties on British goods, and from the little encouragement given to forcigners by the diminished means of the people to purchase their commodities. Had he pursued the same coercive system which his rival Christophe adopted; had he compelled his people to cultivate their lands, by which his means of export would have been much increased; and had he enforced from the proprietors of the soil a strict attention to its cultivation, instead of allowing them to indulge in the most sensual appetitos which can disgust our feelings, he would have aggrandized his country, and have raised it to the summit of affluence and prosperity. Had he taught the people to know artificial wants, and encouraged a desire for luxuries, he would have increased the resources of his country, and the burthens of the people would not have been heavier. The means for supporting the state would have means of export would have been much increased; and had he enforced from the proprietors of the soil a strict attention to its cultivation, instead of allowing them to indulge in the most sensual appetitos which can disgust our feelings, he would have aggrandized his country, and have raised it to the summit of affluence and prosperity. Had he taught the people to know artificial wants, and encouraged a desire for luxuries, he would have increased the resources of his country, and the burthens of the people would not have been heavier. The means for supporting the state would have --- Page 235 --- OR SAINT DOMINGO. CILAP. vi.] would not have been indirect, and consequently which his successor has CXexcited any discontent; From these perienced in no ordinary a degree. believe they do, the sources, therefore, forming, as I he obsources of revenue in all countries, principal than the extent of his dominions tained much less he became and consequently led him to anticipate, to devise involved, and was necessitated greatly his government. other means of supporting was a fictiThe first thing which was suggested of which in the opinions tious or debased currency, better than swindling most people is very little a the sanction of government: ; especially under that of Petion, reduced to sO low government like without a dollar in its treaan ebb as to have been means of bettering and without any ostensible sury, condition, or adding to its pecuniary its miscrable a fictitious circountry has probably mcans. Every and I shall not condemn it, or quesculating medium, the is capable of retion its propriety, when country : specific period, or at its pleasure: deeming it e any has recourse to a like Hayti but when a country little better than an imdebased currency, it is very of raising Petion was without the means position. of government, for money, even upon the demesnes of the state, SO that it was impossible the exigences to the people, that for him to hold out any security distant coin would be called in at any his fictitious large discount. period, unless he did SO at a very --- Page 236 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. VIII. He issued in the first instance three millions of dollars in value in pieces of metal, a composition of about nineteen parts of tin and one part silver, and subsequently a further issue of a million of dollars in value. This measure of temporary relief proved a seriousi injury to his country, for it not only enabled him to carry on the business of his government for a time without any calls on the people, which, in its then impoverished condition, was exceedingly improvident, but it was the occasion of a great consternation among the foreign merchants whom he hadinduced to settle in his dominions, and who from great. apprehension of the consequences began to look around them and to confne their commercial tions within very contracted limits. They lost opera- their confidence in the stability of the government, and consequently, as theirimportations gradually fell off; the revenue fell infinitely short of the -anticipated returns. He commenced also another system, which proved exceedingly injurious to his rances, and I cannot see how he could have contemplated other result. For the encouragement of the agri- any culturists, the government, whenever the price of the several products were low, bought very largely of some of them, for the purpose of raising their value, by which impolitic measure, they not only lost considerably by their trading system, but it had a most pernicious effect in driving forcigners importations gradually fell off; the revenue fell infinitely short of the -anticipated returns. He commenced also another system, which proved exceedingly injurious to his rances, and I cannot see how he could have contemplated other result. For the encouragement of the agri- any culturists, the government, whenever the price of the several products were low, bought very largely of some of them, for the purpose of raising their value, by which impolitic measure, they not only lost considerably by their trading system, but it had a most pernicious effect in driving forcigners --- Page 237 --- - OR SAINT DOMINGO. CHAP. vin.] who would always cease to buy out of the market, attempted to raise the the moment the government the value in the Euromarket value beyond what of markets warranted. Of these speculations pean I had some little knowledge in my the government for it was through mercantile capacity in Jamaica, island that most of Petion's government prothat ; and on the estiduce found its way to England in were mated value of it, very large sums specie Prince from Jamaica, the moment sent to Port au were redocuments of its being shipped the proper of the government were ceived. These measures it raised the price of exceedingly injudicious, for markets, their products SO. much above the European think of touchmerchants could not that the foreign the most injurious ing them ; and it finally proved devised for upthat could ever have been system of any government. Had holding the exigences which had been passed for he enforced those laws all the estates of the soil, and put the cultivation and conducted them of the government into tillage, as his of management, upon a judicious principle done in the north, all his rival Christophe had the distresses wants would have been supplied, have been under which he daily laboured would would averted, and his treasury, like Christophe's, without obhave been always liberally replenished, which proved liging him to resort to ways and means to him. It is therefore in the end SO injurious Q --- Page 238 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. VIII. evident that Petion was not calculated people like the to govern a would Haytians. His mildness of never allow him to adopt coercive temper raise his country to measures to who opulence; he restrained those were disposed to insist on the cultivators their duty as pointed out by the law for the doing ragement of agriculture. encouTo this Christophe was the not only called the very reverse, for he ficers to upon magistrates and other of see the law for the cultivation of the rigidly executed, and take into soil committed the least custody all those who breach, but, daily by his staff; he accompanied ferent absolutely rode personally to dif. parts to ascertain whether the cultivators doing their duty. He well knew those were to govern, and also that whom he had to give were he once to allow them way to their love for indolence, it would time become in invincible, and therefore he the old rule, that a adhered to The preventive is better than a cure. consequences were, that from his of ercion the calls of his system cothe people government were provided for, individually advanced in wealth and security, and the cultivators, who would otherwise been in a state of sloth and have wretchedness, lived misery, disease and well, and were contented. The condition of cultivators under Petion's ment, and under whom there mild governcoercion, was no such thing as presented a striking and instructive trast ; indolent and unconcerned, conthey passed their sequences were, that from his of ercion the calls of his system cothe people government were provided for, individually advanced in wealth and security, and the cultivators, who would otherwise been in a state of sloth and have wretchedness, lived misery, disease and well, and were contented. The condition of cultivators under Petion's ment, and under whom there mild governcoercion, was no such thing as presented a striking and instructive trast ; indolent and unconcerned, conthey passed their --- Page 239 --- CHAP. VIIL.] OR SAINT DOMINGO. the least exertion, and withtime like animalswithout of their immediate out a thought beyond the supply and those wants being provided for, they wants; and indifference. Lust and again sunk into apathy unlimited sway vicious propensity obtained an every them, and to feed their sensual appetites and over seemed to form the only satiate their brutal passions which they studied. Disease became prevaobject accompanied it in all its ravages, and a lent, poverty miserable race ofhuman beings could more wretched, selected than might be seen in difnot have been the sensible ferent parts of the country over which and humane Petion ruled. which This was the state of the country over to his death, which laPetion presided previously the 29th of March, mentable event took place on 1818, after an illness of no long duration, but attended with circumstances that excited the greatest for his sufferings. It was generally adsympathy mitted that the state of his country had produced depression of spirits, which no an extraordinary intimate friends could remove. exertions of his most but Medical aid became unavailing, he lingered, enduring any pain, and at last without, it appears, distress of sunk under the weight of accumulated fibrought on by the deranged state of his mind, condition ofhis country. nances: and Itheimpoverished and greatly Petion was undoubtedly a good man, him for his mild beloved by his people, who valued Q 2 --- Page 240 --- 228 PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. VIII, and inoffensive manners, and for the unassuming conduct which he courtly and always manifested to every one who approached him. The he died the people day on which assembled in the to the government-house, square opposite waiting with the most painful anxiety to learn if all hopes of his had vanished, and towards twelve recovery when the fired o'clock at night, gun to announce that he was no more, the cries and moans of all classes through the different were heard streets as they were towards the square. verging This was not the most dreadful which excited the part, nor that bitants who greatest anxiety; those inhahad experienced the had taken place changes which during the time of and had seen the massacres of that Dessalines, to fear a similar wretch, began catastrophe during the num, from the rude state of the interregfrom their relaxed state of negro population, spirit of ungovernable morals, and from a the ill-judged insubordination, fostered by mildness and leniency of the late President. The foreign merchants and apprchensive also of were alarmed, confusion as well as the probability of the destruction of their their fears in this property ; respect were however unfounded, as nothing occurred which fortunately least disposition towards indicated the hostility and Petion had designed Boyer for his molestation. immediately after his deccase successor, who was accordingly declared of ungovernable morals, and from a the ill-judged insubordination, fostered by mildness and leniency of the late President. The foreign merchants and apprchensive also of were alarmed, confusion as well as the probability of the destruction of their their fears in this property ; respect were however unfounded, as nothing occurred which fortunately least disposition towards indicated the hostility and Petion had designed Boyer for his molestation. immediately after his deccase successor, who was accordingly declared --- Page 241 --- OR SAINT DOMINGO. CIAP, vin.] President in the customary form, and took upon limself the administration of the government. At the death of Petion, Christophe indicated no with the clection of Boyer, who prewish to interfere dominions. Christophe served the tranquillity ofhis and was still pursuing his system of aggrandizement, sum of money in his treahad realized a very large ofthe with which he contemplated the purchase sury, territory and to annex it to his dominions; Spanish he had actually commenced a and for this purpose innegotiation through the agency of some powerful dividuals in London. This design unquestionably for it would have given him evinced great. judgment, over the southern government, a decided superiority menaced all their points, and and he could have would have been able to make having a larger force posts of considerable impression on their principal but his death, which took place in October defence; end to the negotiation, and esta1820, put an between the north and south, blished the union designated 66 The uniting them in one government, Republic of Hayti." had become The system pursued by Christophe bounds for the people; exceeding the too despotic had no limits, and his of prudence, his ambition and oppression became at last SO insupporttyranny that neither the people nor his troops would able submit to his power and caprice. A any longer ensued which began with thc rcvolt of revolution --- Page 242 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. VIII. the garrison of St. Marc, the commandant of'which sent a courier to Boyer to inform him of the event, and of the wish of the people to place themselves under his government. Shortly after, the city of Cape Haytian followed the example, and the troops were preparing to march against Christophe who was confined by sickness at Sans Souci. His guards now revolted, and finding all chance of escape impossible, he shot himself with a pistol in his own chamber. His sons were killed by the troops, as well as several of his officers of state who were obnoxious to the people and the soldiers. His eldest son, it was said, exhibited the most abject submission, and begged them to save his life; whilst his youngest defended himself with great heroism, killing several of the soldiers, but was at last cut down and shockingly mangled. His wife and daughters were spared through the interference of Boyer, who sent them to Port au Prince by water, with instructions that they should be particularly protected, and not disturbed by the citizens ; and after his return to the city, permission was given them to leave the country, which they accepted, and sailed for England, where they wére received, by those persons who were admirers of Christophe, with some respect and attention. A small estate was secured to them, and Madame Christophe's jewels, which were valuable, were restored to her, and I have reason to believe that daughters were spared through the interference of Boyer, who sent them to Port au Prince by water, with instructions that they should be particularly protected, and not disturbed by the citizens ; and after his return to the city, permission was given them to leave the country, which they accepted, and sailed for England, where they wére received, by those persons who were admirers of Christophe, with some respect and attention. A small estate was secured to them, and Madame Christophe's jewels, which were valuable, were restored to her, and I have reason to believe that --- Page 243 --- vII.] OR SAINT DOMINGO. CHAP. of an income which, although she is in possession for the purposes of not splendid, is quite enough and humane gentecl life. She was considered a good husand often softened the anger of her woman, of passion, band, who was addicted to sudden gusts the infliction of punishment with unjust seand to his impetuosity of verity. But notvithstanding he was the only man who was competent temper, in the state ofi ignorance in to preside over a people the which his subjects were. He not only possessed to discriminate between that discernment necessary to his country and that which was advantageous but he had the which was injurious to his interest, and resolution to enforce the one and precourage lived he would vent the other. Had Christophe in civilizahave raised his country in affluence and but his death has sunk the former, and retion, the latter ; and the people, now left to pursue tarded will range their own propensities, with an unlimited of ignorance dwindle again into that condition of the which is characteristic of the early periods revolution. --- Page 244 --- CHAPTER IX. Boyer elected president.-Ilis character.-Revolution in the north-annexed to the south Revolution in Spanish part.-Union of the whole-Mensures pursued after.-Overtures to France.-Arrival of French fleet. Negotiation and independence.-Baron Mackau.- Dissatisfaction prevails-British consul-general.-Further dissatisfaction.-Determination not to pay the indemnity--Voluntary loan attempted-it fails.-Observations on the inefficiency of government-State of the military.-Naval forcc, etc. JEAN PIERRE BOYER, who succeeded the late president, Petion, and who consequently became chief of the countries ofhis predecessor and of Christophe united, is a native of Port au Prince, and is about forty-eight or fifty years of age. He is a mulatto, but somewhat darker than the pcople of that class. His father, a man of good repute and possessed of some wealth, was a storc-kceper and a tailor in that city. His mother was a negress of the Congo country in Africa, and had becn a slave in the neighbourhood. He joined the cause of the Commissioners Santhonax and Polverel, with whom he retired, after the arrival of the English, to Jacmel, when he joined General Rigaud, whom he accompanied to France, after the submission of the south . He is a mulatto, but somewhat darker than the pcople of that class. His father, a man of good repute and possessed of some wealth, was a storc-kceper and a tailor in that city. His mother was a negress of the Congo country in Africa, and had becn a slave in the neighbourhood. He joined the cause of the Commissioners Santhonax and Polverel, with whom he retired, after the arrival of the English, to Jacmel, when he joined General Rigaud, whom he accompanied to France, after the submission of the south --- Page 245 --- a PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, ETC. 233 CHAP. ix.] of Toussaint. On his voyage to the authority by the Americans, during thither he was captured France and the United the short dispute between of the differences States, and after the adjustment Having between those two powers he was released. other resided in France some time, he, with many attached himself to the expepersons of colour, that armadition of Le Clerc, and accompanied but on for the subjugation of the colony: ment he joined Petion, who the death of that general, appointed him to be his aid-de-camp, successively chief of his staff, general of the private secretary, Prince, and finally arrondissement of Port au him for his successor in the presidential named chair. below the middle size, and very slender; Boyer is but he has a his visage is far from being pleasing, of for it is inand makes a good use it, quick eye, is weak, and cessantly in motion. His constitution with a local disease, which compels he is afflicted abstemious. He is fond of him to be excedingly as is the custom of parade and exterior ornaments, his propensibut he does not display the country, those of his ties for them, except in compelling their embellishstaff and household to appear in all He is but little seen among his people, ments. when he appears at the head except on a Sunday, them he rides of his troops, and after reviewing of officers the city, attended by a cortége through --- Page 246 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. IX. and guards. He is exceedingly vain of his and imagines that it is attractive and person, captivating, and that his manners are irresistible. I shall now proceed to notice a few of the proceedings of Boyer after his elevation to the supreme command in the republic. I remarked in the last chapter, that the commander of the troops of Christophe at St. Marc, on finding that his soldiers had determined on a revolt, had sent to inform Boyer of the circumstance, and invited him to proceed to that place and take possession of it. No sooner had Boyer received this intimation than he made tions to march into the north. He took prepara- few only a troops, consisting of his horse and foot guards, being aware that there would be no resistance to his advance, and that the people were ready to submit to him without any opposition. This was pleasing to the president, who, as it has been observed before, never shewed any disposition for hostile measures, and that fighting was a trade to which he was unaccustomed, and for which he had no predilection. On his arrival at St. Marc, he received the submission of the inhabitants, and was joined by the revolted troops of Christophe; and he also received information of the death of that chief, and that General Paul Romain, Prince du Limbé, had declared for the republic. Hc had thereforc nothing to apprehend from any interrup- to the president, who, as it has been observed before, never shewed any disposition for hostile measures, and that fighting was a trade to which he was unaccustomed, and for which he had no predilection. On his arrival at St. Marc, he received the submission of the inhabitants, and was joined by the revolted troops of Christophe; and he also received information of the death of that chief, and that General Paul Romain, Prince du Limbé, had declared for the republic. Hc had thereforc nothing to apprehend from any interrup- --- Page 247 --- : 1x.] OR SAINT DOMINGO. CIAT. to his advance. On the 21st tion likely to be given Gonaives, which 1820, he entered of October, opposition, and on the received him without any and for the city of Cape Haytian, 22d he proceeded the inhabitants of which the capital of Christophe, to receive him ; he had made great preparations at the head of 20,000 entered it the same night presiand on the 26th he was proclaimed men, General Romain called upon the dent of the north. with every demonpeople to receive the president the people of stration of joy, and to acknowledge with the the south as true Haytians and brothers, of salutations of 66 Long live the Republic usual and Equality!" Hayti!" <6 Independence, Liberty, and < President Boyer!" of the people had in After the first acclamations the advice of measure subsided, Boyer, by some and the chief people of the north, began his officers for incorporating the to make such arrangements as were requinorth with the southern government administration of for the better site and imperative The troops of Christophe were the united districts. stations to others in the also removed from their in some cases, sucsouth, whilst those of the south, officers who had ceeded them : and those general about the retaken prominent parts in bringing their rank ; but as the volution were confirmed in distinctions of title government was republican, all of citizen was were abolished, and the designation --- Page 248 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. IX. adopted, as in the south. Some of those who were raised to titles by Christophe, and had survived the revolution, were well pleased to be disrobed of the trappings of nobility, because it entailed upon them an expenditure beyond their scanty means. The Baron Dupuy told me that he was pleased with the designation of citizen, whilst the appellation of baron had always sounded disagreeably to him. Noble distinctions, he said, suited those only whose conduct was noble, and who had by their virtues truly earned them. For his part he was not aware that he had accomplished any thing that ought to have raised him above his fellow-citizens. There is reason to fear that the Baron Dupuy was the only man in Hayti possessing such modest and unassuming ideas. After the events of the revolution in the north, and the arrangements for the government of that district had been completed, Boyer made preparations for his return to Port au Prince. Elated with success, and vain of what he termed his unexampled career of glory derived from the downfal of his rival chief, he signified a wish that his entrance into the city of government should be attended with some pomp and demonstrations of joy suitable to the occasion. Accordingly, those of his suite who knew that nothing could be more gratifying to the president than show and parade, prepared for a triumphant entry, and at the northern gate an arch for the government of that district had been completed, Boyer made preparations for his return to Port au Prince. Elated with success, and vain of what he termed his unexampled career of glory derived from the downfal of his rival chief, he signified a wish that his entrance into the city of government should be attended with some pomp and demonstrations of joy suitable to the occasion. Accordingly, those of his suite who knew that nothing could be more gratifying to the president than show and parade, prepared for a triumphant entry, and at the northern gate an arch --- Page 249 --- - Ix.] OR SAINT DOMINGO. CHAP. with a variety of and ornamented was constructed But it having becn devices celebrating his victory. that some communicated to Boyer anonymously, to shoot him disaffected individuals were conspiring arrived at the through this arch, he as he passed circuitous route, before the house by a goverment and without the knowledge whole was completed, reHe began to make someinquiry of the populace. he had received, but it was specting the intelligence by his chief as it was suggested soon suspended, be acting wisely not to proofficers that he would tend to fan the flame secute it further, as it might of disaffection rather than smother it. revoluThe union of the north effected by this of did not seem at all gratifying to the people tion, had imbibed a great dislike to the the south, as they from inhabitants under Christophe's government, which their that had existed, and by the civilfeuds been in jeopardy. lives and property had SO often followed a revolution in the north was by The in the eastern or Spanish part, which similar event The took place at the end of the succeeding itself year. in the of the latter manifested first symptoms the capital of the east. A city of Santo Domingo, inhabitants waitdeputation formed of the principal and tenPresident Boyer at Port au Prince, ed on of the people of the east to dered the submission that their country might the republic, and soliciting with it. be incorporated --- Page 250 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. IX. Boyer no sooner received the the deputies, than he communications of the began to march a force towards Spanish frontiers, which he lowed with his staff; the whole immediately folas they advanced receiving on their route the inhabitants and congratulations of the expressions of good will and perity to the republic. In the Spanish prostime there were a part at this great many of the had taken up their residence Haytians who made some as cultivators, and had progress in their little; with the people of colour formed plantations ; these tion of the the largest proporinhabitants; and when the union with their western islanders measure of gested by the was first sugleading men in the city of Santo Domingo, a ready acquiescence was shewn and a wish expressed that it should by them, Boyer without be proposed to delay. On the arrival of the sident in the city, the people prefaction at being united to his displayed their satiswith the same manifestations government, and he of them of his protection and pleasure assured good will. Such ments as were adviseable for the future arrangeof the east were made without much government General delay, and Borjellas was left in command of the and to carry into effect those plans which city, determined had been upon by the president and the By the annexation of the eastern people. the whole island became part therefore, From subject to one government. Cape Tiburon to Cape Sumana, and from united to his displayed their satiswith the same manifestations government, and he of them of his protection and pleasure assured good will. Such ments as were adviseable for the future arrangeof the east were made without much government General delay, and Borjellas was left in command of the and to carry into effect those plans which city, determined had been upon by the president and the By the annexation of the eastern people. the whole island became part therefore, From subject to one government. Cape Tiburon to Cape Sumana, and from --- Page 251 --- - - OR SAINT DOMINGO. CIIAP. Ix.] Nicolas Mole to Cape Engano, the power of Cape to disturb Boyer extended, leaving no competitor those nor to attempt to defeat his arrangements, for the preservation views which he contemplated and repose of his dominions. should have been That a work of such magnitude a and without even accomplished in SO short period, of blood and lives, seems more like the effect the loss the result of the efforts of man ; and of magic than of the event, that SO exceedingly vain was Boyer himself he was known to declare that he thought almost and that he was endowed with like Bonaparte, of the Divine will supernatural power, and an agent the those who had previously oppressed to scourge nothing to be the result people. He believes of time and misrule; and of chance, or the effect the capacity of accomplishing arrogates to himself design and wish to exeany thing which he may cute. reduced the whole island quite After having that Boyer under his subjection, it was thought would take into his immediate consideration its comcondition SO far as regarded agriculture, and that he would resort to merce, and finance; wise and judicious means by which the prosperity of the whole would be greatly promoted: that of emulation into the culhe would infuse a spirit because there was nothing to interrupt tivators, and they might pursuc their their tranquillity, --- Page 252 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. IX. labour unmolested and undisturbed. But this done; he seemed to be quite insensible was not effects that would result to the good from the of agricultural labour; and his encouragement perfectly obstinate and people became SO indolent, that be obtained from them: nothing could the time of Petion Commerce also, which in and began to decline, grew as the country produced but little, the worse, had the means of supplying but few people it appeared wants : in fact very evident that Boyer wished to a system of governing different from that which adopt been pursued by any of his had has been to keep his predecessors. His plan people ignorant of artificial wants. By this means he expects the more to obtain from the produce of the soil the easily required for the wants of supplies government : in this he persists against all the suggestions of those who are capable of persons pointing out the that must accrue from this line of disadvantages his wants great, and that he had policy. Finding no means of plying them from the products of the supthe revenue. arising from his soil,, or from commercial he was driven to a fresh issue of debased intercourse, to the project of coin, and working the mines in the different parts of his dominions, mine which forgetting that the finest Hayti possessed was in that soil, the very rich and productive quality of which theme of every man's was the praisc. Nothing can shew greater ignorance than considering gold and silver his wants great, and that he had policy. Finding no means of plying them from the products of the supthe revenue. arising from his soil,, or from commercial he was driven to a fresh issue of debased intercourse, to the project of coin, and working the mines in the different parts of his dominions, mine which forgetting that the finest Hayti possessed was in that soil, the very rich and productive quality of which theme of every man's was the praisc. Nothing can shew greater ignorance than considering gold and silver --- Page 253 --- OR SAINT DOMINGO. CHAP. Ix.] instead of artificial wealth; or greater folly as real, whilst agriculture is neglectthan exploring mines, the debased coin must, some time ed. The issue of those evils which the or other, be attended with all to redeem it at its full value will inevitably inability in a country the inhabring on, and particularly backward state of bitants of which are in that very could be where its expedieneyy-if it knowledge, to resort to an issue of it,-was beyond expedient the nature of the loss caused their conception, or by it beyond their comprehension. was his Another of Boyer's inconsistent projects for inducing France to recognize the indescheme ofhis country. Of all the impolitic meapendence this certainly must stand sures devised by man, it must preeminent for its folly; by his countrymen as a wild scheme which will, in all be deprecated the in many difficulprobability, involve republic ties. It is well known that on the 1st of January, was declared to be independent, since 1804, Hayti had been made, or steps which period no attempts ofFrance to reclaim it, extaken by the government in 1814, whose cept the visit of the commissioners Louis the XVIIIth declared was undermission without the authority of the crown, and contaken disavowed. So that in point of fact sequently had been made by France to reassert its no attempt therefore been sovereignty over the island. Having and independent de facto for twenty-one years, R --- Page 254 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. IX. having, by repeated proclamations of the several chiefs of government, and more particularly in the fulsome gasconades of Boyer liimself, exhibited an unshaken spirit of hostility against French influence and French dominion, is it not the most unaccountable occurrence in the annals of almost any country, that overtures should have been made to France, to recognize an independence already established and tacitly admitted? Could any man in his senses, or set of men, have been SO divested of all reason, judgment, or penetration ? And is it not a circumstance unparalleled in the political history of any country in the world? But it is a fact, that the government of Hayti did in May, 1824, send two agents, Rouanney and La Rose, senators, to Paris, to negotiate for the recognition of the independence of their country, openly and avowedly admitting by it, that France still held the sovereignty over it, and that it was to all intents and purposes a colony, and an appendage to that crown. These agents were empowered to offer a very large pecuniary consideration, one hundred millions of francs, with certain privileges of trade over other nations; ; but the offer was rejected, and the agents ordered to quit the country without delay. The French cabinet had now got the thoughtless Haytian in the toil, and was determined to secure him ; and no sooner was it known in France that Boyer had granted to an English com- held the sovereignty over it, and that it was to all intents and purposes a colony, and an appendage to that crown. These agents were empowered to offer a very large pecuniary consideration, one hundred millions of francs, with certain privileges of trade over other nations; ; but the offer was rejected, and the agents ordered to quit the country without delay. The French cabinet had now got the thoughtless Haytian in the toil, and was determined to secure him ; and no sooner was it known in France that Boyer had granted to an English com- --- Page 255 --- Ix.] OR SAINT DOMINGO. CHAP. of working the mines in the eastpany the privilege and that other operaern part of his dominions, would be connected tions of a commercial nature than a flcct of fourteen sail of the line was withit, under the command of Admirals Jarien despatched for the purpose of reducing the Hayand Grivel, them to acknowtians to submission, and compelling ledge France as holding a sovereign right over to of such terms for the recognition them, or accept as should be tendered. of their independence an officer In this fleet sailed the Baron Mackau, to whom was confided the buin the French navy, the of the French siness of the negotiation on part for king; and certainly no man was better qualified trust. It would indeed have been such an important more impossible for any one to have displayed adroitness and diplomatic skill, or have executed mission with more satisfaction to his country : his nautical phrase, he got the weatherin fact, to use a gage of the conceited Haytian. conThe baron, it appears, was not altogether for on his arrival in the fined to pacific measures, shewed harbourof Port au Prince the fleet sympof active work being in embryo, unless the toms to submit to such terms as Haytians were disposed admirals moored their ships might be offered. The judiciously abreast of the city, by which means, very they might be able if hostilities were unavoidable, should alarm to make such an impression on it, as R 2 --- Page 256 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. IX. the people, and strike at once a decisive blow against their capital. From the untenable state of the several batteries and forts, any attempt at defence would have been unavailing, for it is evident that one line-of-battle ship could have demolished the whole. The appearance of such a formidable force before the city excited terror and consternation; the object it had in view was unknown, and it was unlooked for; and from the weak and defenceless condition oft the city, every thing seemed hopeless. The president, all his officers of state, his troops, and the inhabitants were alike in amazement: ; and his excelleney, instead of setting an example of confidence, and exhibiting that spirit which, as the head of his country, he ought to have displayed, to rouse the energies of his people for defence, sunk into a half stupor, and absolutely shut himself up in his chamber, or closet, with his mistress and her children. His officers looked at each other like men bereft of reason through sudden fright; : and the troops-those soldiers who were to brave every difficulty, and defy the whole world, - stood motionless, fearing that every moment would bring the signal of attack from their enemy. The women and children were sent off into the mountains in irregular droves, resembling the flight of a scared multitude, some with such articles as they could carry, and others without any thing. Upon into a half stupor, and absolutely shut himself up in his chamber, or closet, with his mistress and her children. His officers looked at each other like men bereft of reason through sudden fright; : and the troops-those soldiers who were to brave every difficulty, and defy the whole world, - stood motionless, fearing that every moment would bring the signal of attack from their enemy. The women and children were sent off into the mountains in irregular droves, resembling the flight of a scared multitude, some with such articles as they could carry, and others without any thing. Upon --- Page 257 --- OR SAINT DOMINGO. CHAP. Ix.] whole itis impossible to describe the panic which the of the French occasioned; and I think the arrival that President Boyer will I may venture to assert, historians shall not take great care that the Haytian lest they be too record the event during his sway, he minute in particularizing the conspicuous part bore, and the bravery which he displayed When the whole fleet was safely moored, two officers of the president's staff were despatched on to ascertain the board to the commander-in-chief returned to the preobject of their arrival, and they from Baron Mackau, sident with communications the mission with which he explaining the nature of assuring him that it was entirely was entrusted, the King of France, pacific, and that his master, and actuated by the most philanthropic motives, of the overtures which President Boyer in the spirit had been induced to appoint had previously made, into effect such him as his representative to carry with his subjects of Saint Domingo, arrangements of their independence, as touching the recognition with the dignity of his crown should be consistent When this was and the interests of his peoplc. from announced to Boyer, he recovered somewhat alarm into which he had been thrown, and once the of confidence and resomore put on an appearance that the object of the mislution. When he heard and that hostile measures sion was conciliatory, might be averted by submission to such propositions --- Page 258 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. 1X. as might be offered, his mind became tranquil, and he at once determined, and his brave officers applauded him for his decision, not to draw his sword, but rather to try the effects of supplication on the sensible mind of the French diplomatist. The next day Baron Mackau landed under a salute from the forts, and proceeded to the government-house, where he was received by the président, surrounded by the great officers of state and those ofhis staff. The same evening he was closeted with the president and the secretary-general Inginac for a considerable time, and entered upon the subject of his mission. They came to no conclusion that night, but the interview seemed to have been broken off somewhat abruptly and unsatisfactorily to the baron, who was necessitated to demand a prompt decision, or he should be obliged to resort to those measures for which he was SO amply provided. The same night, and immediately after the departure of the baron to his hotel, a conference took place at the buremuoftheprosident betweenthe secretary-general, some members of the senate, and himself on the subject of the propositions, and it was determined that another interview should take place the next day at the seeretary-general's house, and that he should be deputed to make such arrangements as the exigence of affairs required. The baron acquiesced in the appointed meeting, and accordingly prepared himself to meet the secretary-general, but without any provided. The same night, and immediately after the departure of the baron to his hotel, a conference took place at the buremuoftheprosident betweenthe secretary-general, some members of the senate, and himself on the subject of the propositions, and it was determined that another interview should take place the next day at the seeretary-general's house, and that he should be deputed to make such arrangements as the exigence of affairs required. The baron acquiesced in the appointed meeting, and accordingly prepared himself to meet the secretary-general, but without any --- Page 259 --- ix.] OR SAINT DOMINGO. CIAP. relax in those demands which he had disposition to The French cabinet, made the night previous. the baron with it must be remarked, had provided alordonnances of different degrees of propositions, acceptation, and for presentation, ready prepared with these he proceeded to the place signature, and that which was most of interview, first presenting the one favourable for his country, and lastly, of Inginac, in the name which the sceretary-general to accept, and deemed it adviseable the republic, its several clauses not be comby which, should to be a colony of plied with, Hayti is admitted dated in Paris on the France. The ordonnance is and 1825, and signed by the king, 17th of April, in the French part of sets forth, that the ports of all shall be open to the commerce St. Domingo French ships and merchandize nations; that the admitted into the French part on paying shall be exacted from other nations, only half the duties thence; that the inhaand the same on the exports the French part of Saint Domingo bitants of annual instalments, the sum of agree to pay, in five millions of francs as an inone hundred and fifty colonists; and demnity for the losses of the ancient ful. when the conditions of this ordonnance are that of Saint Domingo is defilled the French part is parWhen this ordonnance clared independent. it will be seen that Francc has ticularly considered, of Hayti, and that becn admitted to the sovercignty --- Page 260 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. 1X. President Boyer when he accepted it, recognized in Charles the Xth his future sovereign, at once declaring himself to be only the nominal representative of that monarch, and by the most extraordinary weakness and precipitancy assigns over the independence of his country, at once annulling that constitution framed by his predecessors, which 66 never again shall a colonist or an European says, set his foot upon this territory with the title of master or proprietor. 52 The negotiations having been concluded on the 8th ofJuly, preparations were made for proclaiming their independence on the 11th, and a great deal of ceremony and parade attended it. The people of Port au Prince exulted at the idea of being now placed beyond the possibility of disturbance in their persons and property; but such exultation was confined to the city alone in which the celebration of the event was to take place. Throughout the whole island, and particularly the north and south, the intelligence was received with great murmurings, and the negro cultivators began to apprehend that they had been sold to the French for the purpose of reestablishing slavery. At Cape Haytien in particular the people shewed the strongest symptoms of a disposition to revolt, and in the neighbourhood all was ripening for resisting the measures of the government. Boyer was informed ofit, and so powerful did it appear, that hc confined to the city alone in which the celebration of the event was to take place. Throughout the whole island, and particularly the north and south, the intelligence was received with great murmurings, and the negro cultivators began to apprehend that they had been sold to the French for the purpose of reestablishing slavery. At Cape Haytien in particular the people shewed the strongest symptoms of a disposition to revolt, and in the neighbourhood all was ripening for resisting the measures of the government. Boyer was informed ofit, and so powerful did it appear, that hc --- Page 261 --- OR SAINT DOMINGO. CHAP. Ix.] ordered troops to advance for the purimmediately the people into an acquiescence in posc of awing which had been made. He sucthe arrangements he discovered ceeded in doing so; but although the conthe principals and seized them, yet fearing that were likely to ensue from bringing sequences he only directed them to be banished them to trial, the limits of their place of to the south, confining exile to the vicinity of Jacmel. one of the A general officer, who commanded demanded from the secresouthern arrondissements, a Inginac, the cause of sO disgraceful tary-general, the of President Boyer, and concession on part and treacherous to declared that it was cowardly 66 that The secretary-general replied, the people. to do otherwise, as the French it was impossible and if the president had not fleet lay off the city, of the acceded to the ordonnance, the destruction what would would have followed, and then city become of our wives and children, our prohave The general, who was a pertics and the republic?" immewith a look of the greatest indignation, negro, c if President diately asked the seeretary-general the city of Port au Boyer and himself considered and ifthat city had fallen Prince alone the republic; whether there were into the hands of their enemies, have taken not other places in which they might rather than have submitted to the disgrace refuge, --- Page 262 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. IX. ofsuch an unprecedented treaty?" After thes spirited declaration of the negro general, it was intimated to him that his presence was particularly required at his place of command. There were several fêtes given in Port au Prince to Baron Mackau and the French officers, all of which were only remarkable for the fulsome compliments which flowed from the respective parties. The French, who six months before were execrated by the people, were received with every ance of esteem by those who had taken an appear- active part in these transactions. The ears of were continually beset by persons engaged strangers by the President to cry through the streets, 66 Vive Charles the Xth!" < Vive le Dauphin de France P <6 Vive la France !" 66 Vive Haiti !" < Vive le President d'Haiti!" 66 Vive lIndépendence !" Baron Mackau seems to have had a perfect knowledge of the people to whom he had been sent, for he dealt out his flattery with no unsparing hand, and the avidity with which Boyer swallowed it excited no little surprise among the French, and became the subject of general talk with all classes of people, Haytians and foreigners. Their noble struggle against Le Clerc, and their courage and virtues, were continually the subjects of the baron's praise; at other times, the progress and improvement in the various branches of knowledge which the people 66 Vive lIndépendence !" Baron Mackau seems to have had a perfect knowledge of the people to whom he had been sent, for he dealt out his flattery with no unsparing hand, and the avidity with which Boyer swallowed it excited no little surprise among the French, and became the subject of general talk with all classes of people, Haytians and foreigners. Their noble struggle against Le Clerc, and their courage and virtues, were continually the subjects of the baron's praise; at other times, the progress and improvement in the various branches of knowledge which the people --- Page 263 --- CHAP. ux.] OR SAIXT DOMINGO. and above all, the high talents of Boyer, had made, and his many good his discernment and discretion, and noble qualities. having been The negotiation for independence the whole could arranged, it was necessary, before forthwith should that commissioners be concluded, for the final adjustment of some be sent to France be for in differences which could not provided and for the raising of mothe preliminary treaty, of the first instalney by a loan for the payment The persons appointed ment of the indemnity. Rouanney, a senator, for the mission were, Mons. mission, who had been employed in the previous aidand Colonel Frémont, Mons. Daumec, a lawyer, Daumec, the only man de-camp of the President. taken ill on his possessed of the least talent, was his arrival and died soon after passage to Frauce, therefore devolved on the in that country. The duty the for management other two, who were incompetent which they were enof the important charge with such a and their execution of it confirmed trusted, as little calconclusion. Rouanney was perhaps could have that culated for diplomacy as any person characsclected-he is a weak and superficial been and Fréof vanity and presumption; ter, a compound nominated to display the mont could only have been and to splendour of the Haytian military costume, of France the magnificence shew to the good pcople President of Hayti! of the court of thc redoubtable --- Page 264 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. IX. They failed in their mission, for they were unable to determine on any question that was submitted by the French for their consideration, and the cabinet of France was driven to the alternative consequently of tendering to them the basis ofa definitive treaty comprising twenty-one articles, with which they were ordered to return to Hayti, and to lay it before their government for approval or rejection. Their return excited no little astonishment; and when the document of which they were the bearers was presented to Boyer, he was anxious to acceptit, but his council, it appears, and the seeretary-general, Inginac, decidedly opposed it, alleging that ifit were received it would be compromising the honour and independence of the republic; for it was a strange anomaly, and bore no analogy to a definitive treaty of peace, but in all its relative parts had a resemblance to a convention between a king and his rebellious subjects. Boyer therefore, much against his inclination, rejected the treaty, but intimated to the French cabinet his sincerity in wishing that such a treaty had been concluded as would be reciprocally advantageous, and establish a good understanding between the two countries. He also pledged himself to conform to the terms of the ordonnance of the French king, by the admission of the ships of] France chargeable with reduced duties, and by providing for the payment of the indemnity at the respective periods at which the instalments became due. to a convention between a king and his rebellious subjects. Boyer therefore, much against his inclination, rejected the treaty, but intimated to the French cabinet his sincerity in wishing that such a treaty had been concluded as would be reciprocally advantageous, and establish a good understanding between the two countries. He also pledged himself to conform to the terms of the ordonnance of the French king, by the admission of the ships of] France chargeable with reduced duties, and by providing for the payment of the indemnity at the respective periods at which the instalments became due. --- Page 265 --- a CHAP. Ix.] OR SAINT DOMINGO. to the loan for paying the first With respect the 31st of Deceminstalment that fcll due on Rouanney and ber folloving, the commissioners, of the Frémont, seem to have been totally ignorant and effect of such a negotiation. They apnature maze from the attractions of pear to have been in a ever had Paris, and their understandings-if they by the influence of French intrigue, any-warped that not only exfor they concluded a contract, that would but one hibited the greatest absurdity, loss upon their country entail a most extraordinary that has excited the by its redemption ; a loan in its of the moneyed men who had a share risibility the incapacity of negotiation, and has displayed selected by the Haytian government to the persons it in a measure of SO much importance. represent the state into which Boyer had thrown Such was by his weak and most improvident the republic skill and ingenuity to policy, and it required some the evil likely to ensue from it, for dissatisfacavert From the press of tion began to be prevalent. under the censorship of the governHayti being with France relative to the ment, the proceedings in of independence were not known recognition amongst many parts of the country, particularly the cultivators of the interior. Although forming of the people, they had no the largest proportion which the French knowledge of the conditions on had acceded to the recognition, until the members --- Page 266 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. IX. of the chamber of communes returned to the several parishes which they represented, and explained the whole of the measures pursued by the president. No sooner was it made known that the French were to receive one hundred and fifty millions of francs as an indemnity to the old colonists, and that the ships of France were to be admitted on half duties, than a general murmur of disgust was heard, and the members of the communes were most justly censured for having countenanced an act which would entail upon them endless trouble and anxiety. The idea of paying SO large a sum, or even any money at all, for SO insecure a boon as that of the recognition by France, was declared to be of all acts the most absurd and inconsistent; and to admit them besides to a privilege of trade more favourable than that which was conceded toEngland, which had always been constant in her intercourse, was deprecated as a measure which was likely to bring down upon them the displeasureofthat government, particularly as the President had, only but a very short time previous to his abject submission to France, most unwisely abrogated the law of Petion which admitted the manufactures and produce of Great Britain into the ports of the republic at lower rates of duty than those of other countries. Such being the impression upon the generality of the people, they hesitated not to say, that the admission of the indemnity to France as a national debt which had always been constant in her intercourse, was deprecated as a measure which was likely to bring down upon them the displeasureofthat government, particularly as the President had, only but a very short time previous to his abject submission to France, most unwisely abrogated the law of Petion which admitted the manufactures and produce of Great Britain into the ports of the republic at lower rates of duty than those of other countries. Such being the impression upon the generality of the people, they hesitated not to say, that the admission of the indemnity to France as a national debt --- Page 267 --- : OR SAINT DOMINGO. CHAP. ix.] bodies was not binding upon the by the legislative theirindependence by people; for as theyl had gained modern times, and as one of the greatest struggles in of a great deal they had supported it at the expense from of blood, and as it had become indisputable possession, they could only contwenty-one years' the of President Boyer sider such conduct on part want of energy and as the effect of weakness and that in the head decision which ought to be conspicuous were ; and therefore that they of any government levies that might be atdetermined to resist any of the instalments out tempted for raising the amount In this predicament was Boyer of their properties. awkward to him placed, and it was made the more with ofhis 66 for arrangements from the cry people, and England," 39 and <6 give the English privileges, sensito France." They were down with privileges would ble, they said, that the British government of their them against the enemies have protected but now, from the prepeace and independence; rulers, they were no better cipitancy of their own and that England than a colony of France again; of supcould not hold out to them any expectation with her unless she embroiled herselfin a war port, neighbouring state. of the people, Finding such to be the feelings which he Boyer had recourse to an expedient and once thought would appease their irritation, of his conduct. more soften them to an approval --- Page 268 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. IX. He made indirect overtures to the British government, and afterwards a direct communication, to know if it were the intention of the King of England to recognize the independence of his country, as the King of France had been induced to do; but no assurances were received, further than that his Majesty, for the protection of British commerce in the republic of Hayti, contemplated to send out consuls to that country to preside over the interests of British subjects; and that if the Haytian government had any proposals to offer, on which a treaty of commerce could be entered into upon a reciprocal basis, it would receive that attention which the nature of it demanded. This disposition of the British government was no sooner known in Hayti,-and I had been the bearer of it to Boyer-than the people manifested the highest symptoms of joy and satisfaction, declaring that they were now at the acmè of their wishes. Boyer found it an act of prudence to express similar feclings of pleasure, though he secretly hated the English, and would have submitted to any sacrifice rather than have scen them triumphant in the opinions of the people; Inginac, the secretary-general, was not only gratified at the intelligence, but shewed openly that this was the nearest wish to his heart, and as he had always been much attached to the English from having had a good deal ofintercourse with them, there was satisfaction, declaring that they were now at the acmè of their wishes. Boyer found it an act of prudence to express similar feclings of pleasure, though he secretly hated the English, and would have submitted to any sacrifice rather than have scen them triumphant in the opinions of the people; Inginac, the secretary-general, was not only gratified at the intelligence, but shewed openly that this was the nearest wish to his heart, and as he had always been much attached to the English from having had a good deal ofintercourse with them, there was --- Page 269 --- OR SAINT DOMINGO. CIAP. 1x.] event from which he could derive SO much satisno faction and happiness as to see the representative of Great Britain land upon their of the commerce considered shores. The inhabitants of the country admission of their independence this as a tacit encouraged such an by Great Britain, and Boyer opinion. indeed, extraordinary to see the people It was, to congraturunning towards the government-house when the intelligence was first made late Boyer public, and the respectable citizens congratulate each other with the most happy countenances, as they to be secured in the enjoyment of their were likely That their country would now prosper, properties. and advance in wealth and consequence when recognized by the crown of England, seemed to them and they hailed it as an event of the certain; to their interests and to their highest importance future aggrandizement. announced that From the moment of its being British had come to the determinathe government tion of sending out a consul-general to Hayti, officers of state and the people in general Boyer's solicitude for his appearmanifested the greatest emanating from a great sense ance ; a solicitude, attached to it. The of the importance which they suppressed his feelings, whatever they president have been ; but at times he could not remight of condemning the delay which sist the temptation S --- Page 270 --- PRESENT STATE OF HATTI, [CHAP. IX. intervened between the appointment of the consul and his departure from England; ; and he was often heard to say, that he questioned the sincerity of the British cabinet respecting such intentions, and that he believed it to bc only a ruse de commerce. The inhabitants, however, were of a different opinion; they knew the integrity of the British government, and were confident that its commerce would not be neglected, but promoted and extended wherever it could be accomplished. Under this conviction they began to consult each other, and take into consideration in what manner they should best evince their joy, and shew those marks of respect to which a consul from England was so justly entitled. It was determined by them to receive him on his landing with shouts and acclamations, and to conduct him to his hotel, accompanied by the most opulent and powerful of the citizens, and that the city should be illuminated ; but when their plans were communicated to Boyer by the presidential spies, he had it made known indirectly that such manifestations of their pleasure would not only be irregular, but that he should feel it as an insult offered to himself, as he had not been consulted on its propriety, nor applied to for his permission. On the 25th of May, the consul-general and his suite arrived in his Majesty's ship Druid, Captain Chambers; but as sle did not appear off the harbour opulent and powerful of the citizens, and that the city should be illuminated ; but when their plans were communicated to Boyer by the presidential spies, he had it made known indirectly that such manifestations of their pleasure would not only be irregular, but that he should feel it as an insult offered to himself, as he had not been consulted on its propriety, nor applied to for his permission. On the 25th of May, the consul-general and his suite arrived in his Majesty's ship Druid, Captain Chambers; but as sle did not appear off the harbour --- Page 271 --- OR SAINT DOMINCO. CIIAP. Ix.] dark, she was not recognised by the gotill nearly did not salute vernment officers, and consequently morning, when it was returned before the following demonstration of by the forts, which was the only authorities on his respect offered by the Haytian conceal President Boyer could not arrival. Nay, restrain his dislike to the English, his antipathy, nor that the presence of the even though he perceived to reconcile British mission had a strong tendency all classes of his citizens to his impolitic measures. neglected even to congratulate the He individually he did not pay him the comconsul on his arrival; to civility of sending one of his aides-de-camp mon friendly to the object of his visit, express himself the arrival of the French consulas was the case on two of his staff to offer general, to whom he sent consideration and him the assurances of his high of England was only esteem. The consul-general on the staff of visited by a subaltern of artillery and the general was absolutely General Inginac, compliment to him by precluded paying a higher order orders of Boyer; by the express the positive who would have been subjected of that very man the hatred, of his citito the animadversions, if not sent out a zens, had not the British government to give them something like an aprepresentative against the intrigues of pearance of protection doubt have set the whole France. He would no been of his citizens in a ferment, had it not preS 2 --- Page 272 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. IX. vented by the timely arrival of the British general, when their consulanimosity and irritation seemed to have been softened by the the British gratification of seeing ensign proudly waving from a British man-of-.war. The consul-general, Mr. Charles gentleman of the most refined Mackenzie, a and accomplished manners, and possessing talents of the order, received all this highest contumely with the most perfect indifference, attributing it to a cause. He knew that very just Boyer was secretly to the French, that he cordially attached that he had disliked the British, arranged with the French for the pose of giving that nation influence and purin Hayti, and that privileges any intercourse with was forced upon him by his England that people. He knew also Boyer was not the individual he was sented to be; that he possessed neither reprenor cultivated ideas, and had no correct enlarged of the world ; and knowledge consequently, from these circumstances, he very judiciously put down all that show of neglect on the part of the proper account, government to its ignorance. It is necessary now to advert to the of Boyer after his proccedings arrangements with France, and to see what steps he took to provide for the ties of the government, necessicreased brought on in a very inproportion by the improvident which he had pursued. measures renor cultivated ideas, and had no correct enlarged of the world ; and knowledge consequently, from these circumstances, he very judiciously put down all that show of neglect on the part of the proper account, government to its ignorance. It is necessary now to advert to the of Boyer after his proccedings arrangements with France, and to see what steps he took to provide for the ties of the government, necessicreased brought on in a very inproportion by the improvident which he had pursued. measures --- Page 273 --- OR SAINT DOMINGO. CHAP, ix.] In the first place, he called upon the legislative sanction his treaty with France, to admit it body to from to have been both expedient and unavoidable, the situation into which the republic was thrown by theunlooked-for appearance of the French armament shores, and finally, by their entrance into on their the harbour of Port au Prince, before any preparations for defence could be made. No one enterdoubt respecting the issue of this questained any who knew how the legislative tion ; every person that it would meet body was constituted was aware that no member would have with their acquiescence, and that it would the temerity to offer his dissent, nem. con. In fact, there was no debate upon pass the measure was proposed, and passed the question; three times in one day. question also, submitted by Another important to France. the president, was theindemnity promised called them to declare it a debt of He upon such means as would the nation, and to devise cnable him to meet and liquidate it at the periods instalments became due. This when the respective however met with some trifling opposition, but was on the plea carried, and immediately promulgated that the honour of the republic and its credit would be compromised were it not most rigidly and strictly complied with. the country that the When it was known through of the people had acceded to these representatives --- Page 274 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. IX. two propositions of the president, the inhabitants began to express themselvesin language casily to be understood, and to declare that they would not submit to be burthened with the indemnity to France, and that on no consideration whatever would they contribute towards its liquidation, it never having met with their concurrence: that they never wished the recognition of their independence by France, and in fact that the whole of the proceedings of the government, with regard to the negotiations with that power, ought to be universally execrated by every citizen in the republic; and when it was further known that an act had passed to compel each arrondissement to pay its proportion as pointed out under the law, they strongly expressed their determination to resist a levy which they were neither willing nor able to raise. I had an opportunity of knowing the sentiments of the people on this subject, from a communication made to me by several of the most opulent of the planters in the south-western part of the republic, and it was made without any feeling of hostility entertained on their part towards the government ; but they declared that the small cultivators, and others composing the great mass of the population of their district, were SO exasperated at the concession of such privileges to their enemy, that they were confident that no force could compel them to pay their quota of the indemnity, and that resorting had an opportunity of knowing the sentiments of the people on this subject, from a communication made to me by several of the most opulent of the planters in the south-western part of the republic, and it was made without any feeling of hostility entertained on their part towards the government ; but they declared that the small cultivators, and others composing the great mass of the population of their district, were SO exasperated at the concession of such privileges to their enemy, that they were confident that no force could compel them to pay their quota of the indemnity, and that resorting --- Page 275 --- CHAP. Ix.] OR SAINT DOMINCO. would only infuriate them to compulsory measures sO much more. quarter received thc The government from every the imintelligence respecting most unfavourable for raising this inpression which their measures which it demnity had made, and the irritability advisable to had excited; it was therefore deemed two of the to raise one or try if it were possible loans, to be redeemed in instalments by voluntary interest of six per cent. thirty years, and to bear an could have been acon the stock at par. If this would not have complished, the compulsory measure would have remained and the law been enforced, unsuccessfiul. dead letter; but the attempt proved a confidence in the government, The people had no officer of the state contributed, and although every merchants, yet they could and even some British thousand dollars, and even not raise three hundred into the treasury. that sum has not been paid to aid the conMany citizens, on being applied to, assistance to a tribution, declined to render any with which they declared to be pregnant measure consequences; for they had, the most pernicious in avowing it to be their they said, no hesitation never intended to reopinion that the government either of principal or interest, pay one shilling consistent with their ideas and that they could not, give their towards their fellow citizens, of justice --- Page 276 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. IX. sanction to SO unjust and nefarious a proceeding. They observed also, that as to faith in the integrity of the government they had none; that under no consideration would they lend it a dollar, for that it was impossible for it to redeem any loan it might obtain when it was fettered with a debt that was too burthensome for the country; a debt contracted by every species of weakness, and want of energy and courage in those who were placed at the head of the state. In the eastern part of the republic, the people were much more violent in their opposition, for they openly remonstrated against contributing towards the indemnity, alleging that they had not been an integral part of the French colony at any time, and that they would not be compelled to pay any proportion of the debt contracted by the government for a recognition of independence by France, because they never acknowledged the right of that power to any part of their division of the island. They had voluntarily joined that part of the country under Boyer's government, but not with the supposition that they were to submit to such an arrangement as to pay any proportion of an indemnity which it was thought proper to give to France for a recognition of the rights of the people of the other extremity. This was but just in the inhabitants of the Spanish end of the island, and it would be unfair to condemn contracted by the government for a recognition of independence by France, because they never acknowledged the right of that power to any part of their division of the island. They had voluntarily joined that part of the country under Boyer's government, but not with the supposition that they were to submit to such an arrangement as to pay any proportion of an indemnity which it was thought proper to give to France for a recognition of the rights of the people of the other extremity. This was but just in the inhabitants of the Spanish end of the island, and it would be unfair to condemn --- Page 277 --- 1x.] OR SAINT DOMINGO. CHAP. rejecting every attempt Oll them for thus strenuously them into an the part of the government to allure acquicscence. believed also, that this It was pretty generally of the east was countedetermination of the people several by the officers who commanded in its nanced backward in expressing their districts, who were not and dissatisfaction at the measures of the president; the latter found it advisable not to adopt any further for the raising of a loan in the country, but means could be accomplished when the new to try what contributions came into force. law for levying the thrown his Into this dilemma therefore has Boyer and without any ostensible means by which country, it from the difficulties in which it he can extricate with the weight of an overis involved. Oppressed whelming debt, contracted without an equivalentand destitute of ways and with an empty treasury, soil almost neglected, or means for supplying git-the commerce at least but very partially tilled-without of the is the present state repuband credit,-such that, under the lie; and it seems almost impossible be which is now pursued, there should any system ofits condition, or that it can arrive at melioration Any change any very high state of improvement. be worth from the present would in all probability but the existing inefficiency of the the experiment, the chance of any beneficial government precludes alteration being effected. Hencc therc appears every --- Page 278 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAF. IX. reason to apprehend that it will recede into coverable insignificance, irreIt must be poverty, and disorder. manifest to every: individual who visits Hayti, and who devotes some little attention state of the country, that the to the leaders in the ment mistake the true principle of governthat their ideas of the most governing, and their effectual way to exalt country are erroneous, wild, visionary, and inconsistent. They are SO excessively vain too of their talents and discernment, that they think framed a constitution the they have tionable of all the most pure and unoljecmodern republics; and arrogate to themselves the merit of they system that must having perfected a eventually excite the and receive the admiration approbation ofthe world. With such arrogance on the part of her rulers, it is not ing that Hayti, instead of surpristion, should improving in her condigreatly decline, and that her ment under such circumstances advanceshould be slow. exceedingly Whereas, on the contrary, were the and his advisers to study the best president interests of their country, they would look round for sult the experienced from information, conadvice rather than shun every quarter, and court it. But SO long as Boyer is permitted to fill the presidential be expected; chair, this cannot ; his vanity is too deeply be easily rooted out, and ingrafted to the labouring as he does under most extraordinary infatuation of his infallibility, no good can be anticipated from his government, as, on the contrary, were the and his advisers to study the best president interests of their country, they would look round for sult the experienced from information, conadvice rather than shun every quarter, and court it. But SO long as Boyer is permitted to fill the presidential be expected; chair, this cannot ; his vanity is too deeply be easily rooted out, and ingrafted to the labouring as he does under most extraordinary infatuation of his infallibility, no good can be anticipated from his government, --- Page 279 --- 1x.] OR SAINT DOMINGO. CHAP. be expected to advance in knownor can the people ledge, wealth, or prosperity. to which of government The only department is the military Boyer seems to devote his attention sincere, establishment, and in this he is apparently those requisites which constibut without displaying the internal affairs tute the capability of regulating force of of that branch of the state. The standing exhibits at once the absurdity of his measures, Hayti the folly of his arrangements with and illustrates himself at forty-five thouFrance. It is stated by guards, one of the national sand men,-I say nothing well armed, well hundred and thirteen thousand,--all article and completely found with every disciplined, soldier. If, therefore, his force necessary for the and well orwere as stated by himsclf, SO powerful be said is, that he ganized, the only thing that can and must have been a most inefficient commander, to would have been subjected in any other country for not having opposed the strongest animadversions, to such terms the French force instead of submitting be those to which he assented. Whatever may as numerical strength of the Haytian standing the weakens its power, and eviarmy, its disposition of Boyer as a military dently displays the incapacity of his although his egotism, and the adulation man, be understood that he is but staff, would wish it to It little inferior to the greatest captain of the age. known fact that hc cannot, within any moderate is a --- Page 280 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. IX. period, concentrate at any given point five thousand men ; and notwithstanding their boasted discipline, I have no hesitation in declaring that not one half of such a body would be fit for active service on sudden call or emergency. any Let us look at the condition of a Haytian regiment with respect to equipment for the field. I have seen several of them in what was represented to be marching order; and what was their state? Some of the men are without even bayonets to their firelocks, many without a cartouch-box, and some without either belts, cartouch-box, orl bayonet. Then their uniform, too-that can hardly be described. The coat ought to be of blue cloth, with red facings; a cap similar to the French infantry, with the arms of the republic, in brass, on the front of it, white duck trowsers, and black gaiters. This I say ought to be their uniform, according to the military regulation ; but the officers commanding regiments are not quite SO nice, not such strict disciplinarians as officers in the British army, for the former are not in the least particular should their men either on parade, or in marching order, without appear many of those articles which, by the latter of their instructions would be considered indispensable. A Haytian commanding officer looks to nothing but his own personal appearance. If that has undergone the survey of his chère amie and his fille de chambre, he stalks forth to the head of his corps in all the uniform, according to the military regulation ; but the officers commanding regiments are not quite SO nice, not such strict disciplinarians as officers in the British army, for the former are not in the least particular should their men either on parade, or in marching order, without appear many of those articles which, by the latter of their instructions would be considered indispensable. A Haytian commanding officer looks to nothing but his own personal appearance. If that has undergone the survey of his chère amie and his fille de chambre, he stalks forth to the head of his corps in all the --- Page 281 --- Ix.] OR SAINT DOMINGO. CILAP. with his nodding plumes wavmajesty of command, of those heroes freing to and fro, not unlike onc He represented in some ballet or spectacle. quently for the appearance of his soldiers, has no concern exhibit one SO extremely and consequently they would scarcely oboutré, that I fear a description Shoes are considered superfluities, tain credibility. of four hundred men you will for in a regiment Shirts again are not not find many dozen pairs. are thererequired; as the jacket hides them, they Their and extravagant. forc voted as unnecessary cleaning to be a labour caps in coloury-fort thoydeem ought to be black, unbecoming a soldier,-which of the earth on which resemble more the colour it for carrying they walk, and are generally applied putting when they are ordered on working parties, their use. And them therefore to a very important are feathers, instead of standing perpendicular, horizontal, because a soldier generally apmostly the of a seat in one instance, plies his capfor purposes water in the other. and as an utensil for carrying of the Ihave heard a grent deal about the courage all soldiers, and such a thing as bravery in Haytian did exist in the early periods of the revoprobability be said to the contrary, lution; ; but whatever may deficient in I am inclined to think that they are as for real courage as they are in every other requisite soldier. High sounding and vaunting declarations a fortitude, and resoluof their character for heroism, I have tion, on occasions of a very critical nature, --- Page 282 --- 270 PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, ETC. [CHAP. IX. often heard from the citizens, but I have known, from my own personal observation, of instances in which they have shewn the most abject cowardice. In ambuscade, or for irregular warfare, bush fighting, or any similar operations, they may be useful ; but if they be ever brought in front of an enemy, to contend for any position at the point of the bayonet, or to perform any duty exposed to the menace ofeven an inferior force, they will shew themselves exceedingly deficient in courage, and quite on the alert to fall back; and it will be seen also, that their officers arc not often to be found setting their men any example of disregard of personal danger, or of giving those proofs of innate valour and bravery which are sO characteristic of European soldiers. The naval force of IIayti is inconsiderable. It consists only of a brigantine of six or eight guns, and about three schooners of four guns cach, not one of which is capable of leaving their own coast, being badly equipped, worse manned, and the officers quite ignorant of navigation, and they have about five hundred sailors. The government bought a vessel for the purpose of loading her with produce to send to France, to pay a debt it owed there, and they had not a Haytian who could navigate her, and they were obliged to get a British subject of colour to take the command. He went to Havre, and was named <6 The Haytian." This affords a fair specimen of Haytian capacity. not one of which is capable of leaving their own coast, being badly equipped, worse manned, and the officers quite ignorant of navigation, and they have about five hundred sailors. The government bought a vessel for the purpose of loading her with produce to send to France, to pay a debt it owed there, and they had not a Haytian who could navigate her, and they were obliged to get a British subject of colour to take the command. He went to Havre, and was named <6 The Haytian." This affords a fair specimen of Haytian capacity. --- Page 283 --- CHAPTER X. sketch.-State of the roads.-Mode of Topographical criminals.-How criminals are treated.-Derepair by at them.-Mode scription of innt-Accommodations land in several districts, and in of travelling--Value of towns. WHOEYER has read the history of St. Domingo, and with an idea of its richness, of has been impressed and of its fertile condition preits varied scenery, of the revolution, viously to its feeling the ravages of the desolate appearance and now contemplates contrast could Hayti, will be astonished that such a ensue : that a period of twenty-two years having since the declaration ofi independence, there elapsed ofimprovement on should not appear some symptoms should the face of the country: ; and that the people have been anxious to restore the plantations to not of In my peretheir wonted state productiveness. struck through the island, I was at times grinations difference between what the with the extraordinary themto be by the people country was represented in the different selves, and its actual appearance districts through which I had an occasion to pass; of its once fertile state with its and a comparison --- Page 284 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. X. now sterile aspect only excites a greater astonishment, and confirms my opinion of the indolence and apathy of the inhabitants. The original French part of the island was always, as I have before observed, the most productive, because a greater degree of industry prevailed among the people. The eastern part of the island was never much celebrated for aught but its pastures, and its mineral productions, its mahogany and dye woods, and its cattle of all descriptions. I shall present a slight view of the present appearance of the country, from my own observations, and from the notes of others who have favoured me with a description, on which every reliance may be placed, because I have had their notes particularly scrutinized by persons who are conversant with the whole of the country, and on whose veracity I can safely rely. I may differ in my detail from others who have gone before me, but I have some hope that the account which I shall give will command the assent even of these persons. I shall commence with the capital, noticing the country and the several places on the coast, inland, and conclude with a few observations on different parts of the interior. The city of Port au Prince, which constitutes the capital of the republic, is situate immediately at the extremity of the bay of Port au Prince, and in the centre of the department of the west. On its north are the plains of Cul de Sac, environed by a from others who have gone before me, but I have some hope that the account which I shall give will command the assent even of these persons. I shall commence with the capital, noticing the country and the several places on the coast, inland, and conclude with a few observations on different parts of the interior. The city of Port au Prince, which constitutes the capital of the republic, is situate immediately at the extremity of the bay of Port au Prince, and in the centre of the department of the west. On its north are the plains of Cul de Sac, environed by a --- Page 285 --- CHAP. x.] OR SAINT DOMINGO. chain of mountains extending from the castward to the channel of St. Marc's in the vicinity of L'Arcahaze. To the east are the mountains of La Coupe, the ascent to which commences immediately without the walls of the city. And on the south it is bounded by the plains and the bight of LeoItis about a mile from the northern to the gane. and from the sea to the eastern southern gate, about twelve hundred yards. It was boundary and several formerly encompassed by a wall, by but the wall has fallen to forts of great strength; decay, and the forts are partly demolished, and arc to ruin that they are quite innow so much gone Pecapable of defence. At present there are forts tion, in which the bowels of President Petion arc deposited, Bazilles, La Croix, Le Marre, Islet, Leogane, Government, and one or two Hospital, but are all in such a state of of minor note, they dilapidation that a salute adds greatly to their weakness. Fort Islet is at the entrance of the harand the weakness of the President leads him bour, that its few not more than six, would to think guns, force; and with stop the approach of an invading this idea he has had it put into a proper condition of defence; but it stands sO low, that the guns of a frigate brought to bear upon it would at once make it quite untenable. In fact I am sure that a British officer at the head of fifty men would desire no better amusement tlian to storm it, particularly T --- Page 286 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. X. when defended by such soldiers as the Haytians. With regard to the others, I do not see that in their present condition they can be defensible, for their batteries are demolished, and not an embrasure is left. The streets are straight, running from north to south, and from east to west, and are sufficiently wide and commodious; but the roads are in such a state as to be quite impassable for carriages; and although the govemment levies a heavy tax for repairing them, and the criminals sentenced to work on them are numerous, yet but little is accomplished towards putting them into a state of repair at all suited for vehicles of any description, and after a heavy rain they are totally impassable for people on foot. The members of government are quite unconcerned about any thing tending to improve the appearance of their city, towns, or country; they seem, from the President to the lowest individual, absorbed in vice, living in sloth and sensuality, careless of every thing, SO long as they may be permitted to indulge in the indolence and excesses SO predominant in the habits of the Haytian people. The houses are merely the remains of such as stood the ravages of the revolution, and those wooden edifices, which were built since the two destructive fires in 1820 and 1822, which consumed one third ofthe city, containing all the most valuable buildings, with property in them to a large amount. The city , from the President to the lowest individual, absorbed in vice, living in sloth and sensuality, careless of every thing, SO long as they may be permitted to indulge in the indolence and excesses SO predominant in the habits of the Haytian people. The houses are merely the remains of such as stood the ravages of the revolution, and those wooden edifices, which were built since the two destructive fires in 1820 and 1822, which consumed one third ofthe city, containing all the most valuable buildings, with property in them to a large amount. The city --- Page 287 --- CHAP. x.] OR SAINT DOMINGO. it from the sea, therefore, to a stranger approaching but exhibiting nothing has an odd appearance, suffered and decay, or as if it had just dilapidation violent convulsion; and from the effects of some it. there seems no disposition to repair or improve the time of the French the whole of the streets In since then has been were paved, but the pavement houses mostly destroyed and never repaired. The side had virandas and trees in front of on each to the solar rays, them, whose foliage, impervious beafforded the inhabitants a promenade, without to the influence of the sun; but the ing exposed and only an occatrees have been all destroyed, buildsional viranda is to be seen. The public of the government-house, the arings consist only house, and it is no senal, senate, and communes' them. The first was the difficult matter to describe residence of the governor during the French régime, that must have been a splendid ediand at period all the houses in the West fice. It is low, as are of earthIndies, built so on account of the frequency and commands a fine quakes, but it is commodious, view of the sea. The gardens are represented to and in the front was a founhave been splendid, of water suffiwhich had a supply tain (jet d'eau), of the govemnor's estacient for all the purposcs the blishment; but they are now a mere waste, fountain destroyed, and the house externally CXthe of a barrack than the hibits more appearance T 2 --- Page 288 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. X. seat of government. The arsenal is contiguous to the sea, and might be destroyed by a gun-boat, for it has nothing to defend it but a battery, mounting two or three guns. It contains all the arms, artillery, and ammunition of the government, and shews the folly of the president who established it immediately within the range of an enemy's guns. The senate-house is a low irregular building, and was formerly used as a dwelling-house, and since that period it has never received either repair or ornament, for it is tumbling to pieces, and has a filthy for the want of a little attention. The appearance, communes' house has more the appearance of a receptacle for lunatics ; and really if one were only to visit it during the sittings of the chamber, it would not be surprising if an impression were made that the lunatics of the republic had congregated in it, instead of reasonable men to deliberate upon the affairs of their country. The cathedral has nothing in its external appearance to point it out as a place appropriated for divine worship; it is a square building, with a single roof, without any steeple, with an ascent to it of about three or four steps on the western extremity. There is but little to attract in the interior decorations and ornaments; the altar is constructed of gew-gaws and tinsel ; above it is a painting by a modérn artist, representing the union of the blacks and people of colour. The figures are two officers embracing: one is in the uniform of The cathedral has nothing in its external appearance to point it out as a place appropriated for divine worship; it is a square building, with a single roof, without any steeple, with an ascent to it of about three or four steps on the western extremity. There is but little to attract in the interior decorations and ornaments; the altar is constructed of gew-gaws and tinsel ; above it is a painting by a modérn artist, representing the union of the blacks and people of colour. The figures are two officers embracing: one is in the uniform of --- Page 289 --- OR SAINT DOMINGO. CHAP. x.] and the other in that of a a general of hussars, black and the other a general of infantry, one field of mulatto. The back ground represents a in which the Haytians have just gained a battle the enemies of the republic. There is victory over and not at all remarkable an organ, but a small one, There is nofor cither its tones or its structure. libel clse in the cathedral, and it is in fact a thing on the namc to call it onc. in favour the whole nothing can be said Upon ; and if it stood unof the city of Port au Prince in the rivalled in point of elegance and splendour the in the days and under the gotime of French, remarkable vernment of President Boyer it is only of filth and uncleanlifor ruins and every specics thousand inness. It contains about thirty-five habitants of all classes. of The plains of the Cul de Sac, in the vicinity celebrated in former times for their the city, were little but they are now very extreme productiveness, them from onc excultivated; and passing through to the other, from the sea on the west to tremity from the mountains of La the lakes on the east, the on the south, to those of Mircbalais on Coupe discover now and then a patch north, I could only tilled. On that had the least appearance of being the mountains, and lookinginto the valley ascending struck with the incrtness below, the mind is at oncc and indolence of the peoplc, and with the devasta- --- Page 290 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. X. tion that must have been committed during the revolt of the slaves. Remains of houses and plantation works are to be seen in every direction, scattered implements for manufacturing sugar are spread around you, and walls, which were erected for dividing properties, as well as for the internal division of the lands in cultivation, are thrown down and mouldering, or overrun with the creepers and convolvulus, and various other shrubs, so as in places to become perfectly imperceptible. There is nothing to be scen in these once delightful plains like cultivation ; all looks a barren waste, as though the inhabitants had been driven out, or cut off by some scourge, and the whole country had since been a place of refuge only for beasts of prey. The mountains remain untouched for the purposes of cultivation, except now and then a small patch for the production of vegetables, and on which is erected a miserable hut, in no respect superior, in point of accommodation and comfort, to the wig-wam of the North American Indians, but in which the sluggish Haytian will dwindle eaway his days in laziness, sloth, and in every specics of lust and sensuality. He sceks for nothing but what supplies his immediate wants; and SO long as he can produce enough for the calls of to-day, he is careless of what may follow on the morrow. Sleep and his women occupy the remainder of his time, with the exception of a brief interval, which he generally devotes to playing drafts , in point of accommodation and comfort, to the wig-wam of the North American Indians, but in which the sluggish Haytian will dwindle eaway his days in laziness, sloth, and in every specics of lust and sensuality. He sceks for nothing but what supplies his immediate wants; and SO long as he can produce enough for the calls of to-day, he is careless of what may follow on the morrow. Sleep and his women occupy the remainder of his time, with the exception of a brief interval, which he generally devotes to playing drafts --- Page 291 --- x.] OR SAINT DOMINGO. CHAP. generally as indolent and or cards with a neighbour, Theplains are finely waas himself. as unconecrned of La Grande Rivière tered; for independently smaller streams that water the there are innumerable and in the event of any extraordinary different parts, could be casily resorted to for drought, irrigation vegetation. But this is the purpose of supporting very regunot often the case, as the seasons appear with in general is well supplied lar, and the country of the surrounding rain from the great attraction covered with almountainous districts, which are underwoods, and the showers most impenetrable and fertilize the soil in an descend into the valleys, extraordinary degree. ofthe Cul de Sac, To the northward of the plains to of L'Arcahaze, there is nothing in the vicinity indicates a country in that be seen that in the least to the trawhich is pleasing state of productiveness of negligence veller; every thing exhibits a degree when the ferparticularly that is truly astonisling, tility of the soil is so well known. of whole of the extensive and fertile plain The is in a similar condition; and although the Artibanite influence derived from it reccives all the beneficial name which of the river of the same the overflowings washes an extent of fifty leagues, emptyingitsclfinto still the people do not evince any thebay of St.Marc, the land. Scarcely a sugar disposition to cultivate Gonaives plantation is to be scen until you approach --- Page 292 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. X. or its vicinity, and those established in that quarter are not worthy of the designation; they are mere patches visible on an extended surface, and from the elevations around them have only the appearance of detached spots cultivated as gardens. There is nothing like an extensive scene of cultivation, nor can such be found throughout the whole of the republic. In this plain on the coast are situated St. Marc and Gonaives, which at one period were both places of considerable trade, and the inhabitants wealthy, living in great splendour and magnificence; but like other places inhabited by the blacks and people of colour, they are neglected, the houses gone to decay, and allowed to moulder into ruins. Nothing is left to remind the traveller of what they were. Contrasting what they are with what they are represented to kave been, he at once infers, that the present inhabitants are a race devoid of all desire of improvement, and only raised a very small degree above the brute creation, from whom in their natures and habits they differ but little. The north, taking the whole of the point westward from Port de Paix to Cape Nicolas Mole, abounds in fertile plains, and in rich and productive lands, well watered, and capable of great improvement, where agriculture might be carried on with great advantage, and where even an European, in a climate alnost approaching to the temperature of his native country, might undergo manual labour with- the present inhabitants are a race devoid of all desire of improvement, and only raised a very small degree above the brute creation, from whom in their natures and habits they differ but little. The north, taking the whole of the point westward from Port de Paix to Cape Nicolas Mole, abounds in fertile plains, and in rich and productive lands, well watered, and capable of great improvement, where agriculture might be carried on with great advantage, and where even an European, in a climate alnost approaching to the temperature of his native country, might undergo manual labour with- --- Page 293 --- OR SAINT DOMINGO. CIIAP. x.] inconvenience from it than what is CXout any morc in Europe in the months periened by a labourer from the of July and August. This is evident Dutch circumstance of a colony of Germans and of Cape Nicolas Mole havin the neighbourhood lands unaided by the negrocs, ing cultivated their in proportion to their extent, are as prowhich, of the hisductive now as they were at any period of the country. They do not, it is truc, protory but in the culture of coffee and cotduce sugar ; successful, and are in a ton they are exceedingly Germans and their fine thriving condition. These unmoseem to have resided in this part ancestors the whole of the troubles of the revolested during the chiefs, lution and rebellion'; and by leading to thosc events, they have been respected subsequent and protected. district of the island there were scveral In this in the time of the places of considerable notoriety and French, but they are now sunk into disrepute, These are, the Platform, in fact mere villages. Jean Rabel, the town of Cape Nicolas Mole, in the and Port de Paix. The Platform was noted war with France for being time of the revolutionary were a place from which a great many privateers trade fitted out for the purpose of menacing our being within sight of ships passing from Jamaica, from that island. Itis now, howto the northward it contains only a few ever, of 110 consideration, as --- Page 294 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. X. houses inhabited by fishermen, who, it is said, occasionally turn pirates, whenever they find a vessel close enough in shore upon which they can pounce, without running the risk of being seen by the crew until they are alongside. The harbour of Cape Nicolas Mole was the principal place for the safe anchorage of shipping in the western world, but it has gone to neglect. The town consists now only of a few scattered houses of no consideration, and the whole of the fine fortifications which secured the harbour against an enemy are now nearly demolished and tumbling into ruins. The harbour is capable of holding an immense fleet, and ships of the largest size may safely ride at anchor, sheltered from the wind from every quarter. The mountains secure them against it from the east, north and south, and the wind from the south-west is greatly shut out by the high land running westerly. The water in the harbour and close to the town is said to be from five to fifteen fathoms deep. In his negotiations with the Haytian government, the King ofFrance was exceedingly anxious to have this port delivered up to him, for the purpose of a place of security for his flects, or rather for a footing in the island, with a view of menacing the Haytians whenever he felt disposed to threaten them with his displeasure. But they had sense enough to resist this demand, and the king was wise enough not to contend for it, knowing that, in the event of Boyer to be from five to fifteen fathoms deep. In his negotiations with the Haytian government, the King ofFrance was exceedingly anxious to have this port delivered up to him, for the purpose of a place of security for his flects, or rather for a footing in the island, with a view of menacing the Haytians whenever he felt disposed to threaten them with his displeasure. But they had sense enough to resist this demand, and the king was wise enough not to contend for it, knowing that, in the event of Boyer --- Page 295 --- OR SAINT DOMINGO. CHIAP. x.] it would fall an easy not fulfilling his engagements, force that might be sent against prey to a very small ships, during the it. The British homeward-bound annoyed by privawar with France, were greatly within sight of teers from this port, as they passed beating to windthe Mole, and SO near at times, whether ward, that it might easily be distinguished It was merchantmen or men-of-war. they were the Platform and this port that therefore between took placc, and lately this most of the captures for many piratical space has been the hiding-place the land at day-light, vessels, which run in under their sails and top-masts, and consequently strike during the day, whence they again lie umperceived This sail at night to commit further depredations. to at last, that Boyer was obliged became SO glaring them; but I do send one ofhis vessels to intercept not hear that he succeeded. port, with only a Jean Rabel is an inconsiderable The plains few houses saved during the revolution. exceedname in its vicinity used to be of the same is now but little done in the ingly fertile, but there in fact the whole of this part culture of them, and of indolence too of the island exhibits a picture to tolerate. shameful for any government to the island of Tortuga Port de Paix is opposite Rivers; it is of no magat the mouth of the Three for shipping as it nitude, not being a port of entry for there is little or nor is it required, was formerly; --- Page 296 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. X. no traffic, therc being but little produce in its neighbourhood. It was celebrated in the time of the Buc-, caneers for being the place of their frequent resort, after their plundering and marauding voyages in the adjacent seas. It was here that the celebrated Morgan, who was afterwards knighted by Charles the Second, and became licutenant-governor of Jamaica, first joined the 66 Brethren of the Coast' 9 the term usually given to the Buccaneers, of whom he finally. became the daring and most famous leader. In the vicinity of Port de Paix there is a medicinal spring, the waters of which are strongly sulphuretted, and are much used and esteemed in cutaneous diseases. The plains of the north, formerly celébrated for their sugar plantations, and extending from the Three Rivers to the old Spanish lines of demarcation, are in a similar state with every other part of the country, only partially cultivated in the elevated parts, with coffee and some cotton. It is impossible to view these celebrated plains without regrct, and to reflect on the impolitic measures of the present ruler, which preclude the European all chance of adventuring with his capital, and trying what might be accomplished by investing it in the soil. The most beneficial offer was once made to him by an American company to colonize a district, by sending from that country five thousand blacks, to be emancipated in the event of their being shipped off from thc United States. But he refused elevated parts, with coffee and some cotton. It is impossible to view these celebrated plains without regrct, and to reflect on the impolitic measures of the present ruler, which preclude the European all chance of adventuring with his capital, and trying what might be accomplished by investing it in the soil. The most beneficial offer was once made to him by an American company to colonize a district, by sending from that country five thousand blacks, to be emancipated in the event of their being shipped off from thc United States. But he refused --- Page 297 --- OR SAINT DOMINGO. CHAP. x.] and what is more, he told to accede to the proposal; that the American the parties making thea application to be allowed to negroes were too much enlightened with the colonize in Hayti, as they might intrigue the state. There is no finer Haytians to undermine of sugar than soil in the island for the production of a is to be found in these plains; it is composed black mould, of great depth and exceedingly strong for the cane, and is highly valurich and nutritive but even on this no care or able also for pasturage; taken attention is bestowed, nor are there any pains of cattle, for which the whole country in the breeding from the luxuriance presents the greatest facilities, whole district being SO well of its grass, and from the of watered by rivers meandering through every part and smaller streams with it, and by those springs affords which the whole island abounds. No country from the heat of the solar rays as this. such retreats its blessings for Nature seems to have dispensed here and beast with a liberal hand; but man man sensible of the beneficence of seems to be but little structures which once his Creator. All those elegant the face of these plains and the mountains gave them such an air of grandeur, and excited around and the admiration of the traveller, are demolished, disof their original site can be scarcely a vestige stonewall, and the covered. Sometimes a dilapidated remains of a windmill may point out to the passerthem once stood an extensive range of by that near --- Page 298 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. X. buildings, and perhaps a mansion of some magnificence. The highly productive and very extensive estates once to be seen in the vicinity of La Petite Ance, St. Acul, Limonde, La Grande Rivière, Le Dondon, Marmalade, Limbé, and Plaisance, are now neglected wastes, with little to be seen but the spreading guava, the wild indigo, and a thousand other weeds and shrubs, raising themselves unmolested on the very spots which once displayed all the luxuriance of vegctation, aided and matured by the skill and industry of the husbandman. Christophe certainly made strong efforts to revive the cultivation of his country, and he made some progress : but at the period when he was about to carry into effect a more rigid system for the culture of the soil, he was cut off, his plans were laid aside by Boyer, and now, as in every other part of the country, nothing is seen in that district but desolate wastes. The city of Cape Haytien, which is the capital of the north, retains no vestige of its primitive splendour. It is, however, a much more pleasant and more elegant place than Port au Prince, and the inhabitants are always kind and courteous to strangers, as they all are in that part of the country which was under Christophe; a thing which the stranger must not expect at the seat of government, where the people are quite the reverse, and all spies. Itis situate at the extremity of a bay, having the sea to the in that district but desolate wastes. The city of Cape Haytien, which is the capital of the north, retains no vestige of its primitive splendour. It is, however, a much more pleasant and more elegant place than Port au Prince, and the inhabitants are always kind and courteous to strangers, as they all are in that part of the country which was under Christophe; a thing which the stranger must not expect at the seat of government, where the people are quite the reverse, and all spies. Itis situate at the extremity of a bay, having the sea to the --- Page 299 --- OR SAINT DOMINGO. CHAP. x.] mountains of considerable elevation on north, and fortified, the old batteries the south. It is strongly improved by of the French having been greatly could be Christophe, who left nothing undone that in the way of strengthening his capital. accomplished Towards the sea the ramparts are very commanding, vessel would find considerable diffiand an enemy's she could do the harbour, as only culty on entering of the whole forts, which are well SO within range calibre. The only remounted with guns of large in the event of war would be men possessing quisite and to man these works and sufficient skill courage with defend them. The city is well supplied to which descends from the mountains, over pure water, and receiving in its course no a gravelled surface, in the least injure its qualities. stream that can of about five thousand men is A military force under the command of kept up in this district, the General Magny. Part of this force garrisons in which there are barracks for their residence; city, is at different stations on the plains. the other part circumscribed, The trade to the cape is somewhat round it being not SO thickly inhabited the country but what little there is seems to be as the south, and a great carried on with much more regularity, as to the result, than at Port au deal more certainty remarked that Prince. I have heard it generally of the north have a greater sense of hothe people commercial dealings with nour and rectitude in their --- Page 300 --- PRESENT STATE or HAYTI, [CHAP. X. forcigners, than the inhabitants of the south. Certain it is that Christophe in his time exacted from his people a strict adherence to their word in matters of commerce, and in the event of a disputed claim a foreigner had a chance of redress. Not SO in Port au Prince, where, if a foreigner have a demand against a Haytian, it is ten to one against his getting any redress, and fifty to one against his getting paid. Christophe, who always shewed a very great attention and respect for the British merchants and British subjects at the cape, or in any other part of his dominions, erected a very neat house on an elevation near the city, and furnished it somewhat elegantly, in which he had put up billiard tables, expressly as a place of resort for them, and of the whole he made them a present, with his pledge that no person of the country should be permitted to disturb them, nor should the premises be used by his people at any time or for any purposes. At no great distance from the city of Cape Haytien were those two stupendous works of Christophe, his palace of Sans Souci and the Citadel Henry, or FortFerrier, the construction of which shews no little labour and design, and the expense of their crection must have exceeded any thing that can be imagined as the cost of modern works. I cannot describe them better than by quoting the account given of them by a native of Hayti, in his narrative of Christophe's , nor should the premises be used by his people at any time or for any purposes. At no great distance from the city of Cape Haytien were those two stupendous works of Christophe, his palace of Sans Souci and the Citadel Henry, or FortFerrier, the construction of which shews no little labour and design, and the expense of their crection must have exceeded any thing that can be imagined as the cost of modern works. I cannot describe them better than by quoting the account given of them by a native of Hayti, in his narrative of Christophe's --- Page 301 --- OR SAINT DOMINGO. CHAP. x.] throne. c The Citadel Henry," 99 he elevation to the bul66 that palladium of liberty, that majestic says, that monument of the greatwark of independence, combinations of a Henry, is ness, and of the vast mounbuilt on the lofty summit of one of the highest tains in the island, whence you may discover to the left the island of Tortuga, and the reflection of its beautiful canal; in front, the gentle risings, roadstead, and the with the city of Cape Henry,its of the ocean ; on the right, La Grange, vast expanse the city of Fort Royal, Mancheneel Monte Christi, hills. The eye is gratiBay, and the surrounding and fied with the prospect of the beautiful plain, carpet of verdure spread before it. the magnificent chain of mountains seems At the back, the extended as it were the frame to this enchanting picture. fortified by nature, and to which art The position with casemates and bomb has added all its science, behas secured it from being successfully proofs, while the mouths of cannon overtop the elesieged, and command the adjavation of the high ground, the whole affording protection to cent territory, this being the north, and indeed to Hayti itself, formidable defence it possesses. 9* most of this fort, I have before stated On the subject under the directions of an individual that it was built been a Scotchman, of the name of said to have # P. Saunders. U --- Page 302 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. X. Ferrier, from whom it takes the appellation of Fort Ferrier. Of the magnificence of the palace of Sans Souci, I shall give the description of Saunders, as conveying an idea of what it was. 66 Sans Souci, a town rising into preference, and likely to become the capital of Hayti, has been established. Ravines have been filled up, mountains levelled, and public roads laid out. This superb royal palace, the glory of Hayti, is carried up to a great elevation. The beauty and durability of its construction, its sumptuous apartments, all with inlaid work, and lined with the most beautiful and rarest tapestry, which was amassed at a great expense, and with particular care in the selection ; the furniture and clegant tapestry, selected with good taste; the gardens arranged with a just symmetry, through which meanders a pure stream, having a degree of freshness that particularly characterizes it, the jets d'eau, the fruit trees, and European productions, &c. &cc., combine to embellish the retreat of a hero, and to attract the admiration of strangers; whilst a church, whose noble dome agreeably points out the richness of its architecture, and other public establishments, such as arsenals, dock-yards, and barracks, have sprung up around in spite of the ravages ofwar. To see the astonishing activity diffused in all these works, one would say that the greatest tranquillity had prevailed, and that it was the hand of peace which izes it, the jets d'eau, the fruit trees, and European productions, &c. &cc., combine to embellish the retreat of a hero, and to attract the admiration of strangers; whilst a church, whose noble dome agreeably points out the richness of its architecture, and other public establishments, such as arsenals, dock-yards, and barracks, have sprung up around in spite of the ravages ofwar. To see the astonishing activity diffused in all these works, one would say that the greatest tranquillity had prevailed, and that it was the hand of peace which --- Page 303 --- CIIAP. x.] OR SAINT DOMINGO. tliem to perfection! Immense treasures, the brought in the public administration of fruits of economy coffers of the Citadel finances, fill the spacious <Iknow it", he says again, 64 to be one Henry." to have the rotunda of of the intentions of our king his palace in the citadel paved and lined with quadruples. He is rich enough to do this." The palace of Sans Souci was certainly (from the of it by many individuals now in accounts given have often been admitted to the Hayti, and who levées of King Christophe) upon a most magnificent scale; and in elegance of structure, as well as of its materials, but little, if at all the durability of the most admired edifices of inferior to some of his money in the Europe. Christophe was lavish building of this palace as well as the citadel, and erected, he acted with great whilst they were being he to severity towards his people, whom compelled the materials to the spot, neither age nor sex, carry the decrepid and thevery young, being spared. except was once visited in this palace by an Christophe the British navy, and a rclative of a right officer of honourable gentleman high in his Majesty's councils, to whom he shewed great attention and coursatisfaction at being hotesy, and expressed great who occanoured with the calls of British subjects sionally touched at the cape. In a conversation this officer on the subject of this with distinguished were stupendous palace, he said, 66 that his intentions U 2 --- Page 304 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. X. to ornament the walls with gold, and that the floors should be laid with silver, that the ambassadors of the world, should any be sent to him, might see how splendidly a western monarch could live." Fort Ferrier can be easily seen from the sea, and ships outward-bound for any of the western ports, sailing along the north side of the island, have a good view of it from its amazing elevation, the stone of which it is built being SO very white as to make it a most excellent land-mark. The palace however cannot be discerned, and since the death of Christophe, it has been mostly destroyed, nothing but the walls being left. All the beautiful carvedwork wainscoting has been taken from it, the mahogany floor torn up, and the whole burnt by the people; and nothing remains except the outworks, which are converted into apartments for the military who are stationed there. Beyond the Massacre, in the old Spanish territory, and on the banks of the Yague, the country is exceedingly productive, but quite neglected. Itis only a few years since that a very considerable trade was carried on between Jamaica and Monte Christi, and Puerto de Plata; the produce of those fine valleys on each bank of the river, as well as of the fertile plains of La Vega Real, always found a ready market in the different ports of that island. Tobacco, rice, Indian corn, beans and peas, peculiar to the West Indies, and in great request as food for the acre, in the old Spanish territory, and on the banks of the Yague, the country is exceedingly productive, but quite neglected. Itis only a few years since that a very considerable trade was carried on between Jamaica and Monte Christi, and Puerto de Plata; the produce of those fine valleys on each bank of the river, as well as of the fertile plains of La Vega Real, always found a ready market in the different ports of that island. Tobacco, rice, Indian corn, beans and peas, peculiar to the West Indies, and in great request as food for the --- Page 305 --- CIIAP. x.] OR SAINT DOMINGO. in large quantitics, as were negroes, were exported dye-wood, and often also horned cattle, mahogany, salted In return, the people took rum, poultry. cotton goods of a coarse provisions, ironmongery, baize, Osnaburgs, and a vaquality, blue Yorkshire for the labourers in riety of other articles required of wood-cutting and agriculture. The annexation to the republic stopped this interthe Spanish part the finest vent for the discourse, and consequently became shut, posing of the produce of their industry other intercourse, the demand has enand having no therefore tirely ccased. There is no encouragement and all those lands which were left for husbandry, to the raising of the before appropriated exclusively several articles which Ihave before enumerated, are with the exception of merc patches now uncultivated, for the immediate wants where vegetables are raised of the people. Monte Christi is a place of little The town of the restrictive its trade having been ruined by resort, force in the West Indies. It stands at the laws in on the north branch of extremity of the promontory vessels call in, the Yague. Occasionally American their for mahogany and dyeand barter provisions the quality of woods, and sometimes take tobacco, that of the which is much finer and milder than to the river, and partiUnited States. Contiguous abounds cularly on its southern bank, the country and dyc-woods, and in the mountains, with mahogany --- Page 306 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. X. mines were said to exist, containing gold and silver and other valuable ore. But very recently a company: formed in London for the purpose of exploring them, found that the undertaking would be attended with a considerable waste of capital, without the possibility of obtaining returns likely to compensate the outlay of the experiment. There is great reason to doubt the representations that were made by the Haytian government on the subject of these mines, when they appeared SO anxious to have them worked; their sanguine assurances of ultimate success were only intended to delude, as they could not seriously expect that any beneficial result woukl attend these operations. To the eastward, beyond the town of Santiago, are the plains of La Vega Real, celebrated for their extreme verdure and fertility. They are in a great measure inclosed by the surrounding hills, which form an appearance not unlike an amphitheatre. These plains are capable of producing, were they properly tilled, every description of tropical plants, and in the elevated parts there is every reason to believe that European grain might easily be raised. The temperature of this district makes it a most congenial spot for all sorts of agricultural labour, and the culture of the soil would be rewarded with an ample harvest. The whole of the plains are well watercd by innumcrable small strcams, which, flowing from different parts of thc mountains, empty inclosed by the surrounding hills, which form an appearance not unlike an amphitheatre. These plains are capable of producing, were they properly tilled, every description of tropical plants, and in the elevated parts there is every reason to believe that European grain might easily be raised. The temperature of this district makes it a most congenial spot for all sorts of agricultural labour, and the culture of the soil would be rewarded with an ample harvest. The whole of the plains are well watercd by innumcrable small strcams, which, flowing from different parts of thc mountains, empty --- Page 307 --- x.] OR SAINT DOMINGO. CILAP. into the Yuna. This river, in its course themselves convenient for to the bay of Sumana, is exceedingly and dyewho float their mahogany the wood-cutters the for the purpose of sale woods down it into bay, and shipping. as if it were detached Sumana, which appears and may be said from the main land, is a peninsula, American free be uninhabited. A few to nearly thither from the persons of colour have emigrated but United States, for the purpose of cultivation ; diminished since their arrival, they have greatly it, finding that the numbers clandestinely leaving assurances held out to them by the Haytian govemnmade for the purpose of deluding ment were only Itis a low and swampy them to form a settlement. place for situation, and not likely to be an eligible colonization, as fevers and agues are exccedingly Notwithstanding all these unfavourable prevalent. Bonaparte planned a new city about consequences, middle of the to be called Napoleon; the peninsula, this I am inclined to think that a survey for purpose, up. The was taken, but the design was finally given is very capacious, and affords a most bay of Sumana and it may be delightful anchorage for shipping; denominated the key to the Mona Passage, justly from the north through the pasas all ships passing the vessels at anchor in sage must be perceived by the bay. remarkable in the south-cast There is nothing --- Page 308 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. X. end of the island from the city of Santo Domingo to Higuey, with the exception of the extensive plains of Los Llamos, through which the traveller passes to Scibo, and thence to Higuey. These plains have been well described by Mr. Walton in his history of the Spanish colonies, and at the period of his residence in the island, they were without doubt the most delightful pastures in the western world. That writer says, C6 these astonishing plains constitute almost a sixth of the island, extending nearly to the east end, a distance of more than ninety miles, on a width of about thirty. On them cattle of more than a hundred owners pasture in herds, and are collected, counted, and the young branded at the season when the calf cannot mistake its mother. The dexterity with which the herdsman on horseback with a lance in his hand separates one of his master's brand from the rest, is wonder. ful. In the dry season when the blade is long and rank, it is customary to burn all the grass on the plains, which serves as an annual manure; for in that season the cattle generally take to the forests in search ofthe herbage which the sun has not had the power to parch. The operation of burning is performed by setting fire to the most eastern part of the tract, whence the wind regularly blows; it spreads in long and succeeding volumes, frequently making the traveller recede, and effacing the path through which he has becn accustomed to journey." . ful. In the dry season when the blade is long and rank, it is customary to burn all the grass on the plains, which serves as an annual manure; for in that season the cattle generally take to the forests in search ofthe herbage which the sun has not had the power to parch. The operation of burning is performed by setting fire to the most eastern part of the tract, whence the wind regularly blows; it spreads in long and succeeding volumes, frequently making the traveller recede, and effacing the path through which he has becn accustomed to journey." --- Page 309 --- CHAP. x.] OR SAINT DOMINGO. to the repossession of the eastern part Subsequently the of the French by by the Spaniards on expulsion trade in cattle General Carmichacl, a very extensive which carried on with the island of Jamaica, was until the union with the west, when the continued the intercourse was restricted, and, consequently, of cattle has not been SO much attended breeding have only their internal to as formerly, as they are now killed consumption to take them off. Many the skin and tallow; when the meat is jerked, for from the continent of South and the Spaniards and it to the Havanna, America purchase it ship and is where it is in great request for the slaves, called Tassaja. was once of some note from The town of Higuey which the riches and magnificence of its church, escaped the ravages of the revolution, it appears wretches, and was not visited by those sacrilegious that had who devoted all edifices to destruetion the been the resort of the white inhabitants of once The formerly used to go on a pilgrimisland. pcople in this church from age to the shrine of the Virgin underall parts of the island; but a few only now therefore has become poor, and take it. The Virgin reduced to the monks who used to officiate are great existence. I know not if this be a shifts for an at all events, mark ofimprovement in the Haytians; there scems to be less superstition and bigotry: 2 however, is still left amongst the females. I little, --- Page 310 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAr. X. knew one instance of a female at Port au Prince who undertook a pilgrimage to the shrine of the virgin. She went by water to the city of Santo Domingo; and on her voyage thither was in great danger of being lost; but far from being alarmed, she considered it as part of the penance she had to perform before she invoked the saint for a remission of her sins, and therefore exulted at her good luck in meeting with such a disaster on her The city of Santo Domingo, being, I believe, way. the oldest city in the republic, has been described by Walton as having been exceedingly strong, regularly built, and well fortified, and as containing many public edifices of note. Having since his time gone greatly into decay, it has declined in consequence, as well as in its commercial character; and it is remarkable, that in every place in which Haytian influence predominates, commercial enterprise, and every other good quality appertaining to man, is sure to sink to the lowest ebb. This may appear extraordinary, but it is true, and the city of Santo Domingo is an example of what I now write; for at this moment it certainly is in a state of inconceivable miscry, and the greatest poverty and wretchedness prevail amongst the people. No place in the republic is better situated for commerce, were the people and the government disposed to encourage it; but no such disposition is manifested by cither: and those merchants, who ates, commercial enterprise, and every other good quality appertaining to man, is sure to sink to the lowest ebb. This may appear extraordinary, but it is true, and the city of Santo Domingo is an example of what I now write; for at this moment it certainly is in a state of inconceivable miscry, and the greatest poverty and wretchedness prevail amongst the people. No place in the republic is better situated for commerce, were the people and the government disposed to encourage it; but no such disposition is manifested by cither: and those merchants, who --- Page 311 --- OR SAINT DOMINGO. CHAP. x.] had extensive dealings with the Spanish formerly to leaveit and take Main, have thougheitadviseable where they are likely up their abode in a country and may be able to to receive some encouragement, chance of receiving invest their capital, with some return for their industry. an equivalent mile in circumference, and The city is nearly a fourteen thouat this time does not contain above time of the although in the sand inhabitants, its attached district, it conSpaniards, including thousand, and yet the population tained twenty-two increased exceedis said by the government to have ingly. of Santo Domingo is a very inThe harbour much exposed to the south different one, being too for holding. It was winds, but the ground is good Duckworth in this harbour that Admiral Sir John of French squadron in the beginning defeated a under the walls 1806. They were at anchor nearly which they reof the city, from the batteries of British were not but the ceived some protection; everyobstacle at defiance, to be intimidated. Putting the French line in they boldly entered, attacked victory, taking succession, and obtained a decisive and destroying the greatest part. the eastern side The river Ozama, which washes and is of of the city, is a strong and wide stream, carries off a advantage to it, as it not only great deal of the decayed animal and vegetable great --- Page 312 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. X. matter that is at times to be found in the vicinity, but offers great facilities for floating down timber and for carrying provisions and produce from the interior ofthe country. To the westward of the city of Santo Domingo as far as Jacmel, the whole country is very little inhabited, although it is most beautifully picturesque, and affords every encouragement to the cultivator from the extreme richness ofits soil. The bayofOcoa has several convenient anchorages for shipping, and it is here that the largest quantity of mahogany and dye-woods is shipped for Europe and the United States ; and formerly cattle were purchased, of which the supply was extensive and the prices exceedingly cheap. The Neyva, a river which has its source in the mountains of Cibas, and runs through a very rich and delightfully romantic district, emptying itselfinto a bay of the same name, receives vessels of small draught of water, for the purpose of conveying the products of the country on its banks to Jacmel for a market. In the neighbourhood of the banks of the Neyva are many remains of sugar settlements. This district is well watered, and occasionally shaded from the power of the sun ; and as the soil is strong, it must have been highly productive in sugar as well as congenial for the breeding of cattle: nothing can excced its verdure, and its fertility is gencrally admitted. The palmetto, or mountain-cabbage, grows vessels of small draught of water, for the purpose of conveying the products of the country on its banks to Jacmel for a market. In the neighbourhood of the banks of the Neyva are many remains of sugar settlements. This district is well watered, and occasionally shaded from the power of the sun ; and as the soil is strong, it must have been highly productive in sugar as well as congenial for the breeding of cattle: nothing can excced its verdure, and its fertility is gencrally admitted. The palmetto, or mountain-cabbage, grows --- Page 313 --- DOMINGO. CHAP. x.] OR SAINT state, demonin this district in a most flourishing the richness of the soil, as this vegetable strating high perfection except in will not arrive at very of where the soil possesses great tracts country, moderate degree of nutritive powers as well as a moisture. to the west of the peninsula at From the Neyva of trade or Cape Tiburon the only places now any Jacof the least note, are Jacmel and Aux Cases. of great trade from its mel was formerly a place convenient for carrysituation, being so immediately of the ing on an intercourse with the Spanish ports South and likewise with the Spanish ports in island, with Jamaica, America; it had also a communication annihiwhich was valuable to it, but the restriction lated this branch of its commerce ; and as theinterwith South America subsided when the recourse it lost its comvolution in that country commenced, inconsiderand it is now a poor merce altogether, and without inhabitants able place, without trade, of or means. The vicinity of any respectability celebrated for the extent of Jacmel was never much to its means its cultivation, though in proportion to the cultivator seemed to meet his exthe returns and coffec were the principal pectations. Sugar some cotton and a small proporarticles of growth ; tion of indigo were also produced. Scarcely any coffee, and but little thing is now produced except places to of that commodity. The intermediate --- Page 314 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CIAP. X. Aux Cases are now nearly neglected, Aquin being the only one now frequented ; and there are only a few inhabitants, such as fishermen, who carry on a kind of contraband trade in coffee to avoid the export duty, which can be done in these quarters easily enough, the officers of the customs being SO ill paid by the government, that they are necessitated to make up the deficiency by participating in the profit of defrauding the revenue over which they are placed as guardians. Aux Cases is a place of some trade and a port from which is shipped a large portion of the produce of this part of the country. In the neighbourhood of Aux Cases the soil is exceedingly productive, and to the cultivator used to return as much as any other part of the island, requiring at the same time less labour and less means; but now, however, like its adjoining districts, it has gone into great neglect, and exhibits on the face ofit that relaxation in the culture which is SO general throughout the republic. Indeed in the whole of this part the sugar caneis but little planted; in fact, with the exception of an instance or two in which English gentlemen happen to hold property in trust, the cane plantations are but little attended to; ; they are allowed to go on years in succession without cleaning, without manure, or any other requisite to render them productive. There are several British houses in Aux Cases who used to carry on an extensive like its adjoining districts, it has gone into great neglect, and exhibits on the face ofit that relaxation in the culture which is SO general throughout the republic. Indeed in the whole of this part the sugar caneis but little planted; in fact, with the exception of an instance or two in which English gentlemen happen to hold property in trust, the cane plantations are but little attended to; ; they are allowed to go on years in succession without cleaning, without manure, or any other requisite to render them productive. There are several British houses in Aux Cases who used to carry on an extensive --- Page 315 --- CHAP. x.] OR SAINT DOMINGO. trade with the interior, and with the Spanish Main and Jamaica, but they have sustained considerable losses by the Haytians ; and the restriction precludintercourse with other islands, they have ing an of to the South Ameonly the chance adventuring rican ports, and this only has been permitted reof the body; for of late cently by an act legislative but goods exported received no drawback, years to the full duties, unless they were were subjected when they only paid exported within six months, half duties, or six per cent. But even this permission cannot benefit the merchant here, the trade direct to the Spanish Main supplying that market that the chance of an advantageous SO abundantly, speculation is but very doubtful. The whole of this vicinity and the district southward of the mountains of La Hotte, may be said to present the finest field for agricultural operations. A rich and nutritive soil, a congenial climatc, and fine, refreshing, and seasonable rains, with a plentiful of water, all co-operating, hold out to the culsupply to exert his skill tivator the greatest encouragement which and lindustry,and to avail himself oft those gifts the hand of Providence has SO liberally dispensed. But in the Haytian no such energy must be expected; nothing requiring the least effort of the mind or exertion of the body will rouse the energy of that slothful and inactive being, who idles awayhis time, careless of the consequences that may spring from --- Page 316 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. X. his negligence and his irresistible desire for repose and quietude. In fact, I fear that nothing can be done that can prove effectual in stimulating the Haytian; it would be a task of no little labour to lead him; to drive him, would perhaps endanger the state. From Aux Cases through the country by Cape Tiburon to Jeremie, cultivation appears generally in a very backward state. The passing traveller Eees nothing to attract him, except now and then an object which reminds him that the vicinity was once the scene of great havoc and desolation, and that all that was valuable and useful had been destroyed by some general convulsion. The remains of habitations, remnants of walls, and scattered implements of tropical labour, are to be seen in all directions. Here an iron boiler, half buried in the surface; there an old iron shaft of a mill, or some other part of the apparatus for the manufacture of sugar, and often a dismounted cannon, arrest the attention of the traveller as the wretched memorials ofa devastating war. In the district of Jeremic, which produced at one period large crops of coffee, cocoa, indigo, and cotton, but few symptoms of agricultural industry are visible. The finest plantations of the French arc now totallyobscured and overspread with the creeper, the windband, and numberless other species of indigenous weeds. In vain docs the traveller look for an old iron shaft of a mill, or some other part of the apparatus for the manufacture of sugar, and often a dismounted cannon, arrest the attention of the traveller as the wretched memorials ofa devastating war. In the district of Jeremic, which produced at one period large crops of coffee, cocoa, indigo, and cotton, but few symptoms of agricultural industry are visible. The finest plantations of the French arc now totallyobscured and overspread with the creeper, the windband, and numberless other species of indigenous weeds. In vain docs the traveller look for --- Page 317 --- DOMINGO. CHAP. x.] OR SAINT of those settlements which wore the gay appearance and for those plantations that enriched the culture, them in that ease and affluproprietors, and placed to which their industry and their perseverance ence entitled them. Instead of such a scene, SO justly towards the capithe whole country, as we approach and tal, exhibits nothing but neglect and waste, their concomitants, poverty and wretchedness. which once excited the adThe plains Leogane, and formed the scene of SO miration of travellers, contention during the heat of the rebellion, are much cultivated, and on the elevations that surpartially isin some places selected bya setround them a patch tler for the raising of vegetables for his own consumpcould nothing which indicated a tion; but I perceive of cultivation, or which had the appearregular scene likely to be beneficial ance of a system of agriculture of of the soil. This state things to the proprietor district; however not confined to a particular appears of negligence throughout the there is a similarity of the and it would be an invidious whole republic, distinction to select one part as worse than another. Nothing can be more laborious, nor more inconthan travelling in Hayti, venient and unpleasant, from the want of inns from the state of the roads, and from the innumerable rivers for accommodation, which the traveller has to pass, and streams over often and which, at all seasons, he is obliged to ford, swimming his horse, and exposed to great danger X --- Page 318 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. X. from the rapidity and force of the current (to say nothing of being nearly up to his shoulders in water). There are no bridgesin the island; the Haytians being all good swimmers, and much addicted to ablutions, deem them unnecessary. In the time of the French, the roads through the whole of their division were admirable; indeed they were admitted to be the best in the West Indies; the materials being adjacent to them, and the expense of putting them on the required parts SO very trifling, they were always kept in the most perfect order, and carriages of all descriptions could pass with the same facility as in any country in Europe, from one extremity of the colony to the other. The accommodations for strangers too were of the first order, and no inconvenience was experienced for the want of those comforts SO requisite after a journey under a tropical sun. But the scene is quite changed. It is almost impossible to describe the state of the roads at this moment. It is evident that, notwithstanding the heavy contributions levied for their repair, they have remained untouched since the revolution, and there seems a disposition on the part of the government to efface every vestige of the former roads, leaving the people who travel to beat out their own way in the most easy manner they can. On approaching the capital, they are, it is true, somewhat better than in the interior. Here a little attention is bestowed upon them, whilst in other districts they are unno- It is almost impossible to describe the state of the roads at this moment. It is evident that, notwithstanding the heavy contributions levied for their repair, they have remained untouched since the revolution, and there seems a disposition on the part of the government to efface every vestige of the former roads, leaving the people who travel to beat out their own way in the most easy manner they can. On approaching the capital, they are, it is true, somewhat better than in the interior. Here a little attention is bestowed upon them, whilst in other districts they are unno- --- Page 319 --- OR SAINT DOMINGO. CHAP. x.] sentenced to labour on the ticed. All the criminals of Port au in the vicinity roads are employed Prince; and this seems to be a measure suggested economical, as the criminals have an from its being themselves by begging. opportunity of supporting in this part how It may not be amiss to explain shew in the republic, and to the criminals are treated has with regard what nice feelings the government and treatment during the hours of labour, to their for. All crimithe way in which they are provided roads nals who are sentenced to work on the public stated time, are not chained together, but for a the rope being first attached roped together by pairs, the where it the then descending to body, to neck, the ends of the ropes are joined, SO as is fastened: ; of about three yards between the to leave the space They labour from criminals thus tied together. interval of until sunset, being allowed an daylight hour and a half for dinner at noon. The about an for them; but to government pretends to provide of these crimisave the expense of provisions, two bayonets by two soldiers with theirl nals, accompanied to about to beg provisions fixed, are permitted go and unless they for the subsistence of the whole, successful, they get but a very chance to be very left to fast until the allowance, and often are poor in of about fifteen or next day. They are gangs soldiers, twenty, and over every gang nearly as many force them all armed, are placed to and an officer, X 2 --- Page 320 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. X, to labour. At night they are incarcerated in the gaol, and their bed is composed simply of boards without any covering; they are allowed no supper. Admitting their criminality to be great, and their punishment just, still such a system has a of : degree barbarity in it which can never prevail except among savage nations. What ! convicted felons sentenced to hard labour, and directed to beg for their subsistence at the point of the bayonet! It seems incredible. The thing is too revolting to be admitted, many will say; but I declare it to be a fact, and call upon the people ofHayti to contradict itif they can. It is the labour of these criminals which alone renders the roads approaching the city somewhat passable. From Jacmel to the capital, the road is in the worst state, and it is evident that it has not undergone any repair since the revolution. It is almost impassable in places, and never receives the least attention from one end of the year to the other. If the roads were in a condition to offer the least encouragement to travellers, I cannot imagine a more romantic nor a more enchanting ride. Ascending the lofty mountain of Tavite, the scenery is beautiful. To the southward is seen the Carribean sea, with Jacmel and its plain immediately below; on the other side may be viewed the island of Gonaives, the bay of Port au Prince, with the town of Leogane and its extensive plains. In every direction impassable in places, and never receives the least attention from one end of the year to the other. If the roads were in a condition to offer the least encouragement to travellers, I cannot imagine a more romantic nor a more enchanting ride. Ascending the lofty mountain of Tavite, the scenery is beautiful. To the southward is seen the Carribean sea, with Jacmel and its plain immediately below; on the other side may be viewed the island of Gonaives, the bay of Port au Prince, with the town of Leogane and its extensive plains. In every direction --- Page 321 --- x.] OR SAINT DOMINGO. CHAP. also are to be secn small cordilleras intersecting, whose verdure is perenbetween which are valleys of the most luxunial, and having natural pastures visited by the husriant growth, which are seldom and remain untouched by beast. bandman, the of the western From the capital to extremity bad. and Aux Cases, the roads are very peninsula latter a chaise may penetrate by way To the place Morogane, and Aquin ; of Leogane, Petit Goane, to travel however who are accustomed few persons would venture to drive, but between the two places safest mode of travelling. would rather ride, as the the old to the north from Port au Prince, Going but in such a state as to be in places road remains, When the country was in culalmost impassable. roads were in their finest order, tivation, and these of the the northern departments a tour through the traveller much gracountry must have afforded tification. Haytien, the road is From Gonaives to Cape and in fact, somewhat more easy for travellers, the whole of Christophe's country, they throughout better than in the south, for he attended are infinitely that they were kept in good to their repairs, and saw about half way between condition. The Escalier, and deserves the notice of strangers, the two places, road in the westperhaps is the most extraordinary that are to with the exception of some ern world, Columbia and in Mexico. No name be met with in --- Page 322 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. X. could be more appropriate, for it certainly has the appearance of a staircase. This road ascends very high, and the precipices on its side are enough to intimidate the boldest rider who attempts to ascend or descend it. Through the whole of the republic I believe there is not a decent inn for the accommodation of travellers; at all events, I never had the good fortune to find one, nor did I hear of one in any direction. There are huts on the road side, into which those who are travelling sometimes go to obtain lodging for the night; but even in these, a bed would not be easily found, and instead of a pallet, some boards thrown on the floor must suffice to repose on. On the summit of the mountains of Tavite, there is a hut of this description, and on passing that road on one occasion I was benighted, and took up my abode there until morning. A bed I was unable to obtain, there being only one in the house, and that was taken up by a Frenchman who had arrived a little before me. Mine hostess of the mountain, however, being a good-natured sable creature, was kind enough to prepare a place on which I might recline during my stay. Whilst she was engaged in adjusting my apartment, I thought it a measure of necessity to prepare myself for it by a copious libation of brandy, as a somniferous cordial; a great requisite in these Haytian inns, as one is sometimes rather disturbed by all insect that is very common in them, and of taken up by a Frenchman who had arrived a little before me. Mine hostess of the mountain, however, being a good-natured sable creature, was kind enough to prepare a place on which I might recline during my stay. Whilst she was engaged in adjusting my apartment, I thought it a measure of necessity to prepare myself for it by a copious libation of brandy, as a somniferous cordial; a great requisite in these Haytian inns, as one is sometimes rather disturbed by all insect that is very common in them, and of --- Page 323 --- x.] OR SAINT DOMINGO. CHAP. matter for a man to disencumwhich it is not an easy pertinaas they evince an extraordinary ber himself, the and excite a sensation city in adhering to body, Having fortified not at all calculated to invite sleep. of my dreaded myself against the offensive operations but this I prepared to enter my apartment, dimensions enemy, its with some difficulty, was attended for a dwarf, and not calculated being only sufficient the middle size. I somewhat beyond for a person to resort to the plan usually therefore was obliged of small vessels, by putting my adopted on board to get in my body head in first, and then by degrees four feet square, on and legs; and this place about being one of those boards covered with my cloak, for stranapartments of the inn usually appropriated To sleep lodging for the night. gers, became my the rats, and croaking for bugs, was impossible, the whole night, and I rose lizards, haunted me as when I before daylight just as fatigued again before, and with the additional arrived the evening dollar to pay for my bed. knowledge of having a in the British colonies The houses of the negroes this inn for travellerss ; with are a palace compared the most frequented places in and yet this is one of the republic. of the West Indies there are publie In most parts frequently resort for amuseplaces to which people there is no such thing in ment on holidays, but occasionally go from Hayti, except when parties --- Page 324 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. X. Port au Prince to the lakes of the Cul de Sac, but even this is attended with great inconvenience, there being no places for the reception of travellers; and persons are therefore obliged to seek and beg temporary accommodations of the people in their vicinity, from whom at times you do not receive much civility, and they exact enormously for thing you purchase. Were there any place fit every for the reception of people, a tour to the lakes is worth undertaking, though the roads to them, like all the rest, are execrable. The largest of these lakes is named La Laguna de Henriquillo, and is about fifty miles in circumference, situate to the eastward of the old line of demarcation, and about miles from the sea at the mouth of the Rio de thirty Pedernales. Its water is salt, and although at this distance from the coast, there is the same motion in its waters as in the neighbouring ocean. The country on its banks is exceedingly attractive and highly picturesque, and exhibits a scene of natural fertility and beauty scarcely to be equalled in any other of the Antilles. The part game peculiar to the country is very abundant in this district, and the inhabitants who reside near the lakes subsist solely upon it and the fish which they can obtain in grcat abundance. The smaller lake, called Etang du Cul de Sac, contains fresh water, and the fish in it are numerous. Thc soil in the vicinity of these lakes very is the deepest and richest mould, and not having banks is exceedingly attractive and highly picturesque, and exhibits a scene of natural fertility and beauty scarcely to be equalled in any other of the Antilles. The part game peculiar to the country is very abundant in this district, and the inhabitants who reside near the lakes subsist solely upon it and the fish which they can obtain in grcat abundance. The smaller lake, called Etang du Cul de Sac, contains fresh water, and the fish in it are numerous. Thc soil in the vicinity of these lakes very is the deepest and richest mould, and not having --- Page 325 --- OR SAINT DOMINGO. CHAP. x] has become been disturbed for tillage, for years from the animal and vegetable highly nutritive, annually upon its surface. matter which decays the republic is The value of land throughout ofn making from theimpossibility greatlydeteioraued, moderate time. value from it within any a money and the difficulty of finding Labour being SO high, that the lands labourers for cultivation SO very great, lie in an unin the possession of the government the slightest tilled state, without any person evincing Land also in the posdisposition to purchase them. cireumstanced; session of individuals is similarly cannot effect a and those who are large proprietors have beyond which they may sale of any produce consequently which they can consume; the quantity immense extent of land, a proprietor may have an derive any benefit and yet be quite unable to it into money, from it by cultivation, or to convert I have before for the want of purchasers. Thus, as in the country, wealth stated, there is no individual large landed because, although a man may have very still those possessions are unavailable, possessions, as he can seldom find for they produce him nothing, them. disposed either to occupy or purchase persons instances of proprietors leasing There are some who undertake to cultivate their lands to persons about one-third of them, for which they receive but this is far from being general, the produce; by military and I imagine can only be accomplished --- Page 326 --- PKESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. X. men who have the command of troops, and who are thereby enabled to till them by working parties daily sent out for that purpose. The finest land in the republic would not sell for more than sixty dollars per acre, although contiguous to a port for shipping, and of a quality SO strong and nutritive, as to be capable of growing any ofthe tropical productions. The mountain-lands, and the lighter descriptions in the plains, suitable for cocoa and cotton, can be obtained for a price varying between twenty and thirty dollars in any quantity from ten to five hundred acres. In the plains of the Artibanite, where the soil is exceedingly rich and fertilized by the overflowings of that river in the months of May and November, and which has been yearly improving its condition, from having been upwards of thirty years out of cultivation, I have known small plots ofland, for horticultural sold for forty dollars per acre. In those purposes, districts where indigo and cotton were formerly most generally planted, for the growth of which the soil is suitable, the situation peculiarly adapted, and the climate and scasons congenial, the price of land seldom exceeds thirty dollars per acre. Il know an instance of a sale of land, once an old cotton plantation, which only brought twenty dollars per acre for one part, and about twelve for another. In the northern department, about Limonde and La Grande Rivière, land is exccedingly low, and icultural sold for forty dollars per acre. In those purposes, districts where indigo and cotton were formerly most generally planted, for the growth of which the soil is suitable, the situation peculiarly adapted, and the climate and scasons congenial, the price of land seldom exceeds thirty dollars per acre. Il know an instance of a sale of land, once an old cotton plantation, which only brought twenty dollars per acre for one part, and about twelve for another. In the northern department, about Limonde and La Grande Rivière, land is exccedingly low, and --- Page 327 --- CHAP. x.] OR SAINT DOMINGO. its high repute for all the purposes notwithstanding it seldom exceeds forty or forty-five of cultivation, at those prices it is diffidollars per acre, and even for mere plots to be cult to find purchasers, except The finest pastureoccupied in raising vegetables. of shade and water, lands, having all the advantages can scarcely and in all the luxuriance of vegetation, above forty doland will not bring find purchasers, to lands on the coast lars per acre. With respect unless they happen to they are generally in waste, of a town, when some in the vicinity be immediately small settlements for vegeof them are occupied as for the markets : but tables and for raising poultry of sugar or coffee there are no extensive plantations although formerly the situate very near the cultivation sea, as far as it was pracwhole coast was in ticable to extend it. in the neighbourhood In the plains of Cul de Sac, land is a little occuof La Croix des Bouquets, the who have held pied, but in possession ofindividuals the time of Toussaint and it since the distribution in this of the country Dessalines; and although in part land hardly deep and strong, the soil is exceedingly again in the mountains Land finds purchasers. to its situation. In those varies in price according cordilleras that are sO nuvalleys surrounded by the which the verdure is merous in the country, and in and have a deconstant, which are finely watered, the land through the ycar, lightful temperature --- Page 328 --- 316 PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, ETC. [CIIAP. X. sometimes brings fifty dollars per acre, whilst tracts exposed to the north and north-casterly winds, and having rapid descents, are seldom worth purchasing, and few people buy them; they are generally given by the government to superannuated soldiers, who are allowed to leave the army and turn cultivators. Land in the towns and cities is sold at moderate prices, much lower than might be imagined. A lot, containing a frontage of sixty feet, with a depth of forty or fifty feet, eligibly situate for the purposes of trade, may be bought in Port au Prince for about two hundred dollars. This may scem surprising to persons unacquainted with the country, and who have been led to believe that Hayti is in a most flourishing state; but it is true, and at once shews that poverty is generally prevalent, and that there is no security for property in whatcver commodity it may be vested. Houses and land are a very insecure tenure under such a government as that which at prcsent exists in Hayti, and whilst such a constitution endures, and such inefficicnt persons are permitted to command, but little improvement can be expected, and the value of property, instead ofincreasing, will certainly decline. who have been led to believe that Hayti is in a most flourishing state; but it is true, and at once shews that poverty is generally prevalent, and that there is no security for property in whatcver commodity it may be vested. Houses and land are a very insecure tenure under such a government as that which at prcsent exists in Hayti, and whilst such a constitution endures, and such inefficicnt persons are permitted to command, but little improvement can be expected, and the value of property, instead ofincreasing, will certainly decline. --- Page 329 --- CHAPTER XI. in Toussaint's and Dessalines' time. Agrieulture-Crops: under System of Christophe and Petion-Decline to revive it. Boyer.- _Crops in his time.-Attempts Rural--doubts on enforcCoercion resorted to.-Code from of Flands.-Consequences ing its clauses-Disposal of cultivation of it-Incompeteney of planters.-State labour-Consugar, coffee, cocoa, cotton, indigo.--Freel etc. sequences arising from it-its inefficacy, endeavour to detail the decline of I SHALL now and to offer a few remarks agriculture in Hayti, to shew that under upon its present state; as well as faint hopes the present ineflicient government, very that the only can be held out of any revival, or and of Hayti can ever reach that eminence republic to Saint Domingo as a repute which once belonged French colony. of this work I have observed that In various parts immediately the decline of agriculture commenced and impolitic measures purafter the improvident of France, and after sued by the national assembly and the first partial revolt of the slave population: have that all the energy of the successive chiefs who have governed the country, and who subsequently several edicts to enforce or encourage promulgated --- Page 330 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. XI. cultivation, has not been sufficiently powerful to keep up that regular system of tillage from which, in her former state, she derived such advantages. True it is, that great efforts were made by Toussaint, Dessalines, and Christophe, to infuse into the people a taste for husbandry, and to impress on them that the surest way to arrive at affluence is by an undeviating perseverance in the cultivation of those lands which had fallen into their possession; that the only true riches of a country are to be derived from the soil ; and that commerce, although a very powerful auxiliary, is only a secondary means by which a nation can arrive at opulence, or its people attain to any advancement in wealth. But their efforts were unavailing in part, though they certainly did more to keep up cultivation than has been attempted since their days. The proclamation of Toussaint in the year 1800 was a powerful document, and had a great effect as an incitement to labour; and his solicitude respecting an intercourse with Europe and the United States shewed that he wished to adopt every expedient by which encouragement could be given to the cultivator ; to find a vent for their productions, in order to enhance their value, and thus stimulate the occupiers of the soil to further exertions. He was extremely solicitous to introduce an organized system of cultivation which would eventually aggrandize his country. Coercion he knew to be absolutely necessary. He was well 0 was a powerful document, and had a great effect as an incitement to labour; and his solicitude respecting an intercourse with Europe and the United States shewed that he wished to adopt every expedient by which encouragement could be given to the cultivator ; to find a vent for their productions, in order to enhance their value, and thus stimulate the occupiers of the soil to further exertions. He was extremely solicitous to introduce an organized system of cultivation which would eventually aggrandize his country. Coercion he knew to be absolutely necessary. He was well --- Page 331 --- OR SAINT DOMINGO. CHAP. xI.] without this nothing could be accomaware that of fecling rendered plished. But the state popular labour a the rigid exaction of duty in agricultural decided on experiment; he therefore dangerous between two extremes which, adopting a mean among the peowhile it excited no dissatisfaction of his governple, would provide for the exigences ment. unquestionably pursued a plan which, Toussaint seized by the French general, and had he not been of honour and nations sO inin defiance of the laws would in time have humanly transported to France, his country far restored agriculture, and placed SO that in a few years it in SO Aourishing a condition, of would have rivalled even the most happy period oband commercial greatness. His its agricultural advance by degrees, and to ject was clearly to the culture of the soil, by stimulate his people to it as the most noble pursuit of which they holding up choice; to infuse into them a could possibly make them a relish for taste for industry; and to give required, which cultivation those rural occupations rich and fertile soil of and for which, the extremely reward the country would SO amply and SO quickly imthem. He had also made great strides towards them with an idea that they had many pressing which, although artificial, yet were necessary wants, them in the opinion of the world. towards advancing and to impress it To teach them this effectually, --- Page 332 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. XI. seriously, would have been a work of time, but he made great efforts, and he began to perceive that they had not becn unavailing. But wherever he discovered an invincible indisposition to receive thesc salutary lessons and a total disregard of his admonitions and persuasions, he tried what force would accomplish : and consequently the law for enforcing agriculture was enacted, and all people were directed to make choice of the plantations on which they were disposed to labour, prohibiting all persons from living in idleness and sloth. The estate and the employer being thus once selected, the labourer was not permitted to recall his choice, unless permission to do this were granted him by the officer commanding the district or one of the municipal authorities. Hence the labourers became once more slaves in fact, although not SO in name. When this law was promulgated, Toussaint began to exert the power which he possessed to enforce it, and cultivation began to raise its head in a most eminent degree. The sugar estates exhibited labour going on with the same spirit and success as in former times; the coffee settlements displayed a busy scene in every direction throughout the colony; and the cotton and cocoa plantations shewed that they were not to be neglected in the midst of this animated and interesting struggle for the revival of a country's greatness and a nation's wealth. But here coercion did the work, here was compulsory name. When this law was promulgated, Toussaint began to exert the power which he possessed to enforce it, and cultivation began to raise its head in a most eminent degree. The sugar estates exhibited labour going on with the same spirit and success as in former times; the coffee settlements displayed a busy scene in every direction throughout the colony; and the cotton and cocoa plantations shewed that they were not to be neglected in the midst of this animated and interesting struggle for the revival of a country's greatness and a nation's wealth. But here coercion did the work, here was compulsory --- Page 333 --- OR SAINT DOMINGO. CIIAP. xI.] resorted to, because it was sanctioned by the labour those who held the power were more than law, and to resist it. equal to those who felt a disposition that symbol of office of the principal The whip, with, it is true, but the cultinegro, was dispensed the of a more vators were placed under apprehension for they were attended through effective weapon, and the bayonet and the day by a military guard, the lash. To the the sabre superseded the cat and astonishment of the leading people in the country, cultivators submitted to this coercion without a the until French intrigue was murmur; and it was not into their minds industriously set to work to instil their condition was worse than when they were that was shewn to oppose slaves, that any disposition labour; and even this the principle of compulsory When we opposition was far from being general. under take into consideration that the population diminished, and that the Toussaint had greatly little more cultivators in his time exceeded very than half of the slaves that were employed in agriculture in the time of the French, and compare the of produce at the respective periods, it must returns the of coercion resorted to be evident that system must have been to the full as rigid by Toussaint, former period, or it as that which existed at any carried would have been impossible for him to have on cultivation to SO great an extent. stated the In the early part of this work I have Y --- Page 334 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. XI. quantity of produce exported in the year 1791, which was the most flourishing period of the French, and the number of slaves that were employed in the colony. That the reader may more clearly see the difference at the two periods, I shall enumerate the principal articles again. It appears by various authorities that the exports were as follow: in 1791Sugar 163,405,220 pounds. Coffee 68,151,180 ditto, Cotton 6,286,126 ditto. Indigo 930,016 ditto. Molasses 29,502 hogsheads. Rum 303 puncheons. And that there were employed for all the purposes of cultivation, four hundred and fifty-five thousand slaves. The most productive ycar under his sway, will be found to exhibit the following returns of exports : Sugar 53,400,000 pounds. Coffee 34,370,000 ditto. Cotton . 4,050,000 ditto. Cocoa 234,600 ditto. Indigo 37,600 ditto. Molasses - 9,128 hogsheads. According to Mr. Humboldt, the cultivators employed to carry on the whole of the works of agriculture, and to produce the above exports, did not exceed two hundred and ninety thousand. In addi- thousand slaves. The most productive ycar under his sway, will be found to exhibit the following returns of exports : Sugar 53,400,000 pounds. Coffee 34,370,000 ditto. Cotton . 4,050,000 ditto. Cocoa 234,600 ditto. Indigo 37,600 ditto. Molasses - 9,128 hogsheads. According to Mr. Humboldt, the cultivators employed to carry on the whole of the works of agriculture, and to produce the above exports, did not exceed two hundred and ninety thousand. In addi- --- Page 335 --- DOMINGO. CHAP. xI.] OR SAINT returns should be taken into tion to the foregoing which the soil had consideration the condition into the exertions and the judicious been brought by this chief from the year 1798, measures pursued by to the time when he became the leader of the people, of his seizure. All those estates on which culture recommenced, were SO much had SO successfally improved by his system, that the greatest expectrespecting the produce of ations were entertained fall of this and the future exertions; but the chicf, of the contest between the people and the renewal again into confusion, and French, threw every thing with the the work of cultivation for a time ceased, of the exertions made by the women, who exception and their efforts were applied themselves to labour, unavailing, for they proceeded with not altogether which was exthe lighter labour of the plantations, ceedingly beneficial. the When Dessalines assumed the command, of irritability, and he country was in a state great therefore devote that attention to agriculcould not had done. But when he ture which his predecessor French from the had succeeded in expelling the island, and had restored some degree of tranquillity, became somewhat free from appreand the people hension of future broils, he began to devise means cultivation; but he wanted the disfor reviving of crction and the temper, as well as that knowledge which Toussaint possessed. The latter the people Y 2 --- Page 336 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. XE. pursued a system of culture, that in the first instance was easy and acceptable to them, and when he saw that they began to relax in their duty, he began to enforce it more rigidly, and under the sanction of the law inflicted punishment with no light hand, in cases of disobedience and refractory conduct. But Dessalines acted differently and most injudiciously, for he rushed upon the cultivators SO suddenly, and with so tyrannical a hand, that disobedience began to be general; and those people who had in his predecessor's time been the most industriousyand most forward in setting an example to their fellow-labourers became supine and inactive through his oppressive proceedings. Dessalines knew well that force alone could compel his countrymen to work, and that nothing could be obtained from them if they were left to their own will; but he was too precipitate and hasty in introducing his measures of coercion. He even compelled his soldiers to labour in the field in parties, on such of the government estates as had not been farmed out, and for which they received a trifling addition to their regular military pay. But all his exertions were ineffectual in producing such returns as those which followed the efforts of Toussaint. Both knew that coercion was the only way by which cultivation could be carried on, and they both resorted to it. With one it succeeded in a degree which equalled his most sanguine expectations, because he advanced pro- measures of coercion. He even compelled his soldiers to labour in the field in parties, on such of the government estates as had not been farmed out, and for which they received a trifling addition to their regular military pay. But all his exertions were ineffectual in producing such returns as those which followed the efforts of Toussaint. Both knew that coercion was the only way by which cultivation could be carried on, and they both resorted to it. With one it succeeded in a degree which equalled his most sanguine expectations, because he advanced pro- --- Page 337 --- DOMINGO. CHAP. xI.] OR SAINT and the people did not feel it SO segressively, whilst the other burst upon the cultivators verely; hand and inflicted such punishwith an unmerciful them determine on ments for disobedience as made foland the consequence was, that a revolt resistance, fell. By a document given lowed, and Dessalines and who now living in Hayti, me by an individual it to' the suite of the tyrant, appears was attached his returns that with all his power and exertions, the soil fell much below those of his predefrom which seems to have yielded about cessor. In 1804, the exports the largest return of his three years, were the following:- 47,600,000 pounds. Sugar 31,000,000 ditto. Coffee 3,000,000 ditto. Cotton 201,800 ditto. Cocoa 55,400 ditto. Indigo 10,655 hogsheads. Molasses number of the cultivators at this period has The though I have been informed by not been stated, individuals that they were as numerous respectable but that from the very as in the time of' Toussaint, left of Dessalines a great number harsh proceedings and fled to the eastern part of the island, their homes in the woods and recesses of the and there lived mountains until they heard ofhis death. In the time of Christophe and Petion the culture carried on by the former with some of the soil was --- Page 338 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. XI. spirit, whilst the latter allowed it to relax in a most extraordinary degrec. Christophe pursued it with strong compulsory measures, as may be scen by his adoption of the code of Toussaint, but Petion left every thing to the will and inclination of his people. The government of the north, by means of its agricultural pre-eminence, had a flowing treasury, and its people advanced in affluence from the effects of industry; 2 but the government of the south, from supineness and from a disregard of cultivation, was reduced to the lowest state of poverty, and was driven to expedients exceedingly ruinous in their consequences. By Christophe the people were taught to love agricultural pursuits, as conducive to their happiness and comforts; and were made to understand that cultivation would be enforced, and that the disobedient and the indolent would be visited with the full penalty of the law. By Petion every class of persons were permitted to pursue those courses to which their tastes and their will led them. Uncontrolled by any regulations of the state, they never pursued cultivation beyond their own immediate wants; and beyond the supply of those wants, which were inconsiderable, no surplus was left for the use of government or for the purposes of commerce. Whilst the north excited some degrec of interest in the mind of the traveller as he pursued his journey through its several districts, by an appearance of industry and cultivation, the south dis- with the full penalty of the law. By Petion every class of persons were permitted to pursue those courses to which their tastes and their will led them. Uncontrolled by any regulations of the state, they never pursued cultivation beyond their own immediate wants; and beyond the supply of those wants, which were inconsiderable, no surplus was left for the use of government or for the purposes of commerce. Whilst the north excited some degrec of interest in the mind of the traveller as he pursued his journey through its several districts, by an appearance of industry and cultivation, the south dis- --- Page 339 --- xI.] OR SAINT DOMINGO. CHAP. little more than occasional spots of vegetaplayed wandered over an expanse of countion, and the eye The mistaken try in a state of waste and neglect. in of Petion ruined the progress of agriculture policy and all his after efforts to restore its wonted his part, and unavailing. Fondly convigour were ineffectual defiding that his people would without compulsion of indusvote the whole of their time to the pursuits them to indulge in those propentry, he permitted prone. But sities to which they were naturally northern neighinstead of keeping pace with their they bours in the progress of agricultural industry, of recoreceded beyond the possibility evidently chance was left that agriculture very, and not a the weak and ineffectual meawould revive under sures of Petion's government. farmed out the Christophe most advantageously and at the same time he gave government. estates, possible support; but to the farmers of them every the culture of he most strictly bound them to push from the their lands as far as it was practicable the oflabourers; and he also ordained porpaucity which might be exacted from each tion of labour individual in the least acquainted of them. Every labour allotted for the slave in with the portion of admit, that the lathe British colonies will readily excessive, bour performed by them, far from being exceed the ordinary labour of man in gedocs not countries in Euneral throughout the agricultural --- Page 340 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. XI. rope or the United States of America. From every account which I have been able to collect, and from the testimony of living persons, Christophe exacted from every labourer the full performance of a day's labour as provided for by the twentysecond article of the law for regulating the culture of soil, and which forms a part of the Code Henry, and every proprietor who did not enforce it incurred his severest censure. The only thing which impeded the great advancement of cultivation in his dominions was his contest with Petion, and the necessity which that occasioned for his keeping up a powerful military establishment, which took away the most able of the cultivators for the army. After the union of the three divisions of the island under the republic, some hopes were entertained that Boyer would concert measures for reviving agriculture, although from his election to the presidential chair after the death of Petion, he had given no proofs, nor evinced the least desire to disturb the cultivators, but allowed them to follow such courses as seemed most congenial to their habits, and consequently, instead of any improvement in the condition of the country, there was evidently a greater decline; and as the population had been greatly increased, the whole country tranquil, and without the appearance of any interruption being given to it, a period more favourable could not have arrived for effecting a change of a system, which he must have , although from his election to the presidential chair after the death of Petion, he had given no proofs, nor evinced the least desire to disturb the cultivators, but allowed them to follow such courses as seemed most congenial to their habits, and consequently, instead of any improvement in the condition of the country, there was evidently a greater decline; and as the population had been greatly increased, the whole country tranquil, and without the appearance of any interruption being given to it, a period more favourable could not have arrived for effecting a change of a system, which he must have --- Page 341 --- OR SAINT DOMINGO. CHAP. xI.] attended with the most baneful conseseen was quences. advert to the quantity of produce obI shall now and it seems, tained from the soil after the union, the returns which were laid before the public from from a note which I had in 1823, and subsequently 1822, the presented to me in Hayti, that the year first after the union, was the most productive, year that there has bcen an evident and that since period decline. In 1822, the exports stood thus:- 35,117,834 pounds. Coffee 652,541 ditto. Sugar 891,950 ditto. Cotton 522,145 ditto. Cocoa 5,816,583 ditto. Logwood 20,100 feet. Mahogany The whole value of which, in Hayti, seems to have been estimated at about nine millions, thirty thouthree hundred and ninety-seven dollars, and sand, three hundred and the export dutics one million, thousand, four hundred and two dollars : sixty-five millions, three hundred and ninety-five together, ten dollars, or thousand, seven hundred and ninety-nine thousand, one hunabout two millions, seventy-nine the value dred and fifty-nine pounds sterling, taking of the dollar as in Hayti at four shillings sterling. has been equal in produce to No subsequent year for 1822, and in 1825 the returns are infinitely less, of coffee does not excced thirty million the quantity --- Page 342 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP.XI. pounds, sugar seven hundred and fifty thousand pounds, and the other articles somewhat less in proportion. The valuation of the whole in 1825 is' stated at cight millions of dollars, or thereabouts. Such is the wretched state to which the improvident measures of Boyer has brought agriculture in Hayti, and in this condition would the republic have remained, had he not attended to the suggestions of men wiser than himself, who have some knowledge of governing, and who are not such bigots as to be led by a mistaken philanthropy, when they perceive their country sinking under its injurious effects. An individual now high in the councils of Boyer made the strongest remonstrances against the unwise policy which he followed; and the late Baron Dupuy, a man who knew how the best interests of his country might be upheld, declared to him that by pursuing such a linei in future he would bring the republic to the brink of ruin. That it was folly to think of any expedients for raising their national wealth and consequence, except by encouraging and enforcing the cultivation of the soil, and extending their commercial intercourse by every possible means, for that agriculture and commerce were the only sources of national wealth. When we look into the state of the products in the time of Toussaint, and compare them with those of Boyer, itis a just conclusion to draw, that the one knew his peoplc, and the other feared them; that linei in future he would bring the republic to the brink of ruin. That it was folly to think of any expedients for raising their national wealth and consequence, except by encouraging and enforcing the cultivation of the soil, and extending their commercial intercourse by every possible means, for that agriculture and commerce were the only sources of national wealth. When we look into the state of the products in the time of Toussaint, and compare them with those of Boyer, itis a just conclusion to draw, that the one knew his peoplc, and the other feared them; that --- Page 343 --- OR SAINT DOMINGO. CHAP. xi.] compulsory means cnriched his counthe former by whilst the latter, by try, and kept the people quiet, has impounlimited latitude to indolence, giving and ruined them. This is the more extraverished when we look at the means of each ordinary, also, the soil, and the strength of chief for cultivating Toussaint's the population at ther respective periods. amounted population, according to Humboldt, only three hundred and seventy-five thousand, and by to taken in 1824, when the island was inthe census it amounted corporated under Boyer's government, three hunto nine hundred and thirty-five thousand, not SO that in 1822 it could dred and thirty-five, of that number. And suphave been many short to be correct, posing therefore the census of Boyer decrease ever known in the was such an astonishing and arising too means of any country in the world, of its ruler and the weakness from the incapacity of its goverment? and the exiWhen poverty began to be felt, of the state became alarmingly pressing, gences convinced that his policy had been Boyer became and that it was time to condefective and ruinous, for rousing himself from the lethargy cert plans had fallen. He was forced to scek into which he whose counsels he had advice from the very people them, and before rejected with disdain. He courted that they would suggest the most even begged, from that beneficial plans for relieving the country --- Page 344 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. XI. dilemma into which his precipitancy and obstinacy had thrown it. They again stepped forward, and their first suggestion was a rigid system of agriculture, the revival of' Toussaint's principle of culture, and the strict enforcement ofi it without any evasion or escape. It was by coercion that Toussaint, Dessalines, and even Christophe, raised their country, and by coercion only could Hayti recover its pristine condition. Her prosperity had received a stab, and it required skill and experience to restore her wonted vigour. Itis evident that the sugar plantations were nearly all thrown up, as the country scarcely produced more than was necessary for its own consumption. There were a few only that had the appearance of being cultivated, and those were in the possession of individuals connected with the government either in a civil or military capacity. On these plantations the work was generally performed by labouring parties from the military stations in their vicinity; and if labourers from the general class of cultivators were engaged, they never omitted to exact from them a due proportion of work, and they were always superintended by the gens d'armes, or country police, armed for the sole purpose of compelling them to the performance of their duty. A variety of expedients were tried, it is true, by the leading proprietors in the country, but more particularly by the military ones, for the purposc of civil or military capacity. On these plantations the work was generally performed by labouring parties from the military stations in their vicinity; and if labourers from the general class of cultivators were engaged, they never omitted to exact from them a due proportion of work, and they were always superintended by the gens d'armes, or country police, armed for the sole purpose of compelling them to the performance of their duty. A variety of expedients were tried, it is true, by the leading proprietors in the country, but more particularly by the military ones, for the purposc of --- Page 345 --- CHAP. xi.] OR SAINT DOMINGO, advancing cultivation by the most effectual The cane, requiring a greater means. than any other of the proportion of labour staple articles of little attended to ; it seemed therefore growth, was hold out inducements to adviseable to to undertake its culture. prevail upon the people been In many instances, Ihave informed, the proprietors have not them a fourth of the only offered tually produce, but they have acpromised a pecuniary remuneration in tion to it. Even this would addiwork, and nothing not induce them to a system of therefore remained but to adopt compulsory labour. That was resorted to, is a fact; but the law compulsion ciently strong to punish was not suffioffenders in the case of disobedience, and many delinquents, refractory many of the labourers, who had engaged to certain portion of perform a lected duty on a plantation, but to do sO, escaped that negthey deserved. punishment which The law for the better observance of the of the soil, until the Code culture speak hereafter, Rural, of which I shall made its deficient, and appearance, was extremely remain merely compelled all cultivators to on their respective and to to the duties settlements, attend and required on them, except on Sunday, and such Saturday holidays as were enumerated; but there was no particularly dience sufficient to deter penalty for disobeit. As far a man from being guilty of however as the proprietors dared to go --- Page 346 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. XI. in enforcing labour, many of them certainly proceeded, and in several instances I have seen the labourers working under the terror of the bayonet and sabre, and this too on the plantations of Boyer himself. I have seen it also on those of SecretaryGencral Inginac, Colonel Lerebour, General Jeddion, and General Mazuy, and several others. It was evident to every man in Hayti, at all conversant with the negro character, that an attempt to keep up cultivation without force was impossible, and many of the proprietors, themselves negroes, knew that by force only could they obtain labourers amongst their people. They knew that indolence in the negro was innate, and that it was absolutely impracticable to carry cn the work in the soil unless rigid laws were enacted to enforce it. The laws which had been passed by Toussaint and Dessalines had become SO mutilated by relaxation and modification, that they were little more than a dead letter; and the government, recovering from its apathy, and feeling the consequences of its loss of energy and want of decision, very wisely remonstrated with the president, and condemned further submission to the will of a people desirous to go on unrestrained in their indolent propensitics. This remonstrance was effectual, and Boyer acquiesced in the necessity of establishing a system of extensive cultivation, and of cnacting a law to provide for its due observance throughout his dominions. He saw the good effects than a dead letter; and the government, recovering from its apathy, and feeling the consequences of its loss of energy and want of decision, very wisely remonstrated with the president, and condemned further submission to the will of a people desirous to go on unrestrained in their indolent propensitics. This remonstrance was effectual, and Boyer acquiesced in the necessity of establishing a system of extensive cultivation, and of cnacting a law to provide for its due observance throughout his dominions. He saw the good effects --- Page 347 --- - CHAP. xI.] OR SAINT DOMINGO. which had arisen from the his own plantation at application of force on Tor, on which the worked under the surveillance of cultivators and he therefore became a military guard; for a law to sanction now as willing an advocate coercive labour, as he had been negligent in not providing for the culture of the from the beginning of his soil The Code Rural, the existence power. the subject of much of which has been ber of doubt, was passed by the ChamCommunes on the 21st of April, ted by the senate on the Ist 1826, admitofMay, and received the president's fiat on the 6th of the same month. took place during All this This law is the my residence in Port au Prince. work of aided by one or two of the Secretary-General members Inginac, ber and the senate. from the chamlaw in the Chamber During the discussion of this of Communes, it was by one of the most remarked intelligent ofits it was a measure of members, <that cultivators expediency, for that the citizen had become SO indolent that had in some districts been almost agriculture that cultivation was forgotten, and declaration completely suspended." This was echoed through the every member concurred in the chamber, and it his unqualified assent. observation, and gave On the 1st of May, the day bration of the Fête appointed for the celevators were Agriculture, and when the cultiassembled in the public square specimens of their several bearing productions of the soil, --- Page 348 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. XI. the president, together with a member from the chamber and another from the senate, addressed them, and said that the legislature would provide for a more general cultivation, and that all persons not engaged, or usually occupied as labourers, would be peremptorily called upon for a more strict attention to their duty, as the government contemplated a revival of agriculture, which had fallen into SO much neglect from the indolent habits of the people. These addresses were not received with acclamation, and many a cultivator heard them with a degree of dissatisfaction which seemed to forebode resistance. The Chamber of Communes, in its farewell address, tells the people that laws *just and severe" were imperative for the revival of agriculture, and that by the law which they had passed to enforce cultivation they thought that they had materially served their country, and in such an opinion I most readily concur. They rendered to their country an important service by passing the Code Rural; for it will tend towards obstructing the course of immorality pursued by the people in their idleness, and will eventually reestablish upon a sound basis the shattered finances of the state. The passage in that address is SO very forcible, and SO extremely just, that I shall call the attention ofmy rcaders to it, as it has been given by a gentleman to whom I am under many obligations for his assistance upon Va- served their country, and in such an opinion I most readily concur. They rendered to their country an important service by passing the Code Rural; for it will tend towards obstructing the course of immorality pursued by the people in their idleness, and will eventually reestablish upon a sound basis the shattered finances of the state. The passage in that address is SO very forcible, and SO extremely just, that I shall call the attention ofmy rcaders to it, as it has been given by a gentleman to whom I am under many obligations for his assistance upon Va- --- Page 349 --- CHAP. xI.] OR SAINT DOMINGO, rious subjects connected with this CG What is due to the work. It says, conservative not have been principle would culture provided, if the revival of our had not been stimulated agrilaws at once just and (provoqué) by in severe ; your passing the Code Rural, have representatives benefit was conferred believed that a conclusive of the upon the people. 77 This was opinion of the was imperative for country that severity and that, without enforcing a general cultivation, cannot be resorted laws ejust and severe 29 s force able result. to with any chance of a favourIt may not be articles of the Code unimportant to give a few of the found its Rural. This Code has now way to Europe, and the ing its enactments, will be public, on read. feelings of the enabled to judge of the leading persons in to the state of cultivation, Hayti with regard to be when such laws are said required to force the to <6 Art. 173. The people labour. G6 First. The purposes of Rural Police are, C6 repressing idleness. Second. Enforcing order and cultural labour. assiduity in agriC6 Third. The discipline of the tively or. in gangs. labourers collecC6 Fourth. The the roads, both making and keeping in repair of public and <6 Art. 174. All private. or renters of the land persons who are not proprictors on which they are residing, or 7. --- Page 350 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. XI. who shall not have made a contract to work with some proprietor or renter, shall be reputed vagabonds, and shall be arrested by the rural police of the section in which they may be found, and carried before the justice of the peace of the commune. 66 Art. 175. The justice of the peace, after interrogating and hearing the person brought before him, shall make known to him the articles of the law which oblige him to employ himself in agricultural labour; and after that communication he shall remand him to prison, until he shall have bound himself by a contract according to the provisions of the law. 66 Art. 176. The justice of the peace will allow the arrested to make his own choice of the indiperson vidual with whom he is to contract to labour. 66 Art. 177- If, after eight days of detention, the prisoner shall not have agreed to go to field work, he shall be sent to the public works for cleaning the town or district where he may be arrested, and there he shall be employed until he shall consent to go to field labour. 'The person who removes any labourer from the public works to employ him in private work shall be subject to a fine of fifty dollars, of which a moiety is to be paid to the person complaining. <6 Art. 178. If the prisoner be a child under age, the justice of the peace shall inquire out his parents, and send him to them to follow their condition of life. to field work, he shall be sent to the public works for cleaning the town or district where he may be arrested, and there he shall be employed until he shall consent to go to field labour. 'The person who removes any labourer from the public works to employ him in private work shall be subject to a fine of fifty dollars, of which a moiety is to be paid to the person complaining. <6 Art. 178. If the prisoner be a child under age, the justice of the peace shall inquire out his parents, and send him to them to follow their condition of life. --- Page 351 --- CHAP, xi.] OR SAINT DOMINGO. cc Art. 179. After the from the expiration of three months publication ofthis Code, rigorous shall be enforced against mcasures 66 Art. 180. Every delinquents. person attached to the as a cultivator, who shall on a country during the hours of working day, and labour, be found or lounging on the public roads, shall be umemployed, idle, and be arrested and taken before considered the peace, who shall commit the justice of twenty-four hours for the him to prison for send him to labour first offence, and shall on the public works petition of the offence. upon a re66 Art. 181. To provide under the pretence of against vagabondage, 66 Art. 182. being a soldier. shall take Officers commanding the rural care that in their police person shall live in idleness. respective sections no For have authority to oblige such thispurpose they tually employed in persons as are not actheir labour, to give an account of occupations ; and such that they cultivate the persons as cannot prove pens, shall be soil, or are keepers of cattleof considered as without visible means procuring their livelihood, and shall be as vagabonds. arrested 66 Art. 183. Field labour shall Monday morning, and shall commence on day evening (legal never cease until Fritraordinary holidays excepted) ; and in excases, when the interest of the cultivaZ 2 --- Page 352 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. XI. tor as well as of the proprietor appears to require it, work shall be continued until Saturday evening. 66 Art. 184. On working days, the ordinary field labour shall commence at day-dawn, to continue until mid-day, with the interval of half an hour for breakfast, which shall be taken on the spot where the work is carrying on. After mid-day the field labour shall commence at two o'clock, and continue until sun-set. 66 Art. 185. Pregnant females shall be employed on light work only, and after the fourth month of pregnancy they shall not be obliged to do any work in the field. cc Art. 186. Four months after delivery they shall be obliged to resume the labour in the field; but they shall not turn out to work until one hour after sun-rise; ; they shall continue to work until eleven o'clock, and from two o'clock until one hour before sun-set. CG Art. 187. No labourer attached to an estate in the country shall absent himself from the labour assigned him, without the permission of the overseer, in the absence of the proprietor or farmer; and no one shall give that permission unless the case be urgent. 6 Art. 188. Gangs oflabourers upon estates shall be obedient to their drivers, jobbers, sub-farmers, farmers, proprietors and managers, Or. overseers, -rise; ; they shall continue to work until eleven o'clock, and from two o'clock until one hour before sun-set. CG Art. 187. No labourer attached to an estate in the country shall absent himself from the labour assigned him, without the permission of the overseer, in the absence of the proprietor or farmer; and no one shall give that permission unless the case be urgent. 6 Art. 188. Gangs oflabourers upon estates shall be obedient to their drivers, jobbers, sub-farmers, farmers, proprietors and managers, Or. overseers, --- Page 353 --- OR SAINT DOMINGO. CHAP. xi.] they are called upon to execute the labour whenever they have bound themselves to perform. act of disobedience or insult < Art. 189. Every of a workman commanded to do any work, on the part shall be punished by imto which he is subjected, of the case, according to the exigency prisonment, of the justice of the peace of the in the discretion commune. Sundays, and holidays 6 Art. 190. Saturdays, they being at the entire disposal of the labourers, be on working days to leave their shall not permitted neither by work, to indulge in dancing or feasting, to Delinquents shall be subject night nor by day. for the first offence, for imprisonment for three days six days for the repetition of the offence." the articles of the code relate to The remaining of roads and keeping them in repair. making as more particularly 66 These clauses are given field labourer. the effect of the code on the exhibiting which the driver is To exhibit the whole system by for made answerable for the labourer, the overseer and the police, in its vahis drivers and labourers, it would be necessary to rious grades, for the whole, translate the entire code. During imprisonment, labourer being absent from field work forfeits the women also appear to rehis wages; the pregnant their exemption." ceive no wages during * Extract from < The Courier." / --- Page 354 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. XI. It is impossible for any one who is at all conversant with the negro character not to say, that the Code Rural is just such a law as the exigences of Hayti particularly require: and that it: is absolutely and imperatively called for in order to extend cultivation, and to bring the people to some sense of duty towards their country and themselves. Left any longer to pursue their uncontrolled and unlimited propensity for indolence, they must recede into barbarism and uncivilization, and the country fall a sacrifice to the mistaken policy of its chief and the leaders of his government, and to those false ideas of philanthropy with which they are SO often assailed by persons who are incompetent to advise, because they are without any knowledge of the country or its people. The Code Rural, therefore, now enforces labour with a rigid hand,-nothing more excessive can be demanded of the slave in the British colonies; and I aver, that if the whole of the clauses of this code be complied with, it will exceed the labour performed by persons in actual slavery. Ihave my doubts, however, respecting the feasibility of carrying its clauses into successful operation, and whether the temper of the people at the present moment will be submissive enough to adhere to it in all its parts, I am inclined to think that they have been too long indulged in those vices which seem inherent in the negro, to be brought to obedience; and that too demanded of the slave in the British colonies; and I aver, that if the whole of the clauses of this code be complied with, it will exceed the labour performed by persons in actual slavery. Ihave my doubts, however, respecting the feasibility of carrying its clauses into successful operation, and whether the temper of the people at the present moment will be submissive enough to adhere to it in all its parts, I am inclined to think that they have been too long indulged in those vices which seem inherent in the negro, to be brought to obedience; and that too --- Page 355 --- OR SAINT DOMINGO. CHAP. xI.] and will bring on discontent, rigid an enforcement I think it therefore exfinally a general resistance. with all his vaunting, ceedingly probable that Boyer aided by his miliwith all his proclamations, and those extremities tary force, will never proceed to now unto which he can go to promote agriculture, made for that der the sanction of laws expressly The Code Rural must unquestionably purpose. advocates for free labour who have astonish those of what can be accomheld up Hayti as an example cannot now have the plished by it; and I think they can be that cultivation in the tropics temerity to say coercion, when even effectually carried on without to have is constrained the Haytian government I have seen nothing in recourse to it. For my part, which I to induce me to alter the opinion Hayti of the negro, nor for a have always entertained cultivation can be carried moment to expect that without coerof success on with any probability be firm conviction, cion. But I declare it to my will coercion be resorted to, the negro that unless for indulging in sloth and not labour. The impulse and it will not be in in indolence is too irresistible, of the government to make any progress the power labour, except it be done by actual in agricultural force. by the Haytian government The system pursued of its lands scems to be errespecting the disposal in small of ten Allotting it out grants roneous. --- Page 356 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. XI. to fifteen acres, is an injudicious measure: it only tends towards extending and perpetuating the evil and pernicious habits of the people. When a obtains a grant of a small tract of he negro land, cares little about the cultivation of it beyond the production of enough for his own immediate wants, and those wants are trifing. Two or three hours' labour in each week will suffice to answer all the purposes of the culture required to produce food enough for himself; the rest of his time is then allowed to dwindle away in the most pucrile pleasures and inconsistencies. No object which moderate industry could procure would balance the insatiable desire for reposing under the shade of the guava, and for ablutions in the neighbouring stream; with these and a little food all his wants are supplied. Such being the case, and known to be SO by the government, it is enough to surprise one that they should parcel out their lands in this way, because, even under the Code Rural, the person holding it is no longer a labourer, but a proprictor, and is not therefore amenable to it. Had the government proceeded differently, and let the estates to farm as they were originally laid out, so many petty proprictors would not have existed, but would have remained amenable to the law for enforcing cultivation. From this unwise system, labourers are scarce in Hayti, and the few that are to be obtained are of the worst characters, negroes SO they should parcel out their lands in this way, because, even under the Code Rural, the person holding it is no longer a labourer, but a proprictor, and is not therefore amenable to it. Had the government proceeded differently, and let the estates to farm as they were originally laid out, so many petty proprictors would not have existed, but would have remained amenable to the law for enforcing cultivation. From this unwise system, labourers are scarce in Hayti, and the few that are to be obtained are of the worst characters, negroes SO --- Page 357 --- CIIAP. x1.] OR SAINT DOMINGO. not to have been considered worthy abandoned as of land. Hayti abounds with of inheriting a patch of land, with these small proprictors; : their patches situate in the their huts upon them, are generally the most elevated mountains, in the recesses, or on < the most on spots, as the poet has described, parts, shepherds trod." They are therefore inaccessible by their cultivation lost for the purposes of agriculture: for the markets does not extend beyond vegetables furnish an OCin their vicinity, added to which they of pork, poultry, and wild pigeons. casional supply arises on this subAnother important question of labour which a ject, and that is the quantum within the day. In negro is capable of performing planter can at the British colonies an experienced slave is capable of discern how much labour a once between slaves performing. He can also discriminate and those who are who are willing and industrious, their labour carcless and indolent; and apportions deserts and capacities. according to their respective deficient in these reThe Haytian proprietor is practically, and he quisites 3 he is not a planter There is nothing reguis ignorant of its theory. a strange, inlar in his system : it is an anomaly, no tenmethod of proceeding, having congruous the soil or benefit himself. dency either to improve first is SO ignorant in the place The sugar planter the virtuc which his soil possesses, that he knows not He consinor what it is capable of producing. --- Page 358 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. XI. ders not whether one field is better adapted for the production of canes than another, but plants indiscriminately in bad or good soil, in heavy or light; in fact he knows not whether it ought to be planted with canes or cotton, or if it would be wise to allow it to become common pastures. He is contented, and seems to be quite satisfied, ifhe can but obtain vegetation in any way; ; careless about the manner in which it is accomplished. To ascertain whether it can be improved by art or industry, is a matter about which he is unconcerned. But the cane is not often planted. Most of the cane pieces on plantations are old, probably they were planted by the French, or subsequently in the time of Toussaint. They exhibit an appearance of age, for their circumference is small, and their joints are not more than three inches apart, nor do they ever excced four feet in length. These are seldom manured or trashed, nor do they receive very any attention from the time of cutting until they are again ready for the mill the following year. There is no such thing as stirring the soil betwecn the rows at particular times, nor do the cultivators ever trouble themselves about divesting the cane ofits superfluous and decaying] I leaves, SO as to open a free course for the air through the whole. Nothing of this is done in Hayti. The fertility of the soil, the congeniality of climate, and the regularity of seasons, suffice for manure, and the rest is left to nature. Art and the attention from the time of cutting until they are again ready for the mill the following year. There is no such thing as stirring the soil betwecn the rows at particular times, nor do the cultivators ever trouble themselves about divesting the cane ofits superfluous and decaying] I leaves, SO as to open a free course for the air through the whole. Nothing of this is done in Hayti. The fertility of the soil, the congeniality of climate, and the regularity of seasons, suffice for manure, and the rest is left to nature. Art and the --- Page 359 --- CHAP. xi.] OR SAINT DOMINGO. contribute little or nothing to the industry of man The hoc and other implements growth of the cane. useless by indolence, the of tillage are rendered love of ease having brought planter's unconquerable and I shall be somewhat them into disrepute; Rural will have power enough astonished ifthe Code to revive their use. attends the operations The same irregularity the distillery, and at the mill, the boilinghouse, I have of the plantation. the other departments and have been surprised been through them often, which every where preat the want of order arranged,- vails. There is nothing systematically the works are thing seems in confusion ; of ruins every and resemble more a heap detached, and distilling. for manufacturing than conveniences would astonish a The interior of the boiling-house boilers are not ranged Jamaica planter: : the several to the teache, as in succession from the receiver They are placed they are in the British colonies. of conveying the without rule, and in their manner the waste is conliquor from one copper to another too in all their siderable; and this is obscrvable like cleanliness in operations. There is nothing of dirtiness are their works; flth and every species although to be seen in them; and this is prevalent, and often they must be sensible thatit is injurious, The disdestructive to the quality of the sugar. condepartment is also very injudiciously tillery --- Page 360 --- PRESENT STATE OF IIAYTI, [CHAP. XI. structed. They take no pains to keep the heat at the proper degree requisite for fermentation: every thing has the appearance of negligence, and conveys to the observer a very bad specimen of Haytian skill in the art of manufacturing sugar or of distilling spirits. They do not often make rum: : I only know of one or two plantations on which rum is distilled, and these are conducted by Englishmen; one in particular at Aux Cases, a Mr. Towning, who has an extensive distillery. He duces rum, which, in point of flavour, strength, pro- and every other quality, I do not think inferior to that of Jamaica. To all persons who visit Aux Cascs this gentleman is well known for the hearty and hospitable reception he always gives to a stranger. He is the only person in Hayti who devotes his attention to the distillation of rum. The Haytians cannot distil it; they are ignorant of its principle, and consequently confne themselves to the distillation of what is known in the British colonies under the denomination oflow wines. The flavour of this spirit is most unpleasant; which arises, I conjecture, from the ingredients thrown into the fermenting vessels, and from which itis distilled : these, consisting of the molasses from the boiling-house, with all the swecpings of the works, with a proportion of water from any pool however stagnant, if pure water be not near, I apprehend give to the spirit a very acrid quality, as wcll as a fetid smell, It is however themselves to the distillation of what is known in the British colonies under the denomination oflow wines. The flavour of this spirit is most unpleasant; which arises, I conjecture, from the ingredients thrown into the fermenting vessels, and from which itis distilled : these, consisting of the molasses from the boiling-house, with all the swecpings of the works, with a proportion of water from any pool however stagnant, if pure water be not near, I apprehend give to the spirit a very acrid quality, as wcll as a fetid smell, It is however --- Page 361 --- OR SAINT DOMINGO. CHAP. xI.] estimation by the people, who drink held in great obtain it cheap. Upon the it freely, and they can that whole there can be no difficulty in declaring of both of the cultivation the Haytians are ignorant the cane, and of the process of manufacturing sugar. is evident that sugar is not much cultivated, It throughout the republic there are as in every district in the of Cul to be seen plains only a few plantations Prince where sugar de Sac and vicinity of Port au French There werein the time of the is produced. estates, very few, about one hundred and forty sugar with less than one thousand acres of land, oneifany, of which would be in canes, and the remainder fourth Now in the same space in pastures and other crops. and in each there are not more than twenty estates, there cannot be found more than from forty of them the remainder of the land to fifty acres of canes, with different being in a neglected state, overrun within a weeds. President Boyer has an estate distance of Port au Prince, called Tor, the small residence of the late Petion. This plantfavourite of two thousand acres of land ation has upwards of the attached to it, and, from the great strength is to select a spot more eligible soil, it impossible But there are not for the production of sugar. This, than forty acres of the land in canes. more it is general throughout however, is not singular; in Hayti was the island. When the sugar cane --- Page 362 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, CHAP. XI. cultivated properly, and received the requisite care and attention in the several stages of its growth, it produced very abundantly. Bryan Edwards gives an average of two thousand seven hundred and twelve pounds of sugar per acre through the island; and at this period I have been informed, and in fact I have seen it calculated myself, that in the plains of Cul de Sac and Leogane the average does not exceed one thousand pounds of sugar per acre; and an experienced planter on Jooking at the canes when they are ripe for cutting, would conclude that they would not produce SO much. Formerly a pound of sugar was obtained from a gallon of juice in some districts, in others sixteen pounds from twenty gallons, and in some sixteen pounds from twenty-four gallons : but now it requires nearly treble the quantity of juice to produce the same quantity of sugar: and this must remain SO, until a new system of cultivation be tried, and the management of the plantations be entrusted to men of experience, men who have been practical planters, and who are conversant with the whole of its duties; men, Isay, who have a perfect knowledge of the soil, its capabilities and its wants for the work of tillage, and who will devote their time and attention to all the minutiae of plantation labour. If such a system should ever be pursued in Hayti, and there be labourers to cultivate, and capital can be invested securely, then sugar planting may be SO, until a new system of cultivation be tried, and the management of the plantations be entrusted to men of experience, men who have been practical planters, and who are conversant with the whole of its duties; men, Isay, who have a perfect knowledge of the soil, its capabilities and its wants for the work of tillage, and who will devote their time and attention to all the minutiae of plantation labour. If such a system should ever be pursued in Hayti, and there be labourers to cultivate, and capital can be invested securely, then sugar planting may be --- Page 363 --- CHAP. xI.] OR SAINT DOMINGO. with some chance of a successful issue: carried on I have great doubts whether until this take place, profitable to the the culture of the cane will prove occupier of the soil. of coffee The labour required for the cultivation light: I was therefore much suris exceedingly little progress the people prised to see the very When had made in this branch of agriculture. to plantwho has been accustomed an individual, French, and Spanish isations in the British, in Hayti, and lands, visits the coffee plantations or the whole conducted without judgment observes him with a most unfavourable carc, it impresses and when he sces the easiest idea of the people; much neglected, it conbranch of agriculture SO is almost invincible. vinces him that their idleness plantation is In the British islands every coffee The lands are arranged with the greatest exactitude. and divided into fields as nearly equal as possible, the coffee has been in those fields, in all probability, that when the planted in successive seasons, SO to exhibit a arrives in which the trees begin period the planter provides for the decline in their growth, and by this expediloss of them by planting others, his crop. The ent manages always to keep up kept up fences which divide the fields are constantly the and order, the whole having with regularity laid out with neatness and appearance of a garden works for washing, dryprecision. The plantation --- Page 364 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. XI. ing, and preparing the coffee, are in the best condition, and with the barbacues, exhibit a well-arranged system for the production of the berry. In Hayti the scene is different: what is denominated there a coffce plantation, is neither more nor less than a large tract of land, throughout which grows spontaneously the coffee tree ; not planted there by the people, but sprung from the seed which has fallen from those planted by the French, and which escaped destruction during the revolution. There is no such thing as a plantation established upon the same principle as in other islands. There are no divisions, no. laying out of the lands, no order of planting gin succession, nothing done towards improving and fertilizing the soil, in order to aid the growth of the tree, no lopping it of its excrescences, and pruning it to strengthen the parent stem; but every thingis left to nature, the pruning knife is sheathed, and the rank luxuriance of the tree is permitted to increase, whilst the hoe is seldom called into use, to extirpate those weeds which are SO destructive to vegetation. A person must be somewhat conversant with travelling in Hayti before he can discover on his road that a coffee plantation is near him. For my part, I could see nothing that resembled one, nor should I have known the coffee tree, growing as it did in a pyramidal form, surrounded by numberless other shrubs, had it not been for the appearance of the pruning knife is sheathed, and the rank luxuriance of the tree is permitted to increase, whilst the hoe is seldom called into use, to extirpate those weeds which are SO destructive to vegetation. A person must be somewhat conversant with travelling in Hayti before he can discover on his road that a coffee plantation is near him. For my part, I could see nothing that resembled one, nor should I have known the coffee tree, growing as it did in a pyramidal form, surrounded by numberless other shrubs, had it not been for the appearance of --- Page 365 --- DOMINGO. CHAP. xI.] OR SAINT few red berries on one of its lower branches. I a mule to examine some trees just alighted from my could every round the spot: as nearly as I ascertain, and have exceeded twelve feet in height, tree must that each of them at the time would I am convinced of coffee in the husk. not have produced two pounds into the inteI had the curiosity to go a little way this settlement to see if there were any thing rior of discover nothing bearlike cultivation, but I could the least resemblance to a plantation. I saw ing and four or five people in it, nothing but a hut, of the place. whom I found to be the proprietors that I and not much pleased They were inquisitive, and thereshould have intruded on their privacy, fore I had a hint from my guide that it would be not to advance farther. I saw, however, prudent convince me that there was no regular enough to in this place, although system of cultivation pursued of land in the there were twelve hundred acres the Keen and that the coffee grew in a wild state, ; touched or disturbed, save, occasoil never being and asses, which range sionally, by pigs, goats the which through the whole, and feed on grass theintervals. Mills are not very grows luxuriantlyin the few which exist are very small common, and Washing and pulping are not and turned by asses. Indeed I am inclined to performed by machinery. as that they are dispensed with altogether, suspect for these operations. I could not find any apparatus A A --- Page 366 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. XI. My guide knew this plantation well, and he told me, that although the proprietor had this large tract of land, yet he was SO poor that he could not afford to hire cultivators, who, when employed, never did work enough to pay for their hire. I was anxious to ascertain the annual quantity of coffee which this place produced, and I was told that it did not excced four thousand five hundred pounds weight. I have mentioned this plantation because it is considered to be a settlement in a productive part of the country, the mountains of Leogane; and extraordinary as it may appear, it is a very good illustration of the coffee settlements in general, all of which exhibit negligence and want of that industry which characterize the Haytian planter and cultivator. Cotton, which formerly was an article much grown in Hayti, is now greatly neglected, although the labour attending it is very inconsiderable, the people having no wish to extend cultivation to those products of the soil which require planting annually. It is both an annual and a perennial plant, but the former is esteemed as most productive, whilst the latter is somewhat out of repute from not affording such profitable returns. In some of the districts, when in possession of the French, from the extreme luxuriance of the soil, a planter could obtain, from the labourof one man,six thousand pounds of it annually ; but in these more modern times, and under the free labour system, not more than it is very inconsiderable, the people having no wish to extend cultivation to those products of the soil which require planting annually. It is both an annual and a perennial plant, but the former is esteemed as most productive, whilst the latter is somewhat out of repute from not affording such profitable returns. In some of the districts, when in possession of the French, from the extreme luxuriance of the soil, a planter could obtain, from the labourof one man,six thousand pounds of it annually ; but in these more modern times, and under the free labour system, not more than --- Page 367 --- OR SAINT DOMINGO. CHAP. xI.] six hundred pounds can be obtained, and even that and not a general thing. In the is only partial, cultivated than in vicinity of Gonaives it is more other district, the soil in the uplands being any for its growth than it is in any other more congenial island. In the time of the French it part of the about three millions and a half of pounds produced but in 1825 the crop only amounted to five weight, thousand pounds. With lands hundred and twenty for the fertile, SO peculiarly adapted SO excecdingly cultivation of this plant, it is not a very cheering to see that free labour is able to accomplish prospect of an article of culture that SO little in the production not be requires such trifling exertion. What might by an industrious race of people in accomplished of a country SO favourable the production cotton,in Ifit were possible to waft the industry to its growth? Great Britain to the shores of of the peasantry of effect would it have Hayti, what an extraordinary in the production of an article, the superior quality the tillers for their of which would so amply repay and care. But the Haytians care not for industry unconcerned about the these things; they are totally growth of any article for foreign consumption ; they that of cultivating the seem tol have no desire beyond for their own immediate use, few vegetables required leaving all other things to the effects of nature, even valuable articles of spontaneous growth being someA A 2 --- Page 368 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. XI. times permitted to rise and fall into decay without becoming the object of the cultivator's attention. The culture of cocoa is not now attended to, eXcept, I believe, in the vicinity of Jeremie. It is a plant the nature of which is peculiarly delicate, and requires shade as well as moisture, and it is material to its growth, that it should be defended against the powerful rays of the sun. The labour of cultivating it is very trifling; the most important duty which it requires is to guard it during its approach to perfection against the macaw and the parrot, for wherever they touch the pod, destruction ensues. It may be considered a perennial plant, for the fruit is found upon it throughout the greater part of the year, though there are two principal crops, which are gathered in June and December. After it is gathered great care must be taken of it, for before it is prepared for market it receives a sweat by the application of salt water, which destroys any vermin that may have got into it, and, it is said, preserves its hue. Any vegetable production requiring so much care in the culture and preparation of it will never become extensively cultivated in Hayti, although it may be exceedingly profitable. The Haytians cannot confine themselves to any settled system of planting; and COcoa therefore requiring the greatest possible aid through the whole progress of its growth, as well as December. After it is gathered great care must be taken of it, for before it is prepared for market it receives a sweat by the application of salt water, which destroys any vermin that may have got into it, and, it is said, preserves its hue. Any vegetable production requiring so much care in the culture and preparation of it will never become extensively cultivated in Hayti, although it may be exceedingly profitable. The Haytians cannot confine themselves to any settled system of planting; and COcoa therefore requiring the greatest possible aid through the whole progress of its growth, as well as --- Page 369 --- OR SAINT DOMINGO. CHAP. xI.] attention after it is picked, will never be an much however valuable it article of very general culture, may be to the planter. fields in which Although there are a great many wild, and settlements in which it was theindigo grows cultivated still exist, yet at this peonce extensively Its cultivation reriod but very little is produced. the greatest care, for it has to go through a very quires from the picking of the leaves on which long process, until it is fit to be removed into the blue is found chests. This is too much for the fickle Haytian It is said to be a plant that canplanter to undergo. and without shade and moisture, not be cultivated near it withthat it will not bear any other vegetable injury. It is a plant also that out sustaining great indeed, and at the exhausts the soil very considerably end of two years it has not only become degenerated, land which borei it becomes weak and unfit to but the After the loss of be again used for its production. made experiments on its Hayti to the French, they of their dominions in Europe, growth in some parts and they are I think stated to have been successful, which they raised was small. The but the quantity the finest, and indigo from Guatemala is esteemed in that republic is an article of very extensive and a source of great wealth to the cultivation, who cultivate it; but the native Spaniards people the Indians of that country are a very inand and leave nothing untried dustrious race ofpcople, --- Page 370 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. XI. which may improve their country, or enrich themselves. I am astonished that the cochineal insect was never extensively sought after, and the raising ofit more generally attended to in Hayti, as the cactus, or prickly pear, on which it feeds, grows throughout. the whole of the country, and forms a common fence round gardens in many parts of the island. So precious an insect, and requiring no labour in the pre-. servation of it, must be a valuable acquisition to those who would devote their time in looking after it; but the attention which it absolutely requires causes the Haytians to neglect it. It is said to have been in the time of the Spaniards an indigenous insect, and that in the districts of St. John's and Ocoa they usually collected large quantities for the Europcan market. The cultivation of tobacco has declined exceedingly, although the districts of St. Jago and the whole of the banks of the Yague, as well as the plains of La Vega, produced an article very littleinferior in its quality to that of Cuba. The large quantities of this commodity which found their way to Jamaica were a source of great wealth to the Spaniards who cultivated it; but that vent being closed, it has now becomc much neglected; and as the Spanish cultivators of it have mostly left the island, and have gonc to the Spanish Main or to Cuba, a little is still produced by the Haytian planters; but, as with Jago and the whole of the banks of the Yague, as well as the plains of La Vega, produced an article very littleinferior in its quality to that of Cuba. The large quantities of this commodity which found their way to Jamaica were a source of great wealth to the Spaniards who cultivated it; but that vent being closed, it has now becomc much neglected; and as the Spanish cultivators of it have mostly left the island, and have gonc to the Spanish Main or to Cuba, a little is still produced by the Haytian planters; but, as with --- Page 371 --- OR SAINT DOMINGO. CHAP. xI.] other article derived from the soil, respect to every about the culture of it, and they are quite careless rather than undergo the toil often leave it to decay, There are other terriof preparing it for market. considered which formerly were torial productions and which gave the planter very important to raise, rice, handsome returns, such as ginger, pimento, and vanilla, palma christi oil (ricinus Americanus), that sarsaparilla, as well as many indigenous plants addiwhich might make a valuable contain qualities of useful drugs now comprised in tion to the number All these may now be said to the Materia Medica. with the exception of rice, be totally disregarded, for I could never ascerwhich is occasionally grown, devoted the least of his tain that any individual did I ever see any of time to cultivating them, nor of commerce in any part them exhibited as articles of the country. the of the Having now adverted to productions and the decline of agriculture through soil in Hayti, be by way of a the country, it may not improper, few remarks on conclusion to this subject, to offer a what is termed free labour, and the consequences me have arisen from it in Hayti. It scems to which that this subject is by no means well unquite clear and that its advocates are derstood in Europe, when they exmuch too sanguine and enthusiastic to keep that it would be found practicable pect of the colonies if their present sable up the tillage --- Page 372 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP, XI. cultivators were to be set free. It is indisputable that the declaration of freedom to the slave population in Hayti was the ruin of the country, and that it has not been attended with those benefits which the sanguine philanthropists of Europe anticipated. The inhabitants have neither advanced in moral improvement, nor are their civil rights more respected; their condition is not changed for the better. They are not slaves, it is true, but they are suffering under greater deprivations than can well be imagined, whilst slaves have nothing to apprehend, for they are clothed, fed, and receive every medical aid in the time of sickness. The free labourer in Hayti, from innate indolence and from his state of ignorance, obtains barely enough for his subsistence. He cares not for clothing, and as to aid under sickness he cannot obtain it; thus he is left to pursue a course that sinks him to a level with the brute creation, and the reasoning faculties of the one are almost inferior to the instinct of the other, and will be SO until moral instruction effect a change. Had the Haytians been prepared for freedom by moral and religious education, emancipation might have done them some good; but even then, they would not have made much progress unless agriculture had been legally imposed as a duty, and the government enforced all the laws enacted for punishing negligence and disobedience. Ihavenever yet becn able to discover in Hayti, that the blacks course that sinks him to a level with the brute creation, and the reasoning faculties of the one are almost inferior to the instinct of the other, and will be SO until moral instruction effect a change. Had the Haytians been prepared for freedom by moral and religious education, emancipation might have done them some good; but even then, they would not have made much progress unless agriculture had been legally imposed as a duty, and the government enforced all the laws enacted for punishing negligence and disobedience. Ihavenever yet becn able to discover in Hayti, that the blacks --- Page 373 --- OR SAINT DOMINGO. CHAP. xI.] haveimproved in the extrasince their emancipation degree which they are sometimes representordinary that those blacks who ed to have done. Itis probable little. Their live in the towns may have improved a with the strangers who visit the country intercourse afford them opportunities of and their avocations their brethren in the improving, which are denied to of imBut to calculate the increase interior parts. of those in the towns,is provement from the progress must be taken, The whole mass of the people wrong. of moral improvement be and then, if the measure one in fifascertained, it will not be found to exceed the prevailing among teen. The state ofignorance and the interior parts is people in the mountains if the work of almost inconceivable. It appears as and that the peocivilization had not commenced, towards imple had not taken one voluntary step Neither is themselves in any one thing. proving the to force there one step taken by government that of attention to those duties may some degree unless, since the conviction eventualyinpsvetden, of governing, the Code of their own impolitic system which ought to Rural should effect that change have been accomplished before. the for a moment that present Ifany one suppose resemble the free larace of free labourers in Hayti he will be most bourers of any other part of the world, disdeceived. There cannot be a greater egregiously than there isl betinction between two classesofpeople --- Page 374 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. XI. tween the free labourers in Hayti and those of Cuba and the southern states of North America. The first are in a state of profound ignorance, inheriting all those vices of idolatry and heathenism SO peculiar to the African race; whilst the second, before they received the boon of freedom, had been taught how to value it, had received the blessings of a moral and religious education, and, although they were not admitted into the general community of free persons, but formed a class of their own, yet they were respected and became valuable as labourers. In the United States the incitements to labour are great, the most important being that ofwant; and until the Haytians are impelled by a stimulus equally powerful, they will not work; and that such a stimulus will be found is not probable, while we know that the labour of a few days will furnish a negro with sustenance for a month. Experiments may be tried, laws may be enacted, and encouragement given, but nothing short of coercion and want will impel the Haytian to labour; and I have my doubts as to the practicability of enforcing labour in Hayti until the people have been better instructed, and their characters become changed. As to want, the fertility of the soil is SO great that it offers every security against its occurrence, by the most simple exertions. It it evident to me, that unless constant labour be required for the support of the negro, he never can become like the frec labourers in other countries ; tried, laws may be enacted, and encouragement given, but nothing short of coercion and want will impel the Haytian to labour; and I have my doubts as to the practicability of enforcing labour in Hayti until the people have been better instructed, and their characters become changed. As to want, the fertility of the soil is SO great that it offers every security against its occurrence, by the most simple exertions. It it evident to me, that unless constant labour be required for the support of the negro, he never can become like the frec labourers in other countries ; --- Page 375 --- xI.] OR SAINT DOMINGO. CHIAP. that he will work for hire without and to imagine that to be practicoercion, is absolutely to imagine well which is physically impossible. I am cable been often asserted that the Hayaware that it has found willing to contract, or engage tians are always of the work required on to perform any proportion remuneon being fairly and equitably a plantation, labour; but I am bold to pronounce rated for their what it may, come from quarter such an assertion, I aver, out of the power to be unfounded. It was, the to obtain labourers, although of a proprietor made to them to undermost liberal offers were he wished to be of such work as take a proportion performed. unfortunate that the local authoIt is perhaps without decision, and rities in Hayti are individuals submit to the will of the people: ; mere too apt to resolution sufficient to comnonentities, without in their several districts, although mand obedience invested with power to commit, or inflict summary Hence there is much reason to prepunishment. enactments of the Code Rural will sume that the and extenbecome inefficacious for a more general of the soil, and that agricultural sive cultivation will not be the least encouraged or promoted pursuits because the task of enforcing them by its clauses, imbecile class of persons who devolves on the very constitute the executive part of the government. Before I conclude this part of my observations, --- Page 376 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. XI. I cannot avoid repeating, that Hayti must not be held up as an example of what can be accomplished by free labour; but that it ought rather to be the beacon to warn the government of England against an experiment which may prove absolutely fatal to her colonial system. Ifit be not wished that a fate similar to that which has befallen Hayti should overtake our own colonies, that they should be rendered totally unproductive to the revenue of the country, and that the property invested in them should be preserved from destruction, the advisers of the crown must pause before they listen to the ill-judged suggestions of enthusiasts; for they must banish from their minds the idea that the work of cultivation can be made productive by means of frce labour. Such a thing appears to me impossible. The negro, constituted as he is, has such an aversion from labour, and SO great a propensity for indulgence and vice, that no prospect of advantage can stimulate him, and as for emulation it has not the slightest influence over him. Without force he will sink into lethargy, and revert to his primitive savage character, and the only feasible and effectual plan to promote his civilization is to persist in those measures which compel him to labour, inculcate morality, and tend to extirpate those vices which are inherent in the descendants of the African race. This has been often exemplified in cases of Africans who have been taken from their native soil and great a propensity for indulgence and vice, that no prospect of advantage can stimulate him, and as for emulation it has not the slightest influence over him. Without force he will sink into lethargy, and revert to his primitive savage character, and the only feasible and effectual plan to promote his civilization is to persist in those measures which compel him to labour, inculcate morality, and tend to extirpate those vices which are inherent in the descendants of the African race. This has been often exemplified in cases of Africans who have been taken from their native soil and --- Page 377 --- CHAP. xi.] : OR SAINT DOMINGO. When they have returned to educated in England. and have beheld their the spot of their nativity, habits of savage life, kindred indulging in all the and have thrown off all traces of civilization, they ardour the vices embraced with all their primeval of their native country. As Africa has presented instances of this, SO has it occurred also various Indian tribes, not only of North but among the of South America. moment I trust that my readers will not for a the cause of slavery; ; consider that I am advocating freedom that I have the most distant wish that should not be conceded to the slave population of world; but that, if it were possible, the whole the colonies should be cultivated by free of the British to my labourers. Nothing can be more opposite for I should be feelings than such a supposition, of the first to exult were the measure pracone the condition of the slave to be ticable, and were for the better by it. But I have Hayti changed illustration before me as an example, as a forcible of the evils likely to attend such an experiment; that to attempt it, would infor I am convinced for general evitably ruin all interests, be a signal and the colonies would then be lost insurrection, possession of the crown, for ever as a productive of the slave. I without improving the condition knowventure to make this declaration from a of the character of the slave. From havledge --- Page 378 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. XI ing, during an intercourse of twenty-two years with those countries in which slavery exists, minutely examined him in all his essential qualities, I have been only able to arrive at the conclusion, that it will be found an undertaking of extreme difficulty to change his nature SO as to make freedom a good to him; and even assuming that such an attempt should be considered practicable, it is evident that it must be the work of time, and not the result of any sudden and precipitate act. But I would, with great deference, call upon my countrymen to deliberate before they venture upon further experiments, unless they wish to subvert their colonial establishments; and not to be hurried into the adoption of any measure without the most serious consideration of the consequences which are likely to ensue from it. I would call upon them to examine into the state and condition of the Haytian people, before they adopt any plan, or devise any means, for attempting to cultivate their colonies by free labour. The state of the population of this island is calculated to excite the most painful sensations, and their abject sloth, indolence, and ignorance, would, I should think, induce the warmest philanthropists of England to form the wish that their condition were rendered equal to that of the slave population of the British colonies. Their condition has not been improved by the change from slaves to free labourers. In point of fact, the slave and condition of the Haytian people, before they adopt any plan, or devise any means, for attempting to cultivate their colonies by free labour. The state of the population of this island is calculated to excite the most painful sensations, and their abject sloth, indolence, and ignorance, would, I should think, induce the warmest philanthropists of England to form the wish that their condition were rendered equal to that of the slave population of the British colonies. Their condition has not been improved by the change from slaves to free labourers. In point of fact, the slave --- Page 379 --- CHAP. XI.] OR SAINT DOMINGO. is infinitely better off than the free labourer of Hayti; in physical circumstances he is particularly so; : and even as regards morality, the former has the advantage. I say again that Hayti, instead of being an example of what may be done by frec labour in the tropics, or a proof that agriculture can be successfully carried on by it, stands as a beacon to caution us against the rock on which the prosperity of the colonies is likely to be wrecked. --- Page 380 --- CHAPTER XII. Commerce.-State of exports and imports.-Exactions at the eustoms-depredations and impositions-Forcign merchants-disabilities they labour under.-Insecurity: -State of finances-Revenue, etc. COMMERCE, like agriculture, in Hayti is at a very low ebb, and presents a very discouraging view of the state of that country. Without agriculture commerce can receive but little encouragement; and if the cultivation of the soil decline, commerce must decline also, the one being unquestionably dependent on the other. If there be a failure in those territorial productions which constitute the staple commodities of IIayti, there will be nothing to excite commercial enterprise and speculation, and consequently the intercourse with foreigners will decrease, to the great injury of the country. Were Hayti in a situation to become an entrepôt for foreign property, or were it SO circumstanced as to have the means of carrying on an extensive trade with the South American states, it might probably relieve her in some measure from the heavy weight with which she is now borne down. But she has no such intercourse, nor arc the people in the least conversant with the --- Page 381 --- CHAP, XII.] OR SAINT DOMINGO. nature of it: their knowledge of tending much beyond the limits commerce not CXing, and all important ofmere petty bartertred in the foreign houses commercial dealings are cenBritish, Americans, established there. The confide in the and even the French, will not integrity of the Haytians; all their gagements are effected, all their enmade by the agents from their arrangements are who have patents to reside in the respective countries; republic. An several parts of the tive attempt was made toinduce the body to enact a law for legisla: consign their compelling foreigners to zen agents; and cargoes I or shipments to Haytian citito countenance believe Boyer was much the disposed great disapprobation proposition, but it met with chamber of from those individuals in the with the communes who were on friendly terms foreigners, and who had to foresee that such a law would discretion enough that commerce which be destructive of This they were SO anxious to extend. iniquitous law was proposed by M. Elic and M.Ardouin, the and it was representatives for Port au Prince, chamber, supported by other members of the who, as native agents, resided several ports, but decried by those in the the serious check which who apprehended receive from SO unwise forcign intercourse would It was, however, and impolitic a measure. negatived, and the supporters of it drew upon themselves proposers and and reproach. much obloquy B I extend. iniquitous law was proposed by M. Elic and M.Ardouin, the and it was representatives for Port au Prince, chamber, supported by other members of the who, as native agents, resided several ports, but decried by those in the the serious check which who apprehended receive from SO unwise forcign intercourse would It was, however, and impolitic a measure. negatived, and the supporters of it drew upon themselves proposers and and reproach. much obloquy B I --- Page 382 --- PRESENT STATE oF HAYTI, CHAP. XII. The Haytian government has often promulgated very glowing abstracts of the flourishing state of its commerce, and would seem to expect that such accounts should be received as proofs of the rising greatness of the country. But the very documents themselves are primâ facie evidence of their being a fabrication. They are gross impositions to lead strangers into the belief that the intercourse is of importance, and that considerable advantages accrue from it to those nations who engage in it with spirit, and pursue it without relaxation. As there is no individual wealth in the country, the means of the pcople depend upon their own CXertions in the culture of the soil; and therefore as cultivation has dwindled from the want ofindustry, those means must have become exceedingly circumscribed. Hence it is not probable that the annual value of the imports into the country can have SO far exceeded the exports from it, as the following statements, which have becn already before the public, particularly exhibit. The return for the year 1821, being the year after the annexation of Christophe's dominions to the republic, gives the following balance of commerce with forcign nations:- --- Page 383 --- CHAT. xII.] OR SAINT DOMINGO. Dollars. Cts. In 1821. 10,897,470 90 Valuation of imports to Hayti Ditto of exports from Hayti 6,856,658 4,040,812 79 Excess In 1822. 13,017,890 19 Valuation ofimports 9,030,597 6 Ditto of exports Excess 3,987,193 15 In 1823. 15,749,012 46 Valuation of imports 9,267,787 16 Ditto of exports 4,481,225 30 Excess . 812,509,531 22 Making an excess of imports into the country over of the people from the value of the exthe means in three years, no less a sum than twelve ports, and nine thousand,five hundred million,fivehundred dollars and twenty-two centimes, and thirty-one of the collective wealth of about treble the amount the whole country! In the the people through the exports and imports have two succeeding years the kept, it would appear, an equal pace. By documents also, the proportion of the above same balances with the respective countries is particularly detailed, and the three principal oncs I shall enumerate. B B 2 of the exthe means in three years, no less a sum than twelve ports, and nine thousand,five hundred million,fivehundred dollars and twenty-two centimes, and thirty-one of the collective wealth of about treble the amount the whole country! In the the people through the exports and imports have two succeeding years the kept, it would appear, an equal pace. By documents also, the proportion of the above same balances with the respective countries is particularly detailed, and the three principal oncs I shall enumerate. B B 2 --- Page 384 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. XII. In 1821. IMPORTS. EXPORTS. Val. in Dolls. Cts. Val. in Dolls. Cts. Great Britain - 3,254,439 5 2,501,729 7 United States . 4,906,178 4 1,720,419 65 France 2,296,407 77 2,284,691 74 Holland, Germany, etc. 440,446 4 349,817 75 Total 10,897,470 90 6,856,658 21 In 1822. Great Britain 3,661,244 0 3,002,074 88 United States 6,641,570 72 3,293,890 86 France 2,262,411 8 2,280,800 50 Holland, Germany, etc. . 452,664 39 453,630 82 Total 13,017,890 19 9,030,397 6 In 1823. Great Britain . 4,506,216 60 5,108,622 6 United States e 6,056,840 18 3,327,790 5 France . 2,640,186 0 2,360,800 0 Holland, Germany, etc. 545,769 68 470,575 5 Total 13,749,012 46 9,267,787 16 I think it must be admitted that documents like the foregoing carry on the face of them evident marks of their spurious character. Although it is a known fact that they were issued from the bureau of government, it cannot for a moment be be- --- Page 385 --- OR SAINT DOMINGO. CHAF. XII.] lieved that there could be such an extraordinary of over the exports in a country the excess imports and credit of which has been SO often impeached, of the government and people SO much theintegrity Itis not probabley-it is not credible,- questioned. American should SO that the enterprising, yet wary, confide in Haytian integrity and honour implicitly creditor of the latter to the extent of as to become a thousand dollars; nearly nine million three hundred that the British trader should be led into a and confidence, whilst France and every similar mistaken to have acted with the greatest other country appear obtained precaution, and always to have possible consideration in return for an a quid pro quo-a equal value given. to the comNothing can be more discouraging intercourse with Hayti, than the irregular mercial under which every operation is conducted, system to the lowest office of the state. from the highest of the officers of The delays and procrastinations the both to the customs are exceedingly injurious consignee and to the vessel : a studied dilatoriness all their proceedings. This delay is well pervades known to the government, and repeated representaand remonstrances have been sent in to the tions authorities, and some remedy particularly proper for; but they have all been unsuccessful, and sought merchants were left to pursue the best the foreign could, to obtain some little excourse they possibly lowest office of the state. from the highest of the officers of The delays and procrastinations the both to the customs are exceedingly injurious consignee and to the vessel : a studied dilatoriness all their proceedings. This delay is well pervades known to the government, and repeated representaand remonstrances have been sent in to the tions authorities, and some remedy particularly proper for; but they have all been unsuccessful, and sought merchants were left to pursue the best the foreign could, to obtain some little excourse they possibly --- Page 386 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. X1I. pedition in their progress through the customs. The only successful way to obtain this despatch is by one that never fails in its aim, that of a douceur, for the principal officers are open to bribes, and they seem determined not to do their duty without one, SO long as the government sanctions their conduct. The inconvenience as well as the impositions under which commerce labours in respect to the Haytian tariff furnishes another ground of complaint among foreigners. This is a matter which ought to be taken into the most serious consideration of the respective governments who have representatives in that country. The delay which ensues between the Janding of the merchant's property, and the examination of it by the officers of the customs for the purpose of ascertaining its qualities, agreeably to the regulations of the tariff, is not only most injurious, but in Hayti every thing becomes SO exposed that depredations are not unfrequent, and the injured party has no remedy. The officers of the customs afford no redress, nor will the government make any compensation ; and in a country where theft is SO prevalent, and justice so.seldom overtakes the perpetrator, there is but little security for property. I have seen many instances' of goods being most unwarrantably exposed, and all the remonstrances of the consignee have been unavailing; there appeared on the contrary every reason to suspect connivance on the part of those whose duty it was to protect the pro- --- Page 387 --- *II.] OR SAINT DOMINGO. CHAP. those persons who are always on the perty against and shewed for they were negligent, alert to plunder, and bring them to no wish to detect offenders, justice. in which goods are valued agreeably to The way imposition on the trader, the tariff is a monstrous and calls for the most prompt and imperatively of the articles of British cfficient remedy. Many subjected to a duty equal manufacture are actually from the exper cent. instead of twelve, to twenty the tariff fixing a value nearly cess of valuation, sale price of the goods; : and aldouble the actual that the consumer pays the though it may be argued the sale of the article, duty, yet it seriously affects by the conand in most cases is felt very grievously witnessed In no other country have I ever signor. and such depredations as are comsuch impositions individuals have mitted in Hayti, where the injured The Brichance of redress. not the least possible however, I have no tish government has been, by the apprised of the impositions practised doubt, commerce : hence it has been Haytians on our and in fufound adviseable to obtain some change, it against similar attacks. The ture to protect of talents and deappointment of a consul-general bring the Haytian gocision will, I am confident, sense of vernment and President Boyer to a proper these British subjects who have SO justice towards A trade fetlong suffered from these impositions. . not the least possible however, I have no tish government has been, by the apprised of the impositions practised doubt, commerce : hence it has been Haytians on our and in fufound adviseable to obtain some change, it against similar attacks. The ture to protect of talents and deappointment of a consul-general bring the Haytian gocision will, I am confident, sense of vernment and President Boyer to a proper these British subjects who have SO justice towards A trade fetlong suffered from these impositions. --- Page 388 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. XII. tered with such heavy duties, and charges of various description, where payment is extremely uncertain and insecure, from the character of the people and the state of the country, can never prosper ift these exactions and depredations be not effectually restrained. I have heard of the ingenuity and dexterity evinced by the people of the South American states in abstracting merchandize that may be exposed; but I am confident that the Haytian may challenge competition, and on a trial of their respective merits, I have no doubt of his being pronounced the victor. The internal commerce of Hayti also as regards foreigners is rendered quite unprofitable by the absurd regulations which fetter it. The foreign merchant has no latitude given to his operations ; he is not permitted to trade with any but Haytian citizens, and to them alone can he offer his goods. Though he might be able to effect a more advantageous arrangement with other importers or consignees like himself, he cannot even dispose of the produce of the country, should he have an excess beyond the quantity which he may require for exportation: , he must ship it, however disadvantageous it may be. Neither can the foreign merchant dispose of his goods upon the coast; he is forced to place them under the agency of a Haytian citizen for that purpose, and confide in people possessing but little integrity. All the produce which the foreigner purchases for --- Page 389 --- OR SAINT DOMINGO. CHAP. XII.] through the hands of a broker, exportation must pass He is to whom he is obliged to pay a commission. allowed to make his own purchases ; but this not with the difficulty is obviated by an understanding that he shall be paid the commission on broker, himself. This what the merchant may purchase commission is about six pence per one hundred weight of coffce, and other articles in propounds the arrangements of portion. The French, by with 1825, enjoy a much more extensiveintercourse their than they did previously, and from Hayti and only half duties both on imports exports, paying with the British and Amethey are able to compete I who before had decidedly the advantage. ricans, arrangements are likely to do not know whether any willbe put on be effected, by which British commerce as that of France, although I should the same footing or clse the hope that such a thing is not improbable, intercourse that now exists will decline more, little the French will be able to undersell us, having for as half duties both ways. SO great an advantage but In a commercial point of view Hayti presents to the speculator or advenlittle encouragement There is no extensive sphere for mercantile turer. thing is confined within a narrow operation : every The foreigner, with unlimited pecuniary compass. of employing them to means, has no opportunity The heavy exactions of the government advantage. burthensome to admit of any successful apare too improbable, intercourse that now exists will decline more, little the French will be able to undersell us, having for as half duties both ways. SO great an advantage but In a commercial point of view Hayti presents to the speculator or advenlittle encouragement There is no extensive sphere for mercantile turer. thing is confined within a narrow operation : every The foreigner, with unlimited pecuniary compass. of employing them to means, has no opportunity The heavy exactions of the government advantage. burthensome to admit of any successful apare too --- Page 390 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. XII. plication of capital, and to invest it under the impression of security would be an error that might bring on very fatal results. No such thing as security exists in that country: ; a foreigner cannot hold property in the soil, and he cannot, without a great deal of inconvenience and expense, obtain a lien on the real property of a citizen. To bring it to sale for the purpose of liquidating a debt, would be impossible, from the corrupt administration of justice; for the judicial seat is filled by persons who have not the least idea of either law or equity. Under all thesc circumstances, Hayti cannot advance much in commerce, for she holds out no inducements, and until the government remove the restraints which they have put upon it, and give it greater latitude and freedom, it will not be worth the foreigner's seeking, for he cannot benefit by his operations, and he is exposed to inconceivable difficulties, and often to severe losses. The finances of Hayti are exceedingly low; no country can labour under greater depression in its financial state than the republic at this moment, and there does not appear the least probability of a revival. Without agriculture and commerce, I cannot see how they are to be recruited, and as those are at the lowest ebb, despair seems to me inevitable. Their application to the French government to extend the period for thc payment of the debt due for the recognition ofindependence, is corroborative of --- Page 391 --- xII.] OR SAINT DOMINGO. CHAP. condition. The receipts from their impoverished and their exall their sources ofincome are small, is often is large, and the government penditure of the merchants in antiobliged to borrow money for the of duties they may have to pay, cipation the exigences of the country; purpose of meeting of late, that and this has become SO very frequent enterthey have met with some refusals, merchants such much doubt as to the safcty of making taining advances. estimated at about five The public expenditureis would think millions of dollars annually, which one when a reference is made to the procannot be true, It is certain their ways and duce of the country. short of that amount. The means fall considerably about two customs on imports and exports produce and million two hundred thousand dollars annually, territorial duties on produce, duty on houscs, the and other taxes of minor patents, tax on markets, SO that the consideration, about the same amount; four total revenue of the republic does not excced thousand dollars. On this I million four hundred for the best informed percan place some reliance; natives and foreigners, sons in the country, both and that it is imposstate that amount to be correct, into sible that it can be greater, from the condition sunk. which both commerce and agriculture have these last two years, anticipated a The government, of the mines of Jarge revenuc from the produce other taxes of minor patents, tax on markets, SO that the consideration, about the same amount; four total revenue of the republic does not excced thousand dollars. On this I million four hundred for the best informed percan place some reliance; natives and foreigners, sons in the country, both and that it is imposstate that amount to be correct, into sible that it can be greater, from the condition sunk. which both commerce and agriculture have these last two years, anticipated a The government, of the mines of Jarge revenuc from the produce --- Page 392 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. XII. Cibao, but that scheme turned out to be a fallacious ground-work of expectation ; and a great deal also was expected to be realized by sales of the ment lands, but this also has failed, from govern- landed property being considered at the present moment of very insecure tenure. These two anticipated sources of revenue display the weakness of the and betray their want of foresight in government, an amazing degree, for nothing could be more inconsistent than to calculate upon repairing the finances of the country by hidden treasures, or think of obtaining thing from mines which, had they been known any to be worth working, would never have been neglected by the Spaniards or the French. With respect to government lands, I cannot conceive how any expectation of deriving benefit from them could have been entertained, when it is SO notorious that the people have not a shilling to invest in the soil; and the constitution will not permit Europeans, or white persons from any country, to hold property in their own right, were they disposed to do SO. No means therefore present themselves by which the finances of Hayti can be improved, except the cultivation of its lands in good earnest, not by tial labour, but by the most persevering parand by enforcing the law for culture. industry, Nothing short of the most strenuous exertions in agriculture can save Hayti from the ruin which threatens her, or can shelter her against the storm which --- Page 393 --- xII.] OR SAINT DOMINGO. CHAP. round her. Setting aside the seems to be gathering other source from produce of the soil, there is no and if which any aid to the revenue can be derived ; that be not attended to, and an increase immediately little commercial intercourse that reobtained, the and Hayti will sink into an mains will dwindle away, irrecoverable state of poverty. establishTowards both the military and civil illiberal. They do not ments they are exceedingly which requite either for their services, adequately which the causes them all to be open to bribes, by of the becomes defrauded. The soldiers revenue at times not republic are SO irregularly paid-and wherever paid at all-that they make up by plunder therefore a This is they have an opportunity. butit is similar to mistaken principle of economy: ; and other proceeding of the government, every with it every mark of absurdity. To reason carries of finance would have no with them in matters and his chief advisers effect, for the vanity of Boyer that they think they have arrived at peris such, that of fection; they arrogate to system government the have established the praise of being which they of all the most efficient, if not the most powerful modern republics. which is The same want of system and method, seen in every other branch of the government, per- that The head of vades the financial department. nominal chadepartment has no power; he is a mere ries of finance would have no with them in matters and his chief advisers effect, for the vanity of Boyer that they think they have arrived at peris such, that of fection; they arrogate to system government the have established the praise of being which they of all the most efficient, if not the most powerful modern republics. which is The same want of system and method, seen in every other branch of the government, per- that The head of vades the financial department. nominal chadepartment has no power; he is a mere --- Page 394 --- 382 PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, ETC. [CHAP. XII. racter, and is often undeservedly exposed to censure from the extraordinary conduct of the president. It is not an uncommon circumstance for the president to issue an order on the treasurer for payment to some individual who has had a demand upon government, and after having issued it, and before an application can be made for payment, a subsequent order has been given to suspend the payment of it for a time, by which injustice the treasurer is subjected to great obloquy and abuse. This is not an uncommon thing; many of the British and American merchants will bear testimony to such facts, for they have often becn placed in this predicament. Many to myl knowledge, who have had occasion to transmit money to Port au Prince from some of the distant ports, have paid the amount into the treasury, or some other government department at his own port, and received a check on the treasurer-general for the amount, which, when presented, has often been refused, and it has been by great difliculty, and after great delay, that the check has been paid. So little confidence can be placed in the integrity of the government, that people are no longer disposed to have faith in it. I have, I hope, said enough to deter mercantile adventurers from falling into the trap laid for their property, by the high sounding and vaunting reports published by the culogists of Hayti for the purpose of delusion. --- Page 395 --- CHAPTER XIII. of the courts-Trial by Haytian jurigprudence-State of the peace, their corjury--The judges-Justices chureh,-Account of a Missionruption.-State of the state ary.--Schism in the church.-Moral and religious by their mode of living-Deseripof the people-shewn deseribed-Furniture, tion of this mode.-Habitations -Government do not en- &c-Elucation.-Hsp progress.- of not doing courage it.-Remarks on the consequences shew the s0-Qualifications of senators and communes state of knowledge and education. that I should make a few remarks IT is necessary and endeaon the subject of Haytian jurisprudence, of readers what description pervour to shew my over the civil and criminal departsonages preside what sort of an as well as explain ments ofjustice, justice of the peace is. individual a Haytian who has had an occaI think that every person observer of the sion to visit Hayti, and has been an is dispensed, will acway in which justice generally be exhicord with me in the opinion that there mayl of but that equity is never bited the symbol justice, whenand in substance; and that dealt out in spirit should be ever it becomes unavoidable that recourse had to the courts of law for a decision on a disquestion, it is ten to one in favour of that puted the peace is. individual a Haytian who has had an occaI think that every person observer of the sion to visit Hayti, and has been an is dispensed, will acway in which justice generally be exhicord with me in the opinion that there mayl of but that equity is never bited the symbol justice, whenand in substance; and that dealt out in spirit should be ever it becomes unavoidable that recourse had to the courts of law for a decision on a disquestion, it is ten to one in favour of that puted --- Page 396 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP, XIII. suitor who is the most liberal in his bribes to the judges. It is a fact which cannot be controverted, that justice in Hayti may be bought; and those who are appointed to administer it, cannot escape the imputation of making the chair ofi justice the vehicle of corruption. Justice never flows from a pure and unvitiated source. The civil and criminal codes of Hayti do certainly provide for its due administration, and for the protection of property and individuals against molestation; but there is a laxity in the courts which deserves the severest reprobation, and calls for a prompt remedy. There is SO much procrastination, and such inconceivable dilatoriness in the officers of the courts, that cases of a civil nature, although of no importance and capable of being decided at the first glance, are oftentimes heard and reheard, considered and reconsidered, before any, judgment is given; and those who may be committed for trial for an alleged offence, are alike subjected to the tardy proceedings of the law, and the innocent often suffers, by an unjust imprisonment before trial, equal in duration to that which is awarded to an offender after his conviction. The supineness and apathy of the judges are the suljects of general condemnation, and their want of discernment and discrimination renders it frequently necessary to reverse or suspend the execution of their judgments. The law establishing a trial by jury in criminal --- Page 397 --- CHAP. XIII.] OR SAINT DOMINGO, cases passed the legislative body, I but I have not heard of believe, in 1826, been acted any instance in which it has upon, nor do I think, from the incapacity of the people, that it will be general If it be, I cannot acted upon. might answer for the consequences that ensue in all cases of crime, where vestigation of the different a long institute it took place. allegations which conbe thought Amongst the people who would eligible to be summoned on court, few only, if ajury by the determining any, would be found capable of upon the guilt orinnocence of the accused, and those probably would be party passions to convict or acquit, led by their ence to the without the least refercharge or the evidence adduced. trial by jury in Hayti be The people when may a great blessing to the they are taught to estimate its ance, as the means of importliberties. But as preserving their rights and but little of they, at the present moment, know liberty but the name, and have but very superficial knowledge of what a rights, they are not fit to be constitutes their formance of SO trusted with the perthe innocence important a duty as to decide or guilt of their fellow upon being the state of men. Such the trial by jury will knowledge, I feel confident that not be adopted in the people become more practice until be more generally diffused enlightened, and knowledge The court of cassation, throughout the country. peal from the courts civil which is the court of apand criminal, exceeds, in C C name, and have but very superficial knowledge of what a rights, they are not fit to be constitutes their formance of SO trusted with the perthe innocence important a duty as to decide or guilt of their fellow upon being the state of men. Such the trial by jury will knowledge, I feel confident that not be adopted in the people become more practice until be more generally diffused enlightened, and knowledge The court of cassation, throughout the country. peal from the courts civil which is the court of apand criminal, exceeds, in C C --- Page 398 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP, XIII. the tardiness of its proceedings, all the other legal institutions of the country. There is no such thing as an equitable decision emanating from the judges, for they are under the surveillance of the president, and before they give their judgment, have recourse to him to know whether their opinions meet his approbation. Ifhe concur, they give judgment accordingly, but should he differ, and the question be one in which the state is a party, or any state officer, then they are obliged to reconsider the case, and to see if they have not taken a wrong view of the question at issue. After a short period,-for itisincumbent on themt to preservetheir charactersasjudges in equity,-they pronounce judgment with great SO-. lemnity, and with as much appearance of that conscious rectitude of proceeding as if their investigation of the subject had been the most unbiassed, and their decision founded on the purest principles of law and justice. The proceedings in the lower courts are somewhat extraordinary in civil cases. If a creditor institute a suit against a debtor in one district, and obtain a verdict, the defendant is permitted to appeal from the sentence to the court of the adjoining district, and SO on in succession throughout the whole series of district courts; and if the last confirm the judgment of the first, the defendant can then move it into the court of cassation, and in the event of that court confirming the judgment of the courts below, --- Page 399 --- OR SAINT DOMINGO. CHAP. XIII] from it to the president, and apply he may appeal SO that the contest for a new trial in those courts, be the ad infinitum, however clear may proceeds adduced of the debt being just. These unjust proof acts of the judges and president are and inequitable to resort to common; and foreigners who are obliged means for the recovery of their debts, find it legal much and expense, attended with SO procrastination in addition to the uncertainty of the result, that they wait the effect of time for the recovery of mostly their debts, rathér than have recourse to law. and I call it a most Another most extraordinary, over the courts, is vested in the unexampled power hands of an officer denominated the grand judge. execution after the judgment is conHe can stay and firmed as long as he may deem it adviseable; at the time the party is in possessioni of although the debt, he frequently gives him means to liquidate to it. In the mean time, one, two, or three years pay clandesthe debtor may dispose of his property in a the creditor being left to lament not tine manner, but the heavy charges to only the loss of his debt, which he had been put through the whole of the and chicanery of the law, and the wéakness delays and unfairness of the judges. The British merchants in Hayti have been subjected to the most intolerable impositions, through of the courts of justice; the unjust proceedings but it is probable that some check will now be put c'c 2 one, two, or three years pay clandesthe debtor may dispose of his property in a the creditor being left to lament not tine manner, but the heavy charges to only the loss of his debt, which he had been put through the whole of the and chicanery of the law, and the wéakness delays and unfairness of the judges. The British merchants in Hayti have been subjected to the most intolerable impositions, through of the courts of justice; the unjust proceedings but it is probable that some check will now be put c'c 2 --- Page 400 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. XIII. to these iniquitous and nefarious proceedings. The consul-general is too wary, and too sensible of the evil, not to be on the alert; and although he may not have the power to remedy the past, I am confident he will prevent a recurrence of it in future. His known perseverance and determination have shaken the courts already, and his presence there will, I think, insure to his countrymen thatjustice for which they have SO long sought in vain. The judges form perhaps the most extraordinary selection of personages that could ever have been found in any country ; and their avocations previously to their elevation to the judicial seat, have never been professional. The grand judge, Mons. Freshnell, is an infirm man of colour, nearly eighty years of age. Until he arrived at middle age, he had been actively and successfully employed in the marauding career of a pirate. His legal know. ledge is just what might have been expected from his previous avocations. He is a modest old man, it is true; for when his present appointment was offered to him he declined it, as he said himself, from his incompetency to fill it, and to perform the duties which it required. Boyer however insisted on his accepting it, and remarked 66 that it did not require talent or legal knowledge to execute the duties ofit, that he had only to do as he was directed by such orders as he might receive from the bureau of government "; SO that, in fact, the first law officer of --- Page 401 --- OR SAINT DOMINGO. CHAP. xIII] the republic is a mere tool of the government, posneither of capacity nor power. He is a mere sessed of the president, to move and act as he instrument may be directed. of the court of cassation is a The chief judge vain black, and, like that race in general, exceedingly both of his talents and high station. He is a small but generally called a merchant (negoshopkceper, and in that way he is more respectable than ciant), The other judges of this in his judicial capacity. in some mercantile or similar court are all engaged of and exhibit neither the dignity expoundcalling, the nor placid exterior deers of the law, nor grave meanour of men on whom devolves the important of distributing justice with an equal hand. duty Dieu Donney, chief judge of the lower Monsieur of colour, and may be considered as courts, is a man in the laws of the possessing some little knowledge and would, in all probability, do justice republic, to do SO. He is said to be a great were he permitted opponent to the practice of suspending judgments for execution, and has declared it, in the when réady to be unjust and unconstipresence of the president, tutional, and that before long it would inevitably be the means of driving all foreigners from the counfor it gave countenance to the fraudulent designs try, of those who were in the habit of obtaining a large of them immeamount in goods on credit, disposing diately for less than they actually cost, for the pur- republic, to do SO. He is said to be a great were he permitted opponent to the practice of suspending judgments for execution, and has declared it, in the when réady to be unjust and unconstipresence of the president, tutional, and that before long it would inevitably be the means of driving all foreigners from the counfor it gave countenance to the fraudulent designs try, of those who were in the habit of obtaining a large of them immeamount in goods on credit, disposing diately for less than they actually cost, for the pur- --- Page 402 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. XIII. pose of realizing the money and investing it in lands, when they knew that in the first place they could, by the delays of the court, prevent judgment being taken for two years, and after judgment, might obtain three years for its liquidation : and in fact, perhaps in the end, never pay at all, because in the interim they might dispose of, or make over their property to another, in trust, and laugh at. their creditor with impunity. He is, I think, an upright man, and although his talents are not of the first order amongst his Haytian brethren, yet he makes up for this by his integrity, and gives great satisfaction by the justice of his decisions; but he is often controlled by the majority of his brother judges, who are as corrupt as they are ignorant. The idea which some of the judges have of conscience is somewhat singular, and may not be unworthy of notice. They are all very ill paid it, is true, and consequently they are open to bribery, as I have before mentioned; and whenever a good bribe is offered, they never consult their consciences about the justice of the case, but give a verdict as a quid pro quo for the douceur. With regard to that respectable officer, a justice of the peace in Hayti, he is almost indescribable, being a compound of bad qualities. Speaking of them generally, they are what may be not incorrectly denominated retailers ofjustice, and dispose ofit to --- Page 403 --- SAINT DOMINGO. CHAP. XIII.] OR the most. They are perthat person who can give selected, and in sons certainly not very judiciously reside, they exerthe different districts where they unless the parties cise their power very arbitrarily, before them, for be brought who may unfortunately their can afoffences committed within jurisdiction, was well for a little lenity. An attempt ford to pay at Port au Prince, who made by the justice of peace to impose on a Briis the uncle of Boyer's mistress, discharged from tish sailor, who had been illegally without vessel, in which he had sailed, an American acting, it was said, under the payment of his wages, of the vessel. But the British influence of the agents strongly with consul-general not only remonstrated to make it a subject this personage, but threatened the fellow howof representation to the president; and afterwards made some submission, ever having the matter was permitapologized for his conduct, ted to drop. the administration of the Having touched upon few observations laws of Hayti, I shall now offer a moral and relithe church establishment and the on gious condition of the people. is the Roman The established religion of Hayti other however, tolerates Catholic, the constitution, but although to the letter of thelaw; forms according other forms of worship, the municipal it does tolerate that the Protestant sectaauthorities take great care obstacle when rians shall encounter every possible submission, ever having the matter was permitapologized for his conduct, ted to drop. the administration of the Having touched upon few observations laws of Hayti, I shall now offer a moral and relithe church establishment and the on gious condition of the people. is the Roman The established religion of Hayti other however, tolerates Catholic, the constitution, but although to the letter of thelaw; forms according other forms of worship, the municipal it does tolerate that the Protestant sectaauthorities take great care obstacle when rians shall encounter every possible --- Page 404 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CIIAP. XIII. they wish to mcet for the purpose of divine worship. They will not permit their meetings to be held in a public manner, and the inhabitants are cautioned against receiving them into their houses unless they desist from preaching. What is therefore called toleration in IIaytiit would be difficult to define. Itis not many years since, that a missionary from one of the societics of England (I think he was a Wesleyan) was obliged to Icave the country, although that individual bore a most exemplary character, and had very studiously avoided exciting the envy of the Catholic priests, or giving the least umbrage to any person of that persuasion. He set about the duties of his mission with all the ardour of his scct, and gained many followers, but the rancour of the Catholic clergy was roused by his success, and their malice soon became conspicuous. This very worthy man, therefore, was subjected to great insult. His removal was suggested to the president, and the anathemas of the church were threatened unless he complied with their request. He was represented by them to have aimed at subverting the doctrines of the church of Rome, and of introducing heresy among the people, to have preached disobedience to the established authoritics, and to have ridiculed the supremacy of the Pope. The weakness and submission of the president forced him to expel this individual from the island. It is said, however, tlat Boycr secretly Çn- --- Page 405 --- XIII.] OR SAINT DOMINGO. CHAP. him with a sum abled him to do sO, by presenting he felt that any of money, and expressing the regret have called character should causes of a religious with which the conupon him to exercise the power was stitution had armed him, as he individually of that jealousy sensible of the unreasonableness of the in the followers which is too predominant which he could not but silently Church of Rome, and deprecate. church in Hayti appears to be The Catholic The schism in the state. in a very disorganized few ago has not been church which happened a years of Port healed, and Boyer, by expelling the bishop Jérémic, (Jeremiah O'Flinns, ,an au Prince and Pere censures, Irish priest,) has incurred severe papal he has taken no steps to remove. which, it is said, establishment in Hayti was Formerly the church there being no less than an archbishop, numerous, and about sixty priests and monks. three bishops, there remain only about thirty or But at this time distributed in the different forty of the latter class of of the country, and it is the determination parts their number; the the government not to increasc the of others will in future be excluded, as poverty in aid the revenue of the church the state requires ofits exigences. who officiate, are the most abSome of the priests I think I ever saw. They ject and miserable wretches they deand in some of the interior parts are poor, . three bishops, there remain only about thirty or But at this time distributed in the different forty of the latter class of of the country, and it is the determination parts their number; the the government not to increasc the of others will in future be excluded, as poverty in aid the revenue of the church the state requires ofits exigences. who officiate, are the most abSome of the priests I think I ever saw. They ject and miserable wretches they deand in some of the interior parts are poor, --- Page 406 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. XIII. rive their sole support from the voluntary contributions of the inhabitants, but thosc in the principal towns have a tolerable income, and seem to enjoy the good things of this world in common with their flock. Those who attend at the shrine of Alta Gracia at Higuey are said to be rich, but their emoluments arise principally from the offerings of the poor deluded bigots who go there on their pilgrimage. The people in general seem to carc but little about religion, and the conduct of the leading men of the state sets religion and morality at defiance. The female Haytians who attend divine worship, and go regularly to mass, are not actuated by any religious feeling. Going to church is a merc matter of parade with them, the sabbath being a day of festivitics, and not set aside for religious devotion. The female congregations which frequent the churches in Hayti appear better prepared for an opera, or some other public amusement, than for the sacred duties of offering up their prayers in adoration of the Deity. The men seldom or never go to mass, except on the days particularly set apart by the government as public fétcs. On these occasions the president and all the officers ofHayti go in procession, but the idea of devotion, I believe, never enters their contemplation. Such days are mercly set aside for celebrating some particular event, which it is wished should bc handed --- Page 407 --- OR SAINT DOMINGO. CHAP. xmn.] These occasions present only down to posterity. the whole people the external symbol of religion, or careless of its real character. being either ignorant during the celebraTheir manner and appearance feelings tion of mass shew that they have no inward of picty or devotion. the is at the lowest posThe moral state of people ebb. In the towns there is perhaps the appearsible and are apt to conclude that ance of morality, persons in from what they have made some progress general, observed in such places where opportunitics theyhave those of the inhabitants who are afforded of secing education ; but in the inhave had the benefits of and the people terior there is an infinite difference, the lowest state of moral degradation-every are in their habits and manner of livingthing shews it, and follow In secluded places they congregate, in all of nature, and indulge all the propensities without limits and the vices of lust and sensuality I think, for any without control. It is not possible, from their without returing one to visit habitations, their state is them with a conviction that present to have much below any thing that can be imagined of existed in the worst state of society in any part the world. In the new republics of South America, in which socicty is very backward also, the prevailing habits present some appearance of improvement; there are no but in the country districts of Hayti from that deplordemonstrations of advancement vices of lust and sensuality I think, for any without control. It is not possible, from their without returing one to visit habitations, their state is them with a conviction that present to have much below any thing that can be imagined of existed in the worst state of society in any part the world. In the new republics of South America, in which socicty is very backward also, the prevailing habits present some appearance of improvement; there are no but in the country districts of Hayti from that deplordemonstrations of advancement --- Page 408 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAT. XIII. able ignorance in which they seem to have existed from the period of the revolution: ; no change in their loose and dissolutc manners and customs, but a fixed and determined perseverance in all the primitive vices of the African race. If the interior of the houses of the highest class of people even in the towns display nothing indicative of that peculiar regard for propriety and cleanliness which we have heard of as being SO characteristic of the people of colour, in the tropics, what will be said of the habitations of the cultivators in the interior of Hayti, where they resemble more the huts of the most savage tribes of the eastern and the western world? The former are far from being in such a condition as to make them desirable residences; forin fact they exhibit nothing approaching to that state which is SO common with people of colour in other colonies, the sluggish occupiers caring little about cleanliness except in the exterior ornaments of their persons. The huts of the interior are mercly mud edifices with two rooms for the accommodation of the whole family, and in which the slaves of the British colonies, and particularly in Jamaica, would disdain to reside; nor would their proprietors offer them such miserable abodes. In these houses filth and every species of uncleanliness prevail, for the people give themselves entirely up to their indolent and lazy habits. Itis common to sce the pigs and poultry herding with --- Page 409 --- OR SAINT DOMINGO. CHAP. xm.] and whilst the latter are at their repast, the family, 66 picking the crumbs the former are in attendance, table." One bed often that fall from their master's The furniture consuffices for all the inmates. two few articles, a table, a stool, sists of a very a tray on four legs, chairs, a side board, or rather bowls made from the calabash as substiand some with an iron pot or two for tutes for earthenware, there Every thing seems useful, culinary purposes. now and then a small is nothing ornamental, except decorated mostly with the pier glass in a gilt frame wood-cut of the cap of labours of Arachne, and a considered to be an emblematical representliberty, ation of Haytian heroism. offer a few remarks on It may not be improper to and which of education in the republic, the subject in colours far seems to me to have been represented have Most people, I apprehend, too glowing. of education from formed an opinion of the progress Cape in Port au Prince, what they have perceived others of the principal Haytien, and one or two contained the largest places, as though those places This is an erroproportion of the population. as the youth in the country parts, neous impression, of education placed within not having the means in the darkest ignotheir reach, are brought up of the This is immediately seen at any rance. which the traveller has to little villages through of them if for making an inquiry at many pass, too glowing. of education from formed an opinion of the progress Cape in Port au Prince, what they have perceived others of the principal Haytien, and one or two contained the largest places, as though those places This is an erroproportion of the population. as the youth in the country parts, neous impression, of education placed within not having the means in the darkest ignotheir reach, are brought up of the This is immediately seen at any rance. which the traveller has to little villages through of them if for making an inquiry at many pass, --- Page 410 --- 398 PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAr. XIII. there wcre any schools, the answer was generally there were none, except at Port au Prince." In the north, the public schools established by Christophe, who really made efforts to disseminate knowledge and to improve the morals of the people, have all been suspended and the houses turned into barracks for the military, to the utter disgrace of the government. In Port au Prince there is one school supported by the republic upon the Lancasterian principle, and a military school for young men who are intended for the scientific departments of the army, and there is a similar establishment at the cape; but the few schools which are to be met with in the large towns are merely private institutions to which youth are sent whose parents have the means of supporting them. The ignorant cultivators give themselves no concern about procuring moral education for their children ; and on the score of religion they seldom feel the least anxiety, for three-fourths of them are at this moment as rank idolaters as their forefathers were in Africa. In the towns also it should be understood the people are mostly engaged in some mercantile avocations, or else they are handicrafismen, or persons holding some civil or military appointments. They therefore have not only an opportunity of educating their children, being contiguous to the schools, but they have the pecuniary means for doing SO. The --- Page 411 --- OR SAINT DOMINGO. CHAP. xur.] cultivators in the country have neither; money in never have, except just as much as particular they brings them, the sale of their vegetables on a Sunday for of in payment but which is generally disposed and the supply of taffia required the salt provisions, They have no reserve for their weekly consumption. to of improvement, nor are they taught for purposes seems to consider that improve; but the government them in ignorance is the most secure way to keep and repose to the country. to insure tranquillity I think That such is the feeling of the government evident from the one hundred and seventyis quite which I have eighth article of the Code Rural, shall before, and which orders that children given fathers 66 to follow their condition be sent to their collof life." As long therefore as their parents that the ,itis clear tinue in ignorances andimmorality, examchildren have no means of profiting by a good sentiment of the people of ple. It is the prevailing should be kept in their precolour, that the blacks of and SO long as the governsent state ignorance, of the former class, the ment be composed of people condition. latter will remain in their present abject the is now situated, he is in a worse state As negro than the slave; for although he is of degradation from the general mass free, he is almost excluded with the name of of the population: 2 he is marked freedom, whilst he actually groans under despotism In this state he is likely to remain, and oppression. kept in their precolour, that the blacks of and SO long as the governsent state ignorance, of the former class, the ment be composed of people condition. latter will remain in their present abject the is now situated, he is in a worse state As negro than the slave; for although he is of degradation from the general mass free, he is almost excluded with the name of of the population: 2 he is marked freedom, whilst he actually groans under despotism In this state he is likely to remain, and oppression. --- Page 412 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. XIII. until some general change be effected in Hayti which shall place him in a state of unresisted intercourse with the more enlightened portion of the people, by which he may be taught properly to estimate the value ofliberty, and made to participate in those blessings which it is wont to diffuse. I do not know a circumstance that shews more clearly the backward state of knowledge and education in Hayti than the little progress made by the representatives of the people in the senate and in the chamber of communes, for there are many of them who can neither read nor write. In the senate, out of twenty-four members I could mention four or five who, at the time I left the island, could not write their names, nay, not even their initials. It may appear strange that the president, who has the selection of the members who occupy seats in the senate, should appoint men thus incapable and uneducated to become his council and advisers. However strange this may seem to others, it excites no surprise in my mind, because I am convinced, and it is a matter of general notoriety, that Boyer wants only mere passive instruments to obey, and not canvass or oppose any measures emanating from the government. Out of about seventy-two members composing the chamber of communes, there are twenty-six equally ignorant, and their only qualification seems to be a sufficient degree of pliancy to yield a ready assent to any proposition which has --- Page 413 --- CHAP. XILI.] -OR SAINT DOMINGO, been submitted by the sideration. government for their conAll that government wants of the either house is to keep up the members of tive appearance oflegisladeliberation, to give a colour to their ceedings, and form a cloak to cover their own prooppression and plans of in the different rapacity. The persons selected those who have communes as representatives, are been recommended by the ment, for the people have no governnearly the same, they dare voice, or, what is whom the not raise it against those president has recommended to their These abject choice. hands of representatives are mere tools in the government, and as they are well they care little or nothing for the duties paid, to which they are elevated. ofthe station The senator with his one thousand dollars per annum, and the two hundred hundred dollars commune with his eight received from the not hesitate to accede to treasury, would monstrous and any proposition, however his seat, and unconstitutional, in order to secure preserve the favour of the government. 1 D --- Page 414 --- CHAPTER XIV. Population. Census 1824, opinion on it. - Further statement.- -Manner of taking the census.- Checks to increase.- -Decrcase is evident.--Nature ofthose checks. Increase În United States according to Raymond.- Conclusion. Ir is a very difficult task to ascertain the exact number of the population in IIayti, and I may in all probability not be correct in the statcment which was given to mc, although I am convinced that the individual from whom I received it would not knowingly have offered me a document containing an erroneous calculation. Indeed I place great reliance on this statement, because the official station of its author affords him information which is not easily to be obtained from any other source. It appears that thc census said to have been taken in the year 1824, and the particulars of which I have in my possession as presented to me personally by Boyer, is a fabrication of government, promulgated intentionally to astonish the nations of Europe with the rapid increase of the population since the expulsion of the French in the time of Dessalines. This census when taken into consideration will appear almost incredible, and, from the great reliance on this statement, because the official station of its author affords him information which is not easily to be obtained from any other source. It appears that thc census said to have been taken in the year 1824, and the particulars of which I have in my possession as presented to me personally by Boyer, is a fabrication of government, promulgated intentionally to astonish the nations of Europe with the rapid increase of the population since the expulsion of the French in the time of Dessalines. This census when taken into consideration will appear almost incredible, and, from the --- Page 415 --- CHAP. xIV.] PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI. irregular manner in which, even on the its advocates, it is confession of it will be found acknowledged to have been taken, authentic unworthy of being received as an return. It states the number as follows:- In the ancient Spanish part. In the part formerly under Christophe 61,468 In the part originlally the republic established 367,721 Petion by 504,146 Total. 933,535 The incredibility attached to such a the preceding will be statement as bered that in manifested, when it is remem1802, in the time of Toussaint, the population In the ancient French part was, boldt, about according to HumAnd in the Spanish part it did not exceed. 375,000 95,000 Total. 470,000 Now it must I think be admitted that such crease as appears from a an instatements comparison of these two cannot be probable. That the tion of any country should double in populayears, cannot for a moment be believed. twenty-two is Here it represented to have more than doubled, for there is a decrease in the Spanish part of nearly four thousand, and the thirtyClerc and the subsequent war with Le the massacres of Dessalines, as well as long internal contests between Christophe and D D 2 --- Page 416 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. XIV. Petion, are not taken in the scale of decrease. The census of 1824, therefore, will, I should think, appear erroneous. That it is prima facie a fabrication, cannot be denied; and the advantage expected to result from this falsification I cannot comprehend. By the statement to which I have alluded as given to me, and on which I can rcly as containing a more correct return of the population of 1824, Hayti appears to contain:- Blacks 608,400 Coloured of all degrees 90,700 Strangers domiciled 16,400 Total. 715,500 And about three hundred white inhabitants, consisting of foreign merchants, tradesmen, handicraftsmen, &c. Of the above number, the divisions are stated in this manner:- In the ancient Spanish part 54,000 The part formerly Christophe's 502,300 The part originally the republic under Petion e 359,200 Total. 715,500 This account of the population carries on the face of it much more probability than the statement of Boyer. Indeed I took no little pains to inquire of individuals conversant with the subject, and they Total. 715,500 And about three hundred white inhabitants, consisting of foreign merchants, tradesmen, handicraftsmen, &c. Of the above number, the divisions are stated in this manner:- In the ancient Spanish part 54,000 The part formerly Christophe's 502,300 The part originally the republic under Petion e 359,200 Total. 715,500 This account of the population carries on the face of it much more probability than the statement of Boyer. Indeed I took no little pains to inquire of individuals conversant with the subject, and they --- Page 417 --- CHAP. xiv.] OR SAINT DOMINGO. spoke decidedly against the census of it as their opinion that it could 1824, giving seven hundred not have exceeded and thousand, at all events seven hundred twenty thousand of all degrees. It further opinion that the was their increased, but on the population had not lately observe in the contrary, from what they could different parts had occasion to travel through which they there on their mercantile appeared a great check, and that concerns, there unquestionably an annual decrcase. was. The manner in which the in taking a census must government proceeds accuracy and inevitably lead to indeceive. error, even where there is no to A census is taken in each design by the general arrondissement of the commanding, aided by the peace in the several justices and as there are no registers parishes composing it, of births or deaths, kept in those parishes occasional every thing is left to visits being made to several estimation, to ascertain the number of parts of them these proprietors have settlers. Now many of parishes within the possessions in two or three turns of persons arrondissement; and the reeach of them, and composing their family are made in population much thereby swell the aggregate of the beyond the actual number. further, the census is not taken And the several simultaneously in and it is arrondissements, but at different said, that the cultivators who periods, one to the other, are move from returned in two places. --- Page 418 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. XIV. If the people were industrious, and relaxed from those vicious courses in which they now too much indulge;. if marriage were more generally diffused, and morality inculcated; if some system were adopted which would tend towards a removal of the evils which now prevail through the republic, the population would in all probability increase, but until these are accomplished, such a result is not to be expected. It has often been argued that labour in the colonics is a check upon increase, and that may be possible when the labouris excessive. But I think it will be admitted that a moderate portion of labour has a contrary effect, and this is exemplified in those states of America where slavery exists. In those states the increase is very great, and excites considerable apprehension lest the slave population should become too powerful a body to be kept in subjection. Raymond, an American author, and a political economist, in his remarks on the population of the United States, gives the increase of the slaves at one and a half per cent. annually, which I think is a refutation of the opinion of labour being a check of SO serious a nature as has been contemplated. In the British colonies I have seen instances oflarge families, though the parents have undergone the regular labour of the plantation; but in Hayti, where very little labour is performed, I was not able to discover a solitary in- a body to be kept in subjection. Raymond, an American author, and a political economist, in his remarks on the population of the United States, gives the increase of the slaves at one and a half per cent. annually, which I think is a refutation of the opinion of labour being a check of SO serious a nature as has been contemplated. In the British colonies I have seen instances oflarge families, though the parents have undergone the regular labour of the plantation; but in Hayti, where very little labour is performed, I was not able to discover a solitary in- --- Page 419 --- CHAP. xIv.] OR SAINT DOMINGO. stance of a large family in any part I had occasion to travel. In the through which North American slave states of the Union, the labour of the as severe as in the British slaves is ling through them I colonies, and on travelfamilies saw as many cases of among the slave large the white population as occur among people, SO that even severe a check upon labour is not led increase to such a degree as to imaginc. many are It must also be remarked, that tians there are but very few among the Haythe males seldom instances of longevity, excceding forty or age, and the women fifty years of At the age of probably a year or two more. thirty, both men and the appearance ofbeing women have weight of time; the prematurely afflicted by the restricted sensual effects, no doubt, of an unintercourse and other vices, greatly increased by sloth and indolence. and slave In the colonies, on the will be found at the contrary, men and women age of fifty health and vigour of their possessing all the have been sex, whilst those who dolent emancipated, and have imbibed the inhabits, and pursued the licentious gences SO characteristic of the induluncontrolled liberty, exhibit negro in a state of the even at forty. decrepitude of age I have offered the tion with a view to shew foregoing remarks on populathe that it is census taken in 1824 impossible that can be correct; and I think --- Page 420 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. XIV. it must appear conclusive, under all the circumstances connected with the state of society, that the large increase of population said to have taken place between the time of Dessalines and the present period, rests upon no authority whatever. The habits of the people manifestly oppose such a supposition. That for several years there has been no increase, I am persuaded: ; and SO long as the people are permitted to indulge in all those excesses which are SO prevalent in the country, I am convinced that their number will continue to decrease. I have but little to advance by way of conclusion to my labours, further than to observe that I trust it will be seen that Hayti has been too much extolled; that the extraordinary and rapid strides said to have been made by its inhabitants, in wealth, morality, and knowledge, is a fiction which has not the slightest foundation; and that, before a change can be effected, ages must roll away and a new people be created. The present race are too hardened in vice to be improved by example, or taught the distinction between that which may benefit the country and that which must prove subversive of the public good. Let loose from restraint, without having been first taught how to enjoy freedom, they have given way to ungovernable passions, and plunged into every species of vice. Feeling only the few wants characteristic of the savage, and those wants easily supplied, they are careless of all consequences, and the slightest foundation; and that, before a change can be effected, ages must roll away and a new people be created. The present race are too hardened in vice to be improved by example, or taught the distinction between that which may benefit the country and that which must prove subversive of the public good. Let loose from restraint, without having been first taught how to enjoy freedom, they have given way to ungovernable passions, and plunged into every species of vice. Feeling only the few wants characteristic of the savage, and those wants easily supplied, they are careless of all consequences, and --- Page 421 --- CHAP. xIY.] OR SAINT DOMINGO, never bestow a thought on the future welfare either of their posterity or their country; but out the least constraint, go on with. fostering and every evil and pernicious habit. But such pursuing as this must bring on a crisis of no a state and difficulty, and Hayti ordinary danger may yet have to endure a repetition of those scenes of trouble and desolation which have marked her career from the revolution which may shake or perhaps destroy the little ; which she has raised, and finally fabric people all those fatal bring upon her morals and habits consequences which spring from universally dissolute and relaxed. Hayti affords us a strong instance of what be expected from the emancipation of slaves may have been previously before they prepared to receive this by moral and religious boon instruction, and a proof that agriculture cannot efficiently be carried on in the lonies ifit depend on the labour of the COslave. Should it be therefore enfranchised to declare the slaves in the British thought expedient before they have been colonies free and prepared for such a measure, provision be made against the that sudden ebullition which consequences of cite, the colonies be emancipation would exmay taken leave of for ever as a productive appendage to the crown. me out in this opinion; for that Hayti bears a lasting monument of what country presents injudicious may be expected from by frec labour. emancipation, or what may be effected With the finest soil in the world for E E --- Page 422 --- PRESENT STATE OF HAYTI, [CHAP. XIV. all the purposes of tropical agriculture, with seasons the most congenial, with a climate SO varied in its temperature as to be peculiarly adapted for the production, of not only tropical plants, but those of America and of Europe also, with a population of labourers equal to her wants, were they moral and industrious,- - with all these important advantagesnaturally adapted to raise herinto eminence and wealth, yet has Hayti sunk into the lowest state of and moral degradation. Without poverty agriculture, for the country displays nothing but waste: ; without commerce, for her harbours are empty, and present no appearance of a revival of trade; with an exhausted treasury and a diminished revenue; with a heavy debt and a debased currency, Hayti must finally be overwhelmed in irretrievable ruin. One plan however still remains to be tried, by which she mayin time perhaps recover her shattered state. Let the people be roused to a sense of their abject condition, and if laws be enacted for the enforcement of cultivation, let them not slecp, but be executed with an unsparing hand, and the penalty which they impose be rigidly inflicted on the disobedient and the indolent. Those mistaken views of philanthropy upon which the government has hitherto proceeded have proved destructive to the country, and the effects of ill-judged leniency are now too heavy to be any longer borne. Cocrcive mcasures arc now, itis said, to takc the place of mild oused to a sense of their abject condition, and if laws be enacted for the enforcement of cultivation, let them not slecp, but be executed with an unsparing hand, and the penalty which they impose be rigidly inflicted on the disobedient and the indolent. Those mistaken views of philanthropy upon which the government has hitherto proceeded have proved destructive to the country, and the effects of ill-judged leniency are now too heavy to be any longer borne. Cocrcive mcasures arc now, itis said, to takc the place of mild --- Page 423 --- CHAP. xIv.] Olt SAINT DOMINGO. ones; the pcople are not to be their own uncontrolled permitted to pursue courses as heretofore, nor the indolent to slumber with impunity. All are to forward as with one impulse, to an extended spring of the soil, for the purpose of culture to its ancient condition. restoring the country I wish the promise thus held out to the world be realized, and that the may sess sufficient government may still posenergy to give effect to its declared intention; but I have my doubts of both. The sident is incompetent, and the preand imbecile; and whilst the government weak mitted to hold the reins of the present rulers are perstate machine, I one cannot hope that the country will for, that miserable condition into which emerge from and an overstrained an unwise policy, and mistaken philanthropy, have unfortunately thrown it. Time, it is said, effects wonderful changes, but I fear no place for the better in change can take Hayti until there be a new 1 race of people, under the dominion of a chief tent to rule them with efficient compeenergy. THE END. G. Woodlall, Printer, Angel Court, Skinner Street, London. --- Page 424 --- 66-131 Staveya 9Dac 1965 ERRATA. Page 55, for 6 Aux Cazes ", and throughout the volume, for 4 Aux Cases ' read 46 Aux Cayes". 65, for * parish of Acub ", read 4 parish of Acul". 199, and throughout the volume, for 64 Count Limonde " read c Count Limonade ". 215, for 66 Prince Larnders ", read 46 Prince Saunders ". 238, and throughout the volume, for <Sumana % read (6 Samana". 279, for "L'Arcalaze", read "L'Arcahaye", 296, for 64 Llamos " read 46 Llanos ". 300, for :6 Cibas ", read 66 Cibao ". --- Page 425 --- --- Page 426 --- --- Page 427 --- FS33 --- Page 428 ---