--- Page 1 --- --- Page 2 --- 3obu Cnrtrr Srolon Librarg Bromn lntnersitg --- Page 3 --- --- Page 4 --- --- Page 5 --- --- Page 6 --- --- Page 7 --- --- Page 8 --- --- Page 9 --- AN Bistorical Account OF THE BLACK EMPIRE OF HAYTI. --- Page 10 --- 3 - - a --- Page 11 --- INO --- Page 12 --- - - - ll Lrmrewnatum walha horrate h. luthoor 111 has Camren 171 ( hmy 011 --- Page 13 --- AN Bistorical Account OF THI E BLACK EMPIRE OF HAYTI: COMPREHENDING A VIEW OF THE PRINCIPAL TRANSACTIONS IN THE REVOLUTION OF SAINT DOMINGO; WITII ITS ANTIENT AND MODERN STATE. BY MARCUS RAINSFORD, Eso. LATE CAPTAIN THIRD WEST-INDIA REGIMENT, dc. gc. ee Tros, Tyriusve, mihi nullo discrimine agetur." 33 VIRGIL. ec On peut dire avec vérité qu'il y a peu de traits de barbarie qui puissent leur (les noirs) ètre imputés." DE CHARMILLY. ALBION PRESS PRINTED: PUBLISHED BY JAMES CUNDEE, IVY-LANE, AND SOLD BY C. CHAPPLE, PALL PATERNOSTER-RON; MALL, 1805, --- Page 14 --- --- Page 15 --- ADVERTISEMENT. As all that is necessary to preface the following work will be found in the Introduction, nothing more is intended in this place than to advertise the reader of some circumstances which could not be SO well communicated under any other head. The sedentary attention SO necessary to the production of a literary work, but ill comports with the character of a soldier; this, with other temporary inconveniences, and frequent migrations during their composition, will, it is feared, give occasion for apology in regard to some parts of the following sheets, where an inequality of style and occasional confusion of persons are perceptible, which must be attributed to the want of that tranquil. lity, the desire of the enlightened in all ages, SO necessary to a correct view of men and things, and which polishes --- Page 16 --- vi polishes, while it imparts the utmost reach of intellect. A deficiency may, perhaps, be found in the part confessedly compilation: but it may, at the same time, be said, that to make a book nothing unnecessary is obtruded: and the writer may truly assert, that he sat down to write, what he thought, (and saw) not to think what he should write." It is pleasing to contemplate the kind attentions of those who disinterestedly communicate what information they possess. Of these, the writer would wish to have mentioned many, who, with a delicacy equal to their intelligence, refused to be thanked in public: he resolves, without yet permission, to acknowledge his obligations to Admiral SMITH, whose local information, had it not been for the distance between them, might have conferred much more interest upon his work to JOHN CAMPBELL, Esq. of his Majesty's navy, whose name will be found hereafter, and whose absence at sea he has never ceased to regret to WILLIAM CURTIS, Esq. of Cavendishiesquare, for the liberal communication of his plans, of which he is anxious to avail himself further, in future:--to an AMERICAN resident, at St. Domingo, of whose --- Page 17 --- vii whose assistance he was proud in that island: and to another FRIEND to whom he is indebted for the highest literary obligations. The work is now committed to the indulgence of the public c with all its imperfections on its head;" if truth be at all clucidated---if virtue derive one more friend from its aid or policy, quitting the frail basis of expedience, be further grounded on justice and humanity, the writer will not have recorded, in the first empire of the world, the simple annals of Hayti, in vain. INTRO- --- Page 17 --- vii whose assistance he was proud in that island: and to another FRIEND to whom he is indebted for the highest literary obligations. The work is now committed to the indulgence of the public c with all its imperfections on its head;" if truth be at all clucidated---if virtue derive one more friend from its aid or policy, quitting the frail basis of expedience, be further grounded on justice and humanity, the writer will not have recorded, in the first empire of the world, the simple annals of Hayti, in vain. INTRO- --- Page 18 --- A --- Page 19 --- n Lilynftohe. hncoir (h) iasistedlofin theshoertastime DE Grandes MAN izeme ate Mancg Reee N Sn Dinn elir Civile 12r 9u lu 2ETE PL "E thel Corps AL E ERES RRKE LtC E URME Corp PLAN Peirte chuag 1ll DE LA VILLE B3 an d tt SrR2s tinemes y a DU E the T D ion CAP FRANCOIS. 1786. 7> Lm Toins Letape Eaclise Meridirne 7a8tasLatituude 19: 1o"at ark fou --- Page 20 --- NCB --- Page 21 --- un - VIT VIT ix Marh A mmmemset Meri Panayhnn --- Page 22 --- --- Page 23 --- V nd de . Cewil, 5 - mohind omamdede fothoe frmr ri Conhs hwtph Frunihns tr A --- Page 24 --- --- Page 25 --- A - - I Ccath ohuered lithor shen under urnlener hr. Gilour: - hmale - 1I hemerolint Jul midos. Jfarounto In Lane Paten ue Rn patohitate ler dinnten --- Page 26 --- --- Page 27 --- % Trmnment tine uh Toanter --- Page 28 --- --- Page 29 --- S a . M Monh. cnmcnatbiony hunyim ni Mhschat r h 1- TU uwer Jub T"idng. 5 Jarum uter 5 --- Page 30 --- --- Page 31 --- Homy tohon ly Mr Hanh. hmy L Fimtain Mom hy h. hinotandd homh te Ji 1us e, A - 1 --- Page 32 --- --- Page 33 --- Mland Mommids attanting n Mhnrh C hrmils Me Mornls Pubti Cohit hr Ly Tuly 1Midas br. Trnmtae lv Lane Pater Row --- Page 34 --- fr sen --- Page 35 --- Liberté. Egaliné. Cac AnCeyoh 1 le 16 mevode lans septieme de la Republique française, une et indivisible. TOUSSAINT LOUTERTURE, Général en chef de l'Armée de Saint-Domingue, cl Aoumar Chvan) by - Cmm ar dnut u m. 3. Poibeae Houdiur Aomn mee L da A - utrenn M Tee semp dort eharg - ox 23 S Jai Aouse - G 2a P mn 'a, feuced Loas Jen 3A - 74 - 2 LC funten, Qunawhd Jicith Oh. A Uee ar a rof 3.9 66 gur ous uee bang Lece cle . aoce bede - a ccrete Poibeae Houdiur Aomn mee L da A - utrenn M Tee semp dort eharg - ox 23 S Jai Aouse - G 2a P mn 'a, feuced Loas Jen 3A - 74 - 2 LC funten, Qunawhd Jicith Oh. A Uee ar a rof 3.9 66 gur ous uee bang Lece cle . aoce bede - a ccrete --- Page 36 --- I R - oihumas med aeaee e A mn ee ceurf ee vous cfe vowe cuverrar uss er w beisoau Ar Con ye ceu bour lethh A Jounero a we e k 7A Kaine k e C ee e tsindurt pe Rkr e Ar pewe Com/p Asg eee wch / 60 2 m e ves h ne ciceet Go AOuus Rar u Jour afats --- Page 37 --- a C Po en - Rwol douuere AhAu e - 2 ee erke tacet A ate daur ue/eo tne cee at Tere teae wer € oer zue sour ceer) wuko Pecker 1 2 fuonye d ache ba ve a Rfihns a L chet Z ee ee pat ferbou L 2 K T 2 Zuue vouerw teel ciw JL pe eeA ec M alous 1C C € chose ues re at nabl) Ve eA secerries 2e a Bohi Doue - * e dont vouh avoer biris - ket - Plhouss kut Pusnrh Commaihzt hamdl d - - - kwite Lmnies Kota) --- Page 38 --- 1as --- Page 39 --- & Y 14 / inny Noric Hosmls rnge, /1 amimasny Mam L Cigfiem --- Page 40 --- - --- Page 41 --- INTRODUCTION: Ir has frequently been the fate of striking events, and particularly those which have altered the condition of mankind, to be denied that consideration by their cotemporaries, which they obtain from the veneration of posterity. In their vortex, attention is distracted by the effects; and distant society recedes from the contemplation of objects that threaten a violation of their system, or wound a favourite prejudice. Iti is thus that history, with all the advantages of calm discussion, is imperfect; and philosophy enquires in vain for the unrecorded causes of astonishing transactions. To remedy the evil in this enlightened aera, the'disquisitions of the observer, and the relations of the traveller occur; but these are rused with the rapidity, with which they are necessarily made, and, pealthough they teach us what regards our own nature, impress no other sense of the period described, than as relates to the fleeting objects of immediate import-farnishing, therefore, little more (if SO b much . Iti is thus that history, with all the advantages of calm discussion, is imperfect; and philosophy enquires in vain for the unrecorded causes of astonishing transactions. To remedy the evil in this enlightened aera, the'disquisitions of the observer, and the relations of the traveller occur; but these are rused with the rapidity, with which they are necessarily made, and, pealthough they teach us what regards our own nature, impress no other sense of the period described, than as relates to the fleeting objects of immediate import-farnishing, therefore, little more (if SO b much --- Page 42 --- INTRODUCTION, X be expected) than frail documents for the judgment much may always of the future historian. the case with the subject of the following pages. Such is precisely affect The rise of the Haytian empire is an event which may powerfully of the human race; yet it is viewed as an ordinary sucthe condition only by the horrors of new cession of triumphs and defcats,interrapted elements, and deinflictions, the fury of the contending and terrible structive disease, more tremendous than all. be credited in another age, that philosophers heard It will scarcely fact, hitherto unknown, of the ascertainment of a brilliant unmoved, of those whose experience is not or confined to the vague knowledge It will not be believed, admitted within the pale of historical truth. calmly witnessed its contrasted brilliancy that enlightened Europe view of night, for a sullen hour with actions which, like the opaque obscured the dazzling splendour. that negroes were capable of repelling their Itis on ancient record,* and a writer of modern enemies, with vigour, in their own country 3 between Senegal and Gambia, in Africa, (the Lzo AFRICANUS says, that the negroes supplied,) lived in the utmost innocence and simplicity, parts from whence slaves are, at present, them, teaching them afterwards their religion, and till the armed Moors came among, and subjected howerer, Heli Ischia, a native-negro, at the head the arts of life. About the fourteenth century, them, bravely expelled their Moorish conquerors. ofhis countrymen, turning their own arts against them to several foreign wars, and This negre continued in power, and acted as king, leading establishing them in power over a great extent of country. date --- Page 43 --- INTRODUCTION, xi date * has assured us of the talents and virtues of these people; but it remained for the close of the eighteenth century to realize the scene, from a state of abject degeneracy :-to exhibit, a horde of negroes emancipating themselves from the vilest slavery, and at once filling the relations of society, enacting laws, and commanding armies, in the colonies of Europe. Thesame period haswitnessed a great and polished nation, not merely returning to the barbarism of the earliest periods, but descending to the characters of assassins and executioners; and, removing the boundaries which civilization had prescribed even to war, rendering it a wild conflict of brutes and a midnight massacre. To attract a serious attention to circumstances, which constitute an aera in the history of human nature and of martial affairs, is the purpose of the present disquisition ; which, it is hoped, will tend to furnish an awful, yet practical lesson, as well as to excite and gratify a laudable curiosity. To this subject, the attention of the writer was peculiarly led, from a long acquaintance with the West-Indies, and opportunities of considerable observation of the colonies in that Archipelago. To the French colony of St. Domingo, his notice was carly and particularly attracted; several of his military friends were afterward Adanson, VoyagealAfrique, 1749-53. employed purpose of the present disquisition ; which, it is hoped, will tend to furnish an awful, yet practical lesson, as well as to excite and gratify a laudable curiosity. To this subject, the attention of the writer was peculiarly led, from a long acquaintance with the West-Indies, and opportunities of considerable observation of the colonies in that Archipelago. To the French colony of St. Domingo, his notice was carly and particularly attracted; several of his military friends were afterward Adanson, VoyagealAfrique, 1749-53. employed --- Page 44 --- INTRODUCTION. xii an accident caused a peremployed on its shores, and ultimately of resulting from which, on account sonal visit; the information on his meeffects, could not fail to be deeply impressed its subsequent mory. there is no particular history, in any Of Hispaniola, or St. Domingo, executed similar to those of the British colonies, SO ably by language, others. The earliest accounts are incorporated Sir HANS SLOANE and coadjutors, and of the great discoverer, his Spanish with the voyage Of these the description of COLUMthe legends of the missionaries. while the and that of PETER MARTYR, are the most intelligent, BUS, interesting, and the History of account of LAS CASAS is particularly scarcely to be acute and correct. That of VESPUCCI ought HERRERA Columbus. After the establishnamed, in retribution for his injury to setwhen priests from the mother-country ment of the French colony, and furnished accounts of the establishment, tled upon the island, they interesting and corof the manners of its inhabitants, generally Fathers Du PERS, CHARcelebrated of these are by the rect; the most Neither are the accounts of the Du TERTRE, and LABAT. LEVOIX, founders ofthe French colony), by themselvesBuccaniers (the first writer in the Histoire Generale nor the observations of an anonymous with the assistance without merit. From these sources, des Voidges,* and occasional reof the ABBE RAYNAL, of the able compilation historians, Dr. ROBERTSON, ference to the most polished of modern drawn.- with which the present work commences, are the facts * Paris, 1759. For --- Page 45 --- INTRODUCTION. xiii For the different light in which some incidents will appear, from their authorities, as well as the opinions or sentiments which are occasionally interspersed, the writer alone is answerable. When the circumstances which ultimately led to the independence of the island commenced, the first English work, exclusively, on St. Domingo made its appearance ;* and, though in the form of a pamphlet, contained a correct account of facts, with no other fault than imparted by such a subject at the period an inflammatory style, easily it was written. Not long after, Mr. BRYAN EDWARDS, who had been successful in a General History of the British Colonies in the West-Indies, and who had intended to write a similar one of the French colonies, published a quarto volume on the subject, comprising all the information he could collect. This work, however, although it contained documents of the most authentic kind, did not increase Mr. Edwards's fame as an accurate writer; being, in point of fact, as well as topographically, incorrect; it provoked a volume of equal size in answer, from a gentleman, who, for many reasons, was well acquainted with his subject; M. de CHARMILLY, the commissioner empowered by a number of the colonists to offer a capitulation of St. Domingo to Great Britain. Though replete with errors arising from personal interest, and local prejudices, some facts are furnished * An Inquiry into the Causes of the Insurrection in St. Domingo, 1792. + Hist. Survey. Preface. :' To Mr. Edwards be says, (in his 4 Lettre en Refutation de son Ourrage sur St. Domingue") (6 Yous shouldbave acknowledged, that all your information was derived from others, during a stayofa few the commissioner empowered by a number of the colonists to offer a capitulation of St. Domingo to Great Britain. Though replete with errors arising from personal interest, and local prejudices, some facts are furnished * An Inquiry into the Causes of the Insurrection in St. Domingo, 1792. + Hist. Survey. Preface. :' To Mr. Edwards be says, (in his 4 Lettre en Refutation de son Ourrage sur St. Domingue") (6 Yous shouldbave acknowledged, that all your information was derived from others, during a stayofa few --- Page 46 --- INTRODUCTION. xiv these writers which could not be obtained by any other furnished by both at Paris, a work in two About the same time, there appeared means. of Letters, under the name of the 46 Baron de small volumes, in the form which, from external evidence, appear to be a collection WIMPFFEN:" the in an agreeable manner, on a subject occupying of facts, arranged the time. Whether it were or not attention of the French public, at of observations calculated to suit a a real voyage, among a variety much better chathere are some that deserve a temporary purpose, added in France, a short time after, a work racter. To these were authentic facts in a memoir of Toussaint, and a life containing some distorted for the purposes of party, by a popular of that great man, CHALMERS, in Du BROCAS. The Remarks of Colonel Engwriter, and local opportunities much land, succeeded; from whose experience Of these, with a variety of private documents was to be expected.* the writer obtained from an extensive and intelligent correspondence, has of disorder, shut up in the town of the Cape; while the inhabifew weeks only, in a time general were divided into different parties; and that you could not tants of the colony, and even the city, speak the French language, or very badly." semaines seulement que j'ai demeuré enfermé 46 Il fallait dire- Pendant un séjour de quelques des en 1791, j'ai rassemblé dans un tems de dans la ville du Cap; aussitôt après la révolte matériaux negres qui m'ont servi: : que vous aviez rien vu par désordre et de troubles, les importans vous-méme,' 33 &c. views the conquest of St. Domingo by the English as very M. de Charmilly, at the same time, force, and hangs the fate of the whole of easy-ridicules the idea of the blacks ever attaining any the Antilles on the prosecution of his favorite project. with which the subjugation of St. Domingo constantly inIti is amusing to see the confidence a well-informed soldier and gentleman, spired its advocates. Col. Chalmers, in other assertion respects, in bis preface j-antt The late events in St. Dois incautious enough to have the following mingo o by the English as very M. de Charmilly, at the same time, force, and hangs the fate of the whole of easy-ridicules the idea of the blacks ever attaining any the Antilles on the prosecution of his favorite project. with which the subjugation of St. Domingo constantly inIti is amusing to see the confidence a well-informed soldier and gentleman, spired its advocates. Col. Chalmers, in other assertion respects, in bis preface j-antt The late events in St. Dois incautious enough to have the following mingo --- Page 47 --- INTRODUCTION, XV hasavailed himself, in his third and fifth chapters, in a way, he trusts, neither injurious to their authors, nor unacceptable to the public. Two other works have arisen out of the subject more recent than the foregoing, which deserve to be mentioned : that of M. d'ARCHENHOLTZ on the Buccaniers, published in Germany ; and Mr. DALLAS's English History of the Maroons, furnished from the materials of their superintendant, Mr. Quarrell, of Jamaica. On the former, while it furnishes illustrations of human nature, little dependence is to be placed in point of historical fact; forit follows the Spanish accounts of the people of whom it treats, and conveys an obvious calumny on their most respectable members.* From the latter, some inferences are to be drawn, applicable to the subject of this volume, though the source, enveloped in interest, and the prejudice inseparable from a famingo have been much misunderstood, or highly exaggerated: : he trusts that he has that the temporary misfortunes sustained by Francé were occasioned by her clearly proved other causes, totally independent of the power of her black enemies, whose strength, impolicy, as cruelly, stated, or. is utterly inadequate to reuder them independent of that empire, or of any other much less. formidable power. Ifso, it is humiliating to hear senators gravely pronounce that France has lost St. The colonel adds, from Homer, - Doningo." "To few, and wonderous few, has Heaven assign'd 6 A wise, extensice, all-considering mind !!! Of the intrepid, generous, and intelligent 46 The horrors he committed Morgan (among others), M. d'Archenholtz asserts, filled the are more dreadful than those of any of his colleagues. This monster higbest posts in the (British) state, and enjoyed with perfect security that enormous wealth which had cost the tears and blood of so many victims to his avarice, without suffering the smallest remorse to approach his hardened heart !" vourite --- Page 48 --- INTRODUCTION. xvi be wished on such an importvourite project, is not SO pure as could ant occasion. abstracts of these works may be added a variety oftemporary To the journals), to (including the foreign and English public productions with the caution necessary for reference has been had, which proper of materials. Thus, no corconsulting such an heterogencous mass of has been given in our language, rect or comprehensive account, have the public country; even those who enlightened this interesting falling in with the general apathy, mind on other great occasions, have forborne on this wonderful revolution.* degree, the writer, on a former To supply this omission, in a small and the his ideas in a crude imperfect occasion, submitted to public minds, the attention they received from some intelligent state ; and required to be roused afforded sufficient proof, that the public only they suggested; : while the adoption to entertain the considerations of those countriest that of his humble narrative in the journals must be excepted Mr. Cobbett, (the author of the Political ReFrom this censure, however, deserved the cbaracter he has obtained of an enlightened gister) who has in more than this instance politician. t In the wiater of 1801-2. in the beginning of 1 See 6 The Merchant," a respectable paper published in Rotterdam 1502, &c. &c. might ed sufficient proof, that the public only they suggested; : while the adoption to entertain the considerations of those countriest that of his humble narrative in the journals must be excepted Mr. Cobbett, (the author of the Political ReFrom this censure, however, deserved the cbaracter he has obtained of an enlightened gister) who has in more than this instance politician. t In the wiater of 1801-2. in the beginning of 1 See 6 The Merchant," a respectable paper published in Rotterdam 1502, &c. &c. might --- Page 49 --- INTRODUCTION, xvii might be supposed to possess the priority of information, evinces the necessity of such a communication.as the present.* In it, will be found a succinct, and he trusts candid, view of the early history of the Spanish colony, in which the impolicy of cruelty, and the errors of injustice, are exposed, in preference to national prejudice, or habit. The same ideas are continued, any regarding the French establishment; ; and a reference.to human nature is preferred, when considering the character of those, whose actions of terrific splendour could be tried by no other test. In regard to the height of the French colonial prosperity, he has not dilated the account by SO minute a view of their domestic life as by some might be wished; but, in what is necessary to give a correct idea of manners and conduct, it is hoped no deficiency will appear. In any case where the question of slavery interferes, considering the on subject a broad basis, without regard to party, he has shewn its general inerpediency, rather than scrutinized its measures. And in tracing the revolutionary spirit to its source, he has endeavoured to point out moral delinquency without any other expression of rigidity than that which arose from the subject itself. In cotemporary history, that hazardous, and perhaps invidious enterprize, he has rather adopted those facts, wherever such could be found, which have already received the common consent, than obtruded his own, in their place; and where the latter are of necessity introduced, they have been scrupulously *. See also 46 The Montbly," and other Reviews of this period. C examined --- Page 50 --- INTRODUCTION. xviii and Fort His own sojourn at Cape François examined and confirmed. soldier, * experienced in Dauphin is the unaffected tale of a way-worn of an Indian cross-roads of life, equally happy in the hospitality the empire-yet not regardless of each cottage, or that of a magnificent that of the one, to the other, exclusive excellence, nor appropriating of the Black Reeither. With regard to the transactions or denying to the black government by the public (the appellation first given the medium of truth beauthor), great care has been used to.obtain for the better comof conflicting accounts; ; and, tween a variety much attention has been paid their direct intent and views, prehending their original spirit. to give in the translation of their public papers, volume, it is painful to subject of the present Of one prominent reader is necessary, as well to the general speak-yet an application which the author would to the sensibility of that sex, as an apology of cruelty, which be much afflicted to forego--for the representations of the human chasuch another violation will, he trusts, prevent the of enlarging on a He is also desirous to avoid appearance racter. against whom his own is in hostilities. subject which regards a country the peace. which be recollected, that it was during It must, therefore, of crimes against human for the commission afforded an opportunity that he first attacked the expedition nature, of which he complains, recourse to the assistance of against St. Domingo, and the immediate the cruelty of those, animals, which were surpassed by the ferocious had been tzonty-four years an officer in his The writer, at the time of bis first publication, Majesty's servicc. by against whom his own is in hostilities. subject which regards a country the peace. which be recollected, that it was during It must, therefore, of crimes against human for the commission afforded an opportunity that he first attacked the expedition nature, of which he complains, recourse to the assistance of against St. Domingo, and the immediate the cruelty of those, animals, which were surpassed by the ferocious had been tzonty-four years an officer in his The writer, at the time of bis first publication, Majesty's servicc. by --- Page 51 --- INTRODUCTION, xix by whom they were employed. Mere description conveys not with So much force as when accompanied by graphic illustration, those horrors which are wished to be impressed upon the public mind. The existence of blood-hounds in the Spanish settlements in America, though disgraceful to the nation by which itis permitted, may yet continue, without any effect more extensive than with regard to the colonists, or their visitants; but the practice of, and terrible reference to, the savage custom of a barbarous age (only employed exclusively against the worst criminals) in a European army, is a subject of the most alarming kind. That every public exhibition of even the forms of cruelty is ductive of dangerous effects on the human mind, cannot be denied, proand should be avoided; what then must be the callous insensibility produced on a soldier by circumstances such as are here delineated? It is reducing the heroism of war to a base contrivance of death. This cautionary memorial records the first step; it is for the public only, by marking it with a general sentiment of detestation, to clude another and more dreadful, because more extensive, preemployment of the means. Such measures increase upon those who adopt them by insensible gradations, and once admitted, may extend even beyond their own intentions. The modern art of war is already removed to a sufficient distance from the magnanimity of ancient combat. Let not the breach be rendered wider by adoptions such as these. --- Page 52 --- --- Page 53 --- XXI CONTENTS. CHAP. I. 4 SUCCINCT historical View of the Colonies of HisPAGE paniola and St. Domingo, from the Discovery of Hayti, by Columbus, to the Height of their Prosperity in 1789 1-94 CHAP. II. Origin of the Revolutionary Spirit of this Period in St. Domingo : : : 95-108 CHAP. III, Account of the Progress and Accomplishment of the Independence of St. Domingo 109-212 CHAP. IV. State of Manners on the Independence of the Blacks in St. Domingo, with a Memoir of the Circumstances of the Author's Visit to the Island in 1799 213-238 - CHAP, --- Page 54 --- CONTENTS. xxii PAGE CHAP. V. the Black Army: and of the War between the View of Blacks of St. French Republic and the ihdependent 239-357 Domingo CHAP, VI. Establishment of a Black Empire, and the proOn the 358_564 bable Efects of the Colonial Revolution APPENDIX. I AbbE Gregoire to the Citizens oFColour" No. I. Letter ofthe in the French West-Indies" = = St. Doof the first General Assembly of II. Principles mingo the Inswergents - 383 III. Dying Testimony fOgeagainst Capitulation -proposed by the Inhabitants ofuit IV. Terms of Williamson Grande Anse, gic. to Major-General De Seuré to ColoV. Honorable Dispatch of Chevalier nel Whitlock VI. Account of M. de Charmilly and Manners illustratice of the Character VII. Documents of Toussaint LOuverture VIII. Extract St. Doof the first General Assembly of II. Principles mingo the Inswergents - 383 III. Dying Testimony fOgeagainst Capitulation -proposed by the Inhabitants ofuit IV. Terms of Williamson Grande Anse, gic. to Major-General De Seuré to ColoV. Honorable Dispatch of Chevalier nel Whitlock VI. Account of M. de Charmilly and Manners illustratice of the Character VII. Documents of Toussaint LOuverture VIII. Extract --- Page 55 --- CONTENTS. xxiii PAGE VIII. Extractfrom the Author's former TFork IX. First Colonial Regulation of the Captain-General Le Clerc X. An account of the Nature and History of the Bloodhounds used in the American Colonies XI. First colonial Regulation issued during the Government of Rochambeau XII. Documents respecting the Evacuation of St. Domingo by the French Army under Rochambeau XIII, Declaration of the Independence of the Blacks of St. Domingo XIV. Proclamation for a solemn Aljuration of the French Nation XV. Communication of the Intentions of the Black Government on the Appointment of a Gonermar-Gemerelfor Life 447 XVI. Caution to the Spaniards XVII, Programa issued on the Coronation of the first Emperor of Hayti XVIII. Statement of the Black Force at the Revolution - 459 XIX. Additional Remarks --- Page 56 --- ERRATA. ," insert tcho. 28,line 19, erase ee their ;" after elergyman," Page 40, 1.16, erase ee of whom I am about to speak." p- p. 42, I. 20, for c it," read Tortuga. p- 45,1 18, erase traly gillant," p- 88, I:" 8, for confined," ," read conferred. this sabject," " read this nulject i nom censidered. P- 101, 1. 11, for ce I am considering p. 107. 1. 21, begin Thus cumchudes. side-note opposite the resolation of the asembly. P. 112, insert March 8, asa as 1. 20, after sE armed," insert indirectly. 6e Mr. Edwards's account is here quoted p. 121, substitute the following sentence: p. 139, 1.7, after sacicty the most authentic." read inclined. p. 168, 1.7, for cE disinclined," afforded," read, the Spanish gocenment refused to aford. 1. gs, for ee the government p. 202, I 16, for EE became," read becoming. read the conquerors. 1.21, for ce its posessons," insert the British. p. 203, 1. 13, before govemment," P. 945, I 24, erase ee. perhaps." read shen. P 265, 1. 2, for the same month," dressed efJenuary, in the uxifom of his enomies. p. 276, 1. last, after ee sons," insert p.511, 1. 28. before weakness' " insert mental. p. 323, L. 17, erase e period of." his. p. 324, 1. 6, for e its,' read --- Page 57 --- --- Page 58 --- GO. Caye airgent a Cas Roug e Vfar un Parer PUAIe par ae Rorn auaan ArK De CAP a Vieux Capl Francois BAYE os SOISE go de los Cavalleros pren Cap Cabron P* Jacqueren Port Ceng - Cap Samana de Cota A M W An Toint Grepin otuy Banistre RP Baye dn Samang alcaque Capl Raphadl 11 ths lonte Plata Zeibo t - Peke & STar Fourm SLarent leres DOMTS GO ( L de Ca edo Ae S IS:CA e A - RaR N a I. R de Aee uns Mase Rn DHAICA vabines ep Morand o ota A M W An Toint Grepin otuy Banistre RP Baye dn Samang alcaque Capl Raphadl 11 ths lonte Plata Zeibo t - Peke & STar Fourm SLarent leres DOMTS GO ( L de Ca edo Ae S IS:CA e A - RaR N a I. R de Aee uns Mase Rn DHAICA vabines ep Morand o --- Page 59 --- A SUCCINCT HISTORICAL VIEW OF ST. DOMINGO. CHAP: I. From the Period of its Discovery, by Columbus, to its highest State of Prosperity in 1789. HAYTI, Hispaniola, or St. Domingo, the largest and most CHAP.I. valuable of the West India Islands, is situated in the Atlantic 1492. ocean, between the island of Porto Rico on the east, and Jamaica Situation of St.Domingo. and Cuba on the west; a small part of the rocks and shelves which form the Bahama islands lie at no great distance to the north; and it is bounded on the south by the Caribbean sea, and ultimately by the continent of South America. It lies in the latitude of 18 deg. 20 min. north, and in 68 deg. 40 min. west longitude from Greenwich. It is in length, according to the best accounts, more than 450 miles from east to west, and 150 in preadth. B This --- Page 60 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. the sixth discovered by the enterThis beautiful island was CHAP. I. Columbus in his progress towards the and unfortunate 1492. prising of the honor of which, in the approdiscovery of a new world, by the caprice of his of a name, he was to be deprived other priation obscure adventurer, of no contemporaries, in favor of an trodden in his steps* *. than that of having merit in the discovery, or made any the first on which he formed a settlement, It was to have afterwards received stay in his first voyage, and appears To it he was directed the principal marks of his consideration. landed, as more natives ofCuba, where he had previously by the that fertile ore with which it was necessary" rich in its mines of that ardour of the avarice of the Spaniards, to prolong to bribe labour to excite. which it had cost him SO much discovery arrived at Hayti, for SO this country was called Columbus first He landed at name, Original Hayti. its natives, on the 6th day of December, 1492. the by he called St. Nicholas, and then named a small bay, which by whose king he was in honor of the country Named by island Espagnola, sailed the northern coast till he Columbus employed: : from thence he along Espagnola, harbour, which he named Conception, or la. Hispanio- found a more convenient through the where he first had access to the inhabitants, and in Spain bad fallen into the hands of private adWhen the prosecution of discoveries Columbus inl his second voyage, was among venturers, Alonzo deOjeda, who had accompanied With this active and gallant the first to propose an expedition under his own gentleman, command. apparently of no ostensible chaofficer sailed Amerigo Vespucci, a Florentine narrative of his voyage with some elegance, racter whatever; but having framed a fraudulent of the new world, he obtained from its circuwhich formed the first description of any part lation the honor of giving name to America. means a in Spain bad fallen into the hands of private adWhen the prosecution of discoveries Columbus inl his second voyage, was among venturers, Alonzo deOjeda, who had accompanied With this active and gallant the first to propose an expedition under his own gentleman, command. apparently of no ostensible chaofficer sailed Amerigo Vespucci, a Florentine narrative of his voyage with some elegance, racter whatever; but having framed a fraudulent of the new world, he obtained from its circuwhich formed the first description of any part lation the honor of giving name to America. means a --- Page 61 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, means of a female whom his people overtook, and prepossessed in CHAP.I. their favor, by the usual means of trifling presents and gentle be- 1492, haviour. It is our wish to pursue in this place a sober narrative of fact, rather than to give loose tothef facinationsofromantic description, or else the early Spanish writers have handed down such accounts of the aborigines of Cuba, Hispaniola, and Jamaica, as would Original warrant the mostextravagant eulogy on their personal appearance, inhabitants. manners, and ingenuity. It may, however, naturally be supposed possessing the necessaries of life without labour, on a soil the most fertile, and in a benignant climate, in a state of the utmost simplicity, and consequently free from the general enemies to beauty, they would have personal advantages not to be expected in their descendants under the combined evils of slavery in a voluptuous state. Even the rigidity of history has been softened into the most pleasing descriptions oft them : € They appeared," says Robertson *, 6 in the simple innocence of nature, entirely naked, their black hair, long and uncurled, floated upon their shoulders, or was bound in tresses around their heads.-They had no beards, and every part oftheir bodies was perfectly smooth. Their complexion was of a dusky copper colour; their features singular, rather than disagreeable; their aspect gentle and timid; though not tall, they were well shaped and active." 66 The industry and ingenuity of this race," 13 says another elegant writer, * Hist. of America, vol. i, 1.2. B 2 46 must --- Page 62 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, exceeded the measure oftheir wants. Placed in a CHAP.L. 6 must have / savage life, sO called, and the refine1492. medium between properly ment of polished society, they were perhaps equally exempt from distresses and sanguinary passions of the former condithe bodily necessities and solicitudes of the tions, and from the artificial latter." They were unquestionably the most unoffending, gentle, and benevolent of the human race *, That there were some grounds for a belief in the ingenuity them Peter and others, as far as it related ascribed to by Martyr+ and some progress in the arts of ornato their simple agriculture, be proved by a fact of ment as well as utility, may, perhaps, another nature which tends to illustrate the character of this people, while it may afford a lesson to our own times;-would that we could not say to our own country. When, among the numerous disasters of Columbus, he was coast of the island, and if he had before wrecked on the eastern the natives with admiration of the superior nature of impressed their visitors, was now placed in a situation the best calculated to their natural equality, and even to tempt by an unlucky prove inclination to their injury, instead ofthe smallest opportunity any Guacanahari, the cazique, or king of this division of hostility. their island, of which it appeared to be governed by seven, having of his misfortune, expressed great grief for his loss, been informed * Hist.J Jamaica, Dallas's Hist. vol. i. 23. t De Rebus Oceanis, &c. and the superior nature of impressed their visitors, was now placed in a situation the best calculated to their natural equality, and even to tempt by an unlucky prove inclination to their injury, instead ofthe smallest opportunity any Guacanahari, the cazique, or king of this division of hostility. their island, of which it appeared to be governed by seven, having of his misfortune, expressed great grief for his loss, been informed * Hist.J Jamaica, Dallas's Hist. vol. i. 23. t De Rebus Oceanis, &c. and --- Page 63 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. and immediately sent aboard all the people in the place in many CHAP.I. large canoes; they soon unloaded the ship of every thing that 1492. was upon deck, as the king gave them great assistance: 66 He them Report to of his Columbus, who records it, c with his brothers and monarch by himself," says Columbus. relations, took all possible care that every thing should be properly done both aboard and on shore; and from time to time he sent some ofhis relations weeping, to beg ofme not to be dejected, for he would give me all that he had. I can assure your Highnesses,"H he adds, 46 that SO much care would not have been taken of securing our effects in any part of Spain; as all our property was put together in one place near his palace, until the houses which he wanted to prepare for. the custody of it were emptied; he immediately placed a guard of armed men, who watched during the whole night, and those on shore lamented as much as if they had been interested in our loss * They are supposed to have migrated originally from the neighbouring continent, and are ascribed by Sir Walter Raleigh to the Arrowauk tribe of Guiana + Thus far we have preserved the necessary sobriety in collecting Description of the couna description of the first inhabitants of St. Domingo; but when try. this caution ceases, for, no we come to speak of the territory itself, description that we have yet seen is adequate to the appearance, Letter of Columbus to Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain. See his Life in Churchill's Voyages, as written by his younger son Ferdinand, an ecclesiastic, and founder of the Columbine Library at Seville; also Herrera's General History. t Raleigh's Voyages. even --- Page 64 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. which requires all the aid of CHAP.I. even at the present day, of a country which it much less to deembe-Offertility, 1492. romancet toimagine, hand of man to guide to all the purposes requires but the fostering theAntilles, and oflife, and ofa climate the most salubrious among too," these delightful countries in which longevityis general.--In another form; Robertson, 66 Nature seemed to assume observes animal, was different from those of the every tree and plant, and discovered __Columbus boasted ofl having ancient hemisphere ;"- vales," exseat of Paradise.- 6 In these delightful the original Raynal 1*, 6 all the sweets of spring are enjoyed, claims the Abbé There are but two seasons without either winter or summer. always fine. The ground in the year, and they are equally realizes the delights laden with fruit, and covered with flowers, Wherever we turn our eyes, and riches of poetical descriptions. coloured and reflected we are enchanted with a variety ofobjects, time, and light. The air is temperate in the day by the clearest cool."- 6 In a country of such magnithe nights are constantly with plains ofvast extent, and tude," says Edwards+, diversified to be found every mountains of prodigious height, is probably which nature has assigned to all the tropical parts species of soil it is fertile in the highest degree, every of the earth. In general almost every variety ofvegewhere well watered, and producing which the and beauty for use, for food, and luxury, table nature has bestowed on the richest lavish hand of a bountiful providence in this noble 66 The possessions of France portion of the globe." vol.iv. 231. t Historical Survey, chap. 19. East and West Indies, island," mountains of prodigious height, is probably which nature has assigned to all the tropical parts species of soil it is fertile in the highest degree, every of the earth. In general almost every variety ofvegewhere well watered, and producing which the and beauty for use, for food, and luxury, table nature has bestowed on the richest lavish hand of a bountiful providence in this noble 66 The possessions of France portion of the globe." vol.iv. 231. t Historical Survey, chap. 19. East and West Indies, island," --- Page 65 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. island," he continues, EE were considered as the garden of the CHAP.I West Indies, and for beautiful scenery, richness of soil, salubrity, 1492, ( and variety of climate, might justly be deemed the paradise of the new world."- 66 What you have said," replies De Charmilly*, animadverting on the preceding passage, 4 is nothing when it is known that the extent of the French part is but one halfof that of the Spanish division, and that this is yet more fertile than the French part, requiring only cultivators, &c." Of even such an account, when contemplating the various parts of St. Domingo in which we have been, with an eye well accustomed to tropical scenery, and satiated with the luxury natural to its soil, we could be almost inclined to say too, this is nothing. It is not to be wondered at, that the inhabitants should consider the Spaniards, on their first interview, as preternatural beings, a circumstance, however, very favorable to their intercourse, and which might have been turned to more advantage in a better purpose than that to which it was applied. They possessed gold, which they found in the beds of the rivers, or washed by the heavy rains from the mountains, and which they gladly exchanged for bells, beads, or pins. A prince, or cazique of the country, who visited Columbus, was carried in a sort of seat upon mens' shoulders, and derived great respect from his attendants. He was extremely courteous, and presented the Lettre à M. Edwards, p.70. admiral --- Page 66 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. and received articles of curious workmanship, CHAP.I. admiral with many some trifles in return. 1492. with complacency value attributed by their They had no idea of the imaginary which pointed out the mountains, visitors to gold, and readily the repository name of Cibao, as great yet retain their original of the ore they sO much desired. Columbus lost one of his ships It was at this period that the tender Distresses of of a pilot, and experienced the great dis- through the carelessness of his vescoverer. mentioned. Of another ness which has been already since his arrival, ofthree, he had procured no intelligence sels out in the captain who commanded it. and suspected some treachery the whole of his insufficient to receive The third was of course The simplicity of and he was desirous to return to Spain. who crew, from the incursions ofthe people the natives, and their terror whom they called inhabited several islands to the south east, character to Caribbeans*, and who were of a very opposite flesh of fierce and warlike, and devouring the themselves, being Columbus, in the proposition confidence to their prisoners, gave which would embrace the of leaving a part of his crew behind, the island, and enable of forming a settlement on a two advantages They agreed without him to return to Spain immediately. of the inofensive ab norigines of St. M. de Charmilly constantly confounds the character and of the African negroes in their preDomingo, with that of the Charaibs, or Cannibals, deductions, which must consequently fall to the sent state of slavery, and thence draws murmur. ground, , in the proposition confidence to their prisoners, gave which would embrace the of leaving a part of his crew behind, the island, and enable of forming a settlement on a two advantages They agreed without him to return to Spain immediately. of the inofensive ab norigines of St. M. de Charmilly constantly confounds the character and of the African negroes in their preDomingo, with that of the Charaibs, or Cannibals, deductions, which must consequently fall to the sent state of slavery, and thence draws murmur. ground, --- Page 67 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. murmur, and even assisted in the erection of a fort which was to CHAP.I. be afterwards used as a means of their own subjection. 1493. Thirty-eight Spaniards were appointed to remain on the island, under the command of Diego de Arado, a gentleman ofCordova, to whom Columbus communicated his own powers, and every thing requisite for their establisliment; having first endeavoured very successfully to impress the natives in their behalf, by acts of beneficence and exhibitions of power. He promised to revisit 1493. them soon, and in the interim to make respectable mention of them to their country. Columbus left the little 4th colony on the Departure of ofJanuary 1495, and arrived in Spain in the month of March Columbus after estafollowing. blishing a colony. The departure of Columbus had not long taken place, when, as too often happens, the garrison he had left behind impatient of restraint, and threw off the command of their grew newly appointed governor, Regardless of the prudent instructions which had been given them, the men who composed it became insolently independant, and gratified their avaricious and licentious desires at the expence of the natives, making a wasteful prey of their gold, their women, and their provisions; thus, instead of supporting the estimation in which they were held, exhibiting themselves as the most depraved of human beings. At length the cazique of Cibao, whose country the Spaniards chiefly infested, cut off a part of the colonists, surrounded the remainder, and destroyed their fort. The destroyed. colony C Columbus --- Page 68 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. himselffor six months at the court CHAP.L. Columbus having employed the rewards of his distresses, and in inter1493. of Spain in receiving of which he was the esting it in behalf of the splendid enterprize his aim, and procured a sufficient author, no sooner accomplished under the sanction, on the part of the king of Spain, fleet, papal he bécame to revisit his colony. He accordingly than impatient and after touching at several departed on his second voyage, towards the north west of his route, arrived at HisReturn of other islands Columnbus. paniola on the 22d of November following. be conceived to find that his colony no His surprize may easily existed; and while the Spaniards in dismay were weeping longer cazique fate oftheir a brotherofthe: friendly over the countrymen, of their fate. Guacanahari arrived, and related to him the account his time by a retaliation of injuries, CoInstead of wasting of which he traced the lumbus set about the erection of a town, near a spacious bay. He obliged every scite in a large plain, of whatever quality, to assist in a work person in his suite, This City, the first which to the common safety. sO necessary in the new world, was named Isabella, Cityoflas- obtained that appellation bella built. in honor ofl his patroness the queen of Castile. all the difficulties attendant on an infant Columbus experienced excursion in great pomp to the mountains colony, and a timely of the which they found to answer the description of Cibao, of in considerable quantities, perIndians, in the possession gold haps of whatever quality, to assist in a work person in his suite, This City, the first which to the common safety. sO necessary in the new world, was named Isabella, Cityoflas- obtained that appellation bella built. in honor ofl his patroness the queen of Castile. all the difficulties attendant on an infant Columbus experienced excursion in great pomp to the mountains colony, and a timely of the which they found to answer the description of Cibao, of in considerable quantities, perIndians, in the possession gold haps --- Page 69 --- HISTORY OE ST. DOMINGO. haps only saved the establishment from final ruin. As soon as CHAP.I. concord was restored by the prospect of the mines, Columbus 1494. again purposed to leave his colony for the prosecution of new discoveries. He appointed his brother Diego, with a council of officers, to govern in his absence; and a body of soldiers, under the command of Don Pedro Margarita, were sent to visit the different parts of the island, and to establish the authority of the Spaniards. He then set sail on the 24th of April, but after an absence of five months, during which time he had not been distant many leagues, and had experienced the most disastrous circumstances, he returned almost dead to the colony, where he found a brother Bartholomew, whom he had not seen for thirteen years, who had arrived in his absence, and whose unexpected appearance, after sustaining distresses scarcely inferior to his own, SO much revived his spirits as to produce a speedy convalescence* * During the absence of Columbus, the soldiery under Margarita had repeated the conduct of the first colony, while the necessities even ofabstemious Spaniards rendered them unwelcome neighbours to a race who, requiring very little food to support a life of indolence and innocence, made but proportional provisions when any care was necessary. Maize, with a few vegetables, * Bartholomew Columbus had been dispatched by the great to negociate with Henry VII. his project of discoveries, in case he should navigator be England, to Spain, as he had been in Portugal, On his voyage, tbe fell into disappointed in pirates, who stripped him, and retained bim several negociator the hands of escaped, he arrived in London, but in such years a prisoner. At length, having court on his mission, till, by drawing for poverty, that he was incapable of appearing at ingenious, he procured decent maps sale, in the execution of which he was very clothing, and a moderate subsistence, C 2 and project of discoveries, in case he should navigator be England, to Spain, as he had been in Portugal, On his voyage, tbe fell into disappointed in pirates, who stripped him, and retained bim several negociator the hands of escaped, he arrived in London, but in such years a prisoner. At length, having court on his mission, till, by drawing for poverty, that he was incapable of appearing at ingenious, he procured decent maps sale, in the execution of which he was very clothing, and a moderate subsistence, C 2 and --- Page 70 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. and little, if any animal food, formed their only necessary CHAP.I. very themselves in towns, 1494. stock, and on this a body of men fortifying inroad. Famine, and the success must have made a formidable former revolt, with long repeated grievance, at length of their of the burthen, and provoked other attempts to rid themselves to have recourse to arms, which he Columbus was compelled with much solicitude avoided. The Indians were Conflict with had hitherto natural to thel Indians, defeated their precipitance: : instead of the mode March 24, by 1495, of drawing the enemy into their fortresses, they rushed them, the Vega Real, and numbers being thrown into an open plain, warfare, the first of European into consternation by appearance of cavalry, (which they conceived, like the the impetuosity to be Centaurs,) and the fierce onset of the dogs *, Thessalonians, to Columbus an easy victory; and those who were they yielded resigned themnot taken prisoners, and reduced to servitude, to Such was the disparity of power, that selves entirely despair. Indians took the field with though near an hundred thousand missile weapons of their rude fashion, the victory was obtained two hundred foot, twenty horse, and twenty large dogs, which by formed the whole disposable force of the Spaniards. several months in passing through the Columbus employed its and impose a tribute on all the island to complete subjection, above the of fourteen, which was one of the first natives age against his own inclination to gratify effects of a policy adopted to be the avarice of the Spanish court, at which he was attempted these combatants into Spanish tactics, some account will Of the mode of introducing be found in a future chapter, undermined, --- Page 71 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. undermined, and which proved'aftervards, however moderately CHAP.I. 3 Y ased by himself, a means of tyranny and cruelty in the hands of 1494. others. This taxation was an insurmountable infringment on Origin of the slaveryofthe the habits of the Indians, to whom restraint on labour was an natives. intolerable evil. It induced an attempt at another kind of hostility, that of starving, the appetites of the Spaniards, on the gratification of whose voracity they conceived sO much to depend. They pulled up the roots, and suspended all their simple agricul- 1495. tural operations, and retiring to inaccessible mountains, they produced in themselves the effects they vainly hoped to produce in their usurpers. Few as were their wants, they were soon totally unsupplied, and more than a third part became victims to their self-created famine. It was at this time that divisions began to be created in the Columbus undermined, island through the intrigues of the enemies of Columbus in and Aguado sent commisSpain; they procured one Aguado, a groom of the bed-chamber, sioner to Hispaniola. to be sent commissioner to Hispaniola, who displayed all the insolence of mean minds disordered by sudden elevation. To relieve himself, and obtain an explanation with his enemies before his monarch, Columbus returned to Spain, leaving his brother 1496. Bartholomew as adelantado, or lieutenant-governor, and through a misplaced trust, appointing Francis Roldan, a gentleman of rank and character, chief.justice. Though as usual experiencing difficulties in his passage, he sO Columbus visits Spain, far gained over Ferdinand and Isabella, as to obtain further pro- and with returns a flect visions of colonists, insolence of mean minds disordered by sudden elevation. To relieve himself, and obtain an explanation with his enemies before his monarch, Columbus returned to Spain, leaving his brother 1496. Bartholomew as adelantado, or lieutenant-governor, and through a misplaced trust, appointing Francis Roldan, a gentleman of rank and character, chief.justice. Though as usual experiencing difficulties in his passage, he sO Columbus visits Spain, far gained over Ferdinand and Isabella, as to obtain further pro- and with returns a flect visions of colonists, --- Page 72 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. in a digested plan, and on a more permaCHAP.I. visions for his colony, and husbandmen, scale. Women, artificers, 1498. nent and extensive but, as all his acquisitions after disco- were to the new expedition, vering the joined added the crimiAmerican received some alloy, to these were unadvisedly continent. for which has 1498. nals from the jails, that fatal resource population before It was almost two years, however, sO often miscarried. and several months after Columbus set out on his third voyage, interim discovered to Hispaniola, having in the before he returned of all his enterprises, and the continent of America, the crown sick, but he found He returned weary and of all his sorrows. in a state that admitted of no repose. the colony Columbus had, at the desire of his brother, during Don Diego station on removed the colony to a more eligible his absence, where he had founded a city, the opposite side of the island, in honor of he dedicated to St. Domingo, or Dominica, Capital of which sO long the seat of St. Domingo the name of his father, and which remained built. dominion in the new world. Spanish will sometimes be found, however inconsist1499. Restless spirits troubles arise from very ently, in the highest stations, and political Roldan, whose apsources; such was the case with unexpected and order; and, when pointment was to have preserved peace of the island had reduced to subjection what remained Diego rebellion among his unsubdued by his brother, this man excited caused and even the Indians, with such artifices, as countrymen, by the temperate, effects, and was only quelled the most alarming conciliatory, --- Page 73 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. conciliatory, and expedient policy of Columbus. Of the bad CHAP. I. consequences of this restoration of tranquillity, however, was the 1499. re-establishment of Roldan, and a concession to the avarice of the Spaniards, which was the first step in reducing the Indians to actual slavery. Lands being allotted to the mutineers in different parts of the island, the Indians of the district were appointed, in lieu of their tribute, to cultivate a certain portion of ground for the use of their new masters, from the characters of many of whom may be easily derived the origin of numberless calamities to that unhappy people. Of the mutiny, the effects were by no means terminated in appearances, the progress of discovery was stopped, and such false representations were made by his opponents, that a knight of 1500. Calatravia, called Francis de Bovadillo, was sent to supersede Boradillo Columbus, and by means known only to courts, to send him appointed governor. immediately a criminal in chains to Spain. Thus closed the fif teenth century in St. Domingo, a period which, while it saw the founder of an empire disgraced and wretched, afforded a better prospect to the colony than had hitherto appeared. Such provisions had been made for working the mines, and cultivating the country, as assured not only its existence, but a considerable revenue to the monarch, who suffered Columbus to be circumvented and abused. Bovadillo proceeded, as might be expected, to render himself popular, by gratifying the entire inclinations of his countrymen. He numbered all the remaining Indians, and dividing them into classes, in St. Domingo, a period which, while it saw the founder of an empire disgraced and wretched, afforded a better prospect to the colony than had hitherto appeared. Such provisions had been made for working the mines, and cultivating the country, as assured not only its existence, but a considerable revenue to the monarch, who suffered Columbus to be circumvented and abused. Bovadillo proceeded, as might be expected, to render himself popular, by gratifying the entire inclinations of his countrymen. He numbered all the remaining Indians, and dividing them into classes, --- Page 74 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. CHAP.I. classes, distributed them as property among the Spaniards, who, 1500. disregarding the only true means of obtaining wealth by agriculsent them to the mines, and imposed on them such a disproture, extinction. portioned labour as threatened their utter and speedy this dreadful event, and preserve the shew of deTo prevent arrival of Columbus in Spain, and his cency to the world, on the of Ferdinand, another knight of the military appeal to the justice Alcantara, Nicholas de Ovando, was sent to replace order of were adopted to prevent the licentious 1501. Bovadillo: Regulations which had arisen in the colony under his government; and, Orando go- spirit to vernor. check the inordinate ofwealth, the gold was ordered to progress where one half should become be all brought to a smelting-house, ofthe crown. Columbus remained in Spain many the property till his of an months soliciting attention in vain, proposition to the east was accepted; and he sat out attempt at discoveries on his fourth voyage in May, 1502. Ovando brought to St. Domingo the most respectable armament hitherto seen in the new world, consisting ofthirty-two ships, with two thousand five hundred settlers. On his arrival, Bovadillo, with Roldan and his accomplices, were ordered to return to Spain. some inconvenience from one Columbus having experienced of bis vessels, altered the course in which he steered, and bore for St. Domingo, with a hope of exchanging it for some away of which, however, he found ship of Ovando's fleet; eighteen laden, --- Page 75 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. laden, and preparing to depart for Spain. He requested permis- CHAP.I. sion to enter the harbour, (first acquainting Ovando with his 1502, destination,) that he might negotiate an exchange, and avoid a violent hurricane that he saw approaching, and which he advised the departing fleet also to avoid. To neither of these objects did Columbus rehe obtain an acquiescence. He, however, took precautions fused sion to admis- the against the tempest, and saved himself, while nearly the whole own island disco- of his of the eighteen ships of his enemies were lost. In them perished very. Bovadillo, Roldan, and the greater part of those who had persecuted Columbus and the Indians, with the whole of their illgotten wealth, amounting in worth to upwards of fifty thousand pounds sterling; a sum at that time equal to many multiplications ofits value at present. Columbus did not long remain on the inhospitable shore of a country to which he was refused access, by those who owed to him entirely its possession, but prosecuted his voyage in the fruitless hope of discovering the Indian ocean. In the mean time Ovando, who had received a commission 1503. more favorable to humanity than his predecessors, relieved the Indians from compulsory toil, and the colony, though retarded by deficiency of labourers, began to advance in its approaches to a regular society; but, alas! in no instance is the constant variance between justice and expedience in what is called the social state to be more regretted than in the present. The Spaniards became incapable, without the assistance of the inhaD bitants, voyage in the fruitless hope of discovering the Indian ocean. In the mean time Ovando, who had received a commission 1503. more favorable to humanity than his predecessors, relieved the Indians from compulsory toil, and the colony, though retarded by deficiency of labourers, began to advance in its approaches to a regular society; but, alas! in no instance is the constant variance between justice and expedience in what is called the social state to be more regretted than in the present. The Spaniards became incapable, without the assistance of the inhaD bitants, --- Page 76 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. CHAP.I. bitants, (which no inducement could procure) to cultivate the 1503. soil, or to work the mines, and many of the new settlers died of disorders incident to the climate, not yet understood, while others quitted the island when deprived of their slaves. These circumstances demanded some attention, and the consequence 1504. once more returned to the unoffending Indians. Columbus, perseveringt through misfortune, this year again paid Columbus again visits a visit to his favorite isle, after having been not only unsuccessful St.1 Domingo. in his attempt at farther discoveries, but a sufferer by complete shipwreck, and detained near twelve months in the island of Jamaica, which he had discovered nine years before, but of which no farther notice had been taken. Ovando appears to have been cautious of admitting into the country, under his government, a man ofsuch vast powers, and to whom belonged, by the most determinate of all rules, the dominion of a world he had found: he at length, however, furnished the means for his escape, and received him with every public honor on his arrival at St. Domingo. He remained only a month upon the island; with his usual ill-fortune, encountering violent storms, sailed seven hundred leagues with jury-masts on his way to Spain, where, exhausted by his sufferings, and disgusted with the dissimulation and injustice of a monarch whose reign he had immortalized, he died fifteen months after *, aged fifty-nine years. It is useless to On the 20th of May, 1506. lament --- Page 77 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. lament in this place the melancholy end of a man whose me- CHAP.I mory is eternized. The recollection of it rather communicates 1504. Y a balm to the sorrows of inferior multitudes; ; and the details of history will apply the event with advantage to the instruction of future ages. A few months before Columbus, died his patroness Isabella; SO that a powerful influence was withdrawn from the interests of humanity, as they regarded the new world; and as Ovando 1505. began to experience the ill effects of a liberal conduct, he began also to relax in the execution of the royal edicts. He made a new distribution of the Indians among the Spaniards, with the difference only, that they were to be paid for their labour, reduced the royal share of the gold to one third, and afterwards to a fifth part; for which he obtained, (with better success than Columbus,) the sanction of the court. Notwithstanding the apparent mildness of the present governor, it was at this period that the rage for cruelties commenced Cruelty of which have stained the page of history with more horrors than ards the Spani- to the can be conceived by those possessing even an ordinary love for Indians. the species. No treachery was too gross, no violation of sex or dignity too painful for this unhappy people in the hands of the Spaniards; all regulations tending to mitigate the rigour of their servitude were forgotten, while their labour was increased. Ferdinand conferred grants of them as rewards to his courtiers, D2 who , it was at this period that the rage for cruelties commenced Cruelty of which have stained the page of history with more horrors than ards the Spani- to the can be conceived by those possessing even an ordinary love for Indians. the species. No treachery was too gross, no violation of sex or dignity too painful for this unhappy people in the hands of the Spaniards; all regulations tending to mitigate the rigour of their servitude were forgotten, while their labour was increased. Ferdinand conferred grants of them as rewards to his courtiers, D2 who --- Page 78 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. who farmed them out, being no longer treated or considered CHAP.I. but as animals of an inferior species, of no other use than 1505. of wealth, and I could almost say, subjects of as instruments however, the colony increased in oppression. At their expence, riches and in for with such rapidity and success Flourishing consequence; state oft the the mines that for several years the gold brought colony. were explored, amounted in value to more than into the royal smelting-house, of million sterling, (according to the present standard half a which money). Sudden fortunes arose among private persons, the of enriching themtempted others to embrace opportunity of health and reason; and the effect selves both at the expence to the colonists, and to the 1506. was for a time highly advantageous of the mother country. Like the progress of a government however, the blaze was short in proportion to conflagration, which exhausted the unhappy its extent. The same exertions the both as related to the nature of Indians enriched Spaniards, and to the government of Ovando, who is dethe operations, introduced much wisdom and justice into his scribed to have his but a proportionate rigour tojurisdiction over countrymen, wards the original inhabitants of the country. to the laws he had established Ovando first gave a permanence them impartially, the only means of procuring reby executing He seems also to have attended to gard for any establishment. of advantage to the colony, and, among others, every object the attention of some of the Spaniards to endeavoured to turn the --- Page 79 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. the more laudable pursuits of agriculture. Having obtained from CHAP.I. the Canary Islands some slips of the sugar-cane, which throve 1506. Culture of exceedingly, he tempted them to form plantations, and to erect sugar introduced. sugar-works, which fortunately became an important support when the bowels of the earth were exhausted. The conduct and success of Ovando soon apprized Ferdinand ofthe value of those discoveries, he had hitherto appeared to depreciate, and on the author of which he had conferred only disgrace and misery; he accordingly set about forming commercial and ecclesiastical regulations, and at length established a system of policy the most profound, and every way calculated to secure to Spain the entire advantages of her colonies. While these provisions were taking place for its government, 1507. some circumstances began to make their appearance, for which, however to be dreaded, no remedy could be found; and therefore, notwithstanding all other advantages, immediately threatened the dissolution of the colony. The consumption of the natives, which was the natural consequence of the inconsiderate oppression of the Spaniards, (and in whom rested the source of all their prosperity,) became sO evident, as to afford serious cause for alarm. Fatigue, to which they were unequal; diseases, the result of an inattention to their change of habit; famine, the effect of preferring sO long the search of wealth in the mines to agriculture; and self-violence, the consequence. of despair, conspired sO forcibly, as to reduce their number upwards Rapid deof 40,000 in the space of fifteen years, there remaining but about crease native of popu- the lation. 60,000 in whom rested the source of all their prosperity,) became sO evident, as to afford serious cause for alarm. Fatigue, to which they were unequal; diseases, the result of an inattention to their change of habit; famine, the effect of preferring sO long the search of wealth in the mines to agriculture; and self-violence, the consequence. of despair, conspired sO forcibly, as to reduce their number upwards Rapid deof 40,000 in the space of fifteen years, there remaining but about crease native of popu- the lation. 60,000 --- Page 80 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. out of more than a million, to which the original popuCHAP.I. 60,000 1507. lation amounted*. continued with such rapidity, as to occasion This diminution but of the not only of the colonial improvements, a stagnation which demanded immediate relief, common operations of life, adopted an expedient which was and Ovando in consequence in proporof enormities that seemed to increase again the source The description will afford tion to the progress of their society. the and conduct experienced by a mild example of the temper with an inand benevolent beings of whom, Columbus, simple, minds, had spoken in such exalted genuousness natural to great the inhacourt. He proposed to seduce 1508, terms to the Spanish had been previously disbitants of the Lucay Islandst, which be 66 under the pretence that they might covered, to Hispaniola, and instructed to greater advantage civilized with more facility, if they were united to the Spanish in the Christian religion, (Lettre à M. Edwards,) has a long, and, in some respects, sufficiently in M. Charmilly, diminutive population of St. Domingo, opaccurate calculation, to prove the description original of the niassacre of a million of inhabitants. position to Mr. Edwards's general with those influenced by a spirit of party, into self-contraHe falls, however, as is usual he alludes to a perfect knowledge of the topographical dictions and inconsistency: for of which he has proved to be impossible; and he antiquities of the country, the existence sacrifice of a million of persons supposes his author to have believed in General the iustantaneous assertions are certainly distracting, and in the four chief mines of the country. but in this instance he is perfectly right. It Mr. Edwards is too frequently superficial; and intelligent of the Spanish historians, whom Dr. is from Herrera, the most correct fact in the present text is derived, and not Oviedo, Robertson bas also adopted, that the ascribes the supposed error. Benzoni states the to whose amplifications M. de Charmilly original population at two millions. + The same with the Babamas. colony, persons supposes his author to have believed in General the iustantaneous assertions are certainly distracting, and in the four chief mines of the country. but in this instance he is perfectly right. It Mr. Edwards is too frequently superficial; and intelligent of the Spanish historians, whom Dr. is from Herrera, the most correct fact in the present text is derived, and not Oviedo, Robertson bas also adopted, that the ascribes the supposed error. Benzoni states the to whose amplifications M. de Charmilly original population at two millions. + The same with the Babamas. colony, --- Page 81 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. colony, and placed under the immediate inspection of the mis- CHAP.I. sionaries settled there." Ferdinand, deceived by this artifice, 1508. or willing to connive at an act of violence which policy represented as necessary, gave his assent to the proposal. Several Natives of vessels were fitted out for the Lucayos, the commanders of the seduced Lucayos to which informed the natives, with whose supply deficiency the of language they were now labourers. well acquainted, that they came from a delicious country, in which the departed ancestors of the Indians resided, by whom they were sent to invite their descendants to resort thither to partake of the bliss enjoyed there by happy spirits. That simple people listened with wonder and credulity; and fond of visiting their relations and friends in that happy region, followed the Spaniards with eagerness. By this artifice above forty thousand were decoyed into Hispaniola to share in the sufferings which were the lot ofthe inhabitants of that island, and to mingle their groans and tears with those of that wretched race of men *. The ardour for discovery, which had languished during the anxiety for the wealth of the mines, began to be renewed by an expedition under Juan Ponce de Leon, (who commanded under Ovando in the eastern district,) to the island of Puerto Rico, which in a few years was subjected to the fate of Hispaniola. Ovando also commissioned an officer, named Sebastian de Cuba and Ocampo, to ascertain the insular situation of Cuba, which Porto explored Rico by expeditions from St. DoHist. of. Amer. vol.i.p.2 263. Ihave quoted this from Dr. as the best and mingo, most moderate description. His authorities are, Herrera, Dec.1. Robertson, lib.7. c.3.; Oviedo, lib.3. c.6.; Gomara Hist. C. 41. Columbus few years was subjected to the fate of Hispaniola. Ovando also commissioned an officer, named Sebastian de Cuba and Ocampo, to ascertain the insular situation of Cuba, which Porto explored Rico by expeditions from St. DoHist. of. Amer. vol.i.p.2 263. Ihave quoted this from Dr. as the best and mingo, most moderate description. His authorities are, Herrera, Dec.1. Robertson, lib.7. c.3.; Oviedo, lib.3. c.6.; Gomara Hist. C. 41. Columbus --- Page 82 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. Columbus had supposed to be a part of the neighbouring conCHAP.I. 1508. tinent. a the most But though late and unexpected, by perseverance of was at length to be accorded to constant, a degree justice Columbus in the person of his son Diego. Almost wearied out delay which had exhausted his father, he deterHonor and in the courtly his monarch integrity ofa the bold alternative of an appeal against court of jus- mined upon tice. council for Indian affairs, which he had himself established. to a were, and recent as was its own existence, Unequal as the parties sustained its integrity, and determined on the court honourably the with this decision, and the side ofjustice, even against king: of connections, subsequently acquired by the support powerful concession of his marriage, he soon obtained (though but a partial the of St. Domingo, and such privileges as Diego, the rights) government and sonofColum- enabled him to arrive in the island with more splendour tothegovern- bus, restored had hitherto been witnessed: : Ovando was of ment. magnificence than retinue with course recalled. That splendour, and the numerous while it added lustre to the settlement, which it was supported, other to the unhappy aborigines, than the effected no change determinate slavery, by a numerical division of seal of a more the according to the rank of the latter. 1500. them among Spaniards, The destruction of the labourers proportionally decreasing the produce of wealth to their masters, naturally excited an impatience in those who had been glutted with wealth, and satiated with dissipation. They had already began to contemplate other countries, --- Page 83 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, countries, whose inhabitants were yet unexhausted; they had established a pearl-fishery at the small island of CHAP.I. Cubagua, and 1509. lodged a small colony on the continent, at the gulf of Darien, under the brave and enterprising, though as usual, unfortunate, Vasco Nugnez de Balboa, when Diego Columbus made a sition to which they readily acceded. This was the establishment propoof a colony in the neighbouring island of Cuba, to which an armament immediately embarked under the command of Diego Velasquez, one of the companions of the great discoverer second voyage. The only circumstance on his concerning this expedition, as it regards the island which is more immediately under our consideration, besides its relief from a number of discontented members, was the opposition of Hatuey, a cazique, or prince, who having fled thither from St. Domingo, indignant at the destruction of his innocent subjects, might naturally be expected to oppose the intrusion of their destroyers into the place of his refuge. His feeble party (for they were of the same inhostile nature with his former subjects) were soon dispersed, himself taken prisoner, and condemned to the flames under the barbarous marim, which considered him only as a slave, who had taken 1511. arms against his master. 46 When Hatuey," says Dr. Robertson*, 6 was fastened to the stake, a Franciscan Friar, to convert him, promised him immediate labouring repartee Bravery of and admittance into the Hatuey, a joys of Heaven, if he would embrace the cazique of Christian faith. < Are St, Domingo, there any Spaniards," says he, (after some pause), 66 in that region of bliss which you describe?" A6 Yes," replied the monk, 6 but only such as are worthy and good." 46 The best of them," reHist. of America, vol.i. p. 277. edit.1800. E joined promised him immediate labouring repartee Bravery of and admittance into the Hatuey, a joys of Heaven, if he would embrace the cazique of Christian faith. < Are St, Domingo, there any Spaniards," says he, (after some pause), 66 in that region of bliss which you describe?" A6 Yes," replied the monk, 6 but only such as are worthy and good." 46 The best of them," reHist. of America, vol.i. p. 277. edit.1800. E joined --- Page 84 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. the cazique, have neither worth nor goodness; CHAP.I. joined indignant : not to a where I may meet with one of that 1511. I will go place, accursed race!" Another expedition soon took place from St. Domingo, to assist in the discovery of the South Sea, by the justly celebrated Balboa, from whose incursions in the continent on which he was esta1512. blished, he had sent home such quantities of gold, as tempted to join him. It comes not a number by no means contemptible to shed fruitless tears on the perverted fortunes into my promise memoof this truly great man; his name, consigned to unfading rials, has, I trust, its use with those who possess a fertile mind without the power to sustain its operations-Though the passage to the Indian ocean was not obtained, as was expected, they reached the South Sea, and prepared the way for more: important discoveries. In 1514, died more peaceably than he had lived, Bartholo1514. the uncle of the present Governor; a man of very respecmus, table and an unsullied character; who had occasionally powers, in the island, and who, it would filled offices of high importance connected with its history than his conappear, was more closely temporaries have enabled us to state. The government of Diego Columbus was neither inefficient violent; neither did he want inclination or ability to render nor both and happy: but that justice which the colony prosperous had been unwillingly accorded him, on the part of the deceased Monarch, --- Page 85 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, Monarch, was, as much as possible, impeded by every political CHAP.I. artifice that could be employed. The meaner officers of the 1514. Y government were encouraged to thwart the authority of the A minister, governor, in a variety of measures, and at length the of named Albudistributing the power querque, to apRepartimientos was created into an office, and pointed the island. conferred upon Roderigo Albuquerque, the relation of a confi- 1517, dential minister called Zapata. On the loss of this necessary advantage, in addition to the embarrassment he had already experienced, Diego resolved on returning to Spain for the pose of remonstrance: leaving behind him the best administra- purtion in his power, reached his destination in safety, but he found with very small hopes of redress in the object of soon his voyage. In his new capacity Albuquerque discovered no other care than to repair his own indigent circumstances, for which he first ordered a renumeration of the Indians, purpose (now reduced to 14,000,) and then put them up to sale in different lots. This was the only stroke wanting to complete the extinction of this unhappy race, by a consequent separation from the habitations to which they had been accustomed, and the imposition of additional labour for the indemnification of their purchasers. As is too frequently the case when political injuries become irreparable, those measures which, earlier adopted, would have preserved a sacrificed people; now served, only to excite useless controversy and public disturbance; the Monks, who, since the ecclesiastical establishment of Ferdinand, had arisen to considerE. 2 able This was the only stroke wanting to complete the extinction of this unhappy race, by a consequent separation from the habitations to which they had been accustomed, and the imposition of additional labour for the indemnification of their purchasers. As is too frequently the case when political injuries become irreparable, those measures which, earlier adopted, would have preserved a sacrificed people; now served, only to excite useless controversy and public disturbance; the Monks, who, since the ecclesiastical establishment of Ferdinand, had arisen to considerE. 2 able --- Page 86 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. publicly to the CHAP.I. able power, began to oppose their eloquence absolute slavery, reduced to Y on which the natives were 1517. system misery. They could consigned to perish in progressive or rather, of the measure; and, no doubt, not be insensible to the impolicy who were with the inutility of a mission to a people impressed but appear rapidly ceasing to exist, they had early remonstrated, Even now, silenced, till the present period. to have been easily stood forth to reprebut a part of the mission, the Dominicans, attached of religion; the Franciscans sent the mild precepts and while they could not themselves to the more popular cause; the principle on defend the Repartimientos, palliated unblushingly assumed in society the ground of expedience, sO often improperly to the king by both Las Casas The consequence was, an application of was the defends the of which the only. circumstance importance, Indians. parties, of Las Casas, a man of romantic disposition, and interference though unsuccessful, were benevolent mind; whose exertions, whose character neither wanting in genius or perseverance; It omitted even in the compression of abridgment: cannot be that the appeal was terminated on may be previously observed, of their labour the side of the Franciscans, a few regulations his promulgated; Albuquerque pursuing only. being for decency violence and rapacity with impunity. Clergyman,) came hither on Bartholomew de las Casas, (a exerted of Columbus, and who had early the second voyage was not to be diverted from himselfin the cause of the Indians, deaf to all exhis purpose; finding the rapacious governor postulation --- Page 87 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, postulation that militated against his immediate interest, he CHAP.I. embarked for Spain, to make a personal appeal to the Emperor, 1517. and to exert that eloquence, of which he was so eminently possessed, in their behalf. Aided by fortuitous circumstances, he was particularly successful with the Emperor, then on the point of death, and with Cardinal Ximenes, who became Regent. The effect of this success was the appointment of three Superintendants of the colonies, to whom were added a lawyer of probity named Zuazo, with judicial power, and Las Casas, with the title of Protector of the Indians. These soon arrived in St. Domingo, and began their career by the auspicious act of liberating all the natives who had been granted to the Spanish courtiers, or to any person not residing in America. To avoid the influence of party spirit, neither of those orders, who had contended the subject were suffered to have a member among these Superintendants; they were composed of three Monks of the order of St. Jerome, who appear to have exercised not only ability, but a knowledge of the world, which is seldom to be obtained in a cloister. The result of this mission was, as might be expected, only negatively advantageous to the Indians, without whose labour, reduced as it was, the colony could not be hoped to exist; the best regulations that could be formed were adopted for the prevention of excessive rigour and of cruelty towards them, while, without coercion, they ceased to work, and were obstinate in proportion to their power. Las Casas still dissatisfied with any thing less than, the entire freedom of the Aborigines, and finding no countenance in the island, tained in a cloister. The result of this mission was, as might be expected, only negatively advantageous to the Indians, without whose labour, reduced as it was, the colony could not be hoped to exist; the best regulations that could be formed were adopted for the prevention of excessive rigour and of cruelty towards them, while, without coercion, they ceased to work, and were obstinate in proportion to their power. Las Casas still dissatisfied with any thing less than, the entire freedom of the Aborigines, and finding no countenance in the island, --- Page 88 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMIXGO. again returned to Spain. CHAP.L island, with undiminished perseverance, found Ferdinand, on the and found Ximenes, as he had before 1517. (Charles V.) who immedipoint of death. With the Emperor, and with his Flemish arrived from the Low Countries, ately as to induce the recal of the superminister, he prevailed sO far, de Figuerra was intendant and his colleague Zuazo; and Roderigo of the Island, with directions to modeappointed Chief Justice their threatened ofthe Indians, and to prevent rate the sufferings all that could be accomplished, extinction. Finding that this, was characters, which always marks such in the hurry ofi imagination than dangerous successful on some occasions, (not more eminently in support of his favourite Las Casas now proposed, on others,) of those he wished to liberate scheme, to substitute, in the place inhabitants of a distant from slavery in their own country, the of labour, and he to consider more capable one, whom appeared more patient under sorrow. in Africa had of the Portugueze The earliest advantage but it had been abolished, and arisen from a trade in slaves*, before, the ineffectual. About fourteen years was considered Ferdinand, of a few slaves had been permitted by importation and in 1511 the number was inbut not as a public concern, the This any effect on population. creased, without producing refused by Ximenes, was plan, which had been peremptorily to one of his FleCharles, who granted a patent adopted by of the limited number of four mish favorites for an importation reader is referred to a future chapter, to which it is For the origin of this traffic the thousand, more closely connected. --- Page 89 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, thousand; this privilege being sold to some Genoese merchants, CHAP.I. proved the first formation of a regular trade for supplying the - 1517. island, which has continued to increase through the whole Archipelago. Even the farther introduction of other Slaves produced so 1518. small a change in the Colony, that the invention of Las Casas was directed to other substitutes; and with a more plausible view, it occurred to him, that if Labourers could be induced to emigrate from the Mother Country, their habits of life would enable them to bear the effects of the climate under agricultural operations; and that they might, by soon becoming opulent citizens, introduce habits ofindustry, and a promotion of virtue: :-but, though countenanced by the ministry, his laudable plan was defeated by an ecclesiastic, who had long opposed him, the Bishop of Burgos. Thus deprived, of all his hopes with regard to his favourite Island, this extraordinary man turned his attention to the Continent, and his schemes to the prevention of similar abuses in that part of the new world, which was yet but little explored. After many unsuccessful applications in behalf of this colony of labourers, he at length obtained permission to form one in Cumana; but with such opposition, that the number of colonists whom he could persuade to accompany him did not exceed two hundred. It is not within our plan to follow this unfortunate party through their various distresses, occasioned by the bewildered cruelty of their countpymnci-pretented from arriving at their destined country by the detestation which was every where excited against the Spanish name, and unpopular with Spaniards as the followers of , which was yet but little explored. After many unsuccessful applications in behalf of this colony of labourers, he at length obtained permission to form one in Cumana; but with such opposition, that the number of colonists whom he could persuade to accompany him did not exceed two hundred. It is not within our plan to follow this unfortunate party through their various distresses, occasioned by the bewildered cruelty of their countpymnci-pretented from arriving at their destined country by the detestation which was every where excited against the Spanish name, and unpopular with Spaniards as the followers of --- Page 90 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. S2 became the innocent victims of both parties; CHAP.I. ofLas Casas, they shut out from all - 1518. Y while their leader, driven from every asylum, Domiand houseless, took refuge in the resource, abandoned, where he soon after nican convent in the city of St. Domingo; habit of the order, and, as it may be readily supassumed the survive the death of all his happiness. posed, did not long of that violence which had every way met the The occasion more particularly in the predacious party of Las Casas, originated in these piracies to excursions of the Spaniards, who would seem of cruelty or depredation unattempted. have left no means exertion of indusWhen, by the extinction of the Natives, every and even Slaves, were sold try began to stagnate in St. Domingo, of the reach of many, they fitted out a sort at a price beyond the coast of the continent, under Privateers, which, cruizing along whenever of trading with the unsuspecting natives; the pretence seized upon and sold them as slaves on they found an opportunity, combined all the Indians to their return: this conduct, however, it, and in consequence, among others, two Dominican revenge killed. This was the signal for more extensive Missionaries were with five ships, and three hunhostilities, and Diego Ocampo, of Expedition Diego to lay waste the country of Cumana, Ocampo dred men, were dispatched be as from St. all the inhabitants that could procured Domingo and to transport against mana. Cu- slaves to St. Domingo. 1520. About this time, to add to the embarrassments of the colony, from those extraordinary swarms of ants it suffered considerably which --- Page 91 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, which sometimes used to infest the Archipelago, and injure the CHAP.I. vegetation. After ineffectual many endeavours to destroy them, 1520. the Spaniards (according to Herrera) determined on appealing to the saints; but some time elapsed before they could fix upon one for SO singular a business; at last, however, being relieved from the disastrous effects ofthe insects, and happening to invoke St. Saturninus at the same time, that saint acquired the merit of a miracle. The return of Diego Columbus to Spain appears to have been attended with some circumstances which are yet unknown, 1523. for he shewed no inclination to return to the new world, till we find him in 1523 called to Jamaica to suppress a revolt oft the Indians, in the absence of Francis de Garay, its governor, who had embarked in an expedition against Panuco, which had, without his knowledge, already submitted to the government. Among the political arrangements of Ferdinand, was that which separated from the power of Diego the island of Jamaica, attaching it to that division of the continent, not subject to his dominion: : he, however, acted with a spirit no less creditable to his character than on former occasions, and regained the island; ; which after1525. wards descended to his heirs, and, yielded the title of Marquis, Death of among other honors, which descended to his family. Diego Cc- lumbus. Diego Columbus died in 1525. To return to the domestic situation of Hispaniola, that quick 1529. decline, which we have already described, continued to be acceF Jerated attaching it to that division of the continent, not subject to his dominion: : he, however, acted with a spirit no less creditable to his character than on former occasions, and regained the island; ; which after1525. wards descended to his heirs, and, yielded the title of Marquis, Death of among other honors, which descended to his family. Diego Cc- lumbus. Diego Columbus died in 1525. To return to the domestic situation of Hispaniola, that quick 1529. decline, which we have already described, continued to be acceF Jerated --- Page 92 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. and impolicy ofthose, to whom no means CHAP.I. lerated, by the cruelty in the search of wealth. In external appear1528. were exceptionable and the capital City of St. however, this decline was not perceptible, Domingo. ances, is thecase with all falling states, still presented ofSt. Domingo, as of its inhabitants. In an august reyerse to the internal poverty the city is described by some Spanish historians, and par1528, who was there at that time, 'as C not inferior ticularly Oviedo, built of stone like those of to any in Spain, the houses mostly but the streets much better, being large and plain, Barcelona, each other at right angles. With the sea on the right, crossing Ozamo on the left, health and beauty were united and the river laden than in any other part of the world. Ships heavy more in a manner under the house windows. discharged their cargoes which stood exactly in the centre, also gave security The citadel, command. The houses were fit to receive any to an extensive his suite, and the grandeur of Don nobleman of Spain with was beyond conception, and every Diego's palace as viceroy to receive the king his master. The cathedral was way fitting the dignity of of exquisite workmanship, and well endowed; and canons well supported. There were three moits bishop dedicated to St. Dominic, St. Francis, and St. Mary nasteries, de Mercedes, and an hospital founded by Michael Passamont, the treasurer-general." How much were it to have been wished, that such public that it did not, however, splendour had argued equal prosperity; from account; and Benzoni asserts, that towards is certain, every the --- Page 93 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. the middle of the sixteenth century, scarce one hundred and CHAP.I. fifty ofthe native Indians remained alive*, 1530. The dealers in slaves, however, beginning to lessen their demands, as time and competition affected their trade, the colony might have once more recovered itself by an attention to agriculture; but that cruelty which appeared to be inherent in the breasts of these early colonists, (increased by disappointment and pecuniary difficulties,) excited in their new servants a spirit of insurrection that soon broke into open revolt, and which, though unsuccessful, compelled their masters to a relaxation of their severity and inordinate avarice. The consequences produced by the smallest degree of moderation, became soon perceivable in the increased cultivation, and sugar, tobacco, cocoa, ginger, cotton, peltry, &c. were shipped for Spain in such quantitiez, as induced the best hopes of their increase continuing; but these flattering hopes were not to be realized, the Spaniards remaining inactive, weak, unprotected, and useless. In 1586, Sir Francis Drake came before the island, and pil- 1586. laged the capital with a degree of barbarity, surprizing in the Invasion Sir Francis of present refinement of European warfare, The invaders held Drake. possession of St. Domingo for a month, during the latter part of Benzoni, Nov, Orb. Hist, F 2 which shipped for Spain in such quantitiez, as induced the best hopes of their increase continuing; but these flattering hopes were not to be realized, the Spaniards remaining inactive, weak, unprotected, and useless. In 1586, Sir Francis Drake came before the island, and pil- 1586. laged the capital with a degree of barbarity, surprizing in the Invasion Sir Francis of present refinement of European warfare, The invaders held Drake. possession of St. Domingo for a month, during the latter part of Benzoni, Nov, Orb. Hist, F 2 which --- Page 94 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. every means from day-break, till the heat CHAP.I. which they employed in the forenoon, to destroy the beautiful edifices 1586. became intense that surrounded the town, but on which, from being composed of stone, fire made no great progress, and ordinary means became after two hundred sailors, with as many soldiers too laborious; them, had been employed for several days only to to protect wearied destroy one third part of the town, and were completely with the task, they condescended to accept of about 70001. sterling as a ransom for the rest. Among the severities which were practised, the following will which, notwithstanding its cruelty, some will afford an example, think from the circumstances of the times, not badly imagined: having been sent on a message to the Spanish a negro boy with a flag of truce, was run through the body by some governor officers, and only lived to complain to the straggling Spanish general; he immediately ordered two friars, who were English his prisoners, to be taken to the same spot, and hanged, commissioning another at the same time to acquaint the Spaniards, that until the party, who had thus murdered the general's messenger, should be delivered into his hands, there should no day pass witliout the execution of two prisoners; on the following day the and his to be his was offender produced, countrymen compelled executioners. See the account of this expedition in Hackluit's Voyages.--Sir Anthony Shirley pursued a similar conduct in Jamaica in 1595. The --- Page 95 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, The decline of the mother country could not fail to weaken CHAP.I. the situation of her colonists, who had suffered neglect, even 1586. - from the importance of her acquisitions at home. Those who remained, rather from a want of power to quit the island, than Degeneraany other cause, sunk into a kind of debility and sloth that tion of the Spanish COresigned them to every evil. Gradually degenerating from lony. the spirit and manners of their ancestors, they became little anxious about any thing beyond an.indulgence, as degrading as fatal. Associating in common with their female slaves, they propagated a people of almost every grade of colour, and became entirely a mixed colony, of which, Spaniards formed in fact a very small part. .Their mines were deserted, agriculture was neglected, and their cattle ran wild in the plains. They employed themselves, as may be expected from such an irregular establishment, not only in an illicit foreign trade, but in piracies against the property oftheir own country, of which the practice of fitting out ships clandestinely, for the purpose of procuring slaves, (as has been already observed,) afforded them the best opportunities, and a secret understanding with the ships of war, guaranteed their safety and success. Instead of an attempt to remedy this evil, of which there were many means *, the shortsighted policy ofthe Spanish court chose rather to complete the dejection of the islanders, by demolishing the sea-ports which had been illieitly employed, and compelling the inhabitants to 1600. Among others, even the Flemish were refused the permission they requested to clear the lends of this ferille coentry, and revive its splendour by the more of culture. sclllipursuits ngriretire with the ships of war, guaranteed their safety and success. Instead of an attempt to remedy this evil, of which there were many means *, the shortsighted policy ofthe Spanish court chose rather to complete the dejection of the islanders, by demolishing the sea-ports which had been illieitly employed, and compelling the inhabitants to 1600. Among others, even the Flemish were refused the permission they requested to clear the lends of this ferille coentry, and revive its splendour by the more of culture. sclllipursuits ngriretire --- Page 96 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. History is silent, during a retire to the interior of the country. CHAP.I. of this miserable people, - period of the existence are 1000, considerable indeed admit but of little variety; who whose actions could in the extremes of sloth, described as 6 demi-savages, plunged and fruits and roots, in cottages without furniture, living upon "Their slaves had little more most of them, without clothes *." them in their hammocks;" Raynal, 66 than to swing to do," says be given of the wretched situation nor can a more striking proof with gold, than the which had supplied empires of that country of adopting pieces of leather necessity to which it was reduced, medium among its inhabitants +. as a circulating of Spain, however, was sO remiss in While the government as the centre of which might be considered regard to the colony, they were as much the reverse, their possessions in the new. world, into a particito the admission of any other power with respect :their caution extended pation of its produce, or its territory who were met and all ships were stopped even to absurdity; this care, during a war beyond the tropics. Notwithstanding 1620. and French, had become aequaintwith Spain, the English warlike and sullen witk the Windward Islands, (whose ed repelled the Spaniards,) inhabitants, the Charibs, generally vessels in those a small fleet to interrupt the Spanish equipped by peace; in consewhose piracies were not interrupted seas, Trade and Settlements in the East and West InThe Abbé Ragnal-Hlstory of the dies, vol. iv. p.1 18. of the British West Indies, b. ii. quence t Edwards's History --- Page 97 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, quence of the jealous policy already described. A part of these CHAP.I. under an enterprizing Englishman named Warner, and the cap- 1623. Y tain of a French privateer called Desnambue, took possession of the island of St. Christopher on the same day *, and divided it into two equal shares; the fierce inhabitants, who had been more favorable to the enemies of the Spaniards than to themselves, retiring from the parts on which they were fixed, telling them nevertheless, with usual Indian acuteness, that C land imust be very bad, or very scarce with them, since they had traversed such a distance with 80 much difficulty, to seek for it among savages." The court of Madrid immediately alarmed, at the vicinity of 1630, these members of two active and industrious nations, ordered Frederic ofToledo, on his way against the Dutch in Brazil, to attack these newly established powers while they were yet weak in their new establishment; they were soon defeated, and those who were not either killed or taken prisoners, fled for refuge to the- neighbouring islands. The greater part, however, returned to their possessions as soon as the danger was over, except a small number who remained on the little barren isle of' Tortuga lying off the north-west coast of Hispaniola, and within a few leagues of Port Pais. These, inconsiderable as they were in their outset, were the founders of a race which giving rise to Some writers state that Mr. Warner had obtained possession two years before, and had suticred the loss of bis plantations by an hurricane. the killed or taken prisoners, fled for refuge to the- neighbouring islands. The greater part, however, returned to their possessions as soon as the danger was over, except a small number who remained on the little barren isle of' Tortuga lying off the north-west coast of Hispaniola, and within a few leagues of Port Pais. These, inconsiderable as they were in their outset, were the founders of a race which giving rise to Some writers state that Mr. Warner had obtained possession two years before, and had suticred the loss of bis plantations by an hurricane. the --- Page 98 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. an important part of CHAP.I. the French colony that is soon to become described, deand being hitherto but imperfectly 1630. this history, mands particular attention. it is but justice to the Spanish colony to Previously, however, fleet 1655. after the first surprize at seeing a large English say, that with nine thousand land forces commanded by Admiral Penn, afterwards conquered under Colonel Venables, (the same which Cromwell to who had been dispatched by Oliver Jamaica.) of the new world, they comobtain for England a portion A want of unapelled the enemy to re-embark with disgrace. who made on the part of the English, nimity was the apology determined on no alternative beill brooking such a reception, and more successful atand death on their next tween victory tempt. seventeenth century these incursers, of 1660. By the middle of the accessions from whom I am about to speak, had received some established, colonies, which had by that time been the French as it was singular. and assumed an appearance as formidable of obtained notice under the appellation They had gradually animal food, which was Buccaniers from their mode of curing being slowly dried, or rather smoked, derived from the savages, called by the Spanish overfires of green wood,in] placesfiromthence As they Buccans, a custom yet retained by the Spaniards. term, destitute of wives and children, they associated were for a time was common, pairs, (as recorded by former historians); property and --- Page 99 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. survivor inherited the residence; theft was unknown amongst CHAP.I. them, though no precaution was used against it, a virtue they 1660, Y borrowed from the savages. They seldom disputed, but if any were obstinate, they decided with arms; and if any foul appearance occurred in the combat, as a back or side wound, the assassin was put to death. Every member of the fraternity assumed a warlike name on admission into the body, which descended to their several successors. Their dress consisted of a shirt died with the blood of the animals they killed in hunting; an apron, or trowsers, yet dirtier; a leathern girdle, containing a short sabre, and other knives; a sort of military cap, and shoes, without stockings. A Buccanier was satisfied if he could supply himself with a small gun, and a pack of dogs, to the number of twenty or thirty. Their employment consisted chiefly in hunting the bulls, with which the Spaniards had furnished the neighbouring island; ; which they killed chiefly for the skins, regaling, perhaps, on a small part of the flesh, preparing it sometimes with a seasoning of pimento, and the juice of orange. The remainder of the indolent colonists could not, however, bear with the idea of more active neighbours; which gave rise to several unavailing conflicts, that ended in a deternination to destroy all the bulls by a general chase, a scheme which had the effect of turning the attention of the Buccaniers to the more permanent pursuits of agriculture-Tobacco soon became a profitable culture, which, with the produce of several excurG sions perhaps, on a small part of the flesh, preparing it sometimes with a seasoning of pimento, and the juice of orange. The remainder of the indolent colonists could not, however, bear with the idea of more active neighbours; which gave rise to several unavailing conflicts, that ended in a deternination to destroy all the bulls by a general chase, a scheme which had the effect of turning the attention of the Buccaniers to the more permanent pursuits of agriculture-Tobacco soon became a profitable culture, which, with the produce of several excurG sions --- Page 100 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. in their cruisers, amply repaid CHAP.I. sions made by the most intrepid was C However, another Spanish armament 1660. their difficulties. which inspirited them to commissioned for their extirpation, and deeds that will live to future ages--pregnant with bravery horror. leagues long and two broad, in a Possessed of an island eight unshackled by the fine air, and with capability of improvement, to their of ancient society, with a vast territory open prescriptions channels accessible to their predatory incursions, and numerous be easily the success of the Buccaniers may maritime courage, far from unsalutary supposed to have spread. To this lawless, yet credithose who sought a refuge from the tyranny of dominion, spirits without opportutors, or of want, as well as enterprizing from Nornity for action, in their mother-country, (particularly which formed a considerable acquisition mandy,) had a resource, the court of Spain to its power. Envious of the establishment, of notice, to dislodge them, which is worthy made an attempt the general of the galloons exerted only from its wonted cruelty; hunting on commission while the greater part were at sea, or his all he found to death, leaving it as dethe large island ; he put solate as possible. of these cruelties, and the sentiments of revenge The effects combination of the Buccathey inspired, produced a closer they agreed to sacrifice personal niers; for which purpose appointed a to social safety, and accordingly independenee, leader, --- Page 101 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, leader, much in the same way, as the origin of all monarchies; CHAP.I. as they were yet composed of English and French united, an 1660. Y Englishman, distinguished for his prudence and valour, named WILLES, was the first appointed, who appears to have excited jealousy, by an invitation of his countrymen to the settlement, and the use too frequently made of power, when its origin becomes forgotten in its advantages. A governor-general had, therefore, no sooner been appointed over the French windward islands,* than finding the opportunities probably agreeable, and being, perhaps, privately solicited, he sent a small force from St. Vincent, who, joined by the Frenchmen on the island, suddenly ordered all the English to withdraw from it; when supposing an order of such, audacity supported by a much greater force, they immediately agreed to evacuate the island, and never returned. They still pursued the bold career in which they had embarked, and afterwards obtained regular commissions from the English government to act against the common enemy, though the settlements and navigations of the Spaniards continued the prominent objects of their hostility. One of them afterwards arrived at situations of honour and emolument, having received the dignity of * This Governor, who was named De Poincy, appears to have held his on the same tenor as Willes, receiving it when the increased followers of Warner appointment and buc had, in 1660, joined in a treaty independent of" their respective Desnam- which had regarded: tbem with indifference. By this treaty it is pleasing to see governments, the native Charibs considered, Dominica and St. Vincent's being appropriated to their reception. to their respective rights of conquest, France obtained Guadaloupe, According and some less considerable acquisitions; and England was confirmed Martinico, in the Grenada, Barbadoes, Nevis, Antigua, Montserrat, and several other islands of little possession value. St. of Christopher's still belonged to both nations,-See. Raynal's History, Vol, 1II.p. 284. &c. knighthood, em with indifference. By this treaty it is pleasing to see governments, the native Charibs considered, Dominica and St. Vincent's being appropriated to their reception. to their respective rights of conquest, France obtained Guadaloupe, According and some less considerable acquisitions; and England was confirmed Martinico, in the Grenada, Barbadoes, Nevis, Antigua, Montserrat, and several other islands of little possession value. St. of Christopher's still belonged to both nations,-See. Raynal's History, Vol, 1II.p. 284. &c. knighthood, --- Page 102 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. advanced to the high office of lieutenantand being CHAP.I, knighthood, will be given Y of Jamaica! His character, however, 1660. governor those of the other Buccaniers, to whom, more regularly among French colony in St. Domingo, this founders of the as original directed. history is more particularly the little island of fTortuga from Alternately losing and gaining of their own choice and the French, under a captain the Spaniards, and obtained a firm footing on St. Donation, at length retained it, less which rendered it, at the same time, of importance. mingo, which arrived (a consequence which, Of the consequence to they tales oftheir furnishes the West-Indies with legendary to tbis day, idea will be best obtained by a description valour and honour), an and of those characters to of their mode of life and warfare, which have were indebted, for many of the exploits whom they to the admiration, if not the approrendered them conspicuous bation, of the present and of future ages. themselves into small companies, from fifty to They formed of whom, some appear to have prethree times that number, had conferAs the authority they ferred agricultural pursuits. did not extend to their domestic ceconomy, red on their captain as to their manners, or a preference they were at perfect liberty Their armaments in their intervals of peace. of rest or pleasure difference, but in size, in which, were formed of boats, without any weather; as through theywereexposed: to all the inclemenciesofther on shore they were subject to the sevetheir careless dispositions, rest --- Page 103 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, rest extremities of hunger and thirst. After the various cruelties CHAP. I. exercised by the Spaniards in the attempt to extirpate them, the 1600, sight of: a ship is said to have transported them to frenzy:-no superiority of power affected them, they boarded as soon as possible, and the skill they had in the management of their small vessels, screened them from the fire of their enemies, while their fusleers, who presented themselves at the fore-part of their vessels by an excellent aim at the port-holes opposed to them, confounded the most experienced gunners. They seemed to have a religious notion of humility and gratitude, for they implored the aid of heaven to their success in any onset, and returned thanks to the deity for every victory obtained; such was their uninterrupted bravery, that the Spaniards, at length, trembled at their very approach, and surrendered immediately to those whom they designated as devils, as much as if they had been in reality preternatural beings. Among those whose names have come down to us, as having particularly distinguished themselves, were Montbar, a Frenchman; a truly gallant Welshman (already mentioned) named Morgan; and a Dutchman, called Van Horn. In the conduct of these men, may be seen the general character of the Buccaniers, the proportion of this sketch not admitting of a more enlarged insertion, which might otherwise be easily selected. Montbar was born a gentleman of Languedoc, and his connection with the freebooters appears to have arisen neither from necessity nor chance, but an early spirit of romance-such as has determined us, as having particularly distinguished themselves, were Montbar, a Frenchman; a truly gallant Welshman (already mentioned) named Morgan; and a Dutchman, called Van Horn. In the conduct of these men, may be seen the general character of the Buccaniers, the proportion of this sketch not admitting of a more enlarged insertion, which might otherwise be easily selected. Montbar was born a gentleman of Languedoc, and his connection with the freebooters appears to have arisen neither from necessity nor chance, but an early spirit of romance-such as has determined --- Page 104 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. characters. Indeed, to those who CHAP.I, determined the most heroic in the New the of )Y Spaniards 1660. - have seen unqualified descriptions human life suflicient to with World, without an acquaintance It Quixotic idea will not excite surprize. discriminate, such a their that while at college having seen these accounts, is said, him, that, acting in a prienormities had SO strongly impressed who quarrelled with a Spavate play the part of a Frenchman, of the latter chaniard, it was with difficulty the performer from him with life. His imagination continuing racter escaped in which he beheld the expiring to be heated by day-dreams, of fanaticism, more cruel than that religious victims of a rage, although as calling on him for vengeance; he viewed them, of the Buccaniers, acquainted with the history but imperfectly procured a ship for he determined to join them, and accordingly vessel, On the passage they met with a Spanish the expedition. when Montbar was the first, which they immediately boarded, them, fall the enemy; he broke through sabre in hand, to upon the levelled twice from one end of the ship to other, and hurrying him. When the enemy surrendered, every thing that opposed of the booty, he desired leaving to his companions the care the dead bodies of with borrid pleasure, only to contemplate, the decks, and seemed the Spaniards, which lay in heaps upon in which he had SO romantically emstrengthened in the cause, the Buccaniers, Arriving on the coast of St. Domingo, barked. for brandy, pleaded, as an apowho applied to barter provisions taken adthat the Spaniards had recently logy for their quality, them : 46 And do you not vantage of their absence to destroy seek --- Page 105 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. seek revenge?" exclaimed Montbar. He soon found they were CHAP. I. no more tardy in destruction than himself, and offered his ser- 1660. - vices as a leader: was accepted, and astonished the boldest by his bravery. He continued with them during his life; and their sufferings (from his courage and success) procured for him, among the Spaniards, the appellation of The Erterminator. Van Horn was a native of Ostend, whose intrepidity in the discipline of his crew, is the only peculiar trait handed down to us. He commanded a frigate, which was his own property. In the heat of an engagement, he was constantly seen in every part of the ship; and where he observed any one shrink at the sudden report of the cannon, he instantly killed him. He became the idol of the brave, and liberally shared with his successful companions, the riches SO dreadfully acquired. Iti is pleasing to turn from characters terminating with the same violence with which they set out, to one who, after having blazed in the full strength of a meridian-sun of power, is seen retiring to the mild evening of domestic life. MORGAN,* the Welshman, only remains to be mentioned, descended from respectable parents in Glamorganshire, whom he early * Iwish to be acquitted of any local preference in the description of these men, or partiality of delineations in their characters, But notwithstanding the representation givenof Morgan (iu extension of the calumnious old history of the Buccaniers) by the Abbé Raynal they set out, to one who, after having blazed in the full strength of a meridian-sun of power, is seen retiring to the mild evening of domestic life. MORGAN,* the Welshman, only remains to be mentioned, descended from respectable parents in Glamorganshire, whom he early * Iwish to be acquitted of any local preference in the description of these men, or partiality of delineations in their characters, But notwithstanding the representation givenof Morgan (iu extension of the calumnious old history of the Buccaniers) by the Abbé Raynal --- Page 106 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. in search of his fortune. quitted (as it was then termed) he CHAP.I. early to Bristol, - spirit leading him accidentally 1660. His adventurous for the West-Indies, in the of embarking found an opportunity himself for four years to serve way of many others, by indenting executed with fidelity, When released from a service a planter. and adding ability to courage, soon he joined the Buccaniers, One ofthe exploits which shared their success and their riches. Porto Bello (which rendered him famous was the capture of first destroyed with difficulty); for which, Admiral Vernon afterwards that he took it withthe plan of operations was SO well contrived, the effusion of In attacking the fort, to spare out opposition. and the priests, whom he had blood, he compelled the women from an the to the walls, made prisoners, to set scaling-ladders of their love would not fire at the objects idea, that the Spahiards however, was wealth, in and reverence. Their omnipotent power, misand the humane expedient preference to religion or beauty; The conquest of Pacarried, to the great injury of the besieged. difficulty, both seems to have been attended with prodigious nama he did not forget a merciful exby sea and land; but even here, Catharine, which was the fortified island of St. pedient-buying At Panama they found immense treanecessary to his progress. that were made, some cirthe dreadful sacrifices sures : among that in the midst of hostility he, fell in love with a Raynal, he is constrained to confess, sacrifice her to his wishes, though she attempted beautiful Spaniard; and that he did not of this nature, under such circumstances, his life. A breast capable of admitting a passion barbarous; and of the respectability of his subcould not surely be considered as the most best account. sequent character, we have certainly the cumstances --- Page 107 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, cumstances less severe are recorded: vanity received a singular CHAP.L punishment; and it was here that Morgan became captivated by 1660. - a captive. The first of these circumstances occurred in a beggar, who, entering a castle deserted by its owners, found some rich apparel, which, in preference to every thing else, he adopted; the besiegers entered, and pressed the grotesque noble for his wealth, when, pointing to the rags he had just quitted, he received the effects of his folly and pride in a death scarcely unmerited, Morgan, appears to have addressed the lady by whom he was smitten, with respect and forbearance, sentiments not always to be found, in more refined invaders, and they met with a contrary return. 66 My fortune and my liberty, which depended on others," said the indignant fair, 6E you have already, but my honour is my own care;" upon which, she drew a poignard from beneath her dress, and attempted to plunge it into his breast; fortunately he avoided the blow.-Agonized with passion, yet incapable ofviolation, with more philosophy than is often called forth under such circumstances, it is probable that he wisely and nobly tore himself from the scene of his attraction, as he suddenly quitted the spot; even before his companions could accompany him. On the peace, which a few years after took place, between England and Spain, he retired to Jamaica, and having purchased a plantation, betook himselfwith much industry to its cultivation. He succeeded in these tranquil pursuits, and, in time, grew into equal repute in a pacific, life to that which he had experienced H in violation, with more philosophy than is often called forth under such circumstances, it is probable that he wisely and nobly tore himself from the scene of his attraction, as he suddenly quitted the spot; even before his companions could accompany him. On the peace, which a few years after took place, between England and Spain, he retired to Jamaica, and having purchased a plantation, betook himselfwith much industry to its cultivation. He succeeded in these tranquil pursuits, and, in time, grew into equal repute in a pacific, life to that which he had experienced H in --- Page 108 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. CHAP.I: in war; he was called to bear a part in the government of the 1660. island in which he had become a proprietor; and, finally, to of Lieutenant-Governor of Jamaica, and to the the command dignity of knighthood. He executed the duties of every situation in which he was placed with probity and honour; and a writer of the present day,* who saw some of his letters in the possession of a friend on the island, describes them as manifesting a spirit of humanity, justice, liberality, and piety. It is painful to relate, that Sir Henry Morgan, three years before the close of his chequered and useful life, was committed Tower James II. at the instance of the Spato the by King nish Emperor, where he remained till his death without trial, and of course without conviction of any crime. Though a sacrifice to the same monarch, with his great predecessor Raleigh, and he died in peace. his life was not, however, included, To return to the community of Buccaniers, although separated from each other, the English and French still continued the latter retiring, after the conflict, to St. to act in concert; Domingo, to share the spoil, and the former to Jamaica. When were maimed, the first steps, were those taken for their proany share of vision in the most honourable way; no one secreted any the booty under pain of expulsion; nor had favour any influence of in its division, which was with much judgment. - Dissipation Bryan Edwards, Esp.ML.P. F.R.S.&c. every --- Page 109 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. every kind succeeded their advantages, and he who was rich CHAP.I. one day, resigned himself fto poverty the next. They continued 1660. to increase in force, and to proportionably depress the Spaniards, who, at length, retired into a sullen inactivity, which passively continued, till all other communication with their mother-country ceased, than that which could be maintained by a single ship of no great burthen. Nor did the Buccaniers themselves continue to prevail as they had been accustomed. After the settlements of the French and 1666. English in the New World became established, many were killed and lost, and some adopted agriculture; till, at length, France, who had not been altogether ignorant of its progress, became attracted by the infant colony then formed in St. Domingo, if it couid yet be so called. The number of planters to whom only could be really accorded the character of colonists did not exceed four hundred; the first care of the government then was to multiply this number, and to form them into a more regular society; for this purpose it commissioned a gentleman named Bertrand D'Ogeron, who had emigrated from Anjou about nine years before, but who had evinced too much virtue and sensibility to hope for commercial success, without a better fortune. With the best contrived plans he had failed; but the abilityand fortitude, he had shewn in adversity, had won him the general esteem and attachment SO much, that H2 he ists did not exceed four hundred; the first care of the government then was to multiply this number, and to form them into a more regular society; for this purpose it commissioned a gentleman named Bertrand D'Ogeron, who had emigrated from Anjou about nine years before, but who had evinced too much virtue and sensibility to hope for commercial success, without a better fortune. With the best contrived plans he had failed; but the abilityand fortitude, he had shewn in adversity, had won him the general esteem and attachment SO much, that H2 he --- Page 110 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. to direct, or rather CHAP.I. he was considered as the most proper person 1665. to settle the colony. D'Ogeron governor. none could doubt Of the difficulty of such an enterprize, much on his own powers, who knew no but himself, depending other wish, than the good of human kind; he began by rethe idle to labour, and those who had traded with all conciling which had the world, to the monopoly of a privileged company, been established for all the French settlements. the year before, which He held out allurements for new inhabitants in a country had suffered every species of calumny: when the maritime determined to go in search of greater advantages, he seduced them to stay, even by relinquishing the revenues of his post, and procuring them commissions from Portugal to attack the Spaniards, when they had made peace with France; to the huntsmen he advanced money without interest to erect habitations: and to the planters he united every encouragement. Nor did he long suffer them to remain in a cheerless celibacy, which of the best and most natural ofall denied an increase population by and left them without the most powerful attraction to a means, residence-that of mild, unassuming beings, who create Women first fixed introduced to comforts unknown by any other means; conferring interest and the colony. to alleviate the felicity, while they are as ministering angels and soften the asperities of man. D'Ogeron sent for sorrows, from France--such as should women, and obtained an hundred be the female inhabitants of an infant colony, young, healthy, amiable, and enterprising. To prevent the effect of the most --- Page 111 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. most impetuous of passions, he contrived, that while choice CHAP.I. those should first become hus- 1665. *was not entirely suppressed, bands whose industry had rendered them equal to the payment of an adequate sum; and the others (who respected social justice) waited anxiously to be sO blessed in their turn: : but they were disappointed, and the colony injured, as is too often the case, by expedients of which their insufficiency is the most favorableo objection. The females, who afterwards made their appearance from the mother country, as if all regard for the constitutions of society, had been lost, were those for whom deliçacy would wish to find a better name than the refuse of cities; selected without discrimination, they were bound as to masters for three years; of such a connexion, we need not attempt the ofthecolony. Foundation description. The only circumstance worthy of record respecting it, is the declaration of the Buccaniers, who chiefly adopted them, on their simple marriage. 6F Iask you no questions," said he, respecting your former life, but you are now mine; and if false, this," putting his hand to the muzzle ofhis gun, you prove K will revenge me.' 19 The effects of the profligacy introduced at this time were long, very long felt. In the course of four years, however, D'Ogeron found means to increase the number of planters in proportion to the population, SO that, in 1699, they amounted to more than 1,500. In the following year the benign exertions of this good man, 1670. received a check from the elation of the India Company, which is the too frequent consequence of successful monopolies. Conceiving the muzzle ofhis gun, you prove K will revenge me.' 19 The effects of the profligacy introduced at this time were long, very long felt. In the course of four years, however, D'Ogeron found means to increase the number of planters in proportion to the population, SO that, in 1699, they amounted to more than 1,500. In the following year the benign exertions of this good man, 1670. received a check from the elation of the India Company, which is the too frequent consequence of successful monopolies. Conceiving --- Page 112 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. secure in a new and extensive trade, and not CHAP.I. ceiving themselves ventured to raise the prices' 1670. 1 satisfied with a moderate profit, they who of two thirds; the colonists, of their goods in a proportion had their natural inclinations to violence, had not yet changed of tranquillity was a immediate recourse to arms, and the price an allowance of five per cent. to free trade to France, except their arrival and dethe company, to be paid by all ships on this disaster afforded D'Ogeron an opportunity parture. Even of which only himself was capable. for exertions ofb beneficence, intended for his own proHe procured two ships seemingly Every one in fact, for the use of the colony. duce, but, these vessels at a moderate shipped his commodities on board from the motherand, on their return, the cargo brought freight, sale at prime cost. A general country was. exposed to public without security, without interest, and even credit was given them with probity and this generous governor hoping to inspire confidence: thus, under a jurisdicnoble sentiments by such a served but to consolievery public disaster tion SO exquisite, not fail also to excite a regret the date the colony; and could much too early; on an occasion which happened most poignant, D'Ogeron was cut off in the for the patriotic and benevolent of every humane offices in 1673, an example 1675. midst of his parental and social virtue. before the much lamented death of D'OgeIt was three years had been founded. Itis that the town of Cape François drive ron, of religious intolerance to to be regretted as a consequence from --- Page 113 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. from their country its most useful members. Gobin, a calvinist, CHAP.I. flew from persecution to the mild state of St. Domingo, andbuilt 1673. the first habitation on the cape, to which he invited others, who immediately flocked thither as the ground became cleared. The place held by D'Ogeron was supplied with tolerable success by his nephew, M. Ponancey, who, although described as of a less amiable disposition than his uncle, seems to have followed him in his laudable plan of government. He had the honor of completing what his great predecessor had SO ably begun, the establishment of a colony upon a regular and firm basis, without the promulgation of laws, or the coercion of military force. More virtue than could be expected, from a variety of governors, was, however, required to sustain such a government; as licen- Du Casse gotiousness, naturally increased with population, aided by the un- vernor. fortunate introduction of females, of the character already mentioned, it became of course necessary to submit to ordinary forms. Two administrators were therefore commissioned from 1634. Martinico, who established courts of judicature for the several districts, accountable to a superior council at Petit Goâve, These innovations were gained by a little finesse without much disagreement, and, but for the interference of private interest, which will ever obtrude upon infant establishments, the colony might have immediately opened a mine of wealth upon its 1685, shores, It population, aided by the un- vernor. fortunate introduction of females, of the character already mentioned, it became of course necessary to submit to ordinary forms. Two administrators were therefore commissioned from 1634. Martinico, who established courts of judicature for the several districts, accountable to a superior council at Petit Goâve, These innovations were gained by a little finesse without much disagreement, and, but for the interference of private interest, which will ever obtrude upon infant establishments, the colony might have immediately opened a mine of wealth upon its 1685, shores, It --- Page 114 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. instance to remark here, as a glaring CHAP.I. It may not be improper colony, that in - of power, or capacity in the Spanish 1694. of the want Albemarle, then governor of Ja1685 it suffered the Duke of considerable wealth, maica, and Sir William Phipps, to obtain which had been the wreck of a Spanish plate ship by raising coast of their own territory twentystranded off the north-east the north and south riff, four years before, on a shoal between almost in sight of Old Cape François. the principal articles of comSkins and tobacco, were hitherto, in the French colony; for the latter, consequence merce from indigo and cocoa; for simiof the restrictions, they substituted which had been culture of cotton, lar reasons the profitable the labours of the coHitherto added, was soon abandoned. of the inhabihad been prosecuted chiefly by the poorest lony which had been obtained by successtants, and a few negroes, but in the war of 1688, ful expeditions against the Spaniards; to con1688. being taken from the English, they began several slaves as an additional source template the culture of the sugar-cane, With this and one of the greatest importance. of wealth, their stock of negroes, by view they continued to increase but slowly, till the every means in their power, though combination of misfor1694, when, taking advantage of a year reduced Jamaica, the governor (a spirited man, tunes which had to chase the Spaniards from who had before desired permission shewed Negroes in in that island with a force, which adopted the colony. his own colony.) landed to power, and increased the anterior progress of St. Domingo it --- Page 115 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, it) more than any other event, that had hitherto occurred. What- CHAP.I. ever were the other motives that induced this expedition, Du 1698. Casse seems to have had an eye to the principal necessities of his colony, by including in his booty a considerable number of negroes, perhaps not less than two thousand. The other captured property, added to the private wealth of some of the remaining Buccaniers, (if those embarked in privateering, could be still SO called,) enabled them to employ these slaves, and furnish buildings and articles for the production of sugar. The year following, however, the English returned the compliment of M. Du Casse, by attacking the now flourishing settlement of Cape François, in conjunction with the forces of Spain, which they took, plundered, and reduced to ashes. It was soon, however, rebuilt on the same scite; and from this period no difficulty or misfortune to the colony, was sufficient to impede its gradual progress to that eminence, which obtained for it, in another century the appellation of the Garden of the West Indies. The peace of Ryswick afforded the first regular cession of the western part of the island to the French ; for the preceding treaties of Aix la Chapelle.and Nimeguen in 1668 and 1678 did not, by any means, conciliate the national antipathies in St. Domingo; and even by it there were no other boundaries established to the possessions thus ceded, than a custom, constantly submitted to change from a variety of circumstances. By this cession the French appear to have obtained all the territory excluded, withI out Garden of the West Indies. The peace of Ryswick afforded the first regular cession of the western part of the island to the French ; for the preceding treaties of Aix la Chapelle.and Nimeguen in 1668 and 1678 did not, by any means, conciliate the national antipathies in St. Domingo; and even by it there were no other boundaries established to the possessions thus ceded, than a custom, constantly submitted to change from a variety of circumstances. By this cession the French appear to have obtained all the territory excluded, withI out --- Page 116 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. line from the then Cape François on CHAP. I. out an oblique reaching Y to Rosa on the west, intercepting the 1698. the north-east coast, Cape Isabella and Jago at the one point, and those of Petit towns of Goâve and Port Louis at the other.* Still, therefore, the scene. of constant feuds between the more antient colonists and their neighbour, a large part of the colony towards the south, coninhabitants in mitinued unoccupied, except by a few straggling serable huts, and it remained a desirable object with the government to procure its settlement, in some way, at once both permanent and effectual. To accomplish this end, another company in France, which adopted the title of St. Louis, was privileged to whom this fine and extensive country was granted as a property for thirty years; on condition-that it should open a contraband trade with the Spanish continent, and clear the ground. granted lands to all who chose, The company immediately them also with slaves and with certain allowances, providing other necessaries, and every thing began to wear a promising The colony continued to increase with SO much vigour, aspect. that, at the beginning of the next century a superior jurisdiction became necessary in Cape François, and it was accordingly established in 1702. The town of the Cape was, in every other 1702. the capital of the colony, though, except in time of war, respect, hither, Port au Prince was the seat ofthe when it was removed government. From the demarcation on the map of Herman Moll executed in less than twenty years after. In --- Page 117 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, In proportion as the French colony rose in splendor, the CHAP.I Spanish inhabitants decreased in comfort, apparently shrinking 1702. from the effects of an industry they could not reach; yet, the former was not without difliculties to counterbalance its advantages: for in the year 1715, the death of nearly all the cocoa trees on the colony, deprived it of a very lucrative revenue; and 1715. shortly after, it experienced, in common with more important states, a shock that threatened its total subversion. This flourishing colony had arrived at a pitch of prosperity and refinement, sufficient to enable many of its proprietors to return with ample fortunes to France, or retire under easy cireumstances when age required it; but when LAw's fatal scheme of finance exploded, those whose property had been paid for in the Law's Effect of finan or securities ofthe notes, cial on St. scheme DoMississippi company, or others, allied to them, were left destitute, without any hopes of retribution; mingo. many returned poor to the island, from which they had departed rich, and were compelled to serve those, who had formerly been their servants, for bread. The presence of these unfortunate victims, seemed to prolong a sensation with respect to that delusive stroke of policy, which nothing else could have occasioned; it, however, recovered the shock; and, in its worst moments, surrounded by the pleasing effects ofs successful industry, might look with pity upon the opposite situation of its neighbours; if such sentiments could be expected to prevail under a disparity of cireumstances. 12, In o. many returned poor to the island, from which they had departed rich, and were compelled to serve those, who had formerly been their servants, for bread. The presence of these unfortunate victims, seemed to prolong a sensation with respect to that delusive stroke of policy, which nothing else could have occasioned; it, however, recovered the shock; and, in its worst moments, surrounded by the pleasing effects ofs successful industry, might look with pity upon the opposite situation of its neighbours; if such sentiments could be expected to prevail under a disparity of cireumstances. 12, In --- Page 118 --- HISTORY oF ST. DOMINGO. had in the time of HerCHAP.I. : In 1717, the Spanish colony, (which C ) to his history, included 14,000 pure Castilians 1717. rera, according in every among its inhabitants, with a proportional population souls of every description; and, but for class,) had only 18,410 the ecclesiastical and juridical importance of its dilapidating perhaps scarcely even a vestige would have remained. capital, in allusion to these times, either the bigotry, Without affecting, allowed in Edwards, or the invetewhich must be occasionally of Raynal, in favor of peculiar opinions, we may clearly racy of intolerance and view, in this decline, the fatal consequences with redoubled pleacruelty, while we can happily contemplate contrast, which a mild regimen afiords sure the agreeable through every class of created beings. In 1720, the produce of the French colony amounted, 1720. weight of indigo, according to Raynal*, to 1,200,000 pounds pounds of white sugar, and 21,000,000 pounds of raw 1,400,000 and its increase was as rapid, as it was successful : never sugar, with ordinary advantages, it is the very nature satisfied, however, at of increasing its exof monopoly to grasp every opportunity without any regard to those which are the objects clusive rights, of a degree of insolence, with ofits privileges. In consequence the introduction of a measure intended to confine the which, a violent commotion trade of slaves to themselves was conducted, took in 1722, which was not quelled entirely for two years, 1702. place * Settlements and Trades in the East and West Indies, vol.i iv. p.233. during --- Page 119 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. during which period the buildings and ships of the company were CHAP.I. destroyed, and their commissioners disgraced. It will naturally 1722. be supposed that a commotion which extended with the most inconceivable firmness through every part of the island, affected the progress of cultivation and commerce. for some time after the re-establishment of peace: : yet, in 1734, we find a considerable 1734. increase of plantations, in which the growth of cotton, and coffee, had been added to a great extent. This increase of opulence, occasioned, naturally, an augmentation of the respectability of the government, for in 1750 we find a new establishment at Port 1730. au Prince, the capital, which now became the residence of a commander in chief, a superior council, and an intendant. In the year 1754, the amount of the various commodities of 1754, the colony was equal to 1,261,4691, but such was its increasing prosperity, that the inhabitants received from the mother country, imports to the amount of 1,777,5091. The population of pure whites amounted to upwards of 14,000; free mulattoes nearly 4,000; and upwards of 172,000 negroes of different descriptions. There were 599 sugar plantations, and 3,379 of indigo. The cocoa trees amounted to 98,946; the cotton plants to 6,300,367; and there were near 22,000,000 of cassia trees. The provisions consisted of near 6,000,000 of banana trees; upwards of 1,000,000 plots of potatoes; 226,000 plots of yams; and near 3,000,000 trenches of manioc. The cattle, did not exceed 63,000 horses and mules, and 93,000 head ofhorned cattle *, Raynal, vol. iv. P. 236. In amounted to 98,946; the cotton plants to 6,300,367; and there were near 22,000,000 of cassia trees. The provisions consisted of near 6,000,000 of banana trees; upwards of 1,000,000 plots of potatoes; 226,000 plots of yams; and near 3,000,000 trenches of manioc. The cattle, did not exceed 63,000 horses and mules, and 93,000 head ofhorned cattle *, Raynal, vol. iv. P. 236. In --- Page 120 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. events of St. Domingo, up to the period CHAP.I. In short, the remaining series of successes the revolution, consists of a 1757. of the French and opulence the most most brilliant, and a display of industry of French character. Even the government creditable to the of emuMadrid seems to have been excited, to some degree was formed at Barlation about the year 1757, as a company exclusive privileges, to attempt a re-establislment celona, with island. The most, however, that in the eastern part of the of two to have been accomplished, was the equipment appears which they received in return, a few small vessels annually, by articles; but in 1765, thousand hides, and some other trifling III. opened a free trade to all the Windward when Charles suddenly assumed quite an altered appearance; Islands, they by the false policy of the and Hispaniola, SO long depressed of her determined to attempt a renewal mother country, seem 1774, the During the five years preceding former activity. than doubled. It extended, howcustom-house duties were more The to little more than a dying struggle. ever, comparatively in 1764, they had French still continued to increase rapidly; 1764. white men, capable of bearing arms, with a force of 8,786 and their slaves had inwhom 1414 mulattoes were enrolled, for France, In 1767, they laded 347 ships 1767. creased to 206,000. not less than one fifth of that besides a considerable overplus, number, distributed in various ways. the success of this splendid colony, a As ifit were to temper third day of June, 1770, happened on the 1770. dreadful earthquake, which --- Page 121 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, which levelled the capital, Port au Prince, with the ground. It CHAP.I. has been, however, rebuilt with additional convenience, and en- 1770. larged with much labour, several streets having been raised upon the shore by means of causeways, though it does not possess, by any means, the elegance of Cape François; many of the buildings being composed of wood, In 1776, a determinate cessation took place of the dreadful 1776, feuds which had constantly occurred between the Spanish and French inhabitants ofthe colony, by the formation of a new line of demarcation, to separate the different partitions of the island. This settlement, though from a strange avarice in the Spaniards of territory, which they knew not how to occupy, appears to encroach considerably on the former possessions of France, was a most desirable concession to the latter. Nor were the consequences ofthis agreement less favorable to the Spaniards in other respects: for they afterwards opened a more liberal commerce with their neighbouring colonists; whom they supplied with every description of cattle, receiving in return through their means all the productions of Europe, and expending with them the monies received from Spain for the purposes of the government. After the conflict between Great Britain and her American 1785. colonies, the Spanish government began to pay more regard to its territories in that quarter, and it accordingly became furnished with a more respectable garrison. Since that time, the number of were the consequences ofthis agreement less favorable to the Spaniards in other respects: for they afterwards opened a more liberal commerce with their neighbouring colonists; whom they supplied with every description of cattle, receiving in return through their means all the productions of Europe, and expending with them the monies received from Spain for the purposes of the government. After the conflict between Great Britain and her American 1785. colonies, the Spanish government began to pay more regard to its territories in that quarter, and it accordingly became furnished with a more respectable garrison. Since that time, the number of --- Page 122 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. added to it, tended also toimprove its respectability CHAP.I. of Europeans 1785. as a colony. From this period, to the commencement of revolutionary actiin 1789, when those principles which had long been convity cealed in a smouldering flame, were about to have vent through the French establishment in St. Domingo reached a the world, height superior, not only to all other colonial possessions, but to ofthe and politician; its private luxthe conception philosopher astonished the traveller; its accuury, and its public grandeur, mulation of wealth surprized the mother country; and it was the inhabitants of the islands beheld with rapture by neighbouring surrounded with every deof the Antilles. Like a rich beauty, light, the politicians of Europe, sighed for her possession; but they sighed in vain; she was reserved for the foundation of a republic as it is terrible, whether it ultimately tend as extraordinary only, to the ascertainment of abstract opinions, or unfold a new and august empire to the world, where it has heretofore been deemed impossible to exist. It remains only to the present division of the work, to add a briefaccount of the general appearance ofthe island, as it existed at this date of its history; which, will then subdivide itselfi into the different heads, under which it is proposed to consider the causes, progress, and consequences of its revolution, and present establishment. Notwithstanding --- Page 123 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, Notwithstanding, the reduced state of that part of the which still continued in the island CHAP.I. possession of Spain, what has been collected of its topography, 1789. or, natural history, Topography to the ancient proprietors, shall, in justice of the island. concludes commence the brief detail which the present chapter. The Spanish division of St. Domingo is understood comprehended, at that period, the whole to have sion. Spanish dividiversified line of territory within the demarcation, fixed upon a few years which confined the French to before, of the island. apparently an insignificant part Commencing with the river Du the north, it stretched in Massacre on Last line of an irregular curve towards the demarcation. crossing all the great roads from Fort west, Dauphin and the passing the hills at about thirty miles distant Cape, intersecting the conflux of the from the coast, and streams of La Trouble and Plaisance; when, turning shortly round the hills at assumes its southern Atalaye, it Petite direction, and crossing the stream of La Riviere at its mouth, stretches watered by the through a delightfal plain great river Artibonite: crossing this, and the Du Fer, and winding round a single hill, it then river the little lake of Cul de Sac; proceeds through it falls in with returning to its eastward direction, the river à Pitres at a point nearly of its departure, opposite to that having formed an elipsis of not less than 170 miles, the nearest point oft the town of approaching within a very short distance Gonaves, situate in the bay of that name, western coast*, upon the * This line is believed to be accurately delineated in the prefixed to the present work. corrected map of the island K It the little lake of Cul de Sac; proceeds through it falls in with returning to its eastward direction, the river à Pitres at a point nearly of its departure, opposite to that having formed an elipsis of not less than 170 miles, the nearest point oft the town of approaching within a very short distance Gonaves, situate in the bay of that name, western coast*, upon the * This line is believed to be accurately delineated in the prefixed to the present work. corrected map of the island K It --- Page 124 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, of this delightful CHAP.I. It will be perceived, what a large proportion which, whatever remained in the possession of Spain; 1789. territory, have been obliged to attribute to its Topography, &c. the degraded character we return for the culSpanish divimust have produced a very ample of besion. possessors, it. With an extent of coast tivation they bestowed upon in which are not less than tween five and six hundred miles, into which twenty bays, (with innumerable inlets,) seven capacious nameless streams, discharge themselves; large rivers, besides many fertile plains, well watered, while the interior, consisting of large different chains of rather than interrupted, by the and protected, producing the most mountains with which they are variegated; but the salubrious vallies: nothing was wanting delightful and and a liberal policy, to render moderate labour of the cultivator, In wanting these, desirable country in the world. it the most wilderness, and its sullen shores however, it sunk into a beautiful distant fertility. On the eye which had been attracted by of repelled have received and encouraged the population scites that would of whose miserable the solitary huts fishermen; cities, were placed by a thousand monk was embittering toils, perhaps, a melancholy career on earth, and painful restrictions of his poverty-stricken intellects, nursed views of eternity; the result of morbid dreadful by the wild scene around him. after the ancient city of St. Domingo, City of St. The principal towns, St. Jago, formerly that of the Domingo. were, Monte Christi, La Vega, if the latter Zeibo, St. Thomé, Azua, and Isabella, Conception, The other places were merely could deserve the appellation. villages --- Page 125 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. villages of the most wretched appearance, which, instead of CHAP.I. alluring society from the distant provinces, seemed rather to 1789. mark with desolation those natural meadows with which they Topography, &c. abounded. The most important of these were St. Laurent, a sion. Spanish divifew miles north of the capital, in which were a few villas, very Villages. inviting, from the beauty of the plain in which it was situated; Higuey, whose advantageous situation on the river of that name, might have procured for it much more importance; Baya, Bayaguana, and Monte Plata, surrounded by the finest land in the known world, and in the vicinity of forests, whose riches and utility were unappreciated; Cotuy, near the union of the rivers Yuna and Cotuy, about eight leagues from the centre of the bay of Samana; St. Juan de Maguana, delightfully placed on the banks. oft the Neybe, and separated by a small mountainous district from the lake of Riquille; St. Jean de Goava and Banica, served often as points of the commerce between the two colonies, as well as Atalaye, which stretched towards the extremity of the angle reaching into the French division opposite the bay of Gonâve; St. Miguel, Dejabon, Venta de Cana, Sala, Jarbon, Espani, and Amina, distributed in the course of a few leagues from the northern coasts, though inhabited by a kind of wealthy graziers, form a powerful contrast to the wild beauty of the surrounding country. St. Domingo, the capital, and seat of the ecclesiastical govern- Spani-h cament of the colonies, and at one time of the whole of the Spanish pital. dominion in the new world, still continued an archiepiscopal see, K 2 to , Dejabon, Venta de Cana, Sala, Jarbon, Espani, and Amina, distributed in the course of a few leagues from the northern coasts, though inhabited by a kind of wealthy graziers, form a powerful contrast to the wild beauty of the surrounding country. St. Domingo, the capital, and seat of the ecclesiastical govern- Spani-h cament of the colonies, and at one time of the whole of the Spanish pital. dominion in the new world, still continued an archiepiscopal see, K 2 to --- Page 126 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. Itis of the other islands were suffragans. CHAP.I. to which the bishops near the mouth of the Y as hath been before described, 1789. situated, coast of the island, and on the Topography, &c. river Ozama, on the southern miles in Ievel of near ninety Spanish divi- border of a fertile and delightful sion. called Los Llanos. length, and thirty in breadth, significantly mean and other public buildings, yet retained no The cathedral, their dilapidating degree of importance; and, notwithstanding that not to have wore an elegance of appearance was antiquity, remains of many other superb buildings of been expected. The and those of a modern date of antiquity were yet to be seen, the capital of such a brick, stone, and wood, were not unworthy and It yet contained several religious establishments, territory. the extent and safety of its harbour, what is of more importance, by a bar, of water, and, protected containing an ample depth could not fail to which the largest vessels rode with safety, over commercial interest. The streets were princirender it of great of the town retained their broad, and towards the middle pally neatness; they were also clean, and enlightoriginal rectangular It yet contained an appearened by three handsome squares. of towards the sea, and even on the side ance of great strength sufficient wall. Some remains yet the land it was guarded by a of the First and also of the palace exist of the ancient citadel, Viceroy. Christi still retained a busy appearance, Monte The town of Monte traffic with Christi. of importance, from its continued and some degree and the vicinity contiment of North America, the neighbouring of --- Page 127 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, ofsome of the most flourishing plantations of the French During the wars between England and colony. CHAP.L France, while Spain was 1789. disengaged from the troubles, the Spaniards traded much to this Topography, &c. part, as did also the English smugglers. Spanish division. La Vega, neither pleasing nor tensive plain of the convenient, situated in the ex- La Vega. Viga Real, which is, in length, that of half the island, though seldom nearly breadth, derived its chief exceeding thirty miles in consequence from the surrounding turage, and some excellent sugar-walks in its pasvicinity. St. Jago retained a considerable air of antiquity, but no other St. Jago. recommendation; for all the former grandeur which it pear to have possessed is now in would aptional ruins, and it affords but an addimonument of desolation; yet it contained a miserable nastery of Franciscans, to whom were attached molands in the some of the finest neighbourhood; but whose chief power seemed to be employed in the rule of the slaves in the the care of whose adjacent plantations, in religious duties they frequently forgot their temporal avocations. Zeibo was a place of some business, from towards the eastern being the only town Zeibo. coast, as St. Thomas is, again, from situated in the very centre of the island, being Cibao. among the mountains of Agua was also of little other placed in the middle of importance than from being The a very fine bay on the southern first and the last of these coast. towns, besides their desolatory 3. state, adjacent plantations, in religious duties they frequently forgot their temporal avocations. Zeibo was a place of some business, from towards the eastern being the only town Zeibo. coast, as St. Thomas is, again, from situated in the very centre of the island, being Cibao. among the mountains of Agua was also of little other placed in the middle of importance than from being The a very fine bay on the southern first and the last of these coast. towns, besides their desolatory 3. state, --- Page 128 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. swamps, were therefore unhealthy; CHAP.1. state, bordering on extensive Thomé, receiving the invigorating winds, as they sweep 1789. while St. and the salubrious breeze from Topography, &c. from the mountains on one side, desirable for the farmer, Spanish divi- the plains on the other, was a situation sion. and of much improvement. On St.," Tiomas. or the valetudinarian, capable in honour of site of the first city erected in the new world, Isabella. the few houses and ruins, while here and there a Isabella, remain a served just from amidst the luxuriant grass, solitary cross peeping One little stream watered its to tell us-- such things were." road marked its few occasions to direct an vicinity, and a rugged inquisitive traveller to its haunts. ofthe island, little shall here Ofthe ecclesiastical government Ecclesiasticonduct on the part of the clergy cal govern- suffice. Notwithstanding that ment, certain regulations of their conduct,; and which had compelled in Spain, of sentiment which began to gain ground the liberality still retained an inordinate power over the American church interference with class of the community, and an undue every Independent of the papal jurisdicevery object of the colony. from the endowed with immense revenues tion,* and originally still afterwards the devotion of the people, they wealth, and numbers, fattening on the very desocontinued in extraordinary benefit their order had not, in lation of the country, to whose Ferdinand having obtained from the Popes Alexander VI. and JuThe Emperor the first discovery of the New World, to favour its extenlius II. such an exemption on sion. the --- Page 129 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. the least, contributed.* Many of the benefices were, however, CHAP.I. filled by the secular clergy, according to the effort of Ferdi- 1789. now Topography, nand VI. to remedy the vicious and abominable abuses of the &c. diviIt has been already stated to have been honoured with Spanish sion. regulars. the seat of the archiepiscopal see; it had also all the. minor dignities, while the Curas, or parish-priests, were to be found in all the sacerdotal dignity throughout the country. The inquisition was also established in this as well as all the other American islands. The constitution of Hispaniola is not easily defined. The dif Constitution. ferent towns were under the immediate direction of a sort of local municipality; but their power was very weak, and much infringed by the privileges of different bodies ofthe clergy. They confined themselves chiefly, therefore, to the minor commercial regulations oftheir own district, and even these were under the control of a governor of the colony. The more important ends of general justice were administered by six more respectable judges, severally appointed, for civil and criminal jurisdiction, who formed one of the eleven Courts of Audience distributed among the colonies, and which are a model of the Spanish Chancery. The decisions of these courts were subject to appeal * 4 Though, by the ample provision which has been made for the American church, many of its members enjoy the ease and independance which are favourable to the cultivation of science, the body of secular clergy has bardly, during two centuries and a half, produced one author whose works contain such useful information, or possess such a degree of merit as to be ranked among those which attract the attention of enlightened nations." " Robertson's Hist. Vol. IV.p. 50. ta among the colonies, and which are a model of the Spanish Chancery. The decisions of these courts were subject to appeal * 4 Though, by the ample provision which has been made for the American church, many of its members enjoy the ease and independance which are favourable to the cultivation of science, the body of secular clergy has bardly, during two centuries and a half, produced one author whose works contain such useful information, or possess such a degree of merit as to be ranked among those which attract the attention of enlightened nations." " Robertson's Hist. Vol. IV.p. 50. ta --- Page 130 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. in civil cases, the Council of the Indies in Spain, except CHAP.1. to did not amount, in value, to a sum 1789. where the object of litigation of New Spain repreTopography, hundred pounds. The vice-roy &c. near fifteen Thé council over-ruled every Spanish divi- sents the head of the government. and sion. civil and ecclesiastical, military and commercial, department, with it originates every ordihas always preserved its dignity; which must be relative to the government of the colonies, nance of a third of its members. At the head passed by the majority There council the king is always understood to preside. of this for the purposes of an immediate is also a commercial assembly could not be affected by any attention to all its objects which below the whole The local officers immediately other means. commandants, and a variety of of these, consist of the different of whose siinferior oflicers of almost every description; many of the as raluable as the proprietors tuations were sinecures, island were depreciated. force of the colony little can be said; for, exOfthe military Military and a few posts established force. cept the garrison of St. Domingo, distributed the line of demarcation, the regular soldiery towards nor could the militia, throughout the island were inconsiderable; be said to which all capable of bearing arms were included, in effective. The principal ports along produce an addition very Michael, and St. Raphael. the line were those of Verettes, St. inhabitants of the Spanish colony were designated Juhabitants. The different who visited America for the as follows -The pure Spaniards, purpose --- Page 131 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, purpose of employment, and who always enjoyed every situation CHAP.I. ofpower, were called Chapetones. They looked down with disdain 1789. Y upon every other order of men. Topography, &c. Spanish diviThe second class of subjects were the sion. Creoles, or descendants of Europeans settled in America. Though frequently deriving their pedigree from the noblest families in Spain, and possessing ample fortunes, yet the abjectness of political debasement-the enervation of indulgence in a warm climate, had subdued their minds, and subjected them to the vilest sloth. While the Chapetone amassed immense wealth, the Creole remained satisfied with his unimpaired patrimony; a determined hatred reigning between them, The third was the offspring of an European with an Indian, or a negro: the former, called Mulattoes, the latter Mestizos. Of these, there was a considerable number in this, as in all the other Spanish settlements. In proportion as the number exceeded the colonies of other nations, from the early policy of encouraging an intermixture of the Spaniards with the natives, and from a greater indulgence of licentious intercourse. Among these there were a variety of different shades of colour, from the jet black of Africa, and the brown hue of copper, or America, to that of the European complexion. Those of the first and second generations, were considered not sufficiently removed, for distinction, from their in the third, the colour parent race; sensibly declined; and, in the fifth L they the number exceeded the colonies of other nations, from the early policy of encouraging an intermixture of the Spaniards with the natives, and from a greater indulgence of licentious intercourse. Among these there were a variety of different shades of colour, from the jet black of Africa, and the brown hue of copper, or America, to that of the European complexion. Those of the first and second generations, were considered not sufficiently removed, for distinction, from their in the third, the colour parent race; sensibly declined; and, in the fifth L they --- Page 132 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. embraced the characteristics and privileges of Europeans. CHAP.I. they - arts and active offices of society were left, by 1789. The mechanic Topography, and indolent Spaniards, to this robust and hardy &c, the proud and accomSpanish divi- race; who were lively, well-tempered, frequently sion. plished. the fourth rank; of this singular, and The Negroes compose will be found in important part of the human species, more of this work. In Hispaniola, as well as another department several other of the Spanish colonies, the Negroes were much used in domestic service, and for purposes ofluxury. They were dressed, and, in many respects, rendered SO subservient splendidly became themselves, more silly, vain, and imto vanity, that they perious, than their masters *, e the distinctions between Europeans and the people However, of colour were, by no means, kept up in the Spanish colonies in those of other nations, except with regard to ecclesiastical as admitted. establishments, to which they were not generally The coast is, in many parts, of a bold and rocky apCountry. Spanish and, presenting high cliffs and extended promontories, pearance, in others, for many leagues, beautiful in the extreme, delighting ofhills, vallies, woods, and rivers. the eye with an agreeable variety The Indians in those of the Spanish colonies where they yet remain, form a fifth, and the most depressed class of inhabitants. The --- Page 133 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. The generally luxurious face of the country continues the same CHAP.I. throughout, with very little appearance of sterility even on the de- 1789. serted north-east coast. The richest glades, with a most delightful Topography, &c. foliage appear in the very bosoms of the mountains; and nothing Spanish divican exceed the fertility of the cultivated lands, in direction. sion. every The vast plain of Los Llanos, stretching along the south-east part of the island, is adapted to the growth of every tropical production, and, (abounding with rivers,) always capable of irrigation, as well as the Vega Real, which lies more towards the north, and through which flows the Yuna and the Cotuy, over a space. of from fifty. to an hundred miles; till at meeting a short distance from the coast, they discharge their united streams into the bay of Samana. On the nortbern coast, (by which Columbus first approached the island,) is also a large tract of land which, though consigned to vast herds of wild cattle of various descriptions, exhibited its fertility, in the support of this object of commerce, as well as in several grass-farms, which lay to the northward line of demarcation. The present produce is sugar, ginger, cocoa, tobacco, cotton, indigo, maize, and the Cassavaroot, ofwhich, what they could spare (with wood for dying,) was received by the mother-country. But their principal article of exportation was the hides of the horned-cattle, which ran wild in the plains, with no other guards than the names, or the marks oft their owners: at length, they regarded the carcases also, which being gladly received by their neighbours, they were found to be a valuable resource. Not confining themselves to hornedL 2 cattle, , cocoa, tobacco, cotton, indigo, maize, and the Cassavaroot, ofwhich, what they could spare (with wood for dying,) was received by the mother-country. But their principal article of exportation was the hides of the horned-cattle, which ran wild in the plains, with no other guards than the names, or the marks oft their owners: at length, they regarded the carcases also, which being gladly received by their neighbours, they were found to be a valuable resource. Not confining themselves to hornedL 2 cattle, --- Page 134 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. furnished also great numbers of horses and mules, CHAP.I. cattle, they 1789. 1 which required less trouble in their rearing, and were very accepTopograpby, &c. table to the French colony. Spanish division. The population, though an exact account may be deemed imto the statement of M. de possible, may, probably, approach Charmilly, at 60,000; the number of whites was certainly greater than 2000, and that of the negroes less than half the total number; the free race of mixed blood of different grades, composing the remainder. The Spanish division of Hispaniola, affords every species of tropical herb, and beast; as, in this respect, it is similar to the western part: of the island, they will be considered together. The French colony of St. Domingo, comprehended the whole French division. of the territory westward of the line of demarcation, before described: with fewer natural advantages, it presented such a Divided into provinces. contrast to the inactivity of the neighbouring country, as procured for it a character almost equal to that which has been SO generally given to the whole of the island at its discovery. This colony, of which we are able to give a more regular account, was indeed nature to have directed, into the nordivided, as appears and southern provinces. The first of these exNorthern thern, western, the northern coast, from the province. tended about forty leagues along river Massacre to Cape St. Nicholas, and contained (including the --- Page 135 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. the island of Tortuga) twenty-six parishes. The principal towns CHAP,. and harbours were, Cape François, Fort Dauphin, Port Paix, 1789. Y and Cape St. Nicholas, Topography, Bc. French division. The western province commenced at Cape St. Nicholas, and Western prooccupying the whole line of roadsted forming the Bite, or vast and vince. general bay of Leogane, terminated at Cape Tiburon. It contained fourteen parishes, in which the chief towns were, Port-auPrince, St. Mark, Leogane, Petit Golve, and Jeremie; with the considerable villages of Gonaives, and Arcahaye. The best harbours are those of Port-au-Prince and Gonaives, the others are open and dangerous. The southern province occupied the remaining coast from Cape Southern Tiburon to L'Ance à Pitre, (or rather the river of that name): of province, the ten parishes, there were but two chief towns, those of the Cayes and Jacmel. Its roads and harbours are dangerous; and the shipping off Aux Cayes are frequently obliged to take refuge in the bay des Flamands. The town of Cape François, in effect the capital of the CO- Town of lony, stands on a small plain, as it were, hollowed out of the Cape gois, FranMorne du Cap, a mountain which rises on both sides from the bay. The Morne, which allows only a narrow passage to the plain, is joined by the northern mountains, extending to Fort Picolet, which is placed on the edge ofthe rock, and defends the entrance to the roads; though built, in some respects, disadvan2 tageously the bay des Flamands. The town of Cape François, in effect the capital of the CO- Town of lony, stands on a small plain, as it were, hollowed out of the Cape gois, FranMorne du Cap, a mountain which rises on both sides from the bay. The Morne, which allows only a narrow passage to the plain, is joined by the northern mountains, extending to Fort Picolet, which is placed on the edge ofthe rock, and defends the entrance to the roads; though built, in some respects, disadvan2 tageously --- Page 136 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, bay, and sometimes as regarded its commodious CHAP.I. tageously(except from the situation,) it had Y an inconvenient closeness 1897. experiencing concordant to the importance of Topography, &c. risen to a degree of elegance European cities with many French divi- the island, and which might cope of sion. It was composed of upwards of the first order and opulence. each other at right anthirty well-formed streets, which crossed houses built of stone of them elegant. The gles, and were many It conhandsome and commodious. and brick, were frequently those of Notre Dame and tained also two magnificent squares, shops, and ornamented with fountains; besides public Clugny, suited to the commercial purposes to long ranges of warehouses, public buildings which this scene is dedicated. The principal years, which had not been erected many after the church, of Jesuits,* the formerly a convent were the govemment-houss, There were also, I barracks, arsenal, playhouse, and prison. and two of of a similar nature to our own, believe, two hospitals calls houses of Providence. which Raynal in the establishments (an alms or work-house), Whether the Hôpital de la Charité from the town, road to LHaut du Cap, at a small distance the though I believe it; they were, was of this kind, I am not certain, and divine instiobserved, 66 truly pious however, as Raynal of such Europeans as might tutions ;" being for the benefit before they destitute of resources, or who, remain in the colony to procure subsistence, had acquired by industry, an opportunity was entertained in this building at the * His Royal Highness, the Duke of Clarence, conclusion of peace in 1785. became --- Page 137 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. became subject to disorders often fatal. Males and females were CHAP.I separately taken care of, and nourished till they were disposed of 1789. in some employment in which they could help themselves. The Topography, &c. theatre was supplied by a respectable company of comedians, French division. who performed, with short intervals, all the year round, besides other exhibitions and entertainments. Fort Dauphin, about thirty miles from the cape, from whence Fort Dauthere is an excellent road at a small distancef from the shore, supplies phin. the place of an ancient town called Bayaha, which was situated at a greater distance from the'coast: it was the last town on the eastern frontier of the French, and stands in the farthest recess of a spacious harbour, which has only one narrow outlet. It has a small river flowing by the village of Trou to the west, and the shore of Manchenillo bay to the east. The fort stands on a little peninsula to the north, and it is bounded on the south by the same luxurious and extensive plain which enhanced the riches of the town that has been just described. It was well fortified, and could have held out against a considerable force for some time. It had also a theatre well supplied, assemblies, and concerts. Though the greater part of the produce of the plain was carried to Cape François, Fort Dauphin had more than its share of contraband trade, with several advantages, derived from proximity to the forlorn part ofthe Spanish dominion. Port Paix stands on a worse situation than either of the pre- Port Paix. ceding towns, from the former of which it is distant about forty miles. the town that has been just described. It was well fortified, and could have held out against a considerable force for some time. It had also a theatre well supplied, assemblies, and concerts. Though the greater part of the produce of the plain was carried to Cape François, Fort Dauphin had more than its share of contraband trade, with several advantages, derived from proximity to the forlorn part ofthe Spanish dominion. Port Paix stands on a worse situation than either of the pre- Port Paix. ceding towns, from the former of which it is distant about forty miles. --- Page 138 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. CHAP.I. miles. It was the first establishment of the Buccaniers on the 1789. Y island, when, quitting the habits of freebooters, they began to Topography, form themselves into a more peaceable society. Port Paix is &c. French divi- healthy, though a considerable swamp is not far distant, to the sion. north-east; and every exertion of Agrarian industry has been exercised to its advantage, even to the erection of several wellaqueducts. Its retirement well adapting it to the purplanned of contraband trade, to the great emolument of the Ameposes ricans, who frequented this port as well as the next, which forms the boundary ofthe northern province. Cape St. Ni- The town of Cape St. Nicholas is situate on the sterile spot cholas. from which it derives its name, and which is considered the key to the windward passage, being directly opposite to the port of Maisi in Cuba. Its chief excellence is its harbour, which is capacious, and rendered perfectly secure by the mole, or peninsula, on the north-west, which, with the mountains on the north-east, form a bay nearly six miles long, sheltered from every wind, Behind, rise the mountains of the cape, which, altogether, renders it a place of a formidable appearance. It was rendered a free port by the French in consequence of its unproductive qua- (as before mentioned,) and to allure residents, to whom the lity, French ministry allied a colony of Acadians and Germans. Port-auPort-au-Prince was the ostensible metropolis of the French Prince. colony, and the seat of its government; except in time of war, when it was removed to Cape François. It must have been one of --- Page 139 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, of the unaccountable caprices that sometimes direct ments oftowns, that could have the settle- CHAP.I. sible at all points, the obtained for this place, indefen- 1789. distinction it received. It was Topography, healthy nor inviting, though opulent, neither &c. attention to and well built, with every sion French diviconvenience, but chiefly of wood. is ofa brackish and otherwise The water in common with the disagreeable taste. It enjoyed, principal towns of the other vicinity of a rich plain, the Cul de provinces, the than 150 Sac, which contained no less sugar plantations, with every convenience for advantage; while the mountains their tions of coffee, reached behind it, clothed with plantaquite to the Spanish quille. The dreadful settlements at Rioccasioned the earthquake which happened in town to be much 1770, enlarged and were many long and populous improved. There public edifices streets, but not handsome, A few ornamented situations, not the to receive them; best calculated among these, the residence of and the theatre, were most the intendant, bours formed conspicnous. There are two harby some islets, open to any attack, The extending along the sea-shore, in the centre town is damp, and cheerless, of the western coast, is accessible except from the hurry of business. at every point, from the land, A It miles in length, reaches from road, about 40 situate between hence to the village of Sale two small rivers, near L'Ance Trou, southern coast, a Pitre, on the The town of St. Mark, bottom of the bay of that stretching along the sea-shore at the St,Mark, name, was rather handsomely built, of M freestone centre town is damp, and cheerless, of the western coast, is accessible except from the hurry of business. at every point, from the land, A It miles in length, reaches from road, about 40 situate between hence to the village of Sale two small rivers, near L'Ance Trou, southern coast, a Pitre, on the The town of St. Mark, bottom of the bay of that stretching along the sea-shore at the St,Mark, name, was rather handsomely built, of M freestone --- Page 140 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. form a crescent behind it; the CHAP.I. freestone from the hills, which It was not ofthat kind of building in the colony. 1789. only instance and received all the crops from Topography, large, but possessed a good trade, is within ten &c. to Cape St. Nicholas. It French divi- the intervening country, which winds its sion. mouth ofthe great river Artibonite, miles of the to which it gives name, serpentine course through the plain about four leagues in behind it at the village of Tapion, use flowing river on the plain, an artificial the interior. Being the only for its culto a great extent, was necessary of water, by irrigation its in contrast to to opulence tivation, which was an impediment were watered by which, (as was generally the case,) those plains, numerous streams or rivulets. mile and a half from the shore opLeogane stands about a between the channel Leogane. of Gonave, posite the island, or peninsula, handsome of St. Mark; it is a spacious, of Gonave and the bay of and in the neighbourhood town, surrounded with fertility, situation capable of water. It is a many streams of excellent to Port-au-Prince. It defence, and in many respects preferable from Goâve, the seat of government was transferred was here at the late capital. previous to its settlement of the whole Goàve, the original seat of government Petit Golve. Petit decayed state, notwithstandFrench colony, was long in a very and in the first settlement of the Buccaniers, ing its importance good, and to which excellence ofits harbour, still extremely the advantage it yet retains. may be attributed any LAnse --- Page 141 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. L'Anse de Jeremie, or, La Grand Anse, is a thriving town, CHAP.I. well situated, healthy, and neat. Its trade was forming in a 1789. inanner that left no doubt of increasing opulence, and to it, the Topography, &c. privateers generally brought the prizes they made, in its neigh- French divibourhood. sion. Jeremie, The village of Gonaves is situate on the south side of the bay of that name, immediately opposite the Gonaves. projecting point of the line of demarcation, sO that the French colony in this part, (nearly the centre oftheir territory,) contained in breadth little more than twenty miles. The soil is the most productive, and the most grateful to man, of any spot in the whole of the Antilles. Its harbour. was excellent in point of safety, being formed by a little island, which crossing the bay, left a narrow channel, but with sufficient depth of water. Aux Cayes is completely sunk in marshy ground, without a harbour, or salubrity to recommend it; yet such is the fer- Aux tility which every where surrounds this town, as to have tempted Cayer. the choice of every new settler to its swampy shores, and stagnant ponds. Its population was, therefore, much greater than could have been supposed. It has also in its vicinity a variety of bays and villages, which all tend to its prosperity.-Many ships have been lost here, from the insecure and dangerous anchorage; yet, as the Abbé Raynal has observed, EE even the caprices of industry are to be indulged by the and government;". trade like a plant that only flourishes in a soil ofi its own M2 choosing, the choice of every new settler to its swampy shores, and stagnant ponds. Its population was, therefore, much greater than could have been supposed. It has also in its vicinity a variety of bays and villages, which all tend to its prosperity.-Many ships have been lost here, from the insecure and dangerous anchorage; yet, as the Abbé Raynal has observed, EE even the caprices of industry are to be indulged by the and government;". trade like a plant that only flourishes in a soil ofi its own M2 choosing, --- Page 142 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. restraint." Vache Island, disdains every kind of of the freeCHAP.I. choosing, was. a celebrated resort 1789. which lies off this coast, and is yet the sucof the Spaniards, Topography, booters in their molestation &c. of an enemy. French divi- cessful haunt ofthe privateers sion. La Vache. on the opposite coast, the To this island, as to that ofTortuga which, though Jaquemel. indebted for the foundation of a town, colony was Jaquemel, at the best of times, small, is of some importance. and derives no support did not contain one hundred houses, hid among which is not fruitful, and comparatively from its soil, is to L'Ance à Pitres, hills. As Portau-Prince the neighbouring Goave, being situated on the opposo is Jaquemel to Le Petit sometimes called side of the south projection of the Bight, site It is therefore a kind of store-house, the Bight of Leogane. safely during war, (which to the colony, receiving which or magazine, assistance of every kind, can be done at no other place,) side, by a road of only communicated to the western is easily and from thence to Port-autwenty miles, leading to Leogane, Prince. of Gonaves and Arcahaye Besides the towns, and the villages others to which either already mentioned, there are numerous attached beauty, or strength of situation, commerce, agriculture, these may be ranked St. Louis, important advantages; among of houses, Villages, and containing a small number which, though poor, Jews, in return for their without even water to drink, till some by at their own expence, an aqueduct; safety, proposed to erect, being --- Page 143 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. being occupied in some ofthe purposes of government, receiving CHAP.I. which there, and thus protecting the 1789. the men of war appeared Topography, trade and wealth of Aux Cayes, it assumed the characterestic ofa French &c. dividefence of the island. Baynette, about fifteen miles from Jacque- sion. mel, and Acul, at a less distance from Aux Cayes, derive a similar adventitious importance, as well as Nipes and Miragoane, on the opposite coast; while Cul de Sac, Petit Fond, and Plaisance, in the interior, are of a different character. To these many more might be added upon the northern coast, but enough hath been said to shew the different appearance of the French colony from that teemed with that of Spain: : suffice it to add, every part population, and smiled with industry. The cultivated land in the colony amounted to 2,289,480 English acres,* which was divided into 793 plantations of sugar, 3117 of coffee, 789 of cotton, 3160 ofi indigo, 54 of cocoa or chocolate, and 623 smaller settlements for raising grain, yams, and other vegetable food.t Of the differences which agitated the two colonies, happily Ecclesiastical goverareligion did not form an object; for, though exempt from the ment. interference of Rome, on one part, by express concession, and, on the other, by a light administration of ecclesiastical government, they both acknowledged the forms of her church, and Or 763,923 carreaux of French measurement. is taken from Mr. Edwards, + This last statement, which has every mark of authenticity, Hlist. Surv. p. 136. entertained yams, and other vegetable food.t Of the differences which agitated the two colonies, happily Ecclesiastical goverareligion did not form an object; for, though exempt from the ment. interference of Rome, on one part, by express concession, and, on the other, by a light administration of ecclesiastical government, they both acknowledged the forms of her church, and Or 763,923 carreaux of French measurement. is taken from Mr. Edwards, + This last statement, which has every mark of authenticity, Hlist. Surv. p. 136. entertained --- Page 144 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. of her hierarchy. The order of CHAP.L entertained all the appendages / here; that able, though insidious body, 1789. Jesuits was obtained Topography, from secular projects and political intrigues, &c. which, separated human race. More need French divihave become benefactors to the sion. might the local establishments of religion in a colony, not be said of and whose whose inhabitants counted really but little upon it, still less.* The edifices of public worship did writers have told us and that there not, in elegance of building, detract any other, excellent benefices, might be collected from the manwere many ecclesiastics have been known to live. ner in which many of the of the French colony was composed of two Constitution. The government and an intendant, or geneprincipal officers, a governor-general, whose office lasted three years. They were ral administrator, minister, and their power was appointed through the marine for they, in effect, enacted laws, filled all vacant unbounded; ultimately over all councils, or courts of offices, and presided force The governor had the whole naval and military justice. his command, and had the power of personal liberty under He had also the power, by certain imthroughout the colony. arrest any other authority, and in part pediments, to prevent by The intendant regulated and superto stop the course of.justice. department relative to the public revenue : to this intended every enough he had the occasional assistance of a court ridiculously the French missionaries, with whom many of Except the tales of some fanatics among it is sufficiëntly known that these people, the slaves are described as 6 spiritual,?" nor though retain, even the forms of Christian worship. in a state of slavery, neitber comprehend, called --- Page 145 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, called the ColonialAsembly, in wiich every superior public officer CHAP.I. bore a part. A subordinate court ofjustice was placed at Port-au- 1789. Y Prince, forthe provinces. The principal officers presided in it, with Topography, &c. a president, twelve counsellors, and four assistant judges. In this French division. court, which was formerly divided between that town and Cape François, were registered all the royal edicts, and those of the colonial government. Much, very much of the happiness ofthe colony, depended on the governor, who was generally a person of distinction, and most frequently selected from the army or navy. An appeal from every decision lay to the King, in which justice was insured; whatever impediments to its course might have been found in St. Domingo. The chief force of the island, though certainly inadequate to Military its defence, consisted of the militia, ofwhich each parish raised force. from one to three companies of whites, one of mulattoes, and one of free blacks, none of which received and the pay; king's troops upon the colonial establishment generally comprised from two to three thousand men. The inhabitants were composed, as usual, of people of colour, and blacks of free pure whites; Inhabitants, condition; and negroes in a state of slavery. The whole of the intermediate called grades were generally mulattoes. The character of the European planter in St. Domingo was imperious, and voluptuous to a higher degree than in the other islands : attoes, and one of free blacks, none of which received and the pay; king's troops upon the colonial establishment generally comprised from two to three thousand men. The inhabitants were composed, as usual, of people of colour, and blacks of free pure whites; Inhabitants, condition; and negroes in a state of slavery. The whole of the intermediate called grades were generally mulattoes. The character of the European planter in St. Domingo was imperious, and voluptuous to a higher degree than in the other islands : --- Page 146 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. occasion; he character also shewed itself on every CHAP.1. islands: this of the laws, avaricious of of even the constraint 1789. was impatient to all the arts of indulgence. Topography, wealth and honor, and a devotee the &c. among them, and charity, at French diviwas unbounded sion. Hospitality, bestowed. 46 "Tis the inheritance," same time, very extensively have the most Father le Pers,* 46 which they preserved this excelsays and it would seem that entire from their ancestors; air of St. Domingo. with the very lent virtue was confined to render the situation of the cireumstances combined Many than in any other island, though mulattoes much more eligible numerous. The worse. They were also more in some respects of his own property, withof colour had the command free man life and death; he could bear testirestriction, both in out any he could marry as he pleased, even against the whites; embrace a mony and he might transmit freedom to his children; efforts, and frequently damped his liberal profession; but prejudice law could have done. him below what an hostile Iand. and precipitated in his own of birth was never forgotten The meanness in one of the brigades of horse, They were also compelled to serve of the Marunder the appellation furnished in all the parishes, accounted for, by of this class were to be shalsea. The numbers which were the superior comforts several circumstances, amongst employedi lin the caperintendanerofitbe drdbeloerendenofsitene est Thospitalité, &c. il ont conservé le plus entier de leurs peres, Charleroiz Hist. de S. * 4 I'heritage qu'ils belle vertu avec l'air de S. Doningue." semble qu'on respire cette plantations, Domingue. in all the parishes, accounted for, by of this class were to be shalsea. The numbers which were the superior comforts several circumstances, amongst employedi lin the caperintendanerofitbe drdbeloerendenofsitene est Thospitalité, &c. il ont conservé le plus entier de leurs peres, Charleroiz Hist. de S. * 4 I'heritage qu'ils belle vertu avec l'air de S. Doningue." semble qu'on respire cette plantations, Domingue. --- Page 147 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, plantations, and the engaging manners ofthe women of colour, CHAP.I. who are often elegant, if not sometimes really beautiful. - - a - The 1789. mulattoes were frequently opulent and respected. Topography, &c. French divis The next class, the enslaved sion. negro, appears to have been comparatively happy, rather than otherwise; not condemned to an unreasonable duration of labor, they were sufficiently provided, without any anxiety for their future existence. They had gardens which produced the necessaries of life; pigs, poultry, and even horses; and were sufficiently clothed, agreeably to the climate; but they were considered and treated, as much beneath, the ordinary class of human beings: yec M. de Charmilly, whose judgment in this particular need not to be doubted, says, 66 that this race of men is naturally good; that if nature' has denied them attention, reflexion, observation, perseverance, and all the advantages which render the whites superior to them, she has done every thing for them necessary to the climate in which they exist, not only in physical advantages, but also in those of the heart; for she has given that sensibility for the sex which makes them forget SO many sorrows, and the most lively affection for their children, which renders every thing supportable to them."* Que cette race d'hommes est naturellement bonne; que si la nature Tattention, la réflexion, l'observation, la persévérance, & tous les lui refusé blancs supérieurs à eux, elle a tout fait pour eux du côté du avantages qui rendent les & même du coeur; car elle leur a donné cette sensibilité climat, des avantages physiques tant de malheurs! ! et le plus vif amour pour leurs pour les femmes qui fait ublier Venault de Charmilly, Lxttre à M. Bryan Eduards, enfans, qui leur rend tout supportable!" 6c. p. 41. N The --- Page 148 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. CHAP.I. The appearance which we have already ascribed to the 1789. Spanish coast, may be naturally supposed to extend itselfto that Topography, French division, with the difference which must be created &c. ofthe French divi- a continual range of cultivation, either glistening in a tropical sion. by which sun, or winding in an umbrageous alley towards dwellings might be easily conceived a second paradise. The Mole of Cape St. Nicholas, which is justly considered as a key to the windward presents an appearance such as it should to the ocean, passage, with sterile and commanding. The south peninsula resounded the language of*trade; and the northern coast with arms and their neighbours, the French colonists with agriculture-Unllke caused their land to be cultivated up to the very mountain from which the cane-grounds appeared as SO many thickets; tops, while every invention that could be adopted to their purpose was readily encouraged. Their roads were in general excellent, being made and kept in repair, by the contributions of every planter, who sent a proportionate number of his slaves to work them, (a burthen entitled the Coroées.) Sometimes they upon orerflowed in the morning, and were dusty again in the evening; although generally shaded on both sides by lime trees; and the different grounds were separated by hedges of citron trees. The approach to the residence of a planter, was through an avenue of both these, and the pimento and palm graced its extended prospect. Their principal rivers are the Artibonite, which flows from its source in the centre ofthe island, through the plain of that name, till of his slaves to work them, (a burthen entitled the Coroées.) Sometimes they upon orerflowed in the morning, and were dusty again in the evening; although generally shaded on both sides by lime trees; and the different grounds were separated by hedges of citron trees. The approach to the residence of a planter, was through an avenue of both these, and the pimento and palm graced its extended prospect. Their principal rivers are the Artibonite, which flows from its source in the centre ofthe island, through the plain of that name, till --- Page 149 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, till it empties itselfin the gulfofGonaves; that called the Three CHAP.I. Rivers, whose mouth is at Port Paix; and the Great River, or 1789. La Grande Riviere, which reaches the sea near Jeremie. Topography, &c. French diviTo describe the productions of the French colony of St. Do- sion. mingo, would be enumerating those of the whole of the Antilles. Their principal were, however, as have been before described, sugar, coffee, cotton, indigo, and cocoa, or chocolate. To these may be added a little tobacco, In return for the useful droves of cattle for slaughter and labour, smoked beef, bacon, skins, and the greatest part of the money received from Spain, they supplied their neighbours with wearing apparel, hardware, and guns. The population was considered at about 40,000 whites, 500,000 negro slaves, and 24,000 free people of colour; and the average exports, as stated by M. Marbois, the intendant of the colony, amounted to 4,765,1291. sterling. It is not intended in this place, to satisfy the scientific views of the naturalist in regard to St. Domingo, notwithstanding with an inclination to that study, the writer had that, nities for its some opportuindulgence, which were not entirely lost, but reserved for some future opportunity. The amateur of this elegant research will, no doubt, have recourse to the valuable histories which have been long furnished of a neighbourin "sisland, in N 2 uir these --- Page 150 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. these sO similar, as to admit of very little variation in CHAP.I. respects 1789. - the subject to which I allude. Topography, French &c. divi- The food of the early inhabitants of St. Domingo, appears to sion, of vegetables to that of the have comprised a similar description Indian wheat, millet, the cassavi negroes at this day:-plantains, and Caribbee cabbage. Their quadrupeds inroot, potatoes, the delicacy of a cluded the smaller species of a lizard, yet, West India table; the Agouti Rat, of which a description areyet found in some of the islands; and the Alco, a small short-tailed wbich did not bark, with others whose names have not come dog, Their fishery was more abundant, every bay and down to us. as many of them do to the precreek furnishing an ample supply, time. The quadrupeds now supply the necessary sent European colonists, with only such local additions as are food of European custom; among these, may objects of delicacy, or introduced by be named the land crab, the ortolan, and a variety ofwild: fowl of delicious taste and flavor. The indigenous vegetables yet remain, including plantains, yams, a species of spinage, potatoes, Indian wheat, and cabbage; to these are added the cassava, herbs, and and no want is found of European roots, pulse; turnips, carrots, parsnips, peas beans, artichokes, &c. cabbage, of fruits ornament the luxury of the table, among A variety which, the melon and pine-apple, peaches and strawberries, and lemons, the cashew, apples, pears, plums, and nuts, oranges of introcombined with a variety productions are plenteously duced from different countries. To --- Page 151 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, To describe the nature, properties, and mode of cultivation of CHAP.I. those productions, which form the different objects of commerce, 1789. would uselessly extend the present chapter, and the accounts Topography, &c. the table, among A variety which, the melon and pine-apple, peaches and strawberries, and lemons, the cashew, apples, pears, plums, and nuts, oranges of introcombined with a variety productions are plenteously duced from different countries. To --- Page 151 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, To describe the nature, properties, and mode of cultivation of CHAP.I. those productions, which form the different objects of commerce, 1789. would uselessly extend the present chapter, and the accounts Topography, &c. are to be found in different works peculiarly appropriated to French division. these subjects *, Sufficient is now already mentioned to acquaint the Sugar, coffee, and cotton, are rendered familiar to almost every reader. I shall, however, briefly add here a slight description of the two other staple commodities of St. Domingo-cocoa and indigo. The cocoa-tree presents less beauty than utility to its cultivator, for its branches form so many trunks separating from each other to a distance immediately above the parent one, and these bend with their separate branches immediately down to the earth. It seldom, therefore, rises high. Its leaves are long, terminating in a point, and emitting an agreeable smell, In the pistil of a flower blooming from every part, is contained an husk, in the form ofa a melon, which grows ordinarily to tbe length of six inches, and the breadth of four or five, composed of several small inclosures, in which the fruit, comprising a number of small nuts, of the shape of almonds, is found. It is propagated from the seed; is green in the early part of its growth, and becomes yellow at maturity. When it assumes a deep hue, it must be immediately gathered and dried; two crops of equal value are annually formed, It requires shade and moisture, and loves the protection of large trees at a sufficient distance, which must be also regarded with respect to its own plants. It requires rather due care, and a few necessary precautions, than a culture either laborious or expensive, and its returns are of the most profitable kind. Its nutritious, and other advantageous qualities, are too sufficiently known to require a recital, and its commercial value will be better known from other parts of the present account. Indigo, an article of such general domestic scrvice, as to be used as a beautifier of the finest part of our dress, and an important object of commerce, flourishes no where sO well as at St. Domingo. Itis a shrub with a thick, spreading root, about two feet high, of a faint, but not disagreeable smell. The stem is of a dry appearance, and different shades of colour. The leaves are of an oval form, and connected by a short pedicle. The pistil of its small and scentless flowers changes into a pod, and discloses its seeds, of the of gunpowder. The blue is found adhering to the leaves, which, when gathered appearance on the branches, are thrown into a tub filled with water, and fermented it is then made to run into another, when it is discovered among the water, in the form of a subtile earth. The wateri is then agitated by various means, and with the utmost circumspection, to combine the coloured particles, whicb, when effected, are left to precipitate to the bottom. its small and scentless flowers changes into a pod, and discloses its seeds, of the of gunpowder. The blue is found adhering to the leaves, which, when gathered appearance on the branches, are thrown into a tub filled with water, and fermented it is then made to run into another, when it is discovered among the water, in the form of a subtile earth. The wateri is then agitated by various means, and with the utmost circumspection, to combine the coloured particles, whicb, when effected, are left to precipitate to the bottom. The liquid, become --- Page 152 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. the reader with the country, from whose rich prospects, and CHAP.I. - he is to turn to scenes of conflagration, and the 1789. cloudless sky, Topography, &c. horrors of massacre. Frènch division. is drawn off into another vessel to settle, and thence drained become of a thicker consistence, into where it becomes dry, and fit for sale. through sacks, from which it is removed chests, bastard. The first is It is divided into two sorts, whimsically designated the true and the cultivated. finer, but the latter heavier and more profitable, and therefore more generally effect accidents, which the most destructive is the of They are both liable to frequent and among their produce, in a few mornings. Itis quickly the caterpillar, which devours the leaves, it ripe, and generally cut at intervals of six weeks. At the end of two years becomes degene. and fresh plants are necessary. Moisture and shade are required considerably for this rated, and the principal care is to deprive it of the weeds, which would otherwise immediplant, choke it. It exhausts the soil considerably, and potatoes, and other similar plants, are ately cultivated in its place occasionally, for the purpose of burning the leaves as manure. Those who would enjoy an acute and curious dissertation on sugar, may consult the interesting account of Dr. Moseley, in his volume of Medical Miscellanies, &c. --- Page 153 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, CHAP. II. Origin of the Revolutionary Spirit of this Period in St. Domingo. THE origin of principles is not always' to be traced to the CHAP.II, approximating causes of an event; for, as in nature, SO in mora- 1789. Y lity, the seeds of many productions lie dormant through varying Origin of the revolutionaseasons, till the moment when an unseen influence calls them ry spirit, into obvious existence: hence, to be capable of discerning the signs ofthe times, is a power that hath always been duly appreciated, and an attention to which hath frequently changed the fate of a country, if not of mankind. Yet, it is not often that man can be hoped to distinguish with precision, the approaching evil from the good, particularly in circumstances that affect, perhaps, not only his interest, but his immediate happiness; it is thus, therefore, that surprize is SO frequently excited, at the apparent blindness to the future with which principles and practices areso frequently urged in society, diametrically opposite to the dictates of nature and philosophy, and repugnant to the common experience of'ages. Collateral circumstances form the general argument fate of a country, if not of mankind. Yet, it is not often that man can be hoped to distinguish with precision, the approaching evil from the good, particularly in circumstances that affect, perhaps, not only his interest, but his immediate happiness; it is thus, therefore, that surprize is SO frequently excited, at the apparent blindness to the future with which principles and practices areso frequently urged in society, diametrically opposite to the dictates of nature and philosophy, and repugnant to the common experience of'ages. Collateral circumstances form the general argument --- Page 154 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. CHAP.IL ment in their favor; and it may endure with them a little while; 1789. but truth is eternal. Origin of the ryspirit. revolutionaof discrimination is not always to be found in phiIf accuracy losophers, it is not to be expected in any large mixed body; and still less SO, in those who form the population of colonies, particularly of the extent of that which is the subject of the present observations. Though the greatest empires have arisen from the overflow of cities into colonies, it cannot be contended that no feculence mixed with the flood. To attribute to the general number of colonists any specific collected fortuitously, they must necessarily character, (where, admit of the strongest marks of variety), would be ridiculous; it is, however, certain, that among those, devoted to pursue fortune native country, may be ranked in distant dependencies upontheir who have no peculiar capacity, nor opportunity for employmany of the higher classes without prospects, ment at home; many and of the lower without character; who cannot fail to consider their destination, as intended to supply every want; and to consider those means the best, which have the most facility. To be added many of the germs of genius, to those may, no doubt, whom, it is to be feared, the warmth of a tropical sun does not more genial, than the wintry rays of their own; always prove with fitted for any sphere of life, to and, probably, some qualities of alone might dictate the migration. whom a spirit enterprize To the selfinterested, the term of his own probation will always bound --- Page 155 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, bound his considerations, and it is not the bulk of mankind who can be, norwho incline to be, legislators, much less moralists. CHAP.II. 2 The 1789. officers of government may be able and good, but their dominion Origin ofthe is too short to conciliate any local affection, and ry revolutiona- spirit. an expedient temporization will and must always supersede even ordinary virtue. Ofthe West India colonists from France, the modern writers of that nation have afforded us no reason to think with increased tenderness, since Raynal has imputed to them a viciousness of conduct, beyond the apparent bounds ofhuman actions; and De Charmilly (one oft themselves) has described those, of whom the best conduct was to be expected, receiving appointments under the government ofthe colony, as the rewards of an intriguing court to its meanest dependants, and vilest accessaries! Their character, as displayed on prominent occasions, during that period which is the intent of these sheets to describe, unhappily was not often such as to controvert the assertions made from such good authority. The man who first contemplated the purchase of laborers by thousands, * to be conveyed in close vessels, without the power of The commencement of the African slave-trade, like many other of seems to have taken place from a verytrifing accident. In 1440, objects importance, the Portuguese navigators, in the prosecution of his discoveries, seized, Anthony and Gonsales, one of Moors near Cape Bojador, whom prince Henry afterwards ordered him to carried off some again exploring the coast of Africa about two years after, he executed restore. When them at Rio del Oro, and received from the Moors, in this order, landing of gold dust, His success in this transaction tempted his exchange, ten blacks, and a quantity length they fitted out ships for the purpose, and afterwards countrymen formed to a repetition, till at in black slaves. Ultimately settlements for the trade sanctified by a bull from the patents were granted, and the dealers in human flesh were boly see. rest , whom prince Henry afterwards ordered him to carried off some again exploring the coast of Africa about two years after, he executed restore. When them at Rio del Oro, and received from the Moors, in this order, landing of gold dust, His success in this transaction tempted his exchange, ten blacks, and a quantity length they fitted out ships for the purpose, and afterwards countrymen formed to a repetition, till at in black slaves. Ultimately settlements for the trade sanctified by a bull from the patents were granted, and the dealers in human flesh were boly see. rest --- Page 156 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, or nourishment proper for any situation, much CHAP.IL rest or exercise, - to a foreign land; and, who knew these 1789,, less for a dreary voyage Origin of the little removed from a state of nature, to be susceprevolutiona- men, although ry spirit. tible of those impressions which mock the utmost refinements.of often civilization, to the attainment of some of which, morality must have been bold to conceive that they would strives in vain; of their wrongs, and resigned to compulcontinue always patient labour, even though it should be in a state of comparative sory in the constant converse of annual acadvantage, particularly of their countrymen, whose remembrances were not quisitions would appear to have occurred to obliterated; yet no objection till the ofit, with a phyhim, and his plan proceeded employers sical proportion of twelve to one against them, imagined themof coercing five hundred thousand of these men, selves capable determined exclusive of the descendants of others, without any exertioni of virtue, or consideration on their own part. Let it not be conceived that it is here intended to arraign the conduct ofthe planters in general, or to view with complacency revolt of servants of any description, much less to plead their the, I am but to state facts which are necessary to the arguapology; ment intended to be produced. Thé African negro is described as 66 frivolous, inconstant, vain, and superstitious; yet good and generous, without timid, jealous, and foresight, always guided by the impression of the moment; these characteristics, the vices of slaves, indolence, glutadding to tony, --- Page 157 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, tony, dishonesty, and falshood; vindictive also, like all weak CHAP.II, beings, injustice driving them to despair."* I take the whole of 1789. this character for granted, from the experience of the writer, and Origin of the revolutionathe different opportunities which have been confided to him ofjudg- ryspirit. ing with truth. That the dependance of colonies, then, could have been originally placed upon such beings, was a strange perversion of human judgment; but that it could be expected to continue through ages, without a superior portion of human wisdom and virtue, (instead of a very small exercise of either,) is only attributable to the blindness I have just described. The result has proved the position; for, from the first moment at which African slaves were imported, the effects of all the bad qualities ascribed to them have been frequent, in revolt, treachery, murder, and suicide; nor, at the same time, have the instances been few, of actions arising from the superior impulses, or unconquerable affection, gratitude, inviolable fidelity, or bravery, have been experienced from them by their masters and connections; and circumstances are still recited that might cope with the history of the ancient republics. No more is described than is necessary to the present purpose; for it is not the wish of the writer to discuss the question ofthe slave-trade, already too much agitated in this country, but to trace the origin of the revolutionary spirit which has ended SO fatally to the colonies of France. a légers, inconstans, vains, timides, peureux, jalouse, bons, sans voyance, superstitieux, toujours conduits par l'impression du généreux, préles vices des esclaves: paresseux, gourmands, voleurs, moment: ils joignent à cela les êtres, faibles, l'injustice les desespere." De Charmilly, menteurs, vindicatif, commes tous Lettre, P. 41. Regardless ended SO fatally to the colonies of France. a légers, inconstans, vains, timides, peureux, jalouse, bons, sans voyance, superstitieux, toujours conduits par l'impression du généreux, préles vices des esclaves: paresseux, gourmands, voleurs, moment: ils joignent à cela les êtres, faibles, l'injustice les desespere." De Charmilly, menteurs, vindicatif, commes tous Lettre, P. 41. Regardless --- Page 158 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMIXGO. CHAP.IL. Regardless of the frequent exercise of several minor, qualities 1789. also which must tend to render men impatient of slavery, the Origin revolutiona- ofthe labour of the islands continued to be performed by their means; ryspirit. without other foresight, than related to expedients which might any the evil for each successive proprietor. Hence they procrastinate have been successively punished by domestic means, chased as wild-beasts, combated like a foreign enemy, and treated with as independant powers! Yet, SO prone are men to consider that what they wish the case, that scarcely a doubt was entertained of those who had not deserted, or marooned, nor were any other than for those who remained; the coercive principles contemplated routine of to supply deficiencies, and of regulasame purchase instead of tions to secure their value, prevailed. The planter, exhibitions of virtue and power that should impress respect and feeble forgetting, in idle dalliance awe, appeared a voluptuary, with the female labourers of his field, the utility of moral prinand the decencies oflife. The effects of such examples are ciples, without any allusion to incontestible, as regards private morality, the offices of religion; and it requires not to be depressed into a eommunity of the most abject description of slaves to discover, that the effects of vice in undermining public virtue is the certain basis of revolt. Thus an ignorance, in the first instance, of human nature, a and a want ofindividual virtue blindness to actual circumstances, in the colonists, gave birth to the revolutionary spirit in St. Domingo; which, instead of being created, was only fanned into flame, I --- Page 159 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. 1OF flame by the occurrences which took place in the relations of CHAP.IL the colony, with the mother-country, on the change of its govern- 1789. Y ment. Origin of the revolutionary spirit, The support of colonies by means of such a disproportion of African slaves, to the other population as are necessary, continually and progressively acquired, is radically impossible, from the nature ofthe people themselves, and the manner of obtaining them; butifit were not, the want of powers required for their management-of a policy sufficiently subtle and yet enlightened, fortheir government, would render it, permanently, impracticable; even with both these probabilities in their favour, that, in such a depraved state as that of the French colony in St. Domingo, every other advantage would be annihilated. It is, perhaps, necessary here to anticipate an observation not unlikely to be made; therefore, be it understood, that the impossibility ofthe continued existence of slavery is not by any means asserted. It is not forgotten that there was a period when, from the happy state under which I am considering this subject, unrestricted by the check of civil or ecclesiastical tyranny, parents sold their children as slaves to a foreign country, and inherited others themselves, who were their captives, or who had been acquired by other means; but these, notwithstanding they may have See an account of slavery in Europe in Robertson's Charles v. vol. I. 272.-Also an assemblage of the different laws on this subject, in p. and Scrsant Considered, chap. I. p. 36. Huntingford's Lausuf Master been happy state under which I am considering this subject, unrestricted by the check of civil or ecclesiastical tyranny, parents sold their children as slaves to a foreign country, and inherited others themselves, who were their captives, or who had been acquired by other means; but these, notwithstanding they may have See an account of slavery in Europe in Robertson's Charles v. vol. I. 272.-Also an assemblage of the different laws on this subject, in p. and Scrsant Considered, chap. I. p. 36. Huntingford's Lausuf Master been --- Page 160 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. classes of society (as the productive power CHAP.1I, been treated as inferior which they should Y to this day), bore no mark*, by 1789. is too generally nature to be scarcely belonging Origin of the be considered, as distinguished by revolutionaas is the case with that of complexion. ry spirit. to the human species, the practice of the slaveNor, is the writer at present opposing to it, only, as he is to every employment trade. He is an enemy not the most unlikely to which offers an undue power to many, and inefficient in hostile to humanity abuse it; and as a principle situation of colonial-slaves at He is aware, that the its purposes. to that of the labourers or present is, in many respects, superior indeed, the command artizans of Britain. The first have not, the have the two latter the power; for ifthey of secession, neither When it is from labour, they cease from its advantages. cease must wander in search of employment, considered that the artizan of those who may chuse to and submit to the optional reward of redistress in consequence employ him, after encountering happy, though somepeated refusals; the slave will appear more whose food and corporeal punishment too severe, of times enduring anxiety; and who is certain residence is provided without employment, or of the same provision. refer, that St. Gregory observing some It is recorded, but where I cannot, at present, at Rome, exclaimed in a Latin pun, ifI may beautiful English children in the slave-market but Angels, if they had but been be allowed the expression, that they were &c. not This English, practice will, however, appear to have HisChristians.- & Non dngli, sed Angeli," benefit of the Christian Religion. See Anderson's been continued after they had the tory of Commerce, vol. I. p. 99Nor employment, or of the same provision. refer, that St. Gregory observing some It is recorded, but where I cannot, at present, at Rome, exclaimed in a Latin pun, ifI may beautiful English children in the slave-market but Angels, if they had but been be allowed the expression, that they were &c. not This English, practice will, however, appear to have HisChristians.- & Non dngli, sed Angeli," benefit of the Christian Religion. See Anderson's been continued after they had the tory of Commerce, vol. I. p. 99Nor --- Page 161 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, Nor, would the writer be have been used supposed to sanction the means which to procure an abolition of the trade, which CHAP,II. - Y disapproves; much less, the he 1789. in the emancipation of those slaves Origin of the colonies, Of the iatter step, the already rerolutiona- ry spirit. equally problematical, with that humanity would be tion of the which would dictate the liberapoor bird long nursed in domestic a little while in solitary freedom, comfort, to flutter to the winds of heaven. a stranger to his own kind, and What has been said, has arisen from a the circumstances conviction that, but for described, a revolutionary have SO soon been spread spirit would not out the beacon throughout St. Domingo; and to to the colonies of the British nation point sea, with that which has in the same produced an illustration of these tions, and a picture SO full of terror, posiand with on this more will be said, greater propriety, at the end of this work. Flushed with opulence and ters in St. dissipation, the majority of planDomingo had arrived at a state of most vitiated, and manners sentiment the equally an depraved; while, example SO contagious, the slaves injured by lute, than those of had become more dissoany British island. If the master was voluptuous, and crafty, the slave proud, riotous; the was equally vitious, and often punishment of one was but the own excesses; but that of the consequence of his tural, The other, was often cruel and unnaproprietor could bear no rival in his would not bend even to the parish; and ordinances of justice, The creole3 slaves --- Page 162 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, CHAP.II. slaves looked upon the newly-imported Africans with scorn, and 1789. sustained, in their turn, that of the mulattoes, whose complexion revolutiona- Origin ofthe while all were kept at à distance from the interwas browner; ry spirit. the whites. Nor did the boundaries of sex, it is painful course oft their wonted distinction, from the stern impulses to observe, keep that affect men. The European ladies too often participated in and of their male kindred; while the jet the austerity arrogânce black beauty, among slaves, though scarcely a native of the island, refused all commerce with those who could not boast the same distinction with herself. Such was the situation of the inhabitants of St. Domingo in the beginning of the year 1789, prompt to any movement that should effervescence among them, or afford the one party an create an opportunity of opposing the other; yet, while private feuds were for an to burst into public clamour, the situation eager opportunity of the country was such as hath been described, like the verdant unconscious of the flame about to burst; bosom of a volcano, the people were cheerful, the markets plentifully stocked, the lands loaded with production, and the colony, if K overwhelmed with debt,"* it may be admitted to be sO said, flourishing every where. the under whose care it had In the mean time, great kingdom, expanded to its present growth, and to whose government it yet 4 la colonie qui, ayant encore beauconp de dettes, n'avait pas besoin de payer celles de la France." Lettre à Edwards, p.48. looked conscious of the flame about to burst; bosom of a volcano, the people were cheerful, the markets plentifully stocked, the lands loaded with production, and the colony, if K overwhelmed with debt,"* it may be admitted to be sO said, flourishing every where. the under whose care it had In the mean time, great kingdom, expanded to its present growth, and to whose government it yet 4 la colonie qui, ayant encore beauconp de dettes, n'avait pas besoin de payer celles de la France." Lettre à Edwards, p.48. looked --- Page 163 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, looked for parental care, disordered by embarrassment, and agi- CHAP.II. tated by contlicting interests, began to approach to that period 1789. Y which had been considered as inevitable, by philosophers, for Origin revolutiona- ofthe more than half a century. Notwithstanding the absolute ty- ry spirit. ranny which had prevailed in other respects, France, under the feeble reign ofthe unhappy Louis, had been the nurse of morality and philosophy; and she drew nigh, not unwittingly, to that political mortality to which it would appear all states are subject; for it had been sung by her poets under the walls of her own capital, and repeated in auguries which did not err. Of the different expedients that had been resorted to, the COlonies did not want information; nor did it fail in the effect which might be expected upon every class of their inhabitants. In a new regimen the proprietors looked to some aggrandizement either in property or consequence; the free people of colour anticipated a favourable change in their condition; and even the slaves viewed, through the political alterations that began to occupy the attention ofthose above them, something to excite their curiosity, and a vigilance to gratify it. Each motion of the French court became canvassed by every class throughout the island. When a spirit of deliberation upon subjects usually considered above the capacities of the vulgar begins to spread, it seldom ends precisely as it begun; whatever may be the event, it does not fail to call into notice circumstances and opinions not easily repressed, and characters in their support who might otherwise have preserved through life & the noiseless P tenor --- Page 164 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. It had its full effect in St. Domingo, already CHAP.II tenor of their way." that the Statesreceive it; and when the news arrived 1789. SO ripe to (the last convulsive Origin of the General of France were to be summoned their revolutionaall parties resolved on making Fy spirit. effort of expiring monarchy), interests a part of the general concern. own the wishes of a judicious few (among whom In opposition to and even to the prohibitions the De Charmilly) was intelligent proprietors summoned proof the government, the impetuous of electing themmeetings, for the purpose vincial and parochial resolutions were passed ; functions; heated selves to legislative the island in the were elected, to represent and eighteen deputies other authority than without any meeting of the States-General, Twelve and their own inclinations. the noise of demagogues, and the other six were rein France, were never recognized who could have no share ceived with difficulty. The mulattoes, time to show an atin this self-created body, thought it naturally communicated and, accordingly, not only tention to themselves; then resident in the motherwith numbers of their brethren advocates in their behalf, country, but augmented those powerful by the self-created with much more effect than was produced more sucThe negroes, however, body of colonial deputies. obtainwithout either deputies or intercessors, cessful than all, body in their the interest of such a powerful A ed, unsolicited, of every other object. behalf, as to drown the recollection of several great and in which were enrolled the names society, title of 66 The Friends of the Blacks" good men, under the (Amis motherwith numbers of their brethren advocates in their behalf, country, but augmented those powerful by the self-created with much more effect than was produced more sucThe negroes, however, body of colonial deputies. obtainwithout either deputies or intercessors, cessful than all, body in their the interest of such a powerful A ed, unsolicited, of every other object. behalf, as to drown the recollection of several great and in which were enrolled the names society, title of 66 The Friends of the Blacks" good men, under the (Amis --- Page 165 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, (Amis de Noirs), circulated its protests and appeals with such CHAP.II. vigour, that, before the negroes themselves, although eager and 1789. - alert in their enquiries, were acquainted with the importance revolutiona- Origin of the which they had obtained in the deliberations of the mother- ry spirit. country, they were the prominent subjects of conversation and regret in half the towns of Europe. They were not, however, tardy in acquiring this information; and though it would be dif ficult to contemplate any thing in human nature SO bad, as to suppose that the highest and best of motives did not actuate SO respectable a body as that which composed this society, or the similar establishment which had before obtained in London; yet the unhappy eloquence with which the miseries of slavery were depicted by them, and the forcible points of view in which all the errors of their opponents were placed, as well as the enthusiasm which always accompanies the exertions ofardent minds, were certainly the cause of bringing into action, on a broad basis, that spirit of revolt which only sleeps in the enslaved African, or his descendant, and which has produced on their side, and on that of the white inhabitants ofthe colonies, such horrors as 66 make ev'n the angels weep." Ic conclude this account of the origin of the revolution of St. Domingo, with observing how much better it would have been for themselves, and perhaps for humanity, ifhappily discerning the signs of the times, the planters of this delightful and flourishing colony (a character which none have attempted to deny it), by resigning an overweening fondness for dominion, and an undue P 2 avarice --- Page 166 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. CHAP.II. avarice of gain, had rather calmed than provoked the dissentions 1789. of those whose interest should have bid them to agree; and by Origin oft the evils of a state which is sO bad in its best form, have revolutiona- softening the rys spirit. conciliated the affections of those to whose labours, under the regimen, every thing productive of wealth or prospepresent A concession to those who, by comrity must depend. partial plexion itself, claim half a right to political existence, would have been sufficient: with a little regard for the morals of a people who require them the most, and a revolution in their own human nature will admit. These would have preminds, as far as served to them, now lingering in a melancholy exile, if not the sudden victims of their impolicy, an island the boast ofthe new world, and a powerful support of the old. If they had then conmeans of prosecuting the labours templated some more legitimate however immediately unavailing, of their colony, they might, for their posterity more lasting than the have laid a foundation ofinordinate wealth, and have claimed the approbation bequest of society. CHAP. their own human nature will admit. These would have preminds, as far as served to them, now lingering in a melancholy exile, if not the sudden victims of their impolicy, an island the boast ofthe new world, and a powerful support of the old. If they had then conmeans of prosecuting the labours templated some more legitimate however immediately unavailing, of their colony, they might, for their posterity more lasting than the have laid a foundation ofinordinate wealth, and have claimed the approbation bequest of society. CHAP. --- Page 167 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, CHAP. III. Account of the Progress and Accomplislunent of the Independence of St. Domingo. AT the commencement of these changes in the government of CHAP. III. the mother country, and consequently of others in that of the CO- 1789. M. Duchillonies, the governor of French St. Domingo was M. Duchilleau, leau, governor. a man of no moderate powers, but who, from conciliating the temper of the new council of France, was continued in his office. It soon however became, in. power or consequence, but nugatory; for, upon the first meeting of the assemblies before described, his proclamations were disregarded, and his government insulted, if not despised. The states-general, at which two deputies appeared from each of the provinces, declared themselves the National Assembly in May, 1789, and on the 20th of August they made their Declaration of Rights. Between these two periods, the public mind had been heated against the white colonists by such --- Page 168 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. their total annihilaCHAP.III, such a variety of means, as to threaten - - 1789. tion. of the Declaration of Rights did not tend to The publication against one of remedy this unfavorable impression of the people for the article that, 6e All men are born, their own communities; implied an entire and continue, free and equal as to their rights,"i and created a complete ferment subversion of their establishments, the whole of the French proprietors. They conceived, among afterwards to have done the and the French government appear that the effect of this declaration was to rouse the negroes same, of those rights it was supposed to give them. to an assertion in the colony, the governor Apprehensive of disorders arising the National Asorders from his new constituents, soon received inhabitants for the purpose of interior sembly, to call together the The measure had been anticipated by the ready disporegulation. self.constituted legislators, and a provincial assembly sition of the an district had already met at Cape François; for the northern the western and southern example which was soon followed by the former of which met at Port-au-Prince, and the provinces, immediate communication belatter at Aux Cayes. For more the and to accommodate every description, parotween people, These committees were chial committees were also established. which might be expected, and, by dividing of the disposition served only to themselves upon every occasion, they among of their frivolity, and to excite them to take inform the negroes and and the princiadvantage of their want of unanimity power; pal I which was soon followed by the former of which met at Port-au-Prince, and the provinces, immediate communication belatter at Aux Cayes. For more the and to accommodate every description, parotween people, These committees were chial committees were also established. which might be expected, and, by dividing of the disposition served only to themselves upon every occasion, they among of their frivolity, and to excite them to take inform the negroes and and the princiadvantage of their want of unanimity power; pal I --- Page 169 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, pal determination in their proceedings was that, of the necessity of CHAP.IIL, a full and speedy colonial representation. The order of the king, - - 1790. Y however, which wasreceived in January 1790, tended to supersede their deliberations, by convoking a general Colonial Assembly, which was appointed to meet in the central town of Leogane. The mode which it directed of electing the members did not satisfy the provincial assemblies, and they substituted a plan of their own, changing the town of Leogane to that of St. Mark, and fixing on the 25th of March, and afterwards on the 16th of April, for the time of meeting. The mulattoes, not willing to be left behind in exertion, when they perceived the opposition of the whites to every movement of the government, determined to proceed a step still farther, and accordingly arming themselves, they proceeded to claim by force the benefit of equal privileges with the whites. Their combination was premature, and they were soon overpowered. Different parties were secured at Jacmel and Artibonite, to whom, on their submission, notwithstanding the exasperation of the whites in general against them, an unconditional pardon was given. In the division of parties, too, inconsistent as it may appear, some of the whites, among whom were included persons of high respectability, adopted the cause of the people of colour, and even seconded their inclination to revolt. Among these, an old magistrate named Ferrand de Beaudierre, was the first to become conspicuous, for the purpose of removing the disgrace which had attached to him in consequence ofhaving offered parties were secured at Jacmel and Artibonite, to whom, on their submission, notwithstanding the exasperation of the whites in general against them, an unconditional pardon was given. In the division of parties, too, inconsistent as it may appear, some of the whites, among whom were included persons of high respectability, adopted the cause of the people of colour, and even seconded their inclination to revolt. Among these, an old magistrate named Ferrand de Beaudierre, was the first to become conspicuous, for the purpose of removing the disgrace which had attached to him in consequence ofhaving offered --- Page 170 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. of colour. He drew up a memoCHAP.III, offered marriage to a woman be to the / which had not time to presented 1790. rial in their behalf, seized an enraged mob, committee, before he was by parochial M. Dubois, and put to death. The deputy procureur-general, became SO infaalso, whose duty demanded a different course, their the slavery of the negroes in tuated, as to declaim against arrested he a milder fate; he was only presence; but enjoyed from the colony by the governor, by the people, and dismissed who soon after followed. confused state of the colony, and every one Such was the governseemed to be SO bent upon harassing the metropolitan that in France, ment, that it was, with great reason, apprehended to submit about to declare itself independant, or the island was throughout The alarm became general to some foreign power. with St. Domingo, and those places which had any concern earnestly implored to consider the National Assembly on being resolved, of the best means of saving SO valuable a dependaney not discussion of the subject, 66 That it was after a serious with the interior the intention of the Assembly to interfere or to subject them to laws incomgovernment of the colonies, therefore authowith their local establishments; they patible of each colony to signify their own plan rized the inhabitants preserving only a of legislation and commercial arrangement, and a with the principles of the mother country, conformity interests of both." It. superadded, that regard for the reciprocal commerce in which was intended in any syjstem of no innovation the --- Page 171 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. 11S the colonies were already concerned. It will that this conciliating easily be conceived CHAP.III, resolution, SO necessary, as the - 1790. Y discontented white colonists, would be regarded by the people of colour. It very differently received clamour, which excited among them a general extended to every part where their rcause by the means used on those (diffused heard of. occasions) was known, or even The period having arrived to which the General of St. Domingo had been Assembly 16th April. two hundred and prorogued, it met to the number of Peynier, gothirteen members, at the town of vernor. These consisted of two St. Mark. representatives from each four from the city of Cape parish, twentyFrançois, sixteen from that of Portau-Prince, and eight from Aux Cayes, The blies continued in their provincial assemselfappointments even formed notwithstanding, and committees, to act in the intervals of The new assembly commenced its meeting. functions by objects of abuse in the old colonial reviewing the means for their government, and in proposing remedy, of which the political mulattoes, and a revisal of the slave incapacities of the They put the laws, bore a promising part. mulattoes, in point of military footing with the whites, duty, on the same in the restricting the king's officers towns, from those commanding they had oppressive acts towards them which sometimes experienced; they examined into abuses in the courts of those judicature which claimed redress; and set about immediate preparing a new colonial constitution, Q To of which the political mulattoes, and a revisal of the slave incapacities of the They put the laws, bore a promising part. mulattoes, in point of military footing with the whites, duty, on the same in the restricting the king's officers towns, from those commanding they had oppressive acts towards them which sometimes experienced; they examined into abuses in the courts of those judicature which claimed redress; and set about immediate preparing a new colonial constitution, Q To --- Page 172 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. CHAP. IIL To extend the divisions, which were increasing, rather than 1790. otherwise, among the proprietors and their representatives, the was a man privately devoted to the old sysnew governor-general tem, who immediately combined those who had anyinterest in the ancient despotism, to oppose the colonial revolution, which would be likely to deprive them of their corrupt sources of profit. As these included all the officers under the fiscal administration, tax-gatherers, appendages to the courts of civil and criminal jurisdiction, and most of those who held military commissions under the king's authority, they formed a power, by no means contemptible, and possessed an advantage in being all sincere in their attachment to one cause, while a diversity of opinions swayed the newly established party. To this association was added one, (from many of whom their country has since suffered much,) who, with considerable talents, and an enterprising bent against every act of genius, was upon counter-projects the General Assembly; this was the Colonel and Chevalier Mauduit, who commanded, and was beloved by the regiment of Port-an-Prince. He had returned from France, by way of Italy, and had last parted with the Count D'Artois, to whose fortunes he was much devoted. Thus, impressed with more than warmth in the cause, in which he now took such an common active part, he did not fail to strike a blow to the interests of the by insinuating himself between the Assembly and those colony; in whose favor they were exerting themselves, he divided them against each other, and to this effort Peynier, who was weak and uninformed, resigned all hjs power, or influence, into his hands. As --- Page 173 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, As if to meet the insidious policy of Mauduit, the divisions the new legislative bodies burst into of CHAP.II, conduct of the open convulsion, by the 1790. provincial assembly of the north, who endeavoured to the utmost oft their power, to counteract the General provisions of the Assembly. The decree which was the result of its deliberations completed, the plan for a new constitution being May 28. as if was published; which, every thing was to coincide with the untoward of affairs, was SO framed as to please scarce disposition the ostensible motive any party, and formed for the commencement of hostilities in the party of M. Peynier. The principal articles of this consitution (ofwhich there were ten,) consisted in I. Vesting in the 6e General Assembly of the French St. Domingo," 9 the entire part of management of the internal concerns of the colony. II. Preventing any act of the legislative body relative internal to the concerns of the colony, from becoming a law, until definitively sanctioned by the Representatives of the confirmed by the king. People, and III, IV. and V. Enabling the Assembly to enact laws for their own government. provisional Nevertheless, to keep as a separate question the execution of those laws; and in case of the governor-general (to whom such decrees shall be notified for the purpose ofbeing enforced) sending any observations onthem to the Assembly, causing them to be entered on the Journals, ordering Q 2 a con- the colony, from becoming a law, until definitively sanctioned by the Representatives of the confirmed by the king. People, and III, IV. and V. Enabling the Assembly to enact laws for their own government. provisional Nevertheless, to keep as a separate question the execution of those laws; and in case of the governor-general (to whom such decrees shall be notified for the purpose ofbeing enforced) sending any observations onthem to the Assembly, causing them to be entered on the Journals, ordering Q 2 a con- --- Page 174 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. revision, and ultimately deciding on its confirmaCHAP.IIL a consequent ( 1 or by a majority of two thirds. 1790. tion, rejection, and coma communication on all common, VI. Establishing without which, with the National Assembly, mercial concerns, the Colonial Assembly, its nor until they are confirmed by decrees shall not be valid. the importation of necessary articles upon presVII. Allowing occasions, under the cognizance of fthe governor-general. sing act of the Assembly to be VIII. Submitting every provisional for the royal sanction, and suspended upon its retransmitted fusal. IX. Creating a new General Assembly biennially. to the King, the National Assembly, the X. Communicating different districts and parishes, the Colonial Governor, and the present decree. difference of opinion existed with respect To repeat that mueh circumto this descree, is what was to be expected from every stance; and the power retained by the Assembly, was evidently what had ever been contemplated in the colonies. beyond however, (among those the most The leading opinions were, declare the island capable of judging.) that it was intended to state, or, that it was already sold by a party an independant withThat both these reports were not entirely to the English. have for subsequent events will appear to proved, out foundation, members of this very itis confessed by M.de Charmilly, one ofthe assembly, --- Page 175 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, assembly, that the former 6E sideration proposition was a subject of con- CHAP.III, among a few of the inhabitants, the prosperity of the colony having dazzled opulence and 1790. ters,"* and, it was not three some sanguine characyears after, before that induced the British gentleman government to accept the submission of a ofthe proprietors of the island. part The inhabitants of the Cape, and of parishes, did not wait for these some of the western confirmations of their for, opinions; immediately on the publication of the new plan of vernment, they renounced all obedience to the gopresented a memorial to the Assembly, and This governor, requesting its dissolution. step could not but be agreeable to if not the effect of the exertions of Peynier, it was his party; and, another stance which happened, gave him the circumopportunity he evidently desired, of coming to an open rupture. In espousal of the conduct of the consequence of an governor and his party by M, Galisonierre, the commander of a ship of the line, called the Leopard, then in the harbour of the Port-au-Prince, crew proper to withdraw their obedience from thought him, and to him to quit the ship; they then gave the command oblige to the first lieutenant, and declared themselves waiting the orders of the General Assembly. The Assembly, by no means disinclined to such offer, transmitted them in return a vote of an thanks, and directed July 27. 66 Je conviens qu'il a été question mais la richesse de la colonie, sa prospérité, d'indépendance avaient parmi un petit nombre d'habitans, -Lettre, p. 52. trompé quelques caracteres ardens, &c," them, ship; they then gave the command oblige to the first lieutenant, and declared themselves waiting the orders of the General Assembly. The Assembly, by no means disinclined to such offer, transmitted them in return a vote of an thanks, and directed July 27. 66 Je conviens qu'il a été question mais la richesse de la colonie, sa prospérité, d'indépendance avaient parmi un petit nombre d'habitans, -Lettre, p. 52. trompé quelques caracteres ardens, &c," them, --- Page 176 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. the to detain the ship in CHAP.IIL, them, in the name of the law and King, till further orders. Toretainthis acquisition, 1790. the road, there to wait take of the permitted some of their partizans to possession they It has been disputed whether the powder magazine at Leogane. by the party ship had been corrupted crew of M. Galisonierre's the caprice which sO the Assembly, or actuated by supporting it that their future moveoften influences seamen; but as appears it is reathe knowledge of the Assembly, ments were without nor the other was the sonable to believe, that neither the one whom but that they acted entirely by themselves, among is cause, than of more importance, might be probably some characters in their ordinary emconceived by those who view them merely ployment. incidents which lead to events that Such are the fortuitous decide the fate of countries. himself provided with the means of M. Peynier now conceived curtailed his own. the party, whose power SO much criminating the dissolution of the Assembly, He immediately proclaimed and with having charging it with projects of independency, itself of one of the king's ships by corrupttraitorously possessed with their adherents, the whole, ing the crew; pronouncing nation, and the King; he traitors to the colony, the French punishment, declared his intention of bringing them to condign against them. He had no and to commence hostile operations his menaces into than he attempted to put sooner threatened, execution. --- Page 177 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. execution. He prepared for the restoration of the ancient sys- CHAP.III. tem, and he even applied to the neighbouring island of Cuba for 1790. the aid of foreign troops; and he commissioned Mauduit to arrest the committee of the western provincial Assembly, who had become obnoxious to him from their inclination to the measures of his opponents, at their midnight meeting in Port-an-Prince. Mauduit, however, found them protected by four hundred of the national guards, (formerly the colonial militia,) and having himself but one hundred men, he was compelled, after a short skirmish, to retire, without effecting any thing more than the seizure ofthe national colours, which he must have obtained by some undue means, and bore off in triumph. The General Assembly in return summoned the people from every part of the colony, to arm for the protection oftheir representatives, and the summons seemed to be generally obeyed with alacrity. The western and the southern provinces were unqualified in their approbation, and immediately dispatched a force of two thousand men on their way to Port-an-Prince. The Provincial Assembly of the north, however, joined the party ofthe governor, and detached a part of the regular troops in that quarter, with a body of two hundred mulattoes. Thus the flames of civil war were immediately about to be lighted, and a dreadful conflict was expected on every side, when a circumstance OCcurred which for the present prevented it, and gave a more favourable turn to the public affairs than that which they had hitherto taken. The ation, and immediately dispatched a force of two thousand men on their way to Port-an-Prince. The Provincial Assembly of the north, however, joined the party ofthe governor, and detached a part of the regular troops in that quarter, with a body of two hundred mulattoes. Thus the flames of civil war were immediately about to be lighted, and a dreadful conflict was expected on every side, when a circumstance OCcurred which for the present prevented it, and gave a more favourable turn to the public affairs than that which they had hitherto taken. The --- Page 178 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. the having determined upon returning The crew of Leopard entrance of St. Mark's CHAP.II, brought the ship into the - to France, they and to wait under 1790. bay, to apprize the Assembly of her departure, to the King and the National Assembly. sail for their dispatches was reduced by this time, in consequence The General Assembly members, and of sickness and secession, to less than one hundred had found themselves at first was diminishing every day: they and their task competent to the art of legislation, not sufficiently arduous. The majority of them was becoming every day more that a storm fathers of families; and could not but perceive were in which some, if not all of them, might be was gathering, the motive, or whether or not it had a involved. Whatever was which has been ascribed to it, eightyportion of the eccentricity members of the General Assembly came to the immediate, five of availing themselves of this opporand unexpected resolution, assistance tunity to proceed to Europe, for the purpose of deriving and justifying themselves as to what had in their future conduct, of human blood. They already passed, preventing the effusion and such their therefore, on board the Leopard, August 8. took departure, attended this step in the outset, that was the good fortune which admiration; it excited for them, for the first time, a very general them to the shore with tears and blessings, and crowds followed for the success which their prayers were every where preferred were considered to deserve. The armaments forbearance was viewed suspended. The heads of the government party mutually emotions of surprize and terror, the circunstance with mixed, resumed his seat, and M. Peynier tremblingly Thus --- Page 179 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. Thus, it were to be hoped that peace would have continued during the passage of the members to CHAP.III, the result of their France, and until 1790, journey were known; particularly as the remaining part were occupied in arrangements, and in sessing the French government preposagainst the General on. their arrival; but, no sooner was one Assembly cause of commotion removed, than another supplied its place, of a more hostile complexion, and with less occasion-the rebellion of James Ogé, a mulatto; whose mother had a coffee-plantation about thirty miles from Cape François. October 12, During his residence at Ogé's rebelParis, for the purpose of education, he had imbibed, in lion, to the natural feelings of his class, all the addition prejudices entertained at this.period against the white planters in the mother Having become connected with the society of Amis des country, and inflated with an idea of his own Noirs, capacity, he was easily persuaded by Robespierre, and other violent tach himself to a members, to atconspiracy, supposed to be already ripe in St. Domingo, and requiring only the talents of an active leader to produce the effects desired, in behalf of the colour. Armed by their people of means, and charged with all the inveteracy of the party, Ogé arrived in St. two months after the Domingo about Assembly had left it, and immediately prepared to assume an imaginary command, for which he had foundation. He found means to no convey a quantity of arms and ammunition to a place called Grand Riviere, about fifteen miles from the Cape, where bis brother had been it, and, having collected prepared to receive about two hundred followers, exerted R himself of the colour. Armed by their people of means, and charged with all the inveteracy of the party, Ogé arrived in St. two months after the Domingo about Assembly had left it, and immediately prepared to assume an imaginary command, for which he had foundation. He found means to no convey a quantity of arms and ammunition to a place called Grand Riviere, about fifteen miles from the Cape, where bis brother had been it, and, having collected prepared to receive about two hundred followers, exerted R himself --- Page 180 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. where in spreading disaffection; he wrote impeCHAP.III, himself every the inattention which had been 1790. riously to M. Peynier, stating its enforcepaid to the execution ofthe Code Noir,* demanding of the privileges enjoyed by the ment, and also an extension himself without distinction. He took upon whites to all persons and declared his the character of Protector of the Mulattoes, of arming in their behalf. He established intention, if necessary, and his where he had deposited his stores, appointed his camp character, and another mulatto, of a ferocious two brothers, his lieutenants. These men commenced named Mark Chavane, murder of two white men, their unruly operations by the extreme and by punishing with whom they met accidentally, to revolt; cruelty those of their own complexion not disposed excused himself on account of a wife and six children, one who their murdered, with the whole of his family. Fortunately they of troops, and the Cape reign was not long, for a body regular weak to invest their camp, when, with a militia, were dispatched were killed, sixty were resistance, they were totally routed; many of the and the chiefs escaped into the Spanish part taken prisoners, island. excited a considerThis rebellion, though sO easily crushed, the people of colour, who, in their turn, able animosity against took to arms, and formed as if fearing a retaliation of cruelty, of them of much in different parts of the island, each camps for the protection of the Blacks, instituted by Louis XIV. * Thel laws greater --- Page 181 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, greater importance than that of Ogé. The white inhabitants collected themselves in force to oppose them. But CHAP.II, Colonel 1790. Mauduit, (by means not publicly communicated,) in a ference, had, singly and unattended, with the mulatto conleaders, at their chief camp at Verettes, induced them to an immediate dispersion. Various doubts existed as to the nature of the means, which were supposed not to be highly honourable to M. Mauduit: certain it is, however, the mulattoes fectly satisfied; for their leader at Aux were not perCayes, Rigaud, declared that e it was a transient and deceitful calm, and, that would be permanent until one class of people had no peace exterminated the other."* The insurrection of the mulattoes was no sooner a second time, than a fresh object of disturbance suppressed fatal than either, and least arose, more expected. This was the arrival of a decree of the National Assembly, Novembér, censuring, with great the conduct of the General Assembly of St. asperity, Domingo, it with disaffection to France, and charging insubordination; annulling all its acts, incapacitating its members from ever serving again; approving the conduct of the governor's party, particularly the Northern Provincial Assembly and Colonel Mauduit; a new Colonial Assembly to be formed on the directing decree ofMarch principle of the 8, and the instructions of March 28, and ordering under arrest, during its pleasure, the members who had Edwards's St. Domingo, p. 46. R 2 quitted Domingo, it with disaffection to France, and charging insubordination; annulling all its acts, incapacitating its members from ever serving again; approving the conduct of the governor's party, particularly the Northern Provincial Assembly and Colonel Mauduit; a new Colonial Assembly to be formed on the directing decree ofMarch principle of the 8, and the instructions of March 28, and ordering under arrest, during its pleasure, the members who had Edwards's St. Domingo, p. 46. R 2 quitted --- Page 182 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. the island, and who were still at Paris. It also recomCHAP.II. quitted both naval and military, to be sent 1789. mended an additional force, of the the for the better support of the authority to colony government. On the arrival of the eighty-five members of the Colonial Brest the 13th of September), they had been Assembly at (on attention all ranks of received with the utmost respect and by and the most liberal provision made for them in every people; such had been the activity of M. Peynier, that way ; but, of had arrived before them from the provincial assembly. deputies the mind of the north, who, with their agents, had sO prejudiced the minister for this department, that they met at M. Barnave, dismissed from the Paris with indignities of every kind; were the National Assembly with contempt, and refused even bar of On to confront their enemies as they requested. permission the of the committee for the colonies the 16th of October report M. Barnave, their president, and on the subject was presented by the members placed under arrest. manifestation of surprize and indignation took A very general different sentiment place on the arrival of this decree, and a very the public mind from that intended to be produced by pervaded Mauduit and his rethe National Assembly; in every particular became objects of the warmest resentment. Many of giment would send no other deputies to form the new Colothe parishes because they considered those in France as their nial Assembly, legal --- Page 183 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO; legal representatives, the annulling of whose buted to the revival of the ancient decrees, they attri- CHAP.III, system of despotism, - 1791, Whetherit was from intimidation at these or from the wish of the National succeeding disorders, M. Peynier, Assembly, does not appear; however, to the great satisfaction ofthe the planters, at this time majority of resigned his office to the next in command, General gentleman French Blanchelande, a field-officer in the Blancheservice, who entered upon the government with lande govervigour. peculiar nor. The first exercise of his power, and one rather was to demand of the Spaniards the unexpected, ofOgé, who fugitives from the rebellion of were accordingly delivered up, and placed in the jail December, Cape François, till a commission should be issued them to trial. It was soon to bring derable commenced, but lasted for a consitime, during which they were strictly examined, course, condemned. and, of Ogé and his lieutenant, alive Chavane, were sentenced to be broken upon the wheel, and left to perish. His March, ing one of his brothers (the other followers, includber of not being found), to the numtwenty, were condemned to be hanged. man calculated for a leader of Ogé was not a rebellion. His mother been enabled to support him in France having cherished as a gentleman, he had a delicacy of sentiment very incompatible with the ferocity were strictly examined, course, condemned. and, of Ogé and his lieutenant, alive Chavane, were sentenced to be broken upon the wheel, and left to perish. His March, ing one of his brothers (the other followers, includber of not being found), to the numtwenty, were condemned to be hanged. man calculated for a leader of Ogé was not a rebellion. His mother been enabled to support him in France having cherished as a gentleman, he had a delicacy of sentiment very incompatible with the ferocity --- Page 184 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. but it would appear also that he wanted perCHAP.IIL, ferocity of revolt; which alone inand that fidelity to his colleagues 1791. sonal courage, When he heard the judgspires respect in his circumstances. mercy in the ment ofthe court, he wept bitterly, and implored the to purchase life by exposing most abject manner; proposing which he described as impendsecrets of numerous conspiracies, extended it only by a reprieve ing overt the colony: he, however, make a brief depohours, just time enough to for twenty-four if they had been imsition of facts of the highest importance, with a attended to; and was then hurried to execution mediately which afterwards met celerity rather barbarous, and an impolicy of Chavane preserved the appearance with its consequences. himself to his fate without a courage to the last, and resigned groan. before whom the deposition of Ogé was taken, The persons of the Northern Provincial (Ruotte and Vertierres, members and had been appointed to examine the revolters; Assembly,) from what motive, perwere devotees to the ancient system; whether by the desire of the prinhaps, may be seen afterwards, Northern officer in the colonial administration, or of the cipal ascertained; but these Provincial Assembly, is not minutely entirely the information communicated by Ogé, men suppressed ofi importance, burying bis and reported that he had said nothing had with himself. That this was not the case secret, if he any, will appear hereafter. The --- Page 185 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, The decisive spirit of the new governor did not prevent the CHAP.III people from viewing the detention of their representatives in 1791. France with a general dissatisfaction, and those to whom they attributed the original cause of it, with additional dislike. Mauduit continued to be the object of their censure in a particular degree; they avowedly disapproved of that conduct at St. Marc's, which the National Assembly had made a subject of particular approbation; one act of which they availed themselves with reason; this was, taking from a detachment of the national guards, as before-mentioned, their colours, which had never been returned. This deprivation the whole of the national guards regarded as an insult to their body, which they would have immediately revenged, but that the veteran regiment of Port-au-Prince was remarkable for its superior discipline, and attachment to the commanding officer, whose bounty was always open to them. They had long given him a particular token oft their regard, in supplanting the national cockade, by a white feather, the avowed insigne of royalty. The regiment therefore, as well as its colonel, became obnoxious to the whole of the army, who were attached to the new constitution. At this time, a reinforcement of troops from France, comprising two battalions ofthe regiments of Artois and Normandy, arrived in the frigates Le Fougueux and Le Borée, who, having communicated in some way with the crew of the Leopard (the vessel which carried the Colonial Assembly to France), no sooner landed at Port-au-Prince, than they discovered the same animosity against the regiment of Mauduit, as was manifested by well as its colonel, became obnoxious to the whole of the army, who were attached to the new constitution. At this time, a reinforcement of troops from France, comprising two battalions ofthe regiments of Artois and Normandy, arrived in the frigates Le Fougueux and Le Borée, who, having communicated in some way with the crew of the Leopard (the vessel which carried the Colonial Assembly to France), no sooner landed at Port-au-Prince, than they discovered the same animosity against the regiment of Mauduit, as was manifested by --- Page 186 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. They treated them as traitors, which, CHAP.I IIl. by the national guards. Y of the white feather confirmed, and 1791. no doubt, the peculiarity refused all kind of intercourse with them. The conduct of the national guards had hitherto passed unheeded, but when two other regiments, and those arrived from the mother-country, beagainst them, it occasioned a visible effect upon came leagued the minds of the officers and the men. They began to view each other with distrust, and to consider the regard which they had hitherto born to their idolized commander, as almost criminal. A sullen discontent appeared on every face, and their dismissal of the actions, amongst which was a contemptuous towards him who, white feather, augured no good intentions few weeks before, might have led them over the world. but a insensible ofthe change, or of the probability Mauduit was not of danger; and he prépared for some arrangement to induce a return of the good opinion of his troops; before he made the exhowever, he bravely insisted on the governor removperiment, himself and his family to Cape François, that he might not ing have a chance of sharing in his own ruin ifit was unavoidable, to which M. Blanchelande (rather pitifully) consented. Colonel Mauduit prepared, as the first effort of conciliation, for a restitution of the colours to the national guards, the unfortunate cause of the alienation of his own troops; and proposed, if they would support him, to carry them with his own hands, at their head to the church, in which they should be deposited. He harangued his grenadiers to that purpose, and they promised to support --- Page 187 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. support him with their lives. On the succeeding day he put his CHAP.II, proposed plan in execution, before the whole community of Port- - - 1791. au-Prince. A considerable murmur took place, but means were taken by the citizens (among whom it is said were some he had most injured) to prevent any accident. * He had replaced the colours, and was turning, no doubt, to meet the gratulations of his troops, which had SO often cheered him, when one of them commanded him aloud, to ask pardon of the national guards, on his knees ! He started with indignation at the proposition, and intending to offer them his life, rather than his honour, exposed to them his naked bosom. In an instant, an hundred bayonets seemed to vie with each other which should wound the deepest, and he fell, gored all over; while scarce an arm of the number he had SO often made happy, was raised to save him, or a voice among those sO often exerted in his praise, to bid his spirit rest.+ The spectators, however unfriendly they might have been to the deceased, were petrified with astonishment and disgust. Not contented with the extinction of life, this unmanly and treacherous number, whose conduct is, it is hoped, unparalleled, not content with destroying his house, and The exertions on this occasion of the brave Beausobre were too striking to be in silence. He had been struck with a shot, when protecting the Colonial passed in the affair for which Mauduit was now attempting an extenuation; yet, with Committee, a not often equalled, he was among the foremost to step forward on the present generosity occasion, and was wounded by a sabre in defending the life of Mauduit, + Two officers named Galefeau and Germain, to their honour, did not desert their colonel till the last moment, but their exertions were of no avail; and the indignation of the soldiers being at its height, there was no time for preparation. S every , when protecting the Colonial passed in the affair for which Mauduit was now attempting an extenuation; yet, with Committee, a not often equalled, he was among the foremost to step forward on the present generosity occasion, and was wounded by a sabre in defending the life of Mauduit, + Two officers named Galefeau and Germain, to their honour, did not desert their colonel till the last moment, but their exertions were of no avail; and the indignation of the soldiers being at its height, there was no time for preparation. S every --- Page 188 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. to him, gratified themselves with muCHAP.III. every thing belonging 1791. tilating the dead body of their once-loved commander; and, diabolical contrivances, rendering disgusting in by a thousand life, had been always beloved and death a form which, through honoured, and sometimes respected and admired. This wretched regiment met the proper fate of all such dastardly perpetrators. even the soldiery whom they meant to They were despised by oblige, compelled to lay down their arms, and sent prisoners to France, where, in some shape or other, punishment failed not to await them. During these dreadful transactions, as if eager to provide fresh fuel to light up in this unhappy island, the society of Amis des Noirs continued to devise new projects that thoroughly effected that purpose. There was great reason to supat this time, that the general body of mulattoes were not pose, while there was as much cause to desire it" averse to conciliation, on the part of the whites. The president of the colonial committee in France, (M. Barnave,) had also, after the most streto the avowed his conviction, that all nuous opposition planters, interference of the inother-country with their internal regulations should cease. But the principal members of this society, among whom were Gregoire, La Fayette, and Brissot, determined otherwise, and the foundation of their plan was in making the National Assembly the medium, in obedience to the chapter of instructions for its proceedings, which had followed the decree of March 8. These instructions, which consisted of eighteen articles, --- Page 189 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, cles, directed ce that every person of the age of upwards, twenty-five and CHAP.II. possessing property, or, having resided two years in 1791. - the colony, and paid taxes, should be enabled to vote in the formation of the Colonial Assembly." This direction, nant to the very decree it was to repugthose who accompany, was asserted by procured it, to regard only the privilege of voting in the Parochial Assemblies; as undér the old government it was known that they were constituted solely of white the mulattoes had persons, expressed no inclination to intrude themselves. To induce them to do so, they were apprised that not being excepted, they were virtually included, and after much entreaty, were persuaded to send deputies to France, to procure an explanation from the National Assembly. This was the chief point required, for it produced a public debate on the subject, in which was also introduced the claim of the mulattoes to all the privileges of whites. The fascinating eloquence of the Abbé Gregoire was exerted on the subject with its usual vigour, and, to give additional aid, the death of Ogé became known at the same time, which afforded a popular subject for the theatres, Every mode was exerted to render the proprietors of the colonies detestable; and with such that they could not, at length, appear in public with success, a Perish the colonies," exclaimed safety. Robespierre, 4 rather than sacrifice our principles !"-Gregoire, Condorcet, La Fayette, and Brissot, names which often excited admiration, all joined in the cry. The National Assembly forgetting, at once, its former acts, and the principles it had acknowledged, decreed to the May 15. S 2 people Every mode was exerted to render the proprietors of the colonies detestable; and with such that they could not, at length, appear in public with success, a Perish the colonies," exclaimed safety. Robespierre, 4 rather than sacrifice our principles !"-Gregoire, Condorcet, La Fayette, and Brissot, names which often excited admiration, all joined in the cry. The National Assembly forgetting, at once, its former acts, and the principles it had acknowledged, decreed to the May 15. S 2 people --- Page 190 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. of colour ce an equal right with the white proprietors, CHAP. - IIL, people and to seats in the colonial 1791. in the choice of representatives which had government." ) The colonial committee at Paris, declared formerly opposed the General Assembly, immediately itself useless; and the deputies of the colonies declined further attendance. These decisive steps had no other effect, however, than that of hastening the departure of three commissioners, (who had been appointed some time previous) to St. Domingo, for better ofits affairs. The proceedings of the colothe regulation nial officers in the mother-country, afforded but a faint presentiment of those which took place in St. Domingo on the arrival of June. the first information of this last decree in that island. There of opinions, and parties invethen existed a variety opposite each other, but it immediately consolidated them terate against all. They heard it with doubt, which was soon succeeded by the frenzy of despair. All the divisions of party united themselves against the mother-country; every violence was projected the making for the federation and commenced; preparations determined to reject of the 14th of July were suspended; they the civic oath; an embargo was laid on all vessels in the harbour; and even a motion was made in the Northern Provincial Assembly, to erect the British standard in the place of the national colours; all subordination was done away, and it is said, 6E the people of colour being threatened to be fired in the streets, fled from the city, retiring to the woods upon and other retreats for safety."* At length it was determined * 4 Inquiry into the Causes of the Insurrection in St. Domingo," &c. 1792. to --- Page 191 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, to elect a new general Colonial Assembly, which had its meeting, to the number of one hundred first CHAPII and bers, at Leogane, from whence seventy-six mem- 1791. çois, they adjourned to Cape Franproposing to open their session at the August 9, night. expiration of a fortDuring the whole of these transactions M. Blanchelande, the governor-general remained a political cypher, without power, than to give a formal assent to any other could neither proceedings which he impede nor amend. He wrote to the ters an account of the king's ministhe decree disturbances, and expressed his fears that would prove s6. the death-warrant of ofthe inhabitants;" he sent a many thousands copy of his letter to the Provincial Assembly, with a solemn assurance, that he would execution of the decree whenever suspend the it should come to him. Alarmed at the various symptoms of wards them, the mulattoes hostility manifested tocollected in armed bodies in places, and fears were entertained of different them and the whites; fresh conflicts between but the latter were too much in the hopes entertained from occupied the meeting of the Colonial Assembly to notice them, and, in fact, a grievances was fully expected. complete removal of As little cessation had been rence of one disaster to experienced, from the occuranotber, on the expectation of measures (from the auspicious pacific sentiments of the new assembly.) another , the mulattoes hostility manifested tocollected in armed bodies in places, and fears were entertained of different them and the whites; fresh conflicts between but the latter were too much in the hopes entertained from occupied the meeting of the Colonial Assembly to notice them, and, in fact, a grievances was fully expected. complete removal of As little cessation had been rence of one disaster to experienced, from the occuranotber, on the expectation of measures (from the auspicious pacific sentiments of the new assembly.) another --- Page 192 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. however it might have been CHAP.IIE, another misfortune arose, which, than other. - was still more unlooked-for any 1791. long expected, commotion of the colony, and perWitnesses of the general which had been notwithstanding the attention ceiving that, the of colour, (except paid by the mother-country to people with the subject, for the purposes interweaving their sufferings to them; the nothing was proposed with regard of oratory,) melioration for themselves began to consider of some negroes then taking place. As they had among the new arrangements in all the disputes of perceived that the first step unfortunately determined to their masters had consisted of outrage, so they such certain success, and at follow those means which promised in afforded objects the most grateful to people the same time, that they may have felt a state of slavery. It cannot be denied, of by in contemplating an acquisition power no great pleasure according to their own acthe mulattoes, who, from being, with their habits, and better acquainted count, more conversant by the had always been considered with their dispositions, that they their severest masters; it is very probable, negroes as rigor, over the negroes, than exercised the same, or greater Be this as it may, received themselves from the whites. they contending incalm seemed to pervade every August 23. while a perfect a sudden and confused before day-break terest, one morning town of the Cape, that the negro alarm spread througbout the were murderparishes had revolted, slaves in the neighbouring The governor the whites, and setting fire to the plantations. ing officers, but nothing cerimmediately assembled all the military tain --- Page 193 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. tain could be collected till dawn, when the reports were too CHAP.III. sadly coufirmed by the arrival of numbers, just escaped with life, - 1791. Y who, begging for protection in the town, communicated the particulars. From them they found, that the negroes in a plantation called Noé, in the parish of Acul, were the ringleaders, fourteen ofwhom, after having murdered the principal of the plantation, followed by the remainder, hastened managers to the adjoining one, and repeated the same enormities. The slaves of this estate immediately joined them. Their determination seemed, that it was necessary none should escape, for they shewed not the same discrimination they afterwards used. M, Clements, the owner of the latter plantation received his death from one he had regarded with much tenderness, and promoted (for sO it was considered) to be his postilion. The same OCcurred at the largest plantation on the plain of the Cape, that of M. Galifet, whose negroes, the whole of whom joined the insurrection, were proverbial for receiving good treatment. Similar cireumstances took place at the very time, on the estate of M. Flaville, a few miles distant, from whence they carried off the wife, and three daughters, of the Procureur, after murdering him before their faces. Day-light convinced the astonished inhabitants that the revolt was concerted, for some parties of observation sent from the town, soon perceived that the rising was general throughout the province, and the flames quickly burst from all quarters. The terror of the whole of whom joined the insurrection, were proverbial for receiving good treatment. Similar cireumstances took place at the very time, on the estate of M. Flaville, a few miles distant, from whence they carried off the wife, and three daughters, of the Procureur, after murdering him before their faces. Day-light convinced the astonished inhabitants that the revolt was concerted, for some parties of observation sent from the town, soon perceived that the rising was general throughout the province, and the flames quickly burst from all quarters. The terror of the whole --- Page 194 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. now became excessive, and the shrieks of CHAP.III. whole community 1791. women and children as the appearances of horror spread, wildly from door to door, inquiring their fate of each other, running effect. The men armed themproduced a most distressing selves, and the General Assembly invested the governor with the command of the National Guards. As soon as any plan could be matured, it was determined, to send the white women and children on board the ships in the harbour; and the ablest of the domestic negroes in the town were also sent, under a guard, lest they should be concerned in any. treacherous connection. The next transaction which took place was relative to a considerable body of mulattoes in the town, who, although they had not joined the previous disputes, were immediately marked of by the lower classes of white people, as objects vengeance and it became necessary for the Assembly to afford them protection. This circumstance became the medium of an agreeable conciliation; for, in return, all the able men among them, prothemselves to march against the rebels, leaving their wives posed and children as hostages for their fidelity. They were, therefore, enrolled in the militia, and a mutual confidence, to a certain degree, established itself between them. As many seamen as could be spared from the ships were and the whole formed into a military joined to the inhabitants, order, when M. de Touzard, an officer who had distinguished himself --- Page 195 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, himself in North America, took the command of a detachment of militia and troops of the line, and marched to attack the CHAP.III, - ) most 1791. powerful body of the revolters in the neighbourhood. They were posted at the plantation of M. Latour, to the number of 4,000 negroes, a large portion of whom were destroyed, but their places were supplied by such increased numbers, that M. de Touzard was compelled to retreat. The weakness the town obliged the governor to stand on the defensive, of he could contrive means to strengthen the till only position he could command; if the negroes had proceeded to Cape that time, they might have François at easily taken the town, and effected every enormity they chose, On the river which intersected the main road from the plain at the east end oft the town, over which there was a ferry, a battery of cannon was raised on boats, protected by two small at a short distance; at the other principal road camps Haut du lying over the Cap, a considerable body of troops, with artillery, was stationed, while a strong palisade and chevaux-de-frize, surrounded the town on the land side; an embargo was laid on the shipping, for the purpose of retreat, and retaining the assistance of the sailors. The whole of the inhabitants, without distinction, laboured at the fortifications, Every method was used to: communicate the information of the insurrection, when it could be conveyed with safety, and several camps were formed, which seemed to arrest the progress T of lying over the Cap, a considerable body of troops, with artillery, was stationed, while a strong palisade and chevaux-de-frize, surrounded the town on the land side; an embargo was laid on the shipping, for the purpose of retreat, and retaining the assistance of the sailors. The whole of the inhabitants, without distinction, laboured at the fortifications, Every method was used to: communicate the information of the insurrection, when it could be conveyed with safety, and several camps were formed, which seemed to arrest the progress T of --- Page 196 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. nevertheless, those at Grande Riviere and DonCHAP.IIL ofthe rebellion; and - mulattoes, - attacked by the negroes, joined by 1791. don were The surviving contest, forced with great slaughter. after a sharp from Dondon took refuge in the Spanish territory. whites of the plain, of the Cape, and the district of The whole of the insurgents, and Grande Riviere, now in the possession as were the miserable inhabitants, to abandoned to their ravages, could be given, who, therefore, suffered every whom no assistance could devise, before a death, injury, that bewildered licentiousness but of more than common torments, in this instance merciful, closed for them the scene. of history to describe the vaIt serves few of the purposes modes of torture which occurred to the savage insurgents, rious violations of virgins and pregor to relate accounts ofthe grossest husbands, or pain the presence of their dying nant women, that civilized states should ever rents; much it is to be regretted, to render torture of any kind familiar to vulgar find it necessary and steel exhibitions that live in the memory, minds, for they are bounthose affections which form the grandest the heart against nature. There is reason to fear that the perpetrators dary of our witnesses to the ridicule of of those horrid deeds, had been who should have evinced themselves superior to misery in others attributes of mercy and benevosuch conduct, by the godlike slaves, oftheirintercourse with the female lence; the licentiousness on the occacould leave no impression to prevent a retaliation sion --- Page 197 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMIXGO. sion, with objects, too, of such superior attraction, alas! unhap- CHAP.IIL pily for themselves. - ( 1791. It is pleasing, however, to alleviate these horrors the by recital of an instance of fidelity, and affectionate solicitude, in one of the revolted negroes, which has been already narrated, but which cannot be too much impressed upon the minds of the people in every relation ofs society. I quote Mr. Edwards's words, as I know of no more authentic source to which I can refer. C Monsieur and Madam Baillen, their daughter and son-inlaw, and two white servants, residing on a mountain plantation about thirty miles from Cape François, were apprized of the revolt by one of their own slaves, who was himself in the conspiracy, but promised, if possible, to save the lives ofl his master and his family. Having no immediate means of providing for their escape, he conducted them into an adjacent wood; after which he went and joined the revolters, The following night he found an opportunity of bringing them provisions from the rebel camp. The second night he returned again with a further supply of provisions, but declared it would be out ofhis power to give them any further assistance. After this they saw nothing of the negro for three days; but at the end ofthat time he came again, and directed the family how to make their way to a river which led to Port Margot, assuring them they would find a canoe on a part of the river which he described. They followed T 2 his the revolters, The following night he found an opportunity of bringing them provisions from the rebel camp. The second night he returned again with a further supply of provisions, but declared it would be out ofhis power to give them any further assistance. After this they saw nothing of the negro for three days; but at the end ofthat time he came again, and directed the family how to make their way to a river which led to Port Margot, assuring them they would find a canoe on a part of the river which he described. They followed T 2 his --- Page 198 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. CHAP.IIL, his directions; found the canoe, and got safely into it, but were 1791. overset by the rapidity of the current, and after a narrow escape, thought it best to return to their retreat in the mountains. The anxious for their safety, again found them out, and negro, directed them to a broader part of the river, where he assured them he had provided a boat; but said it was the last effort he could make to save them. They went accordingly, but not finding the boat, gave themselves up for lost, when the: faithful negro again appeared, like their guardian angel. He brought with him pigeons, poultry, and bread; and conducted the family, by slow marches in the night, along the banks of the river, until they were within sight of the wharf at Port Margot; when, telling them they were entirely out of danger, he took his leave for ever, and went to join the rebels. The family were in the woods nineteen nights." * The town of the Cape being somewhat strengthened, the governor; with the advice oft the Colonial Assembly, came to the resolution of re-commencing offensive operations against the rebels; accordingly, a small force, under the command of M. Rouvray, encamped at & place called Roucooa, in the eastern part of the plain. A division of the negroes at the same time took possession of the principal buildings on the estate of the amiable M. Galifet, and mounted on the walls several pieces of heavy artillery, which they had procured from the different harEdwards's Hist. chap. vi. p.75. bours --- Page 199 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, bours on the coast. In this somewhat of regular intrenchment, they began to shew CHAP.III, manceuvres; though they seldom J more than a single volley in their stood 1791, repeated with skirmishes, yet they were alacrity, and with such success, that the whites by perpetual they harassed alarms, and desolated After their first stock of the country. discovered they had ammunition was exhausted, it was been supplied from the -some negroes in Cape king's arsenal, by rican François; in a short time the small Amevessels opened a brisk trade with them in the sugar and rum of their this article, for masters. In two months of the rebellion, upwards of two thousand persons had fallen, of all conditions white thousand two hundred and ages; it appeared, one families were 66 reduced to such a state of from opulence misery, as to depend altogether for clothing and sustenance their hundred on public and private and eighty plantations of charity," one; 1 coffee, cotton, and sugar, about nine hundred of indigo, had been destroyed, and the consumed by fire.. On the side of the rebels buildings that upwards of ten thousand had it was computed, dents attendant perished in the different accion their horrid warfare, besides by the execution of the law. It is several hundreds liation of cruelty took to be lamented, that a retataken, which place upon all rebel prisoners who were could produce no already suffered, and advantage to those who had unfortunate might cause additional miseries to the objects who afterwards fell in the One description of way ofthe enemy. punishment at the Cape, has been often: quoted buildings that upwards of ten thousand had it was computed, dents attendant perished in the different accion their horrid warfare, besides by the execution of the law. It is several hundreds liation of cruelty took to be lamented, that a retataken, which place upon all rebel prisoners who were could produce no already suffered, and advantage to those who had unfortunate might cause additional miseries to the objects who afterwards fell in the One description of way ofthe enemy. punishment at the Cape, has been often: quoted --- Page 200 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. who witnessed it. I cannot perfectly CHAP.II, quoted from the gentleman against the 1791. coincide with him in the oblique censure conveyed the who expressed a degree of satisfaction at unfortunate persons difficult sentiment to repress death of their enemies, for it is a while I lament, can I deny the neceson such an occasion; nor, they are not insity of such executions, ON SUCH OCCASIONS; feast for the but they are a gratification tended as a philosopher, and their sentithose whose services, whatever their feelings to all enlightened politicians on all ments, demand and obtain from occasions respect. says Mr. Edwards, 6 suffered 6 Two of these unhappy men," and under the window of the author's lodgings, in this manner the 28th of in his presence, at Cape François, on Thursday of timber 1791. They were broken on two pieces September, on receiving the third crosswise. One of them expired f placed each of his legs and arms having been stroke on his stomach, first blows he bore without first broken in two places; the three The other had a harder fate. When the executioner, a groan. and arms, lifted up the instrument to give after breaking his legs putting the stroke upon the breast, and which, (by the finishing is called le coup de grace, the mob, criminal out of his pain,) (stop.) and the ferociousness of cannibals, called out arretez, with leave his work unfinished. In that condition, compelled him to broken limbs doubled up, was put the miserable wretch, with his end of the one which was placed horizontally, on a cart-wheel, sendriven into the earth. He seemed perfectly axle-tree being sible, to give after breaking his legs putting the stroke upon the breast, and which, (by the finishing is called le coup de grace, the mob, criminal out of his pain,) (stop.) and the ferociousness of cannibals, called out arretez, with leave his work unfinished. In that condition, compelled him to broken limbs doubled up, was put the miserable wretch, with his end of the one which was placed horizontally, on a cart-wheel, sendriven into the earth. He seemed perfectly axle-tree being sible, --- Page 201 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, sible, but uttered not a groan. At the end of forty some English seamen, who were minutes, CHAP.III, spectators of the gled him in mercy. As to all the French tragedy, stran- 1791. them persons of fashion, who beheld the spectators, (many of oftheir scene from the windows upper apartments,) it grieves me to say, that on with the most perfect they looked composure and sang-froid. the ladies, as I was told, even Some of ridiculed, with a great deal of unseemly mirth, the sympathy manifested the by the English * at sufferings of the wretched criminals.". + Having mentioned the residence of Mr. it may not be Edwards at the amiss to repeat in this place the account Cape, of the appearance of the he gives had island, to a stranger, at that time. He returned from Jamaica with the sent thither, and commissioners, who had been to the different quest the assistance of neighbouring powers, to retroops, arms, ammunition, and when Admiral Affleck ordered provisions; the Blonde and the frigates to repair to that place to Daphne overawe the insurgents. Will the present writer merit censure if he honor ofa sex, of whom he feels a difficulty in ventures to observe in this place, for the haps, one of these unhappy fair spectators who recording had a slander, that there was not, pertims before them, a.father, a mother, not lost, through the means of the vicin human existence; and that brother, or sister, or some of the tenderest connexions bility too exquisite for their loss. despair, This mingled with revenge, assumed the place of a sensimemory of every one, of the change effected place need in not be occupied with instances in the stances as these; and, while he eagerly his the best dispositions under such circumbrave countrymen in this instance, he cannot joins tribute of praise to the sympathy of his may not always have seen them in a forget that the inhabitants of St. Domingo, the accompanying circumstances, light have equally amiable; so that the contrast, added to necessary to view all sides of a question may which excited a risibility, perhaps, convulsive. Itis + Edwards's Hist, ch. vi. affects the character of a nation, p.78. 66 We not be occupied with instances in the stances as these; and, while he eagerly his the best dispositions under such circumbrave countrymen in this instance, he cannot joins tribute of praise to the sympathy of his may not always have seen them in a forget that the inhabitants of St. Domingo, the accompanying circumstances, light have equally amiable; so that the contrast, added to necessary to view all sides of a question may which excited a risibility, perhaps, convulsive. Itis + Edwards's Hist, ch. vi. affects the character of a nation, p.78. 66 We --- Page 202 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. he, *in the harbour of Cape François, CHAP.II. s We arrived," says and the first object - the of the 26th of September, 1791. in evening was a dreadful which arrested our attention, as we approached, the devastation by fire. The noble plain adjoining scene of and the surrounding hills, as far Cape was covered with ashes; to us ruins still the could reach, every where presented as eye at that moment in flames. smoking, and houses and plantations unacterrible than the mind of any. man, It was a sight more conceive--The inhabitants customed to such a scene, can easily directed all their being assembled on the beach, of the town, amidst a crowd of spectaattention towards us, and we landed welcome hands and streaming eyes, gave tors, who, with uplifted and acclamations (for such they considered us, to their deliverers, resounded from every quarter. of vivent les Anglois at that time, was the unfor6 The governor of St. Domingo, the French service, a marechal de camp in tunate Blanchelande, scaffold. He did us the honor who has since perished on the the Colonial AsA committee of to receive us on the quay. only son, an amiable accompanied by the governor's sembly, had before attended us on board the and accomplished youth, oftheir conducted to the place Blonde, and we were immediately solemn. The hall was The scene was striking and meeting. and all the members appeared in mournsplendidly illuminated, within the bar, and the governor ing. Chairs were placed for us the the hand of the president, having taken his seat on right of which latter addressed us in an elegant and affecting oration, the --- Page 203 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, the following is as literal a translation as the idiom of the two CHAP.IIL. languages will admit: 1791. € We were not mistaken, Gentlemen, when we placed our confidence in your generosity; but we could hardly entertain a hope, that, besides sending us succours, you would come in son to give us consolation. You have quitted, without perreluctance, the peaceful enjoyments of happiness at home, to come and participate in the misfortunes of strangers, and blend your tears with ours. Scenes of misery (the contemplation of which, to those who are unaccustomed to misfortune, is commonly disgusting) have not suppressed your feelings. You have been willing to ascertain the full extent of our distresses, and to into pour our wounds the salutary balm of your sensibility and compassion. € The picture which has been drawn of our calamities, will find has fallen short of the reality. That verdure with which you our fields were lately arrayed, is no longer visible; discoloured by the flames, and laid waste by the devastations of war, our coasts exhibit no prospect but that of desolation. The emblems which we wear on our persons, are the tokens of our grief for the loss of our bretbren, who were surprized, and cruelly assassi nated by the revolters. It is by the glare of the conflagrations that round us, that we 110w deliberate; every way surwe are compelled to sit armed and watchful through the night, to keep the from enemy our U sanctuary, laid waste by the devastations of war, our coasts exhibit no prospect but that of desolation. The emblems which we wear on our persons, are the tokens of our grief for the loss of our bretbren, who were surprized, and cruelly assassi nated by the revolters. It is by the glare of the conflagrations that round us, that we 110w deliberate; every way surwe are compelled to sit armed and watchful through the night, to keep the from enemy our U sanctuary, --- Page 204 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. CHAP.III, sanctuary. For a long time past our bosoms have been depressed ) for the first time, the sweet 1791, by sorrow; they experience this-day, emotions of pleasure, in beholding you amongst us. € Generous islanders! humanity has operated powerfully on hearts;-you have yielded to the first emotion of your geneyour rosity, in the hopes of snatching us from death; for it is already too late to save us from misery. What a contrast between your conduct, and that of other nations! We will avail ourselves of benevolence; but the days you preserve to us, will not be your our children shall keep it in sufficient to manifest our gratitude; remembrance. € Regenerated France, unapprized that such calamities might befal us, has taken no measures to' protect us against their effects; with what admiration will she learn, that, without your assistance, we should no longer exist as a dependency to any nation. € The commissioners deputed by us to the island of Jamaica, have informed us of your exertions to serve us.--Receive the assurance of our attachment and sensibility. € The governor-general of this island, whose sentiments perin the joy we fectly accord with our own, participates equally receive at your presence, and in our gratitude for the assistance you have brought us." At --- Page 205 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, <e At thisjuncture, the French colonists in St. Domingo, however they might have been divided in CHAP.IE - former political sentiments on 1791. occasions, seemed to be softened into perfèct unanimity. All descriptions of persons joined in one general National cry against the Assembly, to whose proceedings were imputed all their disasters. This opinion was indeed SO widely disseminated, and sO deeply rooted, as to create a very strong disposition, in all classes ofthe whites, to renounce their allegiance to the mother country. The black cockade was universally substituted in of the tri-colored one, and very earnest wishes place all were avowed in companies, without scruple or restraint, that the British administration would send an armament to rather to receive its conquer the island, or voluntary surrender from the inhabitants, What they wished might happen, they persuaded themselves believe was actually in contemplation, to FE The ravages of the rebellion during the time that mained at Cape François, extended in all I reof the plain of the directions. The whole Cape, with the exception of one which adjoined the town, was in ruins; as plantation parish of were likewise the Limonade, and most of the settlements in the tains adjacent, The parish of Limbé mounand, before was every where on fire; my departure, the rebels had obtained the bay and forts at possession of L'Acul, as well as the districts of Fort Dauphin, Dondon, and La Grande Ririére, 46 Destruction every where marked their progress, and resistU 2 ance whole Cape, with the exception of one which adjoined the town, was in ruins; as plantation parish of were likewise the Limonade, and most of the settlements in the tains adjacent, The parish of Limbé mounand, before was every where on fire; my departure, the rebels had obtained the bay and forts at possession of L'Acul, as well as the districts of Fort Dauphin, Dondon, and La Grande Ririére, 46 Destruction every where marked their progress, and resistU 2 ance --- Page 206 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. seemed to be considered bythe whites, not only as unarailCHAP.III, ance in the future. To 1791. ing in the present conjuncture, but as hopeless fill up the measure of their calamities, their Spanish neighbours in the same island, with a spirit of bigotry and hatred which is, without an in the world, refused to lend any I believe, example towards a revolt, in the issue of which, assistance suppressing should have informed them, that their own precommon reason with that of the French. They servation was implicated equally not of supplying the rebels with arms were even accused, only and provisions, but also of delivering up to them to be murdered, French planters who had fled for refuge to the many unhappy from the rebels as the Spanish territories, and receiving money price of their blood. of manufactures, 46 The merchants and importers European hour the destruction of the town, as much apprehending every offered their from incendiaries within, as from the rebels without, goods, for ready money, at half the usual prices; and applications were made to Captain Affleck, by persons of all descripfor permission to embark in the Blonde for Jamaica. The tions, of the Colonial Government obliged him to reject interposition but means were contrived to send on board their solicitations; of money to a great amount; and I know that consignments were found, by which effects to a considerable other conveyances both to Jamaica, and the states of North value were exported America."* Edwards's St. Domingo, Preface, P. V, From --- Page 207 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, From the northern province the rebellion, the west; in which it rapidly spread to CHAP.III, quarter assumed a new for the revolters being appearance; 1791, chiefly men of colour, to whom about six hundred negroes had attached themselves, it tended opinion and the to confirm the prejudices of those who conceired the men of colour to have been the original cause of the rebellion. A detachment sent against them from Port-au-Prince and the was repulsed, enemy advanced to set fire to the city; when, pily, some of the mulatto chiefs obtained hapbegan to its redemption, and express sentiments of amity, which was with some reason, to: the tardiness of the attributed, negroes, at their head-quarters, in joining them. Anxious to embrace portunity of quelling the any opM. de disturbance, a planter of eminence, Jumecourt, undertook to mediate between the two ties, and immediately obtained parinterference attention. The effect of this was a treaty, called the Concordat, which termined upon the 12th of September, was de- Treatyofthe Concordat. the between the insurgents of neighbourhood, and the white inhabitants of The principal Port-au-Prince. provisions were, an amnesty for the past, and an engagement by the whites to admit the full force of the of the 15th May. The honourable decree conduct of the in Cape François, precluded mulattoes any objection in the General Assembly to the ratification of this tional policy, agreement; from the most rathey extended their care to those who had been born of enslaved parents; military companies of mulattoes were formed, in which men of colour, under certain permitted to hold commissions, regulations, were Thus Prince. provisions were, an amnesty for the past, and an engagement by the whites to admit the full force of the of the 15th May. The honourable decree conduct of the in Cape François, precluded mulattoes any objection in the General Assembly to the ratification of this tional policy, agreement; from the most rathey extended their care to those who had been born of enslaved parents; military companies of mulattoes were formed, in which men of colour, under certain permitted to hold commissions, regulations, were Thus --- Page 208 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. as far as respected the mulattoes, began CHAP.IIL Thus circumstances, with when with that eagerness 1791. to wear a promising appearance, the the remembrance of evil, by prospect which we supplant But a of good, the return of general quiet was contemplated. tremendous blow was about to fall on this defresh and most the mother country; voted colony, when least intended, by in this instance, similar to that of some animals, whose regard, This was the information, was not less fatal than its vengeance. of the this time arrived in the colony, of the repeal Repeal of which at which had been the original cause the decreeof decree of the 15th of May, 15th May. and which the white inhabitants had of the present disturbance, just agreed to allow. arriving in France the beginning of SeptemOn the accounts attendant on this fatal decree, ber of the dreadful consequences districts; consternation throughout the trading it excited general war between the the loss of the colonial commerce by a civil the was an event to be dreaded from whites and the mulattoes, interference of probable issue; still they never apprehended any dansU blind are we to the approach of political the negroes; losses, and all the accompanging ger. The idea of immense merchants produced such an effect upon the considerations, with their connections, did not principally concerned, that they, the National Assembly by every mode of appeal fail to press immediate relief of the planters and remonstrance, for the the then operating SO destructively upon from the restrictions There is in every thing a cerinterests of the mother country. tain --- Page 209 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, tain satiety, resulting from attainment or enjoyment, which produces relaxation; in the CHAP-IL, had a remarkable present instance it appears to have 1791, Y effect; for, ofall the violent society, e Amis des Noirs," members of the themselves but few appear to have exerted on the present occasion, and that few to as little attended to. In fact, the have been to another popular opinion seemed changed direction, and the Constituent the point of dissolution, the Assembly being on the sanction of obnoxious decree was annulled a large majority, at the moment by was becoming the medium of in which 4 peace in the colony. When it became known in the (nor indeed colony none would was it reasonable they should,) that believe, brought about at the it had not been instance of the planters, and that in quence they were unsafe with such consehad already required deceptive negotiators. They but repeated ratifications of the now every idea of amity vanished. Concordat, charged the whites with horrid The people of colour mination that duplicity, and came to the deterone party or the other must be accordingly, thronghout the western and exterminated; they immediately had southern provinces, recourse to arms, and became Port St. Louis, but from Port-au-Prince masters of inforced, they could effect having been lately regration, which nothing more than a dreadful confladestroyed, at least, one third of the They established buildings. themselves at La Croix des in derable force, The contest Bouquets consihere, assumed a more furious character came to the deterone party or the other must be accordingly, thronghout the western and exterminated; they immediately had southern provinces, recourse to arms, and became Port St. Louis, but from Port-au-Prince masters of inforced, they could effect having been lately regration, which nothing more than a dreadful confladestroyed, at least, one third of the They established buildings. themselves at La Croix des in derable force, The contest Bouquets consihere, assumed a more furious character --- Page 210 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. joined the malattoes, and in CHAP.II, racter; the negroes in several places. At Cul de Sac two ensued. e: action a dreadful slaughter 1792. every left dead on the field, from being placed, thousand negroes were front of the mulattoes. Ifthere the case, in the as was frequently unexerted on former occaremained any invention in cruelty vigor, and each party with re-iterated sions it was now practised, other of the fertility oftheir strove how they could convince the rather than of superiority of power. cruelty, middle of December, the three comabout the Arrival of At length, before at Paris, for the the commiswho had been long appointed sioners, missioners, and one began to hope Roome, Miraffairs of the colony, arrived, every beck, and civil horrors which every St. Leger. from them a cessation of the accumulated Mirbeck, They were named, where made their appearance. had been advocates in Roome, and St. Leger, the former two a surof Paris, and the latter (a native of Ireland) the parliament neither of them in a situation by profession. They were: geon but had arisen through of life which warranted the appointment, They were rein the confusion of the revolution. accident, of submission, on the part of the goceived with every degree honors, and a procession to vernor and inhabitants, by military the cathedral. in full possession of their offices, No sooner were these men constitution, and the than, after announcing the new French was to be of the 22d September, (as if every step" decree marked --- Page 211 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, marked by some additional misfortune,) they ral amnesty and proclaimed a gene- CIAP.IIT, pardon to every description of revolters should lay down their arms, come in within who 1792. and take the oaths. This a prescribed time, measure lost the desired the mulattoés, from effèct with being accompanied by the decree in their favour; in the repeal of the opinion of the whites, it their enormities; and, tempted the justified negroes who yet remained faithful, to join those who experienced such an The commissioners could not indemnification, of the expect to obtain the confidence inhabitants, as Mirbeck resigned himself to low debauchery, while St. every kind of Leger employed himself in contributions wherever he found levying exerted himself with an opportunity. The third honesty to the duties prescribed to but wanting ability, and acting with him, already colleagues of the character described, could accomplish very little. The effectofthese circumstances, which rendered them without means to enforce contemptible (and being authority), was their return to France, separately, after a residence of three months only. It was, however, during the stay of the immediately before their arrival, that, in commissioners, or lution of the General Colonial consequence of a resoof Ogé, given Assembly, copies of the deposition during the twenty-four hours he was were obtained from the respited, Register ofthe Council of not till they had been the Cape; but found, that, if instead imperiously demanded, By these it was of being suppressed, as beforementioned, X the was their return to France, separately, after a residence of three months only. It was, however, during the stay of the immediately before their arrival, that, in commissioners, or lution of the General Colonial consequence of a resoof Ogé, given Assembly, copies of the deposition during the twenty-four hours he was were obtained from the respited, Register ofthe Council of not till they had been the Cape; but found, that, if instead imperiously demanded, By these it was of being suppressed, as beforementioned, X the --- Page 212 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. CHAP.III, the evidence had been promptly and decisively acted upon, all - 1792. Y - the horrors which had blackened the colony for the last nine months might have been to a great degree, if not entirely prevented. He asserts upon oath as follows: The neglect- 66 That in the commencement of the month of February preex timony dying of tes- ceding, if the rivers had not overflowed their banks, there would Oge. have been a rising of the people of colour, who were to have fallen upon the town of the Cape in considerable numbers; that they were then re-united to the number of 11,000 men, from Mirebalais, Artibonite, Limbé, Ouanaminthe, Grand Riviére, and other parts of the colony: that, at the same time, one hundred men of colour left the Cape for the purpose of joining this band : that he was certain that the authors of this revolt were the Declains, free negroes of Grande Riviére, now under accusation; Dumas and Yvon, free negroes; Bitozin, a firee Spanish mulatto; Peter Godard, and John Baptiste, his brother, free negroes; Legrand, and Toussaint Mazeau, free negroes; Peter Mauzi, Ginga Lapaire, Charles Lamadieu, the Sabourins, John Peter Goudy, Joseph Lucas, free mulattoes; and Maurice, a free negro, all under accusation. 6e That the grand movers of rebellion down the coast were, Daguin, under accusation, rebel, of Mirebalais;- Pinchinat and Labastille, under accusation: that the most violent partizans of the revolt, who had moved in large parties, were those who had shone in the environs of St. Mark, and who were endeavouring to --- Page 213 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, to excite it again: that there were at that moment many people CHAP. IIL of colour in different quarters, who were very resolute to main- 1792, tain their projects, notwithstanding the number of those who had lost their lives by engaging timidly in the cause: that he remembered at present the name of one only, the son of La Place, a firee quadron, whose sister he had seen in the prisons, and quitting Limbé to go-and raise recruits in the quarter of Ouanaminthe; that these recruits, and risings of people of colour, were. continued there under the countenance of Fleury and Hirondelle Viard, deputies of the people of colour to the National Assembly, the one residing at Mirebalais, and the other in the of Grand Riviére. quarter < That assemblies were yet held in the subterraneous passages near La Crête à Mareau, and the district of Giromen, in the parish of Grande Riviére; and that if he could be conducted to these places, he would strive hard to take chiefs of the rebellion: that the the agitation in which he found himself under his present circumstances, did not permit him to enter into more circumstantial details: that he would us with the remainder when he became acquaint a little more that it occurred to him at the moment, that tranquil: mulatto ofthis Castaing, a free dependeney, is not concerned in any manner in the present affair, but that if his brother Ogé had followed the persuasion of Castaing, he would have been brought into much greater extremities." X 2 The itation in which he found himself under his present circumstances, did not permit him to enter into more circumstantial details: that he would us with the remainder when he became acquaint a little more that it occurred to him at the moment, that tranquil: mulatto ofthis Castaing, a free dependeney, is not concerned in any manner in the present affair, but that if his brother Ogé had followed the persuasion of Castaing, he would have been brought into much greater extremities." X 2 The --- Page 214 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, The commissioners for taking the deposition then stated, that CHAP.III ) heard the above read on the day after it was made, 192. Ogé having and being again sworn, he confirmed it in every respect, adding, free mulattoes, whom he had 66 That the two Didiers, brothers, but that time, and that John Peter Gerard and Caton, seen ofthe were employed to gain a party ofthe free mulattoes Cape, the and disGrande Riviére; that they kept together by day, persed at night." They mention, that on being confronted with James Lucas, who had accused him, of threatening to hang him, he said, 56. to tell them why Lucas had not insisted it was necessary his explaining the reason of that threat, lest it should upon him his life: that the said Lucas had been always forecost of horror, the most active seducer most in every perpetration of the blacks, and promoter of massacre, and had of necessity him several times, on occasions which he been restrained by repeated. LHirondelle Viard, arriving in 66 That Fleury, Perisse, and the two former were landed at Acquin, and left at the colony, the house of Dupont, but that L'Hirondelle Viard proceeded to the Cape. 66 That La Place, whose father was then in prison for raising Ouanaminthe, was of the number of those who recruits at marched from Limbé against the Cape; that to avoid suspicion, he --- Page 215 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, he went to Port Margot, where he lay concealed for several days; that the senior La Place had told him that he CHAP.III, - - Y neighbour, who was a white knew his 1799, man, would not inform against though he knew all his him, then in proceedings; that he was sure Girardeau, prison, would declare nothing, because he his friend to betray him; and was too much that, if he were should be forced to denounce denounced, he other many others, both in Limbé and quarters. 46 That he had omitted to mention, on the subject of Lucas seducing the slaves, that Peter Maury had to Lucas, whom Ogé and his brother brought thirty slaves of colour sent away again, the people saying that it was a future supply; that he had same occasion a dispute with the tallest of the on the wished to fight with Didiers, whom he pistols, on account ofhis treasons; that he had seen a short note written by Peter Maury to John Francis siers, by which he signified, that he continued Tesand that the to collect together, negro Coquin and the widow Castaing, armed with pistols mounted with silver, and a short sword which furnished, watched Maury had every thing that passed, and gave an account every night to Maury; which was all that the accused declare at present, conjuring the could that if it commissioners to be persuaded, were possible to obtain mercy, he would expose himself to willingly every danger, to arrest the chiefs of the rebellion, and that in all circumstances he should respect for the whites *. prove his zeal and See tbe original paper in the Appendix. He ing, armed with pistols mounted with silver, and a short sword which furnished, watched Maury had every thing that passed, and gave an account every night to Maury; which was all that the accused declare at present, conjuring the could that if it commissioners to be persuaded, were possible to obtain mercy, he would expose himself to willingly every danger, to arrest the chiefs of the rebellion, and that in all circumstances he should respect for the whites *. prove his zeal and See tbe original paper in the Appendix. He --- Page 216 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. CHAP. III. He was, however, as before stated, immediately at the close 1792. ofthe confession, hurried to execution, and the whole suppressed, without any proceeding upon it whatever. The matter of the deposition has been particularly given, for this reason, it exhibits the manner of the rebellion, and the quality ofi its leaders, who appear to have been well acquainted with its various manceuvres; and if the principal persons mentioned, particularly Pinchinat, Castaing, and Viard, had been arrested at that time, they would have been prevented forming their attack of the 25th August.-Thus does party, which, as before described, in dividing the colony of St. Domingo, unconsciously act against itself, and a want of political foresight ruin the best intentions. January. To add to the effects of the disclosure of this extraordinary error, the talents of the black leaders began to appear in an instance in the conduct of one, Jean François, whose followers having destroyed all the provision grounds, and devoured all the cattle on the plain, he compelled them to plant in the mountainous districts provisions for their future subsistence; thus judiciously preparing for an indeterminate prolongation ofthe war. In the mother country fresh changes continuing to take place, new horrors were prepared for this unhappy colony from that The jacobin party, and the society of Amis des Noirs, quarter. were, at this period, resuming a powerful ascendaney, and on February. the --- Page 217 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, the 29th of February, Garan de Coulon tion ofthe last decree, proposed an abroga- CHAP.IL (ofSeptember 24,) and a general throughout the French colonies; the amnesty 1792. assemblies, whose formation of new colonial who opinions were to be submitted to should them, and particularly aid in the abolition of This inconsistent plan fell negro slavery. immediately to the gave birth to another, about ground; but it sidered little two months after, which was conmore beneficial to the miserable April, colony. inhabitants of the The decree of the 4th of Aprit Domingo, of the consisted, as related to St. following items; after an the political equality of the free acknowledgment of with the whites: negroes and people of colour I. A re-election of colonial and mode of the decree of the parochial assemblies, after the 8th March 1790, and the instructions. subsequent II. The eligibility of free votes and seats in the negroes and people of colour to legislature, upon certain mentioned in the fourth article of these qualifications III. IV. V. VI. VII. Three instructions, civil to enforce the commissioners to be named, decree, to dissolve the to take every measure for present colonial assemblies; ing and convoking the others, and peace order; to determine establishtions relating thereto, provisionally upon all quesNational conditionally reserving an appeal to the Assembly; to procure correct authors of the information of the troubles; to send the guilty to France for accusation, certain mentioned in the fourth article of these qualifications III. IV. V. VI. VII. Three instructions, civil to enforce the commissioners to be named, decree, to dissolve the to take every measure for present colonial assemblies; ing and convoking the others, and peace order; to determine establishtions relating thereto, provisionally upon all quesNational conditionally reserving an appeal to the Assembly; to procure correct authors of the information of the troubles; to send the guilty to France for accusation, --- Page 218 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. CHAP.III, cusation, transmitting constantly minutes of their proceedings, / the they collect; to call forth the public force to 1792. and of evidence their protection, or the execution of orders. VIII. A sufficient force of National Guards to be sent to the colonies for the various purposes. IX. X. The Colonial Assembly to transmit their sentiments to the mother country; and to send delegates on all subjects with them proportional to the population. XI. All former decrees, not hostile to the present, to continue in force. To perform its functions, three commissioners, named Santhonax, Polverel, and Ailhaud, were appointed, (who were ofthe most violent of the jacobin party,) and with them a force of eight thousand men, under officers whose principles were well known. D'Esparbes, governor. M. D'Esparbes, under the M. Blanchelande was superseded by title of commander in chief. The commissioners arrived at Cape September. the Arrival of François on the 13th of September. They found governor the sioners, commis- San- and the Colonial Assembly involved in disputes, and therefore thonax, Polverel, and him to France, and prepared for the first article of Aithaud. sent prisoner their decree to be carried into effect.. The arrival of these men, (from the unfavourable imprestheir predecessors,) instead of causing sions produced by in the colony, which appears to be the first intention peace an effect entirely opposite. of the new decrée, produced Amidst such a contrariety of enactions as had agitated them from --- Page 219 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, from the mother country the result of men coolly sitting down to provide remedies for the worst of CHAP.III, circumstances, at SO great 1792. a distance from the scene of action, and unaffected by its immediate difficulties, the people were in doubt what was intended by the new commission, they sent delegates from all quarters to inquire their intentions; ; some had concluded that they were merely come to exact money, but all had different opinion of their an inprojected operations. The commissioners answered generally, and certainly with that their views went no farther than to enforce dissimulation, the the 4th of April, in favor of the decree of people of colour, and to settle the future state of the colony, sO as to ensure its permanence. Notwithstanding this declaration, the inhabitants were not perfectly satisfied of their probity, and, when they found that the commissioners corresponded with the mulatto chiefs in all parts of the colony, they did not conceal their mistrust. In consequence the commissioners immediately avowed their intentions, and, strengthened by the co-operation of the colour, declared themselves the people of protectors of the negroes, and mulattoes, and seized the persons and effects of those who most eager to oppose their measures. Many were were sent to France, among whom were the superior officers of the of regiment the Cape. When the white inhabitants denied the election of the Colonial Assembly, they instituted an intermediate new commission Y (commission the colony, they did not conceal their mistrust. In consequence the commissioners immediately avowed their intentions, and, strengthened by the co-operation of the colour, declared themselves the people of protectors of the negroes, and mulattoes, and seized the persons and effects of those who most eager to oppose their measures. Many were were sent to France, among whom were the superior officers of the of regiment the Cape. When the white inhabitants denied the election of the Colonial Assembly, they instituted an intermediate new commission Y (commission --- Page 220 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, council, formed of twelve CHAP.III, (commission intermediare) as a legislative a whom had been members of the last assembly, 1792. persons, six of of their and six mulattoes. To these they delegated a part chiefly for financial purposes. With that promptitude for power, which the reign of the jacobins in France was distinguished, claimed a share of dominion, he when the governor D'Esparbes and conveyed to France as a state-prisoner: when, was ârrested, commission obfour of the white members of the intermediate measure of M. Santhonax, he commended jected to a financial their frankness, invited them to supper; and, when they came, a detachment of military, and conveyed they were surrounded by One of them was taken prion board of ship as state-prisoners. in the ship in which he was confined, and brought to soner where Mr. Edwards saw and rendered him service. England, from the union, more Another of the triuvirate dissenting seceded from his situation, and returned voluntarily to the timely mother-country. The affairs of France, now drawing towards an apparent crisis, 1793. the Executive Government SO fully, as to leave the occupied Santhonax and Polverel, absolute masters two commissioners, advantage of of the colony. They eagerly embraced every which was increased by the attachment such enormous power, of the revolters, of the military, and a considerable portion whom they had found means to secure to their interest. The which the whole of France at this period, same scenes occupied acted in St. Domingo. The inhabitants complained were again in --- Page 221 --- RISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, in the bitterest manner of their other wrongs, but it produced no CHAP.III, amendment, than the Y appointment, as governor, of Galbaud, a respectable officer of M. 1793. the colony, whom artillery, and a proprietor in they dispatched (on the declaration of against Great Britain and war Galbaud, Holland), with directions to the governor. colony in a proper state of defence put against a foreign enemy. Again was the arrangements of the French specting this unhappy colony, the cause of government reshed. When M. Galbaud commotion and bloodarrived with his suite at the they were received with transport Cape, inhabitants, by the municipality and the immediately took the oaths, and entered on his vernment; but when the commissioners, go- Mayt. who (at the time of his landing) were quelling an insurrection in the found he was invested with western province, they powers independent of their immediately set about authority, disrobing him; and the readiest being, by an existing decree, which way an estate in the prohibited any proprietor of colony from holding the tacked and defeated his claims government, they at) him to on that score, They ordered depart on board the sloop La pose of returning to Normande, for the purFrance, and invited M. de la Salle, they had previously made whom De la Salic, commandant at governor. receive the command of the Port-au-Prince, to colony in the name of the republic. French The indignity thus offered to Galbaud was not tacitly re. Y2 ceired of colony from holding the tacked and defeated his claims government, they at) him to on that score, They ordered depart on board the sloop La pose of returning to Normande, for the purFrance, and invited M. de la Salle, they had previously made whom De la Salic, commandant at governor. receive the command of the Port-au-Prince, to colony in the name of the republic. French The indignity thus offered to Galbaud was not tacitly re. Y2 ceired --- Page 222 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. CHAP.II. ceived by his brother, who collected from the inhabitants, the 1790. Cape militia, and the seamen in the harbour, a strong party to his authority. At the expiration of seven days the two support brothers landed, at the head of a powerful party, and proceeded in towards the government house, where the commisarray with a force, to receive them; being sioners were prepared, greater defended by the people of colour, a body of regulars, and a piece ofcannon. A bloody contest ensued; but, in consequence of the of a wine-cellar, the governor's party seamen getting possession to retire and take refuge in the royal arsenal, were compelled where they remained the whole of the night. In the ensuing morning the governor issued a proclamation, inviting all good citizens to join him, and several skirmishes took place between the two parties; but without any remarkable occurrence, till Galbaud's brother being taken prisoner by the commissioners, and Polverel the of Galbaud, it was proposed the son of by party. the to exchange the one for the other. 66 My son," >3 by governor Polverel, 66 knows his duty, and is prepared to die in the replied service of the republic!" The fatal stroke still remained to be put to the fate of St. Doof France. The white inhabitants had, from Jane 20. mingo, as a colony the time of the arrival ofthe commissioners, anticipated the meawith that want of discernment which had led them into sure; yet theirdificultien;therely creating a degree ofstupor amongst them, inasmuch that they had not been able to attempt any method to divert governor Polverel, 66 knows his duty, and is prepared to die in the replied service of the republic!" The fatal stroke still remained to be put to the fate of St. Doof France. The white inhabitants had, from Jane 20. mingo, as a colony the time of the arrival ofthe commissioners, anticipated the meawith that want of discernment which had led them into sure; yet theirdificultien;therely creating a degree ofstupor amongst them, inasmuch that they had not been able to attempt any method to divert --- Page 223 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, divert the blow. *" This was the the colony. emancipation ofall the slaces in CHAP.IIL, Whentheintentions ofGalbaud became known to the 1793. - / commissioners, and that he was supported of seamen, they by SO large a body assistance the immediately dispatched agents to call to their revolted negroes, with the offer ofa free the past, the plunder oft the city at pardon for in future.. The first present, and perfect freedom to whom they applied the and those of the most among leaders, refused the conspicuous eminence amidst the blacks, invitation; ; but another, named Macaya, negro slave, accepted it, and on the 21st, formerly a the town with of about noon, entered upwards three thousand slaves, and indiscriminate slaughter. M. Galbaud begun an and his adherents despairing of success, on the same had, to which the whole of the morning, retired to the ships, whites endeavoured to their retreat being interrupted follow, when not by the mulattoes, all that could escape were immediately murdered. This slaughter continued confusion and through the whole of the two days, at.the end of which they set fire to the succeeding and more than half of the principal buildings, city was consumed. The ers themselves, astonished at the devastation commissionsioned, and intimidated they had occaby the conduct of the allies had chosen, sought protection under the they cover of a ship of the line. * J'avoit écrit dans la colonie, des On pouvcit employer des mesures 1792, que c'étoit le plan confié aux Mais l'esprit de vertige qui vigoreuses pour l'empécher, elles étoient indiquées, commissaires, &cc. revolution eut lieu dans cette accompagné tout a qui s'est fait pour empêcher les maux de la circonstance, &c." Charmilly, Let. P. 65. Nor sought protection under the they cover of a ship of the line. * J'avoit écrit dans la colonie, des On pouvcit employer des mesures 1792, que c'étoit le plan confié aux Mais l'esprit de vertige qui vigoreuses pour l'empécher, elles étoient indiquées, commissaires, &cc. revolution eut lieu dans cette accompagné tout a qui s'est fait pour empêcher les maux de la circonstance, &c." Charmilly, Let. P. 65. Nor --- Page 224 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. amazed and vexed, when they Nor, were the mulattoes less CHAP.IIL against the whites, which they supposed 1793. found that the exertions to the liberation of their confined to their interest only, extended they now whose labour their fortunes depended; own slaves, on made the tools of the Amis des perceived that they had been of the their darling object, the emancipation Noirs, in obtaining enthusiasm and a fawhole body of negroes. There is an dangerous in naticism in politics, as well as religion, equally must bigotry to their projects, both, which, with an unaccountable they could not have led the society to urge such excesses; as hath desired the effusion ofhuman blood only, have originally might afterwards have imbeen asserted, however strongly they Such is the spirit bibed a spirit ofrevenge against their opponents.- endless, and undirected by any social principle. of Jacobinism, declaration of freedom to the slaves themThe effect of the from a people of selves, was such as might be naturally expected remained in and condition. A considerable part their character in preference to a their former situation with their masters, number joined the party oft the commissioners, change; a greater the greatest number, them; and, perhaps, who manumitted RETIRED IN SAfearful their liberty would not be permanent, VAGE BODIES TO THE MOUNTAINS. divisions and tumult had During the four years, in which to the emigrations took place reigned in St. Domingo, many and to the several neighbouring continent of North America, islands. --- Page 225 --- HISTORY OF ST, DOMINGO, islands. These, of course, increased as more particularly since the security grew less, and CHAP.II, first revolt of the slaves in the - northern province. To them were 1793. his now added Galbaud and party, who met, as the others had they fled. The done, an asylum wherever principal planters, however, still remained hind, attached to the colony, either bereturning lingering with hopes of tranquillity, or planning schemes for the ence of the island. Among them independthe economy of were some, conversant with politics, more active and able than those had hitherto been who distinguished; who looked forward from the year 1791, to some arrangement with the tain, that should crown of Great Briplace the island, and its proprietors of their description, under the government, and sant nation; and there protection of that puiswere a few others desirous of the colony to Spain. They all attaching saw, in the last desperate ing of the commissioners, proceednothing left to hope for from the ment of the mother country. The judglatter, therefore, a party to apply to the government of employed who Spanish St. Domingo, were unsuccessful. The former, with determined more judgment, upon making a formal application to Great on the same subject: for this Britain colleague, M. de purpose they commissioned their M. de CharCharmilly, a man of strong mental milly comof great activity, to communicate with powers, and the missioner British to to bring their the British ministry, and goverament, plans, SO long in agitation, to an issue. This gentleman, it will have appeared from the of this chapter, preceding part possessed a considerable interest in the island, and were unsuccessful. The former, with determined more judgment, upon making a formal application to Great on the same subject: for this Britain colleague, M. de purpose they commissioned their M. de CharCharmilly, a man of strong mental milly comof great activity, to communicate with powers, and the missioner British to to bring their the British ministry, and goverament, plans, SO long in agitation, to an issue. This gentleman, it will have appeared from the of this chapter, preceding part possessed a considerable interest in the island, and --- Page 226 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. knowledge of its concerns, which had given CHAP.III, and an extensive bodies, where he 1793. - him a share in several of its legislative the his inclination towards appears to have long communicated measure now confided to him. hitherto deaf to any proposition of atThe British ministry, became rather more distempting the capture of St. Domingo, from the occurrence of a war, which was cominclined of France. More than menced against the new government consent it could scarcely be called, for the arrangea negative of Jamaica, ment was left to the option of the governient should be ventured in its atand, in fact, whether any thing nature to the tainment. An intercourse of the most honorable had already taken place between the unhappy British character, Jamaica, who raised colonists of St. Domingo and those of for their aid, and applied them in the considerable subscriptions under the friendly ausbest calculated for their benefit, way Williamson, the governor; and wben allured pices of General St. Domingo, by the professions of the governor of Spanish could succeed better there, they were forthey thought they undertaking warded according to their wishes, Captain Rowley Mr. Henry Shirley, of the House of Retheir safe convoy. which to have exerted himselfin a manner presentatives, appears afforded deserves the highest eulogy. When the government in their island, M. de Charmilly lost no time them an asylum of the in setting off for Jamaica, and by his representation of the disposition of the planters towards state of St. Domingo, the --- Page 227 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, the British nation, and the facility of obtaining some ground CHAP.I. with a very small force, he prevailed upon General Williamson 1793. to grant him the aid he required; a force certainly inadequate to the invasion of such an island under any circumstances. The French commissioners, Santhonax and Polverel, who still retained a disputable power in St. Domingo, were quickly acquainted with the intended invasion, and began to prepare for it accordingly. Their force consisted of the remnant of the troops they brought with them from France, a body ofwhites who continued attached to their cause, and the slaves which had joined them, of which power little could be judged, being dispersed throughout the provinces. To render themselves in a better state to repel the invaders, they had recourse to a still more determinate step, that of procuring the aid ofthe whole of the negro slaves. They, * therefore, declared by proclamation, €e That August. every kind of slavery was abolished, and that the Abolition of negroes were slavery, thenceforward to consider themselves, and to be considered as free citizens-+. The inhabitants of St. Domingo, at this period, might be be considered under the following classes : It was signed only by Polverel, who was alone at Port-au-Prince, from whence issued. Santhonax was in the northern province, it was + It has been asserted that they were still to exercise the same tion of annual servants. Those labour, but in the condiceptions, which would, in fact, have acquainted rendered with the proclamation, recollect no such exthe abolition a nullity, Z 1. The and to be considered as free citizens-+. The inhabitants of St. Domingo, at this period, might be be considered under the following classes : It was signed only by Polverel, who was alone at Port-au-Prince, from whence issued. Santhonax was in the northern province, it was + It has been asserted that they were still to exercise the same tion of annual servants. Those labour, but in the condiceptions, which would, in fact, have acquainted rendered with the proclamation, recollect no such exthe abolition a nullity, Z 1. The --- Page 228 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. and most intelligent of the planters, who CHAP.IIL, 1. The principal, (which and the renovation of their property, 1793. desiring tranquillity, state of France,) looked they could not expect from the distracted of a nation, and perhaps most to that to the protection powerful of England. The remainder of the white planters, who had become 2dly. rather to support the commissioners as republicans, and chose of the republic, probably from principle, the representatives their immediate than to adopt any other country, and to sacrifice :-the impartiality of history demands interest to their allegiance that this class should not receive any harsher description. A number of those persons, to be found in all countries, Sdly. when under embarrassed circumstances, who, having particularly without principle, are ripe for nothing to lose, and frequently of whom, by stratagem, or other means, had enterprize; many themselves of obtained the property of absent planters, availing the state of the colony, to their own aggrandizement. The mulattoes I consider as partaking of each of these characters: and, slaves, the most important body of 4thly. The emancipated the whole, in whom were comprised almost every description of Some of them had already exhibited talents of a character. nature, both in civil and military government, among superior had themselves equal to many of the révolters; others proved the --- Page 229 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, the higher purposes of life, and eminent physical they were possessed at least of CHAP.III, power, ) Y 1793, If we might pause for a or moment, to consider the impropriety of the accession ofthe British propriety, proposition of M. de government to the those who Charmilly, we might lavish censure on could, with such small hopes of a plan of such extent, with success, enter into SO little and such small means for its information on its nature, the partizan, with execution; but we will leave it for every local or supposed to condemn those advantage of judging, without; and who, in the of a country with many complex dominion interests to dependencies, and with as many reconcile, must be sometimes hurried jarring ments which may not into arrangeprove ultimately successful, standing their discrimination. notwithbe -Sometimes, too, ambition supposed to intrude; nor will the brave may Charmilly complain and intelligent De degree, ofhaving also attributed to him, in no slight c The glorious fault of angels and of gods!" That those who had determined ment, were on adopting the British governprepared to sustain their doubt, but they formed engagements, there is no of a vast one class only of the numerous remains population; while the remainder had motives for the strongest If, even the oppostion-interest, party, and relief from two former ideas could have slavery. been overcome, every Z 2 colonist, armilly complain and intelligent De degree, ofhaving also attributed to him, in no slight c The glorious fault of angels and of gods!" That those who had determined ment, were on adopting the British governprepared to sustain their doubt, but they formed engagements, there is no of a vast one class only of the numerous remains population; while the remainder had motives for the strongest If, even the oppostion-interest, party, and relief from two former ideas could have slavery. been overcome, every Z 2 colonist, --- Page 230 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. individuals with colonial affairs CHAP.II, colonist, or other acquainted Y have from the example of the black Charribes 1793. might known, that the last was of St. Vincent, or the Maroons. in Jamaica, be subdued.* Retaining all the adyantages they not to easily of favorable had derived, in many instances, from the partiality in the experience of the different conmasters, and particularly and conflicts that had taken place, they had become, troversies, intercourse with them to conwhat is impossible, without an ceive; an unique people, however, that interest might assimilate the It was hoped, whole of the whites; that the hostility of the people of colour be nearly exhausted; and that the negroes were not SO far might alienated from their duty, as never to be expected to return; with reason, to the bravery and ability still much was left, great of those who were to conduct the enterprize. Under such circumstances, an armament was formed at JaBritish invasion of St. of the 13th regiment of foot, seven companies Domingo, maica, composed under Lieut. 49th and a detachment of artillery, under CapColonel ofthe regiment, Whitlocke about 870 rank and file. With the first and Commo- tain Smith, furnishing dore Ford. of about 679 rank and file, Lieudivision of these, consisting Whitlocke+ arrived at Jeremie on the 19th of tenant-Colonel See Dallas's History of the Maroons, also Edwards's British West Indies. t Now Major-General Whitlocke. September, --- Page 231 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, September, and took possession ofthe town and following morning. harbour on the CH.AP. IIL Agents from M. de Charmilly had - / arranged every point, the troops therefore already 1793, the smallest disembarked without opposition. British colours were hoisted on with royal salutes, and the inhabitants the forts, giance to the king of Great Britain. immediately swore alleat that time the command Commodore Ford having Jeremie and on theJamaica station, Cape St. the Europa man of war, the accompanied in Nicholas transport of the surrendered. in the necessary formalities of troops, and assisted place. The Mole of receiving the submission of the Cape St. Nicholas, (the key of the Antilles,) immediately Gibraltar, or day, according to the followed. Toit, on the next his course, and, pre-arrangement, the commodore directed on the 22nd, landing the marines session of the fortress and only, took possupplied by the harbour. This port was soon after grenadier company ofthe 13th was added the second division regiment, to which of the five companies, of armament, comprising forty men each. The town of St. however, did not capitulate, for its Nichoias, the British, and inhabitants were hostile to immediately joined the republican army. The great extent of important coast thus possession of the English, excited coming into the and the most sanguine determined all parties in the prospects, which promised such prosecution of an enterprize exertions of the brilliant success, We shall quit the in defensive commissioners, who were at present employed operations about the capital, while their the slaves, were new allies, forming a separate interest in the interior, to the British, and inhabitants were hostile to immediately joined the republican army. The great extent of important coast thus possession of the English, excited coming into the and the most sanguine determined all parties in the prospects, which promised such prosecution of an enterprize exertions of the brilliant success, We shall quit the in defensive commissioners, who were at present employed operations about the capital, while their the slaves, were new allies, forming a separate interest in the interior, to --- Page 232 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. of the south-east and north-west CHAP.IIL, to follow the new possessors - Y - of the in their united movements with the brave 1793. districts colony colonists; by whom they appear to have been cordially and respectably joined. to Jeremie, first attracted the attenThe neighbouring port tion of Colonel Whitlocke, who was instructed, that it would to the security of Le Grand Anse. He be of importance therefore sailed for Tiburon with his whole force, and arrived in the bay on the 4th day of October; a planter, named Morin to land with five hundred colonial Duval, was proceed by troops, and to form a junction at an appointed spot; but, unfortunately, a piece of cannon compelled Colonel Whitlocke to disembark three miles distant, and the wind intercepted the signal of Duval, who in consequence wandered about the whole of the day, in imminent danger, with a faithful and intelligent called John Vina, whose men formed a part of the five negro of from hundred. At the same time, a reinforcement cavalry Aux Cayes joining the enemy, Colonel Whitlocke was obliged to return, with a loss of twenty men, without effecting his purpose. A small check is sufficient to turn the tide of joy when it is Meet a small check. this defeat was magnified in the opinion full set in, consequently of those, who had before only to step into possession of wealthy and with well-filled magazines. It had the effect of towns, disheartening the troops; to whom General Williamson sent as encouragement, --- Page 233 --- HISTORY OF ST, DOMINGO, encouragement, till reinforcements, which England, should arrive, the were expected from CHAPIIL the 20th remaining part of the 49th - Y regiment, and the lst battalion of regiment, 1793, addition not only served to chear the Royals, This soldiery, but to increase the the drooping spirits of the confidence in the intention of Great Britain planters, as to the following up the ingly, the parishes of Jean Rabell, enterprize; accordSt. Marc, Boucassin, became attached to Arcahaye, and From this period until the the territory of Great Britain. middle was made; when the colonists, ofJanuary, no farther advance 1794. a few miles distant from who had established a port at Irois, Tiburon, in order to overawe that having, for security, erected a fort in the place, which considerably affected centre of a marsh, their health; they to re-attempt that port, and the became impatient Anse eagerly solicited Privy Council of Le Grand the 21st ofJanuary, Colonel Whitlocke for the purpose. On therefore, the commodore on board at Jeremie; and on the 2d of received the troops they arrived off Cape Tiburon. February, in the evening, and The commodore stood out to Capt. Rowley, a brave and sensible sea, ment ofthe attack; while officer, had the manageinferior in any quality, commanded Lieutenant-Colonel Spencer, * no way Capfure of partly of colonists, and the troops, which consisted Tiburon. a detachment of the British enemy appeared in considerable force, army. The cleared the beach; but the fire of the ships they came forward again, and musquetry at the boats; when the directed their troops landing, and forming Now Major-General Spencer. instantly, Capt. Rowley, a brave and sensible sea, ment ofthe attack; while officer, had the manageinferior in any quality, commanded Lieutenant-Colonel Spencer, * no way Capfure of partly of colonists, and the troops, which consisted Tiburon. a detachment of the British enemy appeared in considerable force, army. The cleared the beach; but the fire of the ships they came forward again, and musquetry at the boats; when the directed their troops landing, and forming Now Major-General Spencer. instantly, --- Page 234 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. with the gallant Colonel Spencer at their head, enCHAP.III, instantly, the defenders. Their line was routed with con1794. tirely dispirited derable slaughter, and one hundred and fifty surrendered prisoners of war. In this, as in the former instance, they found the magawell stored with ammunition. The loss, on the part of the zine victors, was extremely small. this victory the whole of the bay, or bight of Leogane, beBy under the command of the British squadron; and nothing came but an additional armament, which was constantly was wanting Port-au-Prince, the capital of the colony, to expected, to secure which every one looked with an anxious eye. In the interim, however, it was conceived expedient to obtain the possession of the ancient town of Port-Paix, an important post side of the island; and Colonel Whitlocke was on the northern its surrender by the offer of a sum induced to attempt procuring to the general who commanded in it. This was M. of money Laveaux, a man of broken fortune, though of a good family, who had been long in the service, and had a troop of dragoons Whether Colonel Whitlocke formed his before the revolution. calculation alone upon this circumstance, Or, as hath been mentioned, his orders were improperly executed, cannot, at prebe determined; but, it is certain, that General Laveaux sent, considerable confidence from the republican army, and possessed that he did not abuse it. The offer was made in a letter sent with a flag, and 5000L. the sum stipulated. He silently read the letter --- Page 235 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, letter, and asked the officer, upon his honour, if he knew its CHAP. III. contents; upon being answered in the negative, he told him, A 1794. that, if he had known them, he should have immedintely been hung on a gibbet. He then read the letter aloud to those around him, and returned the following answer:- a You have endeavoured to dishonour me in the eyes of my Answer of troops, by supposing me SO vile, flagitious, and ther republicapable of base, as to be can General betraying my trust for a bribe: this is an affiront, for Laveaux, a to which you owe me personal satisfaction, and I demand mise compro- for his it, in the name of honour. Wherefore, post, previous to any general action, I offer you single combat until one of us fall; leaving to the choice of arms, either on foot, or horseback, Your you situation as my enemy, on the part of your country, did not to offer me a personal insult; give you a right and, as a private person, I ask satisfaction for an injury done me by an individual."* Ofthe character ofGen. Laveaux, a midst the conflicts of in which he was situated, it is difficult to party, judge. But he certainly possessed talents; ; and, ifthere were no other cause for this tion than his circumstances, the misfortunes proposi: be of a brave man should respected. The situation and character of Col. Whitlocke, however, demanded an attention to every expedient object+ its This answer is copied from Edwards, who is not terms dirfer from anouher copy in the possession of contradicted the author. by De Charmilly, though + Though the impartiality we wish to preserve on all ceding facts should be fairly stated, we wish to offer a occasions demands that the preconduct of Major- -General Whitlocke, as au officer of sincere undoubted tribute of respect to the talents of the highest order, bravery, honour, and 2A The situation and character of Col. Whitlocke, however, demanded an attention to every expedient object+ its This answer is copied from Edwards, who is not terms dirfer from anouher copy in the possession of contradicted the author. by De Charmilly, though + Though the impartiality we wish to preserve on all ceding facts should be fairly stated, we wish to offer a occasions demands that the preconduct of Major- -General Whitlocke, as au officer of sincere undoubted tribute of respect to the talents of the highest order, bravery, honour, and 2A The --- Page 236 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. The fortress of LAcul, in the vicinity of Leogane, was next CHAP.III - - and carried on the 19th of February, but with the loss 1794. invested, oft two valuable officers. At four in the morning, the flank-comof the royal artillery, and of the 13th repanies, a detachment giment, with some colonial troops, two five half-inch howitzers, marched from Leogane, under the comand two four-pounders, mand of Colonel Whitlocke; while two hundred colonial troops, few British artillery, under the orders of the Baron de and a Montalembert, which were previously embarked, were to land and attack the fort from the sea at an hour appointed. Colonel Whitlocke moved forward on the great road, and took post just without cannon-shot; while Capt. Vincent, with the light infantry of the 49th, and about 80 colonial troops, were dispatched road to combine their effects with those of Montalemby a higher from the bert, in favour of the main body. But, unfortunately, intoxication of the captain of one ofthe transports, notwithstanding the ability and propriety of the other, the King, Montalemnot be and all the service they could bert could landed, perform, was that of diverting the attention of 200 negroes and mulattoes, who were kept on the beach to receive them. The cannonaded from seven till eleven, when Colonel enemy Whitlocke ordered Captain Smith, with the howitzers and to advance, and fire upon the fort, supported by the cannon, light-infantry of the royal, and 13th regiments, under the comSpencer. On the discovery of a mand of Lieutenant-Colonel it was determined to storm the fort, and failure on the sea-side, Colonel Spencer, with the grenadiers of the 49th, and lightinfantry of the 13th, proceeded to join Captain Vincent on the Mountain- annonaded from seven till eleven, when Colonel enemy Whitlocke ordered Captain Smith, with the howitzers and to advance, and fire upon the fort, supported by the cannon, light-infantry of the royal, and 13th regiments, under the comSpencer. On the discovery of a mand of Lieutenant-Colonel it was determined to storm the fort, and failure on the sea-side, Colonel Spencer, with the grenadiers of the 49th, and lightinfantry of the 13th, proceeded to join Captain Vincent on the Mountain- --- Page 237 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, Mountain-Road. Between four and five the two columns ceeded, and the main-body pro- CHAP.I, immediately received a cannon and It heary fire of 1794. musquetry, was ordered to advance and the fort, which it executéd with the utmost gain effect than could have rapidity, and with more After been expected, by SO small a party. obtaining possession of the fort, considerable sustained from the of damage was explosion one of the been filled with combustibles buildings, which had could by the commander, on no longer defend it. It finding he the coast of Africa, was fired by a negro recently from who is supposed not to have known what did, or, the use of powder; he set fire he tbe spot, and to an artillery-waggon on perished, with thirteen of and two oflicers, privates the besiegers had Capt. Morshead, of the 20th been previously wounded grenadiers, who in the body, and Caulfield, of the 62d, Lieutenant attended They were buried with military by the British honours, garrison, Lieutenant engineers, and Captain M-Kerras, of the wounded Hutchinson, of the royals, in the attack, continued though both carried. Lieutenant on duty till the fort was Tilnin, of the 20th ed, but recovered. grenadiers, was woundThus the first sharp action that but the same was was fought, ended not the case with the successfully; immediately after, second, which occurred though of less was intended to punish the importance, This expedition of Bombarde, treachery of the German inhabitants before described. It was marines from the different composed chiefly of English deships, who were performing the feat at] Bom2 A 2 gar- barde. rison- --- Page 238 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, CHAP.IIL. rison-duty of'the Mole with the regular troops, under the and Lieutenant-Colonel 1794. orders of Lieutenant-Colonel Spencer, Markham; two Frenchmen accompanied them, M. Deneux, the major: of artillery, and Lieutenant-Colonel Charmilly, who whére, not on account of the great was necessary every only responsibility under which he lay to all parties, but from the general want of knowledge, in the language of the country by the commanders. The detachment set off at nine o'clock at night, and arrived at the redoubt about three in the morning, having marched fifteen miles in the woods and mountains. It was defended by 150 German soldiers, intrenched, with three pieces of cannon. They at the moment, when the troops were were relieving guard discovered, and the alarm-gun fired. Colonel Markham, with half the detachment, attacked the rédoubt in flank, while the remainder approached the gate. The enemy suffered them to, arrive within half-gun shot, when having challenged three times, calling-" Qui vive 9" Colonel Spencer answered, 6 England !" and immediately the assailants received a fire, perfectly well directed, and kept up with sO much order and briskthat the enterprize was obliged to be immediately abanness, doned. Several ofthe officers advanced as far as the ditch, supported by some grenadiers, but not being: sufficiently: numerall retired in confusion. M. De Charmilly (who recounts ous; side ofthe ditch, teni feet from the entrenchthe affair) was at the ments, which served as a rampart, and was wounded by several musquetI vive 9" Colonel Spencer answered, 6 England !" and immediately the assailants received a fire, perfectly well directed, and kept up with sO much order and briskthat the enterprize was obliged to be immediately abanness, doned. Several ofthe officers advanced as far as the ditch, supported by some grenadiers, but not being: sufficiently: numerall retired in confusion. M. De Charmilly (who recounts ous; side ofthe ditch, teni feet from the entrenchthe affair) was at the ments, which served as a rampart, and was wounded by several musquetI --- Page 239 --- HISTORY OF ST, DOMINGO, musquet-shot: one ball struck the plate of his belt, and the barrel of a brass-pistol in his another CHAP.III have killed him. pocket, either of which must 1794. There were sixteen men killed, and six taken prisoners; the remainder twentyretreated without misfortune than the hardships any further I shall describe experienced by a small party, which from the authority of the oflicer just the retreat being very mentioned;* cate precipitate, there was no signal to indiit, SO that many of the people strayed from the main body. A young and brave officer, Lieutenant giment of royal English Garstin, of the first re- Singular disinfantry, who was with his tress of Garfound, at day-break, that he had detachment, stin and his strayed from the road men. men belonging to his with eight led him farther company. All his endeavours to find it from it; when, towards the middle of day, he fell in with a German the who desired him patrole, consisting of six men, to surrender. He answered by fire upon them if they attacked him. threatening to Seeing him sO they contented themselves with determined, following, while he to stray still farther from his intended continued him with it, and again point. They acquainted pressed his surrender, which was as constantly refused. The Germans, fatigued with over the dry and following him sandy plains, on the approach of night they continued to wander, retired; fainting with hunger, thirst, and * M. De Charmilly, though extremely and errors which crept into his Historical often jastly severe with Mr. Edwards in the bis descriptions: an instance of which, Survey, it is is, occasionally, rather incorrect himself in Garstin, as it also did in a transport which be apprehended, calls the occurs in the affair of Lieut, King Grey. fatigue ; --- Page 240 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. CHAP. III. fatigue; at the end of two days and a night, during which time 1794. - two of the number died of want and weariness, having found nothing but the fruit of Indian fig-trees and aloes, they arrived, by a fortunate chance, at the landing place of the which had been destroyed three Platform, a republican port, Here they found an old weeks before by Captain Rowley. abandoned fishing-boat, in which they embarked without provisions, fresh water, or a sail, with very bad oars. They arrived of the third day at the entrance of the bay of on the morning the Mole St. Nicholas, from whence the fishermen brought them into the town. During this retreat from the enemy in one quarter, they were giving a repulse in another of considerable importance. One of the lieutenants of Rigaud, with 1500 men of different colours, had prepared to attack the important post of L'Acul de Leogane; on the day preceding the intended attack, they 400 men, (only 150 of whom were of the were intercepted by British legion, and the remainder of the militia of Leogane.) under the command of the Baron de Montalembert, who completely routed them, and took a piece of cannon. They charged with fixed bayonets, and upwards of 300 of the enemy lay dead upon the field. The same success occurred in the attack which was made by the mulatto officer Rigaud, of Aux Cayes, on the fort of Tiburon, the possession of which had cost so dear. His force consisted of they 400 men, (only 150 of whom were of the were intercepted by British legion, and the remainder of the militia of Leogane.) under the command of the Baron de Montalembert, who completely routed them, and took a piece of cannon. They charged with fixed bayonets, and upwards of 300 of the enemy lay dead upon the field. The same success occurred in the attack which was made by the mulatto officer Rigaud, of Aux Cayes, on the fort of Tiburon, the possession of which had cost so dear. His force consisted of --- Page 241 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, of 2000 men, chiefly revolted negroes, with two pieces of cannon, four-pounders. They surrounded the fort about CHAP.IIL. morning, and it was defended three in the 1794. before with much spirit till a quarter nine, notwithstanding the great battery being dismounted, and a number of men killed and entirely explosion of a quantity of wounded by the gunpowder, when the of whom, under the command besieged (a party of Jean Kina, had a sortie on one side,) before made quitting the fort, routed the assailants with great slaughter, 170 of their number field. The being left dead on the pleasure of the victory, was damped, when it found that out of the small number of British was fort, 28 had fallen, besides that were in the 100 of the colonial This affair, troops. notwithstanding, was one which conferred on all the forces, and the Chevalier equal honor de Sevré, in his on the occasion to Colonel dispatch small garrison, which Whitlocke, pays a tribute to the May. SO distinguished itself on the occasion. Still, during these occasional the colony successes, the general spirit of began to droop, on perceiving, that riod of eight months, not the during a pesmallest arrived from Great re-inforcement had Britain, nor was it only in fears, that this despondency and diffidence began to shew parish which, a few months themselves, for a before, had voluntarily the protection of England, (that of Jean adopted officers of the Rabell,) compelled the garrison to deliver up their post to and it was much feared, that Laveaux; many others would follow their example, This defection was less felt, as between four and five --- Page 242 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. CHAP.III. five thousand persons had returned to the plantations from their - ( 1794. different asylums. when the British At this moment, sO temporarily inauspicious, interests seemed devoted to contempt, on the 19th of May, the and the sloop, cast anchor in the Reinforced Belliqueux, the Irresistible, Fly under dier-General Briga- harbour of Cape St. Nicholas, with the 22d, 23d, and 41st regiWhyte, ments of infantry, under the command of Brigadier-General Whyte. All spirits were now resumed, the despondency which overwhelmed the colony disappeared, and all seemed, as from a general impulse, to expect the reduction ofthe capital of Portau-Prince, and a considerable share of wealth from the capture. These troops were detached by General Sir Charles Grey from Guadaloupe, after the reduction of the French Windward Islands, where they had experienced a severe campaign, and where their services were yet wanted. Great evils were ascribed to the circumstance of withdrawing them-the loss of the island they left, and the occasion of the largest and most expensive armament that ever sailed from England to the West Indies, with other misfortunes.* Commodore Ford had, for a considerable time, blockaded Expedition against of the the harbour of Port-au-Prince, to the great discouragement of the capital the island. Colonel Chalmers' s Remarks on the late War in St. Domingo, p. 21. commissioners; campaign, and where their services were yet wanted. Great evils were ascribed to the circumstance of withdrawing them-the loss of the island they left, and the occasion of the largest and most expensive armament that ever sailed from England to the West Indies, with other misfortunes.* Commodore Ford had, for a considerable time, blockaded Expedition against of the the harbour of Port-au-Prince, to the great discouragement of the capital the island. Colonel Chalmers' s Remarks on the late War in St. Domingo, p. 21. commissioners; --- Page 243 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. commissioners; on the arrival of this re-inforcement, although CHAP.III, inferior to what had been hoped, it was considered best that the 1794. expectation of the inhabitants should not be disappointed, Geneneral Whyte, therefore, having landed his sick at St. Nicholas, received in their place 160 of the garrison, and proceeded to the rendezvous, in the road of Arcahaye, on the 23d of May, to concert the enterprize with the Commodore, and receive such of the colonial troops as were to co-operate. On the 30th they Expedition sailed again, and arrived off Port-au-Prince in the evening. Not- against capital of the withstanding the operations, in a warlike view, may not be of the the island, first importance, it should be mentioned that the squadron comprized four ships of the line, the Europa, the Belliqueux, the Irresistible, and the Sceptre, three frigates, and four or five smaller vessels, the whole under the command of Commodore Ford. The British land-forces, under the orders of General Whyte, consisted of 1,465 rank and file, fit for duty, to whom were added 2,000 colonial troops. It is proper to remark, that at this period the French inhabitants composing the latter corps, likewise chiefly supplied the Mole, St. Marc, Leogane, Jeremie, the camps Des Rivaux and Du Centre, and Tiburon, (on which place an attack was projected, by the mulatto chief Rigaud, from Aux Cayes.) The necessary preparations being made, the next morning a flag was sent, demanding the surrender of the town, which, not being admitted, it was determined to cannonade the fortress 2B of --- Page 244 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. which defended the great carriage road leading from CHAP.IIL, of Bizotton, ofthe Bay, Y which protected one part 1791. Leogane to Port-au-Prince, artillery, and and in which were 500 men, eight pieces of heavy dismantled on the side next the sea two mortars. The fort was line of battle ships in the course of the day, (May S1,) by two but on the land side remaining perfect, an assault and a frigate, with 300 British, and 500 became necessary. Colonel Spencer, within a landed in the evening, colonial troops, were accordingly accompanied by the mile of the fort, and night soon approached, of rain. thunder-storm, and deluge horrors of a most tremendous Commander, the of the A council of war was held, consisting and the brave Colonel de Charmilly, Baron de Montalembert, by M'Kerms of the engineers; when it was suggested Captain best with the nature Colonel de Charmilly, who was acquainted attack with fixed bayonets, as the torrents of the country, to and musquetry in from the elements would render the cannon and drown the sound of the approaching assailthe fort useless, led the advanced Captain Daniel, of the 41st regiment, ants. and executed the plan with such vigor guard, of only sixty men, and bearing down all and judgment, that entering a breach, the those who begged and obtained mercy,) before them, (except astonishment even of the brave fort was carried directly, to the and Captain Daniel was severely wounded, Colonel Spencer. May 31. Captain Wallace, died on the glacis, Fort Bizotton his second in command, taken. had lived, full of bravery and honor. as he It approaching assailthe fort useless, led the advanced Captain Daniel, of the 41st regiment, ants. and executed the plan with such vigor guard, of only sixty men, and bearing down all and judgment, that entering a breach, the those who begged and obtained mercy,) before them, (except astonishment even of the brave fort was carried directly, to the and Captain Daniel was severely wounded, Colonel Spencer. May 31. Captain Wallace, died on the glacis, Fort Bizotton his second in command, taken. had lived, full of bravery and honor. as he It --- Page 245 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, It is a subject of deep regret to the writer, from the of this work, not to be able to adorn nature CHAP.III, ) of numerous actions his pages with the account 1794. Y which, could he have transmitted rity, would immortalize to postemany whose names and heroism rious chances ofwar frequentlyc the vaconsign to oblivion. Iti is sometimes necessary that the historian should select his to dramatic effect, characters with a view yet a place on the roll of fame should denied to any; as that is often considered not be a life of the noblest reward for perseverance and sorrow; and the most tive to future services of honorable incendanger and national glory. The capture of Bizotton determined the fate The party remained in the fort till of Port-an-Prince. the army from joined by the main body of other LArcahaye, which, one part by land, and by sea, made its the of Cul de Sac. approach on the side next the rich On the 4th of June they arrived plain miles of the town, and, at ten in the within three Colonel morning, the detachment of Spencer marched to occupy a post on the the capital. When they had advanced heights behind were met by a mulatto about half way they woman, who acquainted surprize, with its evacuation. them, to their Colonel de of the colonial Charmilly, with fifty cavalry, were dispatched to which they found as she had ascertain the fact, stated; and they possession of the fort of the Gate of immediately took Capture of hour after, a cry was heard from Leogane. About half an Port-au- Priace, situation, and a cellar in a very concealed upon the door being broke open, a negro was dis2B2 covered, --- Page 246 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. CHAP.III. covered, surrounded by barrels of gunpowder. The unhappy to the of M. de 1794, wretch had been placed there, according opinion Charmilly, the preceding night, to blow them up at a certain time, but his match being extinguished, his own life, as well as that of those who surrounded him, were thus spared by mere accident. The fort De L/Hopital was the next to be taken possession of, which was accomplished in the same manner, but with the appearances of imminent danger they escaped with ther lives; for here the commissioners had planned their principal blow to destroy the new masters of the place, which had been defeated by the rain just mentioned. A train of powder was found reaching from the magazine, (where several of the barrels had their bottoms knocked out, and the powder strewed about the floor,) to the thickets behind the fort; the whole, fortunately, was wet, and by precaution every accident was prevented. Fort Robin, in which were between two and three hundred men, who had refused to fly with the commissioners, readily surrendered to M. de Charmilly. The Baron de Montalembert was sent to take possession of Fort St.Joseph, which commanded the gate of the town leading to the Cul de Sac, and a detachment of troops from Leogane went to the Fort de St. Claire. Thus, in a few hours, the English were in full possession ofPortau-Prince. The commodore, who had entered the road, "took possession every accident was prevented. Fort Robin, in which were between two and three hundred men, who had refused to fly with the commissioners, readily surrendered to M. de Charmilly. The Baron de Montalembert was sent to take possession of Fort St.Joseph, which commanded the gate of the town leading to the Cul de Sac, and a detachment of troops from Leogane went to the Fort de St. Claire. Thus, in a few hours, the English were in full possession ofPortau-Prince. The commodore, who had entered the road, "took possession --- Page 247 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. possession of Fort de P'Islet, and sent in a British flag, which CHAP.-III, De Charmilly hoisted at Port Robin, with sensations that are 1794. - easier to be felt than described. 6 I considered," says he, 66 this happy event as a recompense accorded me by Fate for all my labours, and all my troubles in the salvation of St. Domingo." At six o'clock General Whyte arrived. Such was the capture of this important capital, whose characterandwealth had tempted every person employed in theintended conquest of the island. Within the compass of its lines were one hundred and thirty one pieces of cannon regularly mounted in batteries. In the harbour were twenty-two vessels laden with sugar, indigo, and coffee, of which thirteen were from three to five hundred tons burthen, besides seven thousand tons of shipping in ballast, in value amounting to 400,0001. A booty much more considerable was conveyed away by the commissioners, who loaded two hundred mules with their riches, and carried away near two thousand persons in their train. Having previously arranged their affairs, and finding the people of colour, (of whose aid, they had only intended to avail themselves temporarily,) possessed of the whole natural strength of the island, under the mulatto Rigaud, and a negro named Toussaint L'Ouverture, Return of they soon after quitted the colony, consigning immense wealth the commis- French both to America and France, leaving General Laveaux in the sioners, thonax and Sancharacter of commander in chief; and returned to France, where Polverel, France. to they received from the government presiding at that time a sanction of their proceedings. Polverel soon after died, the victim of --- Page 248 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. but Santhonax lived to pay the colony a CHAP.II, of a life of dissipation, 1794. - triumphal visit. has existed on the idea of some private Much controversy between them and the comarrangement having taken place the with whom several flags of truce passed during modore, the detachment from the army was kept three days in which but from inactive. How this was, has never been explained, road from Port-au-Prince to Jacmel, it is the situation of the and, acclear, that their retreat might have been interrupted, the fate of the colony determined. Immedicording to some, the of the British, after Port-au-Prince came into possession ately armed inhabitants assembled in the more than three thousand reducto undertake any enterprize for the further town, ready no use was made of the tion of the colony. Unfortunately, thus an but what they afforded in profit; present advantages, often the case, never occurred opportunity was lost, which, as is again. so much desired, seems to The capture of Port-au-Prince, of British power in St. Domingo. have formed the height old the affairs of its possessions," says an 46 From that period in on the spot,* 66 began to decline English officer employed of expence; and proportion, as it were, to the vast accumulation inspector-general of colonial troops in St. Domingo. Remarks," Colonel Chambers, p. 41. all S ; present advantages, often the case, never occurred opportunity was lost, which, as is again. so much desired, seems to The capture of Port-au-Prince, of British power in St. Domingo. have formed the height old the affairs of its possessions," says an 46 From that period in on the spot,* 66 began to decline English officer employed of expence; and proportion, as it were, to the vast accumulation inspector-general of colonial troops in St. Domingo. Remarks," Colonel Chambers, p. 41. all S --- Page 249 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, all was languor, disease, or peculation!" As satisfaction soon as the general CHAP.IIL, gave way to the necessary considerations for the soldiery were defence, 1794. compelled to assist in raising the side of the town next the mountains intrenchments on military by day, and to perform duty at night, thereby suffering the effects, of the sun and the dew. Many of these alternately, months on men had been six ship-board, and the season was unfavorable to At this unfortunate them. juncture, arrived the with the remainder of the Experiment frigate, troops ordered from the Islands, under the command of the Windward Honourable Colonel Lennox,* consisting of eight flank Lieutenantto the 22d, 23d, 25th, and 41st companies belonging regiments. Now in St. Domingo the ravages of that commenced power more terrible than contagion, which, with a ordinary death itself, has bereft SO many families of their hopes, and cut off the flower of a army, without the gratification of an honorable promising conflict. It has been a melancholy object of dispute, the yellow fever had been whether or not generated, or even made its ance in St. Domingo, previous to the arrival appear- Commence of the ment of the at Port-au-Prince, That sickness, and Experiment yellow fever perhaps fevers incidental in St. Doto all the colonies, had before been experienced mingo. is certain, none of whom had by our troops, gone directly from Europe, and might have been expected to be accustomed to the it is to be remembered, that many of them had climate; yet occasionally been Now General Leunox, kept --- Page 250 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. in the transports, that they had been sometimes posted CHAP. III. kept long Mole, and at others seated in 1794. on the burning sands of the marshes, which the colonists themselves could not long endure; and what was little better than either of these, they had opportunities of indulgence, which required more prudence to withstand, than could be expected from soldiers under their circumhad been already harassed by new modes of stances. They warfare with the blacks, who, particularly those under Toussaint, of uncommon ability in the interior, had been a negro general From the sickness arising from the trained with singular care. former causes, the colonial troops were entirely free, in consequence of their different habits. This pestilence is described as having been brought first to Grenada by the Hankey, from Bulam in Africa, where she crowded with passengers who could not be had staid SO long, accommodated on shore for some time, as to contract a disease sui generis, similar to the jail distemper. The greater part died, and two only of the ship's company arrived at Grenada. The circumstances that follow, are scarcely to be conceived by those who do not know the numerous instances that occur, to prove of a Board of Health in all the necessity of an establishment the British colonies. The clothes and bedding of the deceased victims, were sold byy auction, distributed among a variety of perand the contagion with which they were infected, consesons, that island, but the other quently spread, not only throughout Antilles, and a çonsiderable part ofthe continent. It and two only of the ship's company arrived at Grenada. The circumstances that follow, are scarcely to be conceived by those who do not know the numerous instances that occur, to prove of a Board of Health in all the necessity of an establishment the British colonies. The clothes and bedding of the deceased victims, were sold byy auction, distributed among a variety of perand the contagion with which they were infected, consesons, that island, but the other quently spread, not only throughout Antilles, and a çonsiderable part ofthe continent. It --- Page 251 --- HISTORY OF ST, DOMINGO, It is unnecessary to enter into a description of this distressing CHAP.III. malady in a medical view, as sufficient accounts ofits nature and 1794. treatment may be found in the works of several medical writers ofthe present day.-Forty officers, and six hundred rank and file, June. fell victims to the fever within two months after the surrender of Port-au-Prince. It is impossible for the best of generals to distinguish, and to avail themselves of every opportunity; but it is unfortunate, that SO many troops should have been suffered to collect in the capital, thus increasing the means of disease, when they might have served with utility elsewhere. The same omission can now be perceived on the part of the navy, which suffered the southern coast to be open to communication with Curaçoa and the continent,from whence supplies of stores of all kinds were constantly received by the enemy, unregarded by as single ship. With common precaution even of this kind, the commisioners could not have escaped with the immense wealth with which they loaded themselves from the colony, nor could innumerable privateers have been equipped, which, for, a time, intercepted every vessel in our trade that passed through the Windward passage. At this period the indefatigable De who Charmilly, was the soul of the British enterprize at St. August. Domingo, was again commissioned by his drooping countrymen to return to Europe, for the purpose of soliciting additional aid, to complete the business thus far advanced. 2 C General --- Page 252 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. the command in St. Domingo, on CHAP.III. General Whyte resigned 1794. Y account of ill health, and was succeeded by Brigadier-General September. Horneck, a man qualified to ensure success in a situation of Brigadier- General Only fifty men followed General Horneck from JaHorneck, difficulty. them to commander. maica, and no reinforcement was received to enable make movement for several months after; he had, therefore, any the defensive for that time, and to preserve the to remain on territory already gained, from the defection which was beginning to appear. which the revolters, who were The first success encouraged mulattoes, under Rigaud, to farther exertions and attainchiefly seizure of where they put to death all ments, was the Leogane, the French planters who fell in their way. This was followed in the beginning of September, by a perfidious violation of the which had been entered into by the men of colour in neutrality the town of St. Marc. Lieutenant-Colonel Brisbane, a valuable officer, who held that rank from the French legion of St. young in the 49th regiment, had been pursuing, Marc, being a captain witbh only eighty British in addition to the colonial troops under his command, the most rapid successes in the neighbourhood, and had induced a large number of the rebels to submit unconIn the pursuit of these successes, the town was left Town of St. ditionally. Marc taken without which afforded an irresistible temptation; they by men of troops, who colour, and accordingly seized upon it, putting to death, as before, all regained. The took refuge in a fort on the seafell in their way. garrison from whence were relieved by the arrival of a frishore, they gate British in addition to the colonial troops under his command, the most rapid successes in the neighbourhood, and had induced a large number of the rebels to submit unconIn the pursuit of these successes, the town was left Town of St. ditionally. Marc taken without which afforded an irresistible temptation; they by men of troops, who colour, and accordingly seized upon it, putting to death, as before, all regained. The took refuge in a fort on the seafell in their way. garrison from whence were relieved by the arrival of a frishore, they gate --- Page 253 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, gate from the Mole of Cape St. Nicholas. Colonel returned, and, at the expence of all the Brisbane CHAP.III, obtained on the plain, advantages he had 1794. three hundred regained the town, making of the insurgents upwards of however, of prisoners. It had the effect, inspiriting the whole of the people of colour, exciting them to greater excesses, and of the south, made Rigaud, who commanded in apparent arrangements for an attack capital, by investing Fort Bizotton upon the troops, consisting of two with three columns of his tack at 3 o'clock in the thousand men, They began their atwere defeated with morning of the 5th of December, and great slaughter. Captain Grant, manded, and Lieutenants Clunes * and who comseverely in the commencement Hamilton, though wounded of the attack, posts, and earned an honorable continued at their son bore a handsome fame, of which General Williamtestimony. Not discouraged by this repulse, Rigaud for a more formidable attack in immediately prepared ofTiburon. His intentions another quarter, the recapture of the were known, but, as in the commissioners, it again escape be spared to happened, that not a ship could intercept his armament, then It sailed on the 23d of lying off Aux Cayes, teen guns, and three schooners December, consisting of a brig of sixtary force was of fourteen guns each, His milicomposed of three thousand colours and men, of different descriptions, and the attack commenced on Christ. Now Lieutenant-Colonel Clunes, 2 c2 mas recapture of the were known, but, as in the commissioners, it again escape be spared to happened, that not a ship could intercept his armament, then It sailed on the 23d of lying off Aux Cayes, teen guns, and three schooners December, consisting of a brig of sixtary force was of fourteen guns each, His milicomposed of three thousand colours and men, of different descriptions, and the attack commenced on Christ. Now Lieutenant-Colonel Clunes, 2 c2 mas --- Page 254 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. The contained only four hundred and eighty CHAP.III, mas day. garrison - a the of whom were colonists, and the rest British 1794. men, majority till three hundred of that convalescents; it held out four days, The survivors, with Lieutenant Bradford of number had fallen. de who commanded under the Chevalier the 23d regiment, commandant of the district, fought their way, with astoSevré, for five miles through the enemy, till they nishing bravery, reached Irois. An unfortunate officer, Lieutenant Baskerville, circumstance left behind, perished by his who was from some to a dishonourable death, or own hands, as is supposed, prevent into those of the enemy. It is unpleasing to withhold falling from an act which evinces the most determined approbation it is to be lamented, that he did not find some bravery, yet with the institutes of society, and other means more compatible which history could dwell with more pleasure. on Jean Rabell, La Petite Riviére, and L'ArTiburon, Leogane, in of the people of colour and the tibonite, were possession latter the whole of the northern negroes; and the retaining the Mole and Fort Dauphin, were increasing province, except the colony. The Briin power and independance throughout the was weakened every day, and the tish army, on contrary, the which took colonists viewed with anxiety and distrust, delay additional forces. They required them place in the furnishing which might in a body. capable of some grand operation, the conquest of the colony, and suppress -the decomplete which nothing but signs of the people of colour; a hope the --- Page 255 --- HISTORY OF ST, DOMINGO, the lingering fondness of these delightfal possessions, unbappy proprietors for their CHAP.IIL, could have retained to this ) Y entire power having been confided period. The 1795. the whole of the French to the British commander, colonists submitted themselves to as passive agents; but, from the neglect which him, owing to the ample they experienced, employment of the British home, they were still desirous of government at There will resuming some share of fauthority. always be found dissatisfied stances, and dissolute persons under all circumcharacters ever ready to fall in with designs, for the sake of the treachery itself, their 1795. Brisbane, who Thus, while Colonel January. was admired for his bravery, ability, and against Couspiracy the qualities, was quelling the disturbance of the personal English at had particularly mulattoes, whom he Port-aufavored, and réstoring tranquillity to the whites Prince vered. discounder his protection, a party ofthe latter his valuable life, which were conspiring against even war and disease had spared. were, however, detected and their They purpose defeated. more extensive But a conspiracy was soon after discovered at Portau-Prince, where it was intended, by a similar the garrison, and put the party, to seize English to death. Twenty of the conspirators were seized, and tried by a council of posed of the principal commanders, war, comFrench field officers; among whom were five they were found guilty, and death. Fifteen of the number adjudged to February, 18th of February. were accordingly shot on the Shortly after this narrow escape, however, the amiable lonel Brisbane fell, while out Co- Death of on a reconnoitring party. By Colonel bane, Brishis a similar the garrison, and put the party, to seize English to death. Twenty of the conspirators were seized, and tried by a council of posed of the principal commanders, war, comFrench field officers; among whom were five they were found guilty, and death. Fifteen of the number adjudged to February, 18th of February. were accordingly shot on the Shortly after this narrow escape, however, the amiable lonel Brisbane fell, while out Co- Death of on a reconnoitring party. By Colonel bane, Brishis --- Page 256 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, CHAP.IIL. his death the British affairs in St. Domingo lost one of the most a and of their advocates. He ac1795: able, indefatigable, generous quired the affections of every one, and of those who were anxious to deprive him of life he was the decided friend, insomuch, that his constant intercourse with the mulattoes excited a degree of disapprobation in the whites: they, nevertheless, confided in his courage, and were never disappointed. He March 2. died universally lamented, Death of The commencement of this eventful year was clouded by the Colonel to use the lanMarkham. death of Lieutenant-Colonel Markham, who, of the orders issued by General Horneck, 66 lived uniguage versally respected and beloved, and died, leaving a bright example of military, social, and private virtue." He fell in the attack of an out-post, the enemy having again determined on besieging Fort Bizotton. Victory, however, crowned his fall, and his life was revenged upon six hundred of the enemy, who were slain on the spot. Their colours, and five pieces of cannon, were also taken. About the latter end of April a reinforcement arrived, conApril. sisting of the 81st and 96th, and a few of the 82d regiments, which, upon landing, metthe fate of sO many oft their predecessors, and could not but consider their destination as sO many graves open for their reception. In the month of May, 1795, when the colony had become, in the --- Page 257 --- HISTORY OF ST, DOMINGO, the estimation of the British enterprize, General government, a.splendid object of CHAP.III, Williamson, the governor of / ( whom it had been ostensibly Jamaica, to 1795. confided, arrived at Major-Genehaving been appointed Port-au-Prince, ral Sir Adam commanderinschief of all the Willanmson, sessions with the honour of the British pos- K. B. ComOrder of the Bath. mander-inChief, The first exertions of the new commandant strengthen his position at were directed to Port-au-Prince, and to establish strengthen a cordon from a village called and Grande Bois, at the Thomaseau, and from extremity of the Cul de Sac, to across a ridge of mountains, which Saint Mark, haye from that of divide the plain of L'ArcaArtibonite, besides a chain of from thence to the Cape of Tiburon. posts extending For this came necessary to enlarge the plan, which purpose it beplace, of embodying had already taken corps of negroes; and many slaves chased for the purpose from the French were purand placed under the command planters and others, the of officers who had service of the old been in government, or of to ensure their utility by planters most likely of De proper attention, Of these, the Source, De Pyster, De Grass, La corps and Cocherel were the most Serre, D'Alsun, many other of the respectable; but they were, with arrangements that now took place, expensive, and not always efficient. extremely In the month of August arrived the 82d the quantum of the reinforcement, regiment, completing August. (a small part of which was received of the old been in government, or of to ensure their utility by planters most likely of De proper attention, Of these, the Source, De Pyster, De Grass, La corps and Cocherel were the most Serre, D'Alsun, many other of the respectable; but they were, with arrangements that now took place, expensive, and not always efficient. extremely In the month of August arrived the 82d the quantum of the reinforcement, regiment, completing August. (a small part of which was received --- Page 258 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. CHAP. III. received in April).: It was nine hundred and eighty men strong 1795. 1 on landing, of which number three hundred and fifty only remained alive in six weeks. With troops thus arriving in divisions, and distressed with disease, where a combined body was required to form a decisive power, little could be done; and General Williamson, already embarrassed by the most difficult circumstances, was but ill prepared for those circumstances SO. dispiriting as the present; neither did his beneficence and complacency, qualities SO amiable in private life, contribute to his assistance on the occasion. He was to imposition from designing persons, and was led to counopen of fatal to the British interest; he tenance a system expenee Major-Gene- was shortly succeeded in command by Major-General Forbes. ral Forbes This spirited and active officer commenced his career by an attentive review of the different posts, and an augmentation of the forces by every means that presented; he strengthened the cordons already established, and secured the frontiers of Miraballais and Banica, to preserve a communication with Spanish Saint Domingo, for procuring cattle, and other purposes. The garrison of Banica, consisting, as usual, of a few British troops, colonials, and some Spaniards in British pay, he placed under the command of an officer of considerable merit, Sir William Cockburn, who was directed to keep in view the free access to the plain of Cape François, which it commanded. Towards --- Page 259 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, Towards the close ofthis year, in of a consequence of the intrigues negro-general, whose character will CHAP.TIL, ture in this form a' prominent fea- 1795. Y history, the Spanish government ceded its a colony, it could no longer hold, interest in Spanish St. French republic. to the representatives ofthe Domingo ceded to France. In May, 1796, after a disastrous under the command of passage, about 7000 troops, 1796. from Corki near Brigadier-General Howe, who had sailed seven months before, arrived at the Mole Nicholas, where, as if to complete the ofSaint had left unfinished, destruction the elements they were obliged to remain board the transports. The some weeks on same number of mer period, would have men, at any forbut changed the whole affairs of the they were too far gone; they, with the colony; the disposal of General troops already at Forbes, (to use the language of an experienced officer,) 66 were not such old General Wolfe."* as those commanded by Among the effects of this remembered the following insufficiency may be disastrous circumstances. The town of Leogane having been left stateby the British in an unprotected Leogane lost it with troops, the republicans the Ena palisaded ditch, and immediately. enclosed St which General began to strengthen the harbour, Forbes conceiving mined on attacking the necessary to prevent, deterenemy with a considerable force. AdCol. Chalmers's Remarks, p. 44, 2D miral * as those commanded by Among the effects of this remembered the following insufficiency may be disastrous circumstances. The town of Leogane having been left stateby the British in an unprotected Leogane lost it with troops, the republicans the Ena palisaded ditch, and immediately. enclosed St which General began to strengthen the harbour, Forbes conceiving mined on attacking the necessary to prevent, deterenemy with a considerable force. AdCol. Chalmers's Remarks, p. 44, 2D miral --- Page 260 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. CHAP.IIL, miral Parker, after disembarking the troops, attacked the fort at 1796. the entrance of the creek, but was obliged to abandon it with loss. General Forbes carried no artillery with him, intending, by the advice ofhis engineer, Major MKerras, to take it without regular approaches. A few light pieces of cannon were placed to cover those who filled up the ditch, by which means the besiegers were to cross to the assault. The impolicy, however, of despising an enemy, was soon, as it is always, evinced. The besieged perceiving the contemptible consideration in which they were held, from the church-tower directed a twenty-four pounder against the assailants, with such effect, as enabled them to cross the ditch, and take their cannon, while they were glad in the opportunity afforded, by the weakness of their opponents, to re-embark without further injury. Bombarde, which had been SO unsuccessfully attempted to be Bombarde taken and before, became particularly necessary to the garrison evacuated by surprized the English. and fleet, at the Mole, for the supply of vegetables, &c. A strong body of troops were sent to attack it, but many of them died on the road from the difliculties ofthe march, undertaken in the middle of the day. The fort was, however, immediately surrendered by capitulation; and soon after evacuated by its possessors. Encouraged by these circumstances, Rigaud became confident of his prowess, and attacked Major-General Bowyer at Irois. He was --- Page 261 --- MISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, was repelled, at the expence of and wounded; near an hundred men killed CHAP.IT, himself. among the latter of whom was the general 1796, In short, SO languid became the that ther republicans commenced progress of the British arms, the capital; besides, operations in every quarter round mountain called compelling General Forbes to fortify the heights, Grenier, and to occupy all the they employed some months in the surrounding and on the fortification oftwo erection of batteries, tilliere, within four posts at St. Laurent and Le Boumiles molestation from the ofPort-anPrinces, without the smallest English. Affairs becoming desperate, with incurring daily, government misfortune and expence coe to determined on sending General endeavour to recover the British Simexperience and skill were all that character; and, if could have been entertained were wanting, little doubt las Mole in the of success, He arrived at St. Nichobeginning of March 1797, and 1797. ceeded through the British immediately pro- General March. the application of possessions to discover the evil, before Simcoe remedies with which he was well commander But, alas! no ordinary remedies acquainted. in chief. circumstances with which were applicable to the he had to desperate the science of encounter; for, instructed in government, and the relations of inconsistency of one power, and empires, by the impoliey of others, the improved in the art ofwar by the Blacks had arrived at a degree of 2D2 perfection, the application of possessions to discover the evil, before Simcoe remedies with which he was well commander But, alas! no ordinary remedies acquainted. in chief. circumstances with which were applicable to the he had to desperate the science of encounter; for, instructed in government, and the relations of inconsistency of one power, and empires, by the impoliey of others, the improved in the art ofwar by the Blacks had arrived at a degree of 2D2 perfection, --- Page 262 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, CHAP.IIL. fection in both, that, notwithstanding the inveteracy of prejuits effects. An acknow1797. dice, compelled itself to be accredited by ledgment of this fact, incontestibly took place the same month, in which the command of the English army was confided to the wisdom and activity of General Simcoe, by the, appointToussaint ment of Toussaint L'Ouverture, the celebrated negro oflicer, L'Ouverture to be general in chief of the armies appointed in by the French government, general chief by the in St. Domingo. French, General Simcoe felt the effect ofthe powerful situation ofhis to whom this nomination was but an honorary sanction opponent, He commenced seveof the command he had long possessed. arrangements, which, even if his cause was ral economical service. He hopeless, could not fail to render it a desirable of all leases obtained ofthe vacated compelled a surrender private of French absentees, to the public use; and he reformed property from the number 42 to 14, placing on a temthe colonial corps, the officers necessarily withdrawn, and rendering porary halfpay, of those, who were the fittest for more eligible the situation service: yet, with any other person than General Simcoe, these must have been of short duration, for Toussaint arrangements and turn the war in his own adopted every mode to harass him, stratagem that could be devised. He menaced favor, by every which had been the important frontier post of Mireballais, the commandant erected with stone at considerable expence: evacuated it, and retired to Port-au-Prince, leaving immediately the --- Page 263 --- HISTORY OF ST, DOMINGO, the rich plain of the Cul de Sacopen to the enemy, impeding the communication of the thereby CHAP.III, Spanish St. English with Banica and 1797. Domingo, With somewhat of spirit, and better which had insulted the success, the batteries capital were carried; they ever, a body of two thousand required, howblacks, besides a reserve of troops, and some and British of artillery, cost the life of a brave officer colour, as he was leading the Pouehet. charge at St. Laurent, An attempt to cut off the retreat of Major Gonave, failed, from a variety ofincidents, Toussaint to While these operations employed the vicinity of the Rigaud was as active in his capital, hundred quarter. With one thousand two men he attacked the post at Irois, and notice of his approach, by his fire gave the first on the fort, The was composed of a battalion of black post troops under Colonel de Grasse, a company of British under Lieutenant twenty black artillery under M. de Talbot, and Brueil. artillery of Fortunately, the Rigaud was interrupted by Captain Rickets of the Magicienne frigate, which caused him to retire To increase the eclat of this precipitately. Rigaud's repulse, another attempt at lowed, ofToussaint, from the town of St. immediately fol- ed. Irois defeat nevertheless, Marc: it was a repulse, dearly bought, Wearied with the kind of warfare in which he vailingly engaged, General Simcoe was thus una- August, returned to England in August, Fortunately, the Rigaud was interrupted by Captain Rickets of the Magicienne frigate, which caused him to retire To increase the eclat of this precipitately. Rigaud's repulse, another attempt at lowed, ofToussaint, from the town of St. immediately fol- ed. Irois defeat nevertheless, Marc: it was a repulse, dearly bought, Wearied with the kind of warfare in which he vailingly engaged, General Simcoe was thus una- August, returned to England in August, --- Page 264 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. CHAP. III. gust, to procure a force, sufficient to pursue a career of glory, 1797. Y or to abandon a scene, furnishing at best but negative honors. The same causes which had before operated with respect to this ill-fated colony, yet continued,-The ministry of Great Britain were employed in the complicated affairs of Europe too much, to give more attention to St. Domingo, and General Major-Ge- Whyte supplied the place of General Simcoe*, with no addineral Whyte commander tional means of success. Before the end of the same year, this in chief. General who did gentleman was superseded by Major Nesbit, not live to arrive at a command of which, he.would have had no occasion to boast+. His place was supplied by his second in General command, the Honourable Brigadier-General Maitland, to whom commander Maitland little remained, but to perform the humiliations of his country, in chief. with the grace which that country demanded, and which no one 1798. could have better executed, in all that appertained to the genApril. tleman. He arrived in April, 1798, at Port-au-Prince, and commenced strenuously an attention to circumstances, with which he was well acquainted, from his service under General Simcoe, by whom he had been appointed to several difficult commands. * The writer cannot omit in this place paying his tribute of respect to this excellent and gallant officer. Ifall the abilities of the general, the suavity of the gentleman, and the vigorous powers of a manly understanding may be expected to unite in one person, it is in Lieutemnant-General Simcoe. When commanding the Queen's Rangers, in the American war, he distinguished himself on every occasion, and in a variely of important battles crowned hiunself and his corps with the highest military glory. +1 By the death of General Nesbit, (whose memory deserves his grateful recollection) the writer lost a very sincere friend in many respects, though he cannot regret the appointment of bis Brigade Major, with which he was to bave been honoured by him on this expedition. By of a manly understanding may be expected to unite in one person, it is in Lieutemnant-General Simcoe. When commanding the Queen's Rangers, in the American war, he distinguished himself on every occasion, and in a variely of important battles crowned hiunself and his corps with the highest military glory. +1 By the death of General Nesbit, (whose memory deserves his grateful recollection) the writer lost a very sincere friend in many respects, though he cannot regret the appointment of bis Brigade Major, with which he was to bave been honoured by him on this expedition. By --- Page 265 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, By the orders of General Nesbit, the British Domingo ceased to be valued property in St. CHAP. III. of f500,0001, which at more than the annual sum 1798. the General Maitland soon found to purpose of their inadequate maintenance, as the colonial decreased to 100,0001. The revenués had its evacuation of the capital and dependencies, was therefore the first step that attention, and his arrangements occupied his May. bility, as the were as honorable to his sensi- -After proudest victory could have been to his every consideration for their peculiar courage. effected a truce for a month, and cireumstances, he in person and of stipulated for the protection property all the adherents ofGreat then withdrew with the remainder Britain. He he had formerly of his force to Jeremie, which commanded. With his concentrated force at this wishes of Admiral point, he acquiesced in the Parker, to reduce Tiburon, for the its retention, with the Mole, the purpose of security ofthe object SO much desired for the Windward thet passage: : but the tide was now troops could not disembark turned, August, causes; and even the brave De fortempestuous weather, and other Source, who marched across peninsula to meet him, the lingered on his way. The Mole at length only land retired, for the remained, to which General Mait- The English purpose of his last negotiation with the possessions triumphant black General, Toussaint. The surrendered, English were here possessions of the given up, as well as their colonial black and some commercial stipulations troops, being entered into, which recognized --- Page 266 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. CHAP.IL cognized the island as a neutral power, England resigned all her 1798. Y pretensions to St. Domingo for ever! Such was the end of this disastrous enterprize, which had for five years fed the hopes and vanity of the British empire, to which had been latterly sacrificed many valuable lives, of the public money. That it was and an extravagant portion undertaken with too little consideration, must be always acknowledged: for, if the British ministry only meant, by finding for the French commissioners in St. Domingo, to employment the seat of war from being carried to Jamaica, they prevent might have effected this purpose, without entering upon SO the lives and interests of a number of large a field, or sacrificing and unfortunate colonists; and if the conquest of the island brave intended, the means furnished were contemptiwas sincerely in comparison even with the exertions of the inhabitants. ble, that no force which could have been It is, however, probable, furnished, would have been sufficient to cope with the power ofthe revolted negroes, and if the British colonies in the Antilles have been saved by these means, it is only to be lamented that their salvation cost SO dear, in proportion to their advantages to the country. Having recounted the progress and termination ofthe British affairs, it is necessary to recur to the circumstances of those who were left in sole and uninterrupted power in St. Domingo. Itwill be recollected, that the first consequence of the appearance ofthe English, It is, however, probable, furnished, would have been sufficient to cope with the power ofthe revolted negroes, and if the British colonies in the Antilles have been saved by these means, it is only to be lamented that their salvation cost SO dear, in proportion to their advantages to the country. Having recounted the progress and termination ofthe British affairs, it is necessary to recur to the circumstances of those who were left in sole and uninterrupted power in St. Domingo. Itwill be recollected, that the first consequence of the appearance ofthe English, --- Page 267 --- HISTORY OF ST, DOMINGO, English, was the entire abolition of commissioners, who therefore negro slavery by the French CHAP.IT. their recognized all who V standard, as free citizens, and enlisted under 1798. ledge of arms: likewise, perfected them in the know. the that immediately after the first insurrection in the plain ofthe onset of who was then Cape, the negro,Jean principal in command, had evinced François, exhibited the determined a foresight which the time of those who intentions ofhis followers, in employing were unoccapied, with the children, in the cares of women and To this agriculture, for their future general was soon added several preservation. ability, ofwhom the most others, not inferior in and Toussaint; conspicuous were Biassou, but, although the last of those Boukmant, himself, the latter soon who declared a regular warfare, While eclipsed all the others by his conduct in Spain yet ranked powers who avowed the among the coalesced first and last of the black restoration of royalty in France, the tion from their chiefs had arrived at such considera. as an inducement acknowledged merit, as to be presented to declare on the side of (perhaps they appeared to lean, as the royalty, to which whose invitation enemies of the they had not commisioners, in the Spanish accepted) with thei rank army, and the ancient ofgeneral country. military order of that The departure of the French conclusion of peace between commissioners in 1794, and the its France and territory to the Spain, which ceded in almost republic, a year after, had absolute power: (for his placed Toussaint colleague preferred 2 E retiring on his lean, as the royalty, to which whose invitation enemies of the they had not commisioners, in the Spanish accepted) with thei rank army, and the ancient ofgeneral country. military order of that The departure of the French conclusion of peace between commissioners in 1794, and the its France and territory to the Spain, which ceded in almost republic, a year after, had absolute power: (for his placed Toussaint colleague preferred 2 E retiring on his --- Page 268 --- HISTORY OF ST, DOMINGO, CHAP.III. his rank to Cadiz); the brave, but cruel Rigaud, afterwards Y fled from the island; and every occurrence had contributed to 1 1798. his aggrandizement; till the whole was sanctioned, in 1797, by the executive power of the French government in their commission as the general in chief of the armies, and of the whole island of St. Domingo. This consequence was now enlarged in his acknowledgment as a neutral power by the most important of all his enemies. Such was briefly the progress of Toussaint, which was marked circumstances that reflected the highestecredit on his by many character, and gave dignity to his dominion. He had throughout been the moderator of all the different factions in the island, fitted for its legislator, as well as its chief. and was every way He indeed, one of those characters who invite the prinwas, ciple of an elective monarchy, but which are too rarely found to advise its universal adoption. His character will be more fully given in ther ensuing part of this work; it is at present he detested the conduct of the sufficient to say, that, although French commissioners, he protected their office from indignity, and shielded them from vengeance; he relieved the planters from the intolerable tyranny of the commissioners; he saved the French army from punishment too often not greater than their guilt; and would not permit the increased cruelty of retathe British forces, for the conduct of allies, which liation on the colonists regretted to adopt. He saved the life of even General Laveaux, who acknowledged the fact with gratitude; and --- Page 269 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, and his intercourse with general Maitland was of the noblest CHAP.III, kind. Notwithstanding these exertions, in which he had to ) 17993 Y combat with the natural prejudices of many of his followers, he preserved their confidence in his integrity, and theirobedience to his wishes, and was hailed, with great justice, by common consent, as the perfector of the independence of St. Domingo. 2E2 CHAP. --- Page 270 --- --- Page 271 --- HISTORY OF ST, DOMINGO, CHAP. IV. State of Manners on the Establislument of Independence, gc. in St. Domingo, with a Memoir of the Circumstances of the Author's Visit to the Island. THE white population of St. creased Domingo, now still farther deby the emigrations which CHAP.IV. the followed the evacuation of - - English, presented but a dismal semblance of the flourish- State 1799. of ing French colony; added to which, many of the whites who Manners, population. were encouraged to remain, now spread &c. districts with through the eastern a spirit of wild speculation, and became solitary, when they might have been more expected to associate with stronger ties than ever. Of the Spaniards, widely their most scattered, in tranquil state, many had emigrated, but more had been sent from the island, on the surrender of the ritory to Toussaint. Spanish terAlthough the defection of the whites was striking in the towns where they had been that of the blacks was increased in most numerous, astonish those who a proportion sO large, as to had witnessed their losses, and the decrease S which solitary, when they might have been more expected to associate with stronger ties than ever. Of the Spaniards, widely their most scattered, in tranquil state, many had emigrated, but more had been sent from the island, on the surrender of the ritory to Toussaint. Spanish terAlthough the defection of the whites was striking in the towns where they had been that of the blacks was increased in most numerous, astonish those who a proportion sO large, as to had witnessed their losses, and the decrease S which --- Page 272 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, CHAP.III, which was remarked after the first insurrections of the negroes. 1799. This is accounted for in a satisfactory manner, the Black repubby greater lic. degree of comforts experienced by the females, and the decreàse Manners, &c. of general labor.* Although, for some time, the change of government appeared to tinge with a melancholy hue, the parts of the island formerly in the possession of the English, yet the rude happiness of those who had now become its possessors, soon suppressed every other effect; and, notwithstanding the despotic rule of martial law, circumstances in general began to wear a promising appearance. At this period the narrator of their history became possessed of an opportunity of judging of the state and power of the people, who form the subject of his present disquisition ; and his personal observations during his detention among them, will supply the information submitted in the present chapter. A violent hurricane having dismasted the little bark,t in which he was proceeding from Jamaica to join his regiment at Martinique, (having been before accommodated in the cabin of his friend, Admiral Smith, as far as the Mole St. Nicholas,) it was driven under the walls of Cape François, and in that state compelled to wait the relief of the brigands, an appellation which Malouet, Memoires sur les Colonies. + The Maria, Danish schooner, commanded by James Frazer. 1 Thel liberal reception which the military always met with on board the Hanibal, is too well kuown to require any compliment on the present occasion. the --- Page 273 --- HISTORY OF ST, DOMINGO, the superior policy that already republic, had not appeared in this yet obliterated from its extraordinary CHAP.IIL, the suspicion in which, members, To avoid 1799. English yet continued notwithstanding the recent treaty, the lic. Black repubto be viewed, and to Manners, bility of injury to his prevent the proba- &c. assume the character companions, the writer was induced to of an American, which was effected, as the vessel was easy to be The crew were ultimately bound to that continent. permitted to land after certain the first object which excited their ceremonies, and the hero of this novel attention, was no less than two empire. Toussaint was privates of his forces on the conversing with the Europeans batteries, and when he saw and, approaching, immediately walked towards addressing them in French, them, they came, and their inquired the news, from whence the destination. One served as whole, who spoke in such terms respondent for and the General as his character demanded, civilly took bis leave. The number of Americans at this particular notice, and port could not fail to attract every attention seemed to be to accommodation of their paid the terest in commerce, and a striking degree of inevery occurrence that concerned them, women seemed to renew a fondness Even the in favor of the meanest of long repressed for the whites, writer, the American sailors. The however, requiring some rest after his present hastened, on receiving his directions recent voyage, de la Republique, the to the purpose, to the Hotel principal house, usually resorted ricans, an edifice ofr rather to by Ameelegant appearance; and on his way, except accommodation of their paid the terest in commerce, and a striking degree of inevery occurrence that concerned them, women seemed to renew a fondness Even the in favor of the meanest of long repressed for the whites, writer, the American sailors. The however, requiring some rest after his present hastened, on receiving his directions recent voyage, de la Republique, the to the purpose, to the Hotel principal house, usually resorted ricans, an edifice ofr rather to by Ameelegant appearance; and on his way, except --- Page 274 --- HISTORY OF ST, DOMINGO, CHAP.IV. except the preponderaney of the black complexion, perceived 1799. 1 but little difference from an European city. On entering the Black repubhe immediately that the usual sulic. house, however, perceived Marners, bordinations of society were entirely disregarded, and that &c. he was to witness, for the first time, a real system of equality. Here were officers and privates, the colonel and the drummer, at the same table indiscriminately; and the writer had been scarcely seated at a repast in the first room to which he was conducted, when a fat negro, to initiate him in the general system, helped himself frequently from his dish, and took occasion to season his character by large draughts of the wine, accompanied with the address of c6 Mon Americain." The appearance ofthe house, and its accommodations, were not much inferior to a London coffee-house, and on particular occasions exhibited a superior degree of elegance. Toussaint not unfrequently dined here himself, but he did not sit at the head of the table, from the idea; (as was asserted,) that the hours of refection and relaxation should not be damped by the affected forms of the old regimen, and that no man should assume a real superiority in any other place than the field. He was in the evenings at the billiard-table, where the writer conversed and played with him several times; and he could not help, on some occasions, when a want of etiquette disturbed him for a moment, congratulating himself, that if he experienced not the refinement of European intercourse, he saw no room for insincerity: and that if delicate --- Page 275 --- HISTORY OF ST, DOMINGO, delicate converse did not the affectation ofsentiment. always present itself, he was free from CHAP. IV. 1799. In traversing the once lic. Black repubing a tolerable superb city of the Cape, though present- Manners, appearance from the shore, &c. where presented itself, On the site desolation every exhausted its wheré elegant Juxury had powers to delight the all ficent ruin! and to mark the voluptuary, was magniwere composed contrast stronger, of the wrecks temporary houses for the and petty shops inhabited American merchants, by the natives. Several streets towards the centre, spacious five and six stories, displayed the walls ofsuperb edifices of with gilded balconies, of which the structure exhibited the beautiful devastation that had ditional horror. Nor occurred, with adwas this all, for in different ruins the sad remains of the parts of these mingled with the former possessors were visibly crumbling walls: ce There--heedlless of the dead, The shelter-seeking peasant rears his shed, And wonders man could want the larger pile." Having been informed of a review which on the plain ofthe Cape, the was to take place tunity, writer availed himself of the opporaccompanied by some Americans, and a few of his countrymen who résided there under that own the grandeur of the scene he had denomination. Of Two thousand not the smallest conception. oflicers were in the field, the general to the ensign, carrying arms, from yet with the utmost attention to rank; 2 F without shelter-seeking peasant rears his shed, And wonders man could want the larger pile." Having been informed of a review which on the plain ofthe Cape, the was to take place tunity, writer availed himself of the opporaccompanied by some Americans, and a few of his countrymen who résided there under that own the grandeur of the scene he had denomination. Of Two thousand not the smallest conception. oflicers were in the field, the general to the ensign, carrying arms, from yet with the utmost attention to rank; 2 F without --- Page 276 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. oft the insubordination that existed CHAP.IV. without the smallest sy'mptom 1799. in the leisure of the hotel. Each general officer had a demiBlack repubwhich went through the manual exercise with a degree lic. brigade, Manners, seldom' witnessed, and performed equally well seve- &c. of expertness ral manceuvres: applicable to their method offighting. At a whistle a whole brigade ran three or four hundred yards, then separating, threw themselves flat on the ground, changing to their backs or sides, keeping up a strong fire the whole of the time, till they then formed again, in an instant, into their were recalled; they wonted regularity. This single manceuvre was executed with such facility and precision, as totally to prevent cavalry from charging them in bushy and hilly countries. Such complete subordination, such promptitude and dexterity, prevailed the wbole time, as would have astonished any European soldier who had the smallest idea of their previous situation. The pleasing sensations inspired by the ability manifested in this review, were checked by the additional monuments ofhuman ferocity which presented themselves on his return to the city; the conflagration of which, and of the surrounding plantations, was still in the memory of several Americans, who described the effect, as awfully grand beyond conception. In one of the squares in the north-west quarter was placed an edifice that made some amends for the desolation appearing in its vicinity, from the elegance of its execution. It was an of which the architecture was not ascent to a canopy, or dome, perfectly --- Page 277 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, perfectly regular, beneath which an inscription, that were two seats, and above them eminently exhibited CHAP.IV, saint. There were two centinels the tolerance of Tous- 1790. - if any one might ascend to guard it, who, being asked Black repubbut with the steps, answered in lic. a strict prohibition the affirmative, Mauners, &c, which crowned it." It against touching the cap of was a tribute of liberty, Santhonax and Polverel, the respect to the memory of been erected French commissioners, and by some of their advocates had largesses obtained for them at a time when their what they would not enjoyed, a transitory popularity. otherwise have one ofthem formed of An extract from a speech of part the inscription, in countenanced the French, and which opinion, that the abolition of primary object of their mission. It slavery was a was to the following effect: ee My Friends, We came to make you free: Frenchmen give Liberty to the World. You are free. Vive la Liberté, Guard your Freedom. Vive Vive la Republique. Robespierre. The remainder of the inscription the proclamation for consisted of a selection from ofthese abolishing slavery. The men, notwithstanding prevailing opinion they had been conduct, was favorable to their execrated for their talents, and to their spirit. Though impressed with the required much more necessity of caution, it would have sang-froid than was possessed by the ob2F2 server, men give Liberty to the World. You are free. Vive la Liberté, Guard your Freedom. Vive Vive la Republique. Robespierre. The remainder of the inscription the proclamation for consisted of a selection from ofthese abolishing slavery. The men, notwithstanding prevailing opinion they had been conduct, was favorable to their execrated for their talents, and to their spirit. Though impressed with the required much more necessity of caution, it would have sang-froid than was possessed by the ob2F2 server, --- Page 278 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. to resist the numerous impulses of mingling with a people CHAP.IV. server, - the most generous hospitality, and 1799. whose conduct presented Black repubof the most interesting contemplation. He obtained àclic. objects could furnish either Manners, cess to the houses of most whose intercourse &c. nor did he reject the negro hut at other information or pleasure; times, though certainly of less attraction. As in all states of human society, particularly in the vortex which effected so complete a change, the able of a revolution, had elevated themselves above those who were and the cunning rank oflife. Negroes, recollected in the lowest state of the same including Africans, filled situations of trust and reof slavery, sponsibility; they were, likewise, in many instances, occupied by those who had been in superior circumstances under the old regimen, free negroes, and mulattoes. order had attained a sumptuousness of life, with The superior which dignity could obtain, or rank confer.- all the enjoyments The interior of their houses was, in many instances, furnished with a luxe beyond that of the most voluptuous European, while no want of trans-atlantic elegance appeared; nor, amidst fondness for shew, was the chasteness of true taste a general Their etiquette extended to a degree of realways neglected. to be conceived; and the service of their dofinement scarcely whom were, from what cause was not ascertained, mestics, among than in many some mulattoes, was performed with more celerity instances in Europe. A conscious ease, and certain gaieté du caur, --- Page 279 --- HISTORY OF ST, DOMINGO, caeur, presided over every repast. Conversation had free except as related to their own former scope, CHAP.IV. - the defence of their circumstances, but when 1709. country was the subject, every eye filled Black lic. repubwith fire, and every tongue Manners, some, who had seceded from shouted-Victory! The names of &c. the black army were, the objects that seemed to excite detestation. only the writer has heard In many instances reasoning, and witnessed manners of ness and elegance, the relation of which acutedible, from those who would appear increwere remembered in a state of or whose parents were in situations of servitude, sallies of wit, not frequently abject penury; while hour. It would ill surpassed, have enlivened many an become him, notwithstanding the tide of prejudice, which has always pervaded his his readers capable of assertions, to suppose gratification from the chit-chat of a St. Domingo table; and it would be equally opportunities afforded unjust to employ the him by unguarded kindness, in the cumulation of fleeting anecdotes, ache arising from domestic therefore contents himself with privacy; life stating, that the were to be found in a high degree in the enjoyments of mingo, and that their capital of St. Doalloy did not exceed, nor perhaps equal, that of ancient European cities, always The men were in general sensible and and polite, often dignified impressive; the women frequently elegant and The intercourse ofthe sexes was on the engaging. and the different most rational footing, degrees of colour which remained, had lost most of fleeting anecdotes, ache arising from domestic therefore contents himself with privacy; life stating, that the were to be found in a high degree in the enjoyments of mingo, and that their capital of St. Doalloy did not exceed, nor perhaps equal, that of ancient European cities, always The men were in general sensible and and polite, often dignified impressive; the women frequently elegant and The intercourse ofthe sexes was on the engaging. and the different most rational footing, degrees of colour which remained, had lost most --- Page 280 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. CHIAP.IV. most of that natural hostility which formerly existed. Several 1799. Americans had intermarried with ladies of colour very advanlic. Black repub- tageously, and to appearance happily. They were,g generally, very Manners, agreeable women, and felt no inequality in their difference of &c. complexion or nation. Like Sappho, they could plead, (in many instances, in point of wit, sprightliness, and pathos, little inferior to the Lesbian muse, though without her powers. of song) 66 Brown though I am, an Ethiopian dame Inspir'd young Perseus with a generous flame; Turtles and doves of different hues unite, And glossy black is pair'd with shining white." The drama, that source of rational delight, always so prevalent in St. Domingo, existed, in more strength and propriety than it had done before; and that licentiousness which appears inseparable to it in a higher state, was actually restrained. The representations were chiefly comedies en vaudeville, and a sort of pantomime; ;-sometimes serious representations, allusive to local circumstances, and sometimes merely humourous burlesques.-The conduct of the whole was highly creditable to the talents of the performers, some of whom yet remained from the French school, who, although driven to seek a livelihood under such doubtful auspices, might have shone with equal lustre to their more fortunate contemporaries on an European stage. The black performers, who preponderated in number, were not behind in talents; the writer saw a play of Moliere's performed with --- Page 281 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, with an accuracy that would not have atre in Europe.-Even disgraced the first the- CHAP.IV. painting, from some recent appeared to be encouraged, and specimens, 1799. in a slight cultivated as an lic, Black répubdegree. A young lady of colour, of accomplishment, the Manners, Roche, presented a large name of La &c. in the course of a few company, ofwhich the writer was one, minutes, with their rately cut in profile-Music, likenesses, very accunot such as to vie with the also, though it must be confessèd, harmony of the where prevalent to an excess, and the spheres, was every use, though stringed instruments practice of most kinds in were ardent sensibility that preferred.-Yet, with an could appeared in many and not fail to be cultivated under instances, which rich blacks suffered the present cireumstances, the they greater part of the capital to lie in appeared to shrink from re-instating ruins; their former residences, it, as if in rebuilding they should create new masters, The situation of those who still and who formed the remained in humble privacy, great bulk of the greatly changed. Their people, was indeed very of enjoyment, condition, agreeably to their capacities approached nearer happiness than which are considered its ultimatum. many others frequent, and those rather Crimes were by no means attributable to accident They were perfectly at than vice. liberty as regarded more ready to perform their social themselves, and were urgent in requiring them. duties, than the state was Those qualities negroes under their worst conspicuous in the circumstances, their relations of life, and regard for all the tendernesses to each other, seemed expanded with their capacities approached nearer happiness than which are considered its ultimatum. many others frequent, and those rather Crimes were by no means attributable to accident They were perfectly at than vice. liberty as regarded more ready to perform their social themselves, and were urgent in requiring them. duties, than the state was Those qualities negroes under their worst conspicuous in the circumstances, their relations of life, and regard for all the tendernesses to each other, seemed expanded with --- Page 282 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. and of the little prejudices that had CHAP.IV, with their freedom, many Those amusements, which were formerly 1799. existed wore away. themselves Black repubhad now freé scope, but they restrained lic. suppressed, than could have Manners, from public annoyance with more regularity &c. been effected by the strictest police. of the labourer in the town and its vicinity, was The menage to his condition. A rough, yet improved in a proportion equal the place of the wretched bedding of a neat couch, supplied former period, and the visitor was not. unprovided for, though it is lamentable to state, that in several instances the furniture to the public commotions, and in of the cottage was beholden risible, a beautiful fire-screen, the dextrous one instance, painfully ofsome fair sufferer, concealed a dog then roasting workmanship it to be their fellows, who considered opprobrious from some of mangeurs des chiens.* the writer was introduced by a brigand-t of In one instance, with whom he had frequent conferences, on peculiar intelligence, excite wonder that the blacks, deriving their origin from some peculiar Let it not remarkably fond of the flesh of this animal, (of-which an account may parts of Africa, are in Du Tertre,) for it has been often found an excellent substitute be seen at large, I believe, and has been used with success by convalescents. See Cook's Voyages. for other food at sea, I quote the incident from memory. and brigand, of stay at Cape François, I use the term negro + In the recollection my of St, Domingo,) not as by any means appropriate to (bothi derogatory of the ruling power but as the means of distinguishing them to the Eurothe people they describe at assimilate present, himself with their present condition. pean, who cannot sO easily, of for it has been often found an excellent substitute be seen at large, I believe, and has been used with success by convalescents. See Cook's Voyages. for other food at sea, I quote the incident from memory. and brigand, of stay at Cape François, I use the term negro + In the recollection my of St, Domingo,) not as by any means appropriate to (bothi derogatory of the ruling power but as the means of distinguishing them to the Eurothe people they describe at assimilate present, himself with their present condition. pean, who cannot sO easily, of --- Page 283 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, the military tactics of the black army) to the cottage of a black laborer, of whom an account may not be CHAP.IV. / had a family of thirteen uninteresting. He 1799. children; eight of them by one Wo- Black repubman, and the remainder by two others; the former Manners, lic. with him in the same only lived &c. cottage, with his mother, who was and infirm; the other two, aged separately, at a small distance, This man was an epitome of legislature, and his lated kingdom in miniature, family a well reguHis cottage consisted of three irregular apartments, the first of which was his as often as possible, and refectory, where, always on jours de fètes, his assembled, including on those occasions bis three subjects furniture of this wives. The apartment was entirely of his own even to the smallest utensil, and with making, an ingenuity might be expected from beyond what perfect leisure; notwithstanding the artificer, during the process, had been in the obliged to attend his labor fields, and was a considerable time in shelf, appropriated arms. On a neat peculiarly to their use, lay a and a mutilated volume of Volney's mass book, he understood Travels, some parts of which more than his visitor. Every thing required was to be found on a small convenience scale, and the whole SO compact, and clean, with such an air of as was absolutely attractive, His properté throughout with own bed-room was an improved bedstead, furnished supported by trussels, tress and be-lding of with a matequal quality with the other that of his children and mother furniture, but stead contained surpassed the whole. One bedthem, yet separated the male from the female, 2G the --- Page 284 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. individual employed a portion of CHAP.IV. on original principles--Every Y - time in and received an allotted part of the produce for 1799. his labor, Black repubwhile all took the field, from a sense of duty to themlic. his reward, in their conduct, and Manners, selves. A perfect combination appeared &c. from the héart. More than sixty every action came directly the of exercised together on plain thousand men were frequently the Cape, in excellent discipline, whose united determination would be victory or death. Little against an invading enemy, inflicted by coercion was necessary, and punishment was chiefly slight confinement, or the like. a sense of shame produced by much that no want of leisure was felt; Labor was so abridged, to the feeling heart, to see the it would be a great gratification in other countries with a regulated toil similar to that peasant of the laborer in St. Domingo. sketch of the state of society, as it appeared Such is a general which spread internally as far as in the capital of St. Domingo, its effects could be expected to reach.-There was no possibility which of acquiring correct accounts of the plans of government, to Toussaint, much less ofthe forms he was had been submitted establishment existed, disposed to adopt. A regular municipal every where in all its viand martial government, dispensed rendered civil jurisdiction of little avail. gour, with the delay in repairing the The writer observed, pleasure, vessel, which afforded him an opportunity of examining objects which Such is a general which spread internally as far as in the capital of St. Domingo, its effects could be expected to reach.-There was no possibility which of acquiring correct accounts of the plans of government, to Toussaint, much less ofthe forms he was had been submitted establishment existed, disposed to adopt. A regular municipal every where in all its viand martial government, dispensed rendered civil jurisdiction of little avail. gour, with the delay in repairing the The writer observed, pleasure, vessel, which afforded him an opportunity of examining objects which --- Page 285 --- HISTORY OF ST, DOMINGO, which might never return. For several weeks he continued to CHAP.IV. amuse himself with observations on the manners of the people, 1799. which he had no idea at that time of preserving Black repubinformation and beyond the lic. amusement of his own friends, and by sketch- Manners, ing draughts of the principal posts that &c. were accessible, He enjoyed the habits of a metropolis, and, except the anxiety which would obtrude on account of the delay from his duty, ticipated in the general happiness. parWhen the time arrived for thè departure of the vessel, at an unexpected moment; such is the human héart, he a spot which he would have before avoided lingered on his life. The at the hazard of ship had been repaired-all was ready-and bidding farewel to new connections which had just began to him, he returned on board with the agreeable engage hopes of a speedy arrival at St. Thomas's: butc] Heaven from all creatures hides the book of fate!" After beating about upon the coast for three days, in the most perilous circumstances, the unfortunate vessel when sprung a leak, they were compelled to put into Fort Dauphin, or, according to the revolutionary nomenclature, Fort Egalité. In this situation the master of the vessel and the writer hended no danger or impropriety in appretherefore going on shore, Hoisting Danish colours, they came to anchor under a small when in less than half an hour the latter fort, was arrested after landing by --- Page 286 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. CHAP.III. by four blacks, and a mulatto officer of great ferocity. They re1799. turned with him on board, and placed him under the care of two Black lic. repub- black centinels. These informed him, in answer to his anxious &c. Manners, inquiries, that he was suspected of being a spy, that he would be tried on the morrow, and of course be condemned. Such was the complacent idea attached to the trial of a stranger, who was afterwards to defend the character of their chief. Apprehensions of different kinds now crowded his imagination: he did not know whether suspicions might not have occurred at Cape François; and the commandant of the district have been prepared for his arrival. He was aware, that, in a few instances, he had ventured farther than he should have done. - He had also been allowed access to many of the principal people, and he knew not what might have taken place after his departure. He was, however, left unmolested, and, except his freedom, without any other deprivation; a circumstance of the most fortunate kind, as it afforded him an opportunity of destroying his baggage and papers, including a variety of documents, which must have been dangerous in the highest degree.* These he disposed of, by putting them out of the cabin-window in the middle of the night, with a weight attached Besides his military appointments, they included correct views of Fort Piccolet and other works, and several plans, which he hoped to have had the honour of presenting to the Duke of York; his Royal Highness having condescended to regard, with attention, other attempts which he had the honour of presenting to him. sufficient kind, as it afforded him an opportunity of destroying his baggage and papers, including a variety of documents, which must have been dangerous in the highest degree.* These he disposed of, by putting them out of the cabin-window in the middle of the night, with a weight attached Besides his military appointments, they included correct views of Fort Piccolet and other works, and several plans, which he hoped to have had the honour of presenting to the Duke of York; his Royal Highness having condescended to regard, with attention, other attempts which he had the honour of presenting to him. sufficient --- Page 287 --- HISTORY OF ST, DOMINGO, sufficient to sink them. the Having succeeded in this proceedings of the ensuing affair, and CHAPIIE, tention, his situation day continuing to occupy his at- ) - 1799. Y / night, interrupted became most unpleasant. The silence oft the Black repubby the murmurs ofthe lic. guard, and the distant sounds ocean, the clamours ofthe Manners, &c, from the est melancholy; while confused shore, produced the strongthe morrow, and a surmises of the determination of contemplation of the terror of an ignominious shame, rather than the him of the death, revolving in his mind, possibility of rest, and totally unfitted deprived slightest preparation. him for the Early in the morning he was taken by a black general, named on shore, and examined the district. He could Muro, the commanding officer of not help thinking that his gured well, for he bore the appearance auofJustice, He principal mythological was totally blind of one characteristic but little through the other. eye, and appeared to see from the He, however, relieved the apprehension of any charge existing prisoner ment; for he began his previous to the moexamination not an American, but by insisting, that he was an English SPy, coast; and closed it by reconnoitering the already summoned, aequainting him, that a court-martial, trial would be would assemble on the morrow, and his prompt and decisive. He was a dark prison, (which wanted then conducted to such a place,) and treated none of the usual concomitants of with the utmost no bed; nor had he any other indignity. There was fish, which he could provision than some coarse, dry not,eat-a treatment he was afterwards informed --- Page 288 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. formed was used to prisoners during the space between appreCHAP. III. for the contriv1799. hension and trial, to prevent any opportunity Black repubevasion. At the hour of ten he was brought before lic. ance of of twelve black general offiManners, a regular military court, composed &c. astonished him. General Christocers, the etiquette of which district, of Toussaint, being in a neighbouring phé, a relative interrogated presided, and Muro sat on his right-hand. They him with the utmost discrimination and aeuteness, appearing with the nature of the business. But, for perfectly conversant named, not a look nor an attitude the commandant already which both seemed to escaped him-and he darted his eye, in of fire, over every part of have centered an uncommon degree the form of whose very head-dress, he insisted, was the prisoner, not en Americain! his defence in equal form, but all he could He was put on nor had not the smallest effect, as he had no passports urge to exhibit. Notwithstanding every apany American papers had had some decisive testimony pearance to the contrary, they several hours deliberty on the island; and, after of imprudent to suffer death as quick as possiliberation, he was condemned of chaThe master of the vessel behaved with dignity ble. solicitude. He protested against the racter, and the utmost effect; and the prisoner was remanded judgment, but without should be transmitted to the General-en-Chef, till the sentence for his approval. He had no passports urge to exhibit. Notwithstanding every apany American papers had had some decisive testimony pearance to the contrary, they several hours deliberty on the island; and, after of imprudent to suffer death as quick as possiliberation, he was condemned of chaThe master of the vessel behaved with dignity ble. solicitude. He protested against the racter, and the utmost effect; and the prisoner was remanded judgment, but without should be transmitted to the General-en-Chef, till the sentence for his approval. He --- Page 289 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGOR : He was then remanded though little to a different kind of prison, superior in point of awhich, CHAP.IV. tage of air, and the accommodation, had the advan- 1790. aY only by stealth. It communication of the human species, Blackrepub- lic. the was the remains of a though part of which dilapidated building, Manners, &c, appropriated to the strong iron-bars, in a fashion then prisoner, was secured with the incumbrance of a chain very prevalent: he had also For fourteen days he from the right arm to the left foot. and lay in. the agony of death, with every evening the suspense between life certainly be cruel intimation, that he would hanged on the next morning. Eren in this situation he could not resist his prison; or rather the opportunity which rounding cage; afforded him, of observing the scene, which was more surpicture. It was situated in the delightful than even fancy could which a stream from the midst of a rich valley, through form. A church was neighbouringhill meandered in romantic was fortified in nearly hid in the vale, and the rising ground quisite every direction. C Over the whole the most foliage exhibited itsi chiarming fruits, with exof a tropie region. Beneath the all the richness yam, hre was nightly amused spreading cocoa, and the taller assembling when with the cheerful dance, the negroes they quitted labour, without appointment, but as a natural habit; any seeming jotirs de fetes, L or sometimes they had, on holidays, a particular the principal part ofwhich entertaininent of activity, On these occasions was the Calenda, or s dance oflove." who had they were dressed with been peculiar care: those : recently employed in arms retaining some 2 H part of their --- Page 290 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. uniform, and the females bedecked with various jewels: CHAP. IV. their The animation displayed by both 1799. they had also a refection. of Black repub- sexes in the dance was astonishing, which consisting entirely lic. to ballets which are performed Manners, amatory history, was equal many &c. Italian while: the dancers might have on the French or stage, without any dereliction from the Cytherean goddess, been called, not exactly comporting with her in complexion, though 6 fair Venus' train." with which they passed the prison of 66 the white The hauteur some seemed willing to pity man taken" was astonishing; yet but it arose rather from ostentation than mercy. and relieve, however, occurred that remains deeply, One circumstance, his mind while recording impressed in his bosom, and relieves which would have done honor to the most dignified ofa dif it, IV u5 oula ferent complexion. After lying two nights on; a couch, formed, of dried sugarwith a very slender supply of, food,, the prisoner bad reçanes, the of he was stretched out in signed himself to vacuity despair; when, as the night closed in, and the mirthful troops silent agony, female voice, with the tenderest had progressively retired, a gentle had aroused his attention. How long the benign object accents, but, when he looked up, and been there, he could not ascertain; were indescribable: she was a fine figure, beheld her, his feelings and a form rather tall, and slender, with a face most beautiful, improved by the melancholy air which of the finest symmetry, the was stretched out in signed himself to vacuity despair; when, as the night closed in, and the mirthful troops silent agony, female voice, with the tenderest had progressively retired, a gentle had aroused his attention. How long the benign object accents, but, when he looked up, and been there, he could not ascertain; were indescribable: she was a fine figure, beheld her, his feelings and a form rather tall, and slender, with a face most beautiful, improved by the melancholy air which of the finest symmetry, the --- Page 291 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, the scene had given her. She was dressed and possessed all the in a superior style, CHAP.IV. elegance of by the most expressive Europeann manners, improved 1799. the most delicate carriage. She held a basket, containing lic. Black repubfood, with the finest fruits: she Manners, to receive them silently, and to entreated him &c. covery would be fatal to destroy any remnants, as a disher, and was about to reply with the prejudicial to himself. He ardour of gratitude, instant, she was gone! On the when, in an and endeavoured following evening, she to comfort him with the returned, sions; and, by evincing extreme most obliging expreslight up the illusion of anxiety on his behalf, once more doned, hope in his breast, which he had with all human abanshe prospects, for ever. The next repeated her visit, and evening extensive communication. condescended to favor him with more her Still not a word occurred to name, or situation: once, indeed, she disclose allusions to the English, which led made some distant impressed with bim to imagine, she had been gratitude towards the tion. Whatever her country by some name, or whatever her obligaslight memorial should live to reach circumstances, ifthis that asan angelic delightful isle, in which, representation of mercy, she of the destroyer, it will bear may yet stay the hand to her the sincere grateful heart, which, though bruised effusions of a can never discharge its by those of a fairer skin, sense of duty.* The * I have ever conceived tbis adventure conveyed in the eulogium of Lediard, which as highly illustrative of the character of repeat I bave," says he, 4 always contains sentiments I have always the sex remarked, that women, in all delighted to 2H 2 countries, are civil, obliging, it will bear may yet stay the hand to her the sincere grateful heart, which, though bruised effusions of a can never discharge its by those of a fairer skin, sense of duty.* The * I have ever conceived tbis adventure conveyed in the eulogium of Lediard, which as highly illustrative of the character of repeat I bave," says he, 4 always contains sentiments I have always the sex remarked, that women, in all delighted to 2H 2 countries, are civil, obliging, --- Page 292 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. CHAP.VI, The faithful commander of the vessel, from whosemishap this 1799. - C dreadful circumstance arose, never long quitted the spot, and freBlack repubto whisper consolation, though with the greatest lic. quently-ventured Manners, danger to himself; for it appeared a political method to expose &c. the victims of justice, none being knowingly permitted to apthem. Whatever he heard, however, to relieve the dreadproach ful ofhis friend, the taciturnity of the jailor tended to suspense contradict, as little could be obtained' of information from him, except his- assuring him every night, that he would-belertainly hanged on the morrow. ofthe fifteenth day, when he had venHowever, on the morn tured to disengage himselfof a part of his dress, for the purpose ofa relief from the weight ofhis ehains, the answer of temporary Toussaint arrived, bringing, instead of (as was fully expected) the confirmation of the sentence, an order from that truly great his and to be suffered to proceed on his voyage, man for release, with mueh shrewdness; but the withi this prohibition, eonveyed magnanimity, That he must never return to this island greatest without proper passports!" obliging, tender, and humane; : that they are everinclined to be gay and cheerful, timorous and modest; and, that they do not hesitate, like men, to.pertorn a kind, or generaus and fond ac- of tion. Not baugbty nor arrogant, not supercilious, they are full of also, courtesy, more virtuous, and society---morel liable in general to err than man, but in whether general, civilized or savage, I never performing more good actions than he. To a woman, without receiving a decent and addressed myselfi in the language of decency and friendship, friendly auswer. Witb man it has often-been otberwise." With opportunities of judging in various countries, and: in various aituations, many. Iv warmlysabscnibeto thisjust encomium. he --- Page 293 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, To describe his feelings on such an unexpected reverse, would CHAP.IV. be difficult and useless. Restored to himself once more, he did 1799. Black repubnot long remain on a part oft the island where his sufferings would lic. have tended to efface the agreeable impressions received at Cape Manners, &c. François. Once he tried to trace the haunts of his benevolent incognita, but in vain. She was impervious. He again bade adieu to this interesting soil, and at length reached his longdesired destination, the island ofMartinique.* * It is necessary to add, that on his arrival he met with the usual kindness and urbanity of the commander in chief, General Cuyler, who. ordered him a remuneration for the loss of his baggage, and to whom he is indebted for many polite attentions since. He has been also informed, that he was honored with a congratulatory letter from his Royal Highness the Duke of York, whicb, from some unaccountable accident, be did not receive. CHAP. ieu to this interesting soil, and at length reached his longdesired destination, the island ofMartinique.* * It is necessary to add, that on his arrival he met with the usual kindness and urbanity of the commander in chief, General Cuyler, who. ordered him a remuneration for the loss of his baggage, and to whom he is indebted for many polite attentions since. He has been also informed, that he was honored with a congratulatory letter from his Royal Highness the Duke of York, whicb, from some unaccountable accident, be did not receive. CHAP. --- Page 294 --- --- Page 295 --- HISTORY OF ST.DOMINGO, CHAP. V. View of the Black Army, and the IVar between the French and the Independent Blacks of St. Reprblic Domingo. THE close of the eighteenth the grandest and century, a period marked by CHAP. V. operations the most gigantic projects, Y to the world, a new and organised presented 1800. only empire, where it was not View ofthe supposed to be impossible to exist, but, where Black army. existence was denied, it even its Toussaint General in. although was known by those Chief, with that quarter of the connected globe to have taken place, and the most flourishing under auspices. The beneficent and able Toussaint black, LOuverture, devoid of the extraneous governors of ancient states, policy of the the no sooner found himself at ease from complicated warfare with which, from the first his government he had been moment of surrounded, than he evinced talents for the arts of peace, with those equal which he had displayed in the field; and that invariably panied him in mercy which had ever accomhumane victory, now transfused itself in a mild and policy in the legislature, His first care was to 5. establish, on --- Page 296 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. CHAP.V. on a firm foundation, the ordinances ofi religion, according to the 1800. existing constitutions of society, to watch over the morals, and excite the industry of those who had committed themselves to his charge. The effects of these exertions were quickly evident throughout his dominion. Such was the progress of agriculture from this period, that the succeeding crop produced (notwithstanding the various impediments, in addition to the ravages of near a ten years war) full one third of the quantity of sugar and coffee, which had ever been produced at its most prosperous period. The increase of population was such, as to astonish the planters residentin the mother country, who could not conceive the possibility of' preventing that falling off, in the humbers of the negroes, whichi formed their absolute necessity for supplying themi by the slavé-trade. Health, became prevalent throughout the country, with its attendant, cheerfulness, that exhilarator of labor. . Having introduced in a prominent light the surprising character; to whose talents and energies, the inhabitants of this regenerated island were indebted for their then existing advantages, it becomes necessary to present the reader with a view of the circomstances which accompanied a life so important in the history of Sti Domingo. TOUSSAINT LOUVERTURE was born a slave in the year 1745, Life and Toussaint character of on the estate ofthe Count de Noé, at a small distance from Cape L'Ouverture, François, its attendant, cheerfulness, that exhilarator of labor. . Having introduced in a prominent light the surprising character; to whose talents and energies, the inhabitants of this regenerated island were indebted for their then existing advantages, it becomes necessary to present the reader with a view of the circomstances which accompanied a life so important in the history of Sti Domingo. TOUSSAINT LOUVERTURE was born a slave in the year 1745, Life and Toussaint character of on the estate ofthe Count de Noé, at a small distance from Cape L'Ouverture, François, --- Page 297 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. François, in the northern province of St. remarkable as the Domingo, a spot since CHAP.. very source of revolution,* and site of a ) camp, (that of Breda,) from whence its native MS.account. 1800. mandates more general has issued powerful than those of any earth. monarch on the While tending his master's flocks, the began to expand itself genius of Toussaint by an attention towards the reach of his objects beyond comprehension; and without any other tunity than was equally opporremained possessed by those around him, who nearly in impenetrable ignorance, he learnt write, and use figures. Encouraged to read, made in these by the progress he rapidly arts, and fired with the prospect of ments, he employed himself higher attainofhis talents. His assiduously in the further cultivation such acquirements, as is oftentimes the case, under circumstances, excited the admiration of his and fortunately attracted the attention fellow. slaves, ger of the estate, M. Bayou de ofthe attorney, or manaLibertas. This a discrimination honorable to his gentleman, with from the labor of the fields, judgment, withdrew Toussaint to his own house, and the amelioration of his fortune, by began enviable situation appointing him his postilion, an among slaves, for its profit, and respectability. comparative Thisinstance of patronage by M, Bayou, ly on the susceptible mind of impressed itselfstrongToussaint. True genius and ele- * See Chap. III. ofthis work, 2 I vated ertas. This a discrimination honorable to his gentleman, with from the labor of the fields, judgment, withdrew Toussaint to his own house, and the amelioration of his fortune, by began enviable situation appointing him his postilion, an among slaves, for its profit, and respectability. comparative Thisinstance of patronage by M, Bayou, ly on the susceptible mind of impressed itselfstrongToussaint. True genius and ele- * See Chap. III. ofthis work, 2 I vated --- Page 298 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. CHAP.V. vated sentiments are inseparable; the recollection of the most 1800. Y trivial action, kindly bestowed in obscurity, or under the pressure of adverse circumstances, warms the heart of sensibility, even in the hour of popular favor, more than the proudest honors. This truth was exemplified by the subsequent gratitutle of Toussaint towards his master. He continued to deserve and receive promotion, progressively, to offices ofconsiderable confidence. traits in St. Domingo of the Oral tradi- Among other fondly preserved tion. conduct of Toussaint during the early period of his life, are his remarkable benevolence towards the brute creation, and an unconquerable patience. Of the former; many instances are related which evince a mind endued with every good quality. He knew how to avail himself SO well of the sagacity of the horse, as to perform wonders with that animal, without those cruel methods used to extort from them the docility exhibited in Europe; he was frequently seen musing amongst the dif ferent cattle, seeming to hold a species of dumb converse, which they evidently understood, and produced in them undoubted marks of attention. They knew and manifested their acquaintance, whenever he appeared; and he has been frequently seen atténding with the anxiety of a nurse any accident which had befallen them; the only instance in which he could be roused to irritation, was when a slave had revenged the punishment he received from his owner upon his harmless and unoffending cattle. Proverbial became his patience, insomuch that it was a favorite amusement ofthe young and inconsiderate upon the same estate, to --- Page 299 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, to endeavonr to provoke him by lignity. But wanton tricks and affected SO perfectly he had ma- CHAP.V constantly answered with regulated his temper, that he 1800. a meek smile, and conduct by such accounted for their means, as would render it To the law of strictly pardonable, the self-preservation, or the misfortune of not delight of philanthrops, he would attribute knowing selfishness; while he an act ofbrutal imputed to a an inclination to rude and malicious momentary misapprebension, passive disposition controversy. Thus was his never in the smallest degree ready on all occasions to conciliate affected, being whether frivolous and to bear, in or of the highest circumstances importance, At the age of twenty-five Toussaint female of'similar character attached himself to a to his own, and their union MS.account. by marringe, which does not cementeil ferred appear to have been violated, conrespectability on their offspring. Still he slave; nor did the goodness of M. continued a to render Bayou, although it extended him as happy as the state of servitude ever contemplate the manumission would admit, of one who was to become benefactor to him and his family. Such is a prejudice, in the effect of ancient obscuring, the highest excellence of who would perform godlike our nature; he actions without other cause, sbrinks from a breach of hesitation, from any custom! etiquette, or a violation of In the comforts of a situation Toussaint found possessing a degree of opulence, leisure to extend the advantages of his early aequisitions, ever contemplate the manumission would admit, of one who was to become benefactor to him and his family. Such is a prejudice, in the effect of ancient obscuring, the highest excellence of who would perform godlike our nature; he actions without other cause, sbrinks from a breach of hesitation, from any custom! etiquette, or a violation of In the comforts of a situation Toussaint found possessing a degree of opulence, leisure to extend the advantages of his early aequisitions, --- Page 300 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. and the of some priests, who posCHAP.V. acquisitions, by acquaintance little more of the character than the name, acquired the 1800. sessed Memoires du of information, and a relish for books General knowledge of new sources Toussaint. order than first attracted his attention; the author of a superior of whom he became the most speedily enamoured, was the Abbé Raynal, on whose history and speculations in philosophy and politics he was intent for weeks together, and never quitted, to with renewed and additional but with an intention return, A French translation of Epictetus for a time confined pleasure. which he often quoted; but he soon sought him to its doctrines, higher food for his capacious mind, and found in a portion of the ancient historians, the summit of his wishes. He was there seen consulting the opinion of those who teach the conduct studiously of empires, or. the management of war; yet, he negleeted not those who aim to harmonize the mind, and teach man himself; the difference in his habits imbibing these treasures MS. account. only created, was, an external polish, which imparted an uncommon grace to his manners.* The following books were conspicuous in the library of Toussaint, a list of which was handed to the author in consequence of his inquiries respecting the progress of bis mind: Scriptores de re Militari. De Crisse. Casar's Commentaries, French translation, by Des Claison's History of Alexander and Casar. D'Orleans' History of Revolutions in England and Spain. Marshal Saxe's Military Reveries. Guischard's Military Memoirs of the Greeks and Romans. Herodotus, History of the Wars of the Persians against the Greeks. Le Beau's Memoirs of the Academy of Inscriptions and Belle's Lettres. Plutarch, Lloyd's Military and Political Memoirs; the Works of the English Socrates, Cornelius Nepos, &c. &c. &c. Thus --- Page 301 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, Thus proceeded this illustrious first promiscuously man: like the simple acorn, CHAP.. scattered by the winds, in its slow ( teous progress to the gigantic oak, but beau- 1800, august grandeur, above the spreading its foliage with minor growth of the forest, ing the humble shrub, and defendbraving the fury of ments, contending eleContinuing on the estate on which he deliberations was born, when the preceding the actual rebellion of the slaves, taking place upon the plantation of Noë, were who was always the opinion of him regarded with esteem and admiration cited. His sanction was of was solislaves under his importance, as he had a number of command, and a general influence fellow negroes. Among the leaders of over his several of his this terrible revolt were friends, who he had deemed associates for mutual worthy to make his not intelligence; yet, from whatever cause is ascertained, he forbore in the first instance contest of liberty. It is to join in the from cruelties probable that his manly heart revolted attendant on the first burst of about to retaliate their revenge in slaves He saw that the wrongs and sufferings on their owners, innocent would suffer with the the effects of revolution guilty; and that tice. When regarded fiture, more than the cloud charged with present jusponderous, it selects electric fluid becomes too not the brooding murderer heath, but bursts, on tbe barren perhaps, indiscriminately, in geance, o'er innocent flocks wasteful venreposing in verdant fields. There endant on the first burst of about to retaliate their revenge in slaves He saw that the wrongs and sufferings on their owners, innocent would suffer with the the effects of revolution guilty; and that tice. When regarded fiture, more than the cloud charged with present jusponderous, it selects electric fluid becomes too not the brooding murderer heath, but bursts, on tbe barren perhaps, indiscriminately, in geance, o'er innocent flocks wasteful venreposing in verdant fields. There --- Page 302 --- MISTORY OF ST. TOMINGO. CHAP. V. There were ties which connected Toussaint more strongly 1800. than the consideration of temporary circumstances. These were, gratitude for the benefits received from his master, and gene rosity to those who were about to fall,-not merely beneath the stroke of the assassin, for that relief from their sufferings was not to be allowed to all, but likewise the change of situations ofl luxury and splendour, to an exile of danger, contempt, and poverty, with all the miseries such a reverse can accumulate. Toussaint prepared for the emigration of M. Bayou de Libertas, as if he had only removed for his pleasure, to the American continent. He found means to embark produce that should form a useful provision for the future; procured his escape with his family, and contrived every plan for his convenience: : nor did his care end here, for after M. Bayou's establishment in safety at Baltimore, in Maryland, he availed himself of every opportunity to supply any conceived deficiency, and, as he rose in circumstances, to render those of his protégée more qualified to his situation, and equal to that warm remembrance of the services he owed him, which would never expire. Having provided for the safety of his master in the first instance, Toussaint no longer resisted the temptations to join the army of his country, which had (at this period) assumed a regular form.* He attached himself to the corps under the command * It is pleasing to refect, that Toussaint was not the only instance of a similar conduct to the present. It occurred, with many variations, in numerous cases; an eminent instance of which will be found in the third chapter of this work. of --- Page 303 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, of a courageous black chief, next in named Biassou, and was command to him. Though appointed CHAP.. the disposition of this possessed of striking abilities, 1800, tion which he held; general rendered him unfit for the situa- Vie Du Broca, de his cruelty caused him to be suint, &c. Touspower which he abused. No one deprived ofa to supply his was found equally calculated, place, with the new officer, Toussaint; quitting for ever a subordinate situation, therefore, he was command of a division. appointed to the If during this early period of his life, the black shone conspicuously, general had through every disadvantage, with brightest talents and the milder the alt around him, with the virtues, he now rose superior to qualities and rank of an exalted Every part of his conduct was marked chief, volence. By the blacks, who by jadgment and benehad raised him to the enjoyed, he was beloved with dignity he characters of other enthusiasm; and, by the public nations, with whom he had occasion to communicate, he was regarded with esteem. General Laveaux every mark of respect and called bim 6 the tacus, foretold by Raynal, whose negro, the Sparacwrongs committed destiny it was to avenge the on his race:" and the Spanish mona declared, in the Marquis d'Herhyperbole of admiration, that 6 if Supreme had descended on earth, he could the mnore apparently good, than that of not inhabit a heart fToussaint LOuverture." His powers of invention in the art of government, the wonder of those war, and domestie who surrounded, or opposed him, the tacus, foretold by Raynal, whose negro, the Sparacwrongs committed destiny it was to avenge the on his race:" and the Spanish mona declared, in the Marquis d'Herhyperbole of admiration, that 6 if Supreme had descended on earth, he could the mnore apparently good, than that of not inhabit a heart fToussaint LOuverture." His powers of invention in the art of government, the wonder of those war, and domestie who surrounded, or opposed him, --- Page 304 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. for exhibition as at CHAP.V. him, had not previously an opportunity EmY / to which we have arrived in this history. 1800. the period factions among the barrassed by a variety of contending he enemies of different nations and characters, blacks, and by medimuch in evading the blows constantly was too occupied find leisure for the display of that tated in different quarters, to exercised. Newisdom and magnanimity which he SO eminently of incidents are recorded in the fleeting mevertheless, a variety the excellence of his character, morials ofthe day to corroborate of all who have and still more are impressed on the memory the Notwithstanding Oral tradi- visited the scene of his government. existed with extra tion. absoluteness of military jurisdiction, which took without the anxious enno punishment ever place power, to avoid it, exerted in every deavours of the General-in-Chief for his that could be devised. No object was too mean way crime too great to be subremonstrance, or advice; nor any the rules he had prescribed to himself. The punishjected to withdrawn from ment of the idle or immoral laborer was, being and condemned to a military service dangerous or agriculture, singular in his In cases of treason he was peculiarly severe. incident will afford a specimen : ideas, and the following R General Maitland arrived upon the island, four Shortly after chiefwith Frenchmen were retaken who had deserted the black treachery. Every one expected a vindictive punishaggravated Leaving them, however, in ment, and of course a cruel death. in to their fate, he ordered them to be produced suspence as church --- Page 305 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. church on the following Sabbath, and, while that part of the service was pronouncing which CHAP.V. respects mutual forgiveness, he 1800. went with them to the front of the altar, where, with the impressing them flagitiousness of their conduct, he ordered them to be discharged without farther punishment. It probably may be expected that something should be tioned of the general character of men- Character Toussaint; and, if there was any object predominant in the wishes of the writer during his sojourn at the Cape, it was-to ascertain the traits of in that individual,-to judge of the views, and of the peculiarity that actuated him. The result of his observations motives was in every respect favorable to this truly great man. Casual acts and benignity may mark the reign of ofjustice anarchy itself, and complacency sometimes smooth the brow of the most brutal but when the man, tyrant; possessed for a considerable period, of unlimited power, (of whose good actions no venal herald, journalist was the but, to transcribe his errors a thousand ready) has never been competitors were charged. with its abuse; but, on the contrary, has preserved one line of conduct, founded by sound and acute discernment on the most honorable sense basis, leaning to actions of magnanimity and only goodness; he has passed the strongest test to which he can be submitted; who, with frailties of human nature, and without the the those born to rule, held adventitious aids of one of the highest situations in SOciety. 2 K His to transcribe his errors a thousand ready) has never been competitors were charged. with its abuse; but, on the contrary, has preserved one line of conduct, founded by sound and acute discernment on the most honorable sense basis, leaning to actions of magnanimity and only goodness; he has passed the strongest test to which he can be submitted; who, with frailties of human nature, and without the the those born to rule, held adventitious aids of one of the highest situations in SOciety. 2 K His --- Page 306 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. His does not appear to have been sullied by the CHAP.V. government Y ifa thirst of power. had prompted 1s00, influence ofany ruling passion; him alone, he would have soon ceased to be a leader of insurhe, like others, could have gents; had avarice swayed him, many retired early in. the contest, with immense riches, to the neighoccupied his bouring continent; or had a sanguinary revenge mind, he would not sO often have offered those pathetic appeals which were the sport of his colleagues, to the understanding, would on crimes which the governors of nations long civilized have sentenced to torture! His principles, when becoming an actor in the revolution of his country, were as pure and legitiwhich actuated the founders of libertyi in any mate, as those great former age or clime. Such was the character of Toussaint LOuverture, as regarded Commander in Chief, and Governor of the island his office of the of St. Domingo. In his relations towards other countries, to have excited admiration for his justice, and the courappears state: the charges of his most inveterate tesy of every enlightened the. wellenemies never extended to a fact that can diminish he has obtained. His rules of conduct were the earned eulogies emanations of a mind capacious and well informed; and but for the exertions of his talents, or those of some chief equally able, and sincere, the country, now blooming with culindefatigable, have been a ruined ture, and advancing in true civilization, might state, sacrificed to the, conflicts of disappointed ambition, revenge, and the whole train of evils which a multiplicity of factions could create. --- Page 307 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, create. That there should be found factions in the then divided partizans of each of these CHAP.. state of France, to complain arrangement formed by this astonishing ofevery 1300. pected, rather than individual, is to be exwondered at; and to these there is no reason to doubt, be motives alone, which have been may ascribed all the calumnies vented against him. In his private life, Toussaint lost that character none of the excellence of which is conspicuous in his public actions. much sensibility, he With supported an even temper in vacy; and in contra-distinction to the domestic prigreat men, might be considered general custom of other the field. equally an hero in the closet as To his wife, a sensible and affectionate behaved with the most endearing woman, he tenderness and and to his children consideration, imparted all the warmth of tion; yet he had no overweening paternal affecfrom his fondness to conceal their faults notice, even the smallest want of inferior, was censured with proper attention to an severity to ence of their condition. proportionate the differIf they obtained not the transitory nature of human knowledge from check the pride of birth cireumstances, SO necessary to children or situation, almost always manifèst in reared in afluence, it was not the fault ofa life was conspicuous for father whose ofhis humility of disposition, and a diffidence powers, proportionable to the elevation of his accumulation ofhis honors. rank, or the of that education Ashischildren grew to an age capable which his individual acquirements instructed 2K2 hin the differIf they obtained not the transitory nature of human knowledge from check the pride of birth cireumstances, SO necessary to children or situation, almost always manifèst in reared in afluence, it was not the fault ofa life was conspicuous for father whose ofhis humility of disposition, and a diffidence powers, proportionable to the elevation of his accumulation ofhis honors. rank, or the of that education Ashischildren grew to an age capable which his individual acquirements instructed 2K2 hin --- Page 308 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. CHAP.V. him as necessary to the sphere of life in which they were to move, Y 1800. Toussaint procured for them the best tutors he could obtain, and afterwards sent them to France under their care, for the advantages of higher instruction.-His leisure, which was not great, was occupied in relieving those who suffered in any way undeservedly; nor did he, as is often the case in the world, weigh guilt by incapacity or distinction. The weak of every description were his peculiar care; the strong in intellect, the mighty in war, or the amiable in domestic life, shared alike his esteem. In person, Toussaint was of a manly form, above the middle stature, with a countenance bold and striking, yet full of the most prepossessing suavity-terrible to an enemy, but inviting to the objects of his friendship or his love. His manners and his deportment were elegant when occasion required, but easy and familiar in common;-when an inferior addressed him, he bent with the most obliging assiduity, and adapted himself precisely, without seeming condescension, to their peculiar circumstances. He received in public a general and voluntary respect, which he was anxious to return, or rather to prevent, by the civilities. His uniform was a kind of blue jacket, most pleasing with a large red cape falling over the shoulders; red cuffs, with eight rows of lace on the arms, and a pair of large gold epaulettes thrown back; scarlet waisteoat and pantaloons, with half boots; round hat, with a red feather, and a national cockade; these, --- Page 309 --- HISTORY OF ST, DOMINGO, these, with an extreme large sword, was an astonishing formed his equipment.-He CHAP. horseman, and travelled with rapidity. inconceivable 1800. Thus are given the rough outlines of the saint; for the shades it will be character of Tousfoibles could have existence necessary to consider what not intended with the virtues described. It to sully the present account is attempting to hold him by the absurdity of much is up as a perfect character; but thus certain, that if he had any peculiar address to conceal them from vices, he had the observer. the most scrutinous and industrious Toussaint, surrounded by men of letters and various circumstances had science, whom found little brought from the mother difficulty in the formation of a country tion, of which justice and temporary constitushould be the basis. equality (of right only, not of property) Among those from whom he important assistance was the Citizen received the celebrated writer of that Pascal, a descendant of of his ancestor. He had name, who inherited the talents Executive been sent to Cape François by the Directory, in the fourth year of the secretary to the agents of the revolution, as daughter of a mulatto in republic; when he married the oflice, named by the connection a considerable Raymond, and acquired self early to property. He attached himToussaint, with the Abbé Moliere, and an Italian ecclesiastic, assistance was the Citizen received the celebrated writer of that Pascal, a descendant of of his ancestor. He had name, who inherited the talents Executive been sent to Cape François by the Directory, in the fourth year of the secretary to the agents of the revolution, as daughter of a mulatto in republic; when he married the oflice, named by the connection a considerable Raymond, and acquired self early to property. He attached himToussaint, with the Abbé Moliere, and an Italian ecclesiastic, --- Page 310 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. of considerable talents, named Marinit, who were CHAP.. ecclesiastic, 1800. always about his person.* Having settled the grand object of his care, particularly as regarded the safety of the white inhabitants, he next devoted the and increase of his army, on a scale himself to regulation the importance of the country under his care. At the fitting time of his treaty with General Maitland, his force' in the northern province amounted to something less than 40,000 men, to nearly double that number, but they were soon increased and at this time exceeded all conception.-+ As they were necessarily divided in the different provinces, he prepared for a journey round the island for the purpose of reviewing them, and appointing the districts, as well as settling the officers to command them, and than could be done at a diswith greater success accuracy Vast of ordnance and stores of different kinds tance. quantities at different which would be more useful were accumulated posts, when distributed. He was desirous of becoming known to a * Filling every public office with men of talents and letters in France, (as they confessedly do,) it was scarcely possible to appoint any but persons of ability to the foreign departments; which accounts for the easy acquisition of such persons, to the liberal Toussaint. + Colonel Chalmers, in his &6 Remarks on the late War in St. Domingo, * supposes certain muster-rolls, which he describes to have been in the possession of Toussaint's adjutant- whole general at the Mole, stating the force (in that quarter) at $5,000 men, to contain the It effective force of the island, and even tlien ridicules the idea of its being so strong! the smile to' see such opinions seriously delivered, or to observe causes an involuntary General Maitland and Toussaint, for not continuing a war of annibimutual censures of and Mentor, the black seceder, on the lation, by Colonel Chalmers on one side, Stephen other. great adjutant- whole general at the Mole, stating the force (in that quarter) at $5,000 men, to contain the It effective force of the island, and even tlien ridicules the idea of its being so strong! the smile to' see such opinions seriously delivered, or to observe causes an involuntary General Maitland and Toussaint, for not continuing a war of annibimutual censures of and Mentor, the black seceder, on the lation, by Colonel Chalmers on one side, Stephen other. great --- Page 311 --- HISTORY OF ST, DOMNGO, great number of brave men who were attached to his many of whom had received a military army, CHAP.V. education in the mother country, and could be placed in situations of Black 1800. others, too, required local responsibility; lic, repubsiding in situations with appointments, for the purpose of re- &c. Manners, the wish which they were acquainted; and it was and policy ofToussaint, to know and -The animation ofhis gratify them all. presence was also necessary to some few instances, perhaps, troops, (in languid,) who were ambitious of being seen by their General in Chief, whose with electric force on all. In the very name acted capital of the the island, another reason proved the Spanish part of General in Chief necessity of a visit from the Notwithstanding the cession of the colony to France in 1795, and that it had been Spanish of by the generals Paul taken possession L'Ouverture, (tbe brother of' and D'Hebecour, who had Toussaint,) still remained in garrisoned the different posts, a force the city of St. Domingo, under Don Joachim Garcia, insubordinate to the present therefore, with that government; Toussaint, promptitude for which he was though not without due remarkable, consideration, set out upon this tour. important The reception the General met with in village through which he every town and Tour of passed, and at every he Toussaint was, such as. to have gratified the port visited, L'Ouverture vanity of the through the All proudest island. orders, civil or military, vied with each other potentate. ofrespect, while the in their modes women and children lined the road bless the pacificator of their sides, to country. On every face was, depicted content --- Page 312 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. CHAP. V. content and health, and in every place appeared universal satis1800. faction. Every means were used to declare the general pleasure with which he was viewed. Garlands, and fantastic wreaths, were woven by those who could do no more. Superb decorations covered the houses of proprietors, and triumphal arches graced his entry to every town. The military, in their proudest array, were anxious to obtain approbation by a soldier-like appearance, and a variety of plans were formed by the maritime people to testify their accordance with the public respect. Innumerable instances might be mentioned which would assume the air of romance, of the singular testimonies which occurred to honor him, and do justice to his character. Condescen- In one place, a respectable negro, of thè age of ninety-nine, sion General of the in seated on a wicker chair, presented to him ten sons, the children Chief. of one wife, employed in agriculture, but ready to devote them-. selves to the service of their country whenever it should be necessary. Three sisters hung over their father, as if fearing to lose the protection of their brothers. All produced certificates of propriety and industry from their employers, and their neighbours, a part of whom surrounded them. Toussaint leaped from his horse, and knelt at the feet of the old man. 66 Respectable age," said he, "it is to such members as you, that your country is this day indebted for peace and freedom! !" As he arose, an aid-de-camp directed his attention to. a solitary youth, who stood at a short distance, unnoticed, 66 Who is that," exclaimed the General, 66 apparently miserable on such a day?" He was in1 formed and industry from their employers, and their neighbours, a part of whom surrounded them. Toussaint leaped from his horse, and knelt at the feet of the old man. 66 Respectable age," said he, "it is to such members as you, that your country is this day indebted for peace and freedom! !" As he arose, an aid-de-camp directed his attention to. a solitary youth, who stood at a short distance, unnoticed, 66 Who is that," exclaimed the General, 66 apparently miserable on such a day?" He was in1 formed --- Page 313 --- HISTORY OF ST, DOMINGO, formed it was one who had to him, in disgraced the family now CHAP,. many instances, and had lately presented in vice. At this moment encouraged his sister 1800. crowd, an interesting female rushed from the holding an infant in her arms, with the extreme anguish, exclaiming, c It is for appearance of poor Antony is calumnisted.-Her me, General, that the could not part with tears interrupted her.-"I denied my child, though rejected by his even permission to labor in the father, and family, because I quitted it, and same plantation with my to another less nearly starving, engaged myself desirable.-My affectionate the aid his own labors could brother lent me all solicited an addition from spare, and when I was to remove, refused, and my other brothers and sisters, he". 6E He robbed them, He was interrupted the General; perhaps, to supply you," his country, and "thereby violating his duty to his family, likewise, himself;-this is wrong:-there was erroneous in withholding something, tion it would have your child from the protechad claimed his received; yet," turning to the old man who approbation, 6E we must not, father, unfortunate; it is not sufficient to be reject the ciful, recollecting how much just, we must also be merneed we all have for not, therefore, the happiness mercy. Sully, ofone individual you enjoy, with the recollection less happy by your means, much son, (leading him towards the old more your (doing the same). The man,) or your daughter, (though the transaction impressive manner of the General from the whole; lasted but a few minutes) drew tears the family instantly caressed their brother and 2L sister, --- Page 314 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. CHAP. V. sister, and Toussaint, re-mounting his horse, was quickly out of - - 1800. sight. He never stoped to court the attention of the multitude, but having returned the civilities which every where crowded upon him, galloped on, leaving his aides, or whoever accompanied him, frequently out of sight. Innumerable acts of discriminative goodness are related of him during this route, and the day, whereever he was, was a day of peace and pleasure. The effects ofthis tour were very evident, by the uniform reformation in every part of the island. The municipal governments were brought into.one general system, and a chain of communication established. The different brigades were rendered more effective by the better arrangement of the troops composing them, and armed posts were established throughout the island, well supplied with the ordnance his enemies had left behind. In fact, every part was put in a situation to withstand the utmost force of an enemy, however powerful, and to dispute with them every inch of ground. Nor, during an attention to the internal safety of the country in a military view, were its maritime interests forgotten, every commercial encouragement was offered to the neighbouring islands and the continent; the safety of the whites was established, and their power of injuring the state curtailed. Toussaint troops composing them, and armed posts were established throughout the island, well supplied with the ordnance his enemies had left behind. In fact, every part was put in a situation to withstand the utmost force of an enemy, however powerful, and to dispute with them every inch of ground. Nor, during an attention to the internal safety of the country in a military view, were its maritime interests forgotten, every commercial encouragement was offered to the neighbouring islands and the continent; the safety of the whites was established, and their power of injuring the state curtailed. Toussaint --- Page 315 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, Toussaint returned to the suite, in which was a selection Cape, accompanied by a numerous CHAP., island. He was received of the principal talents of the 1800. had previously with redoubled pleasure to what he length of his absence, experienced on returning to the capital, from the and the reports of his preceded him from conduct, which had fined to the boundaries every quarter. Neither was this fame conand in France of St. Domingo; it ran through his name was frequently Europe, with the eulogy of polished pronounced in the Senate eloquence, It being necessary that the existed, should be constitution, which in effect now published, for the assurance of 1801. execution, and the proper its permanent Declaration ants and relations of the understanding of the different inhabit- oflindepend- ence, island, it was July 1801. At the head of the proclaimed on the Ist of in Chief, and the code ceremony appeared the General people." was' promulgated in the name < of the The intercourse between France and St. been decreasing for some time Domingo, which had ceased previous to the altogether, except by private proclamation, now considerably checked. Still the late correspondence, which was near the French metropolis, proprietors resident in or former importance, and languished for the recovery of their their beloved every account of the flourishing state of colony, awakened each vain hopes of a restoration, lingering wish to new, but lioration of the They even imagined, in every ameisland, an additional chance ofsuceeding to their 2L 2 desires, --- Page 316 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. had schemed plans of operation, and imagined CHAP.V, desires, till they have devised Qr Y of execution, which themselves only could 1801. means obtruded on the French understood. These were constantly who were too much employed in the complicated government, admit them into their views, and all that they politics of Europe to were bribed, as the obtained was the promises with which they forbearance from anti-revolutionary projects at home. price of when accident produced in a But a time was approaching and obtained what the labor of years could not effect, moment the interference their restless spirits for these misguided persons, assumed a novel desired. The government of France, having under the influence of a victorious dictator, for and original form interval of peace; and whose firm establishment it required an of of that country, which was the remaining enemy the politics of contending and the only nation in Europe capable the republic, the two countries, after with her, suggesting a similar measure, sincerity, came to the determination communicating with political ofa cessation of hostilities, and the preliminaries wereaccordingly Thus the naval power of France, which for nine years executed. from the terror of the had not sailed from her ports with impunity all its the globe, was at liberty to perform British flag throughout that state with every crippled state would permit, and to improve possible advantage.* This to hear the prevalence of an opinion, even from those who * Iti is painful (and dangerous) of a French navy is impossible, and thati it is not sbould be better informed, that the creation an cessation of hostilities, and the preliminaries wereaccordingly Thus the naval power of France, which for nine years executed. from the terror of the had not sailed from her ports with impunity all its the globe, was at liberty to perform British flag throughout that state with every crippled state would permit, and to improve possible advantage.* This to hear the prevalence of an opinion, even from those who * Iti is painful (and dangerous) of a French navy is impossible, and thati it is not sbould be better informed, that the creation an --- Page 317 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, Thiswas but a part oft the circumstances of Europe favorable to the arising from the peace CHAP.. The labors of expatriated colonists of St. Domingo. 1801. Bonaparté, First Consul of the limited in exertions of Republic, hitherto effect military prowess, whose gave no opportunity for rapidity and to be submitted to the test of objection or scrutiny, were now cool examination. That courage which had personal Europe, conquered a great part of the continent subverted foreign states, and of at home, would not avail in removed a divided senate the convictions of conciliation of jarring interests in philosophy, or the therefore, a state of peace. It necessary to obtain a powerful became; as well as in the field, and influence in the cabinet than those of to assure to himself other interests humanity. At this period the party who had ministry, did not constantly beset the existing neglect a single appeals to the present opportunity of redoubling their government, or of availing every circumstance, to attach themselves of weight than it then to their cause a more powerful the most possessed. They held out, in florid temptations of description, the advantages merce; and those who had till daily lost to comnumbers of now been occupied in fitting out privateers, began to think of an ployment of their capital; others, advantageous emFrance, whom the war had confined to contemplated with pleasure trans-atlantic views, and the an object of contemplation in the other is most certain, and the writer present will ruler of France. That it is both the one years do not exhibit a coufirmation, be less prophetic than he has been, if a and the very few enterprizing the advantages merce; and those who had till daily lost to comnumbers of now been occupied in fitting out privateers, began to think of an ployment of their capital; others, advantageous emFrance, whom the war had confined to contemplated with pleasure trans-atlantic views, and the an object of contemplation in the other is most certain, and the writer present will ruler of France. That it is both the one years do not exhibit a coufirmation, be less prophetic than he has been, if a and the very few enterprizing --- Page 318 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. CHAP.V. enterprizing regarded the troubles in St. Domingo, as an inviting ) 1801. opportunity of distinguishing themselves. In fact, every description of people became interested in the recovery of the colony, forgetting what had passed in regard to the abolition of slavery in the same metropolis; it became a popular cause, was introduced into the assemblies, and the Jadies became partizans, headed by the favorite sister of the First Consul, the lady of General Le Clerc. The mania spread into England with the beauties of the Consular court, and that nation, where the ministry and people had blindly desired the abolition, at the expence of a portion of their empire of commerce, and the ruin of a large body of colonists, still more blindly joined in the popular wish of returning to slavery, those who were completely emancipated. Bonaparté viewed the growing spirit with silence, and, it may be, not without some regard to the character the victorious Black had obtained in the mother country. A variety of circumstances contributed to convince him of the necessity of some attention (in the first instance) to the powerful requests which poured in from every quarter; the instance, also, of a power bidding him defiance in a country which had not, by any regular process, become separated from that government over which he was called to preside, was repugnant to bis feelings in the rank in which he was elevated. Madame Le Clerc, partaking in the ambition ascribed to her brother, urged the measure of reducing the island, to procure for her husband and herself something more --- Page 319 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, more than was to be derived from basking in the beams of CHAP.. the First Consul; and the appointment of General Le Clere - 1801. Y to a splendid conquest, was confining the dignity of it to the family. When the inclination of Bonaparté was understood to be favorable to the prospects of the colonists, found to interest the most means were powerful merchants in their behalf and urged by those, on whose aid (in the present stage of his government) he was aware much was to depend, this trating man, without any other information than that derived penethrough sO partial a medium, consented to an expedition that was to become an eternal blot upon a career, if not often just or humane, at least always able, and frequently cent, magnifiAs, to devise and execute were the same thing with the First Consul, this baneful expedition was no sooner determined than after forming a plan for the government of the on, colonies, and submitting to the British government the circumstances of its destination, to prevent the alarm which it must naturally its create, preparation was commenced, to add another shade to the darkened side ofhuman nature. At the head of the expedition was placed General Le Clerc, and such was the confidence of its ofthel Expedition French success, that he Republic was accompanied by his lady, and her younger brother, Je- against Domingo. St." rome Bonaparté, General Rochambeau, who had been a proprietor, assisted with his advice the commander in chief, and also ting to the British government the circumstances of its destination, to prevent the alarm which it must naturally its create, preparation was commenced, to add another shade to the darkened side ofhuman nature. At the head of the expedition was placed General Le Clerc, and such was the confidence of its ofthel Expedition French success, that he Republic was accompanied by his lady, and her younger brother, Je- against Domingo. St." rome Bonaparté, General Rochambeau, who had been a proprietor, assisted with his advice the commander in chief, and also --- Page 320 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. CHAP.V. also commanded a division. To them were added Generals - with a force.of twenty thousand men. 1801. Kerversan and Boudet, L'Ouverture who had been educated The two sons ofToussaint in France, were sent as hostages for the reception of the French by their father, under the care of the tutors who had acarmy them. Admiral Villaret (who was in the service oft the companied of France) commanded the fleet, under whom regal government Rear-Admiral Latouche, and Captain Magon. The fleet were consisted of some of the best ships of the line, and a proportionable number of frigates, transports, &c. The prevalent sentiment seemed to be, that after the first attack, a compromise would be effected with Toussaint and the different chiefs, which would enable the French force to establish itself throughout the island, and complete the subjugation of the armed blacks.* In the month of December the expedition sailed, amidst the acclamations of all, who were either interested in its success, or wben the state of St. Domingo at the time is considered, and * The absurdity of this which idea, the General in Chief had acquired from the defeat of every the accumulated strength which the different contentions had afforded him, is a sufenemy, as well as the experience with which Bonaparté was Lurried into this ill-contrived ficient proof of the inconsideration did not omit any means, both with those in power and ruinous measure. The writer of the scheme, and to caution the British and otherwise, to convince them of the futility to turn his course to a more goverument against the temptation afforded to. Admiral Villaret, state of the public mind, that his accessible destination. But such was the pre-determined Both have, however, been fully corroboopinions and his cautions were alike disregarded. blacks had not given a better account of the French rated;. and if the ufeeble and ditided" have been experienced. As a curiosity, expedition, worse effects of such an inattention might the anticipation of his fate, as pubwhen compared with the French General's dispatches, the of 1802, will be found in the lished at tbe Military Library in London in begiuning Appendix to this work. imagined that his accessible destination. But such was the pre-determined Both have, however, been fully corroboopinions and his cautions were alike disregarded. blacks had not given a better account of the French rated;. and if the ufeeble and ditided" have been experienced. As a curiosity, expedition, worse effects of such an inattention might the anticipation of his fate, as pubwhen compared with the French General's dispatches, the of 1802, will be found in the lished at tbe Military Library in London in begiuning Appendix to this work. imagined --- Page 321 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, imagined themselves sO; and arrived in the of the eastern coast of the bay Samana, on CHAP.. When island, on the 28th of the same month. General Kerversan was 1802. the city of St. dispatched with a division to Domingo; Rear-Admiral Latouche to carry the troops under the was ordered Port-au-Prince; command of General Boudet to and General Captain Magon to land a division under Rochambeau in Mancenillo These divisions Bay, on the northern coast. were directed SO as to surprize different the island at the same period; points of the remainder General Le Clerc proceeded, with of the troops, to the attack of the Black the city of Cape François, where he capital, Two and arrived on the 5th day. frigates a cutter being sent to reconnoitre the of the road and adjacent entrance colet. posts, were, fired on from Fort PicIn the mean time, the secret net had not been operations of the Consular cabineglected; a few civic officers blacks, and several whites in that among the to be first part of the country, intended attacked, were prepared, as far as assist the designs of the they could, to of Toussaint invading army. The vigilance, however, had been exerted, and to where invasion every part of the island was expected, or the smallest signs of appeared, he had applied defection their every means in his power to prevent approach towards the interior. He had adherents distributed many faithful through the posts of whose confidence in him danger and honor, nothing could alter. Although cau21 M tions --- Page 322 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. CHAP.V. tious of admitting any sanguinary law in his government, he had 1802. Y proved to every officer under his command the impartiality by which he was guided, in the sacrifice of his own nephew, General Moyse, when a charge of injustice had been proved against him. By attending to the prosecution of the necessary measures for the internal defence of the island, General Toussaint was away from Cape François at the time the expedition arrived. General Christophé, who was left in command, on perceiving the approach of the French fleet, sent the port captain, an experienced black officer, named Sangos, to acquaint the commander of the expedition with the absence of the General in Chief; and 46 that it was necessary to wait the return of a courier he had dispatched to him, previous to any steps for the disembarkation of a military force; on a refusal of which he should consider the white people in his district as hostages for the conduct ofthe French; and that the consequence of attack upon any place would be its immediate conflagration." Upon this intimation, General Le Clerc conceived it expedient to dissemble awhile, till the effects of his interest, strength, and success (in which was included the mayor of the city) should be known, and accordingly began to administer the palliatives with which he had been furnished from France. He wrote a mild letter to General Christophé, stating the benign intentions ofthe First Consul refusal of which he should consider the white people in his district as hostages for the conduct ofthe French; and that the consequence of attack upon any place would be its immediate conflagration." Upon this intimation, General Le Clerc conceived it expedient to dissemble awhile, till the effects of his interest, strength, and success (in which was included the mayor of the city) should be known, and accordingly began to administer the palliatives with which he had been furnished from France. He wrote a mild letter to General Christophé, stating the benign intentions ofthe First Consul --- Page 323 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, Consul and himself towards the island, and him to his inviting to return CIIAP.. duty as a French citizen, with the most He enclosed copies of the specious promises. 1302, and proclamations brought with him, a private letter from General Bonaparté to the General in Chief, Toussaint. In this letter the Black General receives ample indemnity for all that is passed, and the most promises for the future, 66 We have conceived encouraging for you esteem," says the ruler of France, "and we wish to recognize and the great services proclaim you have rendered to the French : if their colours fly on St. Domingo, it is to and people: you, your brave blacks, that we owe it. Called by your talents and the force of circumstances to the chief command, civil you have closed the war, put a stop to the persecutions of ferocious and restored to honor the religion and men, whom all worship of God, from things come." Also, 6E The situation in which were placed, surrounded you by enemies, and without the mother country being able to succour or sustain you, has rendered timate the articles of that legiconstitution, which otherwise would not beso."* This dispatch was borne by a naval oflicer, named Le Brun, who received in return a repetition in effect, but more strongly expressed of the intimation received by Sangos, A deputation from the town, headed by the on board the fleet, who mayor, went I represented, with visible terror, that, See Moniteur, (the official journal of France,) March 21, 1802. Dispatch of Le Clere. 2 M 2 66 on has rendered timate the articles of that legiconstitution, which otherwise would not beso."* This dispatch was borne by a naval oflicer, named Le Brun, who received in return a repetition in effect, but more strongly expressed of the intimation received by Sangos, A deputation from the town, headed by the on board the fleet, who mayor, went I represented, with visible terror, that, See Moniteur, (the official journal of France,) March 21, 1802. Dispatch of Le Clere. 2 M 2 66 on --- Page 324 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. CHAP.V. c on the first signal of a debarkation, the city and adjoining estates would be set on fire, and the white people put to the 1802. and entreated General Le Clerc to take their unhappy sword; circumstances into consideration." He received this deputation complacency, and sent them back with a with the greatést commission to read the proclamation of the First Consul in the town, and to declare his good intentions towards the inhabitants; the mayor, fulfilled their wishes in the most Ceesar Telemache, manner. The result was the same as before; notwithstandopen the daring conduct of the chief municipal officer and others, ing the satisfaction of some whites, (who had been protected and and encouraged by the blacks,) at the prospect of the recapture of the colony. General Le Clerc, conceiving his friends to be sufficiently ripe and numerous for his reception, and impatient to open his splenhis for landing the troops at a point of did career, arranged plan land called Du Limbé, a few miles to the westward, from whence he conceived he might be able to gain the height of the Cape before the negroes executed their threatened purpose, or at least, land with less injury than he should be able to do, in the face of well fortified Admiral Villaret was ordered to attack a capital. the town by sea at the same time, which, with the descent of Rochambeau at Fort Dauphin, would form a powerful diversion in their favor. Thé whole was executed with the utmost difficulty, the blacks acting up to their orders, which were, 66 To defend --- Page 325 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, fend themselves against the French to the last sible, to sink their vessels; and when extremity; if pos- CHAP.Y. a position could not be ) maintained, to set fire to every thing in their 1802, the evening, when Le Clerc retreat."* In came within sight of çois, the city was entirely in flames. Cape FranThe troops halted with dismay to behold a scene sO dreadful, the effects of which could not arrest, and the they squadron beheld it in awful from the water, The next morning horror when they approached the ruins, every remaining habitation was deserted, and the fields lying in waste. The emissaries of the French rallied their Chief, among whom was Caesar around mediately reinstated in the Telemaque, who was immayoralty. General had landed a body of twelve hundred Humbert, who to facilitate the men, and reduced a fort entry of Le Clere, had his employed men in extinguishing the fire, and saving the city from total destruction, Two detachments were immediately Paix and the dispatched to oecupy Port Mole, who contrived, from the means which had been used before the landing of the troops, to enlist to their own account) upwards of a thousand black (according They, and several of the soldiers. municipal officers, were attracted by the proclamations plenteously low: dispersed, which were as fol- * Moniteur, March 22. se Paris, had his employed men in extinguishing the fire, and saving the city from total destruction, Two detachments were immediately Paix and the dispatched to oecupy Port Mole, who contrived, from the means which had been used before the landing of the troops, to enlist to their own account) upwards of a thousand black (according They, and several of the soldiers. municipal officers, were attracted by the proclamations plenteously low: dispersed, which were as fol- * Moniteur, March 22. se Paris, --- Page 326 --- HISTORY. OF ST. DOMINGO." CHAP. V. 66 Paris, Nov, 8, 1801. 1802.; 66 INHABITANTS OF ST. DOMINGO, 66 Whatever your origin or your color, you are all French; you are all equal, and all free, before God, and before the Republic. c6 France, like St. Domingo, has been a prey to factions, torn by intestine commotions, and foreign wars. But all has changed; all nations have embraced the French, and have sworn to them peace and amity; the French people have embraced each other, and have sworn to be all friends and brothers. Come also, embrace the French, and rejoice to see again your European friends and brothers. 46 The government sends you the Captain-General Le Clerc: he has brought sufficient force for protecting you against your enemies; and against the enemies of the Republic. Ifit be said to you their forces are destined to ravish from you your liberty; answer, the Republic will not suffer it to be taken from us. & Rally round the Captain-General; he brings you abundance and peace. Rally all of you around him. Whoever shall dare to separate himself from the Captain-General, will be a traitor to his country, and the indignation of the country will devour him as the fire devours your dried canes. 66 Done at Paris, &c. (Signed) 6e The First Consul, BONAPARTE. e The Secretary of State, H. B. MARET." In --- Page 327 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, In the mean time, Toussaint, who had been long preparing for CHAP.. the event, had carefully examined the interior, and was ap- 1800. proaching the scene ofdevastation. Notwithstanding the hostile form in which the French armament had approached his seat of government, he was anxious to find, from their conduct, if he had to expect an amicable proposition, or any intention to with integrity the relation in which he stood to his support Well acquainted with the political state of Europe, he countrymen. could not conceive that the man, who had confessedly (however advantageous to his country) usurped a dictatorial power in France, could contemplate the reduction of one who had been called to equal power by the most legitimate of all authority, the voice ofthe people. He knew, that presenting a vast extent of coast, it would be impossible to prevent a debarkation at one the other, therefore had point or pre-determined to suffer the French to land, if they insisted upon it, after a slight annoyance from the forts, or adjacent posts; but, that previous to their landing, every preparation should be made for securing the property of the inhabitants of the metropolis, or any other town, which should then be set on fire, thus preventing them from taking that rest which, after the voyage, they would naturally require, and impede their penetration into thei interior. These operations had been carefully performed, and with SO much attention to the whites in particular, that many of them returned to their houses, in full possession of their property after the capital was in possession of the French. Toussaint, satisfied with the state in which he found every preparation , every preparation should be made for securing the property of the inhabitants of the metropolis, or any other town, which should then be set on fire, thus preventing them from taking that rest which, after the voyage, they would naturally require, and impede their penetration into thei interior. These operations had been carefully performed, and with SO much attention to the whites in particular, that many of them returned to their houses, in full possession of their property after the capital was in possession of the French. Toussaint, satisfied with the state in which he found every preparation --- Page 328 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. for defence in the interior, determined to wait CHAP. V. preparation commander in 1802. the event of the future motions of the French chief. The letter which the First Consul had written to,Toussaint undelivered, the scheme, which a reliance on the feelremaining Advices ings of Toussaint had dictated, was not yet executed. from the other divisions, that they had with had been received made good their landing, but all remained, as well as difficulty into Le Clerc, upon the coast, without any attempt to penetrate the interior. It was determined, as Toussaint's approach was to the effect of the artifice which had been announced, try prepared. Coisnon, the tutor of the sons, of Toussaint, a Accordingly confidential agent in this expedition, was commissioned to conbetween the General and his children, who duct. an interview the caresses of the First Consul, and the had been prepared by enjoyment of every indulgence, to seduce their parent to an acquiescence with the measures of the Captain-General Le Clerc. Toussaint possessed a plantation called Ennery, about ten leagues from the Cape, where he was returning, which was fixed upon as the scene ofthe intended interview. Thither they repaired, but Toussaint had not returned; they, however, met as be expected from a tender and affecsuch a reception might tionate mother to her darling children, sO long absent, and to him --- Page 329 --- HISTORY OF ST, DOMINGO, him who appeared in the availed himself of character of their restorer. the pressing invitation Coisnon CHAP.V. pitable woman to wait the of this good and hos- - 1802. ingratiate bimself return of her husband, that he win her upon the softness of her nature might over as an advocate to his sufliciently to a courier was cause. In the mean time, dispatched to Toussaint, who pleasing invitation of his was to bear the Consul. This was children, and the letter of the as follows: First 66 To Citizen Toussaint I'Ouverture, General in Chief of the of St. Domingo. Army Leiter of Donaparté to * CIEEN-GENBRAL, Tousaint. i Peace with England and all the of places the Republic in the first powers Europe, which enables at the same time degree of greatness and the power, to St. Domingo. We send government to direct its attention thither Citizen Le in-law, in quality of Clerc, our brotherCaptain-General, as first colony., He is magistrate of the accompanied with the the sovereignty of the French necessary forces, to make these people respected. It is circumstances that we are under prove to us, and to all disposed to hope that you will France, the of you have constantly sincerity the sentiments expressed in the different written to us. We have conceived letters you have to recognize and for you esteem, and we wish proclaim the great services to the French people. Iftheir you have rendered to you, and your brave colours fly on St. Domingo, it is blacks, that we owe it. Called by 2 N your talents, is circumstances that we are under prove to us, and to all disposed to hope that you will France, the of you have constantly sincerity the sentiments expressed in the different written to us. We have conceived letters you have to recognize and for you esteem, and we wish proclaim the great services to the French people. Iftheir you have rendered to you, and your brave colours fly on St. Domingo, it is blacks, that we owe it. Called by 2 N your talents, --- Page 330 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. and the force of circumstances, to the chief command, CHAP.V. talents, have concluded the civil war, put a stop to the persecutions 1S02, you and restored the honor the religion and ofs some ferocious men, the worship of God, from whom all things come. were placed, surrounded on all a The situation in which you and without the mother country being able to sides by enemies, the articles of succour or sustain you, has rendered legitimate constitution which otherwise could not be SO. But, now that that will be the first to circumstances are sO happily changed, you render homage to the sovereignty ofthe nation, which reckons the number of its most illustrious citizens, by the you among and the talents and the force services you have rendered to it, by of character with which nature has endowed you. A contrary conduct would be irreconcileable with the idea we have conceived of It would deprive you of your numerous claims to the you. and the good offices of the Republic, and would dig gratitude while it swallowed you up, under your feet a precipice which, would contribute to the misery of those brave blacks, whose we love, and whom we should be sorry to punish for courage rebellion. to children, and to their pre6 We have made known your the sentiments by which we are animated. We send ceptor, Assist with counsel, your influence, and them back to you. your talents, the Captain-General. What can you desire?--the your freedom of the blacks? You know that in all the countries we have --- Page 331 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, have been in; we have given it to the people who had Do you desire consideration, it not. CHAP.. honor, fortune? It is not after the services you have rendered, the services 1802. and with the you can still render, personal estimation we have foryou, that to be doubtful with you ought respect to your consideration, your and the honors that await fortune, you. a Make known to the people of St. citude which France Domingo, that the solihas always evinced for their often been rendered happiness, has impotent by the imperious of war; that if men came from the Continent circumstances they were the produce of those to nourish factions, factions which destroyed the country; that in future peace, and the of ensure their power government, prosperity and freedom. Tell them, that be to them the first of wants, if liberty title of French they cannot enjoy it but with the citizens, and that every act contrary to the interests ofthe country, the obedience the they owe to the government, and Captain-General, who is the delegate ofit, would be a crime against the national sovereignty which would vices, and render St. eclipse their serwhich Domingo the theatre of a cruel war, in fathers and children would massacre each other. 46 And you, General, recollect, that if colour that you are the first ofyour attained such great power, and distinguished himself by his bravery and his military talents, and us the you are also before God principal person. - responsible for their conduct. 2N2 c6 If to the government, and Captain-General, who is the delegate ofit, would be a crime against the national sovereignty which would vices, and render St. eclipse their serwhich Domingo the theatre of a cruel war, in fathers and children would massacre each other. 46 And you, General, recollect, that if colour that you are the first ofyour attained such great power, and distinguished himself by his bravery and his military talents, and us the you are also before God principal person. - responsible for their conduct. 2N2 c6 If --- Page 332 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. CHAP.V. 66 If there be disafiected persons, who say to the individuals 1802. that have borne a principal part in the troubles of St. Domingo, that we are coming to ascertain what they have done during the times of anarchy, assure them that we shall take cognizance of their conduct only in this last cireumstance, and that we shall not recur to the past, but to find out the traits that may have distinguished them in the war carried on against the Spanish and English, who have been our enemies. 4 Rely without reserve on our esteem, and conduct yourself fas one of the principal citizens of the greatest nation in the world ought to do. c The First Consul, BONAPARTE." On the receipt of these dispatches, Toussaint set out on his return home, which he reached the next night. In the intervening day, Coisnon applied his powers of elocution on the wife of Toussaint with ardour equal to the baseness of his design. Like the serpent at the ear of the general mother, he whispered every delusion that crafty knowledge could devise, to tempt the unsuspecting woman, whose caution was enveloped in the delight of enfolding her children, (who were much improved by the advantages of European habits and manners,) to use her soft influence with her husband. Inspired by the news that his Interview of ehildren were at their paternal home, Toussaint arrived with Toussaint with his more than common rapidity. The mother shrieked, and became children. insensible when he approached; his sons ran to meet him; and (with --- Page 333 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, (with eyes glistening with the them without utterance emotions ofthe father) he clasped CHAP, V. to his arms. 1802. Of a scene equal to the highest effort of tion can give no semblance, the drama, narrasion without using the sO dangerous to truth. language of pasthe Enough, however, is learned from ofthe selfcondemning account ofthe tutor,* to prove, that it was most affecting nature, This wretch, with as the cell in which he a heart cold was bred, viewed the emotions of this interesting family, only to take When the first burst advantage of their situation. of joy and affection were hero turned to caress him, to whom over, and the he immediately owed delight he had experienced, Coisnon the them shed tears," began his attack. eF I saw says he, 6 and, wishing to take period which I advantage of a conceived to be favorable, I stopped him moment when he stretched out his at the tulated the letters of arms to me;" then recapiBonaparté and Le Clerc, and to accede to them. He invited him painted the intentions of the island in the most France towards fascinating language; described the advantages of resuming its relation with the mother declared, with the utmost country, and to interfere solemnity, that it was not the intention with the liberty of the blacks; wound that struck to the heart concluding with a with his charge to the ofToussaint-his. orders to return The wife of Cape immediately, if he did not consent. Toussaint, recovered from the convulsive joy with * Report of Coisnon to the French ministry, which island in the most France towards fascinating language; described the advantages of resuming its relation with the mother declared, with the utmost country, and to interfere solemnity, that it was not the intention with the liberty of the blacks; wound that struck to the heart concluding with a with his charge to the ofToussaint-his. orders to return The wife of Cape immediately, if he did not consent. Toussaint, recovered from the convulsive joy with * Report of Coisnon to the French ministry, which --- Page 334 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. commenced solicitations of a milder kind, CHAP.V which she was seized, the check, by a frown, from that face which 1802. and, notwithstanding beamed with tenderness upon her, continued to urge had always the advantages with which she was impressed. The unconchildren described the happiness in which they had been scious nurtured, and the hero seemed to hesitate in opposing solicitawhen the well practised tutor again assailed him, tions SO tender, less hinted at his immediate junetion with but becoming cautious, Toussaint, now confirmed in his suspicions, the Captain-General. retired from the view of his wife and children, and instantly with infernal pleasure, his fraudulent when Coisnon expected, him this dignified determination. 66 Take back my victory, gave ifit must be sO, I will be faithful to my brethren and children, God!" The characters of father and hero could not agree in my situation. Toussaint did not risk another sight of this trying his children, but in less than two hours from the moment ofhis departed again for the camp, from whence he returned arrival, to the letter of General Le Clerc, This cira formal answer to have developed in a clearer view the incumstance appears tentions of the invaders, and is an explanation of the marked hostility in the onset, although professed to be only intended, to re-establish the colonial relation of the island to France. The by Granville, the tutor of the younger answer was conveyed ofToussaint, a Frenchman; and a correspondence was çonsons tinued with the same demands on the one part, and an evasion of satisfactory explanation on the other. S At --- Page 335 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, At length, finding the surrender of Toussaint plished by artifice, and wearied not to be accom- CHAP.. with the situation to was confined, instead of the which he 1802. Clerc became pleasures of a court, General Le impatient, and on the arrival of Admiral theaume with a supply oftwo thousand Ganthe prospect of an additional three hundred men, with reinforcement under in a moment of Admiral Linois, irritation, on the 17th of February, issued clamation which seemed a prodesigned to hold the French contempt, and to resign all claim to that army to at least marks their ability or design which compositions of this kind. 6 I come," says he, < to restore prosperity and abundance ! Every one must see what an insensible Second monster he is!" proclamasaint.) Kr I promise liberty to the (Tous- tion of the make people of this island. I shall Captainthem rejoice! and I shall respect their General Le Clerc. I order as persons and : follows: property. a Art. I. The General Toussaint and the General are put out ofthe protection of the law. All Christophé, to pursue them, and to treat them citizens are ordered Republic. as the enemies of the French e II. From the day on which the French position, all officers, whether civil army shall occupy a other orders than those or military, who shall obey ofthe generals of the army which I mand, shall be treated as rebels. com46 III. The c. I order as persons and : follows: property. a Art. I. The General Toussaint and the General are put out ofthe protection of the law. All Christophé, to pursue them, and to treat them citizens are ordered Republic. as the enemies of the French e II. From the day on which the French position, all officers, whether civil army shall occupy a other orders than those or military, who shall obey ofthe generals of the army which I mand, shall be treated as rebels. com46 III. The --- Page 336 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. CHAP.V. c) III. The cultivators, who, seduced into error, and deceived by 1802. the perfidious insinuations of the rebel general, may have taken arms, shall be regarded as. children who have strayed, and shall be sent to their plantations, provided they do not seek to excite insurrection. 4 IV. The soldiers of the demi-brigade who shall abandon the army of Toussaint, shall bereceived into the French army. (Signed, &c.) LE CLERC. DUGUA." The proclamation was followed by a commencement of the war at all quarters, and the exercise ofevery artifice that could be practised to procure defection in the black camp. The clergy were successfully employed to communicate with those of their own order to that effect; thus, those who should have mediated in the cause of peace, by undermining the very power which protected them, promoted a civil war of accumulated horrors. the with all The war was prosecuted by Captain-General the vigor such haughty and hyperbolical expressions would imply, but the pride which dictates high-sounding proclamations, does not always furnish the means of executing them, and in the present instance they arose more from the disappointed ambition of Le' Clerc, than from the power he possessed in the island. Toussaint, --- Page 337 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, IfToussaint had hitherto suspended his opinion intention of the French respéeting the CHAP. doubt. It is government, he now had no room for 1502, not, however, to be wondered at, that he SO long have forborne to view them in the should they presented themselves. glaring light in which minister, should be That any experienced general, OF found SO weak as to depend opinion and accounts of those who solely- on the the event ofa successful were SO deeply interested in expedition against St. Domingo, at once vague, partial, and Le Clerc's insufficient, was scarcely to be credited; arid conduct, since his arrival, had been throughout. He paradoxical brought a force professedly to the existing constitution of the island, and support tween it and the mother renew the relation bethe country, which had been resigned incapacity of the latter;-yet, by insists on every presenting a hostile force, post being surrendered to him, and desires the immediate submission of the General in Chief, whose had never been questioned, He conduct brings with him the sons of the General, as an earnest of the beloved French good intentions ofthe government towards him, but scarcely allows to embrace them, when him time they are torn from him and their distracted mother with thé most torpid apathy: He to restore 66 peace and says, he comes abundance" in a country and abundant, byp putting its inhabitants already peaceful to the sword, and ing its territory! The force he. destroyinto the brought with him, when divided different detachments around the vast extent of was insufficient, and the re-inforcements coast, too trifling to effect any enterprize intentions ofthe government towards him, but scarcely allows to embrace them, when him time they are torn from him and their distracted mother with thé most torpid apathy: He to restore 66 peace and says, he comes abundance" in a country and abundant, byp putting its inhabitants already peaceful to the sword, and ing its territory! The force he. destroyinto the brought with him, when divided different detachments around the vast extent of was insufficient, and the re-inforcements coast, too trifling to effect any enterprize --- Page 338 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. CHAP. V. enterprize of importance, and without any provision being 1802. made till they had obtained it from the invaded country, inasmuch that the admiral was compelled to dispatch a frigate to Jamaica, to solicit aid of every description by the most artful finesse.* Toussaint soon saw that, notwithstanding every deficiency, the mask which had been loosely worn, was entirely thrown aside, and that he had to confide in the pre-dispositions of his own forces, more than the sincerity or benevolence of the French. He therefore made preparation for a conflict, more terrible in proportion to its extent, than any he had yet sustained from the numerous enemies with whom he had had to cope.. Considering the distant points as sufliciently provided, and expecting the great blow to be struck in the northern province, in which the French head-quarters were situate, he repaired thither with a select camp, to oppose himself to the Captain-General. His In a letter to the English admiral commanding there, dated February 15. €c The disposition,"1 he says, ee of the cabinet of St.. James's, and the known loyalty of your nation, Sir, permit me to hope that the ports of Jamaica will furnish us. (should circumstances demand it, and should you be abundantly supplied) with provision and ammunition. One of the ministers of his Britannic Majesty has said, that the peace just concluded was not an ordinary peace, but a sincere reconciliation of two of the greatest nations in the world. If it depends on me, Sir, tbis happy prognostic will certainly be verified, at least I am pleased to imagine, that our pacific communications will be worthy of two nations, to whom war has only multiplied the reciprocal reasons which they had to esteem each other; and to give you authentic proofs of our confidence, I lay before you a faithful statement of our forces in the ports of St. Domingo." "-Villaret's Letter to Admiral Duckworth. attention --- Page 339 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, attention was still directed to every mind revolved quarter, and his capacious CHAP.. every object connected with his command. pert as the whole of the black Ex- .1802, the troops were, those person of Toussaint were surrounding with inconceivable uncommonly sO, being disciplined correctness. Though formed into regular divisions, the soldiers of the were trained to the duties of the one other, and all understood the management of artillery with the greatest dexterity, accuracy Their chief however, was in the use of the bayonet, With that dreadful weapon, fixed on musquets of their hands, neither extraordinary length in cavalry nor artillery could subdue although of unequal proportion; but when infantry, in their they were attacked defiles, no power could overcome them. more skilful than the Maroons of Jamaica Infinitely in their though not more favored by nature, cock-pits,* whole lines in they found means to place ambush, continuing sometimes from one to another, and sometimes post form of a horse-shoe, stretching from their camps, in the With these lines artillery was to prevent their being not used, the burthened, or the chance of loss; but surrounding heights of every camp were well fortified, according to the experience and judgment of different pean engineers, with ordnance of the best kind, in Eurotions. The protection afforded proper direcby these out-works, the blacks to every exertion of skill encouraged or courage; while the See Dallas's Hist. vol.ii, alertpéss form of a horse-shoe, stretching from their camps, in the With these lines artillery was to prevent their being not used, the burthened, or the chance of loss; but surrounding heights of every camp were well fortified, according to the experience and judgment of different pean engineers, with ordnance of the best kind, in Eurotions. The protection afforded proper direcby these out-works, the blacks to every exertion of skill encouraged or courage; while the See Dallas's Hist. vol.ii, alertpéss --- Page 340 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, CHAP. V. alertness constantly displayed embarrassed the enemy, who, fre1802. quently irritated, or worn out with fatigue, flew in disorder to the attack, or retreated with difficulty. Sometimnes a regular battle or skirmish ensued, to seduce the enemy to a confidence in their own superiority, when in a moment reinforcements arose from an ambush in the vicinity, and turned the fortune of the day. Ifblack troops, in the pay of the enemy, were dispatched to reconnoitre when an ambush was probable, and were discovered, not a man returned, from the hatred which their perfidy had inspired; nor, could an officer venture without the lines with impunity. With a body of tried grenadiers, and such troops as have been described, Toussaint waited the approach of the French with patient calmness at the camp of Breda; from whence he occasionally made rapid excursions to those points about which he was most anxious, on the north and north-west parts of the island, On the 17th of February, General Le Clerc commenced his campaign, by forcing a few villages, and forming some posts; and soon after removed his head-quarters to the village of Gros Morne, on the bank of the Three Rivers, about twenty miles southwest from the Cape. From the success he had experienced in the compromises already made with the minor black generals, he had given his whole army-directions to negotiate, wherever it could be done with safety, for the surrender of the different commands, --- Page 341 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, commands, and his success was greater than could been éxpected; it is, possibly have CHAP.. névertheless, to be recollected, one viewed the present that every 1802, period as the cominencement of a war; and with those ofinferior long and verbal declarations discrimination, the proclamations of the French army grateful prospects; presented the most among which the officers the firmation of their regarded conpower, independent of their black the first degree. superiors, in The whole of the troops landed in this ceived orders to form a province, having rejunction, the division under Desfourneaux advanced to the Limbé; General Hardy marched to the Grand another under General that commanded Boucamp and the Mornets; and by General Rochambeau Tannerie, and the wood of L'Ance. proceeded against La of the A small corps, composed garrisons of the Cape and Fort against St. Luzanne, Le Dauphin, advanced Fren, and Volliere: These had, according to their own e divisions account, to sustain several rendered very painfal by the situation of the actions, thé movements of the blacks, who ground, and by impenetrable concealed themselves in the forests which bordered the vallies, and who had secure retreat in the fastnesses." a transitory They, however, obtained a possession of the position which they had been to occupy. ordered On the 18th, the divisions of Rochambeau, Desfoumeaux, Hardy, and encamped near Plaisance, at Dondon; and St. Raphael, very painfal by the situation of the actions, thé movements of the blacks, who ground, and by impenetrable concealed themselves in the forests which bordered the vallies, and who had secure retreat in the fastnesses." a transitory They, however, obtained a possession of the position which they had been to occupy. ordered On the 18th, the divisions of Rochambeau, Desfoumeaux, Hardy, and encamped near Plaisance, at Dondon; and St. Raphael, --- Page 342 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. CHAP. V. Raphael, whére, after having halted some time, they advanced with 46 It is," observed Le Clerc 1802. on the blacks impetuosity. in his dispatches,* < absolutely necessary to see. the country, in order to be enabled to form- a competent idea of the difficulties which it presented at every step. I have never seen in the Alps -any obstacles equal to those with which it abounds." On the 19th, Desfourneaux's division took possession of Plaisance without resistance. That canton was commanded by a mulatto called Jean Pierre Dumesnel, with whom the career of compromise commenced. He joined the French general, Desfourneaux, with two hundred cavalry, and three hundred infantry, and of course reversed the orders of Toussaint, and preserved the place. General Hardy's division, before it arrived at Marmelade, made itself master of the Morne at Borspen by similar means, with the party which surrounded it. General Christophé being betrayed, evacuated the place with twelve hundred regular troops in good order. General Rochambeau took up his position at St. Michael, where he found little resistance, his right column carrydefended by four huning an entrenched post, Mare-a-la-Roche, dred men and artillery, with the bayonet. The French General perceiving Toussaint's design was to Moniteur-Diapatch of Le Clerc to the Minister of Marine, dated February 26. defend --- Page 343 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, defend the canton of Ennery and the Gonaives, mustered force as he could towards that as much CHAP.. Debelle with point. He detached General Y a division to Port 1802. attack General Paix, and he had orders to Maurepas near the Gonaives, who had thousand regular troops; and two thousand two command, in an entrenched cultivators under his post, within two Paix, and in the defiles of Les Trois leagues of Port desirous to disperse that Riviéres. He was very corps which had repulsed bert, and ordered General Boudet General HumRiviére, for the to advance towards La Petite purpose of cutting off the retreat off the corps, on whose defeat near the Gonaives he enemy's Toussaint, however, placed great reliance. prevented the execution of this by a skilful separation of one part of the force movement from the other, On the 20th of February, General General Debelle marched to attack Maurepas, but a torrent of rain falling, columns arriving in time to flank the black prevented the turn their position. The division, and thereby columns which attacked were SO much exhausted them in front by fatigue, that they were unable carry it; and those destined to turn them to point by the black being attacked in every forces, were compelled to retreat and considerable loss. with difficulty General Boudet's division, in marched setting out from Port-au-Prince, against La Croix des by the Bouquets, which was set fire to blacks on his approach; and General commanded in that Dessalines, who quarter, instead of retreating, made a feint by were SO much exhausted them in front by fatigue, that they were unable carry it; and those destined to turn them to point by the black being attacked in every forces, were compelled to retreat and considerable loss. with difficulty General Boudet's division, in marched setting out from Port-au-Prince, against La Croix des by the Bouquets, which was set fire to blacks on his approach; and General commanded in that Dessalines, who quarter, instead of retreating, made a feint by --- Page 344 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. CHAP. V. by marching over the mountains, and there taking a rapid turn 1802. to Leogane, which he fired in the face of a frigate dispatched by the French admiral for its protection. These difficulties increased the offers and the deception of the French, and in consequence, a powerful black general, La Plume, submitted to General Boudet, with the whole of his district. On the 22d, the division of Desfourneaux advançed within two miles of Plaisance, then deserted by La Plume, notwithstanding the attempt of Christophé, with the force which remained, to resist it, in which they had a severe skirmish; he, however, cut - offa part of their force, and retreated to Bayannai. The brigade of General Salm, after performing a very fatiguing march on the 22d, continued during the whole of the night, and at day-break on the 23d, arrived at the position Christophé had left to join the grand black army, where they were. rewarded by the remains of a considerable booty, it having been a depôt of the blacks. On. the 23d, Rochambeau's division took a position at the head of the Ravine-a-Couleuvre, having the Coupe-au-Linde on his left, and the fastnesses where Christophé was entrenched on the right. The divisions of Desfourneaux and Hardy took a position before Ennery. On the 24th, Desfourneaux advancing, at the CoupeaPintade met- the.enemy. It was supported by. Desplanque's division, and that of General Hardy. General Desfourneaux attacked --- Page 345 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, attacked a black out-post, which he - from thence to the River Ester. pursued to Gonaives, and CHAP.. Hardy's division, took a Salm's brigade, belonging to 1802. Y Pintade. position at Pateau, before La Coupe-aOn the same day, Rochambeau's division a-Couleuvre, where General entered the Ravine- Battle of a corps of fifteen hundred Toussaint, with his guard, forming the Ravinegrenadiers drawn from a-Couleuvre. brigades, and about twelve-hundred different demithe addition of four hundred other chosen troops, with in person. The dragoons, waited to receive them Ravinoa-Couleuvre is extremely well being flanked by lofty mountains covered protected, tageous places were posted with wood; in advanThey formed more than two thousand a considerable number of abattis, cultivators. the passage, and occupied the which obstructed entrenched manded the Ravines. From the positions which comand a knowledge of the advantages of the defection, country, General his movement with a rapidity similar Rochambeau executed was to that of the enemy he encountering, and attacked their ensued, in which, Le Clerc entrenchments. A battle man, and the troops ofToussaint acknowledges, "man was opposed to fought well." It was an deserving an accurate affair the time, The description in the military annals of ability and bravery of the called forth, and every French troops were played. On manceuvre of the black tactics was disa bloody field, at the close of the pemained doubtfal, and each day, victory party were more anxious with 2P regard ensued, in which, Le Clerc entrenchments. A battle man, and the troops ofToussaint acknowledges, "man was opposed to fought well." It was an deserving an accurate affair the time, The description in the military annals of ability and bravery of the called forth, and every French troops were played. On manceuvre of the black tactics was disa bloody field, at the close of the pemained doubtfal, and each day, victory party were more anxious with 2P regard --- Page 346 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. CHAP. V. regard to their future movements, than the honor of superiority 1802. Toussaint retired to the banks of La Petit so dearly bought. Riviére, and Le Clerc to Gonaives. General Maurepas continued in considerable power in the western province, and repelled the attacks of Generals Debelle and Boudet, until they were reinforced by two divisions, those of Desfourneaux and Rochambeau, dispatched by the French General to support and collect their scattered forces. On the 27th, General Boudet was master of St. Marc, but Maurepas, by his positions, still retaining the command of the province, Le Clerc summoned all the force he could collect, and putting himself at their head, prepared to march against that general. He ordered General Hardy to advance to Gros Morne with five companies of grenadiers, and eight hundred to his division. To this corps he added a commen belonging of his own guards, consisting of two hundred men, and on pany the night of the 27th took a position at two miles distance. The divisions of Desfourneaux and Debelle were in motion to join, when the experiment of compromise presenting a more pleasing aspect than the doubtful issue of a battle, Maurepas submitted to General Debelle, on the conditions of the promise of General Le Clerc, to continue their rank to such officers as surrendered. These important points effected, leisure was obtained to con sider --- Page 347 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, sider the best means of against whom the attacking the Black General in Chief, CHAP.. great body of the French ) directed, with the addition of the army could now be 1802, induced to join it with their black officers who had been quence of these troops. General Le Clerc, in conseacquisitions, with the advantages him, and the consternation with which they gave defection of their which the inhabitants beheld the countrymen, began to view his ease, and to indulge more extensive situation with the first time during the prospects. In this mood, for with the Minister campaign, he sat down to of Marine, and to beg the communicate First Consul of what he had done. confirmation ofthe had It was a already cost a profusion of blood and campaign which nothing but the treachery of La money, and which, Plume, pas, with the powerful forces Dumesnils, and Maurefavorable positions under their command, and in the they occupied, could have an hour. General Le Clerc been prolonged for more viewing affairs in another congenial to his own wishes, considered light, moment, (though himself at this his whole occupying but a few leagues of country with of the army, and constantly in sight of the colony!" e The army of St. coast,) master course of five days have routed Domingo," says he, "in the tained the chief of their obpossession of a considerable enemies, aj portion of their quantity of their baggage, and artillery. Desertion is frequent in the camp. Clervaux, La Plume, rebel chiefs, and men of color, Maurepas, and many other black have submitted. the south are entirely The plantations of preserved, the whole of the Spanish 2P2 part of ony!" e The army of St. coast,) master course of five days have routed Domingo," says he, "in the tained the chief of their obpossession of a considerable enemies, aj portion of their quantity of their baggage, and artillery. Desertion is frequent in the camp. Clervaux, La Plume, rebel chiefs, and men of color, Maurepas, and many other black have submitted. the south are entirely The plantations of preserved, the whole of the Spanish 2P2 part of --- Page 348 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. CHAP.. of the island has surrendered;" when his army had not visited 1802. V - the French plantations of the south, his troops still remained inactive on the Spanish coast of the island, and Clervaux had only agreed, through the bishop of Yago, to surrender. Such was the progress of the French arms in St. Domingo, and such the opinion entertained by their general of the successes that had been obtained. The preceding account will be found corroborated by the dispatches of the Captain-General, in which he mentions the whole of the territory he had obtained, which was on the sea-coast, viz. Mancinello Bay, Le Limbé, Port Paix, Gonaives, St. Marc, Port-an-Prince, and Leogane. Notwithstanding the debarkations at nearly the same time at St. Domingo, Port-au-Prince, Cape François, and Fort Dauphin, and that the interior had never been attempted, they had not been able to form a junction till it was accomplished by the acquisition of the defectors from the black army, or to force Tous saint from their very centre. It has already been observed, that the maxim of the Black General in Chief, was to suffer them to harass themselves by forced marches, and to obtain positions untenable, or unavailing. More than this, it appears from their own accounts, they had not effected; while Toussaint and his forces changed their situation or position as often as they chose, never being overtaken in their retreat, or surprized on a march, but frequently falling on the enemy by an unexpected road, and routing them with the utmost dismay. A variety of these manceuvres --- Page 349 --- HISTORY OF ST, DOMINGO, manouvres were continually practised, but the blacks ing for the panegyric of not fight- CHAP. v. gotten, Europeans, they are unnoticed and forexcept by their countrymen, and those who 1800. them. suffered from The circumstance of three Generals considerable force, high in esteem, with a going over to the enemy, and local knowledge and joining their peculiar tactics against their within a few days from each other, and own cause, cedented, and must have at a distance, is unpreoperated with the more than the shock of an Commander in Chief unexpected and fact, such was the effect of powerful army. In gold and promises, of command in the French extension of army, that for a time uncertain, when he ordered a division Toussaint was to march, not about to join the while whether it was enemy; he was with whom treaties had been preparing against those formed previous to the others, on whom he most invasion; of the depended for the attael or enemy, and to whom their repelling dence, were country looked with confiturning their swords against him. General La among the first to set the example of Plume, one of whom Toussaint abetting the French, was entertained the highest entrusted with an extensire distriet. opinion, and to render his He seemed at a loss how injuries sufliciently striking, and in receives the eulogium of Le Clere. consequence ungrateful One of the first acts ofthis man, was the exposure ofa letter, in which mentioned with favour, and which himselfis disobedience of Toussaint's was a principal cause, with his orders, of the violence of his praise. It the French, was entertained the highest entrusted with an extensire distriet. opinion, and to render his He seemed at a loss how injuries sufliciently striking, and in receives the eulogium of Le Clere. consequence ungrateful One of the first acts ofthis man, was the exposure ofa letter, in which mentioned with favour, and which himselfis disobedience of Toussaint's was a principal cause, with his orders, of the violence of his praise. It --- Page 350 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. CHAP.V. It was addressed to the commandant of the district of Jeremie, 1802. General Domage, and dated from the black head-quarters, at that time at St. Marc, for Toussaint's communication was constantly kept up with every part of the island to which the French had obtained access. Feb. 9, 1802. Letter and 46 My DEAR GENERAL, orders of who is the bearer of Toussaint to I send to you my aid-de-camp Chaney, the general black the present dispatch, and who will communicate to you my senDomage. timents. 66 The whites have resolved to destroy our liberty, and have therefore brought a force commensurate to their intentions. The Cape, after a proper resistance, has fallen into their hands, but the enemy found only a town and plain in ashes; the forts were blown up, and all was burnt. 6 The town of Port Republicain (Port-au-Prince) has been given up to them by the traitor, General of Brigade, Agé, as well as Fort Bizotton, which surrendered without an effort, in consequence of the cowardice and treachery of the Chief of Battalion, Bardet, an old officer of the south; but the General of Division, Dessalines, maintains at this moment a line at La Croix des Bouquets, and all our other places are on the defensive, 66 As --- Page 351 --- IISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, 6E As Jeremie is rendered you. will maintain very strong byits natural advantagrs, CHAP.. yourself in it, and defend courage which I know yourself with the 1802, will you possess: Distrust the betray you if they can; their desire, whites,-they the restoration of slavery. evidently manifested, is 6 I therefore give you a carte-blanche for which you shall do will be well your conduct. All mass, and convince them done, Raise the cultivators in ofthis truth,-that confidence in those artful they must place no the agents who may have secretly received proclamations of the white men from circulate them France, and would clandestinely, in order to seduce the liberty. friends of " I have ordered the General the town of of Brigade, La Plume, to burn Cayes, and every other town and should they be unable to resist plain in the district, the enemy's troops in the different force; thus all the garrisons, and all the enabled to reinforce cultivators, will be you at Jeremie. You will fect good entertain a perunderstanding with General La execute with ease what Plume, in order to may be in the planting of necessary. You will employ provisions all the women tion. occupied in cultiva66 Endeavour as much as possible to situation. acquaint us with your 66 Irely be unable to resist plain in the district, the enemy's troops in the different force; thus all the garrisons, and all the enabled to reinforce cultivators, will be you at Jeremie. You will fect good entertain a perunderstanding with General La execute with ease what Plume, in order to may be in the planting of necessary. You will employ provisions all the women tion. occupied in cultiva66 Endeavour as much as possible to situation. acquaint us with your 66 Irely --- Page 352 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, CHAP. V. s I rely entirely. upon you, and leave you completely at liberty, 1802. to perform every thing which may be requisite to free us from the horrid yoke with which we are threatened. 66 I wish you good health, (Signed) e TOUSSAINT L'OUVERTURE. e A true copy, (Signed) 66 The General of Brigade commanding the Department of the South, 6 LA PLUME. Toussaint, confident in his resources, expected the completion of his wishes, by seeing his enemies, notvithstanding the aid had received, exhaust themselves. He knew also that the they recreant heart which sold its honor, and every sentiment that should be cherished, for the fleeting promise of a sanguine would be easily regained when time should change the enemy, and hands in which the power that tempted it was placed; he had some reason to doubt, whether the defection ofthose who had abandoned him did not arise from other motives than those which were apparent. The public feeling in France, on receiving the distorted intelligence which the dispatches of Le Clerc conveyed, grew more --- Page 353 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, more and more against the blacks:-those who had been their CHAP. V. most strenuous friends became their most active enemies; and, 1802. exclusive of the common prostitutions of the press, to which party gives birth on all occasions, * books were published at Paris, avowedly for the purpose of exposing the errors of Negrophilism, or the love of the blacks. In it England was similar, and the voice of discretion, or discrimination, was drowned by the general clamour. Admiral Duckworth, after receiving the frigate La Cornelie, which was expressly dispatched to him by Le Clerc, with mark of respect, and loading her captain, every Villemandrin, and his lieutenant with honors, wrote home for instructions relative to supplying the French troops with stores and provisions, as without he could not comply with the request of the French commander. The Spanish governor at the Havannah exerted himself in every way for their accommodation, by furnishing both money and clothing, of which the army was in great want. The following sentiments respecting the black army, as they form a correct delineation of the public opinion, are quoted from Admiral Duckworth's letter, in answer to the French Commander in Chief: The meanness of traducing characters, and, indeed, all vitiations permitted, aud considered expedient in the policy of is of truth, which are errors in British legislation, and one which, for the honor states, of the one of the most prominent its consistency, it is wished were remedied. Its country, and the credit of the government and the governed, the relations effects are of the worst kind, as relates to with whom they hold a correspondence. between both, and every other country 66 It worth's letter, in answer to the French Commander in Chief: The meanness of traducing characters, and, indeed, all vitiations permitted, aud considered expedient in the policy of is of truth, which are errors in British legislation, and one which, for the honor states, of the one of the most prominent its consistency, it is wished were remedied. Its country, and the credit of the government and the governed, the relations effects are of the worst kind, as relates to with whom they hold a correspondence. between both, and every other country 66 It --- Page 354 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. CHAP.V. K It is with a painful sentiment I have learned the hostile / of and that direct violation of all the 1S02. reception your excellency, duties of colonies towards their mother country. I perfectly the of such conduct, and I really agree with you on consequences think it interests all the powers of Europe. But, with a force SO the revolt cannot be of long duration; considerable as you have, and the devastation committed by the rebels can only produce a temporary evil." conveyed Madame Le Clerc by sea to Port-au-Prince, Prosecution Having arofthe cam- and established his head-quarters there, after making every paign. in his power of his newly acquired forcé, the Captainrangement the campaign with fresh energy. PortGeneral re-commenced au-Prince was the most desirable residence they had yet obtained, been injured in the least, from the ease with which it not having of Boudet; but the next town in the was taken possession by Dessalines, and. every place south, Leogane, was destroyed by that was likely to aid a passage to that quarter. Desfourneaux was to the north, while Hardy, Rochambeau, left at Plaisance protect Debelle, to the Spanish border of the Boudet, and proceeded western district. La Crete a Pierrot, a post rather advantageously St.Marc and Port-au-Prince, which had been a situated, between oft the blacks, and lately their apparent head-quarters, was depôt French; whereby they committed an error the first object ofthe is lost frequent in military tactics, where a necessary position the desire of booty. The Black General perceived this through a celebrated point, error, for, after appearing to guard anxiously and --- Page 355 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, and finding means, first to then evacuated it, convey away every thing desirable, he CHAP. leaving to the selfnominated an empty arsenal, victorious army, 1802, empty coffers, and frequently unsheltered ters.*Such was the case with La Crete quardefence of which, and the a Pierrot, and in the the blacks covered operations that immediately followed, themselves with glory, and their enemies infamy. with The main body of the French against this fortress; and its army was put in motion The siege of in Chief, defence, planned by the La Crete a was committed to General General Pierrot. was from the weakness of Dessalines, Whether it of his General Le Clerc, or the troops at the expectation of enthusiasm known; but, if the booty at this siege, is unvengeance of and an accumulation of disappointed personal ambition, the breasts of the every bad passion, had been infused in soldiers, it could not have been displayed than in the affair of more cruelly Crete a Pierrot, car of the ancient Briton, The scythed Indian, or the poisoned javelin of the are instruments of humanity, savage bayonet as used by the French compared with the fatal desperation of the blacks in on this day; nor, could the exceed their first struggle for their bitter vengeance, of which the emancipation, page of history, very recital stains the his command A General cannot be too much on his guard how he can be afforded in this way, To brave and exhausted gratifies the best soldiers under and doubtful with safety, is a due consideration; troops, but a rest and comfort, when tley structive. warfare, is like sleep in the frigid zonie, desire of booty in a dangerous always tempting, yet frequently de202 In blacks in on this day; nor, could the exceed their first struggle for their bitter vengeance, of which the emancipation, page of history, very recital stains the his command A General cannot be too much on his guard how he can be afforded in this way, To brave and exhausted gratifies the best soldiers under and doubtful with safety, is a due consideration; troops, but a rest and comfort, when tley structive. warfare, is like sleep in the frigid zonie, desire of booty in a dangerous always tempting, yet frequently de202 In --- Page 356 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. CHAP.V. In the beginning of March, the divisions of Hardy, Rocham- ( 1802. beau, Boudet, and Debelle, marched against different posts in the vicinity of their grand object, with the hope of preventing the retreat of an enemy of whose reduction they considered themselves certain. Rochambeau first attacked a village called Cahows, from whose few inoffensive inhabitants he met no opposition; but General Hardy, with a considerable force, surrounded six hundred blacks in the Coupe de LInde, who bravely attempted to cut their way to Trianon, they were all taken, and murdered on the spot; and a Chief of Battalion, Henin, with a part of the same force, attacked the position Trianon, and carried it with the bayonet. Enraged by such unexampled warfare, Dessalines made a sortie from the fort, and advancing as far as La Petit Riviére, met General Debelle on his march to Verettes, whom, supposing a part of the cruel perpetrators, he drove before him to La Crete a Pierrot; but, so far from attempting a retaliation, he left them to the mercy of war, and retiring into the fort, discharged a volley of grapé shot among them, by which Debelle and a considerable number were wounded. The commandant of artillery, Pambour, took the command of the division, and Debelle fell back into the rear. General Boudet now passed the Artibonité, for the purpose of blockading Crete a Pierrot, but had scarcely come within sight of the glacis, when he received a wound which compelled him to return, and his men were thrown into disorder. General Dugua advancing --- Page 357 --- HISTORY OF ST, DOMINGO, S01 advancing with a battalion of the 19th light regiment of the line, to form the troops, and the 74th CHAP.V, wounded, and his blockade, was also dangerously 1802, party completely routed, To Clerc, who had a narrow revenge this, Le his sash, and escape, a shot having hit the center of carried part of it away, hastened a part of his lery from Port-au-Prince, and Rochambeau artilthrough every village in his spread fire and sword way. General Salines, a large body, contrived to surround likewise, with and put a small camp of the blacks, every man to the sword. On the 22d of March, Rochambeau tery of seven pieces of heavy attempted to erect a batvain, the fire of a redoubt artillery on a rising ground, but in whole of his men. He bearing upon him, swept away the therefore marched to but found it SO secured attack the redoubt, by a projection of logwood, that impossible to be carried, In the it was prepared for mean time, every thing being evacuating the fort, Dessalines, with a of force, sallied forth in the night, and part bis who commanded falling in with Desplanques, General Hardy's advanced ensued, which, guard, a skirmish nevertheless, did not prevent his absence of Dessalines departure. The and for the three inspired the besiegers with new hopes, successive days they bombarded the fort great activity, frequently setting fire to it. On the with the last day, the commander of the black evening of Crete, made a vigorous forces remaining at La small sally, and forced the French lines; a part only accomplished this measure, and passed the Artibonité; ques, General Hardy's advanced ensued, which, guard, a skirmish nevertheless, did not prevent his absence of Dessalines departure. The and for the three inspired the besiegers with new hopes, successive days they bombarded the fort great activity, frequently setting fire to it. On the with the last day, the commander of the black evening of Crete, made a vigorous forces remaining at La small sally, and forced the French lines; a part only accomplished this measure, and passed the Artibonité; --- Page 358 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. CHAP.V. bonité; the remainder were surrounded, and immediately put to 1802, the sword. Thus ended the siege and blockade, which had cost the French army much, by the loss of some of her best generals and finest troops, but in nothing SO much as in the exercise of a ferocious spirit unknown among civilized people. Besides the cruelties in cold blood which have been recited, and which in the dispatches of General Le were exultingly acknowledged acts of barbarity, the recital of Clerc, were numerous private which could answer no good purpose, while the blacks, in this instance, are not charged, even by their enemies, with the commission of any of these enormities. Nor did they avail themselves occasion of those advantages which remain to on the present be found in the fastnesses of the mountains. The fortress which they occupied had been regularly built by the English during their possession of this part of the island, and the defence of it The remembrance of this affair will long be was truly English. found on the banks of the Artibonité, to the disgrace of the one party, and the praise of the other. Buoyed by what he conceived success, the Captain-General of the French extended his views, and prepared for the dominion to which he had always looked. He published an order in direct violation of his own proclamations, directing proprietors, or their attornies, to resume their ancient authority over the --- Page 359 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, the negroes.* He treated with smallest difference of rigor and insolence, on the CHAP.. opinion, the inhabitants who him, and with indignity the Americans surrounded 1802. the coast, who constantly traded to compelling them to sell their of other provisions, for bills cargoes flour, and on France, which was to farther enormities, To but the prelude established prevent the circulation of he an official gazette at Port-au-Prince, facts, solely were to be regarded, whose bulletins Toussaint L'Ouverture was employed in a care that of contemplating his superior to neglected selfsufficiency. He had noticed the situation in which the northern by withdrawing the whole of the province was left, French force to the siege, and he resolved to avail himself of it. recent General Le Clerc was Therefore, while revelling in the reputation ofthe arms in the west, and French Les dispatching General Rochambeau to sack Gonaives, which at one time had been the black head. quarters, Toussaint effected a junction with mountains, and poured down Christophé in the ofthe an accumulated force on the plain Cape. Reaching Plaisance by a the forces of General mountain-road, he routed tation Desfourneaux; passed on without molesthrough Dondon and Marmelade, in his way, and halted within raising the cultivators Cape a mile and a half of the city of François. An universal consternation were sent, requiring the aid of the followed. Dispatches victorious generals, and Le Journal de Peltier, 1802, p. 521. Clerc an accumulated force on the plain Cape. Reaching Plaisance by a the forces of General mountain-road, he routed tation Desfourneaux; passed on without molesthrough Dondon and Marmelade, in his way, and halted within raising the cultivators Cape a mile and a half of the city of François. An universal consternation were sent, requiring the aid of the followed. Dispatches victorious generals, and Le Journal de Peltier, 1802, p. 521. Clerc --- Page 360 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. CHAP.V. bonité; the remainder were surrounded, and immediately put to 1802. the sword. Thus ended the siege and blockade, which had cost the French army much, by the loss of some of her best generals and finest troops, but in nothing SO much as in the exercise of a ferocious spirit unknown among civilized people. Besides the cruelties in cold blood which have been recited, and which in the dispatches of General Le were exultingly acknowledged Clerc, were numerous acts of private barbarity, the recital of which could answer no good purpose, while the blacks, in this instance, are not charged, even by their enemies, with the commission ofany of these enormities. Nor did they avail themselves on the present occasion of those advantages which remain to be found in the fastnesses ofthe mountains. The fortress which they occupied had been regularly built by the English during their possession of this part of the island, and the defence of it The remembrance of this affair will be was truly English. long found on the banks of the Artibonité, to the disgrace of the one party, and the praise of the other. Buoyed by what he conceived success, the Captain-General of the French extended his views, and prepared for the domis nion to which he had always looked. He published an order in direct violation of his own proclamations, directing proprietors, or their attornies, to resume their ancient authority over the --- Page 361 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, the negroes.* * He treated with smallest difference of rigor and insolence, on the CHAP.. opinion, the inhabitants who - Y him, and with indignity the Americans surrounded 1802, the coast, who constantly traded to compelling them to sell their other provisions, for bills cargoes of flour, and to farther on France, which was but the enormities. To prelude established prevent the circulation of an official facts, he gazette at Port-au-Prince, whose solely were to be regarded, bulletins Toussaint L'Ouverture was employed in a that of contemplating his care superior to neglected situation selfsufliciency. He had noticed the in which the northern by withdrawing the whole of the province was left, siege, and he resolved French force to the recent to avail himself ofit. General Le Clerc was Therefore, while revelling in the oft arms in the west, and reputation the French dispatching General Les Gonaives, which at Rochambeau to sack one time had been the black headquarters, Toussaint effected a junction with mountains, and poured down Christophé in the ofthe an accumulated force on the Cape. Reaching Plaisance plain by a the forces of General mountain-road, he routed tation through Desfourneaux; passed on without molesDondon and Marmelade, in his way, and halted raising the cultivators within a mile and a half of the of Cape François. An universal city consternation followed. were sent, requiring the aid of the victorious Dispatches generals, and Le Journal de Peltier, 1802, p. 521. Clerc an accumulated force on the Cape. Reaching Plaisance plain by a the forces of General mountain-road, he routed tation through Desfourneaux; passed on without molesDondon and Marmelade, in his way, and halted raising the cultivators within a mile and a half of the of Cape François. An universal city consternation followed. were sent, requiring the aid of the victorious Dispatches generals, and Le Journal de Peltier, 1802, p. 521. Clerc --- Page 362 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. CHAP.V. Clerc himself left his infant honors, taking a hasty passage by 1802. Y sea to the Cape. From the concourse of people in and about the city, a dreadful contagion began to shew itself. General Boyer, endeavoured to oppose this astonishing chief, with his whole force, ineluding the marines and sailors from the fleet, and was quickly driven back, under the very hospital; when the blacks laid the whole plain of the Cape in ruins, in defiance of the Captain-General, commanding in the town, and of Generals Hardy and Rochambeau, who arrived by forced marches, they then retired to the mountains of Hincha.* While these untoward circumstances were interrupting the felicity which General Le Clerc promised himself in his new quarters, another difficulty occurred where it was least expected. Among other objects destined for political use in the invasion of St. Domingo, was Rigaud, the mulatto-general, the ancient opponent of Toussaint, whose presence, it was suggested by some of his friends, might attach his former party to the French arms, but which Le Clerc considered an expedient too dangerous to risque. Rigaud, who expected an immediate restoraAt the time these transactions were taking place, Bonaparté addressed the French people in a message to the Legislative Body, thus: 6 AtSt. Domingo great calamities have taken place, and great calamities are to be repaired; ; but the revolt is daily confined to narrower bounds. Toussaint, without fortresses, without money, without an army, is now no more than a robber wandering from desert to desert, with a few vagabonds like himself, whom our intrepid clearers are in pursuit of, and who will be soon overtaken and destroyed." Moniteur, May 7.- Such was the blindness with wbich this wonderful man had been influenced, and such is political consistency.- tion --- Page 363 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. tion of his property and command, finding himself continued CHAP. V. in concealment, at a distance from his native province, be- 1802. gan to contemplate means of re-instating himself. No sooner, therefore, was the Captain-General called to the Cape, than he attempted a correspondence with General La Plume, on the subject of a visit to his friends, who immediately communicated his letter to Le Clerc. Enraged at what he conceived perfidy at SO critical a moment, he immediately ordered the unfortunate chief, with his family, to be sent on board a frigate, and conveyed to France, as one whose principles could not contribute to the re-establishment of the colony of St. Domingo." This was a circumstance, however, disagreeable to many powerful persons, and Le Clerc, with a facility which has marked the political transactions of in the beginning of the nineteenth Europe century, adds, that Rigaud had 6 sent emissaries into the south to stop cullivation, and alarm the peaceable citizens with terrors."* The officer whose duty it Gazette du Port-au-Price-Letterd of the to General of the Staff at Port-au-Prince. The letter of Captain-General also Dugua, Chief some pathetic appeals, which are interesting, as Rigaud, given in tbis journal, contains coming from the hand of fallen power: - Persecuted". says he, 66 these ten years; driven away from my property for the years; taken prisoner by the English and other allies of my I last two the same principles I had before. The French enemies, bave persevered in fidelity, gave me an employient in the French government and doingj justice to my conduct and the incendiary and murdering rebels of the northern army, my first steps were bent towards enough not to imitate. You are not ignorant oft the deep part, wounds whose example you were wise destruction of my unhappy countrymen; I can only mourn their made on humanity, and able; but for the sake of those who are yet for lot; the evil is irremediliving, one who would not sink under the 2 R weight enemies, bave persevered in fidelity, gave me an employient in the French government and doingj justice to my conduct and the incendiary and murdering rebels of the northern army, my first steps were bent towards enough not to imitate. You are not ignorant oft the deep part, wounds whose example you were wise destruction of my unhappy countrymen; I can only mourn their made on humanity, and able; but for the sake of those who are yet for lot; the evil is irremediliving, one who would not sink under the 2 R weight --- Page 364 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. the present order, (Dugua,) had the sensibility CHAP.V. it was to perform Admiral Villaret to escort the wrecks of fallen great1802. to solicit ness. which remained to withstand the shock the The only means of the number and French had sustained, were, an extension who had been constantly kept in empowers of the emissaries, seduce the unconscious cultivators, and had proved ployment, to Le Clerc successful in the districts to which they had access. in the premature attempt to re-establish the ancient saw his error by his order at Port-au-Prince, which had evidently regimen the defective to return to the confidence of their inclined even determination those who held brethren, and strengthened in their least three-fourths ofthe population ofthe island. To out, being at this ill-judged action he adopted another, which, although remedy in the complicated politics of magnificent too often countenanced of the most degrading meanness. This was states, was an instance would you not think it conformable to justice, and even your duty, to weight of misfortune, to superior authority, that every thing of which we give orders, without having recourse to us. I confine myselfat present, to request you to have been deprived should be given up attorney, to be put again into the possession of my cause my sister, or M. Deronseray, my and houses, and their produce, from the time we cattle, and that of my brothers; : our lands have been deprived ofit.* in the northern part, I will bend my course towards 66 When the banditti are destroyed have lived, and commanded with glory! Ihopet to find the south, where I was born, where I there none but brothers and friends, &c. 66 A. RIGAUD." Ther nature of this requesti is explained by the order of Le Clérc (in the amplitude of his power) at Portan-Prince,-that the ancient proprietors, or their attornies, should resume their estates. a pro2 --- Page 365 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, a proclamation in which the freedom of the blacks is ASSURED, CHAP:V. but that assurance is rendered a perfect nullity, hy the ar- 1802. rangement of the sentence in which it is, conveyed. As an example of the manner in which the French expedition against the blacks was conducted, the instrument is given in its formal state : K LIBERTY. EQUALITY. 66 In the Name oft the French Government, 6 A PROCLAMATION, ee The General in Chief to the Inhabitants of St. Domingo: EE CITIZENS, 66 The time is arrived when order will succeed that chaos which has been the natural consequence of the opposition made by the rebellious to the landing of the army at St. Domingo. 66 The rapid operations and progress of the army, and the necessity of providing for its subsistence and establishment, have, hitherto, prevented my attending to the definitive organization of the colony. I could not have any fixed or certain ideas of a country with which I was totally unacquainted, and consequently couid not, without mature deliberation, form an opinion of a people who have been, for ten years, a prey to revolutions. 2R 2 "The the natural consequence of the opposition made by the rebellious to the landing of the army at St. Domingo. 66 The rapid operations and progress of the army, and the necessity of providing for its subsistence and establishment, have, hitherto, prevented my attending to the definitive organization of the colony. I could not have any fixed or certain ideas of a country with which I was totally unacquainted, and consequently couid not, without mature deliberation, form an opinion of a people who have been, for ten years, a prey to revolutions. 2R 2 "The --- Page 366 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. CHAP.V i The basis of the provisionary organization which I shall 1802. give to the colony, BUT WHICH SHALL NOT BE DEFINITIVE TILL APPROVED OF BY THE FRENCH GOVERNMENT, is Liberty and Equalityj to all the inhabitants of St. Domingo, without regard to colour. This organization comprises: e 1st. The administration ofjustice. e 2nd. The interior administration ofthe colony, combined with those measures which its interior and exterior defence require. 66 3d: The imposition of duties, the means of raising them, and their application. 6 4th. The regulations and ordinances relative to agriculture. 66 5th. The regulations and ordinances relative to commerce. e 6th. The administration ofthe national domains, the means of making them most beneficial to the state, sO as to be less burthensome to agriculture and commerce. sE As it is of infinite interest to you, Citizens, that every institution should, in an equal degree, protect agriculture and commerce, I have not determined upon this important work, without having first recourse to, and consulted with, the most distinguished and enlightened citizens of the colony. 66 In consequence, I have given orders to the generals of the south and west divisions, to select for each of these departments and merchants, (without regard to seven citizens, proprietors colour,) --- Page 367 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, colour,) who, with cight more, which the department of ibe North, I shall myself choose for CHAP.. course of the are to assemble at the Cape in the 1802, Y present month, to impart their on the plans I shall then submit observations to me to their consideration. a It is not a deliberative acquainted with assembly I establish. I am the evils which suficiently brought upon the meetings of this nature have colony to have that idea. are thus chosen being honest and The citizens who communicate my views; enlightened men, to them will I they will make their them, and will be able to observations upon citizens the liberal ideas impress on the minds of their fellow with which the government is animated. a Let those, then, who are thus to be called this together, appointment as a flattering proof of consider them. Let them consider that my consideration for advice, I might for want of their counsels and would pursue measures disastrous to the colony, which ultimately fall upon themselves, Let and they will find no them consider this, private avocations. difficulty in leaving, for some time, their 6 Done at the Head-quarters ofthe French ofthe Cape, 5th Floreal, year 10 Republic. (Signed) f The General in Chief LE CLERC. A true copy, (Signed) 4E The Deputy Adjutant-General, D'AOUST." Never my consideration for advice, I might for want of their counsels and would pursue measures disastrous to the colony, which ultimately fall upon themselves, Let and they will find no them consider this, private avocations. difficulty in leaving, for some time, their 6 Done at the Head-quarters ofthe French ofthe Cape, 5th Floreal, year 10 Republic. (Signed) f The General in Chief LE CLERC. A true copy, (Signed) 4E The Deputy Adjutant-General, D'AOUST." Never --- Page 368 --- S10 HISTORY OF 'ST. DOMINGO. CHAP.. Never was SO much art and y weakness displayed at one time 1802. in any public officer as in this instance of Le Clerc, whose mind must have been capable of the most abject baseness, and reduced to the most contemptible alternatives.* The proclamation, however, had its desired effect, and vast defections from the followers of Toussaint, even those in his last expedition, was the immediate consequence. In the beginning of April arrived the two squadrons long expected, from Havre and Flushing, and increased the puny advantages on which General Le Clerc prided himself. If his conduct assumed the air of determination before his late alarm, it had now no bounds, and with all the spirit ofjacobinism which his brother-in-law had boasted to abolish, considered every measure expedient that would destroy his opponents, or confirm his power. If a body of suspicious negroes were discovered, an open grave awaited them, to the brink of which they were led unconscious, and either slaughtered, or precipitated alive into the dreadful chasm, as suited the convenience of those to whom the charge was intrusted. Ifa person connected with the expedition, whose advice had been originally courted, began to discover un-philosophic views in the Captain-General, and to venture opinions * What a noble contrast is afforded to this effort of dirty chicane, by the conduct of General Walpole in Jamaica, who, scorning an act that might appear to men who had held British troops at defiance, and entered into regular treaties, refused inveigle the honorary reward of his gallantry and benevolence from the country he had served, because he did not conceive his engagements with them perfectly fulflled. Sce his Letter in the dppendir tu Dallas's History. upon --- Page 369 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, upon the state of affairs, a vessel was in to convey away the ready an adjacent port CHAP.. disapproving object. The terror of present regimen seemed to produce for the time the 1802. effect, than all the successes of the a more powerful of the black chiefs. French arms, or the defections Several bold pushes had been made ing the by Toussaint, considerdangers to which he was exposed, by the loss of bravest commanders, and his consequently their different of operation. plans his Notvithstanding the success of his last followers began to view forced marches expedition, than they were wont, and the with less patience situation of their opponents with proportionate envy. Toussaint continued merable advantages, resolute, with innuof the contemplating nothing but the war; though arguments more prosecution troduced to the ear of prevailing had been inChristophé, his relation, and was condemned to Toussaint claim, experience the pangs of Caesar, and exK Are you too turned against me" Christophé perceived the consequences of the excited among the black troops, disaffection Compromise confined although its effects had been of black the three to, comparatively, a small part of the chiefs, observed the weakness of Le island. He his Clerc, and was thereby led to think present proclamation sincere; it is not in the brave man to suspect the nature of a He had been quibbling arts of inferior authority. frequently tempted, as well as the other black generals, K Are you too turned against me" Christophé perceived the consequences of the excited among the black troops, disaffection Compromise confined although its effects had been of black the three to, comparatively, a small part of the chiefs, observed the weakness of Le island. He his Clerc, and was thereby led to think present proclamation sincere; it is not in the brave man to suspect the nature of a He had been quibbling arts of inferior authority. frequently tempted, as well as the other black generals, --- Page 370 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, CHAP.V. generals, and at length a corresponded on the subject of making 1802, peace, the terms of his compromise being, a general amnesty for his troops, and the preservation of his own rank, and that of all the other officers; and extending the same terms to his colleague Dessalines, and the General in Chief. Thus the situation of the blacks became no worse by the truce, should it extend no farther, while the artifices of the French would cease to have their effect. To such terms it was hard for the proud commandant to submit, and, it might have been perceived, they could not be. permanent. But Le Clerc, who considered only his own aggrandizement, thought a peace on any terms enabled him to claim the praise of restoring the colony to *France; and with regard to the means, as he had practised a fraud in his proclamation in St. Domingo, SO he could deceive the mother country, by his statement of the surrender. Thus, wading on through the same weakness, meanness, and infamy, the preliminaries were arranged with General Christophé, which afforded a temporary peace to this unhappy country. Public hostilities ceased about the lst of May. The arrangement completed with Christophé, the General in Chief was induced to commence a correspondence, which ended in a pacific invitation, and acceptance thereof, to Cape François. At his former. capital he behaved with a dignity, and at the same time a gentleness, that won all hearts towards him, and obtained a general respect. With Le Clerc it was othervise;-if the difficulties with Christophé were great, they were much more sO with him who --- Page 371 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, who had governed the island through a long and arduous and Toussaint returned to his camp without period, CHAP.V. ( though he desired no concluding a treaty; 1802. more: than what Christophé had obtained, with a dignified retirement-the wish of the greatest men of all countries and ages. The brave Dessalines alone remained without treaty of joining in the peace. He saw an unnatural amity projected, and he knew there were yet armies ready for the field, when called in defence of their freedom; yet he would not thwart wish of his brethren, and therefore coincided the in the acts ofthe General in Chief; as such he must be acquitted of suffering any imposition by the professions of the French general, for he believed none of them, and is not responsible for by his accordance with the any sincerity, peace, when he knew the blacks would not regard the dereliction of their leaders, Le Clerc did not long contend the matter with Toussaint, a few skirmishes took place, of slight importance, when the Captain-General, impatient for sovereignty, granted his 4 You, General, and wishes. your troops," says he, 66 will be employed and treated like the rest of my army. With regard to yourself, you desire repose, and you deserve it; after a man has sustained for several years the government of St. Domingo, he needs repose. I leave you at Iapprehend liberty to retire to which of your estates you please. I rely so,much on the attachment 2 S you skirmishes took place, of slight importance, when the Captain-General, impatient for sovereignty, granted his 4 You, General, and wishes. your troops," says he, 66 will be employed and treated like the rest of my army. With regard to yourself, you desire repose, and you deserve it; after a man has sustained for several years the government of St. Domingo, he needs repose. I leave you at Iapprehend liberty to retire to which of your estates you please. I rely so,much on the attachment 2 S you --- Page 372 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. bear the colony of St. Domingo, as to believe you will CHAP.V. you what moments of leisure you may have, during your 1S02. employ retreat, in communicating to me your ideas respecting the means to be taken, to cause: agriculture and commerce again proper under to flourish. As soon, as a list and statement ofthe troops General Dessalines are transmitted to me, I will communicate May s. my instructions as to the positions they are to take."* Toussaint, with his family, retired to a plantation of his own L:Ouverture, at Gonaives, on the western coast; the name, brave and faithful Dessalines continued near them, at the town of St. Marc, with an intelligent and agreeable society. Never was a more interesting retreat, than that of these two great men, honors, command, and the fascinations of absolute resigning power, for the peace of their country. They were reverenced with increased affection by the people, and Europeans could not forbear viewing them with wonder. With the despicable jealousy of the Captain-General such.an admiration was dangerous, and it did not escape his attention. To avoid the dreadful effects ofthe fever at the Cape, which now spread its ravages with uncommon violence, the CaptainGeneral made an excursion to the little island of Tortuga, having dispatched his aid-du-camp to France, with an account previously Gazette du Cape. of --- Page 373 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, of. the surrender of the blacks. them as begging their In this dispatch he describes CHAP. V: being lives, and surrendering at hunted down, and made discretion, as 1802. dences, prisoners in their different resinotwithstanding that his letter to contradiction, was Toussaint, in direct the convenience published in Paris at the same moment.* For of issuing his numerous at this time established a contradictory edicts, he Gazette of St. Gazette, under the title ofThe Official Domingo, after their were to be equally in publication in which, they mal manner. To force, as if promulgated in the most forvernment this gazette, every account of transactions was confined, those military or goand other places being at Port Republicain restricted to commercial purposes, At Tortuga Le. Clerc exercised the quired with his" usual want new power he had aca scarcely credible, of discrimination, and what was the even from SO weak a governor, he very proclamation which he had issued again violated quibble, without waiting for its effect with SO barefaced a ing the blacks who or consequences, by directwere on several pulsorily to work, under the plantations to be set comTo Toussaint, dominion of their ancient masters, (whom no compromise could of attending to the calls of deprive of the power under his care,) humanity, in those who several bodies made their continued respectfully acquainted him with appeal, and others violation of the rights which their resolutions, not tô suffer a had cost them SO dear. On this Seet the Appendix. 2s2 subject, the blacks who or consequences, by directwere on several pulsorily to work, under the plantations to be set comTo Toussaint, dominion of their ancient masters, (whom no compromise could of attending to the calls of deprive of the power under his care,) humanity, in those who several bodies made their continued respectfully acquainted him with appeal, and others violation of the rights which their resolutions, not tô suffer a had cost them SO dear. On this Seet the Appendix. 2s2 subject, --- Page 374 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. CHAP. V: subject, therefore, he addressed a letter to an official agent, named 1802. Fontaine, at the Cape, on the 27th of May. 66 It is said," he writes, s that General Le Clerc is in an ill state of health at Tortuga, of this you will inform me. Ifyou see the General in Chief, be sure to tell him that the cultivators are no longer disposed to obey me, for the planters wish to set them to work at Hericourt, which they certainly ought not to do. a I have to ask you whether any one near the person of the General. in Chief can be gained to procure the release of D- - who would be very useful to me, from his influence at La Nouvelle, and élsewhere. 46 Acquaint Gengembre that he should not quit the Borgne, where the cultivators must. not be set to work." Whether Fontaine courted the favor of Le Clerc, by communicating this letter immediately, or that it fell into his hands by means of that system of espionage in which his mean and suspicious mind delighted, is uncertain; or whether he had not predetermined the violation of his personal treaty with Toussaint as well as his guarantee of freedom to the blacks, which is most probable. Be this as it may, within a few days after the depar: ture of this letter, and before the expiration of the first month of his retirement, in the dead of the night, the Creole frigate, escorted --- Page 375 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, escorted by the Hero, a 74 in close to the shore gun ship from Cape François, stood CHAP.V. ofGonaives, when boats with troops, they surrounded suddenly landing several 180°. saint, where bis innocent the tranquil dwelling of Tous- Seizure exile of and oftheir familylay wrapped in sleep, Toussaint. awaiting fate, To Brunet, chief of unconscious an aid-du-camp of Le brigade, and Ferrari, which Clerc, was confided this treacherous they performed sO as to deserve the task, their master.* They entered commendations of file of the chamber of the hero with a grenadiers, and demandedhis immediate as he had always he surrender. Great been, was now for by a band of authorised surprised the first time, able to perplex, assassins, whom armies had never been Toussaint declared himself own fate, but remonstrated with indifferent as to his not resist the regard to bis family. 66 I shall power you have obtained over. my wife is feeble, and me," said he, 66 but, my children can do no barm. then, to remain at home." Suffer them, their Reasoning oft this kind suited policy nor their minds, the neither the vicinage became guard was increased, and before and under sail. alarmed, they were on board the vessel, Two brave leaders, who were attacked the banditti, but their roused, instantly soon seized, and afterwards bravery was useless, they were shot. As soon as Toussaint was sent Captain-General, under away, the emissaries of the the direction of commanded at St. Marc, set about Rochambeau, who discovering the connexions, Gazette de St. Domingue, and neither the vicinage became guard was increased, and before and under sail. alarmed, they were on board the vessel, Two brave leaders, who were attacked the banditti, but their roused, instantly soon seized, and afterwards bravery was useless, they were shot. As soon as Toussaint was sent Captain-General, under away, the emissaries of the the direction of commanded at St. Marc, set about Rochambeau, who discovering the connexions, Gazette de St. Domingue, and --- Page 376 --- S18 HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. CHAP.V. and even acquaintance of the unfortunate general, asif to root the 1802. Y remembrance of him from the colony: but that rested on a very firmer basis, the justice and gratitude of the country, and was so deeply engraven on the hearts of its inhabitants, that it could only be expelled with their lives. The brave Dessalines was for the present politically spared, but above an hundred of those who contributed to form the enlightened society of Toussaint, or who were. distinguished for knowledge or benevolence, were seized and sent on board different vessels in the harbour, and were never more heard of; in all probability, as the same mode ofexecution was afterwards openly had recourse to, they were immediately slaughtered, or thrown into the sea. The astonishment which this flagrant act of the French government occasioned, was such as to paralyse the minds of the whole people. A dread calm succeeded. The Captain-General again boasted to the deluded Bonaparté of enormities which alone were sufficient to subject his government to the execration of posterity. As if designed to hold up the transactions of this island to ridicule, the dispatches continued to display the most glaring falsehoods, and contradictory accounts; in the one alluded to he declares, that joy had been produced at the Cape by the departure of. Toussaint. If that sentiment did obtain public declaration, when the town was a common pest-house, and the French army were hourly dwindling away, it was more probable to arise from the death of the sanguinary General Hardy, the second in command, who died on the 2d of June, universally --- Page 377 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, universally detested for his total S19 a true soldier delights, want ofthose qualities in which CHAP.V. 1802. The dispatch, as relates to the a document too circumstances it describes, is follows:- striking and important to be omitted. It is as at 6 1 the Heud-quarters I informed Cape, June 11. you in one of my last I had been induced to dispatches of the. pardon grant General tious man, from the moment of Toussaint. This ambiplot in secret. his pardon, did not cease to Though he surrendered, it was because Christophé and Dessalines intimated Generals saw he had deceived to him, that they clearly them, and that they were continue the war no longer;so determined to he endeavoured finding himself deserted by to form an insurrection them, negroes, and to raise them in among the working received from all a mass. The accounts which I quarters, and from General with respect to the line of conduct Dessalines himself, mission, left no which he held since his subroom for doubt upon the letters which he had written subject. I intercepted the to one Fontaine, who was Cape. These afforded an agent at unanswerable engaged in a proof that he was former conspiracy, and that he was anxious to influence in the colony. He regain his disease among the waited only for the result of troops. 6 Under these circumstances it would be improper to give him time line of conduct Dessalines himself, mission, left no which he held since his subroom for doubt upon the letters which he had written subject. I intercepted the to one Fontaine, who was Cape. These afforded an agent at unanswerable engaged in a proof that he was former conspiracy, and that he was anxious to influence in the colony. He regain his disease among the waited only for the result of troops. 6 Under these circumstances it would be improper to give him time --- Page 378 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. CHAP.V. time to mature his criminal designs. I ordered him to be ap1802. prehended,-a difficult task; but it succeeded from the excellent dispositions made by the General of Division Brunet, who was entrusted with its execution, and the zeal and ardour of Citizen Ferrari; a chief of squadron, and my aid-du-camp. 6 I have sent to France, with all his family, this SO deeply perfidious man, who, with SO much hypocrisy, has done us SO much mischief. The government will determine how it should dispose ofhim. a The apprehension of General Toussaint occasioned some disturbances. Two leaders of the insurgents are already in custody, and I have ordered them to be shot. About an hundred of his confidential partizans have been secured, some of whom are sent on board La Muiron frigate, which is under orders for the Mediterranean, and the rest are distributed among the different ships of the squadron. 6 I am daily occupied in settling the affairs of the colony, with the least possible inconvenience, but the excessive heat, and the. diseases which attack us, render it a task extremely painful. I am impatient for the approach of the month of September, when the season will restore us activity. e The departure of Toussaint has produced general joy at the Cape. 66 The --- Page 379 --- HISTORY OF ST; DOMINGO, e The commissary of'justice, Mont Peson, is lonial prefect, Benezech, is dead. The CO- CHAP.. breathing his last. The cominandant, Dampier, is dead; he adjutant- 1802, promise. I have the honor was a young oflicer of great a to salute you, (Signed) a LE CLERC." Having rid himself of Toussaint, General in Chief, in addition and assumed the title of Le Clerc, which he to that of with General lin came to the island, Le Clerc Captain-General, Chief and affected to undertake the Captain-Ge organization of a new neral. which government for the colony, a labor in many great men had been unsuccessful, In however, he did not risque his doing this, speculative character, as they had done, by attempts in legislation, for he decreed ance ofe every the continuestablishment as he found it in the exiled General, hands of the except as related to the these he admitted the customs, and even in regulations in favor of the occasioned a strong remonstrance English, which at Paris. from the commercial interest On the 22d of June the decree of the General in was published, 6 in the name Chief Captain-General." Martial mued in force, with certain law contimodifications. had the Military commandants power over certain districts, with the assistance municipality; and each of the its commune provided for the expences of government, while the whole held a with each other.* general understanding See the Appendix, 2T The of the occasioned a strong remonstrance English, which at Paris. from the commercial interest On the 22d of June the decree of the General in was published, 6 in the name Chief Captain-General." Martial mued in force, with certain law contimodifications. had the Military commandants power over certain districts, with the assistance municipality; and each of the its commune provided for the expences of government, while the whole held a with each other.* general understanding See the Appendix, 2T The --- Page 380 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. CHAP.. The object at this time requiring the most ardent and strict 1802. attention, was the health of the troops, which had suffered to such a degree, that in many instances where, (in consequence of their necessary dispersion throughout the colony,) small numbers were left at a post, sufficient scarcely remained to attend the sick and bury the dead, instead of performing military duty, while the rigorous service was necessarily obliged to be imposed upon the others, particularly in the south, and towards the Spanish division, where large parties of blacks, never brought into action, continued in arms, and ridiculed the idea of submission. General Le Clerc preserved in his endeavours to infuse terror by the most absolute measures, and to implore the First Consul for reinforcements. Thus, if it. could be considered as ended, concluded the first campaign of the army of St. Domingo. In the mean time, the injured Black General in Chiefapproached rapidly to the site of exile. During the voyage he was not permitted to see his family, and a guard was placed at the door of his cabin. On the Ilth ofJune the ship arrived at Brest, and on the deck only this great man was permitted to take the last view of his' innocent and respectable family. Their agonizing separation will be long remembered by the seamen who witnessed it, notwithstanding the means taken to impress an unfavorable opinion of the blacks, and render them insensible to the emotions of humanity; ; nature broke through the boundaries which had been thus infernally created, and expressed their sense ofthe fraudulent delusion SO strenuously, that it --- Page 381 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, it was conçeived necessary to hurry off their was conveyed in a close august prisoner. He CHAP.. carriage, under a strong escort of to the Castle of Joux in cavalry, 1802. Normandy, far from the his fame or fate, with a single knowledge of and attendant, who was also confined prevented from any other communication; and wards, weary of captivity, who, afterprocured his own release under tence of betraying his master, and the predisclosing native island. From Joux he hiddentrensuresin: his was removed to and treated as the worst of criminals.-He Besançon, nefactor of white who had been the be-. people in a country where their enormities had provoked hatred, whose power was never stained and who was greater in his fall, than by malevolence, sumed his enemies in their aspower, was kept in a damp and cheerless the comfort of a single friend, without prison, without trial or even examination; a proof of his exalted innocence, and rial of the a perpetual memo: political error of the Conqueror of which throw a gloom over his Italy, will apotheosis, and cast a slur on a of government otherwise not destitute of virtues. period The wife and family ofToussaint remained in strict at Brest for two months, from whence charge Bayonne, in the they were removed to same province with their where they long continued unhappy relative, unnoticed, and in fate, * ignorance of his tained After a considerable period, a report gained credit that this permission to return to their native bapless family had obsuch circumstances must have been, the account country: is doubtful, even miserable as the return under 2T2 This destitute of virtues. period The wife and family ofToussaint remained in strict at Brest for two months, from whence charge Bayonne, in the they were removed to same province with their where they long continued unhappy relative, unnoticed, and in fate, * ignorance of his tained After a considerable period, a report gained credit that this permission to return to their native bapless family had obsuch circumstances must have been, the account country: is doubtful, even miserable as the return under 2T2 This --- Page 382 --- MISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. This be considered the sepulture of Toussaint. CHAP.V. prison may awhile the habits of a civilized nation, to entomb 1802. France forgot have with a public triumph; and-Engone she should graced nation of land, instead of making a common cause to annihilate a the human intellect when rising to its level, heroes, and depress from violation the rights of humanity in its should have guarded It has been the lot of him whose feeble hand attempts person. and justice to his character, to a tribute of gratitude, respect, the life of the discoverer of the new world, regret ill-requited efforts of the enlightened and benignant and the unpropitious D'Ogeron, to view the untimely death of many. brave and exalted characters in the fluctuation of events in the different atobtain of an island whose fate is as conspitempts to possession the celebrated ancient state; but in no one instance cuous as most does the mind linger with such keen sensations as on the unhappy fortune of the great, the good, the pious and benevolent Toussaint L'Ouverture.* The death of Toussaint is silently noticed in the Paris, journals of. April 27, 1803, and briefly alluded to in the London papers of the 2d of Mày following. In one of the most respectable of them is a paragraph nearly in these terms, whose briefness well characterizes an event which could only have been dwelt upon with shame: K Toussaint L'Ouverture is dead. He died, according to letters from Besançon, in prison, a few days ago. The fate of this man has been singularly unfortunate, and his treatment He died, we without a friend to close his eyes. We have never heard most cruel. believe, were over from St. Domingo with him, that his wife and children, though they brought P-Times, 2, 1803. have ever been permitted to see him during his imprisonment." May Suspicions have been hinted of tbis event being accelerated by poison. The author, however, of an eloquent little popular work, states a circumstance from good authority, which which would supersede the necessity for this means : 46 The floor of the dungeon," (in in the Toussaint was confined,) be says, 44 was actually covered with water." "-Bonaparté Hest Indies, &c. Notvithstanding --- Page 383 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, Notweithstanding the disastrous state of the Le Clerc seemed colony, General CHAP. V. unwilling to depreciate his government, ad- 1802, mitting that at the end of several months by plished what he had declared he had not accomThe was effected in the first five healthful season SO much desired by him had days. and the contagion had not otherwise long arrived, number of its decreased, than by the himself victims, which every day grew less. He was scarcely convalescent; the best officers of his staff fallen, and those who arrived had being unacquainted with the country, and task to which they were condemned, sunk into despondency, and followed their the beginning of predecessors to eternity! In October, he commissioned an to the Consular court for instructions aid-du-camp once his and advice, and for dispatches wore the semblance of truth; in consequence carefully concealed they were but bad from the public news finds its way through a thousand knowledge, the good is most anxiously avenues, when sought for in vain. It was therefore soon known that black forces with Christophé had rejoined the Dessalines, who could never be defected. They began, by in considered as affecting their different of commandant of negroes in the northern characters district, tendant-general of negroes, to retreat from those andsuperintaking care always to leave behind who were hostile, ties of ammunition them considerable quantiand stores, A number of new likewise, had 'arisen in arms, from the interior generals, began to make of the island, who excursions from the mountains. Among these was rejoined the Dessalines, who could never be defected. They began, by in considered as affecting their different of commandant of negroes in the northern characters district, tendant-general of negroes, to retreat from those andsuperintaking care always to leave behind who were hostile, ties of ammunition them considerable quantiand stores, A number of new likewise, had 'arisen in arms, from the interior generals, began to make of the island, who excursions from the mountains. Among these was --- Page 384 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, CHAP.V. was a powerful chief of - Y negroes, of the Congo tribe, called 1802. Sans Souci, who, after committing considerable depredations, could never be discovered. Charles Bellair; with his Amazonian wife, also made a powerful diversion for a while, till they were both taken, and died under the most inconceivable tortures. Clervaux, whose submission of the eastern part of the island had been formerly boasted without grounds, now declared openly his contumacy; and Maurepas, who had surrendered, was detected in a conspiracy, and put to death. Nor were the defections from the French army confined to the blacks, or to inferior officers among the whites; General Dugua, the chief ofthe French staff, disgusted with the horrors attendant on the war and more particularly, with the horrid punishment of Bellair and his wife, whom he had tried, was discovered in making arrangements to quit the French army, and took the resolution of destroying himself. The government at this period (ifin the insubordinate state in which every thing appeared, any government could be considered to exist) assumed a complexion more sanguinary and terrible than can be conceived among civilized people, and formed a new aera in martial law. In attempting to disarm the black troops which had been incorporated with the French, the necessity whereof was discovered too late, the most barbarous methods were practised, ship-loads were collected, and suffocated in the holds. In one instance, six hundred being surrounded, and attempting a resistance, were massacred on the spot; and such slaughters daily insubordinate state in which every thing appeared, any government could be considered to exist) assumed a complexion more sanguinary and terrible than can be conceived among civilized people, and formed a new aera in martial law. In attempting to disarm the black troops which had been incorporated with the French, the necessity whereof was discovered too late, the most barbarous methods were practised, ship-loads were collected, and suffocated in the holds. In one instance, six hundred being surrounded, and attempting a resistance, were massacred on the spot; and such slaughters daily --- Page 385 --- HISTORY OF ST, DOMINGO, daily took place in the vicinity of'Cape François, that the air CHAP.V. became tainted by the putrefaction of the bodies. At the ( - same 1809. time the French troops being driven from the field, and obliged to fortify themselves in the chief towns, contagion spread every where, and the distress became dreadfully general. In their extremity, to aid and fill up the measure of their enormities, the use ofblood-hounds was resorted to, that dreadful expedient, the temporary adoption of which in a neighbouring colony, had already excited the disgust ofthe powers of Europe.* Fort Dauphin, Port Paix, and several other favourite establishments, were by the middle of October lost completely to the French; and it became known to the seamen who visited the In tbis allusion to the circumstance of the introduction of colony, the author has no other aim than to add his testimony blood-hounds to an English ness) to the rectitude of the governor of Jamaica in (who was an eye witregard to their use. a successful, yet it was a dangerous experiment, and one which will, it is Though tried by British soldiers; but with the control of such hoped, never be again General Walpole, the of men as Lord Balcarras, and rights humanity can no more be violated than the military honor or discipline. The writer was witness to an anxiety with highest point of employment of the dogs in the noble governor, which must confer eternal regard to any ings as a gentleman and as a soldier, while the sentiments of General houor on his feelsion are equally'h honourable. Strange as it: may appear to those who Walpole had on the occaofk knowing thef fact, the public mind (with a jealousy of national character an opportunity and digaified) has never been satisfied that the most laudable destroyed by Maroons were not really hunted down, and blood-hounds; it is therefore most solemnly: declared in this no farther use was made of them than being marched in the place, that ror in the blacks, as has been mentioned in an rear of the army to inspire terby Mr. Quarrel, tbe writer is account furnished to his respectable historian although not certain that the care taken by Lord Balcarras prevent it, was perfectly consonant to the inclinations of that Some to and perbaps more than those stated by Mr. Dallas, did gentleman. but accidents, loose, indiscriminately, ky a British, general, for the inhuman occur, they were never let bred. purposes for wbich they are Bight that ror in the blacks, as has been mentioned in an rear of the army to inspire terby Mr. Quarrel, tbe writer is account furnished to his respectable historian although not certain that the care taken by Lord Balcarras prevent it, was perfectly consonant to the inclinations of that Some to and perbaps more than those stated by Mr. Dallas, did gentleman. but accidents, loose, indiscriminately, ky a British, general, for the inhuman occur, they were never let bred. purposes for wbich they are Bight --- Page 386 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. CHAP.V. Bight of Leogane, that after a considerable number of blacks hac 1S02.. been hunted down in the neighbourhood of Port Republicain, they were hurried on board of the ships at anchor in the bay, and crowded into their holds; that under cover of the night this dishonored navy put to sea, and first either burning brimstone in the hold, or extinguishing sense by suffocation, or neither, the miserable cargoes were discharged into the sea in such quantities, that at length the tide (as if the mighty Arbiter of all, meant to hold their shame before them) brought the corpses into the bay, and rolled them on the very beach. Human nature recoils at the description, yet the scene is not ended,- under the dark concealment of night, the tender wife, the aged parent, and even the rougher comrade in arms, stealing by the watchful suspicion of their masters, were seen wandering on the sea-shore, to identify each victim as the wave produced him. Towards the end of October, an event occurred which, however expected, produced an extraordinary effect. The General in Chief, whose health had been long impaired, and who had tried every means for its restoration, suddenly became worse, the air of the city had avowedly become mephitic, and Tortuga no longer remained as a retreat for him, being in full possession of the blacks. On the night of the lst of November, after he had communicated his wishes as to the future government ofthe colony, died Victor Emanuel Le Clerc, having been only eleven Death of the General months General in Chief and Captain-General of the colony of in Chief, Le Clerc. St. Dominga. On --- Page 387 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, On the morning of November 2, the following proclamation CHAP.. was issued by the principal municipal officer of the colony: 1802. 66 ARMY OF ST. DOMINGO, 46 The Colonial Prefect, to the Army, and the Inhabitants of St. Domingo: : e CITIZENS, SOLDIERS, 4 The night which has passed has been a mournful night for us. ee The General in Chief, Le Clerc, your Captain-General, is no more.-He has fallen; an irresistible malady has borne him from you. s6 Having scarcely attained the meridian of life, he was already a conqueror in battle and vigorous in council,-at once a hero and a sage. ce Possessing dignity without pride, generosity without ostentation ;-his heart was just;-your SoTrOWs and his were perpetually the same. 66 Soldiers, although the brother of Bonaparté is no more-he will live in your hearts. The brigands, whose terror he will was, rejoice in his death;-you will punish their detested joy. se The General of Division, Rochambeau, is about to succeed General Le Clerc. He has already delivered the South and 2U West council,-at once a hero and a sage. ce Possessing dignity without pride, generosity without ostentation ;-his heart was just;-your SoTrOWs and his were perpetually the same. 66 Soldiers, although the brother of Bonaparté is no more-he will live in your hearts. The brigands, whose terror he will was, rejoice in his death;-you will punish their detested joy. se The General of Division, Rochambeau, is about to succeed General Le Clerc. He has already delivered the South and 2U West --- Page 388 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. CHAP.V. West from the brigands who ravaged them. He is the choice of 1802. Y the government, and of the General whom you lament. 66 Under his standard you will continue to conquer, and your hearts alone can inform you what loss you have sustained. with confidence around 6 Inhabitants of St. Domingo, rally the new Chief who is given to you.-You have long known him, have often blessed the success of his arms. You will have -you not, Soldiers and Inhabitants, to applaud new triumphs. Forget that union constitutes force; and that the only mode of honoring a man whom you loved, and who loved you, is to conduct yourselves as ifhe were still in the midst of you. 6 The French government watches over you: it will never abandon you. 66 The Colonial Prefect, D'AURE." This communication, had it been intended to appease the manes of Le Clerc, could not have been more conformable to his ideas, or more replete with ostentation and falsehood. The body was immediately examined on account of his disease, then embalmed, and placed on board the Swiftsure man of Madam Le Clerc, who had no inclination to remain on war; instead of a promised paradise, she had sufan island, where, fered the most painful deprivations, went on board in a few Admiral Latouche, chief in command of the naval force days, in St. Domingo, undertaking to escort her home, accompanied by the Chief of Brigade, Netherwood, first aid-du-camp of the departed --- Page 389 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, departed general. His sabre and hat were placed, with much formality, upon the bier on board, all the officers CHAP.. Y the occasion. attending on 1802: He appears to have been anxious, that the thought directions which he necessary for the future should be put in government of the island, with force, and they were, as far as some persons, obeyed. As convenient departed General soon as the obsequies of the were performed, it became one to prepare for the necessary for some with repelling the blacks, who had advanced vociferous joy to the very town of General Cape François. Rochambeau, who was appointed Chief was at in command, Port-au-Prince, and could not be Rochambeau chief in comin sufficient time, though General expected to arrive mand. ceed him in the Watrin had set out to sucwest and south; General Clausel, ing in the north, therefure, with the commandremains of a proceeded against them, but to little effect. dispirited army, A young general, oft the name of Boyer, who had in the Gens d'Armerie, commanded in the having been appointed Chief of the Staff place of Dugua, was entrusted with the execution order, and in consequence of every thought it necessary to French colonial minister address to the some account of the the French army in St. Domingo from transactions of Toussaint L'Ouverture, the period of the arrest of In this dispatch, amidst a of matter, such as had been the custom variety Boyer confèsses the to transmit to France, dreadful situation in which the colony then 20 U2 stood. the having been appointed Chief of the Staff place of Dugua, was entrusted with the execution order, and in consequence of every thought it necessary to French colonial minister address to the some account of the the French army in St. Domingo from transactions of Toussaint L'Ouverture, the period of the arrest of In this dispatch, amidst a of matter, such as had been the custom variety Boyer confèsses the to transmit to France, dreadful situation in which the colony then 20 U2 stood. --- Page 390 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. CHAP.V. stood. Speaking of the first attempts after the departure of - 1802. Toussaint, he says, 66 The heat became excessive, it was impossible to make any movement;-the lowest mornes presented obstacles to us proportionate to the inconvenience of the season. The brigands increased in numbers. Our hospitals were crowded with sick, and disease daily made new ravages." He then mentions insurrections at Marmalade, Dondon, and Moustique, when not only those posts, but the whole plain of the Cape, covered by the black forces, from whom, they might temporarily obtain possession of a small place which they afterwards were obliged to relinquish. He acknowledges the prosecution of the war against the leaders, which had been begun by Le Clerc, in the course of which Domage, the friend of Toussaint, who had hitherto successfully repelled every attempt upon the south, fell into the hands ofGeneral Desbureaux. Loaded with the charge of an intimate connection with his exiled chief, it was not suflicient to send him on board the squadron," as the end of his co-patriots was termed ; he was reserved for the extremity oftorture that civilized barbarians could inflict. The arrival of the new Commander in Chief at head-quarters, effected little change in the situation of affairs, though much was expected, from his superior knowledge of the Island, Q. d. to be simply drowned. and --- Page 391 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, and character of the blacks; but this effect a change in the knowledge could not CHAP.. elements, or render a power ening equal to that which acquired daily weak- 1802, of the war. He strength from a continuation ent from appeared anxious to. direct it to that to which it was points differan action of considerable ordinarily carried; accordingly plains of St. Nicholas violence took place on the parched Mole, in which the French made a feeble stand. They appear to have and to continued to fight during the precipitate each other into the night, was, as it must always be in sea, The end, however, the whites obtained a like situation, that any was soon relinquished, advantage was more successful before Fort General Clausel for Dauphin, which, after standing some time the united attack withrendered to him. Before by sea and land, surLes Cayes this capture, Port and were the only towns, besides Republicain session of the French, the capital, in the posThe first public act of the Island, Rochambeau, as was that of Captain-General of of the calling to account the Staff, who appears to have been young Chief and raised to that an éléve of Le Clerc, dignity more from the than his ability. He was General's fondness, with which he young and spirited, and the was charged, faults errors ascribable appear to have arisen more to that period of life, than from cupidity. His from a decided suspension was announced by an arrêté, thus: ARRETE , as was that of Captain-General of of the calling to account the Staff, who appears to have been young Chief and raised to that an éléve of Le Clerc, dignity more from the than his ability. He was General's fondness, with which he young and spirited, and the was charged, faults errors ascribable appear to have arisen more to that period of life, than from cupidity. His from a decided suspension was announced by an arrêté, thus: ARRETE --- Page 392 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. CHAP. V. "ARRÉTÉ OF THE GENERAL IN CHIEF. 1S02. December 8. 66 The General in Chief orders the deposition of the Chief of Brigade, Boyer, Ex-commander of the first legion of Gens d'Armerie. He shall be detained in prison at the Cape till his accompts are given in, when he shall be sent to France. (Signed) 6 ROCHANBEAU."* Shortly after, the General in Chief renewed the decree of Le Clerc, SO obnoxious in France, permitting foreign importation into the colony, extending it to all descriptions of wares and merchandize, but increasing the duty upon. them to twenty per This young General, with more good fortune than was ordinarily met with under the present regimen, was afterwards embarked for France, but war having recommenced, was taken, and brought to England. With the greatest impetuosity he inveighed against his treatment! !-I But when he found that he was to be deprived of a sum of money, the fruits, probably, of defalcation in bis official career, be lost all patience. Notwithstanding every thiug of personal property had been returned to bim, as well as the other prisoners, he complained with great virulence to his government, 6 that the English had robbed him !" He was, notwithstanding, granted his liberty on parole at Tiverton, in Devonshire, where his conduct was frequeutly ludicrous in the extreme and the letters he wrote to his government occasioned many false constructions in the French papers. Notwitbstanding this disagreeable circumstance, bis favorable exterior, youth, and vivacity, obtained for bim particular notice. On one occasion, the prisoners, having procured musical instruments, and formed a concert on a Sunday, the English peasantry conceiving it derogatory to their religion, insisted on its suppression, and the Magistrates were obliged to interfere. With great gallantry the Frenchmen hoped that, though compelled to relinquish their music, the church of England would not deny them the pleasure of drinking a few bottles of excellent wine, then in their possession, with the Magistrates - the latter declined; but were surprized at hearing nothing of Boyer all the time He was busily employed in a corner drawing a caricature of the whole party! cent ; procured musical instruments, and formed a concert on a Sunday, the English peasantry conceiving it derogatory to their religion, insisted on its suppression, and the Magistrates were obliged to interfere. With great gallantry the Frenchmen hoped that, though compelled to relinquish their music, the church of England would not deny them the pleasure of drinking a few bottles of excellent wine, then in their possession, with the Magistrates - the latter declined; but were surprized at hearing nothing of Boyer all the time He was busily employed in a corner drawing a caricature of the whole party! cent ; --- Page 393 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, cent;* with this arrêté ended the most eventful experienced in St. year ever CHAP. V. Domingo. The French troops proceed with the season in which appeared to 1802. the they landed,-to rise with progress of the year,-and to fall, with their the approach of winter. Before the General, at month of ten months after their arrival, December, not near forty thousand French troops are supposed to have been sacrificed, and number, a considerable (though by no means Troops still continued proportionate,) of the blacks. to be sent from the ports of Havre and Cherbourg, but each reinforcement was less effective than the preceding, and the conscripts at length consisted youths, Poles, only of raw Piedmontese, and Fiemings. Veteran considered the army of St. soldiers Domingo as the by-word of tempt, and the once popular cause of the consplendid colony became subjugation of that no more heard of, or if was only with mentioned, it sorrow, or to be treated with derision, The commencement ofthe year 1803 was marked cessation of arms, more dreadful than by a sullen 1803. to secret cruelties, active war, as it gave place more extensive because less glaring. General Rochambeau was called, by the fortune of for which, war, to a command notwithstanding the local and which has been allowed to physical experience him, he was by no means petent, and to which, no talents, comperhaps, would have been adequate, In the outset of the expedition he had borne a See the Appendix, very --- Page 394 --- HISTORY OF ST, DOMINGO, CHAP.. subordinate rank, 1803. considering his stake as a it was only to the death of his proprietor, and superiors that he owed his present appointment. He evinced no desire to change the it could be called) on which the system (if'so hibit suflicient war proceeded, nor did he exability to produce an amendment. On the 4th of March, without any other communication of French colonial minister importance, the received from the new ral an intimation, that on the arrival of four Captain-Genetroops which were expected, thousand more menced. offensive operations might be comThe blacks, on the contrary, during the whole of this cessation, were daily awful strengthened from every quarter, under Dessalines, who was unanimously appointed who resolved General in Chief, vigorously to push the war to a termination. this view they collected a considerable force With Cape, which being upon the plain of the observed by Rochambeau, he found it sary to withdraw his troops from necesarmies became every other point, and both unawares in a state of preparation for a battle. This was not what either general therefore, restrained his party designed; Dessalines, impetuous blacks, and the French were combined to strengthen forces Affair of mishes Cape François. Several skirAcul. having taken place in the vicinity of Acul, it length determined by was at he had Rochambeau to venture an action, for which many dispositions in his favor. The troops selected side, for the affair were admirably on either posted on two neighbouring mornes, state of preparation for a battle. This was not what either general therefore, restrained his party designed; Dessalines, impetuous blacks, and the French were combined to strengthen forces Affair of mishes Cape François. Several skirAcul. having taken place in the vicinity of Acul, it length determined by was at he had Rochambeau to venture an action, for which many dispositions in his favor. The troops selected side, for the affair were admirably on either posted on two neighbouring mornes, --- Page 395 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, mornes,* the first movement the capture of a, was inauspicious to the French, considerable body by CHAP, V. of the wings who were marching to strengthen one 1803. surrounded and driven into camp. Rochambeau the black blacks began the attack with for a short time impetuosity, and the push the gave way, but on his advantage, they endeavouring to closed, In repulsed him with loss, when the penetrating the black line the French day number of prisoners, and had secured a the on them they vengeance of which determined to wreak Whether this they were disappointed in the battle. the French determination arose from an idea that the wing which had been cut off part of were sacrificed, or from the mistaken already absolutely here be policy of extermination, cannot determined, but the unhappy victims smallest consideration for their were, without the the black own men who were prisoners in camp, immediately put to death. As carefully exterminated, they were not the whole many were left in a mutilated of the night, whose state during distance around the moans and shrieks were heard at a horror spot sufliciently loud to excite a sensation throughout the of country. The black acquainted with the case commander, when Retaliation although the maxim of the Toussaint, not to retaliate, had been benevolent oftheFrench ortheeruelty no longer hitherto followed could by the black forbear; he instantly caused a up, army, formed, selected the officers number of gibbets to be whom he had taken, and supplying This French provincial term, which has on the war in St. Domingo, the writer conceives become a cant phrasei in the public couversation mounts, separated by delightful vallies, with which the applies to heights divided by different island abounds, 2 X *the --- Page 396 --- HISTOLY OF ST. DOMINGO. CHAP.V. the deficiency with privates, had them tied upin every direction 1803. - by break of day, in sight of the French camp, who dared not to interfere. The blacks then sallied down with the most astonishing vigor and regularity, raised the very camp, threw the whole line in disorder, and drove the French army close to the walls of Cape François. Such was the retaliation produced by this sanguinary the of which, however it is lameasure; a retaliation, justice mented, cannot be called in question. During the latter months, the fluctuating politics of Europe, which had never failed to produce some change to this unhappy island, again took a turn, and the peace, which was not inaptly termed in the British senate a e peace of experiment," had been concluded. In the middle of the ensuing May, war was recommenced between Great Britain and France, when each power directing its attention to those objects ofthe enemy which were the former rationally looked towards the force most vulnerable, in St. Domingo. By the time the news arrived with the different commanders station, Rochambeau had permanently fixed his headon the at the Cape, and Dessalines had SO completely lined the quarters country about the city, that the French boundaries were confined to two miles around the Cape. As their power became weaker, ferocity was increased, and apparently a desire to an unnatural render the white complexion detestable throughout the Antilles; for no means, however extraneous, were left unattempted to which were the former rationally looked towards the force most vulnerable, in St. Domingo. By the time the news arrived with the different commanders station, Rochambeau had permanently fixed his headon the at the Cape, and Dessalines had SO completely lined the quarters country about the city, that the French boundaries were confined to two miles around the Cape. As their power became weaker, ferocity was increased, and apparently a desire to an unnatural render the white complexion detestable throughout the Antilles; for no means, however extraneous, were left unattempted to --- Page 397 --- HISTORY OF ST, DOMINGO, to annoy the enemy. Not able number of content with the use of a consider- CHAP.. blood-hounds, (some ofwhich from the Spanish part of the they had procured 1803. which they sent island, but most from that of Use ofbloodin pursuit of small Cuba,) hounds. occasionally ventured within reconnoitring parties that (the pen shrinks from their lines; when they were taken the task of to those animals, less describing it) they were thrown brutal than their devoured alive! All the barbarous owners, to be arts, which could devise in the invention worse than savage mals with people, who continued to a ferocity not often inspirit these anithem more terrific to the known, was employed, to render Such is the blacks, and more effective in the war. deterioration of the human mind, circumstances. under a pressure of Dessalines, notwithstanding the most horrid frequent losses, attended with freeze the blood of circumstances, suflicient in the relation to found the reader, continued the blockade, opportunities to decrease in the French and ration, both offensive and the means of opedefensive. As soon as an squadron was perceived on the coast in English with Christophé, July, he, in sent a flag of truce with conjunetion in concert against the French, a proposition to act and, in case of request some assistance of stores.-It agreement, to is same time an account of the probable, that at the panied this atrocities of the French accomrequest, for shortly after a mand ofa a Commodore, squadron, under the comblockaded Cape month, when Rochambeau François in the ensuing began to sound the Commodore 2x2 upon --- Page 398 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. CHAP.V. terms for a surrender of the French troops. About this upon unsafe the French interest, that Jerome Bona1803. time, SO appeared parté, the brother ofthe First Consul, who had remained hitherto, (with what utility is not known,) left the island, and arrived at Baltimore, on the American continent, a young man more fond of fashionable distinction than of war, and more fitting for the agremens of life than its arduous occupations.* The French affairs continued to depreciate, varying only by the increase of difficulty; attended with the same disgraceful employment of the most cruel actions, till Rochambeau actually relinquished every other merit or aim, than that of keeping possession of the city of the Cape, and fortifying it by every means that human art could devise or effect. In a dispatch on the 29th of October, he observes, 66 There is still some merit in defending colony against a civil war on one side, and a foreign a ravaged enemy on the other." Such was the situation to which were reduced the conductors which had flattered the French people to the of an expedition, interested the powers of Europe,-and fed highest pitch,-had the vanity of every general whom interest could procure to be appointed to its service.-The victorious blacks, however, contiAmong other traits of character in this young man was, that he anxiously, and perhaps surreptitiously, obtained the London curricle of an English merchant on the island, which he used with an extravagant peculiarity in the city to which he bad removed; while the executors ofi its owner were instituting legal proceedings to recover its value. nuing which had flattered the French people to the of an expedition, interested the powers of Europe,-and fed highest pitch,-had the vanity of every general whom interest could procure to be appointed to its service.-The victorious blacks, however, contiAmong other traits of character in this young man was, that he anxiously, and perhaps surreptitiously, obtained the London curricle of an English merchant on the island, which he used with an extravagant peculiarity in the city to which he bad removed; while the executors ofi its owner were instituting legal proceedings to recover its value. nuing --- Page 399 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, Sit nuing to pour in reinforcements Dessalines upon tlie plain of the resolved to attack the city, Cape, CHAP.. ingly. A powerful and took measures accord- 1803. Y body descended from the Morne and having passed the outer du Cap, lines, and several of the houses, a sharp conflict ensued, and blockthe city by storm in they then prepared to take thirty-six hours. The blacks ible; and before it would be too being irresistlate, reasonably every one would be put to the sword, expecting that cles of capitulation, Rochambeau offered artiwhich, to the honor of the Black foregoing the desire of revenge for the General, by accepted, conduct of the French, he granting them ten days to. evacuate the SO doing the island, leaving city, (and in in their every thing in its existing own ships, with the honors of war, all their condition,) perty, and leaving their sick to the private proinstance of forbearance and care of the blacks;* an magnanimity, of which there are not many examples in the annals of ancient or modern history. Though the British squadron under Commodore were still stationed off Cape Loring, which delinitive François, did not enter into alliance in consequence of the any blacks, they continued application of the to render their cause an incalculable service, by preventing the arrival of of any kind. reinforcements or supplies Having been informed of the mode by which provisions were obtained from the Spanish of through the Curacol part the island, passage, leading to the eastern entrance of See the Appendix, the --- Page 400 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. CHAP.V. the harbour of Cape François, a frigate was placed SO as to inter1803. Y cept them, by which thirty small vessels, several laden with bullocks, were captured in a short time.* Thus, deprived of supply by sea, and shut from an intercourse with the land, General Rochambeau became reduced to the situation hé sO forcibly'deoccasion. 66 Pressed" said he, 66 almost scribed on a subsequent to death by absolute famine, and after waiting for a considerable time, wretchedly appeasing the desperate calls of hunger by feeding on our horses, mules, asses, and even dogs, we had no way to escape the poignards of the enraged negroes, but by trusting our fate to the sea.". + The same day on which he had treated with General Dessalines, and after he had exchanged hostages, Rochambeau thought proper to send to the English commodore a military and a naval officer, with proposals to treat for the evacuation of the Cape, with a dissimulation disgraceful to the meanest commander. These were General Boyé and Captain Barné. They proposed that General Rochambeau and his guards, comprizing about five hundred men, should be conveyed to France in two vessels, the Surveillant and Cerf, without being considered as prisoners of war. To this proposition, which nothing but the liberality they had SO recently experienced could give rise, ComLondon Gazette, Feb. 7, 1804. + On which," be scurrilously adds, & we were taken by the English pirates." See Afidaxit of Augustus Stenson, taken at Ashbourne, in Derbyshire, on the 27th of February, 1804, at which time Rochambeau was prisoner there on his parole of honor. modore essels, the Surveillant and Cerf, without being considered as prisoners of war. To this proposition, which nothing but the liberality they had SO recently experienced could give rise, ComLondon Gazette, Feb. 7, 1804. + On which," be scurrilously adds, & we were taken by the English pirates." See Afidaxit of Augustus Stenson, taken at Ashbourne, in Derbyshire, on the 27th of February, 1804, at which time Rochambeau was prisoner there on his parole of honor. modore --- Page 401 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, modore Loring returned his refusal, and at the same time Captain Moss, of the Desirée, with sent CHAP. V. a general surrender,-that absolute terms. These were, 1803. Y health the French oflicers and should go to Jamaica, and the sick troops in rica, security being to France and Amegiven for the vessels which prohibiting at the same time the white conveyed them, from going to Jamaica. inhabitants of the Cape To this communication General lowing Rochambeau returned the answer: : fola The General in Chief of the Army of St. Domingo to Commodore Loring, dc. gc. 66 SIR, 66 I have received the letter which to address to me. As you have done me the honor your propositions are beg of you to consider the inadmissible, I must received. preceding letter as not having been 66 I have the honor to be, &c. 66 D. ROCHAMBEAU." The French general flattered himself with nity to make his escape from the finding an opportuCape, and any farther communication consequently forbore with, and still English the capitulation into concealing from the which he had entered with lines, but they were too vigilant for his Dessapurpose. On --- Page 402 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. CHAP.V. On the 2nd of December, Captain Loring summoned the 1S03. General of Brigade, Noailles, who maintained unmolested a species of solitary command at the Mole, to surrender, who, while equivocating as to the mode of his capitulation, embarked with his garrison in the night on board six vessels, five of which fell into the hands of the commander of the La Pique, the sixth escaping, with General Noailles on board. Port-au-Prince having been evacuated at different periods, was under the command of the General of Division, Petion, a black officer of experience and ability, who had been regularly educated at the Military School in France; St. Domingo thus became again in the full possession of the native army. The force which had arrived with the first body of troops, and stationed at the Spanish capital under General Kerversan, had remained without the power of interfering in the war, and contented itself with the parade of communication between the French and Spanish inhabitants, and with the island of Cuba, between whom they found sufficient employment, in those petty political intrigues that are always better avoided, as regard both the character and advantage of the countries using them. Immediately on the cessation of hostilities, which promised to be more permanent than any former one, the General in Chief, with the two Generals between whom the jurisdiction of the island was become divided, Christophé and Clervaux, began to consider of the proclamation of independance, and those measures interfering in the war, and contented itself with the parade of communication between the French and Spanish inhabitants, and with the island of Cuba, between whom they found sufficient employment, in those petty political intrigues that are always better avoided, as regard both the character and advantage of the countries using them. Immediately on the cessation of hostilities, which promised to be more permanent than any former one, the General in Chief, with the two Generals between whom the jurisdiction of the island was become divided, Christophé and Clervaux, began to consider of the proclamation of independance, and those measures --- Page 403 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, measures which ere necessary for the public tranquillity. In a proclamation on November 29, by the three officers, from head- CHAP.V. quarters, in the Name of the Black People and Men 1803, of Colour, they declared the 66 General Freedom," and invited the of those proprietors who fled return during the conflict, without become obnoxious by any cruelty of having disposition towards their servants, or inclination to the continuance of same time, avowing, that slavery; at the to those of a contrary temper, no protection would be promised; and that as to in any future expedition, soldiery employed mercy was not to be expected. declared their They disapprobation of, and palliated the which were the unavoidable cruelties all consequence of civil dissentions in countries, and proposed that a new regimen, founded basis of.j justice, should prevail in St. on the tion of these Domingo.* In the execupropositions, and in preparations for the ofthe Island, to which they pacific state It will now looked, closed the year 1803. scarcely be believed, that to this gratifying restoring order, in the place of distraction, occupation of rendered perpetual caution was necessary, by some infatuated people who the Cape, still devoted to the hope of remained at tion, and the replacing the old constituprinciple of slavery. Hearing no more from General Rochambeau, quainted, by Dessalines, with the although acno movement, the English capitulation, and perceiving commodore addressed that general a See the Appendix. 21 Y as --- Page 404 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, CHAP.V. as the term had nearly expired, expressive of his hopes that no 1803. Y 1 retraction would take place, and requesting pilots, to conduct a part ofthe squadron into the harbour, to take possession of the shipping. He received the following answer : 66 LIBERTY OB DEATH! Head-Quarters, Nov. 27. e The Commander in Chief of the Native Army to Commodore Loring, d.c. gc. 66 SIR, a I acknowledge the receipt of your letter, and you may be assured that my dispositions towards you, and against General Rochambeau, are invariable. I shall take possession of the Cape to-morrow morning, at the head of my army. It is a matter of great regret to me, that I cannot send you the pilots which you require. I presume that you will not have occasion for them, as I shall compel the French vessels to quit the road, and you will do with them, what you shall think proper. 66 I have the honor to be, &c. &c. 66 DESSALINES." On the 30th, the Colours of the blacks were flying at the dif ferent forts, which induced Commodore Loring to send Captain Bligh to the Black General, to enquire the circumstances which occasioned the change, when, on entering the harbour, he met Captain you the pilots which you require. I presume that you will not have occasion for them, as I shall compel the French vessels to quit the road, and you will do with them, what you shall think proper. 66 I have the honor to be, &c. &c. 66 DESSALINES." On the 30th, the Colours of the blacks were flying at the dif ferent forts, which induced Commodore Loring to send Captain Bligh to the Black General, to enquire the circumstances which occasioned the change, when, on entering the harbour, he met Captain --- Page 405 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, Captain Barré, who entreated lante, and enter into him to go on board the Surveil. some capitulation with CHAP., might be placed under the the French, that they - 1803. - having threatened protection of the English, the blacks to sink the vessels with red-hot quence of the terms of the shot, in consein point of time. This capitulation not being complied with in which he agreed to, and articles the English continuing being drawn, experienced from the the liberality they had already French Blacks, agreed to their sailing out under colours, and firing their broadsides Captain Bligh went to previous to surrender; acquaint the Black General ture, and to request his desistance with the capbe fair for their from firing, till a wind should departure, which was then directly acquiescence was obtained with much contrary; his difliculty. The force being taken possession of by Commodore comprizing eight thousand Loring, of three men, with the sbipping, frigates, and seventeen consisting to Jamaica, from whence merchantmen, were conveyed Admiral Duckworth patched General immediately disRochambeau, and the officers confidence, to England.* particularly in his With the new year, a new name and a new given to St. Domingo. Desirous constitution was 1804. of obliterating every mark The island resumes its The words of that officer are, I send a of ancient HAYTI. name chambeau, and those officers who are said to have vessel of war to England, with General RuLondon Gazette, E6B.7; Letter ofSir participated in his cruelties at the 3d of February, and were afterwards J.T. Duckeorth, They arrived at theCape." Appendix. sent on their parole into the interior. Portsmouth See the oh 2Y2 of --- Page 406 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, CHAP.V. of its recent state, the chiefs who had effected its freedom de1804. termined upon resuming, with its pristine simplicity of government, its ancient name. Aware of the failings of his too credulous countrymen, and knowing that nothing but the firmest consolidation of their whole force, could preserve the advantages they had gained, he appointed the first day of the year for a solemn pledge of hatred to the French government, and an abjuration of all ideas of conquest and aggrandizement. The terms of this declaration of union are dreadful, they were acceded to by the people with the enthusiasm he desired, and proclaimed throughout Hayti. 6. It is not enough," says he, eto have expelled from your the barbarians who have for two ages stained it with country blood. It is not enough to have curbed the factions which, succeeding one another by turns, sported with a phantom of liberty which France exposed to their eyes. It is become necessary by a last act of national authority, to ensure for ever the empire of liberty in the country which has given us birth."* The truth of this declaration soon became exemplified by the intrigues of some of the unhappy persons who still retained their propertyint the Island, and who, notwithstanding the effervescence of the public mind, which was apparent in every occurrence, could not desist from plans of aggrandizement and assumption of Sect the Appendix. power: ; another by turns, sported with a phantom of liberty which France exposed to their eyes. It is become necessary by a last act of national authority, to ensure for ever the empire of liberty in the country which has given us birth."* The truth of this declaration soon became exemplified by the intrigues of some of the unhappy persons who still retained their propertyint the Island, and who, notwithstanding the effervescence of the public mind, which was apparent in every occurrence, could not desist from plans of aggrandizement and assumption of Sect the Appendix. power: ; --- Page 407 --- HISTORY OF ST, DOMINGO, power; some, were SO had created such imprudent, as to retain the dogs which a fatal hatred. Even CHAP.. ficient to cause them to remain experience was not suf 1804, est caution could quiet, and those whom the stricthardly be expected to preserve from revenge, adopted the least. The blacks infuriated minately in their turn, indiscriperhaps, viewed in every mutually repulsive, Frenchman a tyrant; thus, amity could not be expected, One of the first civil acts of the black siderable honor upon the consideration governor reflects conbeen actuated, It by which it must have arose from the following the early emigrations, different circumstances. In with them for the wealthy proprietors had taken purposes of pomp, a number oftheir negroes; afterwards, when they ceased domestic from their estates, and to receive remittances were unable to support a abandoned them under various retinue, they pretexts; others had emigrated, during the sway of different" voluntarily fallen into distress; while factions, and thereby both were without the means turning to their own country. The of refollowing published, which, as it could have birth proclamation was but was a pure emanation in no political view, imitation of humanity, is an act of older states. worthy the 46 LIBERTY --- Page 408 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. CHAP. V. 66 LIBERTY OR DEATH! 1804. 66 GOVERNMENT OF HAYTI. 4 Head-Quarters, Jan. 14. 66 Ist Year of the Independence of Hayti. 66 The Governor-General considering that a great number of Native Blacks, and Men of Colour, are suffering in the United States of America, for want of the means of returning, 46 Decrees, 6 That there shall be allowed to the Captains of American Vessels the sûm of Forty Dollars for each Individual they may restore to this Country. He orders that this Decree shall be printed, published, and posted up, and that a copy thereof be immediately forwarded to the Congress oft the United States, 66 By the Governor-General, 66 DESSALINES." During the period, in which he was occupied in these pleasing cares, his attention was called to others of a troublesome nature. A number of persons yet remaining in the different towns of the island, who had been the tools of every faction, and whose inclinations, and interests had always led them to foment discontent, and SOW the seeds of rebellion. To root out these emissaries was necessary to the public peace, and if the expulsion had gone no farther, without sanguinary measures, it would probably have hcen better for all parties. The , 66 DESSALINES." During the period, in which he was occupied in these pleasing cares, his attention was called to others of a troublesome nature. A number of persons yet remaining in the different towns of the island, who had been the tools of every faction, and whose inclinations, and interests had always led them to foment discontent, and SOW the seeds of rebellion. To root out these emissaries was necessary to the public peace, and if the expulsion had gone no farther, without sanguinary measures, it would probably have hcen better for all parties. The --- Page 409 --- HISTORY OF ST, DOMINGO, The official notice which then presented cation of an extract, drawn itself, was the publi- CHAP., from the reports of the of the Government on that proceedings 1804, subject. It was as follows: s Extract from the Secret Deliberations of the Government of the Island of Hayti, <] LIBERTY! INDEPENDENCE! OR DEATH! 4 The Governor-General the Island of considering that there still remains in Hayti, Individuals who have contributed, their guilty either by writings, or by their sanguinary drowning, suffocating, accusations, to the assassinating, hanging, and more than sixty thousand of shooting, of our brethren, under the inhuman government of Le Clerc and Rochambeau, man who has dishonored human considering that every with enthusiasm nature,. by prostituting himself to the vile oflices ofinformers and ought to be elassed with assassins, executioners, and delivered morse to the sword ofjustice, up without redecrees as follows:- 6 I. Every Commandant ofa Division within their shall cause to be arrested respective commands those persons who be known to have taken are, or shall an active part in the different and assassinations ordered by Le Clerc massacres or Rochambeau, &c. #2. Before proceeding to the arrest of an ten happens that individual, (as it of many are innocent, who, nevertheless, be strongly suspected,) we order each may Commander to make all necessary --- Page 410 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, CHAP.V. cessary inquiries for producing proofs, and above all, not to con1804, found with true and faithful reports those denunciations too frequently suggested by hatred or envy. "3. The names and surnames of persons executed, shall be inscribed and sent to the Greneral in Chief, who will make them public, This measure is adopted in order to inform the Nations ofthe World, that although we grant an asylum and protection to those who act candidly and friendly towards us, nothing shall ever turn our vengeance from those murderers who have delighted to bathe themselves in the blood ofthe innocent children of Hayti. ce 4. Any Chief, who, in contempt of the orders, and unalterable will of the government, shall sacrifice to his ambition, to his hatred, or to any other passion, any person whose guilt shall not have been previously well ascertained and proved, shall undergo the same punishment which he shall have thus inflicted; and the property of every such unjust officer shall be confiscated, one half to the government, and the other half to the relations of the innocent victim, if any there may be in the island at the time of his death, (Signed) 66 DESSALINES. 66 A true copy, B. AIME, Secretary. 46 Done at Head-quarters, Feb, 22." To ambition, to his hatred, or to any other passion, any person whose guilt shall not have been previously well ascertained and proved, shall undergo the same punishment which he shall have thus inflicted; and the property of every such unjust officer shall be confiscated, one half to the government, and the other half to the relations of the innocent victim, if any there may be in the island at the time of his death, (Signed) 66 DESSALINES. 66 A true copy, B. AIME, Secretary. 46 Done at Head-quarters, Feb, 22." To --- Page 411 --- HISTORY OF ST, DOMINGO, To enable the General in Chief and to prosecute with that decision, which the vigor CHAP.. different functions complection of the times required, the 1804. / of the legislature, it was determined liberative meeting which had by the de- Dessalines of April, to invest assembled throughout the month General Governor for which Dessalines with the life, was accordingly done in the Government for life, power ofr making beginning of May, with the peace and war, and It is thus, that the nominating his successor. advantageous of an extensive principle a monarchy, in population arises, self-evident, without the ing interests which afterwards contendciples by which it is' surround it, and the factitious prinobscured. During this period, the French the Government Governor of commissioned Guadaloupe to treat as sels going to Hayti, which had pirates all neutral vesculous been executed with a as unjust. The division rigor as ridistationed in the mingo, to whom city of St. Do- A small having reinforcements were reported would be French force never been called into. action, sent, the remains city in of their debarkation, had except a few skirmishes on St. Dominthe suffered less than any other favored island: the Spaniards, division on E distance nity for also, apparently glad of an opportu- chery and the of trea- the treachery, had supported and rendered them Spaniards, the country, nevertheless familiar to without the they were still confined to the Capital, power of advancing, or ment, any other than annoying the new Governway by their upon the island. continuance in any shape Kerversan, who the arrival of the commanded the division on expedition, had long since fallen, and the 2 Z present --- Page 412 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. CHAP.V. present commander was Freron, a man of some talents, but Y 1804, little principle. Dissatisfied with the Spaniards for their treachery, desirous of removing the French, and impressed with the necessity of preparing for the worst, although nothing hostile was then appaDessalines determined on proceeding round the island, to rent, examine every post or station, and observe the effect ofthe regulations he had established, many of which required to be enforced. Ever vigilant, Dessalines was never known to make a false movement, or to be surprised * on his post, except by treachery, and of this he had now too much experience to suffer any flagrant imposition. Previous to his departure, however, it became necessary to address the people, to explain his intended journey, conciliate all parties, and render them firm in the support of his government, in proportion to his exertions in their behalf. The proclamation issued on this occasion (April 28) is a specimen of this kind of composition, and is a positive refutation of those who, in opposition to reason and notoriety, describe the inhabitants of The writer cannot resist this opportunity of observing, that it were well if this principle of conduct were always equally acted on in regular armies.. It is regretted, that some instances have occurred, in which any infliction under death is too mild a punishment. It should be the maxim of every soldier never to be surprised, and of a general never to admit of such a declaration. Though not sanguinary, he views the effects of such cases in so criminal a light, that he could perform the office of executioner himself to an officer suffering such a circumstance, Hayti reason and notoriety, describe the inhabitants of The writer cannot resist this opportunity of observing, that it were well if this principle of conduct were always equally acted on in regular armies.. It is regretted, that some instances have occurred, in which any infliction under death is too mild a punishment. It should be the maxim of every soldier never to be surprised, and of a general never to admit of such a declaration. Though not sanguinary, he views the effects of such cases in so criminal a light, that he could perform the office of executioner himself to an officer suffering such a circumstance, Hayti --- Page 413 --- HISTORY OF ST, DOMINGO, Hayti as being in a 6 savage state," 79 It burns of martial oratory, while with all the fire CHAP., breathing that which entwines and bewitching eloquence 1804, captivates the heart.* On the 8th of May he dispersed of the island a throughout the Spanish part from cantionary proclamation, advising them to desist countenancing the French opposing him which soldiery, and the vain hopes of out from they manifested; and on the 14th he set Cape François, and Gonaives, proceeding by the Mole, to Port Paix where he halted for a litale time at town and his favorite head-quarters. From this time, and ofJune and July, he during the months employed himselfi in and southern provinces, examining the western the distractions repairing the injuries of war, and of their government. 4 The settling (to use their own expressions) ct Aurora of peace" of a less now began to afford the stormy time," and the glimpse pearance; community to wear a natural apnotwithstanding the melancholy scenes of devastation which occasionally retributive unfolded themselves. An event was brought about it savours of during his stay, which, while aggrandizement in the Chief, who been elevated to the highest had already served place in the to combine the public confidence, more dignified people more closely, and to present a character to their enemies, This was to the Imperial his elevation Dignity in a manner, and on terms not inferior See the Appendix. 2z 2 to --- Page 414 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, CHAP.V. to those which have raised other heroes, in times when heroism Y 1804. was the popular care. Hayti erect- Whether the design originated from the similar event which ed empireunder into an had taken place in France, or had birth in the magnificent ideas Jean Dessalines. Jaques which arise in a state bursting from the clouds of adversity into glory, is not determined; that it had an exalted basis is certain, and it was conducted in a manner comportable with the simplicity of the earliest institutions, and the refined elegance of modern courts. General Dessalines having formally agreed to accept the dignity of Emperor, a meeting of the constituted authorities took place on the 8th of September at Port-an-Prince, to arrange the time and manner in which the will of the people should be executed; when that day month was fixed upon for the coronation, and a Programa * issued, oft the different forms and ceremonies with which it should be attended. A procession was formed representing the different functions of the state, depicted sO as to shew how they affected its interest, thereby producing a grand and impressive picture, highly descriptive of the manners and principles of the people. In this procession, Education took the lead, as the first and most prominent local good; the Arts next, as little inferior; and AgriSee the Appendix. culture time and manner in which the will of the people should be executed; when that day month was fixed upon for the coronation, and a Programa * issued, oft the different forms and ceremonies with which it should be attended. A procession was formed representing the different functions of the state, depicted sO as to shew how they affected its interest, thereby producing a grand and impressive picture, highly descriptive of the manners and principles of the people. In this procession, Education took the lead, as the first and most prominent local good; the Arts next, as little inferior; and AgriSee the Appendix. culture --- Page 415 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, culture the third, as partaking of the first class, and at the head of the second; Foreign and National CHAP, V. then Justice and Commerce succeeded; 1804. Legislation; followed by the Oflicers and last of all the Military. ofHealth; A superb amphitheatre was erected on a martial Jean Jaques Dessalines plain; when was declared Emperor of the thunder of cannon, which Hayti, amid was re-echoed as an ment by the Marine of other acknowledgeChurch nations, in the harbour. The sanctified the event by a solemn Te Deum, and the concluded by public rejoicings, day that ever apparently the most sincere greeted a similar occasion. CHAP, --- Page 416 --- --- Page 417 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, CHAP, VI. On the Establishment of a Black Empire, and the probable Efects oftlis Colonial Recolution. SUCH, then, with the close of the this eventful year 1804, was the end of revolution, in which the CHAP.I, ward for the Imperial dignity was the re- 1804. courage and experience of the Chief, who, Probable by the misfortunes of his brave and profiting effects of the good predecessor, had more colonial resuccessfully combated his enemies,-those enemies who volution. enough to consider it possible, were weak nay, easy to reduce to slavery a powerful body of men who had for some few state of the most perfect years enjoyed a freedom; nor can it be asserted that his title is in any way inferior to that of the whosé laurels have been sullied in the extraordinary man attempt to subdue him. The recurrence to the earliest state of the new. world for the name and character of the government, with the more than three hundred advantage of years experience, is an idea which could not originate in mean or untutored minds; nor is such the --- Page 418 --- S60 HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. CHAP. VI. the character of any oft the present rulers of Hayti, With respect 1804. Y 1 to the future policy they may chuse to adopt, time alone can Probable eflects of the determine. Should they adhere to the basis on which they have colonial volution. re- founded their proceedings, and remain unmolested by European powers, they may arrive at the most enviable state of grandeur and felicity; but should any evil spirits obtain a footing amongst them, and interrupt the harmony which may otherwise be maintained, by occasioning factions to arise from old contentions, OF new divisions, the frequent consequence of overgrown wealth or dominion, they will in all probability fulfil the prediction of Edwards, by becoming 66 savages in the midst of society, without peace, security, agriculture, or property." But, in either case, their reduction to their former situation is impossible; and though Europe waste her armies, and exhaust her navies in the endeavour, the blacks of St. Domingo will be unsubdued; and if they cannot repel the invasion of a reiterated and extended force, they will cut them off, as hath been already observed, with a seythe more keen and rapid than that of time. Every year and every day has been, and will still continue, to be pregnant with experience to them, and no power on earth will be able to reduce them, while their population will continue to increase in a vast proportion. The writer has reiterated these sentiments for several years, and through a period in which their confirmation appeared more than doubtful; his opinions were disinterested, and unmingled with any prejudice, either local, political, or pecuniary, and every event has tended to strengthen them. Should already observed, with a seythe more keen and rapid than that of time. Every year and every day has been, and will still continue, to be pregnant with experience to them, and no power on earth will be able to reduce them, while their population will continue to increase in a vast proportion. The writer has reiterated these sentiments for several years, and through a period in which their confirmation appeared more than doubtful; his opinions were disinterested, and unmingled with any prejudice, either local, political, or pecuniary, and every event has tended to strengthen them. Should --- Page 419 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, Should it ever happen in the various means dispensed course oftime, that any of the of by providence to check the CHAP.VI population should fall on Hayti, either exuberance 1804. gion, or by a in the form of'conta- Probable multiplication of the various effects of the African race are subject, in the diseases, to which the colonial volution. rea white population should degeneration ofslavery; and that taking by that time be formed, advantage of such a calamity; capable of should the neighbouring then, but not till then, lonize, continent ofAmerica be in a or the policy of European state to COment of the most governments desire the attainsplendid colony of the might possibly be' afforded. Antilles, an opportunity -Whether it would be score ofjustice, or humanity to do rational on the at present. Those sO, is a subject not to be who undertake the argued be undertaken, will be project, if ever it should capable of defending it with plausibility. But to this part of the subject the public directed; the danger of a attention is rarely the American community of manumitted slaves in Archipelago, is their chief Empire of Hayti. With those objection to the new who form their roneous principles, fears of this kind opinion on ering clown startles at his may arise, as the unreflectWhether shadow on the moonlight sward. Hayti exist or not, as an black population of the other independent island, if the to increase colonies of the as it has done Antilles continue during the last balance that of the whites, fifty years, and to overcise of no power but that of the humanity, can preserve them to their exerThe practise ofthis power, present possessors, happily, is prevalent at present, and 3A it ering clown startles at his may arise, as the unreflectWhether shadow on the moonlight sward. Hayti exist or not, as an black population of the other independent island, if the to increase colonies of the as it has done Antilles continue during the last balance that of the whites, fifty years, and to overcise of no power but that of the humanity, can preserve them to their exerThe practise ofthis power, present possessors, happily, is prevalent at present, and 3A it --- Page 420 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. and that profiting by the past, it will be CHAP. VI, it is hoped, expected, with the increased wealth of the proprietors, and 1804. always co-equal with Probable their capability of being liberal; but if it does not originate effects ofthe colonial rethat the smallest danger can arise to the colonies, from volution. themselves, the Empire of Hayti, may be positively denied. The negroes, sufficiently warlike and vindictive, when roused by rethough court quiet, and are ardent in all the relations of life, venge, treated superiors. They would then with exwhen kindly by treme difficulty, if at all, be persuaded to quit a situation of comparative ease, to join strangers in a bloody confiict. Besides, the inhabitants of Hayti could derive no advantage from such a union. They are not to be compared with the Maroons, or the Charaibes, as they possess a territory with an organised governand suflicient resources of their own, all which they must ment, lose in proportion to the success of any project of ambition. Neither have they, nor do they want the maritime power SO absolutely necessary for an attack on the other islands; and many other difficulties occur to prevent such a scheme: Yet, as many events beyond the utmost stretch of foresight happen in the course oft time, it is incumbent upon those in particular, whose local interest is concerned, to take due care to prevent the miseries which they appear prematurely to dread; for extra precaution is not SO great an evil, as a deficiency of necescare; to the Proprietors of the British colonies in particular sary it is recommended, to think an inducement to some degree of devotion among their slaves an object of importance, with a careful --- Page 421 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO, careful diffusion of morality. In the former, the more mysteries need not be included, nor in peculiar CHAP.VI, tem, which denies the latter that rigid sys- 1804. 1 even the innocent Probable The personal gaieties of humble life. care, too, of negroes, should be an effects colonial of re- the attention, than it is on certain object of more volution. that health which is of occasions, with a view to preserve well SO much value to their as the comfort, to proprietors, as necessary render them satisfied condition. These attentions, with their males, added to those including the care of pregnant fehumane and salutary laws which preclude excessive already the most punishment, or labor, will always desirable effects, and be more certain produce flictions, that coercive than all the indeliberation measures can devise to prevent a of (the first revolutionary spirit system) among slaves, And finally, if it should appear from the are already granted that the slaves in concessions, which vated from the the colonies may be eleconsideration of being a the lowest class of human species below, even to formerly arisen, society, the complaints which have will soon have no grounds for those existence; and philanthropic minds which have been led, rious principle of protecting 66 him from the gloto that had none to countenance an enthusiasm, which help him," has been of the most fatal tendency, will, no doubt, exert their beneficent ing the good effects, of what offices in increasthis may have been already done, But principle must always be preserved militate or not against the policy of inviolable, (whether it not be retaining distant colonies will argued)-that no deliberative body should prescribe for the 3A 2 internal , rious principle of protecting 66 him from the gloto that had none to countenance an enthusiasm, which help him," has been of the most fatal tendency, will, no doubt, exert their beneficent ing the good effects, of what offices in increasthis may have been already done, But principle must always be preserved militate or not against the policy of inviolable, (whether it not be retaining distant colonies will argued)-that no deliberative body should prescribe for the 3A 2 internal --- Page 422 --- HISTORY OF ST. DOMINGO. CHAP.VI. internal polity of a country at a distance, such as precludes an 1804. intimate and constant knowledge of its concerns. Probable effects of the colonial rolution. reThe Enquiry into the Rise of the Black Empire of Hayti, thus concludes for the present. It is hoped a remarkable and correct picture will be found of a Revolution, which ranks among the most remarkable and important transactions of the day. Itis, at least, untinctured with prejudice of any kind, unless that spirit can be sO called, which inclines towards truth and humanity. APPENDIX. --- Page 423 --- APPENDIX; COMPRISING DOCUMENTS REFERRED TO IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE WORK: TOGETHER WITH AUXILIARY REMARKS. --- Page 424 --- --- Page 425 --- APPENDIX. No. I. (Referred to in Page 181.- The fascinating eloquence of the Abbé Gregoire," &c.) Among the other Public Eforts of the Society Amis was the follozing Letter of de Noirs, of the Abu6 Gregoire, Bishop of the Department of Loire and Cher, Deputy of the National bly, to the Citizens ofColor in the French AssemWest Indies, ing the Decree of the 15th May, 1791, which concernmediate and striking Efect. produced an imFRIENDS, You were MEN;-you are now CITIZENS. Reinstated fulness of your rights, in the No.L.' you will in future participate of the reignty ofthe people. The decree which sove- Enthusiastic has just published the National Assembly address the people to of is respecting you, is not a for a color, exa privilege, and a farour; favour citing them privilege to one class of to deliberato all the people is an injury tion, and rest.-They are words which no consequently laws of the French. longer disgrace the insurrection, In securing to you the exercise of have acquitted ourselves of your political rights, we a debt:-not to have have been a crime on our and paid it, would The part, a disgrace to the constitution. legislators ofa free nation could than our ancient certainly not do less for you despots have done. It citing them privilege to one class of to deliberato all the people is an injury tion, and rest.-They are words which no consequently laws of the French. longer disgrace the insurrection, In securing to you the exercise of have acquitted ourselves of your political rights, we a debt:-not to have have been a crime on our and paid it, would The part, a disgrace to the constitution. legislators ofa free nation could than our ancient certainly not do less for you despots have done. It --- Page 426 --- APPENDIX. No.L. Itis now above a centuryithat Louis XIVth solemnly acknowY Letteroft the ledged and proclaimed your rights; but of this sacred inheritance Abbé Gregoire. you have been defrauded by pride and avarice, which have gradually increased your burthens, and embittered your existence. The regeneration of the French empire opened your hearts to hope, whose cheering influence has alleviated the weight ofyour miseries; miseries of which the people of Europe had no idea. While the white planters resident amongst us were loud in their complaints against ministerial tyranny, they took especial care to be silent as to their ozn. Not a hint was suggested concerning the complaints of the unhappy people of mixed blood; who, notwithstanding, are their own children. It is we, who, at the distance oftwo thousand leagues from you, have been constrained to protect these children against the neglect, the contempt, the unnatural cruelty of their fathers! But it is in vain that they have endeavoured to suppress the justice of your claims. Your groans, notwithstanding the extent of the ocean which separates us, have reached the hearts of the European Frenchmen; for they have hearts. God Almighty comprehends all men in the circle of his mercies. His love makes no distinction between them, but what arises from the different degrees oft their virtues. Can laws then, which ought to be an emanation of eternal justice, encourage so culpable a partiality? Can that government, whose duty it is to protect alike all the members of the same great family, be the mother of one branch, and the step-mother only of the others? No, --- Page 427 --- APPENDIX, No, Gentlemen: National :-you could not escape the solicitude Assembly. In of the great charter of unfolding to the eyes of the universe the No.I. Y / nature, your titles were traced. Letter of the indeed been made to An attempt had goire. Abbé Grewritten in expunge them; but, happily, characters as they are Deity, which is indelible as the sacred image of the graven on your countenances. Already had the National it prepared for Assembly, in the instructions the government of the which March, 1790, colonies, on the 28th of comprized both the whites under one common denomination. and people of color the contrary, have Your enemies, in asserting that when I published a forgery. It is demanded incontestibly true, you should be number of members, expressly named, a among whom were several great exclaimed, that you were already planters, eagerly words contained in those comprehended under general instructions. M. Barnave my repeated instances to him on that himself upon knowledged, before the whole head, has at length acIt now appears how much Assembly, that this was the fact. reason I had to construction would be put apprehend that a false New upon our decree! oppressions on the part of your on yours, until at length the masters, and new miseries brim, have but too well cup of afliction is filled even to the justified my which I have received apprehensions. The letters from you tears from my eyes. upon this head, have forced Posterity will learn, with indignation, that a causé like astonisbment and evident, was made the yours, the justice of which is SO days successively, subject of debate for no less than five Alas! when humanity is obliged to 3 B struggle SO and new miseries brim, have but too well cup of afliction is filled even to the justified my which I have received apprehensions. The letters from you tears from my eyes. upon this head, have forced Posterity will learn, with indignation, that a causé like astonisbment and evident, was made the yours, the justice of which is SO days successively, subject of debate for no less than five Alas! when humanity is obliged to 3 B struggle SO --- Page 428 --- APPENDIX. vanity and prejudice, its triumph is dearly obNo.. sO long against Letter of the tained! Noirs have emAbbé GreIt is a long time that the society of Ami des goire. themselves in finding out the means to soften your lot, as ployed well as that ofthe slaves. It is diflicult, perhaps impossible, to do with entire impunity. The meritorious zeal of this society good writers have has drawn upon them much obloquy. Despicable lanced their poisonous shafts at them, and impudent libels have and calumnies, which have been never ceased to repeat objections times answered and refuted. How often have we an hundred been accused ofbeing sold to the English, and of being paid by inflammatory writings and arms? You them for sending you friends, the weakness and wickedness of these charges. know, my We have incessantly recommended to you attachment to your resignation, and patience, while waiting the return of country, Nothing has been able to cool our zeal, or that of your justice. brethren of mixed blood who are at Paris. M. Raimond, in particular, has devoted himself most heroically to your defence. With what transport would you have seen this distinguished citizen, at the bar of the National Assembly, of which he ought be before it the affecting picture of your to a member, laying miseries, and strenuously claiming your rights! Ifthat Assembly had sacrificed them, it would have tarnished its glory. It was its duty to decree with justice, to explain itself clearly, and cause its laws to be executed with firmness:-it has done so; and if, God forbid!) some event, hidden in the womb of futu- (which should tear our colonies from us, would it not be better to rity, have --- Page 429 --- APPENDIX. have a loss to deplore, than with? an injustice to reproach ourselves No.I. Citizens! raise once more your humiliated Letter of the to the dignity of men, associate countenances, and goire. Abbé Grefree the courage and nobleness people. The 15th of May, the ofa day in which your rights, ought to be ever memorable you recovered children. This epoch will to you and to your of gratitude towards periodically awaken in you sentiments the Supreme Being; and ascend to the vault of Heaven ! At may your accents Hereafter length you have a you will see nothing above but country. opportunity of you the law; while the concurring in the framing of will that indefeasible right of all it, assure to you yourselves mankind,- -the right of only. obeying You have a country: and it will no where you meet longer be a land of none but tyrants on the one exile, nions in misfortune hand, and on the other; the former compalatter receiving, contempt and distributing, and the flictions were outrage. The groans of your af punished as the clamours of rebellion; between the uplifted and, situated poignard and certain death, countries were often moistened with those unhappy stained with your tears, and sometimes your blood. You have a country: and your nativity. You will happiness will shine on the seat of fields which now enjoy in peace the fruits of the you have cultivated without be filled up that interval, which, compulsion. Then will from each other the placing at an immense distance children of the same the voice of nature, and broke father, has suppressed the bands of fraternity asunder. SB2 Then ed and, situated poignard and certain death, countries were often moistened with those unhappy stained with your tears, and sometimes your blood. You have a country: and your nativity. You will happiness will shine on the seat of fields which now enjoy in peace the fruits of the you have cultivated without be filled up that interval, which, compulsion. Then will from each other the placing at an immense distance children of the same the voice of nature, and broke father, has suppressed the bands of fraternity asunder. SB2 Then --- Page 430 --- APPENDIX, No.I. Then will the chaste enjoyments of conjugal union take place of the oft those vile sallies of debauchery, by which the majesty of moral Letter of Abbé Gre- sentiment has been insulted. By what strange perversion of goire. reason can it be deemed disgraceful in a white man to marry a black or mulatto woman, when it is not thought dishonourable in him to be connected with her in the most licentious familiarity! The less real worth a man possesses, the more he seeks to avail himself of the appearances of virtue, What can be more absurd than to make the merit of a person consist in different shades of the skin, or in a complexion more or less sallow? The man who thinks at all must sometimes blush at being a man, when he sees bis fellow-creatures blinded by such ridiculous prejudices; but as, unfortunately, pride is one of those failings we most unwillingly part with, the empire of prejudice is the most difficult to subvert: man appears to be unable to arrive at truth, until he has exhausted his strength in travelling through the different paths of error. This prejudice against the mulattoes and negroes has, how. ever, no existence in our eastern colonies. Nothing can be more affecting than the eulogium made on the people of color by the inhabitants in that part of the world, in the instructions to those they have appointed their deputies to the National Assembly. The members of the Academy of Sciences pride themselves in reckoning a mulatto of the Isle of France in the number oftheir correspondents. Among ourselves, a worthy negro is a superior officer of the-district of St. Hypolite, in the department of Gard. We do not conceive that a difference of color can be the foundation --- Page 431 --- APPENDIX. tion of different rights among members of the same society: it is, therefore, we find no such political No.I. our brave National Guards, who despicable pride among Letter of the the West offer themselves to embark for Abbé GreIndies, to insure the execution of goire. fectly concurring in the laudable our decrees. Persentiments manifested inhabitants of Bourdeaux, by the decree they acknowledge with hem, that the respecting the people of color, framed under of prudence and wisdom, is the auspices justice. While an homage rendered to reason and the deputies from the colonies have to calumniate your endeavoured intentions, and those ofthe the nation, the conduct of those mercantile part of tory. Ardently deputies is perfectly contradicsoliciting their own admission sailles; swearing with us in the Tennis among us at Verus until the constitution Court not to separate from should be established, and when the decree ofthe 15th of then declaring May was no longer continue to sit with passed, that they could oft their principles, us! This desertion is a desertion and a breach oftheir solemn All those white oaths. inhabitants of the colonies who name of Frenchmen, have are worthy the hastened to abjure such prejudices, and have ridiculous and friends. promised to regard you in future as brothers With what delightfal sensations do words of the citizens of we cite the Jacmel, 66 We swear to reserve, the decrees of the National obey, without present and future Assembly respecting our constitution, and even such of them as substantially change it!" The citizens of may National Assembly the Port-an-Prince tell the descend, same thing, in different words: :- Congentlemen," say they, e to receive the oath which the municipality ridiculous and friends. promised to regard you in future as brothers With what delightfal sensations do words of the citizens of we cite the Jacmel, 66 We swear to reserve, the decrees of the National obey, without present and future Assembly respecting our constitution, and even such of them as substantially change it!" The citizens of may National Assembly the Port-an-Prince tell the descend, same thing, in different words: :- Congentlemen," say they, e to receive the oath which the municipality --- Page 432 --- APPENDIX. No.L municipality has taken to you, in the name of the commons of / - Port-au-Prince, to and execute all your decrees, Letter of the punctually obey goire. Abbé Gre- and never to swerve from them in any respect whatever." Thus has philosophy enlarged its horizon in the new world, and soon will absurd prejudices have no other supporters than a few inferior tyrants, who wish to perpetuate in America the reign of that despotism which has been abolished in France. What would these men have said, if the people of color had endeavoured to deprive the whites of their political advantages? With what energy would they not have exclaimed at such an oppression! Inflamed into madness at finding that your rights have been pointed out to you, their irritated pride may perhaps lead them to make every effort to render our decrees ineffectual. They will probably endeavour to raise such disturbances, as, by wresting the colonies from the mother-country, will enable them to defraud their creditors of their just debts. They have incessantly alarmed us with the threat that St. Domingo will be lost, if justice be rendered to you. In this assertion we have found nothing but falsehood: we please ourselves in the belief, that our decree will draw the bands still closer which unite you to the mother country. Your patriotism, your interest, and your affections, will concur in inducing you to confine your commercial connections to France only; and the reciprocal tributes ofindustry will establish between her and her colonies a constant interchange of riches and good offices. Ifyou act unfaithfully towards France, you will be the basest and most abandoned of the human race. But no, generous citizens, you will not become traitors to your country; --- Page 433 --- APPENDIX. country; you shudder at the idea. Rallied, with all other Frenchmen, around the standard of good No.I. liberty, you will still defend our glorious constitution. The day shall Letfer Abbé Gre- of the sentatives of the arrive when the repre- goire. people of color will cross the ocean to take their seats with us. The day shall arrive will shine among you when the sun on none but freemen; when the rays of light shall longer fall on the fetters of slavery. It is true, the no Assembly has not yet raised the condition ofthe enslaved National to a level with your situation; because negroes rights to those who suddenly granting the are ignorant of the duties of citizens, might, perhaps, have been a fatal present to them : but they, like forget not, that yourselves, are born to freedom and perfect It is in the irresistible equality. course of things that all nations, whose liberty has been invaded, shall recover that their indefeasible inheritance! precious portion of You are accused of treating your slaves much worse than whites: but, alas! SO various have been the detractions the which you have been aspersed, that it would be weakness with to credit the charge. If, in us however, there be any foundation for what has been advanced on this head, SO conduct future as to prove it will be a shameful yourselves in calumny hereafter. Your oppressors have heretofore endeavoured to hide from their slaves the lights of Christianity; because the religion of mildness, equality, and liberty, suits not with such men. May your conduct be the reverse of theirs. blood-thirsty love is the language of the gospel; Universal heard your pastors will make it among you. Open your hearts to receive this divine system , there be any foundation for what has been advanced on this head, SO conduct future as to prove it will be a shameful yourselves in calumny hereafter. Your oppressors have heretofore endeavoured to hide from their slaves the lights of Christianity; because the religion of mildness, equality, and liberty, suits not with such men. May your conduct be the reverse of theirs. blood-thirsty love is the language of the gospel; Universal heard your pastors will make it among you. Open your hearts to receive this divine system --- Page 434 --- APPENDIX. No.I. system of morality. We have - mitigated your misfortunes; alleLetter of the viate, on your part, those oft the victims Abbé Greunhappy of avarice, who goire. moisten your fields with their sweat, and often with their tears. Let the existence of your slaves be no longer their torment; but by your kind treatment of them expiate the crimes of Europe! By leading them on progressively to liberty, you will fulfil a duty; you will prepare for yourselves the most comfortable reflections; you will do honor to humanity, and ensure the prosperity of the colonies. Such will be your conduct towards your brethren, the negroes; but what ought it to be towards your fathers, the whites? Doubtless you will be permitted to shed tears ovér the ashes of Ferrand de Baudiere, and the unfortunate Ogé, assassinated under the forms of law, and dying on the wheel for having wished to be free! But may he among you perish, who shall dare to entertain an idea of revenge against your persecutors! They are already delivered over to the stings of their own consciences, and covered with eternal infamy. The abhorrence in which they are held by the present race of mankind, only precedes the execration of posterity. Bury, then, in eternal oblivion every sentiment of hatred, and taste the delicious pleasure of conferring benefits on your oppressors. Repress even too marked expressions of your joy, which, in causing them to reflect on their own injustice towards you, will make their remorse still more poignant. Strictly obedient to the laws, teach your children to respect them. By a careful education, instruct them in all the duties of morality; --- Page 435 --- APPENDIX, morality; SO shall you prepare for the virtuous citizens, honorable succeeding generation No.I, men, fenders of their country! enlightened patriots, and de- Letter of the How will their hearts be affected goire. Abbé Grewhen, your shores, you direct their looks conducting them to e beyond those towards France, telling seas is your parent country; it is them, have received justice, from thence we dwell protection, happiness, and our fellow liberty. There citizens, our brethren, and our we have sworn an eternal friends; to whom and of our affections, friendship. Heirs of our sentiments may your hearts and oaths! Live to love them; your lips repeat our them!" and, if necessary, die to defend (Signed) Paris, 8th June, 1791. GREGOIRE, No. II. (Referred to, and its Substance explained, p. 113.) Principes de la Première Assemblée Generale de St. Domingue. Un principe d'oà sont émanés tous les de la Colonie fut généralement travaux de l'Assemblée No. II. c'est que les colonies adopté par tous ses membres, Principleso sof ne doivent intéresser la the First proportion des avantages métropole, qu'en General Asqu'elles lui procurent. Cette sembly of St. tion dût acquérir, dans considéra- Domingo, as l'esprit de tous les colons, un caractère de one published of its by 3c members Paris. in légalité és tous les de la Colonie fut généralement travaux de l'Assemblée No. II. c'est que les colonies adopté par tous ses membres, Principleso sof ne doivent intéresser la the First proportion des avantages métropole, qu'en General Asqu'elles lui procurent. Cette sembly of St. tion dût acquérir, dans considéra- Domingo, as l'esprit de tous les colons, un caractère de one published of its by 3c members Paris. in légalité --- Page 436 --- APPENDIX. No.I II. légalitè à tous les moyens qui pouvoient assurer la prospérité de Principles of la colonie, et augmenter ses rapports avec la mère patrie. the General First Il auroit èté sans doute à souhaiter, et il seroit bein plus enAssembly. core, qu'une même loi pût convenir à touts les climats, à toute espèce de moeurs, à toutes les populations; mais malheureusement les hommes ne sont pas les mêmes par tout; telle loi qui convient dans un endroit, seroit nuisible dans un autre. L'Assemblée Générale envisagea donc la constitution de St. Domingue, sous trois rapports, toujours dirigés d'après son intérêt de rester unie a la métropole, et d'apres la révolution de l'empire. t. Comme faisant partie intégrante de l'empire François. 2. Comme. obligée de concourir par ses productions à la prospéritée de l'etat. 3. Comme assujettie par la dissemblance de son climat de ces moeurs et de sa population, à des besoins particuliers et differens de ceux de la metropole. DIVISION DE LA CONSTITUTION DE ST DOMINGUE. Ces divers rapports diviser la constitution convenable à St. Domingue, En lois générales; En lois communes; Et en loix particulières, Loix Générales. Le lois générales de l'empire, celles qui intéressent tous les François, etat. 3. Comme assujettie par la dissemblance de son climat de ces moeurs et de sa population, à des besoins particuliers et differens de ceux de la metropole. DIVISION DE LA CONSTITUTION DE ST DOMINGUE. Ces divers rapports diviser la constitution convenable à St. Domingue, En lois générales; En lois communes; Et en loix particulières, Loix Générales. Le lois générales de l'empire, celles qui intéressent tous les François, --- Page 437 --- APPENDIX. François, dans quelque coin de la considérées terre qu'ils soient placés, comme obligatoires furent No. II. amen, sans aucune restriction. pour les colonies, sans aucun exthe Principles of Ces lois sont: la forme du General First la reconnoisance gouvernment, le sort de la Assembly. du monarque, les couronne, traités de paix, lorganization déclarations de guerre, les tice, &c. &c. générale de la police, et de la L'intérêt des colonies se trouvant à jusfondu avec celui de toute la cet égard conle droit de nation, l'Assemblée Nationale a seule décréter ces loix, Loix Communes. Les loix communes sont celles de la qui ont rapport aux rélàtiones métropole avec les colonies; c'est France s'oblig ede un contrat par lequel la protéger et defendre les colonies sances étrangères, de l'ambition contre les puisl'objet. Cette desquelles elles devient droient protection ne devant ni ne les colonies doivent, pouvant être en dedommager l'etat gratuite, commerce. Déla, le par les avantages du destinée regime prohibitif dans les fers les a condamnés à rester duquel la degré de liberté dont toujours; et quel que soit le jouisse la nation, les colonies esclaves du commerce. C'est seront toujours une position inhèrent â leur position politique absolument physiques, elles n'en le moindre laissent pas murmure; elles savent bien leur échapper çois ne leur donne que qualité de Franpas de droit sur les déniers de consentent donc à ne récévoir de l'etat; elles consommation que la France tous les objets de que ses manufactures et son sol elles souservent encore à peuvent fournir; T'obligation de n'enivrer leurs desirs 3c2 qu'en leur position politique absolument physiques, elles n'en le moindre laissent pas murmure; elles savent bien leur échapper çois ne leur donne que qualité de Franpas de droit sur les déniers de consentent donc à ne récévoir de l'etat; elles consommation que la France tous les objets de que ses manufactures et son sol elles souservent encore à peuvent fournir; T'obligation de n'enivrer leurs desirs 3c2 qu'en --- Page 438 --- APPENDIX. France. Ce qu'elles demandent, ce qu'on ne peut leur No.II. qu'en ) réfuser, c'est consacrent ces conventions fondamentales, les Principles of qu'en the First abus le regime prohibitif entraîne après lui soint détruits. General que Assembly. Loir Particulières ou Regime Interieur. Les loix particulières sont celles qui n'intéressent que les colomotifs ont la colonie de St. Domingue à nies. De grands porté s'en réserver la formation: 1. il est bien reconnu que les loix de St. Domingue ne peuvent être faites ailleurs que dans son sein: cette vérité fondamentale a échappé à son ennemi le plus cruel. M. la Luzerne, dans son mémoire presenté â l'Assemblée Nationale, le 27 Octobre 1789, (No. 2.) disoit que les colonies n'ont jamais pu être régies par les mêmes loix que le royaume, et qu'il a fallu toujours conférer le pouvoir â deux administrateurs de faire les loix locales, parce qu'il est une infinité d'infinités de convenances qu'on ne peut connoître que sur les lieux. Ce l'Assemblée Générale s'est réservée n'est donc que la que portion du pouvoirlegislatifqui. résidoit, contrel le droit des hommes, dans les mains de deux satrapes, que la colonie n'intéresse que par les richesses qu'ils en retirent pendant leurs administration. 2. Il est contraire, aux principes constitutionnels, que celui qui fait la loi n'y soit point assujetti. Tous les hommes ont le droit de concourir à la formation de la loi à laquelle ils sont assujettis; mais nul ne peut concourir a la formation de celle qui ne l'assujettit pas. Ce principe, seul éxige de la liberté individuelle, seul garant de la bienfaisance de la loi, qui n'a pas permis aux colons de St. Domingue nt pendant leurs administration. 2. Il est contraire, aux principes constitutionnels, que celui qui fait la loi n'y soit point assujetti. Tous les hommes ont le droit de concourir à la formation de la loi à laquelle ils sont assujettis; mais nul ne peut concourir a la formation de celle qui ne l'assujettit pas. Ce principe, seul éxige de la liberté individuelle, seul garant de la bienfaisance de la loi, qui n'a pas permis aux colons de St. Domingue --- Page 439 --- APPENDIX, Domingue de douter que l'Assemblée Nationale, bienfaits régénérateurs, dispensatrice des No.II, propérité de St. n'approuvât cette disposition qui assure la Principles of Domingue. the First En effet, il ne peut pas en être des loix locales General Assembly. éloignées de l'empire, des sections France. comme des loix qui n'interessent que la La loi décrétée pour le cantons. royaume est la même pour tous les Luniversalité des députés de l'Assemblée sont intéressée à en examiner Nationale en considérer scrupuleusement tous les rapports, â tous les avantages et tous les sorte que l'intérêt inconvéniences. De que tous ont à ce que la loi, du vice de ils seroient eux mêmes les laquelle longue victimes, ne soit que le fruit d'une méditation, et de reflexions longuement et diseutées, en assure la sagesse. soigneusement Le loix particulières de St. Domingue habitans qui resident n'assujettissant que les y ou qui y ont leur dans l'Assemblée Nationales fortunes, n'interessent que les douze nies. députés des colo3. Une des conditions celui qui la essentielles, à la bonté de la loi, est fait, connoisse par faitements les que avoir avec la rapports qu'elle doit constitution, nul ne peut connoître les locales que celui qui est sur les lieux, particularités ticularités parce que ces mêmes parchangent et varient; et il faut que la loi soit d'âprès ces variations. faite, 4. Il est bien constant que les liens de la société voirs etablis pour en faire éxécuter sont les pouLe bonheur de les conditions. toute constitution dépend absolument d'une action que avoir avec la rapports qu'elle doit constitution, nul ne peut connoître les locales que celui qui est sur les lieux, particularités ticularités parce que ces mêmes parchangent et varient; et il faut que la loi soit d'âprès ces variations. faite, 4. Il est bien constant que les liens de la société voirs etablis pour en faire éxécuter sont les pouLe bonheur de les conditions. toute constitution dépend absolument d'une action --- Page 440 --- APPENDIX, No.II. action égale dans ces différans pouvoirs; c'est cette égalité seule Principles of qui en maintient l'équilibre. the First General Il faux necessairement qu'il existe à St. Domingue un pouvoir Asgembly. executif; car le malheur des sociétés veut que la raison n'aille jamais en politique quà côté de la force. Si ce pouvoir n'est balancé par aucun autre, il finira par tout envahir, et par substituer l'oppression aux bienfaits de la régénération à laquelle la révolution actuelle donne à tous les François le droit de pretendre. Il ne peuvent donc étre contenu dans ces bornes que par une masse proportionnée de pouvoir législatif, dont il ayent à redouter la surveillance. 5. Les principes de l'Assemblée Nationale s'opposent à ce qu'elle decrete Ja constitution particulière de St. Domingue. Celle de la France a pour base la liberté, l'égalité; celle de St. Domingue repose ialheureusement sur la servitude, et une distinction dé classes, d'oà depend la conservation de cette superbe colonie. Tous les raisonnements possibles échouerent contre cette vérité, Ces différentes observations, bien analysées dans l'Assemblée Générale, la rassurérent sur la crainte qu'elle avoit de ne point se trouver d'accord avec les principes de l'Assemblée Nationale, et de prêter à la calomnie le prétexte d'inculper ses intentions. Les differens membres de l'Assemblée Générale etoint bien eloignés de prevoir que l'heureuse révolution qui à porté la joie et la enthousiasme dans le coeurs de tous les François, finiroit par porter à St. Domingue la deuil et la desolation, Qu'importe à la France, quelque soit notre régime domestique, pourvu qu'il tende es de l'Assemblée Nationale, et de prêter à la calomnie le prétexte d'inculper ses intentions. Les differens membres de l'Assemblée Générale etoint bien eloignés de prevoir que l'heureuse révolution qui à porté la joie et la enthousiasme dans le coeurs de tous les François, finiroit par porter à St. Domingue la deuil et la desolation, Qu'importe à la France, quelque soit notre régime domestique, pourvu qu'il tende --- Page 441 --- APPENDIX. tend a faire le bien de la colonie? Pourvu que nous jettis aux loix générales de soyons assu- No.II, tions les rapports commerciaux? l'empire? Pourva que nous respec- Principles of Pourvu que nous the First sujétion de ne traiter qu'avec la regardions la General magement de la France, comme un juste dédom- Assembly. protection et des secours Pourvu que nous éxécutions les décret qu'elle nous accorde? de l'Assemblée en tout ce qui n'est point contraires Nationale, aux localités. Il importe à la France que nous somions les denrées et les soyons heureux, que nous conmarchandises qu'elle nir, et que nous lui peut nous fourenvoyons en echange beaucoup de caffé, d'indigo, de coton, de cacao, &c. &c. sucre, de que la constitutione de St. Enfin, il lui importe Domingue soit telle, qu'eile pour, jamais cette colonie à la unisse metropole, et qu'elle ces richesses, a la prospérité de l'etat. concoure, par D'après ces reflexions, simples et vraies, l'Assemblée de St. Générale Domingue posa ses bases constitutionnelles dans du 28 Mai (No. 5.) son décret No. III. (Referred to in Page 157, where also the Substance is translated.) No, IIL. Testament de Mort d'Ogé. Declaration of a dying Extrait des Minutes da Conseil comspirator, which if sept cent Supérieur du Cap, l'an mil acted upon, quatre-vingt-onze le neuf Mars, might checked have nous, Antoine Etienne the insurrection Ruotte, in its. rise, --- Page 442 --- APPENDIX. du Roi, au Conseil Superieur du Cap, No. III, Ruotte, Conseiller doyen Pourcheresse de Vertieres, aussi Conseiller du Ogé's evi- et Maria François dence Roi au Conseil Supérieur du Cap, commissaires nommés par la against the conspirators. à l'effet de faire exécuter l'arrêt de ladite cour, du 5 du cour, présent mois, portant condamnation de mort contre le nommé Jacques Ogé, dit Jacquot, quarteron libre; lequel, étant en la chambre criminelle, et après lecture faite du dit arrêt, en ce qui le concerne, a dit et déclaré, pour la décharge de sa conscience, serment préalablement par lui prêté, la main levée devant nous, de dire vérité. Que dans le commencement du mois de Fevrier dernier, si les rivières n'avoient pas été débordées, il devoit se faire un attroupement de gens de couleur, qui devoient entrainer avec eux les àtélier, et devoient venir fondre sur la ville du Cap en nombre tres considérable; qu'ils étoient même déjà réunis au nombre de la debordement des rivières est le seul onze mille hommes; que obstacle qui les a empêchés de se réunir; cette quantité d'hommes de couleur étant composée de ceux du Mirebalais, de l'Artibonité, du Limbé, d'Ouanaminthe, de la Grand Rivière, et généralement de toute la colonie. élier, et devoient venir fondre sur la ville du Cap en nombre tres considérable; qu'ils étoient même déjà réunis au nombre de la debordement des rivières est le seul onze mille hommes; que obstacle qui les a empêchés de se réunir; cette quantité d'hommes de couleur étant composée de ceux du Mirebalais, de l'Artibonité, du Limbé, d'Ouanaminthe, de la Grand Rivière, et généralement de toute la colonie. Qu'à cette époque, il etait sorti du Cap cent hommes de couleur pour se, joindre à cette troupe. Que l'accusé est assuré que les auteurs de cette révolte sont les Declains, negres libres de la Grand Riviere, accuses au procès; Dumas, n.l.; Yvon, n. 1.; Bitozin, m. 1. Espagnol; Pierre Gedard et Jean Baptiste, son frere, n. 1. de la Grand Riviere; Legrand Mazeau et Toussaint Mazeau, n. 1.; Pierre Mauzi, m. 1.; Ginga Lapaire, Charles Lamadieu, les Sabourins, Jean Pierre Goudy, --- Page 443 --- APPENDIX, Goudy, Josephi Lucas, mulâtres cusés au procés. libres; Maurice, n. L; tous ac- No. III. Que le grands moteurs, au bas de la Ogé's eviDaguin, accusé côte, sont les dence au procès; Rebel, demeurant nommés against the Pinchinat, accusé au au Mirabelais; conspirators. devoir procès; et que l'accusé, ici nous déclarer étre un des présent croit volte, plus ardens de qui a mu en grande partie celle partisans la rérons de St. qui a éclaté dans les enviMarc, et qui cherche à en excité une y a dans ce moment nouvelle; qu'il plusieurs gens de couleur, dans quartiers, bien résolus à tenir à leurs différens qui tremperont dans la révolte projets, malgré que ceux ici perdroient la vie; présent, ne peut pas se ressouvenir du que l'accuse, se rappelle que le fils de nom de tous; mais qu'il Laplace, q.1.; dont lui accusé soeur dans les prisons, a quitté le Limbé a vu la récrues et ces soulvemens de pour aller faire des gens de couleur sont par la presence des nommés soutenus ici Fleury et IHirondelle des gens de couleur auprés de Viard, députés l'Assemblée Nationale; accusé, ici present, ignore si les que lui qu'il croit que le nommé députés se tiennent chez eux; I'Hirondelle Fleury se tient au Mirabalis, et le nommé Viard, dans le quartier de la Grand Rivière. Qui lui accusé, ici present, declare voltés existe dans les souterrains que l'insurrection. des requi se trouvant entre la Marcan et le canton du Giromon, Crête à paroisse de la Grande qu'en conséquence, si lui accusé Rivière; il se feroit fort de pouvoit etre conduit sur les lieux, prendre les chefs des révoltés; dans laquelle il se trouve, relativement que l'agitation lui permet de à sa position actuelle, ne pas nous donner des détails plus circonstanciés; 3D qu'il 'insurrection. des requi se trouvant entre la Marcan et le canton du Giromon, Crête à paroisse de la Grande qu'en conséquence, si lui accusé Rivière; il se feroit fort de pouvoit etre conduit sur les lieux, prendre les chefs des révoltés; dans laquelle il se trouve, relativement que l'agitation lui permet de à sa position actuelle, ne pas nous donner des détails plus circonstanciés; 3D qu'il --- Page 444 --- APPENDIX, No. IIl. qu'il nous le donnera par la suite, lorsqu'il sera un peu plus traneviqu'il lui vient en ce moment à l'esprit que le nommé CasOgé's quil; dence against the taing, mulâtre libre de cette dépendance; ne se trove compris en couspirators. aucune manière dans l'affaire actuelle; mais que lui accusé, nous assure que si son frère Ogé, eût suivi l'impulsion dudit Castaing, il se seroit porté à de bien plus grandes extrémités; qui est tout ce qu'il nous a dit pouvoir nous déclarer dans ce moment, dont lui nous avons donné acte, qu'il a signé avec nous et le gréffier. Signé à la minute, J. OGE, RUOTIE, POURCHERESSE DE VERTIERES, et LANDAIS, gréflier. Extrait des Minutes du Greffe du Conseil Supérieur du Cap, l'an mil sept cent quatre-vingt-onze, le dix Mars, trois heures de rélévée, en la chambre criminelle, nous, Antoine Etienne Ruotte, Conseiller du Roi, doyen du Conseil Supérieur du Cap, et Maria François Joseph de Vertieres, aussi Conseiller du Roi, audit Conseil Supérieur du Cap, commissaires nommés par la cour, suivant arrêt de ce jour, rendu sur les conclusions du procureur général du roi de ladite cour, à l'effet de procéder au recolement de la déclaration faite par le nommé Jacques Ogê, q- L; lequel, aprés serment par lui fait, la main levée devant nous de dire la vérité, et après lui avoir fait lecture, par la greffier, de la declaration du jour d'hier, l'avons interpellé de nous déclarer si ladite déclaration contient vérité, s'il veut n'y rien ajouter, n'y diminuer, et s'il y persiste. A repondu que ladite déclaration du jour d'hier, contient vérité, qu'il persiste, et qu'ill y ajoute que les deux Didiers frères, dont l'un lui fait, la main levée devant nous de dire la vérité, et après lui avoir fait lecture, par la greffier, de la declaration du jour d'hier, l'avons interpellé de nous déclarer si ladite déclaration contient vérité, s'il veut n'y rien ajouter, n'y diminuer, et s'il y persiste. A repondu que ladite déclaration du jour d'hier, contient vérité, qu'il persiste, et qu'ill y ajoute que les deux Didiers frères, dont l'un --- Page 445 --- APPENDIX. l'un plus grand que l'autre, mulâtres ou quarterons ayant vu que cette fois; Jean Pierre libres, ne les No,IIL. Caton, aussi du Gerard, m. 1. du Cap, et / Cap, sont employés à gagner les dence Ogé's eviGrande Rivière, qu'ils sont ensemble ateliers de la against the sont dispersés. de jour, et que de nuit ils conspirators, Ajout encore que lors de sa confrontation il a été dit par le dernier, avec Jacques Lucas, que lui accusé, ici nacé de le faire pendre; à présent, l'avoit meJacques Lucas, quoi lui accusé, a repondu audit qu'il devoit savoir Lucas n'ayant pourquoi que ledit Jacques pas insisté, lui accusé n'a pas déclaré le cette menace, pour ne pas perdre ledit motif de déclare les choses Jacques Lucas; qu'il nous comme elles se sont passées; ledit lui ayant dit qu'il avoit soulevè les que Lucas divers autres atéliers de M. Bonancy, et de habitans de la Grand Rivière, l'armée chez M. Cardineau; pour aller egorger étoit sûr qu'au premier coup de corne, que ces atéliers il troupe des de s'attrouperoient et se joindroient à la gens couleurs; alors lui accusé, tenant fut révolté de cette aux blancs, barbarie, et dit au nommé que l'auteur d'un pareil Jacques Lucas, projet méritoit d'être l'instant à faire rentrer les pendu; qu'it eût à coins negres quil avoit posté dans avec des cornes; que lui accusé, ici differens qu'il a donné audit Lucas present, nous déclare teilles de vin et du trois pomponelles de tafia, trois boupain; qu'il ignoroit l'usage ledit en faisoit; que la troisième fois que Lucas lui accusé, ici que ledit Lucas en vint chercher; présent, lui ayant demandé ce de boissons et vivres; ledit Lucas qu'il faisoit ces qu'il avoit répondit que c'étoit pour les negres dispersé de côté et d'autre; que ce qui prouve que 3D2 ledit ponelles de tafia, trois boupain; qu'il ignoroit l'usage ledit en faisoit; que la troisième fois que Lucas lui accusé, ici que ledit Lucas en vint chercher; présent, lui ayant demandé ce de boissons et vivres; ledit Lucas qu'il faisoit ces qu'il avoit répondit que c'étoit pour les negres dispersé de côté et d'autre; que ce qui prouve que 3D2 ledit --- Page 446 --- APPENDIX. No. III. ledit Lucas avoit le projèt de souléver les nègres esclaves conOge's evi- tre les blancs, et de faire égorger ces derniers par les prémiers; dence la fit à Vincent Ogé, frère de lui accusé, de against the c'est proposition qu'il conspirators. venir sur l'habitation de lui Jacques Lucas, pour être plus a portée de se joindre aux nègres qu'il avoit debauché; que si lui accusé n'a pas révélé ces faits à sa- confrontation avec ledit Jacques Lucas, c'est qu'il n'a pas voulu le perdre; qu'il a du moins la satisfaction d'avoir détourné ce crime horrible et cannibale; qu'il s'étoit réservé de révéler en justice, lors de son élargissement; que ce même Lucas est celui qui a voulu couper la tête a deux prisonniers blancs, et notamment au sieur Belisle, pour lui avoir enlevé une femme; que Pierre Roubert ôta le sabre, des mains de Jacques Lucas, et appella Vincent Oge, frère de lui accusé, ici present, qui fit des rémontrances audit Lucas; que cependant ces prisonniers ont déclarés en justice que c'étoit lui accusé qui avoit eu ce dessein; que même à la confrontation ils le lui ont soutenu; mais que le fait s'êtant passé de nuit, lesdits prisonniers ont pris, lui accusé, pour ledit Lucas, tandis que lui accusé n'a cessé de les combler d'honnététès; qu' à la confrontation, lui accusé a cru qu'il étoit suffisant de dire que ce n'étoit pas lui, et d'affirmer qu'il n'avoit jamais connu cette femme; mais qu' adjourd'hui il se croyoit obligé, pour la décharge de sa conscience, de nous rendre les faits tels qu'ils sont, et d'insister à jurer qu'il ne l'a jamais connue. Ajoute l'accusé que le nommé Fleury et Perisse ? le premier, lun des députés des gens de couleur près de l'Assemblée Nationale, sont arrivé en cette colonie par un bâtiment Bordelais lui, et d'affirmer qu'il n'avoit jamais connu cette femme; mais qu' adjourd'hui il se croyoit obligé, pour la décharge de sa conscience, de nous rendre les faits tels qu'ils sont, et d'insister à jurer qu'il ne l'a jamais connue. Ajoute l'accusé que le nommé Fleury et Perisse ? le premier, lun des députés des gens de couleur près de l'Assemblée Nationale, sont arrivé en cette colonie par un bâtiment Bordelais --- Page 447 --- APPENDIX. Boidelais avec le nomme l'Herondelle Viard; le mis les deux prémiers a que capitaine a No. III. Acquin, chez un nommé de couleur; et le nommé I'Hirondelle Dupont, hommé Ogé's eviViard, également dence des gens de couleur, au Cap. Ajoute député against the avoit déclaré, encore l'accuseé, qu'il nous conspirators,. le jour d'heir, que le nommé Laplace, dont le est ici dans les prisons, faisant des récrues père du nombre de à Ovanaminthe, est ceux qui ont marché du Limbé contre le Cap; pour éloigner les soupçons, il est allé au que tenu caché Port-Margot, où il s'est plusieurs jours, feignant d'avoir un fluxion; ledit Laplace père a dit, a lui blanc, ne que deposera pas contre lui qu'il sache toutes ses démarches; qu'il etoit assuré malgré Girardieu, détenu que le nommé en prison, ne declareroit rien, étoit trop son ami pour le découvrir; parce qu'il çoit, il seroit forcé d'en qu'en suite, si'l le denon. Limbé dénoncer beaucoup d'autres, tant du que des autres quartiers. Observe l'acusé que lorsqu'il nous a parlé de par Jacques Lucas pour soulever les moyens employés nègres esclaves, il a omis de nous dire que Pierre Maury avait ches envoyé une trentaine d'esclaves Lucas; que lui accusè, avec l'agrément d'Ogé le frère, les renvoya, ce qui occasionna jeune, son de couleur disant une plainte générale, le gens que c'étoit du renfort; que lui aecusé eut même à cette occasion un rixe avec le plus grand des didiers, qucel il manqua de se battre au pistolet avec lepour vouloir lui soutenir qu'étant libre et cherchant à être assimilé pas fait pour être assimilé aux blancs, il n'étoit aux nègres esclaves; que d'ailleurs soulevant les esclaves, c'étoit détruire les qu'en les propriétés des blancs, et detruissant, ils detruisoient les leurs propres; que dépuis que ixe avec le plus grand des didiers, qucel il manqua de se battre au pistolet avec lepour vouloir lui soutenir qu'étant libre et cherchant à être assimilé pas fait pour être assimilé aux blancs, il n'étoit aux nègres esclaves; que d'ailleurs soulevant les esclaves, c'étoit détruire les qu'en les propriétés des blancs, et detruissant, ils detruisoient les leurs propres; que dépuis que --- Page 448 --- APPENDIX. No.I. que lui accusé étoit dans les prisons, il a vu un petit billet écrit Oge's eri- écrit par ledit Pierre Maury à Jean-François Tessier, par dence lequel against the il lui marque qu'il continue à ramasser, et que le nègre nommé conspirators. Coquin, à la dame veuve Castaing aînée armé d'une paire de de pistolet garni en argent et d'une manchette que ledit Maury lui à donné ueille à toute ce qui se passe, et rend compte tous les soirs audit Maury; qui est tout ce que l'accusé, ici present, nous declare, en nous coujurant d'être persuadés que, s'il lui étoit possible d'obtenir misérecorde, il s'exposeroit volontièrs à tous les dangers pour faire arrêter les chefs de ces revoltes; et que dans toutes les circonstances, il prouvera son zêle et son respect pour les blancs. Lecture à lui faite de sa déclaration dans laquelle il persiste pour contenir vérité, lui en donnons acte, quil a signé avec nous et le gréffier. Signé à la minute J. OGIE, RUOTTE, POURCHERESSES DE VERTIERES, et LANDAIS, gréffier. Pour expedition collationée, signé LANDAIS, gréffier. No. IV. --- Page 449 --- APPENDIX. No. IV. No. IV. (Referring to p. 169.) Terms of Capitulation proposed by the Inhabitants Anse (including the Quarter of La Grande at Jeremie) de Charmilly, represented by Mons. possessed of full Powers by a the Council of Public Commission from Safety of the aforesaid the 18th of August, 1793, and Place, dated Major-General presented to His Excellency Willianson, His Majesty's of Jamaica, for his Acceptance. Lieutenant-Gorerer ART, I. That the proprietors of St. First official of the recourse to their lawful Domingo, deprived of all Rcte exsovereign, to deliver them from the pedition to tyranny under which they now St.Domingo. his Britannic groan, implore the protection of Majesty, and take the oath of fidelity and allegiance to him, and supplicate him to take their his protection, and treat them colony under till a general as good and faithful subjects peace, at which period they shall be subjected to the terms then agreed finally Majesty, the upon between his Britannic Government of France, and the Allied with respect to the sovereignty of St. Powers, Granted, Doningo.-Ansver, Art. II. That till order and mingo, the Governor tranquillity are restored at St. Doappointed by his Britannic Majesty shall have fidelity and allegiance to him, and supplicate him to take their his protection, and treat them colony under till a general as good and faithful subjects peace, at which period they shall be subjected to the terms then agreed finally Majesty, the upon between his Britannic Government of France, and the Allied with respect to the sovereignty of St. Powers, Granted, Doningo.-Ansver, Art. II. That till order and mingo, the Governor tranquillity are restored at St. Doappointed by his Britannic Majesty shall have --- Page 450 --- APPENDIX. No.IV. have full power to regulate and direct whatever measures of - 1804. Y safety and police he shall judge proper-Answer. Granted, Art. III. That no one shall be molested on account of any anterior disturbances, except those who are legally accused in some court of justice, of having committed murder, or of having destroyed propetty by fire, or of having instigated others to commit those crimes.-Answer. Granted. Art. IV. That the Mulattoes shall have all the privileges enjoyed by that class of people in the British islands.-Answer. Granted. Art. V. That if, at the conclusion of the war, the colony remains under the sovereignty of his Britannic Majesty, and order be established therein; in such case, the laws respecting property, and all civil rights, which were in force in the said colony before the revolution in France, shall be preserved; nevertheless, until a colonial assembly can be formed, his Britannic Majesty shall have the right of determining provisionally upon any measures which the general good and the tranquility of the colony may require; but that no assembly shall be called, until order is established in every part of the colony; and, till that period, his Britannic Majesty's governor shall be assisted in all the details of administration and police by a committee of six persons, which he shall have the power of choosing from among the proprietors of the three provinces of which the colony consists.-Answer, Granted. Art. VI. That, in consequence of the devastations which have taken place in the colony by insurrections, fire, and pillage, the governor --- Page 451 --- APPENDIX. governor appointed by his majesty, on taking colony, to satisfy the demand of possession of the No.IV, the inhabitants in these respects, shall be authorised to Capitulation grant, for the of the Ena suspension of ten payment of debts, glish at St. years, which shall be from Domingo date of the surrender; and the computed the the suspension of all interest same shall begin from the period of the lst of upon and terminate at the August, 1791, expiration of the ten years the payment of debts; but all granted for sums due to minors their guardians, or to absent planters by those who by ment of their have the manageproperty, or from one planter to transfer of another for the property, are not to be included in the above pension.-Answer. Granted, susArt. VII. That the duties of upon all European commodities importation and exportation English shall be the same as in the colonies.-Answer. Granted, In tariff shall be made consequence, the publie and affixed, that be acquainted therewith, every one may Art. VIII: That the manufactures of white shall preserve the right of sugars exporting their clayed such regulations as it may be sugars, subject to them.-Answer: necessary to make with respect to white Granted. In consequence, the duties sugars shall be the same as were taken in the upon St. Domingo, in 1789. colony of Art. IX. That the catholic religion shall be preserred and maintained, but that no other mode of be exeluded-Anowver evangelic worship shall Granted, On condition that priests as have taken the oath such prestribed by the persons exerSE cising sugars, subject to them.-Answer: necessary to make with respect to white Granted. In consequence, the duties sugars shall be the same as were taken in the upon St. Domingo, in 1789. colony of Art. IX. That the catholic religion shall be preserred and maintained, but that no other mode of be exeluded-Anowver evangelic worship shall Granted, On condition that priests as have taken the oath such prestribed by the persons exerSE cising --- Page 452 --- APPENDIX. No. IV. cising the powers of Government in France, shall be sent away, Capitulation and replaced by others. oft the En- Art. X. The local taxes to acquit the expences of garrisons, glish at St. Domingo. and of the administration of the colony, shall be assessed in the same manner as in 1789, except the alleviations and remit. tances which shail be granted to the inhabitants whose property has suffered by fire, till their possessions are repaired. An account shall be kept by the colony of all the sums advanced on Great Britain, for supplying the deficiency of the the part of said taxes; which deficiency, as well as all the public expences of the colony (except those of his majesty's naval forces, destined for its protection) shall always be defrayed by the said colony.-Answer. Granted. Art. XI. His Britannic Majesty's Governor of St. Domingo, shall apply to the Spanish government, to obtain restitution of the negroes and cattle sold by the Spanish territory by the revolted slaves.-Answer. Granted. Art. XII. The importation in American bottoms, of provision, cattle, grain, and wood, of every kind, from the United States of America, shall be allowed at St. Domingo.- Answer. Granted. On condition that the American ships, which shall be employed in this trade, shall have only one deck; this shall be allowed only as long as it shall and importation for the re-establishment or subsistence of the appear necessary have been taken for putting it in this colony, or until measures the same footing as other English colonies; and an respect upon exact account shall be kept of the said vessels, with the description --- Page 453 --- APPLNDIX, tion of their cargoes, and shall be months to the Right Honourable transmitted every three No.IV. his Majesty's the Lords Commissioners of Y1 - treasury, as well as to one of the Capitulation of the Entaries of State; and on no account principal Secre- glish at St. said vessels be allowed whatever shall any of the Domingo. to take in return any colony, except molasses production of the or rum. Art. XIII. No part of the aforesaid sidered as a restriction conditions shall be conto the power of the Britain, to regulate and parliament of Great determine the the colony.-Answer. political government of Granted, No. V. (Referred to in Page 183.) Copie de la Lettre de M. le Chevalier de Troupes Colonailes à Sevré, Commandant les Tiburon, au Colonel en Chef les Troupes de sa Whitlock, Commandant Majesté Britannique à St. Domingue. 66 MONSIEUR LE GOUVERNEUR, 66 Le Vaisseau, Le Capitaine dans notre port Robert, qui est arrive ce matin (et décidé à partir cette No.v. occasion sûre et nuit) me fournit une prompte pour vous instruire des details de Dispatch of taque qui a été faite par les brigands, l'at- in M. the de Bri- Sevré, heures avant le jour. sur nos postes lier, deux tish service, 3E2 66 A trois ue. 66 MONSIEUR LE GOUVERNEUR, 66 Le Vaisseau, Le Capitaine dans notre port Robert, qui est arrive ce matin (et décidé à partir cette No.v. occasion sûre et nuit) me fournit une prompte pour vous instruire des details de Dispatch of taque qui a été faite par les brigands, l'at- in M. the de Bri- Sevré, heures avant le jour. sur nos postes lier, deux tish service, 3E2 66 A trois --- Page 454 --- APPENDIX. No. V. s6 A trois heures et demi, mon poste avancé placé à la Vigie, Dispatch of a été surpris par une armée au moins de 2,000 brigands, qui M. de Sevré. avoient avec eux deux pièces de campagne de 4 livres; ils ont entouré dans le même instant le fort et la ville. C'est avec peine que. j'ai pu me retirer au fort avec ma garnison, où j'ai supporté une longue fusillade avant d'avoir été en état de riposter.. Les brigands avoients tout en leur faveur, ils voyoient le fort, et le dominaient de toutes partes, et comme il ne faisoit pas jour nous ne pouvoins les appercevoir. Le combat duroit depuis deux heures, lorsque deux caissons de poudre, ont pris feu de la grande batterie, et l'ont entierement démontée en faisant sauter les canons dehors du fort. Ce malheureux événement m'a tué où blesse vingt hommes et découragé un instant la garnison, elle s'est remise de suite et a faite un feu violent sur l'ennemi: : j'ai alors ordonné à quelques negres de Jean Kina, de sortir sur le chemin de la rivière; ils ont battu les brigands, et les ont forcé de se. retirer dans le hauteurs. 6, Je sui ensuite sorti avec environ 200 hommes negres ou blancs; et j'ai marché du côté de la ville en divisant ma troupe en deux collones, dont j'ai donné le commandement de l'une à M. Philibert, moi à la tête de l'autre; j'ai monté pour les cerner par derriere, et tacher de m'emparer de leurs pieces, mais la premiere collone n'ayant pu monter assez à tems, les brigands ont réussi a emmener leurs canons. €E Je n'ai pu faire poursuivre l'ennemi qui fugait, que jueques sur lhabitation Gensac, tant mes hommes étaient fatigués de s'être battu, pendant cinq heurs, sans relâche. cE J'ai --- Page 455 --- APPENDIX. 6 J'ai eu en environ cent hommes victimes trente tués sur la place, et cent du combat, dont No.V. blessés, parmi lesquels il en mour- Y rut beaucoup; j'estime qu'ils ont au moins 500 hommes M.deSerré, Dispatehof combat : cent cinquante ont été trouvés hors de morts sur le champ de battaile; et les chemins, par lesquels ils se, sont couverts de retires, sont si sang, qu'ils doivent avoir un nombre tres de blessés. considérable <6 La troupe Anglaise s'est conduite caractérise avec le courage qui la partout: le Capitaine Hardiman,est dignè des grands éloges;je suis désespéré plus cile à que vous me l'enleviez, il est difiremplacer par ces talens et ses vertus. e Aussitôt apres le combat, j'ai ecrit à tous les dans les quartiers de la dépendance commandans pour qu'ils m'envoyent du secours; j'en attends à chaque moment, mais je suis bien renforcé par la presence de la frégate PAlligator qui est arrivè ce matin. ce Je suis avec respect, &c. (Signé) 46 LE CHEVALIER DE SEVRE 4e Tiburon, 7 April, 1794." No. VI, ces talens et ses vertus. e Aussitôt apres le combat, j'ai ecrit à tous les dans les quartiers de la dépendance commandans pour qu'ils m'envoyent du secours; j'en attends à chaque moment, mais je suis bien renforcé par la presence de la frégate PAlligator qui est arrivè ce matin. ce Je suis avec respect, &c. (Signé) 46 LE CHEVALIER DE SEVRE 4e Tiburon, 7 April, 1794." No. VI, --- Page 456 --- APPENDIX. No. VI. Account of No. VI. M. de Charmilly, Commissioner for (Referring to P. 193, &c.) the Capitulation with the) British. 66 the indefatigable De Charmilly." THE distinguished part this gentleman acted during the troubles in his adopted country, and the familiarity of his name to every description of persons concerned in the arrangement between Great Britain and St. Domingo, render some account of him, if not absolutely necessary, at least highly interesting to the reader. We have the power more readily to gratify this inclination, as M. de Charmilly has himself afforded the principal materials for the purpose, which we have translated from the work before quoted, entitled, 66 Lettre à M. Edwards," &c. 6E After," says he, 66 concluding my attendance at the University ofParis, and travelling through a considerable part of Europe, I arrived at St. Domingo in the beginning of the American war. A few months residence in the colony made me acquainted with its importance. Born with an activity hardly to be surpassed, and favoured with a strong constitution, I became desirous to make myself acquainted with the affairs of the island. During a residence at different times of fourteen years, in the full sense of the word I travelled over the whole colony, having been engaged in some important suits, administered to several large estates, and having business of great consequence in every part of the island, which made me acquainted with the principal planters in its various --- Page 457 --- APPRNDIX. various districts. If you join to that the ambition of one of the richest ofits inhabitants, becoming No, VI. more than you may judge if I was not, any other person, in the Account of information possession of opportunities of M. de Charrespecting the resources of its different milly. and the advantages of its different provinces, knowing personally almost all the manufactures; besides, my both officers of its administration, military and civil; with the Creoles, and generous hospitality of the my independence of every tye, From all reasons it may be concluded, that these the colony had a scarcely any inhabitant of greater opportunity of knowing its affairs than myself. 4 Returning to France at the end of the last grieved to see the baneful effects of war, I was which the French had those poisonous principles imbibed in America. I also deep concern, the establishment of saw, with that created first in philanthropic sect, Philadelphia, and afterwards Europe. I then visited transplanted to months; from England, where I remained a few thence I went to Jamaica, where I also some time. resided 66 Since my return to St. Domingo, veral having re-established seplantations on my own account, I was under the of acquainting myself with necessity mercial every thing that related to the resources of the colony. I also had, in comMr. de Marbois, the conjunction with arrangement of the affairs most wealthy contractors of of one of the St. Domingo. A long residence at Port-au-Prince and the Cape, enabled material me also to judge of occurrence that passed in the two every principal cities, "On my return to St. Domingo, veral having re-established seplantations on my own account, I was under the of acquainting myself with necessity mercial every thing that related to the resources of the colony. I also had, in comMr. de Marbois, the conjunction with arrangement of the affairs most wealthy contractors of of one of the St. Domingo. A long residence at Port-au-Prince and the Cape, enabled material me also to judge of occurrence that passed in the two every principal cities, "On --- Page 458 --- APPENDIX. No. VI. s6 On returning to my plantation, at the moment of the revoAccount of lution, it will not appear surprising that I was nominated a memM. de Char- ber of the assembly of parish, afterwards of that of the promilly. my vince where I resided, and, finally, deputy of the general colonial assembly. 66 From the publication of the Rights of Man, I foresaw, with the most rational and well-informed inhabitants, the misfortunes that awaited the colony. 66 Residing in the south part of the island, which was in a great measure indebted to the English, and particularly the merchants of Jamaica, for its establishment; and being, also, from frequent visits, perfectly acquainted with England, I happily turned my views towards its government, to ensure the safety of St. Domingo. This sentiment never abandoned me an instant from the first moment of the troubles; I constantly manifested it in my parish, in my province, and in the general assembly at St. Marc, where all my thoughts and actions were continually directed to the means of assuring its success. 66 The torrent of revolutionary ideas had too much agitated every head, not to force the wisest people to conform to circumstances; and I freely own, that I was one of those who affected to believe in the possibility of an absurd independence: ; prefering it, for the interests of the island, to the still more absurd idea, of a sugar colony existing with the pretended rights of man. Unfortunately, persons of the greatest influenee in St. Domingo, dazzled by the remembrance of the great commercial advantages derived, during the American war; from their increasing trade with --- Page 459 --- APPENDIX. with neutral nations, hoped, and pretended that it might exist independent, under the general No. VI. protection ofthe ers. My opinion was always, that such European pow- Account of take an independence could M. de Charplace, and that it was not milly. the protection of a necessary for the colony to be under if mother country; and that it would they were under that of a be well great nation like England. diversity of opinions frustrated all The well known) my plans, and (mine being obliged me to embark, with many of the resident proprietors, on board the flying from Leopard. This was, with the view of two parties; one of whom saw in us their ambition, and the other, the opponents to they thought of enemies of that anarchy which establisbing in this delightful in Europe, I soon discovered climate, Arrived that France was more, surely, was St. Domingo, lost; but still own colonies did not ifa power, interested to save her afford her relief. a The melancholy intelligence of the disasters of were first brought to St. Domingo, Europe by the Daphne, an gate. I was the first, and only English friinhabitant, to confirm that news, of which I found whocame to England letters, delivered to a proofin two hundred me by Captain Gardner, the the vessel. commander of 66 In the year 1790, I had the honour of the ministers of his Britannic an interview with Majesty, and proposed to them means of retaining their colonies, by the facts which I communicated saving St. Domingo. The then, and have often are recorded in the memorial which since répeated, I submitted to on the occasion. The revolutionary government spirit, which had turned the 3F heads ocame to England letters, delivered to a proofin two hundred me by Captain Gardner, the the vessel. commander of 66 In the year 1790, I had the honour of the ministers of his Britannic an interview with Majesty, and proposed to them means of retaining their colonies, by the facts which I communicated saving St. Domingo. The then, and have often are recorded in the memorial which since répeated, I submitted to on the occasion. The revolutionary government spirit, which had turned the 3F heads --- Page 460 --- APPENDIX. No. VI. heads of the French people, furnished the most just and wisest 3 - the British to refuse an offer which had been Accountof reasons for ministry M. de Chartoo late, was become by the effervescence of the COmilly, expressed and the diminution of its revenues and produce, of too lony, little importance to expose them to the event of a war with the French. EE I returned to Paris, but very soon (in 1792) the miseries of France and the king compelled me to seek an asylum in England. From that time I foresaw the certainty of a war. ; continually occupied for the welfare of my countrymen, and of the first colony in the world, I renewed my solicitations to the British government. In concert with other inhabitants, I never ceased labouring to proveto the ministers of Great Britain, that, if they saved not St. Domingo, the most considerable COlony oft the Antilles, they would not save any of their own. 66 The French declared war against England in February, 1793. Then, the case of those who had exerted themselves to preserve the English and French colonies were heard; others had evinced as much zeal as myself, and I had no advantage over them but that of a better knowledge of the colony of St. Domingo, and being enabled to say- Behold what must be done : I will accomplish it, Or perish !" a It is for the British ministers to judge, if I was SO happy as to fulfil my promises; they were pleased to assure me so, and bis Majesty himself deigned to testify to me, his approbation of the zeal and devotion, with which I had placed myself in his service." The --- Page 461 --- APPENDIX The unfortunate end of this 40s ready sufliciently pourtrayed, gentleman's services has been al- No: VI. he After wasting that / formerly SO much boasted, and strength ofwhich Account of wounds, he had the covering himself with fruitless milly, M. de Charand to shelter himself mortification to see his great project fail, toto, since it had under the position, that it had not failed in diverted the maica, He had also the revolutionary principle from Jabumiliation with a number poraries, to see all his ofhis cotemarguments in favor refuted, and to be ofsuljugating the blacks, a species of dull and obliged to pass the decline of an active life, in English solitary exile, under the protection of the government. Notwitstanding his misconceptions M. de offered some sensible advice with Charmilly has he was SO well regard to the island with which acquainted, and; it may be said, merited dignified fate. It was his ambition a more become the saviour of bis to be the legislator, and to that he had exerted country; and it were to be wished ful, he himselfin a cause in which, though might have enjoyed the merit of unsuccessBravely falling with a falling state !" But, alas! no such honors awaited him, he was obscurity, to be followed by the doomed, even in men, for whom he suspicious censures of his was SO proud to act, wbile he countryno other sentiment than could expect vainly ventured his contempt from those against whom he life. SF2 No. VIT, ; and it were to be wished ful, he himselfin a cause in which, though might have enjoyed the merit of unsuccessBravely falling with a falling state !" But, alas! no such honors awaited him, he was obscurity, to be followed by the doomed, even in men, for whom he suspicious censures of his was SO proud to act, wbile he countryno other sentiment than could expect vainly ventured his contempt from those against whom he life. SF2 No. VIT, --- Page 462 --- APPENDIX. No. VII. No. VII. Letter of Toussaint to to Admiral (Referring Page 264), Smith. Documents illustratice of the Character and Manners of Toussaint L'Ourerture. IT is always pleasing to trace the interchanges of civility in war between two great and benevolent minds; the following letter has been selected as a specimen of Toussaint's familiar intercourse from a variety of other papers of a similar description. LIBERTY. EQUALITY. At Cape François, the 5th January, 7th Year of the French Republic, one and indivisible. Toussaint L'Ouverture, General in Chief of the Army of St. Domingo, to Edward Tyrrel Smith, Esq.* Captain of his Britannic Majesty's Ship Hannibal. SIR, LIEUTENAXT STOVIN has performed the commission with which you charged him. As I was at the Cape when he arrived, he was conducted to me, and has brought me your letters ofthe: 3d and 5th January, although addressed to the commandant ofthis place. I perceive that you have on board sixty-four French prisoners, which you propose to me to exchange, and which I would not have hesitated to do instantly if I had had the same number of prisoners here. * Now Admiral Smith. As --- Page 463 --- APPENDIX, As my principles of humanity correspond those perfectly with No. VII. you manifest, I shall be obliged to you to release the - French prisoners. Ishall send Letter of you eight English prisoners, the Toussaint. whole that are here, with the exception of his thigh broken, one, who, having had remains at the hospital for it to be set. I will give you letters for Port Paix and the Mole, and I shall necessary orders that you may be furnished with the give the will be coming to you; if it should prisoners that happen that they do not complete the number, I promise you on my word ofhonor, shall be at your disposal whenever the fortune that they them of war shall at my command. place In case that you should not be satisfied with the letters you for the Mole and Port Paix, I give you then can carry the French prisoners you have made to those places where they exchanged. I wait may be your answer to govern me. Although the porter, the rum, and the ham which had the civility to address to the Chief of this you have City, were not particularly addressed to me, I cannot omit to return thanks. I wish there may be you my any thing here agreeable to and you shall receive it. I have given you, your servant to make any provision for which you may have occasion, permission Il Ihave the honor to be, Sir, Your most humble and Obedient Servant, TOUSSAINT L'OUVERTURE. Brief your answer to govern me. Although the porter, the rum, and the ham which had the civility to address to the Chief of this you have City, were not particularly addressed to me, I cannot omit to return thanks. I wish there may be you my any thing here agreeable to and you shall receive it. I have given you, your servant to make any provision for which you may have occasion, permission Il Ihave the honor to be, Sir, Your most humble and Obedient Servant, TOUSSAINT L'OUVERTURE. Brief --- Page 464 --- APPENDIX. No. VII. 3 / Extract from Brief Extract.from the MS. Journal of Charles Reilly, Esq. Mr. Reily's Journal, Port Royal, Jamaica. ON the 16th of November, 1798, being ready for sea, Col, Harcourt and Capt. Reynolds came on board, and we set sail for Port-au-Prince, in St. Domingo. On the 24th, being in the Bight of Leogane, saw a strange sail. In the evening came up with her: she proved to be an American bark from Port-au-Prince, bound to Philadelphia, with French passengers and property, which was sent into Port Royal. On the 25th November came to anchor without gun-shot ofthe fort at Port-au-Prince, and sent in a flag of truce to prepare for a treaty with the Black General, Toussaint, then commanding the chief part of the island; but the boat returned with information that he was not there. We then got under weigh, and stood off towards Leogane. In the night we manned and armed the boats, and sent them along shore. In the morning they returned with a small copper-bottomed schooner, laden with coffee, and bound to St.Jago, in Cuba. They likewise took four open boats, one of which we sold for four hundred dollars back to a Frenchman, and in the others we sent the prisoners on shore. On the 26th came to anchor off Leogane; sent a flag of truce, and was informed the general was at Aux Cayes. Got under weigh, and at noon came to an anchor there, out of gun-shot of the fort. Sent a boat on shore, and learned that Toussaint was at Gonaives. An officer, however, came on board in a flag of truce, and told the captain we might send our boat ashore, and purchase what stock we wanted. Of this kindness we --- Page 465 --- APPENDIX, we availed ourselves, from the extreme were supplied. cheapness at which Te No. VII. On the 27th we got under weigh, and two strange sail. By on the 28th chased noon we brought one. of them to, proved to be a government sloop from which Port-an-Prince, laden Cape François, bound to with wines and provisions of The schooner that had been all kinds. armed, sbe previously taken, being manned and was sent one cruize, commanded by the soon returned with a schooner, laden purser, who with sailed with the same provisions, that had sloop. We took every body out of her except some ladies, who were passengers, and came to anchorin Gonaives the same evening Roads. Sent a flag of truce on shore, and saw General seemed very well pleased with the Toussaint, who ing, to and from proposition of a treaty for tradJamaica, and rendering every thing Next day we got under weigh, and stood agreeable. ing, as the captain had off and on till evenpromised to send all the on when they should send a small vessel prisoners shore time the for them. In the mean person who was sent prize-master, having himselfin the evening when the intoxicated rage, he bore ship was running into her anchoup for Port Royal, and behaved to the poor distressed ladies. He very unmanly their trunks for clean would not allow them to open clothes, nor would he allow two cases of wine, which the them any of The vessel captain had left entirely for them. came for the prisoners next on shore, but the Black General morning, and they went treatment the ladies had was exceedingly vexed at the received, as they were the wives of officers the evening when the intoxicated rage, he bore ship was running into her anchoup for Port Royal, and behaved to the poor distressed ladies. He very unmanly their trunks for clean would not allow them to open clothes, nor would he allow two cases of wine, which the them any of The vessel captain had left entirely for them. came for the prisoners next on shore, but the Black General morning, and they went treatment the ladies had was exceedingly vexed at the received, as they were the wives of officers --- Page 466 --- APPENDIX. No. VIII. cers in whom he had much confidence. This circumstance had nearly been the cause of much mischief, and the dissolution of the treaty, as he would hardly believe it was not intended by the captain, as all the male prisoners were returned with the exception only of one, who had preferred to remain with one of the ladies, who was his sister. In a short time, however, his temper warm, but not irascible, was appeased, and all was well. On the 14th December a brig, the Mary, arrived from Jamaica, laden with provisions, and on the 6th we put the two gentlemen conducting the treaty on board her, when she hoisted the flag of truce, and we bore up for Port Royal, where we arrived on the 8th. No. VIII. (Referring to Page 264.) Extract from the former Publication of the Author of this Work upon the then projected Expedition of St. Domingo, describing its Progress; and, from a Comparison with the subsequent Dispatches of the French General, demonstrative of the Verity of those Principles upon which he argued against its Adoption. UPON what foundation the projectors of the French armaAnticipation oft the fate of their of success them not totally igthe French ment rested hopes (supposing expedition in the reduction of St, Doby the au- norant of what was to be attempted thor, pubofthe First Consul, it lished during mingo at present), other than the prowess its projecdifliculties that have been tion. is not easy to conceive-the astonishing surmounted, --- Page 467 --- APPENDIX, surmounted, and prodigies that have the invincible already been achieved by No. Bonaparte! ! But they should have VIL the improbable successes of that recollected, that Anticipatiattributed to the CAUSE he general were not unfrequently onofthefate supported oftheFrench lated to inspire dl-certainly the best calcu- expedition. young troops with a romantic idea and to carry them, unknowing, of chivalry, pal the most hardy veterans. through dangers that would apsent: detachments How different is the object at from armies, that held combined predefiance, when resolved to be free, Europe at quered nations that and gave peace to the conno longer opposed their barked to expel their own freedom, are emspirit from another land; to every generous emotion they had been accustomed suppress to again fill the furrows of a to feel; and blood of smiling country with blood-the FREEMEN, WHOM THEY HAD THEMSELVES cr Unused to the sickening CREATED, suspense ofa maritime they are painfully wafted to the seat of conveyance, mate; they debark in war in a noxious clia country rendered hostile by a series of inexplicable menaces, and prepared to meet with those it considers as betrayers ofthe indignation merly cause in which they had forbled!-Vanished is the enthusiastic was wont to lead them to the spirit of bravery, that fight, while other voices sound the Song ofI Liberty! e Allons! enfans de la patrié La jour de gloire est arrivé Contre nous--de la tyrannée L'etendart sanglant est elevée! Entendez Tous, dans la Campagné, 3G Mugir inexplicable menaces, and prepared to meet with those it considers as betrayers ofthe indignation merly cause in which they had forbled!-Vanished is the enthusiastic was wont to lead them to the spirit of bravery, that fight, while other voices sound the Song ofI Liberty! e Allons! enfans de la patrié La jour de gloire est arrivé Contre nous--de la tyrannée L'etendart sanglant est elevée! Entendez Tous, dans la Campagné, 3G Mugir --- Page 468 --- APPENDIX. No. VIII. Mugir ces ferocés soldâts, Que viennent dans nos bras AnticipatiEgorgés vhs fils et votre Campagné! on, &c. Aux armes P" e The hitherto victorious troops of the republic, land in various directions, beneath the heavy fire of forts well appointed; and mounted chiefly with brass ordnance: : they press forward towhati-not to enter towns from which the enemy has fled precipitately, leaving behind them every comfort necessary for an army, requiring early rest to recruit; they enter cities, not merely evacuated, but no longer cities! to be mocked by the ruins of repose, and the destruction of necessaries they required. 66 Recruited from their own magazines, or the trifling aid to be forced from a few Americans, they proceed into a country, every foot of which, when obtained, is deprived of all that can aid their enterprize. Troops, dispirited by novel tactics, and an enfeebling climate, are to pass their nights in the open air, and exposed to the nocturnal vapours, alone fatal to European habits, sustained only by provisions furnished from their own stores, with no more water than they have conveyed with them, and unable to proceed, or to return. Yel patriot band ! The day of glory comes; against us see The bloody standard rais'd of tyranny! Hark! ! in your fields ferocious soldiers roar, Your children and your country are no more ! Close to your breasts they comeTo arms!"- 66 Occasional --- Page 469 --- APPENDIX, Occasional aids, with farther into the peculiar good fortune, carried them No. interior, to all VII, more extensive experience those dificulties in a - degree; with a subtraction from Anticipatiand their comforts, in their numbers on, &c. proportion to the victories tain, and the difficulties they may obe they may surmount, On the other hand6 A country is raised, to attributed the repel a horde ofinvaders, to whom are intentions of despoiling the land, and inhabitants; a well-disciplined enslaving its quainted with army in every part, intimately acand habituated every quarter of the island, inured to the to the soil; trained to a long climate, attack, is prepared to meet them. expectation of the with stores, they Hardy, and unencumbered sport with an harrassed day decides against them, enemy; ; and, when the and mined leaving the enemy to burning towns, plantations, they recede in safety of fortifications: were they within the next line the even deprived ofall adventitious umbrageous plantain alone affords aid,* they luxuriate in the varieties them repose and food, or freshed of the yam and the by the streams, to which banana, rerise they readily find unimpaired, to support the cause access; they in next their heart, and proportion as their assailants are revel 66 Almost dismayed, impenetrably fortified up to the very Cibao, whose inaccessible mountains of tops reach the recedes with ease, faster than the heavens, Toussaint wasting enemy can, with pain, * Which is impossible, while every little ply; and an ample resource is found in every coasting-bark new situation, from America brings a fresh sup3 G 2 pursue paired, to support the cause access; they in next their heart, and proportion as their assailants are revel 66 Almost dismayed, impenetrably fortified up to the very Cibao, whose inaccessible mountains of tops reach the recedes with ease, faster than the heavens, Toussaint wasting enemy can, with pain, * Which is impossible, while every little ply; and an ample resource is found in every coasting-bark new situation, from America brings a fresh sup3 G 2 pursue --- Page 470 --- APPENDIX. No. VIII. him; and in this way is he, in alliance with the very elepursue Anticipati- ments to be pursued through a route of this description 500 miles? on, &c. I speak of the elements, for the period is fast approaching, when, in addition to the horrors already experienced, the rains will commence, whose overwhelming torrents will require portable towns to withstand them, where indifferent camp-equipage only can be convéyed; and, in this situation, if not before, I feel no hesitation in saying, that Le Clerc, lamenting his laurels, which have withered SO untimely, will assimilate Macbeth, and exclaim, with heart-felt regret,- 6c There is no going hence, nor tarrying here! I" e All possible grounds of success, it is easily perceived, are done away-unless Toussaint, during his experience of his government, has acquired the knowledge of 66 expediency," and on that score is expected to sacrifice his adherents for a snug retirement!-a circumstance hardly to be looked for; or, that three or four millions of men, who have forgotten every other restraint should be inclined than a voluntary sense of duty imposes, easily to return to the dominion of the cowskin !11* a The English government, in three years, employed above twenty thousand men, and expended thirty millions of money on St. Domingo; and its army, even then, was never able to penetrate five miles into the country; yet the French go4 * The instrument of punishment, no doubt, judiciously handled, by those young men, who perform their noviciate in the character of Overseers of the Slaves. vernment --- Page 471 --- APPENDIX, vernment proposes to exterminate the whole out the least delay. race of colour with- No. VIIL. 4 Veni vidi, riil-then-Genenl Le Anticipaticareer. of Clerc has completed his On, &c. extermination, and he sits down in the of St. Domingo without delightfil vallies a single rebel* to cultivate must be the soil; it supplied by a fresh, a continued ignorant of labour, and importation of negroes, without any to instruct them, at cessive waste of time and of an exproduce, and an of than one hundred millions expence not less at least! 66 Whether France be adequate to colonize at this sume not to determine. rate, I preConsidering her at the acmé of present power, I shall not wonder at the her assuming all the concomitants of attempt, nor at her chartered companies, and the Feodenimaton-eorponter bodies, long train of the peace and the interest of monopolies, SO fatal to nations. 66 I have now only to add a few and the promoters oft observations on those fears, them, which have obtained for the of France, in his scheme of Dictator retrieving to the ment of that country the delightful mongrel governisland of St. an apparently universal Domingo, such ment in this patronage with even persons of discernkingdom. To those intimately acquainted with the * To hear this term in France, at this of St. Domingo, as well as the contemptible present day, and the diminutive idea entertained lity. The two former explain and opinion affected of Toussaint, excites a more extraordinary character, themselves; and at this it is sufficiently known that Toussaint risibi- is Grand Consul! 6 Why may not 1," says he, moment 66 possessed of more real power than the First Consul in France P" -(Original Note.) hold absolute power here, as well as the British quainted with the * To hear this term in France, at this of St. Domingo, as well as the contemptible present day, and the diminutive idea entertained lity. The two former explain and opinion affected of Toussaint, excites a more extraordinary character, themselves; and at this it is sufficiently known that Toussaint risibi- is Grand Consul! 6 Why may not 1," says he, moment 66 possessed of more real power than the First Consul in France P" -(Original Note.) hold absolute power here, as well as the British --- Page 472 --- APPENDIX, No. VIIL. British colonies in the West Indies, these observations are not necessary; but there are many whose interests in the islands are Anticipatiinformation on, &c. by no means inconsiderable, who oie their principal to those eternal babblers, who, without the most distant pretensions to knowledge, experience, or a common portion of common sense, fill every avenue with their alarms, and surprize every new week with a new hypothesis. 66 These have affected to view in the establishment of a BLACK REPUBLIC in this extensive territory, the entire annihilation of all our possessions, the elevation of a revolutionary hydra, that breathes another Pandemonium ofills on the afflicted world! till the expedition of Bonaparte has been treated as a common cause, and much has been anticipated that could not be expected, if it could be wished. 66 Nothing appears more evident to me, than that the system which, without the intervention of any of those accidents that some time change the face of things, is about to obtain in St. Domingo, is not one that will by any means lead to an extension of territory, or the diffusion of principles. In the possession of a vast island, such as it has been described, much would remain to be done at home, were they henceforward to remain in uninterrupted peace; the cultivation of vast tracts, the renovation of what has been destroyed, and the arrangements of their own interests, will indispensably preclude the interference of Toussaint with the government or opinion of the neighbouring islands. 66 Added --- Page 473 --- APPENDIX, 66 Added to this, what ble state of defence in person acquainted with the respecta- No. which our islands are VIIT. entertain the least fear kept, can ever respecting Anticipatiparatively are, possessed by them2-Small as they com- on, &c. planters of fended by a militia distinguished talents, deprompt on all occasions; with an appointed on their shores, under army well the and superintendance of experience at home; and a navy round ability wonder of the world; what their coasts, the restless, romantic an attempt SO certainly spirit could induce the destructive in the effort, and event?" fruitless in 46 * Notwitstanding it has of late years been the planter as derogatory to humanity, and fashion to consider the ties that ameliorate the condition of the incapable of being blended with any of character those of a of judging has tended to species, every qualicruel than to convince me of the contrary. opportunity "hich I have had the single out any description of Nothing, indeed, can be more purpose of the fanatic or the 1; and persons for public reprobation, as than an implicit reliance on the partizan nothing is more fatal to the cause may of suit preclude the possibility of vague reports of their entbusiasm, which must truth their notice.-If the young acquiring and correct information, or adhering to facts if inevitably tors, it is certainly no evidence of thoughtless general squander the accumulations of their produced ances- to ceptionable in the conduct of the slave-trade, volaptuousnes does it If there are circumstances exexecutioner? Certainly not,-it would be hostile to follow that the planter is a merciless situation. As merchants and as men, his interest, and in his garded; and instances of affection and many are bighly and extensively inexpedient esteemed and described to exult, are neither regret in the slaves, in whose torture have reunfrequent or unrecorded, they been No, IX, general squander the accumulations of their produced ances- to ceptionable in the conduct of the slave-trade, volaptuousnes does it If there are circumstances exexecutioner? Certainly not,-it would be hostile to follow that the planter is a merciless situation. As merchants and as men, his interest, and in his garded; and instances of affection and many are bighly and extensively inexpedient esteemed and described to exult, are neither regret in the slaves, in whose torture have reunfrequent or unrecorded, they been No, IX, --- Page 474 --- APPENDIX, No. IX. Fihst coloNo. IX. nial regulation. 321.-Documents respecting the colonial (Referred to in Page Administration of Le Clerc.) First colonial Regulation of the. Captain-General, extracted from the Official Gazette of St. Domingo. ADNINISTRATION OF THE COLONY. Head-Quarters, at the Cape, June 22, 1802. IN the name of the French government, The General in chief Captain-general, decrees as follows:- In the French part of St. Domingo, the administration of the quarters and communes is confined to military commandants and councils of notables. The commandants to have the jurisdiction of police in their respective districts, and the chief command oft the gens d'armeriè. The councils of notables to be composed of proprietors or merchants, and to consist of five members, in the towns of Port Republicain, the Cape, and Des Cayes, and of three members in other communes. The members to be appointed by the colonial prefect; and every one sO appointed to be compelled to accept the office. The military commandants are charged with the delivery (gratis) of passports for travelling in the colony, the suppression of vagrancy, the care of the police, the maintenance of cleanliness and health, the care of citiA zens --- Page 475 --- APPENDIX. zens newly arrived, the police of the of weights and prisons, and the measures, in concurrence with the regulation No.IX. tables. Except in the case of council of no- Administramandants cannot flagrant crimes, the military com. tion of Le arrest any citizen without an order Clerc. Commandant of the quarter. The from the own expences; the communes to provide for their ral in chief, sums to be regulated by a decree of the with the advice of the colonial gene commandant can put in prefect, No military any plantation; the requisition the labourers or the cattle of self. The general in chief reserves that councils of notables to power to himcommunes and for the provide for the expences ofthe chief, with the advice imposts adopted by the commander in of the colonial alone to deliberate upon the prefect. Those councils blies of citizens communal interests; all other are prohibited, and shall, if assemsidered as seditious, and dispersed attempted, be conrespond by force, The councils to corimmediately with the sub-prefects, bers may be suspended, and by whom their memfect. There shall be in finally dismissed by the colonial each parish a prepublic acts, commissary to register the (Signed) LE CLERC, COMMERCE OF ST. DOMINGO, By another decree of the general in French merchant vessels chief, of the Cape, Port are to be admitted only in the ports Republicain, des Cayes and de chandize, or produce ofthe Jacmel. Mermanufactures, or soil of France, not 3H to the sub-prefects, bers may be suspended, and by whom their memfect. There shall be in finally dismissed by the colonial each parish a prepublic acts, commissary to register the (Signed) LE CLERC, COMMERCE OF ST. DOMINGO, By another decree of the general in French merchant vessels chief, of the Cape, Port are to be admitted only in the ports Republicain, des Cayes and de chandize, or produce ofthe Jacmel. Mermanufactures, or soil of France, not 3H to --- Page 476 --- APPENDIX. No.IX. to be subject to any duty on importation. Colonial produce, exAdministra- ported by French vessels, to be subject to a duty on exportation. tion of Le Foreign vessels of the burden of 70 tons, and upwards, are Clerc. permitted to enter the above four ports. French or foreign merchandize imported in them to be subject to a duty on importation, conformable to tariff. The produce of the colony exported by them to be subject to a duty on exportation. Every captain of a French or foreign vessel must, on his arrival in port, before any other person on board lands, present himself before the captain general, and the colonial prefect, at the place of their residence, and in other ports to the general commandant, and the chief of administration, for the purpose of giving an account of his voyage. The captain shall transmit on the same day, to the commandant of the place, a declaration, written and signed, containing an account of the passengers he has on board: no passenger to disembark without the authority of the commandant. The captain must, on the day of his arrival, remit the letters and packets in his charge to the director of the post at the port, and shall receive a discharge. The captains of French and foreign vessels must, within a day after their arrival, transmit to the directors of the harbours, the bill of lading of their cargoes." All merchandize found on board which is not included in the bill of lading, will be confiscated. Every captain of a foreign vessel must consign his cargo to a domiciliated merchant, who shall be personally responsible for the --- Page 477 --- APPENDIX, the payment of the duties on for the frauds which importation and exportation, and No. may be committed the IX. vessels consigned to him. by captains of the AdministraNo French or tion of Le foreign vessel shall be suffered to Clerc, but on producing to the quit the ports, director of the captain of the port the certificate of the customs, stating that all the paid. duties have been Every French or foreign vessel which of the ports, not shall be found in any designated in the decrees, or leagues of the coast, shall be taken sailing within two vessels, and conducted possesion of by the guardinto one of the that the confiscation of the vessel designated ports, in order the captain and cargo may be general, on the report of the adjudged by vessel making such colonial prefect. The capture, to be entitled to lue of the vessel and one-third of the vacargo confiscated, TARIFF OF CUSTOMS IN THE FRENCH PART OF ST, DOMINGO, IMPORTATION. French merchandize and cent. on the value-Meal, produce in foreign vessels, 10 per biscuits, salt, penters and buildings, cattle provisions, wood for car- &c. ditto 6 and sheep, horses, mules, per cent, dito.-Foreign poultry, cent, ditto. merchandize, ditto, 20 per EXPORTATION. The following are the most material Coffee in foreign vessels, articles: -White 13 francs 33 cents. per sugar, ditto, ditto.-Brown quintal. ditto, 6 f 67 C, ditto, 3H2 -Cotton biscuits, salt, penters and buildings, cattle provisions, wood for car- &c. ditto 6 and sheep, horses, mules, per cent, dito.-Foreign poultry, cent, ditto. merchandize, ditto, 20 per EXPORTATION. The following are the most material Coffee in foreign vessels, articles: -White 13 francs 33 cents. per sugar, ditto, ditto.-Brown quintal. ditto, 6 f 67 C, ditto, 3H2 -Cotton --- Page 478 --- APPENDIX: No.IX. -Cotton, 30 f ditto.-Indigo, 80 C. per lb.-Produce not enuAdministra- merated, 20 per cent, on the value.-French manufactures tion of Le in Clerc. foreign vessels exempt from duty. SUBSEQUENT COMMERCIAL REGULATION. (In consequence of a remonstrance of the merchants and shipowners of the city of Havre, &c. presented to the First Consul, Bonaparté, May S0, 1802, against the admission of British merchandize. *) Head-Quarters at the Cape, Sept. 8, 1802. In the Name of the French Government the Commander in Chief, Captain General, decrees as follows:- Art. I. After the Ist ofVendemiaire, year 11, (Sept. 23, 1802), no other merchandize or articles of provision, except those specified in the annexed list, can be imported into the colony by foreign ships:-none can be exported by the same ships, but molasses, syrup, spirits, and rum; dye woods and wood for cabinet makers; guiacum, coffee, and provision, or merchàndize of every kind imported by the French merchants. II. After the same period, the duties on the merchandize and provisions specified in the annexed list, imported into the colony In this remonstrance is the following confession Thanks be to our warriors, thanks be to your genius -the. English have come out of the long contest with much less glory than we have, but they have withdrawn from the struggle rich and astonishingly powerful, All is organised among them, and it will be long, very long, before we can vie with them in trade. We can only be saved from destruction by prohibitory regulations. A convalescent should not enter the Jists with a mighty giant." by --- Page 479 --- APPENDIX. the rate of ten per cent. duty ad No. IX. by foreign ships, shall pay at which the colonial Administrain the colony, according to a tariff, tion of Le valorem from the medium prices Clerc. prefect shall settle every three months, ofthe colony. three months, in the open ports ofthe preceding which, according to the The duties on colonial productions in foreign granted by the first article, shall be exported permission one half more than those exvessels, shall pay, over and above, tariff annexed to the in French ships, according to the ported 3d of Messidor last (June 22). These productions decree of the by the decree of Messhall pay, besides the war tax, established sidor 25 (July 14). from the French comProductions and merchandize arising shall pay no from the colony in foreign ships, merce, exported duties. and products not specified in the annexed III. All merchandize reckoning from by foreign vessels, are prohibited, list, imported 23, 1802). The the Ist of Vendemiaire, year 11 (September of the vessels which arrive in the open ports eaptains of foretgn to land their merbefore that period, shall be allowed colony declaration at the custom-house. chandize, on lodging a ofthe colony after VenThose which arrive in the open ports 23,) until the 15th Brumaire next (Nodemiaire lst (September allowed to land the unprohibited vember 6) inclusive, shall be they board. In regard to those prohibited, goods they have on and shall be bound to produce shall lodge a declaration ofthem, of their vessels being their under the pain them on departure, confiscated. After their merbefore that period, shall be allowed colony declaration at the custom-house. chandize, on lodging a ofthe colony after VenThose which arrive in the open ports 23,) until the 15th Brumaire next (Nodemiaire lst (September allowed to land the unprohibited vember 6) inclusive, shall be they board. In regard to those prohibited, goods they have on and shall be bound to produce shall lodge a declaration ofthem, of their vessels being their under the pain them on departure, confiscated. After --- Page 480 --- APPENDIX. No.,IX. After the 15th Brumaire (November 6) vessels, whose cargoes Administra- are not entirely composed of non-prohibited merchandize tion of Le and Clerc. productions, shall not be admitted into the ports of the colony. Those not coming within the case of being admitted, which shall procure admission by false declarations, or which, after having been obliged to leave the said ports, shall be found effecting, or trying to effect a fraudulent landing, shall be confiscated, as well as the cargoes. IV. Nothing in the present decree shall affect that of Messidor 5, which exempts from all duties, till the S0th of Frimaire, year 11 (December 21, 1802); oxen and mules imported into the ports oft the Cape, Port Republicain, Des Cayes, and Jacmel. All the dispositions of decrees relating to commerce and the customs, not contrary to the present decree, are also maintained. V. The colonial prefect is charged with carrying the present decree into execution. (Signed) LE CLERC. List of the merchandize and productions, the importation of which by foreign ships is permitted, on paying a duty of ten per cent. ad valorem : beer, bricks, coals, cables, and cordage; train oil, spermaceti oil, pitch, tar, resin, &c.; essence of turpentine, oats, barley, maize, flour, rice, biscuit, salt beef, salt pork, hams, sausages, &c. are not comprehended under this denomination; salt butter, mantagus, cod-fish, bacaga, &c.; salt mackarel, dried herrings, pickled herrings, shads, cod sounds, pickled mullets, stock-fish; live cattle, horses, mules, apes, hogs, sheep, ducks, fowls, turkies, geese; timber for building, spars, planks, oars, casks, &c. &c. No. X. --- Page 481 --- APPENDIX. No. X. Account of No. X. the use and history of blood- (Referred to in p. 327, &c.) hounds. the Nature and History of the. Blood-Hounds Some Account of used in the American Colonies. which it is anxiously desired to impress upon ON this subject be particulars may not unacceptablethe reader, the following of barbarous ages to attain Among the numerous rude inventions of that ofthe use of beasts in a variety a superiority in war, was armies. In Virgil with their regular ways, in conjunction against an opponent is the effect of bulls sent in terrible array of fozes,* and Moses affords a ludicrous employment recorded, towards the enemy's camp. The war-horse driven with firebrands active share in the and elephant are also represented as taking an is not all times. The introduction of dogs, however, battle at which is considered as likely to used, and one SO generally confined degree. The first particular avail but in a very is by Herrera, the mention of their use in acting with troops, Columbus when describing the first conflict of Spanish historian, Sleute-hound of the Scots was with the Indians in 1492;t the of applied to discover the haunts in much repute as being early the Gauls and Strabo is said to describe an attack upon robbers; observations on this subject in Tomlinson's Scriptural Or Jackalls. See the curious Translations, P. 273. + See the former part of this work. by avail but in a very is by Herrera, the mention of their use in acting with troops, Columbus when describing the first conflict of Spanish historian, Sleute-hound of the Scots was with the Indians in 1492;t the of applied to discover the haunts in much repute as being early the Gauls and Strabo is said to describe an attack upon robbers; observations on this subject in Tomlinson's Scriptural Or Jackalls. See the curious Translations, P. 273. + See the former part of this work. by --- Page 482 --- APPENDIX. No. X. by dogs of the present description.* The character of decided History of enmity to man, however, seems to have been preserved in the bloodonly hounds. Spanish America, and the writer is induced from many circumstances to think that the quadruped which is the subject ofthis account is, though of a similar species to the Irish wolf-dog breed, a native oft the South Seas. Whether or not the dog in a savage state would devour his master, as is asserted, shall not here be argued; it is certain that on the mode of rearing, and subsequent discipline for use, in war, much has always depended, and that (to the disgrace of human beings SO employed) their education has been reduced to such a system, as to leave little of the natural character remaining. With the persons who breed and have the care of these animals in Spanish America, the public are already sufficiently acquainted; but there are some facts which are not equally known, both as respect these people, and the mode of rearing the dogs, as particularly practised in St. Domingo, to which attention is at present confined. The first of these subjects will be explained by a comparison easily made; and of the latter the writer is indebted for an àccurate knowledge to an intelligent friend, who had the care of those animals and their keepers in their troublesome passage from the Havannah to Jamaica, the same which * This incident is on the authority of an obliging writer in the Monthly Magazine, in answer to a query on the subject on account of the present work, Strabo not being at hand for a reference. forms particularly practised in St. Domingo, to which attention is at present confined. The first of these subjects will be explained by a comparison easily made; and of the latter the writer is indebted for an àccurate knowledge to an intelligent friend, who had the care of those animals and their keepers in their troublesome passage from the Havannah to Jamaica, the same which * This incident is on the authority of an obliging writer in the Monthly Magazine, in answer to a query on the subject on account of the present work, Strabo not being at hand for a reference. forms --- Page 483 --- APPENDIX. of the history already given to the No.X. forms a prominent subject The modern public on the occasion.* chasseur an ofthe Buccaniers, (which are every where exact counAmong the remains terpart ofthe in the different Trou's ancient Bucin St. Domingo and its vicinity, canier. prevalent are which retain their names, and several local expressions,) and mode of life, in the Spanish chasseurs who the costume Mr. Quarrel (through the medium of a writer Dallas's History of the Maroons. the interest of the public to the always intelligent, and sometimes eloquent) has from excited Jamaica to Cuba, for the purpose of whole of his services in relation to the expedition a round of difficulties, of blood-hounds and their leaders ; he has described long obtaining 46 Moving accidents by flood and field," talents, the local, and even maritime skill of the all of which were overcome by the superior in the arduous business of commissioner ! According to this account, the minutest object but his bark him, during sickness or convalescence, the expedition was not only managed by fought successfully against a superior peculiar courses, and battles was directed through But Mr. Quarrel forgot to name power, with a crew somewhat like Falstaff's regimnent. and returned with the blood-hounds to the Captain of the vessel which carried him to Cuba, this is the more singular, in a man of Jamaica, or the wonder would have ceased; and and extensivé informaletters and enterprize, like Mr. Quarrel, from the exquisite delight with have received from the society of Captain Campbell; a gentleman, tion he must consummate bravery, and unbounded nautical enlarged ideas, high literary talents, the most the commandof a little vessel like that skill, who almost prefers (underexisting circumstances,) which is generally, or a considerable which conveyed Mr. Quarrel and his charge! (and under his own direction; share, his own property,) peculiarly on account of its being absolutely he has performed more and with a crew such as the commissioner very, justly describes, of the than any other intrepid actions, and visited with success, more parts The writer globe had reason to hope officer of his age, whichi is happily not yet far advanced. Bruce in Abyssinia, a valuable from the pen of bim who has traced the steps of the injured but this, as well paper on this, as well as other subjects relating to the Western Archipelago; the of a mutual valuable communications intended for the public, in possession as other friend, was neglected, when 66 Old Ocean smil'd, And, dancing on the tide of pleasure wild, Brisk Fame high-bounding, blew her echoing horn." PURSUIT OP FAME, a Poem. conduct S1 age, whichi is happily not yet far advanced. Bruce in Abyssinia, a valuable from the pen of bim who has traced the steps of the injured but this, as well paper on this, as well as other subjects relating to the Western Archipelago; the of a mutual valuable communications intended for the public, in possession as other friend, was neglected, when 66 Old Ocean smil'd, And, dancing on the tide of pleasure wild, Brisk Fame high-bounding, blew her echoing horn." PURSUIT OP FAME, a Poem. conduct S1 --- Page 484 --- APPENDIX. No.X. conduct the blood-lounds. The hog-skin trowsers drawn on Mode of their limbs warm from the animal when shot wild in the woods, training bloodandthe mode of preparing theirfood, (boucaner, a name at present kounds. synonimous with cooking in the island,) being common to both; and, in fact, every part of their dress, their migratory life, power of forbearance, and savage habits in the woods, all exhibit the ancient Buccanier in the modern Chasseur; and the portrait of the one when young, robust, and daring, is a very. complete resemblance ofthe other. The character of these people differed somewhat in the numbers which joined the French army, and were increased by tyros, when their operations became such a favorite relief in the actions between it and that ofthe blacks. Mode of With respect to the dogs, their general mode of rearing was rearing the latterlyin the following manner. From thetime of their being dogs. taken from the dam, they were confined in a sort of kennel, or cage, where they were but sparingly fed upon small quantities of the blood of different animals. As they approached maturity, their keepers procured a figure roughly formed as a negro in wicker work, in the body of which were containedthe blood and entrails of beasts. This was exhibited before an upper part of the cage, and the food occasionally exposed as a temptation, which attracted the attention of the dogs to it as a source of the food they wanted. This was repeated often, sO that the animals with redoubled ferocity struggled against their confinement while in proportion to their impatience the figure was brought nearer, though yet out of their reacb, and their food decreased, till, , their keepers procured a figure roughly formed as a negro in wicker work, in the body of which were containedthe blood and entrails of beasts. This was exhibited before an upper part of the cage, and the food occasionally exposed as a temptation, which attracted the attention of the dogs to it as a source of the food they wanted. This was repeated often, sO that the animals with redoubled ferocity struggled against their confinement while in proportion to their impatience the figure was brought nearer, though yet out of their reacb, and their food decreased, till, --- Page 485 --- APPENDIX. the keeper resigned the No.X. till, at the last extremity of desperation, to Mode of with the nauseous food before described, training figure, well charged themselves with the dreadful bloodtheir wishes. While they gorged hounds. caressed and encouraged them. By meat, he and his colleagues with the themselves sO much these means the whites ingratiated to that perceivanimals, as to produce an effect directly opposite towards the black figure; and, when they were emable in them afforded the in the pursuit for which they were intended, ployed their As soon as they were protection sO necessary to employers. were taken considered initiated into their business, the young dogs exercised in it, and trained with much exactness as out to be this extended to a great length, but possible. In some instances retain them their discipline could not permanently in general the is obvious. under the command of their leaders, consequence them in the Spanish islands was in chace The common use of got in the mountains. When once they of runaway negroes hunted him down, unless scent of the object, they immediately evade the pursuit by climbing up a tree, and instantly he could to from their reach devoured him: if he was SO fortunate as get dreadremained about it yelping in the most into a tree, the dogs If the victim was to be ful manner, till their keepers arrived. were then exhibition of cruelty, the dogs preserved for a public with chains. On his neck was muzzled, and the prisoner loaded for the with inverted spikes; and hooks outward, placed a hoop elsewhere. Should of entangling him in the bushes, or purpose faster than his wearied purthe unhappy wretch proceed to to run from them, he was given up suers, or attempt the --- Page 486 --- APPENDIX. No.X. the dogs, who instantly devoured him. With horrid delight the chasseurs sometimes preserved the head to expose at their homes, Accidents arising from as monuments of their barbarous prowess. Frequently on a bloodhounds, journey of any length these causes were, it is much feared, feigned for the purpose of relieving the keepers of their prisoners, and the inhuman wretch who perpetrated the act, on his oath of having destroyed his fellow creature, received the reward of ten dollars from the colony! If the most dreadful accidents among the blacks were ascribed, and it is apprehended justly, to the troops of blood-hounds in the very spots on which they were reared, what was not to be expected on the seat of war, amidst innumerable prejudices, and the powerful motive ofselfpreservation? when every one conceived himself justified in contributing an act ofbarbarity to the common cause, while it arose, perhaps, out of his own cruel disposition. The writer shrinks from the task of description in this place, yet the concealment will not excite the detestation he urges against the very idea ofever again introducing these animals under any pretext to the assistance of an army.* But indifferently kept, the * The defence of his friend (certainly a most laudable motive in these degenerate. times, notwithstanding the old proverb Amicus Plato, amicus Socrates, sed magis amica teritas) has led the ingenious writer before alluded to (Mr. Dallas) to some arguments in favor of blood-hounds, bowe ever cautiously introduced, not less glaringly false. Such is that, of the use of house-dogs. The writer need not call the attention of this gentleman (with whose sensibility of character he is not unacquainted) to the following obvious facts in behalf of their mutual country. The house-dog commonly used in the united kingdom, is the barking cur, who is not capable ofa dangerous attack, and his use is only to create alarm ; and even when a more powerful species are used, as the Newfoundland breed, they never kill or wound, -hounds, bowe ever cautiously introduced, not less glaringly false. Such is that, of the use of house-dogs. The writer need not call the attention of this gentleman (with whose sensibility of character he is not unacquainted) to the following obvious facts in behalf of their mutual country. The house-dog commonly used in the united kingdom, is the barking cur, who is not capable ofa dangerous attack, and his use is only to create alarm ; and even when a more powerful species are used, as the Newfoundland breed, they never kill or wound, --- Page 487 --- APPENDIX. of the Cape, and No. X. broke loose in the vicinity - the dogs frequently from the public way! At Ferocity of infants were devoured in an instant bloodwoods, and sur- hounds. other times they proceeded to the neighbouring meal, tore harmless family of laborers at their simple prizing an or involved the whole the babe from the breast of its mother, drenched in the gore and returned with their horrid jaws party, even in the eyes ofthe French of those who were acknowledged, them with and therefore permitted to furnish army, as innocent, broken into by them, and oftheir labor. Huts were the produce * even for the best becomes too dreadful for description the picture of purposes. of which several curious instances have recently OCwound, except they are aggravated, recollection of the writer; one, he believes, at an- inn near the cured; two are in the immediate detected by the faithful guard in the act of robbing him Hounslow, where a servant being the spot, and placing himself upon him, held house at night, he threw him down on be delivered him into other custody. Another was, there uninjured till the morning, when house where a quantity of plate was deposited, when an housekeeper remaining in a alone, butcher to protect her, who, in the folborrowed for one night the dog of a neighbouring before the side-boaid, in the person of a relalowing morning presented her with a culprit is too invidious. If at any time an accident tion of her master: :-the rest of the story any one in the smallest degree, the writer occurs, (which is not frequent,) ofa dog injuring destroy him, and surely none desire to never yet knew a master who would not immediately instead of his injury prevented; but if see even the nightly thief lacerated and devoured, the case would by no means apply. even the position of Mr. Dallas were just, No. XI. --- Page 488 --- APPENDIX. No. XL y Commercial regulation of Rochambeau, No. XI. (Referred to in Page 335.) The first colonial Regulation issued during the Government of Rochambeau. ARRETE OF THE GENERAL IN CHIEF. I. THE arrêté of the Captain-general of the 15th Fructidor, 10th year, which permits the importation of different articles of produce in this colony in foreign bottoms, paying 10 per cent. duty is received. II. Foreigners may import into this colony all wares and merchandize not enumerated in the above-mentioned arrêté, subject to a duty of 20 per cent, ad valorem. III. The colonial-prefect shall make out every six months a tariff of the value of all the wares and merchandize imported under the second article. The duty of 20 per cent. shall be fixed by this tariff. IV. The importation of goods permitted by the fifth and second article of this arrêté shall only take place at the Cape, Port Republican, and the Port of St. Domingo. V. The present arrêté shall be in force immediately after its publication. VI. The , subject to a duty of 20 per cent, ad valorem. III. The colonial-prefect shall make out every six months a tariff of the value of all the wares and merchandize imported under the second article. The duty of 20 per cent. shall be fixed by this tariff. IV. The importation of goods permitted by the fifth and second article of this arrêté shall only take place at the Cape, Port Republican, and the Port of St. Domingo. V. The present arrêté shall be in force immediately after its publication. VI. The --- Page 489 --- APPEXDIS. with the execution of the No. XII. VI. The colonial-prefect is charged and posted up, Capitulation which shall be printed, published, ofthel French present arrêté, arimy. and inserted in the Official Gazette. D. F. N. ROCHANBEAU, Capt. Gen. (Signed) December 19, 1802. No. XII. (Referred to in Page 345.) the Evacuation of St. Domingo, by the Documents respecting from the London Gazette, French Army under Rochambeau; and other authentic Sources. BETWEEN THE FRENCH GENERAL ROARTICLES OF CAPITULATION OF SAINT DOCHAMBEAU, AND THE BLACK GENERAL-IN-CHIEF MINGO. French and Native Army. of the 12th year, according to THIS day, the 27th Brumaire, 1802, according to the French zera, and the 19th of November, having Duveysier, the common pera, the atjutantcommandant, Commander-inreceived full power from General Rochambeau, ofthe Town chief of the French army, to treat for the surrender the native Dessalines, general of of the Cape, and Jean Jacques Army --- Page 490 --- APPENDIX, No. XII, army, being also authorised to treat on the occasion, have agreed Capitulation on the following articles, viz. oftheFrench army. I. The Town of the Cape, and the forts dependent thereon, shall be given up in ten days, reckoning from to-morrow, the 28th of Brumaire (Nov. 18), to the general-in-chief, Dessalines. II. The military stores which are now in the arsenals, the arms, and the artillery of the town and forts, shall be left in their present conditron. III. All the ships of war, and other vessels which shall be judged necessary by Gen. Rochambeau, for the removal of the troops and inhabitants, and for the evacuation of the place, shall be free to depart on the day appointed. IV. All the officers, military or civil, and the troops composing the garrison of the Cape, shall leave the place with all the honours of war, carrying with them their arms, and all the private property belonging to their demi-brigades. V. The sick and wounded who shall not be in a condition to embark, shall be taken care ofin the hospitals till their recovery; they are specially recommended to the humanity of Gen. Dessalines, who will cause them to be embarked for France in neutral vessels. VI. General Dessalines, in giving the assurance of his protection to the inhabitants who shall remain in the country, calls at the same time upon the justice of General Rochambeau to set at liberty all the natives of the country (whatever may be their COlour,) as, they cannot be constrained, under any pretext of right, to embark with the French army. VII. The ark, shall be taken care ofin the hospitals till their recovery; they are specially recommended to the humanity of Gen. Dessalines, who will cause them to be embarked for France in neutral vessels. VI. General Dessalines, in giving the assurance of his protection to the inhabitants who shall remain in the country, calls at the same time upon the justice of General Rochambeau to set at liberty all the natives of the country (whatever may be their COlour,) as, they cannot be constrained, under any pretext of right, to embark with the French army. VII. The --- Page 491 --- APPENDIX. armies shall remain in their respective No. XII. VII. The troops of both hereof, which is Capitulation until the tenth day after the signature ofthel French positions, for the evacuation of the Cape. army. the day fixed on Rochambeau will send, as a hosVIII. The General in Chief of the present stipulation, the Adjutanttage for the observance for whom Commandant, Urbain de Vaux, in exchange General Chief Dessalines will send an officer of the same the General in rank. executed in strict Two copies of this convention are hereby on the Heights of the Cape, on the faith, at the head-quarters day, month, and year aforesaid. DUVEYSIER (Signed) DESSALINES. of the French Correspondence between the Commander-in-Chicd and Capt. Loring, of his Majesty's Ship Army of St. Domingo, force off Cape Franthe Bellerophon, commanding a blockading çois. ARMY OF ST. DOMINGO. Head-Quarters at the Cape, 27th Brumaire, An. 12, of the French Republic. to Commodore Loring, commanding the Naval The General-in-Chief Force of his Britannic Majesty before the Cape. SIR, the effusion of blood, and to save the remains of TO prevent Ihave the honour to send you two offithe army of St. Domingo, cers 3 K --- Page 492 --- APPENDIX. No. XIL. cers charged with instructions to enter into an arrangement ) Capitulation with you. The General of Brigade Boyé, &c. and the Comofthe.French army. modore Barré, are ordered to transmit this letter to you. I have chosen them to have the honour oft treating with you. I Chave the honour, &c. &c. D. ROCHAMBEAU. Copy of the Propositions made by the General Rochambeau, to evacuate Cape François. I. THE General Rochambeau proposes to evacuate the Cape; himself and his guards, consisting of about 4 or 500 men, to be conveyed to France without being considered prisoners of war. Not granted. II. The Surveillant and Cerf to be allowed to carry him and suite to France. Not granted. (Signed) JOHN LORING. Bellerophon, off Cape François, Nov. 19, 1803. SiR, IHAVE to acquaint you, on the subject communicated to me by General Boyé and Commodore Barré, ofyour desire to negotiate for the surrender of Cape François to his Britannic Majesty, that Isend for the purpose, and to know your final determination, Captain Moss, of bis Majesty's ship La Desirée, in order to agree with your wishes in SO much as is consistent with the just rights of his Britannic Majesty on that point. Ihave granted. (Signed) JOHN LORING. Bellerophon, off Cape François, Nov. 19, 1803. SiR, IHAVE to acquaint you, on the subject communicated to me by General Boyé and Commodore Barré, ofyour desire to negotiate for the surrender of Cape François to his Britannic Majesty, that Isend for the purpose, and to know your final determination, Captain Moss, of bis Majesty's ship La Desirée, in order to agree with your wishes in SO much as is consistent with the just rights of his Britannic Majesty on that point. Ihave --- Page 493 --- APPENDIX. instructions confine me to the No. XII. I have also to inform you my and in health being sent to Jamaica, Caritulation oftheFrench French officers and troops The transports to convey army. the sick to go to France or America. the commander first valued, and security given by them being of the valuation by the French rein chief, for the due payment will not be permitted The white inhabitants of the Cape public. to go to Jamaica. with which I am bound Such are the parts of my instructions, for the surrender of Cape François. to comply in any agreement Ib have the honour to be, &c: (Signed) J. LORING. GENERAL ROCHAMDEAU, Commanderin-Chief, 8cc. &c. &c. COLONY OF ST. DOMINGO. [B.J 27th Brumaire, Head-Quarters at the Cape, in the Year 12. OF ST. DOMINGO, &c. &c. &c. THE GENERAL IN CHIEF OF THE ARMY LORING, &c. TO COMMODORE SIR, which have done me the honour thel letter you IHAVErcoivedt I must are inadmissible, to write to me. As your propositions not been consider the preceding letter as having beg of you to received. I have the honour to be, &c. D. ROCHAMBEAU, British 3 K 2 --- Page 494 --- APPENDIX. No. XII. Capitulation British Account of the Capitulation of the French Army of St. oftheFrench in the Letter Sir John Thomas Duckworth to Sir army. Domingo, of Evan Nepean. Port Royal, Dec. 18, 1803. SIR, HAVING, in my letter No. 3, by this conveyance stated to you, for the information of my Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty, that General Rochambeau had made proposals for capitulating, which, though inadmissible, I thought soon must lead to others more reasonable; the event has justified my opinion; but I am sorry to say that oflicer, whose actions are too extraordinary to account for, had, on the 19th ultimo, (previous to his proposal to Captain Loring, through the General of Brigade Boyé, and Commodore Barré) actually entered into a capitulation with the black General Dessalines, to deliver up the Cape to him, with all the ordnance, ammunition, and stores, on the 30th; I conclude, flattering himself that the tremendous weather, which our squadron was then, and had been, experiencing for three weeks, would offer an opening for escape, but the perseverance and watchfulness thereof precluded him from even attempting it. On the 30th, the colours of the Blacks were displayed at the forts, which induced Captain Loring to dispatch Captain Bligh, to know General Dessalines' sentiments respecting General Rochambeau and his troops; when, on his entering the harbour he met Commodore Barré, who pressed him in strong terms to go on board the Surveillante, and enter into some capitulation, which would put them our squadron was then, and had been, experiencing for three weeks, would offer an opening for escape, but the perseverance and watchfulness thereof precluded him from even attempting it. On the 30th, the colours of the Blacks were displayed at the forts, which induced Captain Loring to dispatch Captain Bligh, to know General Dessalines' sentiments respecting General Rochambeau and his troops; when, on his entering the harbour he met Commodore Barré, who pressed him in strong terms to go on board the Surveillante, and enter into some capitulation, which would put them --- Page 495 --- APPENDIX. and prevent the Blacks from sinking No. XIL them under our protection, and were pre- Capitulation them with red hot shot, as they had threatened, oftheFreuch Bligh complied with, when, they has- army. paring to do, which Captain which he him a few articles they had drawn up; tily brought parts, that they agreed should (after objecting to some particular signed, and be altered, to carry his interpretation to Jamaica) General Dessalines, that all the ships and hastened to acquaint arms, and with vessels in port had surrendered to his Majesty's till he obtained the promise to desist from firing, great difficulty them out (it then blowing hard directly a wind offered for carrying obtained, and the first into the harbour; this promise he at length enabled them to sail out under French co. instant the land-breeze fred athwart them, the vessels lours, which, upon a shot being down their colours, exof war fired their broadsides, and hauled of thirty-eight guns, who uncept the Clorinde, a large frigate throw most of took the ground abaft, and was forced to luckily and knocked her rudder off, when there was her guns overboard, and I am informed by the apprehensions for her safety ; great that we must attribute the saving her captains of the squadron, exertions without further damage) to the uncommon (apparently Lieutenant Willoughby, with and professional abilities of acting with boats of the Hercule, who, I trust, will be honoured the their lordships protection. of the prizes taken Captain Loring, after seeing the generality of, left the Theseus and Hercule to fix a temporary possession the remainder with them, bearrudder to the frigate, and bring of for the Mole, and on the 2d summoned the General ing away Brigade --- Page 496 --- APPENDIX. No.XII. Brigade Noailles, who commanded there, to capitulate; this he - Capitulation declined doing, asserting that he had provisions for five months; ofthe French army. and herewith I transmit a copy of his letter. The numerous and crowded state of the prisoners on board all the prizes, and their being without provisions, making it necessary for Captain Loring to proceed to Jamaica, he arrived here the 5th with the Elephant and Blanche, also the Surveillante and Vertu thirtyeight gun frigates, and various other prizes, leaving the La Pique to blockade the Mole, who anchored in this port the 8th, and ac quainted me that General Noailles had evacuated the night he refused to capitulate, bringing in with her five out of the six vessels in which the garrison had embarked, a brig with the general on board only escaping. I send a vessel of war to England, with General Rochambeau and those officers who are said to have participated in his cruelties at the Cape, I am, &c. J. T. DUCKWORTH, No. XIII. La Pique to blockade the Mole, who anchored in this port the 8th, and ac quainted me that General Noailles had evacuated the night he refused to capitulate, bringing in with her five out of the six vessels in which the garrison had embarked, a brig with the general on board only escaping. I send a vessel of war to England, with General Rochambeau and those officers who are said to have participated in his cruelties at the Cape, I am, &c. J. T. DUCKWORTH, No. XIII. --- Page 497 --- APPENDIX. No. XIIIL. Declaration No. XIII. of pendence the Inde- of St.] Domingo. (Referred to in Page 345.) of the Blacks of St. Domingo. Declaration of the Independence CHRISTOPHE, AND CLERVAUX, PEOCLAMATION OF DESSALINES, CHIEFS OF ST. DOMINGO. and Men of Color of St. In the Name of the Black People, Domingo: of St. Domingo is proclaimed. Restored THE Independence have asserted our rights; we swear to our primitive dignity, we the frightful veil of to yield them to any power on earth; never for ever. Woe be to them is torn to pieces, be it sO prejudice its bloody tatters. who would dare, to put together in foreign counOh! Landholders of St. Domingo, wandering forbid we do not you, tries, by proclaiming our independence, far be from us from returning to your property; indiscriminately, that there are some among idea. Weare not ignorant this unjust the injustice renounced their former errors, abjured you that have the lawfuland acknowledged of their exhorbitant preterisions, our blood these for which we have been spilling ness ofthe cause we will act Toward those men who do us justice, twelve years. for ever on our esteem and friendship; as brothers; let them rely who us, the God return among us. The God proteets let them out towards them our conquering of Freemen, bids us to stretch arms. --- Page 498 --- APPENDIX, No. XIII. arms. But as for those, who, intoxicated with foolish pride, Declaration interested slaves of a guilty pretension, are blinded SO much as ofthe Indeto pendence of believe themselves the essence ofl human nature, and assert that St. Domingo. they are destined by heaven to be our masters and our tyrants, let them never come near the land of St. Domingo: : if they come hither, they will only meet with chains or deportation; then let them stay where they are ; tormented by their well-deserved misery, and the frowns of thejust men whom they have too long mocked, let them still continue to move, unpitied and unnoticed by all. We have sworn not to listen with clemency towards all those who would dare to speak to us of slavery; we will be inexorable, perhaps even cruel, towards all troops who, themselves forgetting the object for which they have not ceased fighting since 1780, should come from Europe to bring among us death and servitude. Nothing is too dear, and all means are lawful, to men from whom it is wished to tear the first of all blessings. Were they to cause rivers and torrents of blood to run; were they, in order to maintain their liberty, to conflagrate seven eighths ofthe globe, they are innocent before the tribunal of Providence, that never created men, to see them groaning under SO harsh and shameful a servitude. In the various commotions that took place, some inhabitants against whom we had not to complain, have been victims by the cruelty of a few soldiers or cultivators, too much blinded by the remembrance of their past sufferings to be able to distinguish the good and humane land-owners from those that were unfeeling and , in order to maintain their liberty, to conflagrate seven eighths ofthe globe, they are innocent before the tribunal of Providence, that never created men, to see them groaning under SO harsh and shameful a servitude. In the various commotions that took place, some inhabitants against whom we had not to complain, have been victims by the cruelty of a few soldiers or cultivators, too much blinded by the remembrance of their past sufferings to be able to distinguish the good and humane land-owners from those that were unfeeling and --- Page 499 --- APPENDIX. souls SO deplorable an end, No. XIII. and cruel, we lament with all feeling Y the whatever may be said to the contrary Declaration. Indeand declare to world, to ofthel of wicked people, that the murders were committed contrary St.Domingo. pendeuce by in the the wishes of our hearts. It was impossible, especially in which the colony was, to be able to prevent or stop crisis least with histhose horrors. They who are in the acquainted when assailed by civil dissentions, tory, know that a people, themselves though they may be the most polished on earth, give of excess, and the authority of the chiefs, up to every species time of revolution cannot at that time not firmly supported, in a all that are guilty, without meeting with new difficulties. punish the Aurora of peace hails us, with the glimpse But now a-days that the calm of victory has succeeded of a less stormy time; now trouble of a dreadful war, every thing in St. Domingo to the henceforward ought to assume a new face, and its government be that ofj justice. Fort Dauphin, November. 20, Done at the Hend-Quarters, 1803. DESSALINES. (Signed) CHRISTOPRE. CLERVEAUX. True Copy, B. AIME, Secretary. 3L No. XIV. --- Page 500 --- APPENDIN. No. XIV. Proclamation for the No. XIV. abjuration of the French nation. Referred toin P. 348.") ) Proclamation for a solemn Abjuration of the French Nation. LIBERTY OR DEATHL--NATIVE ARMY. THE GENERAL IN CHIEF TO THE PEOPLE OF HAYTI. CITIZENS, IT is not enough to have expelled from your country the barbarians who have for ages stained it with blood-it is not enough to haye curbed the factions which, succeeding each other by turns, sported with a phantom of liberty which France exposed to their eyes. It is become necessary, by a last act of national authority, to ensure for ever the empire of liberty in the country which has given us birth. It is necessary to deprive an inhuman government, which has hitherto held our minds in a state of the most humiliating torpitude, of every hope of being enabled again to enslave us. Finally, it is necessary to live independent, or die. Independence or Death! Let these sacred words serve to rally us-let them be signals of battle, and of our re-union. Chius-Countryme-I have assembled on this solemn day, those courageous chiefs, who, on the eve of receiving the last the empire of liberty in the country which has given us birth. It is necessary to deprive an inhuman government, which has hitherto held our minds in a state of the most humiliating torpitude, of every hope of being enabled again to enslave us. Finally, it is necessary to live independent, or die. Independence or Death! Let these sacred words serve to rally us-let them be signals of battle, and of our re-union. Chius-Countryme-I have assembled on this solemn day, those courageous chiefs, who, on the eve of receiving the last --- Page 501 --- APPENDIX. liberty, have lavished their blood to pre- No. XIV. last breath of expiring who have conducted your struggles Proclamaserve it. These generals, still tion for the have not yet done. The French name the) abjuration French of against tyranny, recals the remembrance of the nation. darkens our plains : every thing of that barbarous people. Our laws, our customs, our cruelties bears the characteristic of the French.- cities, every thing French still have a footing in our Hearken to what I say!-the of and believe yourselves free and independent island ! you all nations, it is true, but that republic, which has fought victims for those who would be free! What! never conquered forbearance! not by fourteen years by credulity and conquered but by the canting eloquence of the proclamaFrench armies, be wearied with breathing tions of their agents ! When shall we air with them? What have we in common with that the same Their cruelties compared to our modebloody-minded people? which colour to ours-the extension of seas separation-their climate-all plainly tell us they are not rate us-our avenging and, if they brethren; that they never will become such; our will still be the instigators of our find an asylum among us, they troubles and of our divisions. Citizens, men, women, young on every part of this island; seek and old, cast round your eyes sistersthere your wives, your husbands, your brothers, your children at the breast, what did I say? seek your children-your become of them? I shudder to tell it-the prey of what is Instead of these interesting victims, the affirighted eye vultures. still covered with their blood, sees only their assasins-tigers for insensiand whose terrifying presence reproaches you your 3L2 bility, our divisions. Citizens, men, women, young on every part of this island; seek and old, cast round your eyes sistersthere your wives, your husbands, your brothers, your children at the breast, what did I say? seek your children-your become of them? I shudder to tell it-the prey of what is Instead of these interesting victims, the affirighted eye vultures. still covered with their blood, sees only their assasins-tigers for insensiand whose terrifying presence reproaches you your 3L2 bility, --- Page 502 --- APPENDIX. No. XIV. bility, and your guilty tardiness to avenge them-what do you Proclama- wait for, to appease their manes? Remember that you have tion abjuration for the of wished your remains to be laid by the side of your fathersthel French driven you descend into their nation. When you have out tyranny-will tombs, without having avenged them? No: their bones would repulse yours. And ye, invaluable men, intrepid Generals, who, insensible to private sufferings, have given new life to liberty, by lavishing your blood; know, that you have done nothing if you do not give to the nations a terrible, though just example, of the vengeance that ought to be exercised by a people proud of having recovered its liberty, and zealous of maintaining it. Let us intimidate those, who might dare to attempt depriving us of it again: let us begin with the French; let them shudder at approaching our shores, if not on account of the cruelties they have committed, at least at the terrible resolution we are going to make-To devote to death whatsoever native of France should soil with his sacrilegious footstep, this territory of liberty. We have dared to be free-let us continue free by ourselves, and for ourselves; let us imitate the growing child; his own strength breaks his leading-strings, which become useless and troublesome to him in his walk. What are the people who have fought us? what people would reap the fruits of our labours? and what a dishonourable absurdity, to conquer to be slaves ! Slaves-leave to the French nation this odious epithet; they have conquered to be no longer free-let us walk in other footsteps; let us imitate other nations, who, carrying their solicitude into futurity, and dreading to leave posterity an example of cowardice, child; his own strength breaks his leading-strings, which become useless and troublesome to him in his walk. What are the people who have fought us? what people would reap the fruits of our labours? and what a dishonourable absurdity, to conquer to be slaves ! Slaves-leave to the French nation this odious epithet; they have conquered to be no longer free-let us walk in other footsteps; let us imitate other nations, who, carrying their solicitude into futurity, and dreading to leave posterity an example of cowardice, --- Page 503 --- APPENDIX. rather than be No.XVL. have preferred to be exterminated, cowardice, Let us, at the same time, Proclamaerased from the list of free people. work-let tion for the of of should destroy the abjuration take care, lest a spirit proselytism under theFrench nation. breathe in peace-let them live peaceably our: neighbours have framed for themselves; the shield of those laws which they creating fire-brands-of let us beware of becoming revolutionary considering as a glory ourselves the legislators of the Antilles-of of the neighbouring islands; they the disturbing the tranquility drenched with the inhave not been, like the one we inhabit, to have no vengeance nocent blood of the inhabitants-they happy, never the authority that protects them; exercise against that has destroyed us, they to have experienced the pestilence must wish well to our posterity. be the French but accursed Peace with our neighbours, hatred to France: : such are our principles. name-eternal destiny reserves me to be one Natives of Hayti-my happy sacrifice to. centinel who is to guard the idol we now day the sometimes almost alone; I have grown old fighting for you, the saenough to deliver to you and if I have been happy it is for you, at present, confided to me, recollect cred charge liberty, I have laboured it. In fighting for your to preserve before it shall be consolidated by laws for my own happiness: chiefs whom I have which shall ensure individual liberty, your of our owe you this last proof assembled here, and myself, devotedness. unite with me for the happiness Generals, and other chiefs, which will ever the day is arrived-the day of our country: perpetuate our glory and our independence. If --- Page 504 --- APPENDIX. No.XIV. If there exist among you a lukewarm heart, let him retire, and shudder to pronounce the oath which is to unite us. Let Proclamation for the us swear to the whole world, to posterity, to ourselves, to reabjuration of thel nation. French nounce France for ever, and to die, rather than live under its dominion-to fight till the last breath for the independence of our country. And ye, people, too long unfortunate, witness the oath we now pronounce: : recollect that it is upon your constancy and courage I depended when I first entered the career of liberty to fight despotism and tyranny, against which you have been struggling these last fourteen years; remember that I have sacrificed every thing to fly to your defence-parents, children, fortune, and am now only rich, in your liberty-that my name has become a horror to all friends of slavery, or despots; and tyrants only pronounce it, cursing the day that gave me birth; ifever you refuse or receive with murmuring the laws, which the protecting angel that watches over your destinies, shall dictate to me for your happiness, you will merit the fate of an ungrateful people. But away from me this frightful idea : You will be the guardians of the liberty you cherish, the support of the Chief who commands you. Swear then to live free and independent, and to prefer death to every thing that would lead to replace you under thé yoke; swear then to pursue for everlasting, the traitors, and enemies of your independence. J. J. DESSALINES. Head-quarters, Gonaives, lst Jan. 1804, Ist Year of Independence. No. XV. your happiness, you will merit the fate of an ungrateful people. But away from me this frightful idea : You will be the guardians of the liberty you cherish, the support of the Chief who commands you. Swear then to live free and independent, and to prefer death to every thing that would lead to replace you under thé yoke; swear then to pursue for everlasting, the traitors, and enemies of your independence. J. J. DESSALINES. Head-quarters, Gonaives, lst Jan. 1804, Ist Year of Independence. No. XV. --- Page 505 --- APPENDIX. No. XV. Communication on the No. XV. appointment of agovernor-general for life. Referred to in Page 354. ) the Intentions of the Black Government on the Communication of Appointment of a Gesemar-Gencralfor Life. LIBERTY OR DEATH! A PROCLAMATION. Gosernor-General, to the Inhabitants of Jean Jacques Dessalines, Hayti: hitherto unheard CRIMES, the most atrocious, such as wére nature to shudder, have been perpetrated. of, and would cause At length the hour of The measure oftheir cruelty overflowed. enemies of the rights has arrived, and the implacable vengeance due to their crimes. of man have suffered the punishment to above their heads, has too long delayed My arm, raised the justice of God has urged, your strike. At that signal, which to bear upon the armed, has brought the axe hands, righteously In vain had time, and decrepit tree of slavery and prejudice. defended it the infernal politics of Europeans, more especially it of its armour; and have with triple brass; you have stripped natural heart, that you may become (like your placed it upon your and mighty cruel and merciless. Like an overflowing enemies,) vengeful fury has that bears down all opposition, your torrent, swept --- Page 506 --- APPENDIX. No. XV. swept away, every obstacle to its impetuous course. Perish thus! Communica- all tyrants over innocence, all oppressors of mankind! appointment tion on the What then? Bent for many ages under an iron yoke, the nor-general ofa gover- sport of the passions, or the injustice of men, and of the caprices for life. of fortune; mutilated victims of the cupidity ofwhite Frenchmen; after having fattened by our toils, these insatiate blood-suckers, with a patience and resignation unexampled, we should again have seen that sacrilegious horde attempt our destruction, without any distinction of sex or age; and we, whom they call, men without energy, of no virtue, of no delicate sensibility, should not we have in their breast the ofd desperation? Where Plet plunged dagger is that Haytian SO vile, Haytian SO unworthy of his regeneration, who thinks he has not fulfilled the decrees of the Eternal, by exterminating these blood-thirsty tygers? If there be one, let him fly; indignant nature discards him from our bosom; let him hide his infamy far from hence; the air we breathe, is not suited to his gross organs; it is the air of liberty, pure, august, and triumphant. Yes, we have rendered to these true cannibals, war for war, crime for crime, outrage for outrage; yes, I have saved my country; I have avenged America. The avowal I make in the face of earth and heaven, constitutes my pride and my glory. Of what consequence to me is the opinion which contemporary and future generations will pronounce upon my conduct? I have performed my duty; I enjoy my own approbation: for me that is sufficient. But, what am I saying? The preservation ofmy unfortunate brothers, and the testimony of my own conscience, are not , we have rendered to these true cannibals, war for war, crime for crime, outrage for outrage; yes, I have saved my country; I have avenged America. The avowal I make in the face of earth and heaven, constitutes my pride and my glory. Of what consequence to me is the opinion which contemporary and future generations will pronounce upon my conduct? I have performed my duty; I enjoy my own approbation: for me that is sufficient. But, what am I saying? The preservation ofmy unfortunate brothers, and the testimony of my own conscience, are not --- Page 507 --- APPENDIX. : I have seen two classes of men, born No. Y XV. not my only recompence: in a world, Communicato cherish, assist, and succour one another-mixed tion on the for vengeance, and disputing the appointment ofa goverand blended together-crying nor-general honor of the first blow. for life. whom the refined doplicity of Europe Blacks and Yellows, time endeavoured to divide; you, who are now confor a long without doubt it was necessolidated, and make but one family; reconciliation should be sealed with the sary that our perfect butchers. Similar calamities have hung over your blood of your enemies has sigproscribed heads; a similar ardor to strike your the like fate is reserved for you, and the like interests nalized you: and insepamust therefore render you for ever one, indivisible, Maintain that precious concord, that happy harmony, rable. it is the pledge of your happiness, your salamongst yourselves; it is the secret of being invincible. vation, and your success; these ties, to recal to Itis necessary, in order to strengthen the catalogue of atrocities committed against your remembrance intended massacre of the entire population of our species; the of the cabinet; this island, meditated in the silence and sang-froid execution of that abominable project to me was unblushingly the begun by the French, with the calmness proposed, when already accustomed to similar crimes. and serenity of a countenance with and destroyed; its ruins still reeking Guadaloupe pillaged children, women, and old men put to the sword; the blood ofthe after having basely Pelage (himselfthe victim of their craftiness), and his brothers; the brave and immortal betrayed his country rather blown into the air with the fort he defended, Delgresse, than SM --- Page 508 --- APPENDIX. No. XV. than accept their offered chains. Magnanimous warrior! that Communica- noble death, far from enfeebling our courage, serves only to rouse tion on the within us the determination of avenging or of following thee. appointment of nor-general a gover- Shall I again recal to your memory the plots lately framed at for life. Jeremie? the terrible explosion that was to be the result, notwithstanding the generous pardon granted to these incorrigible beings at the expulsion of the French army? The deplorable fate of our departed brothers in Europe? and (dread harbinger of death) the frightful despotism exercised at Martinique? Unfortunate people of Martinique, could I but fly to your assistance, and break your fetters! Alas! an insurmountable barrier separates us; yet, perhaps a spark from the same fire which enflames us, will alight on your bosoms: perhaps, at the sound of this emotion, suddenly awakened from your lethargy, with arms in your hands, you will reclaim your sacred and indelible rights. After the terrible example I have just given, sooner or later Divine Justice will unchain on earth some mighty minds, above the weakness of the vulgar, for the destruction and terror of the wicked. Tremble! tyrants, usurpers, scourges ofthe new world! Our daggers are sharpened, your punishment is ready! Sixty thousand men, equipped, inured to war, obedient to my orders, burn to offer a new sacrifice to the manes of their assassinated brothers. Let that nation come who may be mad or daring enough to attack me. Already at its approach, the irritated Genius of Hayti, arising from the bosom of the ocean, appears; his menacing aspect throws the waves into commotion, excites tempests, and with his mighty hand disperses, or dashes fleets in pieces; ofthe new world! Our daggers are sharpened, your punishment is ready! Sixty thousand men, equipped, inured to war, obedient to my orders, burn to offer a new sacrifice to the manes of their assassinated brothers. Let that nation come who may be mad or daring enough to attack me. Already at its approach, the irritated Genius of Hayti, arising from the bosom of the ocean, appears; his menacing aspect throws the waves into commotion, excites tempests, and with his mighty hand disperses, or dashes fleets in pieces; --- Page 509 --- APPENDIX. voice the laws of nature pay obedience; No: XV. pieces; to his formidable are his constant Communicafamine, conflagration, poison, tion on the disease, plague, the assistance of the climate appointment attendants. But why calculate on nor-general of a goverHave I forgot that I command a people for life. and ofthe elements? whose haughty cast, brought up in adversity, of no common Let them and increases by dangers? daring, frowns at obstacles, I wait for them with a firm, and come, these homicidal cohorts? and the places I abandon to them freely the shore, steady eye. but woe to those who may approach where cities have existed, for them that the sea the mountains! It were better too near abyss, than to be devoured by received them into its profound the anger ofthe children of Hayti. motto; 6r LiWar, even to Death, to Tyrants!" this is my Independence' !" this is our rallying cry. berty! somewhat unlike him who has Generals, Oflicers, Soldiers, I have the Ex-General TOUSSAINT LOUVERTURE, preceded me, I made to you, when I took up arms been faithful to the promise of life remains in me I and whilst the last spark against tyranny, 66 Never again shall a colonist, or an Eurowill keep my oath. with the title of master or set his foot upon this territory pean, shall henceforward form the fundaproprietor." s . This resolution mental basis of our constitution. conduct diameShould other chiefs, after me, by pursuing a their own graves, and those oftheir trically opposite to mine, dig the law of destiny, you will have to accuse only own species, from the happiness and welfare which shall have taken me away follow the path I shall of my fellow-citizens. May my successors have SM2 --- Page 510 --- APPENDIX, No.XV. have traced for them! ! It is the system best adapted for consoliCommunica- dating their power; it is the highest homage they can render to tion ont the appointment my memory. of a governor-general As it is derogatory to my character, and my dignity, to for life. punish the innocent for the crimes of the guilty, a handful of whites, commendable by the religion they have always professed, and who have besides taken the oath to live with us in the woods, have experienced my clemency. I order that the sword respect them, and that they be unmolested. I recommend anew, and order all the Generals of Departments, &c. to grant succours, encouragement, and protection, to all neutral and friendly nations, who may wish to establish commercial relations in this island. Head-Quarters at the Cape, 28th April, 1804, first year of independence, The Governor-General, (Signed) DESSALINES. A true Copy, The Secretary-General, JUSTE CHANLATTE." No, XVI. in the woods, have experienced my clemency. I order that the sword respect them, and that they be unmolested. I recommend anew, and order all the Generals of Departments, &c. to grant succours, encouragement, and protection, to all neutral and friendly nations, who may wish to establish commercial relations in this island. Head-Quarters at the Cape, 28th April, 1804, first year of independence, The Governor-General, (Signed) DESSALINES. A true Copy, The Secretary-General, JUSTE CHANLATTE." No, XVI. --- Page 511 --- APPENDIX. No. XVI. Cautionary proclamation No. XVI. tothe ards against Spanitreacheryto the Blacks. Referred to in Page 355. ) Caution to the Spaniards. LIBERTY OR DEATH! A PROCLAMATION. Goternor-General, to the Inhabitants of Jean Jacques Dessalines, the Spanish Part of the Island : SCARCE had the French army been expelled, when you authority; by a free and spontaneous hastened to acknowledge my yourselves under my subjecmovement of your heart, you ranged desirous of the ruin of that tion. More careful ofthe prosperity than favourable rewhich you inhabit, I gave to this homage a part I have considered you as my chilception. From that moment undiminished. As a proof dren, and my fidelity to you remains which have submitted solicitude, within the places of my paternal for Chiefs, none but men chosen to my power, I have proposed in the rank yourselves. Jealous of counting you from amongst all the time necessary for of my friends, that I might give you and that I might assure myself of your fidelity,I recollection, the burning ardor of my soldiers. Already have hitherto restrained which had myself on the Success of my solicitude, I congratulate effusion of blood; but at this time a for its object, to prevent the fanatic --- Page 512 --- APPENDIX. No. XVI. fanatic priest had not kindled in your breasts the rage which Cautionary predominates therein; the incensed Frerand had not yet instilled proclamation tot the Spani- into you the poison of falsehood and ards against ealumny--Writings origitreachery the Blacks. to nating in despair and weakness, have been circulated; and immediately some amongst you, seduced by perfidious insinuations, solicited the friendship and protection oft the French; they dared to outrage my kindness, by coalescing with my cruel enemies. Spaniards, reflect! On the brink of the precipice which is dug under your feet, will that diabolical minister save you, when with fire and sword I shall have pursued you to your last entrenchments? Ab! without doubt, his prayers, his grimaces, his relics, would be no impediment to my career. Vain as defenceless, can he preserve you from my just anger, after I shall have buried him, and the collection of brigands he commands, under the ruins of your capital ! Let them both recollect that it is before my intrépid phalanx that all the resources and the skill of Europeans have proved ineffectual; and that into my victorious bonds the destiny of the Captain-General, Rochambeau, has been surrendered. To lure the Spaniards to their party, they propagate the report, that vessels laden with troops have arrived at St. Domingo. Why is it not the truth? They little imagine that, in delaying to attack them until this time, my principal object has been to suffer them to increase the mass of our resources, and the number of our victims. To spread distrust and terror, they incessantly dwell upon the fate which the French have just experienced; but have I not had reason to treat them so? The wrongs destiny of the Captain-General, Rochambeau, has been surrendered. To lure the Spaniards to their party, they propagate the report, that vessels laden with troops have arrived at St. Domingo. Why is it not the truth? They little imagine that, in delaying to attack them until this time, my principal object has been to suffer them to increase the mass of our resources, and the number of our victims. To spread distrust and terror, they incessantly dwell upon the fate which the French have just experienced; but have I not had reason to treat them so? The wrongs --- Page 513 --- APPENDIX. and must No. XVL. do they appertain to Spaniards; Y wrongs oft the French, which the former have conceived, Cautionary I visit on the latter the crimes have the effrontery proclamation tothe Spaniand executed on our species! They treachery ards against to ordered, seek in flight, I am gone to conceal the Blacks. to say, that, reduced to safety Well, then! now let defeatin the southern part of Ttheisland. to fall my that the thunderbolt is about them learn that I am ready; soldiers are impatiently their heads. Let them know, that my on the boundaries which waiting for the signal to go and reconquer A few moments and the elements have assigned to us. nature of the French under the and I shall crush the remnant more, weight of my mighty power. address myself, solely because Spaniards! ! you, to whom I of evasion : who, for having been guilty I wish to save you; you existence only SO far as my clemency shall soon preserve your time; abjure an error which may deign to spare you; it is yet with my enemy, be fatal to you, and break off all connection Name may not be confounded with his. ify you wish your blood may on which my without delay, that part of your territory to me, inform me whether I must strike on first blow is to be struck, or fifteen days, from I give you all points without discrimination. last intentions, and the date of this notification, to forward your that all the banners. You are not ignorant, to rally under my direction, are familiar to us; that roads of St. Domingo in every bands fly before us. more than once we have seen your dispersed I dare; think of know what I can do, and what In a word, you your preservation. which I make-not to do Receive here the sacred promise any --- Page 514 --- APPENDIX, No XVI. any thing against your personal safety or your interest, if you Cautionary seize upon this occasion to shew yourselves worthy of being adproclamation tothe Spani- mitted amongst the children of Hayti. ardsagainst treacheryto the Blacks. Head-Quarters at the Cape, May 8th, 1804, first year of independence, The Governor-General, (Signed) DESSALINES, A true Copy, The Secretary-General, JUSTE CHANLATTE, No. XVII. Referred to in Page 356. ) Programa issued to direct the Order of the Ceremonies on the Coronation of Jean Jacques, the First Emperor of Hayti. Port-au-Prince, Sept. 8. Ceremony of ON the 8th of October all the the Çoronatroops of the garrison, in the tion of Em- best order possible, will march under arms to the peror. Champ de Mars at two o'clock, A.M. precisely, and form in square battalions. A detachment of grenadiers immediately to form a line to the house of the Commandant-General of Division. At issued to direct the Order of the Ceremonies on the Coronation of Jean Jacques, the First Emperor of Hayti. Port-au-Prince, Sept. 8. Ceremony of ON the 8th of October all the the Çoronatroops of the garrison, in the tion of Em- best order possible, will march under arms to the peror. Champ de Mars at two o'clock, A.M. precisely, and form in square battalions. A detachment of grenadiers immediately to form a line to the house of the Commandant-General of Division. At --- Page 515 --- APPENDIX. the Members of all the Civil and Military No. XVIL At three o'clock House, will Authorities, having assembled at the Government from thence to the Champ de Mars in the following proceed procession: : A Platoon of Grenadiers. The Public Teachers, Conducting a great Number of their Pupils. The Deputation of the Body of Artisans, Preceded by a Chief Artisan. A Deputation of Agriculturists, Preceded by one of their principal Members, A Deputation of Foreign Commerce, Preceded by one of its Members. A Deputation of National Commerce, Preceded by one ofits Members. ofJ and the Ministerial Officers. The Members Justice, attached to the Division. The Health Officers ofthe Army, The Officers of the Military Marine. connected with that ofthe Circuit. The Etat-Major of the place, The Administrators, and those in their employ. The General commanding the Divisions, Accompanied by his Etat-Major. A Platoon of Grenadiers. at"the Champ de Mars, all the drums shall beat a Arrived march, and the procession shall advance to an Amphitheatre which shall be prepared for its use. The S N Members. ofJ and the Ministerial Officers. The Members Justice, attached to the Division. The Health Officers ofthe Army, The Officers of the Military Marine. connected with that ofthe Circuit. The Etat-Major of the place, The Administrators, and those in their employ. The General commanding the Divisions, Accompanied by his Etat-Major. A Platoon of Grenadiers. at"the Champ de Mars, all the drums shall beat a Arrived march, and the procession shall advance to an Amphitheatre which shall be prepared for its use. The S N --- Page 516 --- APPENDIX. No. XVIL The Act announcing the nomination of the 66 Emperor," (DESSALINES) shall be read in a loud and intelligible voice! A discharge ofmusketry and ofcannon, which shall be repeated by all the forts of the city, and vessels in the harbour, shall follow the reading of the act. The ceremony of the Coronation shall next take place on a throne, elevated in the midst ofthe.Amphitheatre, and surrounded by all the great Officers of the Empire. The ceremony shall be announced by a triple discharge of cannon and musketry. After the ceremony, the troops shall file off to the church, and form in order ofbattle. The Procession, in the order abovementioned, shall also advance to the Church, where a Te Deum, in thanksgiving for this memorable day, shall be sung. During the Te Deum, a third discharge of cannon and musketry shall take place. After the Te Deum, the Procession shall return, in the same order, to the house ofthe General of Division. The Fete shall terminate by a grand illumination in all parts ofthe city. Done at Port-au-Prince, the 6th September, 1804, the first year of independence, The General of Division (Signed) A. PETION. No. --- Page 517 --- APPENDIX. No. XVIII. ( Referred to in Page 91, &c. ) Black Force in the French Colonies at the A View of the Distribution ofthe the Oficial Returns. Revolution oy St. Domingo,, from No. of Quarters, or Parishes. negroes. Chief Places, or Jurisdictions. The Cape and its dependencies the - 21,613 11,100 The Petite Anse and Plain of Cape 19,876 LAcul, Limonade, and St. Susan Morin and the Great River - 18,554 THE CAPE - Dondon and Marmelude - 17,376 15,978 Limbé and Port Margot - 15,018 Plaisance and Le Borgne 10,004 Northern Part (Fort Ouanaminthe Dauphin and Valliere 9,987 FoRT DAUPHIN The Ferrier, Rouge, and the Trou - - 15,476 ( Port de Pair, Little St. Louis, Jean Ra- 29,540 PoRT DE PAIX bel, &c. ST.NICHOLAS The Mole and Bombarde 3,183 MOLE 42,848 (Port-au-Prince, &c. 18,55 PoRT AC PRINCE dreahaye 10,902 4 Mirebalais 14,896 LEOGANE Leogane Mark, the Little River, Verettes, andl 57,216 Part ST.MARK - St, Gonaives - - - Western (Litle Goâve, Great Goàve, and Le Fond) 18,829 LITTLE GOAYE LAnse des Nigres, à Vaux; and Le Petit Erou -) 13,009 Jeremie and Cape Dame Maria 20,774 (JEREMIE CAYES The Cayes and Torbuk 30,937 TnE Cape buron and Les Coteaux 8,15S TIBTRON Southern Part St. Louis, Cavaillon, and Aquin 18,783 ST.Lotis 21,151 Jacmel, Les Cayes, and Baynet JACMEL - 464,000 51 Parishes. Eastern Part, not yet ceded to the French. in 91, is to be accounted The difference between the above total and that furnished the amount page of the taxes, and other for by the erroneous statements of the planters to Jessen causes. Cape buron and Les Coteaux 8,15S TIBTRON Southern Part St. Louis, Cavaillon, and Aquin 18,783 ST.Lotis 21,151 Jacmel, Les Cayes, and Baynet JACMEL - 464,000 51 Parishes. Eastern Part, not yet ceded to the French. in 91, is to be accounted The difference between the above total and that furnished the amount page of the taxes, and other for by the erroneous statements of the planters to Jessen causes. --- Page 518 --- APPENDIX, No. XIX. No. XIX, ADDITIONAL REMARKS, gc. IT was intended to insert in this place a number of papers with which the author has been furnished, as collateral evidence of the sentiments which occur in his work in favor of the people of color; but, on re-considering the accumulation of matter on this subject produced by the discussion of the slave trade, and the accessibility of the works of Barbot, * Bosman,t Smith, &c. which all tend to shew the capacity of the African, and the eligibility of his native state, he has been led to think it less necessary; and shall, therefore, merely add the communication of an ingenious friend on the subject of substituting European laborers for African cultivators; and a quotation from an intelligent and respectable writer, which as perfectly accords with. his own sentimnents, as it surpasses his powers of describing them. 66 It is significantly enquired by Postlethwaite, € Whether Africa will not admit ofa far more extensive and profitable trade with Great Britain than it ever yet has done? and whether the Account of Africa. + Description of Guinea. 1 Voyage to Guinea. $ The Reverend Joshua Larwood, R. N. 1 Dictionary of Trade and Commerce. latter the subject of substituting European laborers for African cultivators; and a quotation from an intelligent and respectable writer, which as perfectly accords with. his own sentimnents, as it surpasses his powers of describing them. 66 It is significantly enquired by Postlethwaite, € Whether Africa will not admit ofa far more extensive and profitable trade with Great Britain than it ever yet has done? and whether the Account of Africa. + Description of Guinea. 1 Voyage to Guinea. $ The Reverend Joshua Larwood, R. N. 1 Dictionary of Trade and Commerce. latter --- Page 519 --- APPENDIX. and plantations with whites No. XIX. latter might not supply their colonies instead of blacks? answered in the of these enquiries may be readily K6 The first without difliculty. The affirmative; and the latter demonstrated and the what Britain was once; condition of Africa is now, only in age. that which has existed every slavery of its inhabitants, which have constituted can be remedied by the means The one ofthe latter isinconsistent the rise of all states; and the existence of the refinement of the other three quarters with the present world.* be considered as adopting this writer's sentiments. He is, The author desires not to (so often quoted in this work, and never unprohowever, of opinion with M. de Charmilly, ideas of negro amelioration, which have been, he is ftably.) who has the followiogjudicious: acted on. 6 If I require (says he) the continuation than exist of the at happy to be informed, partly should be conducted under more vigilant laws trade, I also require that it the and the merchant, in short, that well present, for the advantage of the negroes, the planter, tonnage of the trading ships. They should digested laws be establisbed for regulating be less than two hundred; for if the sbip be large, it not exceed thrée hundred tons, nor and other diseases breed among the negroes first continues trading too long, and the scurvy too ill at ease. It ought to be settled how many acquired; and if too small, they are according to the size, without a possibility ofevading negroes should be carried in each sbip, from Africa any negro more than twenty years the law. It should be probibited to export himself to a new country, climate has but old. Man at this age ie yet capable leaves of attaching in his native land few objects of attachment, comlittle influence upon him, and who he leaves a wife and children. pared with the older negro, inocalated; several sargeons should be embarked without first being in LE No negro should all make oath, before the sale of negroes commences or be attached to a ship, who should that they have not by any means driven I in, the colony to which they may be brought, which kill so great a number. These measures admit the maladies of negroes, would at first cost the person repelled and the fitting out a trading sbip who would be would be more expensive, which would finally be borne by the planter, equipping it a still greater sum, two or three negroes, he would only purchase well indemnified; for, instead of purchasing and who would work more readily, &c." one, whom he would more easily preserve. Without, who should that they have not by any means driven I in, the colony to which they may be brought, which kill so great a number. These measures admit the maladies of negroes, would at first cost the person repelled and the fitting out a trading sbip who would be would be more expensive, which would finally be borne by the planter, equipping it a still greater sum, two or three negroes, he would only purchase well indemnified; for, instead of purchasing and who would work more readily, &c." one, whom he would more easily preserve. Without, --- Page 520 --- APPENDIX, No. XIX, 6E Without, however, referring to humane, or even refined considerations, the proposition about to be made takes its stand solely on the ground of expedience. Among the numerous reasons assigued for a rigorous treatment of negroes, are, besides their constant inclination to revolt, a decided inefficiency, and incredible expence. The high price of their first purchase, the risk of desertion, or of death, by a variety of peculiar maladies; and if neither occur, that their labor is not, by many degrees, equal to that of an European. That many Europeans supportt the climate with great ease, and particularly those who are abstemious, is certain; it becomes then an obvious fact, that if a sufficient number of laborers could be obtained from Europe for the cultivation of the colonies, no. objection could arise to their adoption. The purchase of the negro would be saved, and the colonies relieved from his maladies, while the acquisition of property, and the evitation of the invidious distinction of complexion, would suppress that inclination to rebellion which the very character of slavery inspires; while the steady toil of the European laborer, even under every disadvantage, could not fail to equal the lax exertion ascribed to the negro. 66 With regard to obtaining cultivators for her colonies from the population of Britain, little doubt can exist when the advanced state of this country is considered, and the various means, which, under the appearance ofinflictions, are ordered for checking the exuberance of that population that would otherwise tend to its own destruction;* and surely moderate toil, even under a vertical See Malthus on Population. sun, --- Page 521 --- APPENDIX, of every kind, would not be a greater No. XIX. sun, with sufficient provision despondeney, evil than that of vagrancy, or an heart-rending ofnumerous evils; nor, even where the climate under the pressure the infliction be more terrible overcame the constitution, would than that of war, contagion, or suicide. introduction of here to recommend the se It is not intended the prevention resource always insufficient, but to project felons, a of crimes. It is well known, and has rather than the punishment whose declaration, as an confirmed by a writer, been partially much that in the metromagistrate * has had weight, intelligent number of persons, alonet there constantly exists an incredible polis be considered capable of who, at a period oflife when they may for that of an exertion, and many of them are prepared any without the possibility of obtaining any important nature, are often without the means of employment of their talents, and accessible, therefore, to the insidious approcuring sustenance; victims of a refined police, proaches ofvice, and the contemplated within the knowledge of its accurate for they are soon necessarily their claim to its notice. officers, and are at liberty only to exert induce some salvation from guilt to by Would it not be a happy from the threshold of sin, liberal system these starving beings suitable provision? exertion of their faculties, and a to an honest trade be asserted to exist principally and surely if the obnoxious in African the lives ofsuch negroes as are taken captives e to save otherwise have been sacrificed;" the warfare, and who would Colquhoun, Police of the Metropolis. humane their claim to its notice. officers, and are at liberty only to exert induce some salvation from guilt to by Would it not be a happy from the threshold of sin, liberal system these starving beings suitable provision? exertion of their faculties, and a to an honest trade be asserted to exist principally and surely if the obnoxious in African the lives ofsuch negroes as are taken captives e to save otherwise have been sacrificed;" the warfare, and who would Colquhoun, Police of the Metropolis. humane --- Page 522 --- APPENDIX. No. XIX. humane sentiment may at least be expected to extend to the unhappy subjects of Britain, whose lives, yet equally innocent, are becoming less secure, and who, without. some interposition of Providence will be sacrificed to offended justice. <E The number of those who come under this description" throughout Britain is amply sufficient to supply the colonies. Even in London they are estimated by the writer just quoted at, it is believed, 50,000, and may be easily conceived to extend every where to a considerable number. A timely encouragement on a liberal and rational plan, would select from every quarter the objects calculated for the end, and no fear could be entertained in regard to qualifications for the business,-a subjection to the whip only excepted; and those who had felt the scourge of fate with severity, might if necessary sufliciently submit to a servile obedience by gentle gradations. KE Such a class of cultivators would increase the prosperity of a colony by a variety of means, and insure its affection to,the mother country; while by obtaining establishments, each fresh importation, instead of rebellious views, would be inspired with the most pleasing prospects, and most cheering energies for labor. EE It may be safely determined, that-by a liberal communication with its extensive coast, the continent of Africa would furnish an advantageous intercourse to Britain, and that a wbite population of laborers in the colonies is not only possible, but would produce the most desirable benefits to the colonies, and also to the mother country." In --- Page 523 --- APPENDIX. work intituled Erratics, by the gentleman No. XVIII. In a miscellaneous of the most exquisite combefore alluded to, forming a mélange history, are illustrative of human nature, and general position, excellence; communicated with the following traits of negro which leaves us in doubt, perfetficedo from bias to either side, whether most to admire the subjects or the relator. of Walton, the Erratic is attracted by an In the church-yard Africans, husband Latin memorial over the grave of two clegant faithful services obtained for them thishonorable and wife, whose Blake, Bart. their master; this we distinction from Sir Patrick rebut proceed to its consequent will not injure by quotation, flections. the sensible writer,) 66 plucked a few sprigs of 6 Martha," (says bosom, distributed clover from the grave, placed one in her own her and with an eye ready to gush, the others to companions, however, took me by the arm, &c. * On our way, refrain from forth our ardent and merited we could not pouring affection of the eulogium upon the dignified virtue and grateful Baronet who thus generously recorded the exalted qualiworthy Indeed, I could even now dwell ties of his exemplaryadherents reflected by these with delight upon the great credit reciprocally and SO fortunately cast within the sphere parties, s0 fortuitously cemented by of each other's benevolence; a matual connexion, on one side, and on the other by such such exalted humanity less decisive and cordial and consummate fidelity, that nothing could have caused to fatal than the febris vita filum abrupens decrease or decay. So S0 the exalted qualiworthy Indeed, I could even now dwell ties of his exemplaryadherents reflected by these with delight upon the great credit reciprocally and SO fortunately cast within the sphere parties, s0 fortuitously cemented by of each other's benevolence; a matual connexion, on one side, and on the other by such such exalted humanity less decisive and cordial and consummate fidelity, that nothing could have caused to fatal than the febris vita filum abrupens decrease or decay. So S0 --- Page 524 --- APPENDIX. No.XvIIt. 6 So captivatinga memorial of candid, gentlemanly, family, and liberal attachment, ought to reckon against a few West India delinquencies, and to discourage indiscriminate crimination and prejudice. 4 Well, alas ! too well do you and I know (for often, toooften, have we seen). that there have been (I will not say are) the most flagrant violations of all human feelings, and the most atrocious wantonness of an accursed barbarity; but, amongst the noxious weeds which have disgraced the soil of the different colonies, and contaminated the atmosphere of the Antilles, let us contemplate this attractive and fragrant flower, which sheds around its balmy perfume, and counteracts the poisonous influence of such deleterious productions. a The quem in deliciis labuit of our epitaph is a very just expression of the domestic and affectionate Cotto. Nor are the Cottos of sable hue more rare, or less estimable, than their fairer sisters of European celebrity. The most animated and attractive examples of pure and ardent love to the husbands of their hearts, and the fathers of their offspring, are as strikingly exhibited under the roofs of various negro huts, as are any where displayed in the families of the old world. In the laudable duties of wedded life, and the maternal offices to the precious pledges of connubial interthe transported and enslaved matrons of Africa are not course, to be surpassed by the enlightened and free females of the freest land. 6' That they possess the finer feelings oft the soul in a very emi nent degree, and are delicately prompt to the most fascinating propensitics --- Page 525 --- APPENDIX. in their domestic No. XVIII. of humanity, is not only apparent propensities shore; but what incontrovertible proofs and laborious stations on on board our seen of their steady and useful courage have we not ships of war! and Sallustian conciseness of 66 Well then might the classical with address the candor of its readers the Shepperton Epitaph the generous admonition ofe Disce ab Ethiope virtutem, et ne crede colori." cc To virtuous Afric, lib'ral reader turn There, from her sable sons, this maxim learn: To no complexion is the charm confin'd, In every climate grows the virtuous mind." and Cotto Blake, Erratics, zol. ii. p. 209. Epitaph on Benjamin THE END. INDEX. --- Page 526 --- - 66 Well then might the classical with address the candor of its readers the Shepperton Epitaph the generous admonition ofe Disce ab Ethiope virtutem, et ne crede colori." cc To virtuous Afric, lib'ral reader turn There, from her sable sons, this maxim learn: To no complexion is the charm confin'd, In every climate grows the virtuous mind." and Cotto Blake, Erratics, zol. ii. p. 209. Epitaph on Benjamin THE END. INDEX. --- Page 526 --- - --- Page 527 --- INDEX Artifice, curious, to seduce the natives of thei A Lucayos to Hispaniola 23. Assembly, first general colonial, opposed by: ABORIGINES of Hayti, their beauty, inge- the governor Peynier,115. Their first denuity, &c. 3. First subjected to' slavery, di- cree for a new constitution, ib. Divided 13." Nearly exhausted, 22. Remainder 27. against each other, 116. Its early views vided by sale among the Spaniards, to independence and British protection. ib. Relieved by Las Casas, 29. 35. Arms the people ini its defence, 119. TransAgriculture, commenced in Hispaniola, port themselves from the colony to France Its encouragement by the Blacks, 158. for instruction,120. Hastily censured by Aguado, a courtier commissioner to Hispa- France, dissolved and its members disquaniola, 13. distribute the re- lified, 123; and arrested at Paris 124. Ge-. Albuquerque, appointed to neral dissatisfaction on: the occasion, 127. partimentos, jn injury of Diego Columbus 3 Declaration of its principles by a member, his conduct, 27. commander of the expedi- 383. Alonzo de Ojeda, Assembly, second general colonial, account tion in which Amerigo. sailed, 2. the new of, 133. Amnerigo Vespucci, gives name of his to account of Author, visits Cape Francois, 214. Assumes world, by the popularity the character of.an American, 215. Init, in preference to its discoverer, 2. terview with Toussaint, 216: ExaminaAmerica, jealousy of the Spanish government in, 38. tion of domestic policy, 221. Departure, with regard to their possessions established in,39. 229. 4 Visits Fort Dauphin, ib. Taken priOther European colonies soner, 230. Examined, 231. Tried bya Commerce of, with. the Blacks, 141, atParis black court martial, 232. Condemned to Amis des Noirs, a society of established their mis- death, ib. Liberated by: order ofToussaint, in favour of the people colour, Baneful projects, 236.. : Departure from St. Domingo, 237.- conception, 107, 121. 131: Lose Arrival at Martinique, ib: His anticipa130. Influence the government, it, 159. tion of the event of the French expedition, their ascendancy, 151:, Regain 264. Their character,163. in Hayti, 32, Supersti- Aux, Cayes, towni of, described, 83. Ants, their injury Azua, town of, described, 69. tion respecting, ib, people colour, Baneful projects, 236.. : Departure from St. Domingo, 237.- conception, 107, 121. 131: Lose Arrival at Martinique, ib: His anticipa130. Influence the government, it, 159. tion of the event of the French expedition, their ascendancy, 151:, Regain 264. Their character,163. in Hayti, 32, Supersti- Aux, Cayes, towni of, described, 83. Ants, their injury Azua, town of, described, 69. tion respecting, ib, --- Page 528 --- INDEX. B sight, 304;hisg governments sulliedby the war of St. Domingo, 323. Balboa, Vasco Nugnez de, assisted by Diego Books, read by Toussaint, 244, Columbus in the discovery of the South Boradillo, appointed first governor of HispaSea, 26. niola, and his baneful expedients, 15; lost Baillen, M. his family protected by a negro in shipwreck, 17. servant, 139. Boyer, a French general, his singular characBattle, between Columbus and the Indians, ter, 351, 332. 12; Touzard and tbe insurgent negroes, Brisbame, Colenel, his lamented death, 197. 137; ; Galbaud and the French commis- British Children, sold as slaves, 102; artisans sioners, 164; English and German inhabi- degraded, ib.; Standard, proposed to "be bitants of Bombarde, 180; French and hoisted in the northern province of St. Doblacks at the Ravine a Couleuvre, 289; mingo, June 1791, 132; invasion of St. DoLa Crete à Pierrot, 299; Acul, 336; Cape mingo, 172; force withdrawn from St. DoFrançois,341. mingo, 208 : affairs, observations on, ib. Banica, village of, described, 67. Buccaniers, their origin,40; mode of life, Balgrana, village of,; described, ib. 41; their establishment destroyed in their Baya, village of, described, ib, absence by the Spaniards, 42; appoint to Bayon de Libertas, the master and patron of govèrn them an Englishman named Willis, Toussaint, 241 $ his insensibility to the con- 43; English and French adventurers, sepadition ofhis élève, 243; ; protected and rate, ib.; obtain commissions from the supported byToussaint, 246. English government, 7b.; their expeditions Reaudiere, Ferrand de, a magistrate, killed and prowess,,43; account of three distin- --fordefendingthe Mulattoes, 112. guished members, 46;, English and French Reausobre, his bravery and liberality, 129. continue toact in concert, 50; their ferociBengoni, a Spanish historian, asserts the total ty being abated, the French settle at Port destruction of the natives, 35. Paix, when. adopting agricultural pursuits, Blacks, their gorernment under Toussaint attract the notice of the French governL'Ouverture, 210; troops, a review of, 217; ment, and fouud a colony, 51; represented manners: in private life, 220; lower class in every respect by the Spanish chasseurs of, their superior comforts, 222, 225; ofthe présent time, 425. principle of Government, 228; amuse- Burgos, Bishop of, opposes Las Casas. in his ments, 222, 233; five hundred put to death humane exertions, 31. by the French,337; retaliated by the -blacks, ib.; grave of two faithful, visited by Mr. Larwood, 466. Bloodhounds, usedby the Spaniardsagsiost the Indians, 124 by the Buccaniers, +1; by Calenda, or dance of love, accoant of, 233. the French army under Le Clerc and Ro- Campbell, Captain, his account of the bloodchambeau, 327; derastation by, 339; their hounds, 425 ; injurious omission of comhistory and use, 423. missioner Quarrel respecting him, ib. Iuonaparte, his error in acceding to the com- Cape François, founded by Gobin, aCalvinist mercial interests, andsending an expedition fugitive; 54 : described, 77; afterthe into. regain the colony of St. Domingo, 261; surrection of the negroes, 144; burnt, 165; his proclamation, to the inhabitants, 270; described in 1799, 217; burnt by the letter to Toussaint, 275; his want of fore- blacks in 1802, 269. Cape Iuonaparte, his error in acceding to the com- Cape François, founded by Gobin, aCalvinist mercial interests, andsending an expedition fugitive; 54 : described, 77; afterthe into. regain the colony of St. Domingo, 261; surrection of the negroes, 144; burnt, 165; his proclamation, to the inhabitants, 270; described in 1799, 217; burnt by the letter to Toussaint, 275; his want of fore- blacks in 1802, 269. Cape --- Page 529 --- INDEX. Colonies, effects oD, of the revolution of St. Cape St. Nicholus, described, 80. by Domingo, 359. to, 362. Casas, Bartholomew de Las, diatinguished Culonists, character of, 96; advice defending the Indians, 28; his character, Colonization, by felons and impures, bad ef29; ; visits Spain in their behalf, ib.; pro- fects of, 14, 53; new mode of, 463. decures the appointment of saperintendantos, Colony, first establisbment of, in Hayti, and himself as protector, ib.; unsuccessful 30; stroyed, 9. is in the application of his means, again in- Columbus Christopher, discovers Hayti, 2; visits Spain, but to little purpose, ib.; charmed with its inbabitants, 5; shiptroduces, as a substitute, an African slave wrecked, 8; returns to Spain,9; again trade, 31; proposes a colony of labourers visits the island, 10; leaves it a second from the mother country, ib.; attempts time and returning, finds itin disorder, 12; one on the American continent, ib.; mis- undermined in Spain, 13; superseded, 15; fortunes and death, 32. refused admission to his own island, 17 Chapatones, description of, 72, after many sufferings is received with an Character of the African negro, 98. In- affectation of dignity by Ovando the goverCharmilly, M., his improper view of the nor of Hispaniola, 18; dies in Spain,- 19s dians, 8; error respecting the population, Diego, appointed by his brother go22; commission to the British government, vernor of Hispaniola in lis absence, 11; 167; wounded at the attack of Bombarde, builds St. Domingo, 13. 181; his.extacy at the capture of Port-auBartholonem, another brother visits Prince, account of, 568, obscurity, 370. the colony, his misfortunes, 11; death, Charane, a commander in Ogé's rebellion, 26. of 122; death, 126. for the trade in Diego, receives the vice-royalty 24; chaCharles V. grants a patent Hispaniola in right of his father, African slaves, 31. Buc- racter of his government, 26; embarrassChasseurs, Spanisb, represent the ancient ed by the Spanish court, 27 ; returns to caniers, 425. for Spain and dies, 33. and French Children, pride of birth in, necessity Commerce between the Spanish checking, 251. colonies, 91. Christopher, St. Island of, receives a French Commissioners from. France, their character, and an English colony, 39. court mar- 158; :superededigotber, 160; they retire, Christophé, a black general on the 189; temple in memory of, 219. tial of the author, his defection, 313; only Conspiracy against the Engliah at Port-aupolitical, 325. appointed to command the Prince, 197. French colony, 86, Clerc, Le, general 263; his Constitution ofthe expedition against St. Domingo, dislike of his Coltage, account of one near Cape François, political falseboods, critical 281; situation, 325; 225. 67. command, 286; Cotui, village of, described, cruelties, 326; death, 328. Creoles, Spanish, described, 73; French, 87. Cicilllar, always smothering in St. Domingo, Cnyler, general, his politeness, 237. 86, Clerc, Le, general 263; his Constitution ofthe expedition against St. Domingo, dislike of his Coltage, account of one near Cape François, political falseboods, critical 281; situation, 325; 225. 67. command, 286; Cotui, village of, described, cruelties, 326; death, 328. Creoles, Spanish, described, 73; French, 87. Cicilllar, always smothering in St. Domingo, Cnyler, general, his politeness, 237. 6+, 104. natural history of, &c. 93. Cofeehau,at Cocoa, Cape François, description of, D 216. to conduct the in the Coisnon, the tutor appointed his Dauphin Fort, described, 79; scenery two sons of Toussaint to his father, vicinity of, 233. treacherous character, 276, Declaration --- Page 530 --- INDEX. Declaration of Rights in France produce a Ecclesiastical gorérnment, of the Spanish coferment in the colonies, 110. lony, 70; of the French colony, 85. Decree, first, of tbe National Assembly of Education of the children of the great, bint France withregard to its colonies, (March for, 251. 8, 1790,)112; of the first General Colo- Emancipation of the slaves by the commisnial Assembly, 115; ofthe National As- sioners, 165. sembly, rendering all complesions equal, English.colony established in the island of St. (May15, 1791,) 132; violent proceedings Christopher, 89. on, ib.; repeated, 150; abrogated by tbat government solicited to invade St. of April, 1792, 159; of the blaék general, Domingo, 167; interest in St. Domingo Dessalines, for enabling blacks to return' to sincere il), and prepared for, tbis propositheir country, 350. tion, 171; experlition formed at Jamaica Dessalines, the black general, distinguished at for the iuvasion ofthe French colony,172; Crete à Pierrot, &c.313; retires with Tous- success, 182; decline, 190; evacuation of saint, S14; revenges the riolation of bis St. Domingo, 207; affairs, observations on, retirement by the French, 325 : appointed 208; regarded with suspicion by the blacks, General in Chiefofthe blacks, 336 ;decisive 215; singular sanction of, to a French expevictory over the French, 341; appointed dition to regain their colony, 262. Governor-General for life, 353; created e fort'of, defended by the blacks ia Emperor, 356. an English manner, 302; colonies, their Dogs, a food desirable'to some negroes, 224. safetywith regard to- the blacks, 362. See Blood-kounds. attachment to, of a female ofcolor, Domingo, St. See Hayti. advantageous to the author, 285. Domingo, St. cityoi, built by Diego Colum- Equality, practical system of at Cape Franbus, 13; description of, inits prosperity, çois, 216. by Oviedo, 34.; pillaged by Sir:Francis Drake, S5; account ofitin1789,65. Dramain St. Domingo, account of, 222. F Dubois, procureur-general ofSt. Domingo, inveighs against slavery, 112. Ferdinand V. king of Arragon, and consort of Duckcorth, admiral, bis communications with Isabella queen of Castile, the patron 6fCotbe conimanders of the French expédition, lumbus, 5; sensible of the importance of 297; sends Generalllochambeau to England bis dominions in the new world, 21; meanfrom Jatnaica, and the officers who bad par- ness to the son of Columbus, 33. ticipated in his cruelties, 347. ighs against slavery, 112. Ferdinand V. king of Arragon, and consort of Duckcorth, admiral, bis communications with Isabella queen of Castile, the patron 6fCotbe conimanders of the French expédition, lumbus, 5; sensible of the importance of 297; sends Generalllochambeau to England bis dominions in the new world, 21; meanfrom Jatnaica, and the officers who bad par- ness to the son of Columbus, 33. ticipated in his cruelties, 347. Fecer Yellou, account of its introduction in Dugua, a French general, disgusted at the St. Domingo, 191. cruelties practised by his countrymen, 326; Flacille, M. his death by the negroes, 135. death, ib. Fort-Dauphin, town of, described, 79. François Jean a negrogeneral, bis policy, 158. French colony established in the island of St. E Christopher, S9; in St. Domingo, 53; its elevation, 64; colonists,theirchafater,97; Peclesiasticssent to Hispaniola, 21; become a colony, fall of, 165. powerful body, 28. Dominicans oppose the expedition against the black republic, Repartimientos.for slavery of the Indians, strictures on, 261; departure of, 204; arabi; Las Casas distinguishes himself among rival at St. Domingo, 266; defeat, 340; them, 28; his character, 29. fate ofanticipated by theauthor,-263,405. --- Page 531 --- INDEX. new colonists, by the Spanish scheme government, on the 57; effectofLaw's Mississippis miserable decline of the new colony, 59; of the French Galbaud, M. his contest with the French com- establishment Spanish colony, to 60; the heightof progress its prosperity, missioners, 143. his 64; topography of the island in 1789, 65; Galisioniere loses bis ship, the Leopard, byl last line of demarcation between the two politics at St. Domingo, 118. distress of, colonies, ib.; ccclesiastical government 72; of Garstin, an English officer, singular theSpanish colony, 71; military force, 181. inhabitants, ib.; French colony, accountof Genius, elevated sentiments of, 241; gratitude in ite provinces, 76; constitution, 86,military of, for favors in obscurity, exemplified 246. force, S7; inhabitants, ib.; produetions,92; that of Toussaint to his master, 67. revolutionary symptoms in, 93; general Goara, St. Jean de, village of, described, ferment in, 110; mulattoes take up arins, Goive Petit, town of, described, 82; first seat 111; white inbabitants arm, 117; enmity ofgorernment of the French colony, ib. against, of the Parisian public, 131; En- inGondices, village of, described, in 83. favor of the surrection of negroes in, 134; visit of Gregoire, Abbé, his eloquence 367. glish commissioners to, 144; commissioners blacks, 151; public letter to them, arrive from France, 152; their character, ib.; other commissioners arrive, 160; new French governor refused admission, 163; H commissioner fromato Great Britain, 167; British expedition to, 172; arrives, 173; Hatuey, a native chief, his bravery and repar- its ready reception, ib.; receives a check, reintee, 25. Columbus, named His- 174; defeated at Bombarde, service of, 179; 190; the Hayti, discovered by inbabitants, forced, 184; difficult paniola, account ofits original ferti- whole island resigned to the goverumentef concurrent account of its beauty and the blacks, 207;independence acknowledged ty, 1-7; gold found in it, ib.; declines under by Great Britain, 208 ;istate of manners, the first Spanish government, but fourishes &c. in 1799, 213; black govemment of. 174; defeated at Bombarde, service of, 179; 190; the Hayti, discovered by inbabitants, forced, 184; difficult paniola, account ofits original ferti- whole island resigned to the goverumentef concurrent account of its beauty and the blacks, 207;independence acknowledged ty, 1-7; gold found in it, ib.; declines under by Great Britain, 208 ;istate of manners, the first Spanish government, but fourishes &c. in 1799, 213; black govemment of. exceedingly under Ovando, 20; native po- described, 239; French expedition against, pulation decreases, 21; supplied by impor- 263; anticipation ofits fate by the author, tation of the inhabitants of the Lucayos, 264; arrival, 263; attempt to deceive the 22; furnishes expeditions toCuba and Porto blacks of, 270; cruel and irregular proceRico, 23; to the South Sea, 24; colony dure ofthe Frencharmyin, 326; iuhabitants from, established in Cuba, 25; peopled by of,bunted by blood-hounds, 327; evacuated of African slaves, 30; deFrench army, 34j; resumes its orian scription importation of its capital in its prosperity by by ginal the name, after a lapse of three hundred Oviedo, 34; invaded by Sir Francis Drake, and twelveyears, 347; erected into an emS5; decline of the Spanish colony,37; French con- co- pire under Jean Jacques Dessalines, 355; ficts witlfthe Buccaniers, 45; the refied picture of the Black empire onthe louy founded in the opposite end oi coronation of Emiperor, 356; remarks on island byi the latter, 51;8 growing prosperity decline its Imperial establishment,a59. the name, after a lapse of three hundred Oviedo, 34; invaded by Sir Francis Drake, and twelveyears, 347; erected into an emS5; decline of the Spanish colony,37; French con- co- pire under Jean Jacques Dessalines, 355; ficts witlfthe Buccaniers, 45; the refied picture of the Black empire onthe louy founded in the opposite end oi coronation of Emiperor, 356; remarks on island byi the latter, 51;8 growing prosperity decline its Imperial establishment,a59. of tlieFrench, in proportion to the Ilispanisle. See Hugti. of the Spanish, 54; city of Cape Frangois founded, 55cession of the western part, then called St. Domingo, from the celeJagos brated Spanish capital of the island, to the 3r S --- Page 532 --- INDEX. Library of Toussaint, sketch of, 244. I Llos Llanos, plain of, described, 75. Jago, St. town of, described, 69. Jaquemel, town of, described, 84. M Independence of St. Domingo declared by Toussaint, 259; repeated by Dessalines on Maguana, St. Juan de, village of, described, the Defeat of the French, 351. 67. Indigo, natural history of, &c. 93. Manners, state of, in St. Domingo in 1799, Insurrection throughout the provinces of the 214. French colony, 117; of the negroes, 134. Mark, St. described, 81. lsabella, queen of Castile, patroness of Colum- Markham, colonel, his death, 198. bus, 13; dies, 18; the first city in the new Mauduit, colonel, supports the Governor Peyworld named after her, 10; described, 70. nier, 114; his violation of the National Guard, 119; his deceitful truce with the mulattoes, 123; horrid death, 129; fate of L his regiment, 130. Mestizoes, Spanish, described, 73. La Plume, a black general, treachery of, Mind of Toussaint, its formation, 244. 293. Moliere, relished by the blacks, 223. Larwood, Rev. Joshua, his pathetic visit tot the Montbar, a Buccanier called the Exterminagrave of two faithful blacks, 465; sensible tor, account of, 45; his Quixotic expediobservations on the virtues of the Blacks, tion, 46. 466. Monte Christi, town of, described, 68. Lareaur, his remarkable answer, 177. Monte Plata, village of, described,67. Laxrent, St. village of, described, 67. Morgan, a Buccanier, account of, 47; his huLeogane, town of, described, 85. manity and skill, 48; his ill-requited pasLeopard, crew of the, seize the ship, brought sion for a female captive, 49; settles in by them to St. Mark, 123. Jamaica as a planter, becomes ricb, is apLetter of Bonaparté to Toussaint, 273; Ad- pointed Lieutenant-Govemor, and receives miral Villaret to. Admiral Duckworth, 282; the honor of knighthood, 50; committed to Toussaint to the black general Domage, the tower of London by James II. at the 294; Rigaud to La Plume, 305; Toussaint instance of Spain, ib. to Fontaine, S16; Le Clerc to Bonaparté, Mulattoes, Spanish, described, 178; French, on the exile of Toussaint, 319; Rocham- 89; of the French colony arm during the beau to Commodore Loring, 343; Dessa- ferment preceding the revolution, 111; their lines to Commodore Loring, 346; the Abbé secoud insurrection under Ogé, 121; deGregoire to the people of colour, 367; feated, 122; rising under Rigaud, appeased Toussaint to Admiral Smith, 404; Ro- by Mauduit, 123. chambeau to Commadore Loring, 433; Music, in St. Domingo, account of, 223. Commodore Loring to Rochambeau, 434; Muro, a black general, description of, 132. Rochambeau to Loring, 435; the British Admiral, Duckworth, to the secretary of the Admiralty, 436. N Letters, men of, preference shewn to, in France, and by Toussaint, 254. Negroes, Spanish, described, 74; French, described, chambeau to Commadore Loring, 433; Music, in St. Domingo, account of, 223. Commodore Loring to Rochambeau, 434; Muro, a black general, description of, 132. Rochambeau to Loring, 435; the British Admiral, Duckworth, to the secretary of the Admiralty, 436. N Letters, men of, preference shewn to, in France, and by Toussaint, 254. Negroes, Spanish, described, 74; French, described, --- Page 533 --- INDEX. Peynier, governor of the French colony, his scribed, 89; native character, 98; their intrigues, 114: : his violent measures against to whites in the colonies un- the colonial assembly, 118 ; arms the northdisproportion safe, 101; their first general insurrection, ern province in bis defence, 119; approved be134; vast accession of to the insurgents, by the French national assembly, 123; 135; their horrors extenuated, 138; two comes unpopular, 124; resigns, 125. executed in a dreadful manner, 142; their of Petit Goive, town of, described, turbulent 82. and talents in war exhibited, 158; simplicity of Planters of Saint Domingo, their oné recently from Africa, and ignorant fa- discontented, 97; at Paris, lingering means the use of gunpowder, 179; ingenious views of restoration, 259; prevail by mily account of, 225; attempted to be re- of his political interests, upon Buonaparte to duced to slavery, 302, the to second their views by an expedition Negrophilism, book published against, on regain the colony, 263. annibilation of the Amis de Noirs, 207. Polcerel, his remarkable answer, 164. the Noé, the plantation at which the general in- Population of the Spanish colony, 76; of surrection commenced, 135; birth-place of French colony, 91. the Toussaint L' Ouverture, 240. Port-au-Printe described, 80; taken by Northern province of the French colony de- English, 187; ; by the French, 292. scribed, 78. Port Paiz, the first settlement of the Bucca- of, niers in Saint Domingo, 44; description O Proclamation 79. of Buonaparte to the Blacks, 270; of letters to the same, 279, 307; of Ocampo Diego lays waste the neighbouring the death of Le Clerc, 328; of Dessalines Le Clerc continent to Hispaniola, 32. 121, the Black general in chief, 351; for a comOgé, rebellion of, 121; his character, for a new administration, 416; ofhis deposition, 126; death, 420; of Rochambeau 126; neglect discovered, 153; mercial regulation, 430; Dessacontents of his deposition for a commercial regulation, of the Blacks, original instrument, 377. colony, lines on the independence on: the apOgeron d', first governor of the French 439; abjuring the French, 442; 51; his misfortunes, virtues, and ability, pointment of governor for life; Cautionary 52; death, 54. his judicious ad- to the Spaniards, 453. colony, 75; of the Ocando, appoiuted governor, Productions, of the Spanish ministration, 16; authorizes culture the greatest of su- French colony, 91. cruelties, 19; introduces the gar, 21. his account of the Spanish colonial Q Oziedo, capital, 34. commissioner for procuring bloodQuarrel, 425. hounds, his disiagenuousness, P Painting, encouraged in St. Domingo, 223. R Patrons, their hesitation in approving without is of the the public voice, and where etiquette Reilly, Charles, his journal illustrative concerned, &c: 243; that of Toussaint character of Toussaint, 406: suffered him to continue a slave to the mo- Revolt, picture of, 445. ment he owed him bis existence, 243. 3P2 Repartinicatos procuring bloodQuarrel, 425. hounds, his disiagenuousness, P Painting, encouraged in St. Domingo, 223. R Patrons, their hesitation in approving without is of the the public voice, and where etiquette Reilly, Charles, his journal illustrative concerned, &c: 243; that of Toussaint character of Toussaint, 406: suffered him to continue a slave to the mo- Revolt, picture of, 445. ment he owed him bis existence, 243. 3P2 Repartinicatos --- Page 534 --- INDEX, Repartinientos, or division of the Indians the absence of Columbus from their infant among the Spaniards as servants, establish- colony in Hispaniola, 9; gain a battle ed by Columbus, 15; reduced more oppres- fought with the Indians, 12; their cruelty sively under Ovando, 20; Diego Columbus, towards the Indians, 19; render themselves opposedl by the monks, 28; regulated, 29. detested in every part of the new world, Recolution of St. Domingo, origin of, 95; pro- 32; excite their slaves by their cruelty to gress by means of intestine divisions, 117; revolt, 35; apply themselves to agriculture, accelerated by the negroes, 134; completed ib.; relinquish it, and devote themselves to by the abolition of slavery, 169. indolence, 37; attack the French and EnRigaud, the mulatto general, bis successes, glish colonies of St. Christopher, 39; their 152; retires from the island, 210; returns decline, 56; disputes with the French COwith the French expedition, 304; his letter lony, 63; surrender of their territory to the to La Plume, 305; sent to France, 306. blacks, 210. Rochambeau, General, formerly a proprietor, Sugar, the culture of, introduced into Hispaaccompanies the expedition to St. Domin- niola by Ovando, 21. go, 263; appointed General in Chief, 332, agrees to evacuate the island, 342; sent prisoner to England, 347. T Roche, la, Miss, her talents, 223. Roderigo de Figuerra appointed chief justice Tactics, of the black army, 218, 283; of the of thé island, SO. French, 328, 338. Roldan, appointed judge by Columbus, rebels Thomé, St. town of, described, 68. in bis absence, 14; lost in shipwreck, 17. Tortuga receives the fugitives of the French and English colonies, the origin of the Buccaniers, and of French St. Domingo, 39. S Toussaint L'Oucerture, a negro officer left in command of St. Domingo by the commisSaturninus, St. invoked successfully against sioners, 189; successfully opposes General 33. Simcoe, 204; his talents in war, 209; Secré, ants, Chevalier de, his account of a victory, courtedby Spain, ib.; sanctioned by France, 210; acknowledged as a neutral power by Shops, 395. temporary, supplying the place of ele- Great Britain, ib.; the moderator of every gant streets at Cape François, 217. party, 226; bis dignified benevolence to the Simcoe, general, appointed to remedy the des- author, 236; his talents in peace, 239; perate state of the British army, 203; his advantageous effects of his government, talents, ib. 240; memoirs of his life, 241; his early Slavery, great abolition of, by the commissioners, character, 242; his library, 244; mode of punishment, 248; public character, 249; Slave 169. trade, origin of, 97; substitute for, 461. private, 251; mode of educating his chilSmith, Admiral, at St.] Domingo, letter to, from dren, ib., bis person, 252; his support of the black general Toussaint, 214. men of letters, 253; tour of, through St. Society, state of, among the people of colour, Domingo, 255; his discriminative justice, 257; declares the independence of his goSouthern 220. procince of the French colony, de- vernment, 259; letter to, from Bonaparté, 273; interview with his sons, 276; resigns scribed,77. them in preference to his honor, ib.; his Spaniards, considered supernatural beings by letter to Domage, 294; retires from power, the Indians, 7; extremely depraved during 314; 253; tour of, through St. Society, state of, among the people of colour, Domingo, 255; his discriminative justice, 257; declares the independence of his goSouthern 220. procince of the French colony, de- vernment, 259; letter to, from Bonaparté, 273; interview with his sons, 276; resigns scribed,77. them in preference to his honor, ib.; his Spaniards, considered supernatural beings by letter to Domage, 294; retires from power, the Indians, 7; extremely depraved during 314; --- Page 535 --- INDEX: Western province of the French colony dehis letter to Fontaine, 316; seized scribed, 77; progress of the insurrection to, 314; by order of Le Clerc, and sent to France his 149. with his family, ib.; separated from 323; his family, and imprisoned in France, X death, 324. cardinal, regent of Spain, protects Ximenes, Indians at the instance of Las Casas, the 30. V 29; refuses to sanction the slave-trade, Van Horn, a Buccanier, account of, 47; his decisive character, ib. Y Vega Real, plain of, described, 75. Yellow Fever, account of, 192. W Z Women, their humanizing effects on mankind, effiects of the virtuous in an infant minister, appoints his rela52; good charac- Zapata, a Spanish colony, ib.; bad result of beautiful contrary in St. Do- tion, Albuquerque, 27. with ters, 53-55; of colour 922-234; be- Zuazo, a Spanish lawyer, commissioned mingo, 89; description of, Las Casas to protect the Indians, 29. nevolence of one of them to the author, Zeiba, town of, described, 69. 235; their character, ib. Directions to the Binder. for placing the Plates. Tofuce the Title The Authorin Conversation, &c. Map of the Island Plan of Cape François View ofa a Temple erected by the Blacks Court-Martial of the Blacks Benevolence of a Female of Colour Toussaint Louverture the Blacks by the French 327 337 Mode of exterminating Revenge of the Blacks on the French in the Woods) 339 Devastation of the Blood-Hounds (attacking a Family Fac-Simile of a' Letter ofToussaint Mode of rearing Blood-Hounds NEW --- Page 536 --- NEW AND POPULAR WORKS NOW PEBLISHING BY JAMES CUNDEE, AT THE ALBION PRESS,N IFY-LANE, PATERNOSTER-RON, LONDON. THE SPORTSMANS CABINET: OR A CORRECT DELINEATION OFTHE VARIOUS DOGS USED IN THE SPORTS OF THE FIELD, Including the Canine Race in general; consisting of a series of rich and masterly Engravings of every distinct Breed, from original Paintings, taken from Life, purposely for the Work, by P. REINAGLE, Esq. R.A.; engraved in the Line Manner by Mr. John Scott, interspersed with beautiful Viguettes, engraved on Wood, by Messrs. 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The Sale of near Two Thousand Copies, in the course of little more than Twelve Months, isa Proof ofits favourable Reception with the Public. Nor can the Author refrain from gratefully acknow ledging the Candour and Attention with which it has been honoured. He has now carefully revised every Page of the Work, and hopes that the ADDITIONS and IMPROVEI MENTS may render it still further subservient to the Entertainment and Instruction of the Rising Generation. J. CUNDEE, PRINTER, t Lune. --- Page 539 --- --- Page 540 --- --- Page 541 --- --- Page 542 --- --- Page 543 --- DEPS - --- Page 544 ---