--- Page 1 --- --- Page 2 --- Jabr Carter Broiun fibng BranmBindtscraits --- Page 3 --- --- Page 4 --- --- Page 5 --- an CEssap ON THE CAUSES OF THE RETOLUTION AND CIVIL WARS OF HAYTI, BEING A SEQUEL TO TIE POLITICAL BEMARKS UPON CERTAIN FRENCH PUBLICATIONS AND JOURNALS CONCERNING HAYTI. BY THE BARON DE VASTEY, Chancellor of the King, Mrmber of the Privy Council, Field Marshal of the Ariny of Hayti, Knight oftho Royal aud Alilitary Order of St. Henry, &c. &c. &c. &r. TRANSLATED FROM THE FRENCH, BY W. H. M. B. EIEO DOmDEsyEe EXETER PRINTED AT THE W ESTERN LUMINARY OFFICE, FOR TIIE TRANSLATOR, FOR PRIVATE CIRCULATION. 1823. --- Page 6 --- --- Page 7 --- CONTENTS. Introduction. Chapter I. Of the principal causes ofthe Revolutions in St. Domingo. II .Of Hayti under the Governor General Jean Jaques Dessalines. III. Ofthe Empire, aeith an account of the assassination of the Emperor... IV. Of the Civil WPars... V, The sulgect continued, Presidency oft the two sides 67 VI. Of the Monarchy and Republic of Hayti, with the atlempts of the French.. APPENDIX, 4. Reply to H. Henry's Pamphlet. I B, Documents relative to Lavaysse S mission, Publishedby Pélion's authority. xiii No. 1, to 8inclusive, correspondence between Pétion and Dauxion Lavaysse xiii No. 9, The President's address to the People XXX C. Farther documents relative to Lavaysse's mission... xxxiii No. 1, Instructions for M M. Lacaysse, Medina, and xxxiii Dravermann. - No. 2, Process Verbal ofthe examination o; Media xli No. s, Extract from the Columbian. xlv; D. Correspondence of Catineau Laroche. xlviii E. Correspondence of the French Commiscioners.. Ivi No 4, Ordinance oftke KingofFranee. lxi No. 8, Copy ofa letter to Generul Christophe... lxy --- Page 8 --- CONTENTS. Ao, 16, Proclamation of the F, No. 1, Declavation President ofHayti.. Ixxxiv No. 2, of the King of Hayti.. Copy of a Letler from Dauzion lxxxv to Generul Christophe. Lavaysse No.3, Ectract from the Moniteur. xcvi No.4, Address ofthe General Co ci G. No, 1, Preclumation ofthe uncil.. ci No. 2, Ictler from the King of Hayti.. cvi King of Hayti to the trules dc. ut MagisNo. 3, Replyto the King'e Port-au-Prince.. cviii H. Address of the Lelter and Proclamation CX King On che Annitersary ofthe ErI. State of Education palsionoftie French. cxi No. 1 and Commerce, in Hayti Report of the National Schools. CXV Ao. 2, Commercial Report CXV No, 3, Urder in for the year 1817.. cxvi weith Council, for a Iiree Trade Hayti.. cxvii --- Page 9 --- abbertisement BY THE TRANSLATOR. A History of St. Domingo, from the commencement ofits revolution to the present day, freed from the distortions of prejudice, and the colouring of party, is yet a desideratum in the annals of literature. Such a work, executed by a competent and impartial writer, would furnish a most impressive and valuable illustration of the impolicy, no less than the injustice of slavery, and the evils which unavoidably flow from the colonial system. It would enable us. to trace the slow, but certain progress of the causes of that fearful convulsion, which, after deluging the fertile plains of Hayti with human blood, and exhibiting a display of horrors to which the page distortions of prejudice, and the colouring of party, is yet a desideratum in the annals of literature. Such a work, executed by a competent and impartial writer, would furnish a most impressive and valuable illustration of the impolicy, no less than the injustice of slavery, and the evils which unavoidably flow from the colonial system. It would enable us. to trace the slow, but certain progress of the causes of that fearful convulsion, which, after deluging the fertile plains of Hayti with human blood, and exhibiting a display of horrors to which the page --- Page 10 --- i] ADYERTISEMENT. of history furnishes no parallel, tore from the royal diadem of France one ofits brightest and most valuable jewels, and laid the foundation of those civil dissensions which that yet distract lovely country, and oppose a formidable obstacle to the improvement of its inhabitants.. It would likewise practically demonstrate, that superiority both ofintellectual and moral is not confined to any one power, complexion, and that generous and virtuous feelings are not the exclusive privilege of Europeans. In the instructive records of such a we should see a people, sunk history, but a few short years ago in the lowest depths ofi ignorance, and brutalized by the most barbarous despotism, calling into action, after their from bondage, those dormant emancipation energies of the soul, and those latent virtues of the wlrich we had been heart, taught to believe them incapable of possessing, and, not only forming themsclves into an organised and well lated community, but regustarting, almost per saltum, into noticc, as statesmen, legislators and historians. --- Page 11 --- ADVERTISENENT. [ii As a statesman and a legislator, no less than as a warrior, the illustrious hero who sways the sceptre of the North, stands pre-eminently conspicuous, and the code of laws which bears his name, the wholesome regulations he has established in the administration of the order and state, the punctuality which he has introduced nto all the details of office, and, above institutions all, the he has founded for light of moral diffusing the and intellectual improvement throughout his dominions, are SO many monuments of the extent ofl his splendid genius, and the liberality of his heart. While the Boisrond writings of Tonnere, de Limonade, de Vastey, the.Chevalier Dupuy, de Prezeau and the others, prove Haytians to be no less capable of with the pexi, than with the sword: excelling But, that we may the better appreciate the rapidity of the progress made by this calum- . niated race in the arts of civilization, let us dispassionately peruse the account himself and his given of countrymen, by the author of the present volume, in a note upon a former work, to which this is in fact but a sequel, de Prezeau and the others, prove Haytians to be no less capable of with the pexi, than with the sword: excelling But, that we may the better appreciate the rapidity of the progress made by this calum- . niated race in the arts of civilization, let us dispassionately peruse the account himself and his given of countrymen, by the author of the present volume, in a note upon a former work, to which this is in fact but a sequel, --- Page 12 --- iv] ADVERTISENEXT. < To form a just idea of our 66 vilization, progress in ciarts and sciences; we 66 to lose sight of what ought never c6 we, were, and. what we now are: 66 We were sunk, twenty-five < years ago, in. slavery and the most profound c We had no idea of human ignorance.-. societies, no. thought of happiness, no kind of 66 Our energy.- physical and moral faculties were se completely SO depressed under the ec weight of despotism, that I, who am writing ce gined that the this, imaworld terminated with Se horizon. So the contracted in my notions that < I could not conceive the most 66 All simple idea. my countrymen were as as 66 self, and, ifit ignorant mywere possible, even more SO. ec The civil, executive and 6: of the military offices kingdom, are now filled cG by Haytians only, since foreigners are rendered 46 of holding situations in the incapable c kingdom. Necessity overcame all obstacles; almost €6 acquired every one learning by the help of books. s was intimately I s5 acquainted with many of them who learned to read and write of themselves, --- Page 13 --- ADVERTISEMENT. [vr <without an instructor. They walked about 5 with books in their hands, inquired of persons 46 whom they met, whether they could read ; if 6 they could, they were then desired to explain c the meaning of such a particular sign, or such 66 a word. In this way many of the natives < succeeded, without the help of education, <6 though already advanced in years. They be- < came notaries, barristers, judges, statesmen, < and astonished every one by the solidity of <6 their judgment. One may readily conceive 4 what such men would have been, had they c been trained with the care and method of a < classical education."* And yet such are the men whom the colonial faction, both in France and elsewhere, has hitherto been in the habit of representing, not only as inferior to the whites in intellect, but even as forming, contrary to scriptural evidence, a distinct species, <e possessing indeed," as Mazeres (one of those to whom the baron has * See note, at page 46, of the transiation of Baron de Vastey's 66 Reflerions Politiques, 93 inserted in the Pamphleteer,. No. XXV. page 210. classical education."* And yet such are the men whom the colonial faction, both in France and elsewhere, has hitherto been in the habit of representing, not only as inferior to the whites in intellect, but even as forming, contrary to scriptural evidence, a distinct species, <e possessing indeed," as Mazeres (one of those to whom the baron has * See note, at page 46, of the transiation of Baron de Vastey's 66 Reflerions Politiques, 93 inserted in the Pamphleteer,. No. XXV. page 210. --- Page 14 --- vi ADYERTISEMENT. replied) admits in his letter to M. Sismonde Sismondi, a cerlain de degree of afinity, but destitute of all identity with them." yet How triumphantly have all: thesé puerile abettions--asstions as contradictory to the express records of the Bible, as they are nant to the plainest dictates repugof reason---been disproved by the exertions of the since their Haytians, emancipation from slavery, and its concomitant, from ignorance. Under the nant auspices of a wise and benigvirtuous prince, schools are now to be found in almost village,* and the cultivation of the every mind has succeeded to the degrading influence of the cart-whip. The calumnies of the ex-colonists have. been practically refuted by the literary exertions of men, to whom they denied the possession of the commonest intellect--and none more by convincingly, than by those of our Besides the schools founded by the and of account will be found in Appendix I, king, which an tudes of elementary schools page CXV. there are multiin which the Haytian dispersed throughout the kingdom, of knowledge: and all youth are instructed in the first rudiments dren to these schools parents are required to send their chilent age. as soon as they have attained a suffici- : --- Page 15 --- ADYERTISENENT, [vii author, who is indebted to the innate present powers of his own unassisted genius for all the literary attainments he has made, and now comes fearlessly forward on the great arena of politics, to encounter, in vindication of his brethren and country, men who, to no inconsiderable talents, unite all the advantages of a regular and finished education. The objects of the present volume are to shew the causes which led to the emancipation of the Blacks from the bondage of the colonial system---to trace the events which produced the memorable declaration of independence--- and to demonstrate the firmness of their determination never again to submit to the yoke of France, even though their ertermination should be the fearful alternative. 3. The author has also renewed his former ef:' forts to expose to his countrymen at large the true character of the designs of France and the agency of French intrigue, in fomenting and perpetuating those civil feuds, which have hi-. therto opposed SO lamentable an obstacle to the' security and improvement of the country. bondage of the colonial system---to trace the events which produced the memorable declaration of independence--- and to demonstrate the firmness of their determination never again to submit to the yoke of France, even though their ertermination should be the fearful alternative. 3. The author has also renewed his former ef:' forts to expose to his countrymen at large the true character of the designs of France and the agency of French intrigue, in fomenting and perpetuating those civil feuds, which have hi-. therto opposed SO lamentable an obstacle to the' security and improvement of the country. --- Page 16 --- vii] ADYERTISENENT. - In the prosecution of this his king, and his zeal plan, his duty to for his country, have OCcasionally betrayed him iuto an guage, which, when asperity of lanthe provocation is fairly and impartially considered, is not without able claims to considerindulgence, With respect to the justice of his versions animad. upon the conduct and motives of late presidert of the the duced republic, the evidence adby the baron, corroborated language as it is by the uniformly held by the French when writers speaking of Pétion, and also by his tionable behaviour in the quesDauxion negociation with Lavaysse, goes far to and affords a establish it, strong presumption that want of power, rather than want of vented him from inclination, preinto the attempting to betray Hayti hands of the French. The wretched remains ofSIXTY men who THOUSAND* accompanied or followed the unprin- *Of this number not quite cuate the island with the detestable FOUR THOUSAND lived to evaoversight in the correction of the Rochambeau. -By an sent from France in Leclerc's press, the number of troops bottom of page 41, to have been time, is stated in the note at the 6,000, in place of 60,000. --- Page 17 --- ADVERTISEMENT. LiE cipled Leclerc in his memorable expedition, loudly proclaim the madness, as well as the' wickedness, of any similar attempt, against men to the seductions of who are no longer open flattery, or the intimidations of power-agninst men who havealready had safficient experience ofthe promises and professions of French generals-against men who are now amply prepared and unanimously resolved to resist invasion, and fully instructed in the most effectual methods of harassing and overcoming an Eurofoe. May France then be wise enough pean to profit by the experience of the past-resign pretensions which she has no longerthepower to maintain-and by the prndent forbearance of her fature conduct with respect to Hlay ti, entitle herself to the gratitude ofa people who only reqnire to be known to be admired. Postseript to the Transtator's Advertisement, The following work wax within a few pages of beinz ready for pablication, when 1he melaseboly intelligence. ofthe dr rath oftte patriotic Henry, and the unfortnnate overthrow ofhis wise system ofadministration.arrested the progress of the press, and put a stop to the compietion form, ofthetran-tation. Anxions however togivethe work in a perfect to a few of the mere zealous friends of the African of Canse, One the hundred Translator has ventured to rompleie a linited impression only the interest copies, for private distribution-- not for sale, hoping tbe that more which its perusal can bardly fail to excite. at present period especially.may eventually lead to its more extensive circulation, through the melium ofa larger impression. Stonchnuse, July 1st. 1823. to the compietion form, ofthetran-tation. Anxions however togivethe work in a perfect to a few of the mere zealous friends of the African of Canse, One the hundred Translator has ventured to rompleie a linited impression only the interest copies, for private distribution-- not for sale, hoping tbe that more which its perusal can bardly fail to excite. at present period especially.may eventually lead to its more extensive circulation, through the melium ofa larger impression. Stonchnuse, July 1st. 1823. --- Page 18 --- 00 3X/XXXXX Kx --- Page 19 --- INTRODUCTION. POLITIGAL discussions havealways been repugnant to our feelings and our principles. We, have always studiously avoided them through the fear of becoming the aggressors; and, if we have been tempted at times to enter the lists of controversy, it has always been from the impulse of necessity and sorely against our inclination. But, when summoned by the call of duty to the defence of our country; our cause and our rights, we have never hesitated a moment. to mount the breachi and combat. with our utmost ability the enemies of our Government, under whatever colour or disguise they presented themselves: The colonial hydra is again in motion. Again have. its roarings, traversing the wide expanse of ocean which divides us, echoed in our ears. Another Antaeus; it multiplies itself, assails us under every possible variety of form, and seeks, by sowing dissensions amongst ourselves, to render us the insuspecting instruments of its own perfidious views, and to employ our own hands to plunge the suicidal dâgger into our bosoms. In aid ofthis favourite design it employs against us its accustomed weapons of fraud, of calumny, and' of falseB --- Page 20 --- 2] INTRODUCTION. hood: those never-failing resources of the weak, the cowardly and the wicked : to which we of truth, of justice, and of oppose those is the reason; weapons which it peculiar privilege of the brave and wield, and which, upright to inspiring us with the A skill of an Hercules, will enable courage and birth the us to strangle in their hideous projects of this artful and dious monster. perfiIn my last work entitled €6 Refezions sc."* which has reached Politiques, France, I have, from facts within my own knowledge, refuted Mr. Boigne's 6s New Plan Borgne de of Colonization for St. with the formation of a Commercial Domingo, Testoration Company for the of the intercourse between France and that Island." After combatting all the objections and the cavils urged by this writer ever of against the recognition our independence, I have established in the most incontestible manner, the justice of our rights and the validity of our claims. The refutation of the falschoods and mistatements advanced by Mr. le Borgne de Boigne with our political situation, has led to a respect to developement of the nature and principles of the Haytian an Government, and exposition, in conformity with the Royal Declaration of the 20th of November, 1816,tofthe fixed * See a.translation of this in the 25th No. of the teer, page 165. + See Appeadix, F. No. 1. Pamphle- validity of our claims. The refutation of the falschoods and mistatements advanced by Mr. le Borgne de Boigne with our political situation, has led to a respect to developement of the nature and principles of the Haytian an Government, and exposition, in conformity with the Royal Declaration of the 20th of November, 1816,tofthe fixed * See a.translation of this in the 25th No. of the teer, page 165. + See Appeadix, F. No. 1. Pamphle- --- Page 21 --- [3 IXTRODUCTION. unalterable line of policy determined upon with and Majesty. Satisfied respect to France, by his Haytian myself sufficiently in that work, that I had explained which I I little expected to sec not only the objections but others even still less tenable, had already confuted, marshalled anew against me. information which our enemies desire, But it is not wishes. already exceeds their since their knowledge internal situaIt is not a fuller acquaintance with our for this they abundantly possess. tion and resources, toils which Their real object is to catch us in the new for us : to lure us from an adherence to they have spread and thus either to reconour maxims of sound policy, bonds of and step by step into the duct us insensibly destruction. slavery, or to overwhelm us with inevitable nothing more would be left for This point gained; desire. Our life then must be passed in ceasethem to for we shall ever be inless conflict with the planters, artifices; their blandishments accessible alike to their never! shall they tempt ortheir threats: and never-no, from the immoveable determination prous to swerve claimed in our motto 66 INDEPENDENCE OR DEATH," consecrated by our laws, and cemented a determination this is the ceaseless by our blood. Behold ! Tyrants, of unalterable resolution object of our vows-the our hearts ! however, and From the course of events in Europe, B 2 --- Page 22 --- 4] INTRODUCTION. from the triamph of Jiberal sentiments claimed, we were led to SO loudly prohope that the Government of France, no longer ignorant of our real have renounced with situation, would candour and sincerity. equally unjust pretensions and-chimcrical, and. have their room sentiments adopted in interests more in unison with the of France. e had flattered general convinced of their ourselves that, folly. and extravagance, the French Government would no - longer have. intrignes and clamours of the permitted the its councils. Ex-Colonists to sway Bo Nor was the' aspect of affairs less south-west of promising in the Hayti, than in France. the bitious chieftain, who Pétion, amdiscord in had kindled the flames of civil the bosom of:his. afilicted inanition, of country, died of remorse, and grief: during his he refused to take those short illness which his remedies and that sustenance récovery demanded : be was tholding the odious mortified at beDavrion plots be had concertedl with the Lavaysses, the Colombels, and the against hris country, wholly Mileents, himself: detected : ashamed to see compelled to Tetract the had made' of disgraceful offers he paying tribute to France and to the ExColonists; convicted of accomplice high trenson; and of being the e ofa spy: proved by fifteen heads of sation, grounded accuupon legal and authentic documents bearing bis own sighature, to have conspired against plots be had concertedl with the Lavaysses, the Colombels, and the against hris country, wholly Mileents, himself: detected : ashamed to see compelled to Tetract the had made' of disgraceful offers he paying tribute to France and to the ExColonists; convicted of accomplice high trenson; and of being the e ofa spy: proved by fifteen heads of sation, grounded accuupon legal and authentic documents bearing bis own sighature, to have conspired against --- Page 23 --- [5 INTLODUCTION. of the Haytian people; the liberty and independence and in the eyes both of his countrymen disgraced existence, and sick in a word of a loathsome strangers; went down into the tomb, torn by remorse, Pétion to either the boldness or the ability without having clear himself from sO horrible a charge. Thus fell the hero, the legislator, and the benefactor with the charge of treason ofthe Republic, stigmatized aud against humanity : his accomagainst his country, the honours of an plices decreed him no less than surnamed The Friend apotheosis. Thus also Marat, received the honours of the Pantheon : of the People! truth returned, his but when the day of reason and of remains were thrown into the slaughter-house, impure of reason and of truth will Let us hope that the day and that justice will be done to arise for this traitor, disturb his in the mean time, to him also. Iam sorry, to give every one his due, ashes : but it is necessary him to his actions. In discharging and treat according duty, I still feel that I pay but a feeble this imperative tribute to his memory. to After the death of this traitor, who appeared carried with him, in his last moments, the spirit have of discord, and of civil war, our Government of evil, back the moment was favorable for bringing imagined national spirit to the same end, to an and directing the interests and wishes. Yet, though our offers unity of --- Page 24 --- 6] INTRODUCTION. of peace, of union, and of reconciliation ceived, were not reaccording to our reasonable august and well beloved expectations, our satisfied Sovereign was not the less with having followed the heart, and impulse of bis own again used his utmost efforts to general welfare and true interests promote the of the nation. His Majesty waits till time and reflection respectable and enable the more intelligent inhabitants of of Hayti, to this part appreciate the tures, and the magnanimity of his overgenerosity of his sentiments, The voice of reason being unable as yet to over that of the prevail passions, his Majesty directed his and attention to the internal care situation of his and employed himself in dominions, devising means for ameliorating and improving the state of view, Public society. With this Instruction,* the foundation of and. academies, with their schools discipline and police; the improvement of agriculture and the increase of landed proprietors, with the restoration of respect good morals by the paid to marriage, and the to it, have been the encouragement given ceaseless objects of his solicitude. Majesty's During the kind oft truce which has existed all parties, the between paper war, the only one we have for a length of time, had wagedi well ceased : our foes internal, as as external, appeared sunk in the most profound * See Appendix, I. No. 1. increase of landed proprietors, with the restoration of respect good morals by the paid to marriage, and the to it, have been the encouragement given ceaseless objects of his solicitude. Majesty's During the kind oft truce which has existed all parties, the between paper war, the only one we have for a length of time, had wagedi well ceased : our foes internal, as as external, appeared sunk in the most profound * See Appendix, I. No. 1. --- Page 25 --- INTRODUCTION. [7 and we no longer assailed by our writings men repose, whoseemed, bytheirsilence, to acknowledge themselves vanquished. We employed our inexperienced pens on objects which were more agreeable and better suited to our tastes and our inclinations, in the cultivation of the literature and science which adorn life and form its solace. But at that time the Congress of Aix la Chapelle had not taken place : the army of occupation had not evasuated France. The period for the Ex-Colonists yet their had not arrived. No into renew intrigues yet telligence which could awaken the smallest suspicion of the continued existence of the most deadly hatred against us had been received from Port-au-Prince. We felicitated ourselves on the prevalence of an amicable disposition. We imagined that the private interests of the adherents of Pétion, and respect for themselves, had suggested the wisdom of silence, and prevented their exposing themselves in the eyes of the world, as they bad hitherto done. We conceived they would have been satisfied of the impossibility of realizing. the guilty projects of their leader by reducing the Blacks to slavery under the dominion of France; and that, foiled in their diabolical attempts they would have returned to better principles. We thought that men like these, branded with the crime of treason not only against their country, but against humanity itself, would, --- Page 26 --- 7R90309 S3 INTRODUCTION. for their own sakes, have feared to selves upon the great theatre re-exhibit themthey never would of the world, and that have the assurance to stir sink of crime into which up the them; certain that in their perfidy had plunged awaken the SO doing they could not fail to most hateful deformity of their recollections, and expose the proceedings in the strongest light. Strange mistake under which we there then no human laboured ! Was these consideration capable of checking senseless-these obstinate and Not even. their own selfish wicked men. say P Honour! interests? But what do I Glory! Patriotism! was capable ofi influencing them Notbing-nothing !!! Whilst we felt secure, these plotting fresh treasons men were silentiy' against brethren and fellow Hayti-against their broken thread of the citizens. They resumed the pose of former confederacy, for the purpursuing it to its and Mileent formed accomplishment. Colombel a conspiracy at concert with the Ex-Colonists Port-an-Prince, in fabricated and in France. They there the disseminated, by means of the grossest libels and the lowest and press, calumnies against the most atrocious their utmost Haytian character, and exerted who ingenuity to injure the had just been gencrous lero speaking to them of harmony, and the common peace, union, good ; he, in sbewn, in all circumstances short, who had in which the safety of hise Ex-Colonists Port-an-Prince, in fabricated and in France. They there the disseminated, by means of the grossest libels and the lowest and press, calumnies against the most atrocious their utmost Haytian character, and exerted who ingenuity to injure the had just been gencrous lero speaking to them of harmony, and the common peace, union, good ; he, in sbewn, in all circumstances short, who had in which the safety of hise --- Page 27 --- INTRODUCTION. was menaced, that he possessed the sl-ill, the çountry and the inclination, to maintain her rights and power defend her cause. 0! you who have suffered yourselves to be prejudiced by reading these disgusting pamphlets, and have perhaps lent an attentive ear to them, consider for a moment with me what cause could have provoked such falsehoods and abuse, what motives could have given birth to them, to rekindle the wrath, the fury and the malice, of these traitors against the great man who is their object. A generous and conciliatory overture-the language of peace, union, and common interests!-such are the objects, the motives and the causes, of these vituperations. In fact, it is in the union ofthe Haytians, in the paterna! harmony which ought to prevail among men who have the same interests, and the same cause to maintain, that real danger threatens traitors sold to the Ex-Colonists: ; and never can we give them higher offence, or injure them more deeply, that by speaking to them of the re-union and reconciliation of the great Haytian family. We can never touch them in a tenderer or more formidable spot, But let them do what they may, let them exert themselves never sO much to procrastinate this happy moment, sooner or later this reconciliation will take place, and their countrymen and bretliren will, in spite --- Page 28 --- 00927059 2 - 10] INTRODUCTION, of them, clasp each other in a fraternal again to be disunited. embrace, never Whilst we were bolding out the olive-branch peace to our brethren and fellow citizens of west, Colombel, Milcent of the southand the actively engaged in Ex-Colonists, were endeavouring, counteracting our efforts, and by their publications, to goad the tians anew to conflict and to HayJournals, their carnage: and the French faithful echoes, responded to of war. tbeir shouts According to them, Haytian blood streaming afresh, in the plains of Cibert was where four thousand and of Santo, men had. fallen on either side (being SO much gain to the ; nately however for them, this Ex-Colonists). Unfortudreadful human life had no existence but expenditure of in their fancy and in their disordered the North publications. As for us Sarages ! we were in the most of perfect celebrating marriages, and giving fêtes and tranquility, ments in our good town of SANS entertaintime that our enemies Souci at the very malignant were circulating with the most activity the grossest falsehoods and libels against us, throughout France and other Europe; spreading wide their parts of baleful us in public opinion, poison, injuring filling the hearts of the thropic with grief and philanble focs with dismay, and elating our implacaimaginary triumphs, and fallacious hopes, ating marriages, and giving fêtes and tranquility, ments in our good town of SANS entertaintime that our enemies Souci at the very malignant were circulating with the most activity the grossest falsehoods and libels against us, throughout France and other Europe; spreading wide their parts of baleful us in public opinion, poison, injuring filling the hearts of the thropic with grief and philanble focs with dismay, and elating our implacaimaginary triumphs, and fallacious hopes, --- Page 29 --- INTRODUCTION. [11 We were far from entertaining the most remote suspicion of such vile plots, of sO base a conspiracy against us. Meanwhile, besides the descriptions of the bloody contests in which we were represented as engaged, the French Journals were filled from time to time with the most outrageous articles against the personal character Monarch. These were copied word for of our revered word from pamphlets manufactured at Port-au-Prince, the French Editors artfully and malignantly taking the precaution to insert them in their journals without signature, or any intimation of their origin : fearing lest by betraying the cloven-hoof they should provoke insomuch that we paid them no manner us to a reply : of regard. Such indeed was the atrocious character of theiri impostures and the extravagance of their facts that the King himself, as they were read to him, laughed at the madness and folly of the French news writers : and sO fully were we satisfied that these productions, which had not even a shadow of common sense or probability, and whose veracity was hardly on a par with the Arabian Nights Entertainments, were the hallucinations of French novelists in the pay of the ExColonists, that instead of replying, we held them in the most sovereign contempt. However agrecable this conduct on our part was to the suggestions of reasoll, it proved nevertheless in- --- Page 30 --- / 2 INTRODUCTION, jurious to us for the moment in other countries, our silence was misconstrued where ; our enemies by the temporary credit which it profitings nies. These vile gave to their calumfabrications. were hailed with the Ex-Colonists, who joy by hastened, by to swell the ranks of their dispersing them, number of partizans, and add to thej our foes. Those who were already biassed against us bad their prejudices others of good strengthened, while. intentions, but who were with the true posture of our unacquainted affairs, allowed to- be prejudiced themselves against us. Even our very friends received an unfavourable impression. Hence it became of silence with importance to us to break a view to rectify public had been misled by these opinion (which confound falschoods) and to refute and our calumniators. This is no cult task for us to longer a diffi-. are apprised accomplish, especially now that we by whom the blow has been struck. who could have imagined that For posed and printed at these pamphlets, comPort-ax-Prince, should us by way of Paris 117 first reach Colombel and traitors in the pay of the Milcent, those Ex-Colonists, have a eircuit of two thousand employed infamous leagues to transmit to us their productions; and to fill up the measure their enormities, of tribunal they would summon us before a of their their accomplices ; but, while we accept challenge, we protest against this bostile tribunal, For posed and printed at these pamphlets, comPort-ax-Prince, should us by way of Paris 117 first reach Colombel and traitors in the pay of the Milcent, those Ex-Colonists, have a eircuit of two thousand employed infamous leagues to transmit to us their productions; and to fill up the measure their enormities, of tribunal they would summon us before a of their their accomplices ; but, while we accept challenge, we protest against this bostile tribunal, --- Page 31 --- INTRODUCTION. [s whichwe will not consentt to makethe umpire between us. We make ourappeal to the tribunal of the world at large, and to.: thes judgment of the virtuous and enlightened of every; countrySuchjare the powerful motives which bave led me to. undertake my presenti task. R The perfidious machinations of the enemies of Hayti have led:in the first place toEresh remarks upon. the political structure of our Government, of which they have attacked the nature and the inonarchical principle,. in order to compare it with its opposite, the Republican form of Government: From an attack upon the Form of our Government; they: have. proceeded in the second place to the most libellous invectives against. the person and character of the Sovereign who holds the reins : these attacks having a close - and natural connection, the one: arising out, of the other:. They have in the third place strengthened thei system of duplicity and falsehood adopted by the ExColonists, who mislead and pervert anew the opinion of the public in France ; and they have given birth tor fresh objections, and. fresh pretentions still more erroneous and - ridiculous than those which have preceded them. From a careful examination of these various opinions, as they appear in the different documents --- Page 32 --- 14] INTRODUCTION. now lying before me, I am majority of convinced that the persons in France labour great. delusion with under the respect to the true greatest Hayti, owing to the want situation of affairs in their of other grounds for judgment than the false forming and sophistical reports, the calumnious their reasonings, of the adherents: Ex-Colonists and Satisfied that a continuance highly of such errors must prejudicial to the best interests be. I felt that I should of both countries, to Franceand perform an eminent service not Hayti, but also to only rectifying public humanity' at large, by opinion and just rights. reinstating truth 'in her Moreover, men, estimable in notwithatanding their every point of view feelings and differing from us in political deceived interests, might have been and have led others into themselves tentionally do us the error, and thus uningreatest injury. Hence then it us lecomesimperative and the other. upon to undeceive both, the one My only regret is, that the and the weakness shortness of my time, resulting from an sition, have prevented aflicting indispocould me from have desired, and executing my task as I readers for the utmost compelled me to sue to my; latitude of their indulgence. interests, might have been and have led others into themselves tentionally do us the error, and thus uningreatest injury. Hence then it us lecomesimperative and the other. upon to undeceive both, the one My only regret is, that the and the weakness shortness of my time, resulting from an sition, have prevented aflicting indispocould me from have desired, and executing my task as I readers for the utmost compelled me to sue to my; latitude of their indulgence. --- Page 33 --- DSSAY ON THE. CAUSES OF THE REVOLUTION AND THE CIVIL WARS IN HAYTL CHAPTER I. OF THE PRINCIPAL CAUSES WHICH LED THE HAY-. TIANS TO THBIR EMANCIPATION FROM SLAVERY, AND THENCE TOTHE ESTABLISHMENT OF THEIR INDEFENDENCE. HAYTI has no. general history written by a native of the country. The few detached fragments which we possess are chiefly from the pens of European writers, who have principally confined themselves to those parts more. immediately connected with themselves, and who, when led by the subject to speak of the native inhabitants, have done SO with that spirit of prejudice and partiality which never fails to appear whenever there arises a quéstion involving the competition of Blacks with Whites. It should further be borne in mind, that those historians had nothing to guide them except statements furnished by Whites, in which facts and events were most strangely garbled, truth was exhibited in a false light, and the scale made to preponderate to one side, without at any time inclining to the other. And as to give a correct history of any country, a thorough acquaintance with its inhabitants and transactions is an --- Page 34 --- 16] Ch. indispensible L-ENAXCIPATION AND prise that these requisite, writers, it cannot be a matter of talents, should have fallen notwithstanding their sur: errors in even the into the most great of Haytian history. meagre R fragments they bave egregious given From. this want of a general fidelity reliance can be history, upon arise to the placed, inconceivable whose moment political writer, who finds difficulties stopped and himself to enable himself the embarrassed in his every and render his better to confute bis progress: : and readers, he is meaning clear and opponents order tô free the obliged to trace events intelligible to their to his which bis adversaries truth from those mists of source, in 83 It is on this have involved it: r KE falsehiood in succinct account that:I have been exposition of the leading events ledlito give a Revolution, together with the. of the Haytinn These I have set as causes that gave it birth, and myself land-marks to guide wandering through . this labyrinth, my readers from the narrow limits withouti however myself, lest I should become Lhave preseribed to of the essential object of prolix, and thus lose preamble then, I will my labouis. Without sight Prior to the Revolution now- enter upon my subject. further Hayti consisted of three of 1789, the population of. was further sub-divided, distinct classes, each of which: prejudices of the Colonial according to the established, 40,000 Whites, sub-dividedi system ; namely :; Inferior Whites, into. Great Planters, and: 30,000 Persons of Colour (Petits blanes.). likewise sub-divided and Blacks, nominally free, there were: gradationasef into 'as many sections as approaching to white. complezion more Or less *. See the. secret instructions : 403 Works of. Moreau de Saint of the Minister Malonet, the Mérly and of Ex-Colonits., each of which: prejudices of the Colonial according to the established, 40,000 Whites, sub-dividedi system ; namely :; Inferior Whites, into. Great Planters, and: 30,000 Persons of Colour (Petits blanes.). likewise sub-divided and Blacks, nominally free, there were: gradationasef into 'as many sections as approaching to white. complezion more Or less *. See the. secret instructions : 403 Works of. Moreau de Saint of the Minister Malonet, the Mérly and of Ex-Colonits., --- Page 35 --- INDEPENDENCE OF HAYTI. [17 Black Slaves, Natives and Africans, who like500,000 in the colonial prejudices, wise participated themselves from the the Creoles separating the Africans ; and in these two sub-divisions coachmen, and drivers,* in a word domestics, all who were about the persons of the Whites and were known by the appellation of good distinguished from the subjects, were again wretched slaves that were great majority of fixed to the hoe. of pride, of arroInall these classes, the same spirit Planters The Great gance and of vanity, prevailed. These again held the Inferior Whites in contempt. who in despised the People of Colour and Free Blacks, their turn looked down upon their unfortunate brethren in bondage. foundations of the Colonial System. Such are the colour, as They rest upon slavery and the prejudice of of to the Whites that superiority the means preserving of which the Ex-colonists are so jealous. Ishall be silent on the subject of exclusive commerce, that being a branch of the system which concerned that the Ex-colonists and the mother country: at only had nothing to do with trade; we only period we furnished the means of carrying it on. of A population 8O considerable, and consisting such incongruous and heterogeneous elements, could possibility avoid sensibly feeling the effects not by any It wanted but the smallest spark to of a Revolution. * For the information of persons unversed in the manners and phraseology of the Planters, it may be proper to observe, that to those who drive the negroes this word is exclusively applied their brethren of the hoe 27 the field, and are diatinguishedfrom that terrifio by the characteristic badge of the CART WHIF, justly emblem of authority. Translator. C --- Page 36 --- 18] Ch. ignite thel bigbly NE-ESANCIPATION AND within its, inflammable materials bosom. m ut which lay bid The French Revolution the eternal and indestructible hallowed in that country! cry of Liberty and rights of social man. The men groaning beneath Eguality, the re-echoed in the ears of Joke of colonial barbarous and most ! tremendous effects bonduge, could not fail to oppressize overturn and 'crumble calculated by their produce of St. Domingo. into atoms the colonial explosion to There were but two system SO long and deéply rooted methods of subverting a system colonial: the one gradual, by time and prejudiceas the oppressors themselves: the and other emanating from our originating with the sudden and of our tyrants and oppressed, contrary to the violent; wishes contest, pregnant productive with ofa bloodyand protracted horrors. It was crimes, with cartiage and - The unconceding aecomplished by this last method. with cruelty of the Ex-colonists, character, the injustice, and the conflict which has been produced the sanguinary day; and the colonial prolonged even to the in vain: hydra in its agony bellowed present in While the Royalists and France, the Revolution in Republicans were at issue with giant strides the St. Domingo followed country. The Great Plantersand impulse given by the mother relled and fought among Inferior Ihites to display the theinselves, tbe one quarall their mhite, the other the tricolor cockade, wishing meetings, whether In of man and the doctrines of public or private, the rights the only, topics of discussion. liberty and eguality formed The domestics and other ployed about the Whites, lent confidential slaves emdiscussions which had an attentive year to, forthem a deep, interest, iu St. Domingo followed country. The Great Plantersand impulse given by the mother relled and fought among Inferior Ihites to display the theinselves, tbe one quarall their mhite, the other the tricolor cockade, wishing meetings, whether In of man and the doctrines of public or private, the rights the only, topics of discussion. liberty and eguality formed The domestics and other ployed about the Whites, lent confidential slaves emdiscussions which had an attentive year to, forthem a deep, interest, iu --- Page 37 --- INDEPENDENCE. OF HAYTI. [19 addition to their novelty; they were the subject of their conversations among themselves, and were reported by them totheir companions. The Whites used no reserve with respect to what passed in their presence, conceiving possibly that they were too dull of comprehension to attend to or understand political disquis sitions : SO blinded were they by the prejudices which they entertained against the Blacks; prejudices of which they are even at this moment unable to divest themselves. I have already remarked the spirit of pride and jealousy inherent in the Colonial System, and pervading every class. The Great Planters refused to make any cession of rights to the Inferior Whites, who, on their side wanted to have the same rights with the former, but refused them to the Men of Color : and those who desired to become equal to the Inferior Whites, refused to yield any of their own rights to the blacks. It was thus that the unfortunate Oge, claiming a participation of civil and politicai rights for his coloured brethren alone, refused to follow the advice of the brave and generous Chavanne, who undertook to extend these advantages to the Blacks: and thus Ogé voiuntarily deprived himself of the ajd of an immense force: he became the unhappy victim of his error : the Whites held him in no esteem ; and he expired on the wheel with bis adherents. It was thus also that in the several accommodlations which took place between the Whites and the Men of Colour, the Blacks were uniformiy sacrificed by botli parties. and Nevertheless the blood of those martyrs, Oge Chavanne, ignominiousiy shed upon the scaifold, cried aloud for vengeance and served to accelerate the Revolution. C 3 --- Page 38 --- 20] Ch. Na The white EEENANCIPATION AND The Great Planters, population split into two distinct the appellation of whom we now distinguish parties. no change in their Ulbra-Csloniats for they have made by faction, which, in conjunetion system, constituted the Royalist English and the Spaniards, made with the emigrants, the The Whites who bead against France. Revolution, wliom espoused the stitutiohals, we now call the principles of the. formed the Liberals or ConThe Black and Coloured Republican Faction. tools of both' factions. The population became the Blacksin the name of the Great Planters armed the to oppose the Kings of France ànd Spain thernselves Repablicans; and the order to compelled to proclaim universal Repullicans saw English.* oppose the Spaniards, the liberty in Planters, and the Genérals Jean François, mand, and others, Biassou, Candi, ofFrance and Spain, fought in the name of the the Bouqueand Generals Toussaint against the forces of the Kings with a multitude of Louverture, Villate, Republic: in the name of other Haytian Leveille, the French warriors, fought Emigrants, the Spaniards, and the Republic against the Each of these parties English. oftheir credulity and became equally the victims. Jean François, attachment to the Whites, heroes, who shed Biassou, Candi, and all ye and Spain! what your blood for the of other terminated has become of you? Kings France his existènce in exile. Jean François were basely and Biassou and Candi and buried alive in inhumanly the replunged into mines of Mexico, And slavery; you, declaring See the Proclamation of the Universal Freedom Commissioner Galbaud and the Planters., ; occasioned by the Insurrection Santhonax, of victims. Jean François, attachment to the Whites, heroes, who shed Biassou, Candi, and all ye and Spain! what your blood for the of other terminated has become of you? Kings France his existènce in exile. Jean François were basely and Biassou and Candi and buried alive in inhumanly the replunged into mines of Mexico, And slavery; you, declaring See the Proclamation of the Universal Freedom Commissioner Galbaud and the Planters., ; occasioned by the Insurrection Santhonax, of --- Page 39 --- [21 INDEPENDENCE OF HAYTI Villate, and the other Haytian, Touissant Louverture, the of your serwarriors, what bas been shed recompense in the cause of these vices, and the blood you Toussaint expired amid the ungrateful Republicaus? from cold, from torture, from. horrors of a dungeon, Villate perished in the famine, and from misery. Thousands of our, most horrible agonies from poison. the victims of their brethren became in like manner detestable perfidy! blind fidelity. Base ingratitude! when will you cease to be, 0, my fellow countrymen, of these monsters P Of the men the tools and victims joined with the of colour and the free blacks, part the mass Royalists, and part with the Republicans; which followed the impulse of the black population itself between the contending was given, and divided side the white, on the other the tri-. factions. On one and under the specious colour cockade was displayed, and names of King, Liberty, or the Republic, we fought without shed our blood without knowing wherefore, for. that we were mere tools employed even suspecting destruction by the Whites, both Royalists and our own for we were far from imagining that the Republicans: themselves on political subjects, Whites, divided unanimous among in their views with respect were perfectly however, the method by which they to us, and that, might differ, their object was the sought its attainment the means of crushing same, namely, to make one party the tictorious side to the other, and in the end reducing slavery. Gen. Rigaud to crush Gena Thus they employed endeavoured to plunge the Toussaint, and afterwards victorious Toussaint and his companions into slavery. But lest their object should be mistaken, they welcomed General Rigaud under all the circumstances of his defeat, while they marked the successful General Touissaint for their destined victim, as he eventually , might differ, their object was the sought its attainment the means of crushing same, namely, to make one party the tictorious side to the other, and in the end reducing slavery. Gen. Rigaud to crush Gena Thus they employed endeavoured to plunge the Toussaint, and afterwards victorious Toussaint and his companions into slavery. But lest their object should be mistaken, they welcomed General Rigaud under all the circumstances of his defeat, while they marked the successful General Touissaint for their destined victim, as he eventually --- Page 40 --- 22] Ch. LENANEIPATION AND became. Had victory, on the arms of Gen. Rigaud with contrary, crowned the in bis turn have been success, ; Toussaint would would have been their welcomed by them, and both victims in the end. was victorious, the French Whichever equally taken place: the civil Expedition would have and the war was but the conqueror would have found himself prelude, either to fight, or tamely to submit to compelled Surely the proceedings in France, and slavery. the overtook the unfortunate fate which and the wretched *Pélage, the valiant Delgresse' the sweets indigenes who after having 2f liberty now groan in enjoyed Island of Guadeloupe, bondage in the the misfortune to be might convince us that had we treated in an weaker, we should have been equally cruel, unjust, and manner. barbarous The General in Chief, Toussaint reduced the whole of the island Louverture, had France, and under the banners of who expelled the strangers and great opposed it. planters The Republic was triumphant. Toussaint exerted himself without efface the evils of war, to restore intermission to agriculture. He extended bis order, and promote Ex-colonists, who special protection to the enjoyed their former under the ancient regime, with the properties as no longer allowed to flog and the exception of being at pleasure. put Blacks to death But slavery was at an end! and Toussaint supreme. This order of affairs suited neither was France Pelage, with the armed mulattoes of Petion and his party, into the snare Guadeloupe fell, like assisted prepared for them. Richepanse to subdue and destroy the armed They rather performed that service wholly for him, and negroes, or by deportation and were rewarded Africana, No. ix. death.-Ext. from a note on the Federa Translator. at pleasure. put Blacks to death But slavery was at an end! and Toussaint supreme. This order of affairs suited neither was France Pelage, with the armed mulattoes of Petion and his party, into the snare Guadeloupe fell, like assisted prepared for them. Richepanse to subdue and destroy the armed They rather performed that service wholly for him, and negroes, or by deportation and were rewarded Africana, No. ix. death.-Ext. from a note on the Federa Translator. --- Page 41 --- INDEPENDENCE OF HAXTI. [23 nor the Ex-colonists: and to'accomplish the restoration of slavery, it was necessary. to begin by weakening the forces, and sapping the power of Gen. Toussaint. Such were the views with which Gen. Hédouville was sent to St. Domingo by the French Government, with secret instructions to kindle a civil war between the Blacks and Men of Colour. At this period Gen. Rigaud commanded the proyince of the South under General Toussaint. He was one of Hhrotladandenoatdedos) of the generals of colour, and the only one who could rival Gen. Toussaint. Hédouville, who burned to throw the apple of discord between these two chieftains, summoned them both to the Cape, where, in one of his conferences with Gen. Toussaint, he proposed to him to arrest General Rigaud. 4. Arrest Rigaud!" exclaimed the virtuous Toussaint, 66 much rather would I arrest myself." Hédouville, unable to seduce General Toussaint, turned his attention to General Rigaud, whom he he flattered his ambitious found more complying; in views, conferred on him the brevet of general chief, and embarked for France after kindling the flames of civil war. in both The tri-colour standard was seen to wave armies; each fought for and in the name of the French Republic. What then was the source of this civil war? What its necessity? Who its author? Answer me, ye traitors and fomentors of civil discord ! Colombel, Milcent and your colleagues, answer me and say, who were the authors and promoters of this disastrous feud? To whom can the innumerable misfortunesit occasioned be justly ascribed P Doubtless to Hédouville and Rigaud: to Hédouville for having the treachery to set up a Commander in Chief, while another who had never been legully superseded held the ofice : and to Rigaud who had the baseness, the injustice, and the ? Answer me, ye traitors and fomentors of civil discord ! Colombel, Milcent and your colleagues, answer me and say, who were the authors and promoters of this disastrous feud? To whom can the innumerable misfortunesit occasioned be justly ascribed P Doubtless to Hédouville and Rigaud: to Hédouville for having the treachery to set up a Commander in Chief, while another who had never been legully superseded held the ofice : and to Rigaud who had the baseness, the injustice, and the --- Page 42 --- ambition to accept the Cesemmese contrary to every brevet of General in discipline, Did principle of honour Chief, rank of General not General and military Did he not in Chief could Rigaud not know that the his know that by devolve upon him? country, his accepting it he would the borrors of a cruel brethren and plunge not General and disastrous fellowecitizets, civil into all tool in the hands Rigaud been a traitor, and warP Had General of the French, would an ambitious battle, and Toussaint against his wish he have driven into the an instrument compelled for him in his turn field of deadly projects furthering the to become Government. of the Whites and vengeance and the and affright Would he not have shrunk of the French on his from theinealeulable evils with horror country? Alas, the he was wars, is but the mirror history of our past bringing civil Heaven grant their which reflects the The first civil warwas termination be not the same! present. Rigaud : ànd thé produced by the of the former, second, which was the ambition of Generals by that of Pétion. only reaction Freuch were merely Both of these to divide and theinstruments employed by the In this war, destroy us. able only to the destructive Whites, to the Haytians, and General these last sided, profitOn both Toussaint, sides and others with General some with civil war, and the they were the warmest Rigaud. and most zealous advocates for carnage. promoters of from their Tacsieulablewere the mischiefs massacre colonists Colombel perlidious councils." O! yetools resulting and pitiful and Milcent, who, by' of the Exabuse, endeavoir to spirit your clamours up the - The Abbé ) Haytians Rigaud : and a Bosquet drew up the Toutsaint, person of the nane ofSalenave, Proclamations of General thosecf General Rigaud. and most zealous advocates for carnage. promoters of from their Tacsieulablewere the mischiefs massacre colonists Colombel perlidious councils." O! yetools resulting and pitiful and Milcent, who, by' of the Exabuse, endeavoir to spirit your clamours up the - The Abbé ) Haytians Rigaud : and a Bosquet drew up the Toutsaint, person of the nane ofSalenave, Proclamations of General thosecf General --- Page 43 --- INDEPENDENCE OF HAYTI. [25 commotions! you who have the assurance anew to civil of the war kindled us with the calamities to reproach do you not equally charge General by Gen. Pétion, why produced by Rigaud P Toussaint with the misfortunes goad us to civil war; What ! lit is you who incessantly to carnage, and itis you who summon us to murder, that now and it is you who are the persons to fight: us with the death of those calumniate us, and upbraid victims who have been cut off by your perunhappy Ye murderers! it is ye who fidious machinations. it is who led them into have assassinated them ; and ye who have dug their error to serve your passions, weak enough to have been graves : and had we been ; had we not led astray by your deceitful provocations blood would your black designs, Haytian penetrated flowed in the. plains of Cibert and of Santo, have again during the action while you would have remained behind the curtain to publish fresh pamphlets, secure numbers who fell, and make a pompous disrelate the calamities, in order to figure to your play of the public scattered limbs of your compatriots, accomplices bathed the with their blood, and to congratulate the earth result of perfidies and crimes ; each other on the your authors and instigators of and after having been the endeavour to imthese misfortunes, would you again with the weight pute them to us, and load our shoulders of your own guilt? both the WHITES, Royalists After Rigaud'sdeparture Great Planters, and Inferior Wlites, and Republicans, General Toussaint. Rigaud failed in all rallied around Hédouville had : overthrowing Toussaint, as proposed this the Ex-colonists took other means to accomplish end : aided by the non-conformist; (non-cuncorndatistea) who swayed the mind of General Toussaint, priests surrounded this unfortunate chieftain, lavishing they and load our shoulders of your own guilt? both the WHITES, Royalists After Rigaud'sdeparture Great Planters, and Inferior Wlites, and Republicans, General Toussaint. Rigaud failed in all rallied around Hédouville had : overthrowing Toussaint, as proposed this the Ex-colonists took other means to accomplish end : aided by the non-conformist; (non-cuncorndatistea) who swayed the mind of General Toussaint, priests surrounded this unfortunate chieftain, lavishing they --- Page 44 --- 26] upon him the AND CET-EMAxCIRANION basest niost sumptuous trious flattery. bero He was a second rentertainments and the same predicted by. the Abbé Spartacus, the illusmoment they were both in Raynal, and at the country plotting fresh France and in the Toa accomplisht their contrivances for mended hisdestraction. to General Toussaint perlidious projects, they system of police the recomcient regie, in nearly as rigorous cstablishment as that of of a affections of the order thus to alienate from the anown nephew, Gen, Blacks. They led him to sacrifice him the spiracy against tbe Moyse, Whites. upon the pretext of a his the formation of a Constitution They. suggested to con- him Hayti nearly of which should render have done independent France : which admitted of completely ornot at heshould no medium : it was all; for such a measure dependent Gen. or independent, the necessary to be either Toussaint, by one or the other; and. dent of France, rendering himself partially without giving himself exposed himself to her indepenThe Ex-colonists the means of vengeance, granting likewise suggested to him resisting her. to send them furlouglis to a large part of the the idea of went still back to agricultural troops in order further, and pursuits.. Nay, extent of carried their they. roads, SO persuading him to assurance to the as to facilitate repair and and the march the improve the really of the French transportation of artillery tunate adopting the most erroneous troops. Thus, while welfare Toussaint of believed he was measures, the unforwhich he his brethren and only promoting the was but too clearly country: a mistake of Whilst the convinced. within the Ex-colonists were thus % who country for Gen. paving the way were in France, were Toussaint's downfal, those Aluence with busied.in exerting their inBonaparte ; whom they supplied with the improve the really of the French transportation of artillery tunate adopting the most erroneous troops. Thus, while welfare Toussaint of believed he was measures, the unforwhich he his brethren and only promoting the was but too clearly country: a mistake of Whilst the convinced. within the Ex-colonists were thus % who country for Gen. paving the way were in France, were Toussaint's downfal, those Aluence with busied.in exerting their inBonaparte ; whom they supplied with --- Page 45 --- INDEPENDENCE OF HAYTI. [27 pecuniary aid, and gave him those perfidious counsels, which speerlily brought upon us the expedition under the command of Leclerc. Then all joined against the unfortunate Toussaint. White Royalists, White Republicans, Great Planters and Inferior Whites, Lawyers, Conformist and Nonconformists Priests (Prétres concordatistes, non-concordatistes) all were now for once unanimous : the cause was common ; the Restoration of Slavery or the extermination of the Blacks, was the question at issue: and upon such a subject no diversity of opinion éould prevail. that we were! how did And we too-infatuated we act P We rushed in crowds with frantic impatience to meet the iron yoke prepared for our necks. We are French, said they :-France had bestowed freedom upon us :-France could not now bring us new fetters, after having burst the old : the mere suspicion was criminal :-the mention of it unpardonable, The whole of the Department of the South submitted without firing a shot. This was oneof the consequences of the war of Rigaud. Men of Colour and Blacks, both those who had been originally free, and those whom the Revolution had enfranchised, were to be seen hastening in crowds to throw themselves into the arms of the French, of theirbrethren before God and beforethe Republic.* Never was conquest more easy : hardly did a twentieth part of the population oppose a feeble resistance. * As the memorable Proclamation of the First Consul referred to in this passage, may not be in the recollection of all who read these pages, and as it furnishes a curious illustration of the perfidious duplicity which enabled the Consular, and afterwards the Imperial Government of France, to obtain at one time the sovereignty of nearly the whole of Europe, the Translator here subjoins an English version of that memorable document, French, of theirbrethren before God and beforethe Republic.* Never was conquest more easy : hardly did a twentieth part of the population oppose a feeble resistance. * As the memorable Proclamation of the First Consul referred to in this passage, may not be in the recollection of all who read these pages, and as it furnishes a curious illustration of the perfidious duplicity which enabled the Consular, and afterwards the Imperial Government of France, to obtain at one time the sovereignty of nearly the whole of Europe, the Translator here subjoins an English version of that memorable document, --- Page 46 --- 28] Ch. R-BENANCIPATION AND Toussaint's own brother, Gen. Paul St. Domingo, and Louverture, at Clerveaux at St. the French, without a blow, Jago, surrendered to the Island, and the Spanish division of thetroops under their two Generals had been command. These Bishop Mauviel, and gained over by their confessor General Kerverseau. Paris, 17th Brumaire, 10th year of the France one and-indivisible. Republic of PROCLAMATION Of the First Consulto the Inhabitants Whatever be your of St. Domingo origin or men, you are allfree andequal complexion, you are all French-, France, as well as St. before God and before the Republic, torn both by foreign and Domingo, has been the prey of factions, nations have embraced the domestic wars; but all is changed, All friendship. All the French French, have and sworn to them peace and likewise sworn eternal amity: come embraced each other and and enjoy the satisfaction ye likewise to embrace the of again French, brethren from Europe. beholding your friends and Government sends you the Captain General with him a large force to Leclerc; he takes those of the Republic. Should protect you against your enemies and are designed lo rob any one say to you, These you 2f your fredom, the forces giren uS freedon-the reply, Reprblic has prived ofit. Republic will never suffer us lo be deRally around your Captain he and plenty. Rally ye all around General; brings you back peace himself from the Captain him. He who dares to separate the wrath of the General is.a traitor to his country, and your dried canes, Republic will devour him as the fire devours Given at Paris, at the Palaee of the Brumaire, in tbe 10th year of the Government, French the 17th By the First Consnl, (Signed) BONAPARTE. Republic. 4 trne copy. (Signed) HUGHUES B. MARET, Secretary of State. 4 trne copy. (Signed). LECLERC, Captain General. (Signed) DUGUA, Geperal, Chief of the Etat Major of the Army. his country, and your dried canes, Republic will devour him as the fire devours Given at Paris, at the Palaee of the Brumaire, in tbe 10th year of the Government, French the 17th By the First Consnl, (Signed) BONAPARTE. Republic. 4 trne copy. (Signed) HUGHUES B. MARET, Secretary of State. 4 trne copy. (Signed). LECLERC, Captain General. (Signed) DUGUA, Geperal, Chief of the Etat Major of the Army. --- Page 47 --- SXDEPENDENCE OF HAYTI [29 for war. He Governor Toussaint was unprepared Generais, for he had no had issued no orders to his which he had, on the hostile design against France, zeal, and the most served with the warmest contrary, approved fidelity. Dessalines and Henry ChrisGenerals Jean Jacques French. Maurepas indeed tophe alone opposed the first but, deceived by the made a stout resistance at advice of the Whites, he soon surrendered. the armies in this I will not trace the march of enter into details of the engagements, campaign, nor traits of heroism which ennobled the ambuscades, and I shall be able valiant warriors. One day perhaps our these details would lead me to do this ; but at present Time presses, and I must too far from my subject. nasten to my purpose. had rallied all parties; Jacobins In France Bonaparte both ofthe Emigrants and Royalists, and Republicans, all fell into the train of his powerold and new school, with the Whites in St. ful genius. It was the same around Leclerc, and the Domingo; they all flocked formed his privy most inveterate of the Ex-colonists* council. unanimity prevailed among But if the most perfect the Indigênes, the Whites, it was the reverse among the one adhering who split into two distinct factions, with the Toussaint, the other joining to Governor thrice as numerous as the forFrench. This last was the divide it into two classes; .composed, mer: I will Dumas, Domergue, * At the Cape, Belin de Villeneuve, Colet, Desrivieres, a kind O'Gorman, and Camfranq ; at Port-au-Prince, Baudomant, St. Cyr, Lecune, of cbevalier, Guieu, and Bion, Ange, and distinguished and Cottel; at Cayes, Mongin, formerly a Judge, the curate Grisset, for his ferocity, Labiche, Lothon, Desongards, Gravet, &c. formed Leclerc's council. Dumas, Domergue, * At the Cape, Belin de Villeneuve, Colet, Desrivieres, a kind O'Gorman, and Camfranq ; at Port-au-Prince, Baudomant, St. Cyr, Lecune, of cbevalier, Guieu, and Bion, Ange, and distinguished and Cottel; at Cayes, Mongin, formerly a Judge, the curate Grisset, for his ferocity, Labiche, Lothon, Desongards, Gravet, &c. formed Leclerc's council. --- Page 48 --- 30] Ch. first of voluntary EEMANCIPATTOY AND were incoluntary. instruments, the second oft those mir The first class, . tvho numerous, was and it was fortunately the French, and initiated composed of men bought over least digénes, Blacks in their plans; these by the plezion alone, but and Mulattoes in their outward were inand they were and Ex-colonists in heart and comof their brethren yet are, thè most principle, and their inveterate enemies Laplame, Bardet, Lariviere, country. Such as Pétion, Mathieu, Jolicaeur, Louis Labelinais, Noël fore I shall Colombel, Milcent, &c. they regard as these therewere traitors, they Ex-colonists,) or even worse, for can wish them nothing deserve to be slaves, and one rank under the class of better. These then I shall The second class voluntary instrunents. most enlightened and embraced virtuous a large number of the believed that the French Haytians, who Such were Maurepas, were come to maintain sinceiely tiere, &c. in a word, all Médard, Thiomany, Lamaho- liberty. under the French, and those Haytians who may be afterwards became fought regarded as blind and their vietins, What-it will be incoluitary instruments. of the asked-were the most Haytians the blindest tools of enlightened Assuredly SO. Men of the the French P strictest probity, found it greatest information and selves that a great nation like dificult to persuade them-: disgrace titude herself by an act of such France would stoop to and perfidy! while the unparralleled ingrabighland fellow-citizens mistrust natural to our the feeble benefitted us much more than saw the Whites glimmerings of our own knowledge: trembling for their armed, this was sufficient for they selves with liberty, they secretly them : - arms, entrenched provided them-. recesses of the woods, and themselves in the deep prepared for war. dificult to persuade them-: disgrace titude herself by an act of such France would stoop to and perfidy! while the unparralleled ingrabighland fellow-citizens mistrust natural to our the feeble benefitted us much more than saw the Whites glimmerings of our own knowledge: trembling for their armed, this was sufficient for they selves with liberty, they secretly them : - arms, entrenched provided them-. recesses of the woods, and themselves in the deep prepared for war. --- Page 49 --- IKDEPENDENCE OF HAYTI. [S1 from these brave inhabitants of the forests, It'is founders of our liberty and independence, these true this great and salutary lesson, which tbat we received against for ever, as a preventative we should preserve to be perfectly on our guard surprise ; that we ought foe to approach before we, suffer a crafty and perfidious method is to keep as us ; but that the shortest and safest and never to go near far as possible out of their reach, them without arms in our hands. the indigénes on The war proceeded with vigour: their brethren and the French side rancorously assailed who, in the fastnesses of the mountains, fellow-citizens, Toussaint, under the maintained the cause of Govérnor Henry command of Generals Jean Jacques Dessalines, and Andrew Vernet, who alone preserved Christôphe, unshaken fidelity. in the ranks of the The Indigénes who fought made their advanced guards, French; were invariably ambuscades, and were served as guides, detected posts and employed in assaults. The most perilous under the destructive fires were reserved for them, with the localpretence of their perfect acquaintance ties of the country. in compliance' with Governor Toussaint, however, Leclerc, resolved to the repeated solicitations of Gen. Genéral treat for peace: : he selected for his negociator General Christôphe, and General Leclerc took Henry Hardy for his. received Jong and signal serToussaint had already vices from Henry. He knew his honour, his integrity, character. Leclerc doubtless and his incorruptible and had substantial was also acquainted with Hardy, reasons for his choice. : the These two Generals opened the negotiations and çorrespondence between them has been printed however, Leclerc, resolved to the repeated solicitations of Gen. Genéral treat for peace: : he selected for his negociator General Christôphe, and General Leclerc took Henry Hardy for his. received Jong and signal serToussaint had already vices from Henry. He knew his honour, his integrity, character. Leclerc doubtless and his incorruptible and had substantial was also acquainted with Hardy, reasons for his choice. : the These two Generals opened the negotiations and çorrespondence between them has been printed --- Page 50 --- 32] Ch. E-EMANCITARION AND published,* and reflects tophe, than disgrace no less credit upon Gen. to propose to ibim upon Leclerc who had the Christo arrest Governor baseness * See the Toussaint.t the 18th of Sept. Documents 1814. subjoined to the + Itis Manifeste du Roi of Leclerc's curious to observe the with a similar coincidence of this at page 23. proceeding of Hedouville's attempt of The following already related subjoined to the eorrespondence, du extracted from the is so highly creditable Mlanifeste Roi of the 18th of documents man who now to the feulings and September 1814, much governs tbe Northern division integrity of the great' Trarislator reputation to himself and benefit of Hayti with SO feels no. occasion to to his subyects, that the apologize for its introduction here. Hend-Quarters at the 6e The year 10 of the French Cape, 29th Germinal, A General in <6 You Chicf to General Republic. Vilton has may gives credit, Citizen Christophe. keep the written to you on behalf General, of to all that Citizen promises which have been General Hardy. I will design to submit to the made to you. But, if could render her by Republic, consider what a you Gen. Toussaint, furnishing the means of service you securing the person of *Head Quarters, (Sigaed) LECLERC." 46 Hlenry Christôphe, Robillard, Grand Boucan, 2d "I have received General of Brigade, lo General Fioreal, year 10. to give credit to what yours of the 29th of last month, Leclere, wait for a proof which Citizen Vilton has written to Wishing liberty and. must convince me of the me, I only The laws which equality in favour of the maintainance of consecrate these population of this country has doubtless principles, and which colony. heart ; and 1 protest to enacted, will carry this conviction themother a' knowledge of these you that on obtaining this desired to my 46 You laws, I will instuntly proof, by the means of propose to me, Citizen submit. fo do securing the of General, to furnish you with s0. would on my person ba General Tousaaint part an act of perfidy and Louverture, treason;and the maintainance of consecrate these population of this country has doubtless principles, and which colony. heart ; and 1 protest to enacted, will carry this conviction themother a' knowledge of these you that on obtaining this desired to my 46 You laws, I will instuntly proof, by the means of propose to me, Citizen submit. fo do securing the of General, to furnish you with s0. would on my person ba General Tousaaint part an act of perfidy and Louverture, treason;and --- Page 51 --- INDEFENDENCE OF HAYTI. [33 On the termination of this negotiation Governor Toussaint concluded a war of three months by a treaty of peace, and, with his Generals, signing the authority of Leclerc. submitting to Then began the disarming of the cultivators, who were all compelled to return to the plantations, and apply themselves to the labours of agriculture. Universal peace prevailed! Yet a few years-what do Is say P afew short months of dissimulation, and our liberty was at an end. Before they shackled us anew with the bonds of slavery, it was necessary that we should be disarmed, and rendered incapable of resistance : it was necessary to make us resume our bonds this proposition, disgraceful to me, is in my eyes a proof of your invincible repuguance to believe me susceptible convincing of the smallest sentiment of delicacy and honour. He is my clieftain and my friend. Is friendship, Citizen General, compatible with such monstrons baseness ? The laws of which I have spoken, have been to by the mother country, by tbe Proclamation which promised her Consuls us addressed to us when they transmitted the Constitution of the year 8. Fulfil, Citizen General, fulfil this maternal promise by unfolding to our view the code which contains it, and will see all her children rushing into the arms of this beneficent you and amongst them Gen. Toussaint Louverture, who then mother, undeceived like the rest, will correct his mistake. Itis only wben this error shall be thus rectified, that, if he persevere in spite of : evidence, be can be regarded as criminal, and incur the sentence you have-launched against him, the execution justly of which you propose to me, Consider, General, the happy eflects which will result from the simple publication of these laws to a people formerly crushed beneath the weight of irons, lacerated by the lasb of a barbarous slavery ; pardonable doubtless for apprehending a similar fate: of a people in fine who, after having tasted the sweets of liberty and equality, covet only to enjoy happiness among themselves, with an assurance of having nothing more to apprehend from the bonds D the sentence you have-launched against him, the execution justly of which you propose to me, Consider, General, the happy eflects which will result from the simple publication of these laws to a people formerly crushed beneath the weight of irons, lacerated by the lasb of a barbarous slavery ; pardonable doubtless for apprehending a similar fate: of a people in fine who, after having tasted the sweets of liberty and equality, covet only to enjoy happiness among themselves, with an assurance of having nothing more to apprehend from the bonds D --- Page 52 --- 34] Ch. L-EMANCIPATION AND and return to that state of had annihilation from emerged : it was necessary that whicit we anew the horrible circle of we should enter tears, of disgrace; ; it was suffering and of bow the head beneath necessary we should again live and submit to the yoke of these their pride, their disdain and despots, to our own degratericNeareen let a thousand bury themselves in our hearts !!! poignards The unbridled passions and the Ex-colonists, ought unbending character of potent God! thou yet to save us. Just and omnicrimes and God the rewarder and avenger of perfidy! thou that spirit of inspiredst their hearts with madness, that thirst of of vengeance, which blinded gain, of hatred and their very vices subservient them; and thou madest No to our deliverance. slavery, no colonies, vociferated the blacks must either be all these maniacs, drouned, slaces, or they must be hanged, or burned. We must make plantation (bois neuf*) added they. a new they have burst. The exhibition of these effusion of French blood by French laws will stop the Republic children who hands, will restore to the quility and may yet serve her, and cause peace, bosom prosperity, to return after the horrors of tranof this unhappy colony. The civil war to the General, worthy of the olject is doubtless, Citizen greatness of the mother accomplish it, General would cover country, and to blessings of a people which will take you with glory and the evils they have alreado pleasure in forgetting the mulgation. Consider that experienced from the delay of their to refuse a proSO necessary to the welfare of these participation in these laws petuate these evils even to the utter countries, would be to perIn the name of destruction of the inhabitants. for these salutary my laws country, in that of the mother country. I call ; produce them and St. Domingo is saved. I have the honour to salute you * Bois nerf, (Signed) H. CHRISTOPIE, signifies to eradicale acholly (dessoucher un terrein) SO as not to leave the from the soil, smallest vestige. to refuse a proSO necessary to the welfare of these participation in these laws petuate these evils even to the utter countries, would be to perIn the name of destruction of the inhabitants. for these salutary my laws country, in that of the mother country. I call ; produce them and St. Domingo is saved. I have the honour to salute you * Bois nerf, (Signed) H. CHRISTOPIE, signifies to eradicale acholly (dessoucher un terrein) SO as not to leave the from the soil, smallest vestige. --- Page 53 --- INDEPENDENCE OF HAYTI. [35 The season of intrigue was past : they drove Gen. Leclerc into the adoption of the most violent measures against the unfortunate Haytians. Governor Toussaint was arrested, gagged and pinioned, like a felon, while at table with General Brunet, and embarked with his family and officers for. France. You dare to arrest me! you insult an honorable officer! exclaimed the unfortunate Toussaint to General Brunet and his aides-de-camp, who acted in the honorable capacity of police-officers and catch-poies upon the occasion. Is il thus that you observe the faith 2f treaties? Youare traitors and perjurers ; heaven is just! I shall be quenged. These were the last words uttered by this great man upon the land of his nativity, upon that land which he had conquered for France, and filled with the renown of his exploits. He has indeed been avenged, but he was not permitted to bebold the day of retribution. From this moment, the signal for proscriptions was given from one end of the island to the other. The detail of horrors and cruelties which make nature shudder with affright, would lead me too far from my purpose: it is sufficient for me to say that women and infants, the aged and infirm, friends and foes alike, who had hitherto been spared in our wars, were all indiscriminately butchered with every possible aggravation. To arrest and hang became synonymous. The wretches even created a new vocabulary. To drown two kundred individuals, was to make a national haul; to hang, was to promote a step ; to be torn in picces by blood hounds, was to descend into the arena ; to shoot, was to wash the figure with lead; and to burn alice, was to operate warmly.* The antient regime was re-organized. * See details of some of these enormities in the Baron's e Systeme colonial devoilée," and his 66 Reflezions surles noirs ed D 2 synonymous. The wretches even created a new vocabulary. To drown two kundred individuals, was to make a national haul; to hang, was to promote a step ; to be torn in picces by blood hounds, was to descend into the arena ; to shoot, was to wash the figure with lead; and to burn alice, was to operate warmly.* The antient regime was re-organized. * See details of some of these enormities in the Baron's e Systeme colonial devoilée," and his 66 Reflezions surles noirs ed D 2 --- Page 54 --- 86] Ch. R-EYANCIPATION AND Every negro or mulatto who had fore the Revolution, returned been a slave bemaster, who hired, sold to the authority of his Our misfortunes or disposed of them at had reached their pleasure. tial insurrections had every where height, and parLeclerc then saw Dessalines for commenced. the first Boisrond Tonnere, from whom I borrow time, (says in the 45th page of his 6 Memoirs the account, toire d' Hayts.") 66 He had pour servir d THisc to colonial begun to conform himself 66 of the cruelty, and was consequently opinion of the apprised < the two classes of Ex-colonists, that to overthrow cc the men combined in St. support of it Domingo in C6 sension between liberty, them. was necessary to SOW disc6 fore to the He applied himself there6 begun. completion of what Hédouville Leclerc flattered lad 66 with praises, to which he Dessalines and loaded him 66 entitled : he assured him pretepded his conduct was 66 special favour of the he might count on the <6 Consul, after the Government, and that the First 66 in his behalf, would advanitageous reports he had made e him a reward not be slow in bestowing on C6 ployed all those' worthy of him. In a word he em66 the Whites, and above political common places by which 66 the Blacks and all the French, hoped to gull 66 what sort ofa Mulattocs. Dessalines saw with 66 quentiy man he had to deal, and was conse46 upon his guard. After thanking the General, he begged him to Captain c anxious wish was to believe that his most c family to retire with the whole of his <6 France, and that as for the rest, he every reliance on the placed 66 ment to wbich he good intentions of the Governc6 too necessary here, was entirely devoted. You are & replied Leclerc, you must not les blancs; ;" of which last a translation has Hatchard, been published by Transl, deal, and was conse46 upon his guard. After thanking the General, he begged him to Captain c anxious wish was to believe that his most c family to retire with the whole of his <6 France, and that as for the rest, he every reliance on the placed 66 ment to wbich he good intentions of the Governc6 too necessary here, was entirely devoted. You are & replied Leclerc, you must not les blancs; ;" of which last a translation has Hatchard, been published by Transl, --- Page 55 --- INDEPEXDENCE OF HAYTI. [37 which will c6 embark for France till I accompany you, Allow 66 not be at the soonest in less than six months. the First c6 me the pleasure of presenting you to It is 66 Consul. You know he is my brother in law. <6 a long time to wait, answered Dessalincs; neverthe66 less I submit to your wishes." Whether Leclérc was really the dupe of Dessalines, or whether he thought him too dull to perceive the traps laid for him, he began by insinuating that up to that period he had been unable to discover who were really hostile to the French Government: : but be hoped by his assistance to learn who they were whom he ought to combatin order to restore peace and harmony. .66 As to the Planters," said he, 66 they are SO unfortu- <6 nate and possess SO little influence, that it cannot be c6 supposed that they have any interest in continuing 66 the troubles : they have their families and properties Colour 66 in France. Is it not rather to the Men of s6 that we owe all our misfortunes?" Dessalines felt all the consequence of his reply, and framed it according to the views of the Captain General. c6 Since we <6 are of the same opinion," said the Jatter, 66 I think 6 our only plan will be to exterminate the whole of 66 them : but I am embarrassed in the choice of means. 66 The French troops are SO reduced by disease that 66 hardiy enough remain to garrison the tewns. I 66 think you ought to levy an army of five thousand 66 men for this expedition, which need not continue 66 longer than you find expedient." 66 Wait,"he: added, 66 I will give you an order to receive whatever arms 66 and ammunition you require." In fact, he wrote the orderwith his own hand, and sent it to Gen. Dessalines along with 500 double louis, for the expences of the expedition, acquainting himn that he might set off as soon as he thought fit. Before quitting the Cape, Dessalines took care to see all the French Generals, levy an army of five thousand 66 men for this expedition, which need not continue 66 longer than you find expedient." 66 Wait,"he: added, 66 I will give you an order to receive whatever arms 66 and ammunition you require." In fact, he wrote the orderwith his own hand, and sent it to Gen. Dessalines along with 500 double louis, for the expences of the expedition, acquainting himn that he might set off as soon as he thought fit. Before quitting the Cape, Dessalines took care to see all the French Generals, --- Page 56 --- 38] Ch. L-ENANCIFATION AND and to sound their dispositions. of the Etat major of the He saw Dugua, chief doubt, with the Captain army, who, discontented, no the 13th General, informed him that Demibrigade,* was as sappers in the Guard of going to be incorporated with regret, that the Honour, and that he saw were about to be sacrificed. unfortunate soldiers oft that corps ing to awaken the Nothing more was wantdiately after his visit vigilance of Dessalines, who immewith the transactions to Dugua, became acquainted at Gonaives.t Fully enlightened with projects of Gen, Leclerc, respect to the perfidious communicate them to the Gen. Dessalines hastened to panions in arms, who other Generals his comtiés against the French. unanimously resolved on hostilimost elevated in rank, Dessalines, as the oldest and Chief of the army of was acknowledged as General in It is remarkable Indigénes. that resisted the seductions the Black: Génerals their of the Whites, and always perfidious plots. defeated The Commissioner Toussaint the destruction Santhonax, of proposed to General Blacks: the Men of Colour indignant at this base by the arrested and sent on board proposition, he had him him a similar proposition ship. Hédouville made was rejected with with respect to Rigaud # it Hédouville also to simnilarindignation, embark and he compelled for France. Leclerc, as Thave. just mentioned, proposition to Dessalines, who made the same infamy, but hastened to not only spurned such of Colour. communicate it to the Men Equally noble was the conduct When he was General of of King Henry. Brigade, quartered with his +. It * Black troops. was here General Toussaint was arrested. t See page 22. respect to Rigaud # it Hédouville also to simnilarindignation, embark and he compelled for France. Leclerc, as Thave. just mentioned, proposition to Dessalines, who made the same infamy, but hastened to not only spurned such of Colour. communicate it to the Men Equally noble was the conduct When he was General of of King Henry. Brigade, quartered with his +. It * Black troops. was here General Toussaint was arrested. t See page 22. --- Page 57 --- INDEPENDENCE OF HAYTI. [39 at Petite Anse, he lost no time in acquainting troops under his command, and Gen. Pétion, then a Colonel with Clerveaux, who was stationed at Haut-du-Cap, fate that menaced them ; and they resolved the deadly and defend themselves from to take arms in concert, French. Since the vengeance and treachery of the similar have been suggested to that time, propositious who them with horror. But let me the King, rejected I do not hesitate to say, not anticipate. Meanwhile, and the deep that it is to the patriotism, the firmness, discernment of this great man, that the Haytians owe their security, their freedom and their independence. If the Black Generals have principally resisted the seduction of the Whites, the same has not been the with the Generals of Colour, who have always case to suffer themselves to be made the been sO weak as tools of the Whites against the Blacks. Yet Colombel and Milcent accuse the Blacks of a desire to exterminate the Men of Colour, though the of the country and the truth of facts demonhistory that the Men ofColour owe their strate on the contrary, would preservation to the Black Generals, who never become the tools of the Whites for their destruction. Colombel and Milcent, is it What then, exclaim thousands of not true that the Blacks bave destroyed Coloured Men in our civil wars ? How then can you that the Men of Colour owe their preservation to say the Black Generals P To this I reply, that if the Men of Colour have been destroyed, it is Pétion and Rigaud who have been to blame ; for had they resisted the seductions of the Whites, like the Black Generals, there would not have been any civil war: and it is SO true that the Coloured people owe their safety to the Black Generals Toussaint Louverture, Dessalines and Henry Christôphe, that had these been SO weak as to lend an ear to the perfidious suggestions of the Whites, and owe their preservation to say the Black Generals P To this I reply, that if the Men of Colour have been destroyed, it is Pétion and Rigaud who have been to blame ; for had they resisted the seductions of the Whites, like the Black Generals, there would not have been any civil war: and it is SO true that the Coloured people owe their safety to the Black Generals Toussaint Louverture, Dessalines and Henry Christôphe, that had these been SO weak as to lend an ear to the perfidious suggestions of the Whites, and --- Page 58 --- 40] yielded to AND G-swasctragos would be in their persuasions, not a person of wonld have existence at this monient; ; and the Colour wiserand gained their utmost wishes. Whites both classes considerate patriots felt that the. But these Coloured were indissolubly interests of Generals been equally connected: and had the prudent, and lad they yielded patriotic, sage, and ambition, we should have less to their insatiable and never had to enjoyed unbroken It was at the deplore the evils of civil war. harmony, I have just period of this general Of his spoken, that death freed arming, of which personal character I us from an angel of light shall be silent, yet Leclerc, he succeeded him. compared with the mouster* was The who soon rallied Commanderin-Chier all of the parties. Both the Indigéne army nosmnyiacremeatue the French were obliged voluntary and inin their either the arms of their flight, or to throw themselves loaccompany hitherto SO blindly brethren, against whom into secure refuge fought : too happy they had Pétion amongst them. again to find a joined General was one of the voluntary which threatened Dessalines, in order to instruments who kindly, bim : this General escape the fate to him a admitted him into his welcomed him tender and eternal friendship, and vowed never swerved. He was far friendship from which he comed to his bosom from thinking that hin, and who one that was one day to he welIn short, after reserved a similar fate for his assassinate of having successor. fortune, and been bowed experienced every of ailliction; after down beneath the vicissitude sport and victims of having been for twelve pressure each other in all the factions which years the St. Domingo; ; after succeeded having shed our * Rochambeau, tender and eternal friendship, and vowed never swerved. He was far friendship from which he comed to his bosom from thinking that hin, and who one that was one day to he welIn short, after reserved a similar fate for his assassinate of having successor. fortune, and been bowed experienced every of ailliction; after down beneath the vicissitude sport and victims of having been for twelve pressure each other in all the factions which years the St. Domingo; ; after succeeded having shed our * Rochambeau, --- Page 59 --- INDERENDENCE OF HAYTI. [41 blood in a thousand battles without conferring any real benefit on our country; we now, for the first time fought for our true interests, and were no longer the mere instruments of our own destruction for a cause which was foreign to us. For the first time we maintained a national war : we fought for liberty-for independence-for our country-for ourselves-to rescue ourselves from death and the ty ranny of our executioners. On one side were the French-the Indigénes on the other : hatred and vengeance inflamed our courage-patriotisuf and liberty guided our steps-we had both our own individual injuries, and the death of our martyred brethren to avenge. We rushed to the combat with shouts of frantic joy ; we fought man for man, each panting to slay his oppowent-each burning to shed his blood in defence ofhis country, his freedom and his independence. Happy to be able to shed it, to the last drop, in SO good a cause. After a dreadful and sanguinary struggle, the victims' of oppression were left the sole and undisputed masters of the field. The veil of error and offalsehood was at length torn away. Before the radiant tsun of independence, faction fled as the clouds before the impetuosity of the wind : our political atmosphere became purified by victory, and we began to inhale the healthful breezes of liberty andi independence. Victurous,surronndel by the ruins of the vanquished, we boldly looked around uS. The forty thousand Ex-colonists, GreatiPianters and Inferior Whites-the numerous and well appointed army of the expedition-had all vanished from our soil,* The frightful Colonial Systen, slavery with the prejudice of colour, and a restrictive commerce, were all overturned * Of 6000 troops who had been sent from France during Leclerc's administration, little more than 4000 quitted it alive along with Rochambeau; this loss occurred in less than two years.- Transh. --- Page 60 --- Ch. R-EMANCIFATION, &c. from the foundation. The chimera which had So long deluded phantom of France, that from before our eyes, and in the us, had disappeared siasm we reared upon the warmth of our enthuruins,thelovelyand yet smoking embers of their immortal Emancipated children of PHnrefosrindgpsaderce Hayti! selves in grateful humility at the feet of prostrate yourreturn to him unnumbered the Eternal,and wisdom of his thanks: let us admire the designs and the which he has impenetrable methods chastise their employed to deliver the oppressed and oppressors. We had been the victims and blind the Ex-colonists to tools used by were ourselves in the accomplish hands our own ruin, and we our own deliverance. of God the instruments of their vile They made us the panders to conducted passions ; and contrary to their us to FREEDOM. Blind intention they they attempted to rob us of this and infatuated, and fill up the measure of inestimable blessing, their guilt, and again, in injustice and their to INDEPENDENCE, despite of't themselves, they led us It is then to the unbridled bered crimes of the passions, and unnumascribe the loss of the Ex-colonists, that France should transatlantic richest and most lovely of her possessions. Such then, in brief, were the leading conducted us to LIBERTY-and causes which IxDEPENDENCE. from LIBERTY to - and fill up the measure of inestimable blessing, their guilt, and again, in injustice and their to INDEPENDENCE, despite of't themselves, they led us It is then to the unbridled bered crimes of the passions, and unnumascribe the loss of the Ex-colonists, that France should transatlantic richest and most lovely of her possessions. Such then, in brief, were the leading conducted us to LIBERTY-and causes which IxDEPENDENCE. from LIBERTY to - --- Page 61 --- CHAP. IL. OF THE GOVERNMENT OF THE HAYTIANS UNDER THE GOVERNOR GEN.JEAN JACQUES DESSALINES. AFTER the expulsion of the French, the victors set themselves about framing a form of Government, and rendering themselves a free and independent nation. Great knowledge, and a profound acquaintance with of were not to the fundamental principles legislation, be expected among men SO recently emerged from the night of slavery and ignorance, among men whose hearts yet rankled, and whose feelings were yet irritated by misfortune: : who had but just terminated an obstinate and savage warfare; and had always lived amid the danger and din of arms, in the solitude of forests or the dust of camps. Nevertheless, we find in the acts of that period an energy and enthusiasm strongly characteristic of the spirit which animated their authors. On the Ist of January, 1804, nearly two months after the expulsion of the French, the Commander-inChief of the Indigéne forces convoked a general assembly of the Generals and Chiefs of the army and nation at Gonaives, to take into consideration such measures as would be most conducive to the happiness, the liberty and the independence, of the people. On our first step in the career of legislation ought to depend the prosperity or misfortunes of our country: but we then committed a capital error, from which perhaps flow all the calamities of our civil wars. This arose from our ignorance of the best form of Government for our adoption. --- Page 62 --- 44] Ch. IL.-FIRST CONSTITUTION But wel had not then experience which we acquired the knowledge and stand themechanism now possess : we did not underof representative and Governments, and our monarchical the sword than the Legisiators were more expert at pen. It was natural assembly of soldiers, should then, that an ment purely military. adopt a form of GovernThe Act of Independence Generals, Officers, was proclaimed. Tbe People and swore in the face of the universe Troops, unanimously Jor ever, and to die rather than to renounce Prance There was as live under her dominion. yet no Constitution: Jean Jacques Dessalincs, the army of Coaumander-in-Chier of head ofthe Indigénes, was appointed and prociaimed GENERAL Government, under the title of FOR LIFE, with the GOVERNOX peace and war. power of making This title was by no means suited to dent Government: but an indepenToussaint, it was from having been that of General General a spirit of habit conferred Dessalines, without reflecting upon acceptation of the word, which upon the true with the change in our no longer corresponded island was situation. The name of the aitered, and the Saint French was superseded by the Domingue of the whence the Black and Coloured original name of Hayti, generic appellation of Indigénes adopted the remarking, that while Haytians. And here it is worth names, the French we uniformly adopt these new Saint pertinaciously adhere to the term Domingue, both in their . The Governor General Acts and writings, address to the made an highly patriotic cally retraced people of Hayti, in which he the calamities and energetiand sufferings, the horrors injustice, we had experienced from the together with the necessity which there French, free and was for independent, or living submitting to death. arking, that while Haytians. And here it is worth names, the French we uniformly adopt these new Saint pertinaciously adhere to the term Domingue, both in their . The Governor General Acts and writings, address to the made an highly patriotic cally retraced people of Hayti, in which he the calamities and energetiand sufferings, the horrors injustice, we had experienced from the together with the necessity which there French, free and was for independent, or living submitting to death. --- Page 63 --- OF HAYTI. [43 On the dissolution of the meeting, the Generals returned each to his respective command. The Generals of Division were stationed as follows : Henry Christôphe at the Cape ; Clerveaux at Marmelade: ; Vernet at Gonaives ; Gabart at St. Marc; Pétion at Port-au-Prince, and Geffrard at Cayes. Next to the Governor General, Henry Christôphe was the oldest General in the army, and the only Black of this high rank. The five remaining Generals of Division were Men of Colour. This single fact proves more than words how favourably General Dessalines was disposed towards persons of this description. The GovernorGeneral first fixed the seat of Govérnment at the ci-devant plantation Laville, whence he removed it to the plantation Marchand, situated in the of Artibonite, at the foot of the great chain of mountains plain of Cahos. Here he founded a town called after his own name, and secured it by the establishment of fortresses at the base, on the sides, and on the summit of the mountain. Never was a position worse chosen in every point of'view. Had he established the seat of Government or in its vicinity, he would have been at Port-au-Prince the West and South, and have better able to watch over Artibonite had possibly prevented the civil war. But been the theatre of his military exploits: he had defeated the French at la Crète-a-Pierrot, at Verrettes, at St. Marc, and Camp Marchand : an acquaintance with the place and people, his taste, and the force of habit, led him to this preference of the centre of the country to' other situation for establishing the seat of every Government. in as he proceeded in the Meanwhile, proportion Dessalines became himself more career of Government, and more convinced of the defects of its Constitution. The title of GOVERNOR GENERAL was found unsuit- --- Page 64 --- 46] Ch. IIL-OF THE able to our situation. There EMPIRE. compact, and at the end of six was no Constitutional without further deliberation months he resolved to change the form CHAP. III. OF THE EMPIRE. WANT had given ofreflection, the title or rather the influence of habie of GOVERNOR Commender-iuc-CHidf ofthe GENERAL to the ofi imitation conferred army of Indigénes ; a spirit upon him that of Bonaparte, the First Consul, had ENPEROR. The Governor General assumed this title. to take it. This however was therefore equally at libeity to another; for if the title was of going from one extreme as implying a dependence GOVERNOR GENERAL, was ill suited for the Chief upon of some higher authority, the imposing one of ENPEROR, an independent people, person who bears it real which implies in the &c. was equally power in territory, population, In the enactments inapplicable to our situation. respecting the Emperor, it is stated, that thes nomination of the not admit of supreme authority does life, with partition : the Emperor was named power to nominate his for zelinguished the custom successor : he formally own family, and would of limiting the succession to his combined with other pay no regard to seniority, unless of the Government. requisites for a due administration The Constitution was framed in enactments. The three conformity to these powers, Legislatite, Ezecutioe our situation. respecting the Emperor, it is stated, that thes nomination of the not admit of supreme authority does life, with partition : the Emperor was named power to nominate his for zelinguished the custom successor : he formally own family, and would of limiting the succession to his combined with other pay no regard to seniority, unless of the Government. requisites for a due administration The Constitution was framed in enactments. The three conformity to these powers, Legislatite, Ezecutioe --- Page 65 --- OF THE EMPIRE. [47 and Judicial, were united in the same person : there was indeed a Council of State, but it was without power or authority, and this from the very nature of the Constitution : there were two Ministers, one of Finance and the Interior, the other of War and of the Marine, with a Secretary of State. Such a Constitution was a monster in politics. The Empire was an elective Republic, whilst the Constitution sanctioned, on the one hand, principles diametrically opposite to those of a Republic, and which could only agree at the most with a Government purely despotic; and again, on the other hand, by the most unaccountable confusion of ideas, the Constitution admitted principles the most democratic. Alas! we were far from then possessing the judgement and experience we now enjoy ; had it been otherwise, we should have established a Constilutional Monarchy, and have given ourselves useful institutions and a stable and regular government: : what evils and calamities shonld we not have avoided. To err however in our first attempts in the difficult art of Government, was doubtiess pardonable; since we see old nations with every advantage of knowledge and experience, guilty of mistakes as gross perhaps as ours. But here, as everywbere else, it was the people who suffered for the sins of their Legisiators : they it is who always pay with their tears, their blood and their treasures, the foifeit of such errors; and since, thank heaven! we have abundantly discharged this debt, we surely may be allowed to deplore our past sufferings. I have already remarked in several of my works, that the Emperor Dessalines, though a brave soldier, and an ardent patriot, animated with the most lively desire to promote the welfareand prosperity of his fellow-citizens and his country, was nevertheiess deficient in those falents whicharer requisitei in a good governor: and to this pay with their tears, their blood and their treasures, the foifeit of such errors; and since, thank heaven! we have abundantly discharged this debt, we surely may be allowed to deplore our past sufferings. I have already remarked in several of my works, that the Emperor Dessalines, though a brave soldier, and an ardent patriot, animated with the most lively desire to promote the welfareand prosperity of his fellow-citizens and his country, was nevertheiess deficient in those falents whicharer requisitei in a good governor: and to this --- Page 66 --- 48] Ch. IIL-OF THE first misfortune he yet added that EMPIRE. self with immoral and of surrounding himFrance, who enticed him to corrupt his men in the pay of had done with ruin, as the respect to Governor Ex-colonists It is an ungracious task to Toussaint. there are truths which speak of one's self, but when the safety of cannot be too often a country and an repeated depends on them. The first entire nation is to enlighten ; the second duty ofa political writer fear. He ouglit to consider to speak the truth without salutary and beneficial to his nothing but what is just, suffer himself to be biassed country. He should not passions or prejudices by any private interests, devote his life to whatever. Hes should generously the welfare of bis promote the happiness, the glory and equal to the task he country, has and if he feel himself unevery personal consideration, undertaken, he should wave writing, and commit bis give up his attempts atBy an pen to the flames. ordinance of the 26th of July, Emperor appointed Henry 1815, the Division, Commander of the Christôphe, General of Vernet, Minister of Finance Haytian Forces ; Andrew Etienne Elie Gérin, and of the Interior; and Generals of Colour Minister of War and Marine. The Pétion, Geffrard and continued in their commands.* Gabart, were At this period those themselves Haytians who had along with the expatriated of returning to the bosom of French, that sought the means had already torn with civil country which they excite fresh troubles. The commotions, in order to liberal than prudential Emperor, acting more from and directed the feelings, permitted their return, frayed. We soon expences of their passage to be dewitnessed the return of Blanchet, * Clerveaux, Gabart and died nearly about the same time. Geffrard, tbree Generals of Colour, elves Haytians who had along with the expatriated of returning to the bosom of French, that sought the means had already torn with civil country which they excite fresh troubles. The commotions, in order to liberal than prudential Emperor, acting more from and directed the feelings, permitted their return, frayed. We soon expences of their passage to be dewitnessed the return of Blanchet, * Clerveaux, Gabart and died nearly about the same time. Geffrard, tbree Generals of Colour, --- Page 67 --- OF THE EMPIRE. Dartiguenave, Faubert, and David [49 of the French and of Trois, all adherents of their Pétion, and the bitterest enemies country. The Eiperor received these treacherous grateful men with the greatest and unthem with favours; kindness, and Joaded they, joined yet hardly were they landed before version of the Pétion, and directed every effort to the subcivil empire and the revival of the war. flames of The object of this faction was to raise head of the Government; Pétion to the which it ; for the was necessary to destroy the accomplishment two of tains, Jean Jacques Dessalines and Black chiefwho, from length of Henry Christôphe, the army and the service, no less than the wishes of ment. Behold people, had a right to the Governthe methods taken by these wretches for the completion of their factious agents were dispersed in designs! Their surrounded the every quarter : those who those who Emperor, incited him to were most attached to him, and persecute" to share in the who refused conspiracy: thus the the two-fold advantage of conspirators gained his best alienating from the friends, and Emperor truth from preventing a knowledge of the reaching bim. Theiraccomplices, throughout the provinces, secretly laboured scattered public opinion; to mislead Veau, whither he Papalier at Cayes, and Gérin at Anse-àhad retired on the plea tion; the younger Blanchet, who ofindisposimade frequent journies from was at Gonaives, David Trois travelled the West to the South; of a pedlar, over the country in the disguise visiting the mountains from the Môle, Port de Paix, Gros Morne, Rochelois to to extend the and Cape Henry; conspiracy and render it out the country. general throughPétion was the soul of the plot: : he was the spring of every movement, He affected the mainE tenderest on the plea tion; the younger Blanchet, who ofindisposimade frequent journies from was at Gonaives, David Trois travelled the West to the South; of a pedlar, over the country in the disguise visiting the mountains from the Môle, Port de Paix, Gros Morne, Rochelois to to extend the and Cape Henry; conspiracy and render it out the country. general throughPétion was the soul of the plot: : he was the spring of every movement, He affected the mainE tenderest --- Page 68 --- 50] Ch. Ii-OF THE EMPIRE. regard for the Emperor, pletely blind to his who, on his side, was comthe most unbounded own personal danger, and reposed all the arts of confidence in him. Pétion had from day to great conspirators : he exerted himself day to increase his the people ; caressed the popularity the flattered ness and immorality: troops; tolerated licentioushe abandoned assuming the mask of his duties, affected a total want philosophy tion, and an utter contempt of of ambibeneath the rags of honours, rank and riches: immoderate Diogenes, he conicealed the most desires: and like another this hypocrite marched Sextus Quintus, security to the boldly forward and in perfect completion of his A general disorder designs. finances were pervaded the empire. The disorganized ; thé troops without clothing; the examination of pay or ducted with extreme titles to estates was conflaws to justify rigour, with a view. to discover confiscation. The prevailed in the very highést corruption which discontent which silently departments ; the general people and the manifested itself among the vulsion. troops, threatened an All these evils were impending conaccomplices and the adherents aggravated by Pétion's flocked together of the French, who West and South from all sides, and repaired to the they to open the prelude to the were preparing for exhibition.* grand drama To this inundation of licentious mander-in-Chief, morals the Comto Henry Christôphe,in vain endeavoured oppose a barrier. He had ivas able, more order and maintained, as far as he 1 * regularity in the administraIt'is to be remarked that every time the an attempt upon this country, they French meditated agents as precursors to it. The employed Priests their spies and secret especially selected for the were the instruments were Whites in principlegand purpose, together with such Indigénes as as Milcent, Colombel, every other respect but complexion, Labelinais, &r. the Comto Henry Christôphe,in vain endeavoured oppose a barrier. He had ivas able, more order and maintained, as far as he 1 * regularity in the administraIt'is to be remarked that every time the an attempt upon this country, they French meditated agents as precursors to it. The employed Priests their spies and secret especially selected for the were the instruments were Whites in principlegand purpose, together with such Indigénes as as Milcent, Colombel, every other respect but complexion, Labelinais, &r. --- Page 69 --- [51 OF THE EMPIRE: among the troops. His tion, and more discipline morals led all to turn private conduct and regular and he became the hope of their attention to him, and fathers of families. every well-disposed person of their To these evils, from his perfect ignorance no remedy. He was existence, the Emperor applied and the flatteries blinded by his imaginary prosperity, the of those who surrounded him, and studiously kept aduof the people from bis ears. These base groans and profligate men, abandoried lators, these corrupt frivolous as balls, themselves to the most pursuits, and festivities. They were far from giving intrigues advice as could open his eyes to his him such salutary the danger, and situation, save him from impending threw himstrengthen his Government: The Emperor who self into the net spread for him by his enemies, of his duties, and the comenticed him to,a neglect of him, in order to deprive mission of acts unworthy his and thus him of the respect and love of people, facilitate his downfall. and his adherents could not Nevertheless, Pétion and formidable disguise from themselves the great of obstacles to be surmounted in the accomplishment the helm of On the fall of the Emperor their designs. devolve upon the Commanderthe State would naturally obtained, they yet had done in-Chief. This first step the had every thing to fear from people nothing ; they resolved therefore to use the and the troops : they of the Forces, as a means of name of the Commander Revolution with less danger to effecting the meditated themselves. fabricated a letter in the name of the ComThey calling upon the peopleiand the mander of the Forces, In proceeding thus troops to revolt from the Emperor. should the a twofold object : the conspirators gained rendered him suspiEmperor escape their snares, they E 2 This first step the had every thing to fear from people nothing ; they resolved therefore to use the and the troops : they of the Forces, as a means of name of the Commander Revolution with less danger to effecting the meditated themselves. fabricated a letter in the name of the ComThey calling upon the peopleiand the mander of the Forces, In proceeding thus troops to revolt from the Emperor. should the a twofold object : the conspirators gained rendered him suspiEmperor escape their snares, they E 2 --- Page 70 --- 52] Ch. IIL.-OF THE EMPIRE cious of the Commanlerin-Chief not fail-in one Thus they could way or other either to Emperor, or effect the downfall of the destroy the in-Chief. CommanderThe plot exploded on the 10th of in the plain of Cayes, where the October, 1806, were sacrificed to the Emperor's friends Gérin, the Minister of vengeance of the conspirators. at Anse-à-Veau, War, who pretended to be sick . rection of the put himself at the head of the insurSouth, and marched to Pétion, to continue the Port-au-Prince. acquainted him that Emperor in his false security, in the South, and an insurrection had shewn itself its that he would set off to arrest progress. The Emperor, who had the Pétion, depended wholly greatest confidence in to take the upon bim, and directed him necessary steps forquelling the Pétion departed for disturbances. under his Port-au-Prince, with the troops command, in the intention of Insurgents of the South. He took with joining the Germain, of whom he was not him General both by land and sea, that sure, and gave orders to quit the town, lest the no person should besuffered was passing. Pétion left his Emperor should learn what troops at repaired to Gérin at Grand-Goave, and interview. The two Petit-Goaye, where they had an divisions of the junction at Grand-Goave, army effected a Germain under whence, after putling General which arrest, they marched for town they entered on the 16th Port-an-Prince, of accompanied by Generals Yayou, October, and other leaders of the Magioire, Ouagnàc, Meanwhile the conspiracy After issuing some orders Emperor .continued at Dessalines. he informed the preparatory to his departure, tion which had broken Coumander-in-Chier of the insurrechim to hold himself out in the South, and directed in readiness to march on the first effected a Germain under whence, after putling General which arrest, they marched for town they entered on the 16th Port-an-Prince, of accompanied by Generals Yayou, October, and other leaders of the Magioire, Ouagnàc, Meanwhile the conspiracy After issuing some orders Emperor .continued at Dessalines. he informed the preparatory to his departure, tion which had broken Coumander-in-Chier of the insurrechim to hold himself out in the South, and directed in readiness to march on the first --- Page 71 --- OF THE EMPIRE, [53 trotice. He left the command of Dessalines and the province of the west to Andrew Vernet, Minister of Finance, with orders to dispatch the troops in succession to join him, should he require theiraid. He then set off for Arcahaye, attended only by a few Aides-decamp and a weak escort of horse. The Commander-in-Chiel, on receiving the Emperor's letter, was filled with the greatest uneasiness, and instantly dispatched one of his Aides-de-camp to the Emperor for orders to march, advising him at the same time not to hazard his person without troops, and a perfect knowledge of the situation of affairs: but unfortunately the Aide-de-Camp was unable to reach the Emperor; for on arriving at La Source Puante,* he learned that he was no more. An almost incredible fatality led to his déath. On his route to Arcahaye he met oue of his Aides-deCamp, whom he had previously sent on a mission to the South, returning without having been able to penetrate farther than Miragoane. This officer gave him a faithful account of the state of affairs, and urged him not to enter Port-au-Prince without troops. But the Emperor, who had a blind confidence in Pétion, and whose intrepidity was superior to the suggestions of fear, spurned the salutary advice given to him, and dismissed the Aide-de-camp from his presence. At Arcahaye he took for his guard six companies of men picked out of the 3d reg. and placed them under the command of Col. Thomas, and Lieut.-Col. Gédéon, with orders to march for Port-au-Prince, and wait for him without the gates, at a place called Pontrouge : for he halted himself to rest at the ci-devant plantation Labarre, It was at this place that, seeing the smoke at a.distance in the mountains of the Southi, # Six leagues from Port-au-Prince, from his presence. At Arcahaye he took for his guard six companies of men picked out of the 3d reg. and placed them under the command of Col. Thomas, and Lieut.-Col. Gédéon, with orders to march for Port-au-Prince, and wait for him without the gates, at a place called Pontrouge : for he halted himself to rest at the ci-devant plantation Labarre, It was at this place that, seeing the smoke at a.distance in the mountains of the Southi, # Six leagues from Port-au-Prince, --- Page 72 --- 54] Ch, IIL.-OF TIIE he said to those about EMPIRE, comrade Pétion him, that it was at this hovr his with was tofire; such was still his respect to that traitor. blindness The guard in question stationed itself ouslyat Pont-rouge, waiting for the advantagethe oficers dispersed themselves Emperor; most of plantations; among the being on the point of adjoining which they supposed to be at entering a town entertained no mistrust peace with them, they or uneasiness, Pétion, on learning the arrival of this to gain it over, and take guard, resolved for the advantage of it to lay a Emperor. For this purpose he trap Yayou, one of the blindest tools of dispatched Gen. who succeeded in the conspiracy, gaining over the officers and suading them to enter Port-au-Prince perwhen they were immediately with their men, of the 15th reg. of the replaced by a battalion did Pétion troops of the South; and so far of this battalion carry his treachery as to place at the head a commander of the same and in the same dress as Gédéon, the corpulence, the Emperor; who better to deceive seeing the troops at a entertained no mistrust. distance, Gérin, Yayou, Magloire and others, selves with their troops in ambuscade posted themFrom Port-au-Prince on both sides. to Morne Drouillard, and farther, ten thousand men, both horse and even been SO disposed by the foot, had unfortunate conspirators, as to leave the Emperor no chance of escape, While all this took place without the remained town, Pétion peaceably at home awaiting the result. to his accustomed maxims of True thing privately by means of his hypocrisy, be did every two-fold view of confederates, in the manner profiting by the event in - it should fail out. Should the whatever succeed in their undertaking, he conspirators to himself all the was prepared to secure advantages resulting from it: while, unfortunate conspirators, as to leave the Emperor no chance of escape, While all this took place without the remained town, Pétion peaceably at home awaiting the result. to his accustomed maxims of True thing privately by means of his hypocrisy, be did every two-fold view of confederates, in the manner profiting by the event in - it should fail out. Should the whatever succeed in their undertaking, he conspirators to himself all the was prepared to secure advantages resulting from it: while, --- Page 73 --- OF'THE EMPIRE. [55 ifthe Emperor escaped their machinations, he reserved to himself the power of declaring in bis throwing all the odium of the favour, and cipators in his treason. attempt upon the partiThe life of this singularly deceitful man abounds similar traits: he was in the constant habit of in with both friends and enemies for the attainment sporting own private ends. of his In the night of the 17th of October, the resumed his journey to Port-au-Prince, Emperor and twenty persons in his train. having but one He traversed the whole plain of Cul-de-Sac most perfect security, without in the apprise him of what awaited him. meeting an individual to On approaching Pont-rouge he saw the drawn up on both sides of the road, and troops them the same he had sent forward to wait conceiving his he continued to advance without arrival, already deep within the suspicion. He was discovering this circumstance ambuscades, without either served by any of his escort, till himself or its being obhe heard the word on reaching the troops thousand given to make ready, with a times repeated of halt, halt! The cries now saw his mistake, discovered that he Emperor and found himself in the midst of the was betrayed, This intrepid Chieftain, who had braved 15th regiment. a thousand dangers, rushed amidst death amidst exclaimed, Soldiers! don't the bayonets and cane, and knocked aside you knozo me? He took his The soldiers, struck with the bayonets opposed to him. raise their hands fear and respect, dared nôt to against their who to advance through their rauks. Emperor, continued boldest among them At length one of the Emperor daring to level his piece, thé moment immediately shot him with a pistol. At this Gérin, Yayou and the other yvere concealed in conspirators who ambush, gave the word tofre, when a ets and cane, and knocked aside you knozo me? He took his The soldiers, struck with the bayonets opposed to him. raise their hands fear and respect, dared nôt to against their who to advance through their rauks. Emperor, continued boldest among them At length one of the Emperor daring to level his piece, thé moment immediately shot him with a pistol. At this Gérin, Yayou and the other yvere concealed in conspirators who ambush, gave the word tofre, when a --- Page 74 --- 56] Ch. IIL--OF THE general EMPIRE. was discharge took place. The killed, and he himself fell, Emperor's horse balls. Thus fell the head of pierced with a thousand' companions ofhis arms, his tbe empire, amidst the reign of one year, ten months glory and his toils, aftera Col. Marcadier, the sole and twenty-six days. bravely by his side commander of his guards, fell It was then that defending a white him. Verret, * a favourite of Frenchman of the name of had saved and Pétion's, whose life the General, promoted him to the rank of Emperor his watch was seen to mutilate the and Adjutantand seals. Then also bodya take away memory, was seen to cut off one Georges, of execrable he sold to a stranger of his thumbs, which guese. It was then that immediately the after for ten Portuoh! climax of horror dead body but it even after death. they insulted and abused Thus did Pétion Sovereign, bis friend accomplish and the destruction of his the reins of benefactor, in order to seize of civil war. Governient, and kindle anew the flames CHAP. IV. OF TIE CIVIL WARS. How, guilty are those wio entailed ambitious and perfidious men calamities of civil upon war! their wretched country all the who, with the evidence How criminal those wretches, beforc their eyes * This Verret still ofthedisasters + The terms holds a command in the South, and applied to a Portuguese, gold coin Johannes and Joe, are synonymous, dnd usually valued at eight commonly current in the West Indies, dollars, or halfa doubloou.--Taat. CHAP. IV. OF TIE CIVIL WARS. How, guilty are those wio entailed ambitious and perfidious men calamities of civil upon war! their wretched country all the who, with the evidence How criminal those wretches, beforc their eyes * This Verret still ofthedisasters + The terms holds a command in the South, and applied to a Portuguese, gold coin Johannes and Joe, are synonymous, dnd usually valued at eight commonly current in the West Indies, dollars, or halfa doubloou.--Taat. --- Page 75 --- OF THE CIVIL WARS. [57 from it, and all the expenditure of blood resulting in using every effort which has taken place, persevere means for its to perpetuate it, in place of devising trace of its perextinction, and for destroying every should nicious effects! Our wounds are yet bleeding; then rather into them the healing balsam, we not pour them anew P than madly strive to open the Never--never will I give to my. countrymen horrible and deceitful advice of Colombel and Milcent, those traitors paid by our enemies, who write only to civil dissension and animosity, and to stimulate excite fellow-citizens to cut each others throats; but, their solely by the patriotism, I take up my actuated purest and harmony, with a pen in order to promote peace in order to mutual pardon and oblivion of injuries, which the etfusion of that valuable blood, prevent to be shed only in defence of our liberty and ought If I retrace the misfortunes of our independence. to inclination; I have civil wars, it is contrary my the field of battle, been driven to it, as we have been to in spite of myself, by my adversaries : and besides, I write more with a view of remedying these evils, our conduct from reproach, thaa to and clearing recollections, wlich, were I able, I awaken painful bury in eternal oblivion. would most gladly Had the abuses of The Emperor was no more! of his lis administration been the true and only cuuse downfall, the political commotion which produced it, would have had no further consequences. The reins of Government devolved upon his legitimate successor, and should have passed from the hands of the oue to the otber without further change in the Government. have already observed, Pétion's object was to But, as I for himself. In seize upon the supreme authority had removed but- one overthrowing the Emperor, he the Comobstacle; another yet remained, this was abuses of The Emperor was no more! of his lis administration been the true and only cuuse downfall, the political commotion which produced it, would have had no further consequences. The reins of Government devolved upon his legitimate successor, and should have passed from the hands of the oue to the otber without further change in the Government. have already observed, Pétion's object was to But, as I for himself. In seize upon the supreme authority had removed but- one overthrowing the Emperor, he the Comobstacle; another yet remained, this was --- Page 76 --- 58] Ch. IV.-OF THE % mander-in-Chief, CIVIL WARS. destroy in order whom it was likewise to obtain the necessary te But, as the Revolution which supreme command. been effected in his had taken place, had about another, in order name, it was necessary to Before to obtain a similar bring we proceed further, result. gratified by a sketch of the my readers will feel cipal personages, who will character of the two prinopposite manner, a conspicuous occupy, though in a widely our civil wars. place in the history of HENRY his public. and CHRISTOPHE, private from the earliest dawn of frank, life, has uniformly shewn upright, and honourable. himself a rigorous An excellent father, own duties; diseiplinarian; strict in the of active, brave, and discharge his disposition, incapable of fraud generous ; lively in his always speaks and acts with or dissimulation, he the virtuous, and severe to the manly candour;, just to to reward the one and guilty, he is prompt with him to the throne punish the other: he carried private; his all his virtues public and frankness, his his inflexible character integrity, and his justice, been prejudicial to his and principles, have often have uniformly endeavoured interests, and his enemies against him. to turn his very virtues ALEXAXDER PETION was his every thing: he was opposite in every designing, and ambitious indisputably the most hypocritical, vice and disorder, man in the world: : kind to the guilty, tolerating flattering the people, in order to caressing and a cheat, a traitor; acquire popularity; enemies in secret : he effecting united the assassination of his of a conspirator, the to all the arts and talents most a word, partaking of every profound dissimulation; in his public and private vice, and equally corrupt in calculated to injure his character, he was singularly country. in every designing, and ambitious indisputably the most hypocritical, vice and disorder, man in the world: : kind to the guilty, tolerating flattering the people, in order to caressing and a cheat, a traitor; acquire popularity; enemies in secret : he effecting united the assassination of his of a conspirator, the to all the arts and talents most a word, partaking of every profound dissimulation; in his public and private vice, and equally corrupt in calculated to injure his character, he was singularly country. --- Page 77 --- OF THE CIVIL WARS. [59 Christophe had the most indisputable claim Henry Government, as well as the gratitude of his to the not only from hislong and distinguished fellow-citizens, but also as the senior services as Commander-in-Chief, the voices of all officer of the army:* and he had good whereas Alexander Pétion had people in his favour; since not the slightest pretension to the Government, other Generals whose claims were there were many from the and length stronger than his both magnitude services. Pétion was only known in Hayti by of their of his treasons ; and even the popularity the number his toleration of he had acquired was purchased by nevertheevery kind of profligacy and licentiousness: : less he succeeded, as I am about to shew, in producing a schism in the country, usurping power, and exciting a civil war. fall, the country From the moment ofthe Emperor's became virtually divided; though this unfortunate it nevertheless separation was not at once perceptible, actually existed. of the first division of the West, who The troops under the command had been sent to join the Emperor with of Martial Besse, halted at Arcahaye, filled grief for the tragical end of their chief. They were impatient to avenge his death, but their to march to Port-au-Prince General reluctantly dissuaded them from their design them rather to return to their cantonand besought and obedient. ments, and there remain peaceable division of The province of the North, and the first that of the West which had no share in the part acknowledged no authority but that of bloody tragedy, and refused obedience to any the Commander-in-Chie, while the of the South, and orders but his: province the second division of the West, which had brought * Dessalinos left no legitimate posterity behind him.- Transh -Prince General reluctantly dissuaded them from their design them rather to return to their cantonand besought and obedient. ments, and there remain peaceable division of The province of the North, and the first that of the West which had no share in the part acknowledged no authority but that of bloody tragedy, and refused obedience to any the Commander-in-Chie, while the of the South, and orders but his: province the second division of the West, which had brought * Dessalinos left no legitimate posterity behind him.- Transh --- Page 78 --- G01 Ch. IV.-OF THE CIVIL about the Revolution, WARS. but those of Pétion and refused submission to any orders Gérin. made a show of These two leaders obeying the authority of. the mnander-in-Chief; but Comthey only executed them notsvithstanding their In this state as they pleased professions, taking ofailairs, a civil war could not themsclves. bes place. slow in After The conspirntors continued at the death of the Emperor Port-au-Prince. which the impatient Gérin they held a council, at march to the town of urged their immediate he said, the treasures Dessalines, of the which contained, as not be atchieved without tyrant : butas this couid espoused a contrary a battle, the wily Pétion, represented that as the opinion, and opposed him. He the name of the Revolution had been effected in march against the Commander-in-chiet, troops if they were to they would betray which obeyed his orders, aggression, which might themseives, and commit an act of estimation of the army and materially the injure them in the had chalked out for himself people. Pétion, who meant to pursue, preferred the line of conduct he mulation and the employment of dissienemy, whom perfidy, he to open force, to oppose to his had done the hoped to entangle in a snare as he equal facility. Emperor, and then destroy him with Here are the means they sures they pursued. employed, and the meaIt. was necessary to report to the explain to the people, and had produced Commnandesin-Chief the late events. the causes which addressed the Gérin, in consequence, on the 12th of Commentarin-Chie Oct, from Anse-à-Veau 1806, surrection at Cayes and its acquainting him with the in6c My dear origin: : hisl letter began thus: se long General; all the military and regarded you as the peuple have successor to the Governnent employed, and the meaIt. was necessary to report to the explain to the people, and had produced Commnandesin-Chief the late events. the causes which addressed the Gérin, in consequence, on the 12th of Commentarin-Chie Oct, from Anse-à-Veau 1806, surrection at Cayes and its acquainting him with the in6c My dear origin: : hisl letter began thus: se long General; all the military and regarded you as the peuple have successor to the Governnent --- Page 79 --- OF THE CIVIL WARS. [61 ce Hayti:" and le concluded in these words: cc to of head this empire, until 6 acknouledge you supreme of c6 the happy moment of proving it to you viva voce, 66 has arrived." On the 13th of October, the Chiefs of the army of the South wrote collectively to the Commander-inChief, to give him an account of their levy en masse. c6 We wvill not concealfrom yot, 99 say they, < illustrious 66 Commander-in-Chid, that we are convinced your 2i266 dignation will at least be equal to our own, and we < joufully and unanimously proclaim gou supreme head s ofthis island, under whutever denomination you think 66 proper to select. You have all our hearts; we will cc swear before God to be always faithful to you, and to 66 die in defence of you and liberly." Further on we find these words, <6 Aequin, Anse-à-Veau and Jacmel, 66 are for you and aus." And again, 46 We await, Com66 mander-in-Chicf, your orders for the whole of our 6 operations : be thou our protector and that of Hayti: 66 God will, we trust, bless the good cause." The morning after the Emperor's death, Gérin, Minister of War, confirms, in his letter of the 18th of October, that of the 13th. 66 The Tyrant is no more, pubtic joy applauds the < cvent, wkile it names you to govern. The people and 66 the army doubt not that your Excellency woill under- <6 tuke the duties which the marked and spontaneous will 1) 66 of the public has imposed upon you. Pétion himself-the wily crafty Pétion-wrote to the Commmnder-n-Chief after this event. His leiter of the 16th speaks of the transactions of the 17th, andconcludes as follows: ce Weshould not have accomplished our task, General, c had w0e not been convinced that there existed a leader 46 formed to command the army witl all that plenitude e of power of which he has till nowo possessed but the 6 tuke the duties which the marked and spontaneous will 1) 66 of the public has imposed upon you. Pétion himself-the wily crafty Pétion-wrote to the Commmnder-n-Chief after this event. His leiter of the 16th speaks of the transactions of the 17th, andconcludes as follows: ce Weshould not have accomplished our task, General, c had w0e not been convinced that there existed a leader 46 formed to command the army witl all that plenitude e of power of which he has till nowo possessed but the --- Page 80 --- 62] Ch. IV.--OF THE CIVIL 66 name. It is in the WARS. e always faithful, name of the whole of this army, 66 yoz, obedient, and orderly, that we General, to take the intreat 66 enable Us to enjoy the reins of Gorernment and 66 which fullness of our rights and for we have SO long liberly 66 dian of those laws which Fought, and to be the guar6 they are.just." we swear to obey because The Generals assembled at lished a Port-au-Prince pubProclamation, entitled 66 PRESSION," in which they RESISTANCE TO OPfollows: expressed themselves as c6 While waiting the moment s possible to establish it in which it aill be 6s unanimity, (a Constitution) we declare that fraterual e the basis affection, and harmony, shall ef our re-union. be GE arms, till we have levelled We will not lay down our ac the tree of our and debasement, and placed at the bondage se whose valour and virtues head of affairs a man e who, lilce wve have long admired, and e6 insults. ourselves, has been an object of the The people and the Tyrant's ec proclaim General army, whose organ we ares a of the Haytian Henry Christôphe, provisional head es definitively Gorernment, until the Constitution, in es determined its conferring this high ranl upon him, has nature." Now, all these authentic documents that he employed the name of the clearly prove, to excite the people and the Commander-in-Chief public voice called the troops; ; and that the vacant office of first Commander-n-Chier to fill the Magistrate of the State, Pétion, whose object it was to entice the Commander-in-Chief to him, as he bad done Port-au-Prince, his in order to entrap persuade him to predecessor, endeavoured to - of his efforts go there; but, anticipating the failure to lure him into his toils, he adopt measures for began to people in the producing a revolt of the army and provinces of the West and North. For and that the vacant office of first Commander-n-Chier to fill the Magistrate of the State, Pétion, whose object it was to entice the Commander-in-Chief to him, as he bad done Port-au-Prince, his in order to entrap persuade him to predecessor, endeavoured to - of his efforts go there; but, anticipating the failure to lure him into his toils, he adopt measures for began to people in the producing a revolt of the army and provinces of the West and North. For --- Page 81 --- OF THE CIVIL WARS. this purpose he disposed his [63 by land and agitators in every direction sea, to circulate his incendiary publications, proclamatious and against the inciting the people to rebel Commander-in-Chief. Pétion no any measures: : he enlisted troops and collected longer kept Port-au-Prince, he formed them at cavalry, and prepared to raise companies the of artillery and Pétion had standard of revolt. recognized the Commander of the as head of the Government, and Forces exercised the functions of yet this same Pétion Sovereign broke and changed the civil and authority. He whom he replaced at will by others. military He oflicers, the treasures of the State, and the disposed of decided causes, and sentenced to magazines. He mitting his death, without subdecisions to the head or the as the laws required. He Government, he suspected, put such of the oflicers, as inhumanly to death. Generals Moreau and Guillaume beheaded at Cayes and Aquin. General Lafleur, were the Adjutant Generals Boisrond Germain and to the late Emperor, and Tonnére, Secretary at Port-au-Prince Mentor, were bayonetted Colonels by his orders and under his Bazil aud Aoua, with a host of other eye, Officers, were assassinated. Black Colombel and the'l horrors of a civil Milcent, you who upbraid us with war, which you nally excited, and which yourselves origianswer me! Whilsty you endeavour to perpetuate, in making your leader Pétion was thus busied Haytian blood stream in torrents Port-au-Prince, was a single drop shed in the through orders of the Comimandercin-Chief? north, by On the contrary, the Chief of the No, doubtless. with the Government beheld which deepest sorrow the irritation and violence prevailed among the people, and used possible effort to tranquillize their every bring them back to the controul of unruly passions'and reason. origianswer me! Whilsty you endeavour to perpetuate, in making your leader Pétion was thus busied Haytian blood stream in torrents Port-au-Prince, was a single drop shed in the through orders of the Comimandercin-Chief? north, by On the contrary, the Chief of the No, doubtless. with the Government beheld which deepest sorrow the irritation and violence prevailed among the people, and used possible effort to tranquillize their every bring them back to the controul of unruly passions'and reason. --- Page 82 --- 64] Ch. 1v.-oF THE CIVIL WARS. To'avoid every ground of civil war, the Commander-in-Chief, without censuring the causes which had produced this melancholy catastrophe, or offence to the actors in the held giving tragedy, a middle course, and endeavoured by his the measures he pursued, to restore prociamations, and orgahize the Government tranquillity, and upon a new basis. In a proclamation of the 2d Nov. he cc It is nothing to have overtirown speaks thus: ce nistration, unless a corrupt admi6c we substitute a better in its room, and guard against that anarchy and € casily arise out of the disorder wohich SO 66 Constitution to another. political transition from one c ment which will Remember that the Governhenceforward 66 and secure to you guarantee your rights c demands compensation for your suferings, from you obedience, 66 discipline, observance of military c respect to your superiors, and submission to the laus. These are conditions 66 impossible for him to make the without which it is sc new career which 2s smallest progress in the opened to him." And he cludes with these words: 66 Government con6e maintenance the wishes for the of most 66 the sacrifice perfect harmony, und the of cvery feeling ce or party spirit, and has no of animosity, ambition, < otker object than the welfare of the State." The head of the Government then directed primary assemblies to meet for the election the deputies who were to assemble for the or the framing a new Constitution. Pétion and purpose of directed to convoke the assemblies of Gérin were the South, and the second division the province of The of that of the West. seat of Government was at the which was the residence of the Cape, in this city therefore, Comumander-in-Caref: it was that the according to every rule of custom, Constituent Assembly should have met. But Henry, to give the Generals a striking proof of his the deputies who were to assemble for the or the framing a new Constitution. Pétion and purpose of directed to convoke the assemblies of Gérin were the South, and the second division the province of The of that of the West. seat of Government was at the which was the residence of the Cape, in this city therefore, Comumander-in-Caref: it was that the according to every rule of custom, Constituent Assembly should have met. But Henry, to give the Generals a striking proof of his --- Page 83 --- OF THE CIVIL WARS. disinterested E65 integrity, and, to remove every of undue influence, consented, suspicion being held at unfortunately, to its Port-au-Prince, remote both from presence and influence; far from his would turn his integrity imagining that Pétion his against himself and against country. To understand Pétion and Gérin peace and harmony were re-established; ; they had removed the obstacle to the prosperity of the only continued to keep the country; and yet they troops collected at Porte-auPrince, contrary to the orders and head of the Government, who proclamations of the marched back to their commanded them to be all those in the North and respective West. cantonments, as were alone, in which the It was in this town formation of the Magistrates, entrusted with the Constitution, were on the eve of assembling, that they kept a numerous force in arms : does not this clearly demonstrate their mate designs P ultiThe deputies from the North, and part of the West, would have commenced their deliberations the appointed time; but those from the at the second division of the West, had not South, and Pétion deferred opening the yet arrived. and even refused to assembly from day to day, name the place where its were to be held : he wished to gain tine to mature sittings his plans, and perfect his intrigues. At length the day for opening the Assembly arrived. On the verification of the Legislative there were found to be seventy-four powers, offifty-sin, of which it deputies, in place and Gérin ought to have consisted: Pétion having for their own ends perfidiously a majority of eighteen deputies in the two given the South. Independent of divisions of overawed by the large which the assembly was military force in the zoas notfree êr its deliberations. town, and T plans, and perfect his intrigues. At length the day for opening the Assembly arrived. On the verification of the Legislative there were found to be seventy-four powers, offifty-sin, of which it deputies, in place and Gérin ought to have consisted: Pétion having for their own ends perfidiously a majority of eighteen deputies in the two given the South. Independent of divisions of overawed by the large which the assembly was military force in the zoas notfree êr its deliberations. town, and T --- Page 84 --- 66] Ch. IV.-OF THE CIVIL WARS. In vain did the deputies from the first division of the West, North and the was illegally constituted. represent that the assembly Their negatived by the majority formed complaints were the South, and the second by the deputies from deputies from the North division of the West. The this pretended entered their protest against constituent assembly. After such proofs, insults, and of the Government could aggressions, the head spectator of the calamities no longer continue an idle of his during the season of irritation, country. He had, welfare of the tolerated all that the now arrived : the country would allow: : but the crisis had could laws were violated and not suffer his fellow-citizens despised; he and oppressed before his to be butchered that Pétion's sole eyes; and he clearly discerned Government. aim was to seize upon the reins of He therefore marched Prince, and on the 1st of against Port-auin the plains of Cibert the January, 1807, encountered marched for the invasion army which Pétion had West.* of the first division of the I have now explained the and civil dissensions; origin causes of our readers ; and, from what has been can judge who were the authors stated, my of the diasters which and exciters followed; and they will doubt- * Pétion was defeated here : he owed his rosity of Henry, who liberated a number of safety to the geneof battle, and balted the march ofl his prisoners on the field Prince, in order to save the effusion of victorious army for Port-au-" where be halted he wrote to Pétion and blood. From the place them terms of peace, Thus he Gérin generously offering and rally bis troops. gave étion time to fortify himself, after tle battle of Henryfellinto the same error with Haunibal fought against Cannae, with this difference, that Hannibal while strangers, towards whom delicacy was Heury was opposed to his own needless, his error more excusable, countrymen, which renders --- Page 85 --- OF THE CIVIL WARS. less see with indignation, how [67 linked a nation of brethren together by the most perfect unity of has been disunited and set at interests, against the other, by the variance, the one part ambition of one man. intrigues and unbounded CHAP. V. CONTINUATION OF THE SUBJECT.-THE PRESIDENCY OF BOTH SIDES. Tme fatal moment been shed was arrived : Haytian blood had and by Haytian hands. Civil war was kindled, brought in its train all those horrors and tunes which yet afflict our wretched and misforcountry. unhappy Henry Christôphe had been nised and proclaimed head of the Haytian unanimously recogby the people and the soldiery, and the Government and Magistrates who had just very Generals had themselves questioned his authority, take the been the first to acknowledge it and to oath of allegiance to him ; as a reference their own acts attests. to Pétion had nevertheless succeeded, intrigues, in arming them against the chief through of their his choice, and inducing them to violate their oaths. own The abuses of the Emperoi's administration his tyranny had furnished a colourable and overthrow: but what pretext for his ground of complaint could possibly exist against the present head of the ment. Had he committed Governabuse of any act of oppression, or against his power, to warrant the assumption of arms authority 2-of what maladministration, F 2 of attests. to Pétion had nevertheless succeeded, intrigues, in arming them against the chief through of their his choice, and inducing them to violate their oaths. own The abuses of the Emperoi's administration his tyranny had furnished a colourable and overthrow: but what pretext for his ground of complaint could possibly exist against the present head of the ment. Had he committed Governabuse of any act of oppression, or against his power, to warrant the assumption of arms authority 2-of what maladministration, F 2 of --- Page 86 --- 68] Ch.v.-or THE CIVIL WARS. what crime had he been guilty P he had not yet been allowed Surely of none! for a single function of sufficient time to exercise saries to Government; and I defy my adverdisprove this assertion. Not an had been arrested, not a drop of blood had individual by his orders. On the been shed magistrates and officers contrary all the acts of the of the South-west prove the firm reliance placed in bis high incontestibly known virtues both by the character and What then could authorize army and the nation. his a refusal to authority, and induce the acknowledge the people, and the generals, the magistrates, troops of the violate their oath of allegiance P--thiose South-west, to had been voluntarily foremost especially who in proclaiming and acknowledging him supreme head of the Government, not only without Haytian part, but even without any solicitation on his whose virtues and consulting his wishes. A man integrity had been admitted, who had been allowed to be the universally capable of conducting public affairs with only person an inconceivable fatality, in the short skill, had, by the 17th of October and the 1stof space between esteem and respect, and January, lost their as a tyrant who had forfeited was represented to the people talents and virtues: all his rights, and lost all and this by the. very bad not three months before declared persons who that he was the, only their conviction governing. What person capable and worthy of suddenly a change? How could they SO deny bis authority, and take arms him P What could be the real against trous and. unnatural grounds for this disaswarP What motives could be sufliciently powerful to induce a nation of brethren thus madly to deal destruction The very same which among one another ? produced the civil war between Rigaud and Toussaint, These were the real and none other ever existed. motives, that he was the, only their conviction governing. What person capable and worthy of suddenly a change? How could they SO deny bis authority, and take arms him P What could be the real against trous and. unnatural grounds for this disaswarP What motives could be sufliciently powerful to induce a nation of brethren thus madly to deal destruction The very same which among one another ? produced the civil war between Rigaud and Toussaint, These were the real and none other ever existed. motives, --- Page 87 --- OF THE CIVIL WAnS, [69 Henry, like Toussaint, was : dragged against his inclination into the field of battle. Pétion proved, like Rigaud, ambitious, unjust, and ungrateful; he was the blind instrument of the Whites. Had he consulted the true interests of his country, had he but listened to the voice of justice and of reason ; had his heart been of humanity, would he not have open to considerations from the of the incalcushrunk with horror prospect lable evils he was bringing on his country? Did he not know that the first authority never could devolye him, and that by endeavouring to seize upon the upon reins of Government he must inevitably kindle the flames of civil war? Did he not know all the calamities which must result? Could he be ignorant of them ? He who had been a witness and participator in Rigaud's war against Toussaint. Why then attempt a similar war which must be productive of similar results? Does not all this clearly prove that Pétion sacrificed every generous and patriotic consideration to the gratification of his own ambition, and that the generals and magistrates, the people and the troops of the South-west, were blindly led to become subservient to the interests and passions of an individual? In this civil war, disastrous and unfortunate'to the Haytians, the Whites, as in all our former wars, played their accustomed game; they intrigued and gave advice on both sides; aided to the utmost of their both parties in doing each other all possible power they busied themselves in procuring for each injury: ammunition, ships and provisions. The moment arms, made one side appeared on the point of yielding, they every exertion to support it SO as to prolong the contest. And how do they act at present? Can it be believed that they have renounced their favourite project cf sowing dissension, and arming us against Whites, as in all our former wars, played their accustomed game; they intrigued and gave advice on both sides; aided to the utmost of their both parties in doing each other all possible power they busied themselves in procuring for each injury: ammunition, ships and provisions. The moment arms, made one side appeared on the point of yielding, they every exertion to support it SO as to prolong the contest. And how do they act at present? Can it be believed that they have renounced their favourite project cf sowing dissension, and arming us against --- Page 88 --- 70J Ch. v.-oF THE X each other P CIVIL WARS.' What are Colombel and the; French established at Milcent, with Jérémie, and at Jacmel Porte-au-Prince, at Cayes, at to corrupt the minds of doing? the Are they not labouring rents to their views? Are people, and to gain adhethe Haytians of this they not the vipers whom part nourish in their are sent, under the mask of bosom P who troubles.* commerce to excite fresh - After the battle of Cibert, on the 1st of 1807, all intercourse ceased between January, the separation of the the two sides: became country, hitherto but real; and both the unity of the nominal, ment and the army was dissolved. GovernHayti gained the summit of their The enemies of flocked together again in the foolish wishes, and they hope of profiting by our and barbarous one party to crush the other. dissensions, and employing Meanwhile both sides were new Constitution and occupied in framing a nistration. remodelling the system of admiA Council of State, formed of the and notables of the North and the first general officers West, was summoned to division of the of meet at the Cape on the 17th February, in order to deliberate stitution. upon a new ConThis Council legislated for the three the North, the West, and the South. The provinces of was called the State of Hayti, and its Chief Government President, und Generalissimo of the Forces Magistrate, sea. This office was by land and for life, and the President right to chuse a successor from had a The legislative among the Generals only. authority was vested in a Council of * A French merchant of the name of Sureau, who eommercial establishments at Porte-au-Prince, bas is banker to the Republicun Government!!! Jacmel, and Cayes, --- Page 89 --- OF THE CIVIL WARS, [71 State; ; and a superintendent was appointed to take charge of the departmeuts of finance, marine, und the interior, avithe a Secretary of State, who was to draw up and countersign all public acts, and conduct all correspondence both forcign and domestic. The principles of this Constitution partook more of those of a Monarchy than a Republic : it was the best adapted to existing circumstances, and the stormy aspect of the times. The civil and military authorities in the Southwest also formed themselves into a deliberative assembly, and legislated equally for the three provinces of the North, the West, and the South. In this state of affairs the original was the only real and indisputable right. The Commander-in-Chief had been acknowledged head of the Haytian Government by the inhabitants of the three provinces. The Sovereignty existed in the whole body of citizens : one portion of the people had no right to legislate for the remainder, nor could the chieftain, who had been once elected, be legally deposed without the unanimous concurrence of the peopie. Nevertheless the Government of the South-west assumed the title of the Republic of Hayti: the Constitution was modelled after that of the United States of America ; the office of President was to continue for four years, with a Senate entrusted with the legislative power. Contrary to every principle of honour, of justice, and of equity, Pétion was chosen President of the Republic, and thus attained the summit of bis ambition. Proclamations and publications appeared on both sides, reciprocally casting upon each other the odium of having occasioned the civil war : the keenest geproaches tended to inflame their mutual animosity, and were the precursors of the bloody scenes whick followed. of the United States of America ; the office of President was to continue for four years, with a Senate entrusted with the legislative power. Contrary to every principle of honour, of justice, and of equity, Pétion was chosen President of the Republic, and thus attained the summit of bis ambition. Proclamations and publications appeared on both sides, reciprocally casting upon each other the odium of having occasioned the civil war : the keenest geproaches tended to inflame their mutual animosity, and were the precursors of the bloody scenes whick followed. --- Page 90 --- 92] Ch. V.-OF THE CIVIL WARS. Henry Christôphe, of a frank and racter, satisfied of the goodness and energetic chaprocceded openly to the execution justice of his cause, Pétion aimed at of his plans, while secret intrigue. accomplishing his dark designs by Henry, on taking the helm of the himself seriously to the duties of his state, applied organised all the branches of the post. He recorrected the disorders which public service, and preceding Government. had existed under the His braced all the details of the comprehensive cye emjustice, finance, commerce, administration, police, discipline;. agriculture, and military throughout the whole he introduced spirit of order which SO that Government, and is the chief eminently distinguishes his tranquillity, strength, and cause of our present Pétion, on assuming the power. reins of not swerve from his Machiavelian Government did interior of the principles in the he flattered Republic. To increase his and caressed the mob: : he authorised popularity species of licentiousness, crime, and every thing was tolerated at immorality: every enormities Port-au-Prince, and the were perpetrated before his face. greatest off his hat to every He took night the foreign passenger in the streets; and at their merchants were obliged to barricade stores, and émploy fire arms to selves from pillage. Had.a protect themPétion would smile man committed a rape, another only and say let him alone: had doubtless robbed, he 2s a poor devil, he would he was in distress : had another say, murder, instead of committed Pétion would applying the law of retaliation, observe, it is impossible, for would be a loss of two men in then there He had place of onc. his overthrown the Emperor for the abuses of administration, while in his own be committed hundred times more crimes and abuses than an ever were smile man committed a rape, another only and say let him alone: had doubtless robbed, he 2s a poor devil, he would he was in distress : had another say, murder, instead of committed Pétion would applying the law of retaliation, observe, it is impossible, for would be a loss of two men in then there He had place of onc. his overthrown the Emperor for the abuses of administration, while in his own be committed hundred times more crimes and abuses than an ever were --- Page 91 --- OF THE CIVIL WARS. [73 perpotrated under the Emperor. In his proclamations and speeches he affected the greatest repugnance to shedding Haytian blood, while in his instructions to his Generals he ordered them to destroy every thing with fire and sword, and to do all possible mischief.* In the silence and meditation of his cabinet he devised and arranged atrocious and perfidious measures for shedding torrents of blood : he directed his Machiavelian 'plans particularly against the men of colour in the North, who were, alas! the victims of bis treachery. Pétion knew by experience that through their partiality for his complexion, he should be able to gain over and deccivethese unfortunate beings, who wereweak enough to be misled by his perfidious advice and suggestions. Pétion knew, in his diabolical calculations, that from exciting them to revolt against the supreme head, one of three results must follow; either that they must take up arnis to serve his cause or perish, or fly and themselves on his side: SO that, however it fell range out, this traitor, more artful than even Machiavel himself, could not fail to profit. Should the men ofcolour whom he seduced, prove victorious, bis party would be triumphant: should they be slain in their revolt, or compelled to fly and rally beneath his standard, he would in either case be a gainer; he would either weaken the force of his enemy or swell his own. After the issue of the event he still knew how to profit by it: he affected to pity the lot of those unfortunate wretches wio had fallen through his machinations, aud deceitful councils; ; he ailected to welcome with ardour those who had escaped his snares, and his massacres : he exhibited them in public; and, to fill the measure of his guilt, the result of his own up ** Such were his instructions to General Lamarre, the originals of which are now before me. weaken the force of his enemy or swell his own. After the issue of the event he still knew how to profit by it: he affected to pity the lot of those unfortunate wretches wio had fallen through his machinations, aud deceitful councils; ; he ailected to welcome with ardour those who had escaped his snares, and his massacres : he exhibited them in public; and, to fill the measure of his guilt, the result of his own up ** Such were his instructions to General Lamarre, the originals of which are now before me. --- Page 92 --- 74] Ch. V.-OF THE CIVIL WARS. crimes still furnished him with materials for frightful pictureof the public drawing a ing Henry calamities, and representChristôphe as a monster and a these public exhibitions he tyrant. After game in his cabinet. Was played a widely different tence of Men of Colour in the mention made ofthe exiswhat had taken place, Pétion would North, notwithstanding worse, I wish he had exterminated reply SO much the business have they there 2 His them to the last, what turbance and revolt object in exciting disall possible evil and among us, was to compel us to do adopt such violentand sures as could not fail to alienate the severe meafriends, and create affections of our partizans for himself. served that one of his party had been Was it obpatroles, that these had done captured by our released him with nothing to him, but had would Pétition good treatment, so much the worse say, had they cut off his head, another would not have let himself be taken SO the artful man with whom easily. Such was upright himself, had to deal Henry Christôphe, frank and : is it we have sustained such surprising then that however, grievous calamities? That, which ought to astonish, and which comprehension, is to hear us reproached surpasses peopie, with the calamities they by these very It is not from a few accidental themselves occasioned. the general tenour of their conduct occurrences but from Goveriments that the heads of are to be judged : and, from the I am about to give of events, we shall analysis aggressorand the true author of the see who was the Pétion had been the sole author public of the misfortunes. and yet he had the art and assurance civil war, tification, and throw the blame ofit to attempt a jusof the Government. upon the head of In one of his publications of the 17th Jan. which he endeavoured to 1807, in justify himself, he schy cannot Traise my voice like the last exclaims, trampet, judged : and, from the I am about to give of events, we shall analysis aggressorand the true author of the see who was the Pétion had been the sole author public of the misfortunes. and yet he had the art and assurance civil war, tification, and throw the blame ofit to attempt a jusof the Government. upon the head of In one of his publications of the 17th Jan. which he endeavoured to 1807, in justify himself, he schy cannot Traise my voice like the last exclaims, trampet, --- Page 93 --- OF THE CIVIL WARS. to convey to the deepest caverns ofourr rocksthe [75: of peace and consolation? This is the language ambition, this is the conduct I could wish height of my not to bekold the effusion of such to pursue, and of m3 brethren, already too torrents of the blood We shall see how his actions unfortunate. accorded with professions. - his In this very year he multiplied bis attacks. finite extent. He sent to an inRiviere to excite revolt, tGemenai@Antiguemretot and Grande fire and sword. This General lay every thing waste with with death. He was taken and punished duce an insurrection commissioned in the General Cangé to procounteracted by Marshal West, but his designs were him Besse, who arrested him punished as he deserved. Pétion and in the 9th regiment at caused a mutiny Lamarre with a considerable Port-de-Paix, and sent. General and gave him orders force to aid the mutineers, possible to destroy every thing, to do all mischief, to make himself master the Mole, and to fortify himself there.* of town of He made a simultaneous where he was vigorously attempt upon Mirebalais, ofGonaives by repulsed. He got possession after having treachery, and was driven from it pillaged the unfortunate again set the town on fire. He inhabitants, and merous army, but besieged St. Marc with a nuretire with was obliged to raise the siege, and disgrace. He sent a Sourde, in the heart of the strong force against were totally North, where his defeated, and the troops one of his celebrated David Trois, unfortunate commanders, lost his life. How have the been Haytians, victims to the cut down in these unfortunate ambition of Pétion, yet this traitor had campaigns! And incessantly in bis mouth his love this town, Gen. Lamarre's papers fell into our hands on the capture of obliged to raise the siege, and disgrace. He sent a Sourde, in the heart of the strong force against were totally North, where his defeated, and the troops one of his celebrated David Trois, unfortunate commanders, lost his life. How have the been Haytians, victims to the cut down in these unfortunate ambition of Pétion, yet this traitor had campaigns! And incessantly in bis mouth his love this town, Gen. Lamarre's papers fell into our hands on the capture of --- Page 94 --- Ch. v.-OF THE CIVIL WARS. and his 76] to bloodshed, for his country, his while repugnance he was straining every nerve his want of ambition, authority. He dispersed to obtain the supreme wide to excite the people to revolt, and émissaries far and attacked us by land made immense preparations, blood of his countrymen by wholeand shed the the storm, flew from sea, sale. Henry made head against of an eagle, and was with the celerity place to place victorious: a declared in his faeverywhere party in the South Gôman, took A powerfal Dupérier, sirnamed mounvour. Jean Baptiste himself fin the innccessible forces sent arms, and mintained where he alike resisted the him. tains of Hote, and the plots formed to entrap Pétion for against him employed by of Meanwhile the Generals and the usurpation destruction of the Emperor, that they had been the the began to discover saw, when his authority, his ambitious projects: : they mere tools of they had suffered themselves too late, into what errors which resulted from be led, and the misfortunes filled their hearts, to their country. Repentance decreed them to and Pétion instantly they dared to murmur, first victim: their ruin. and senator, was the of Magloire, a general with a multitude at Jacmel, who executed he was assassinated and David Trois, brave citizens : Bonnet themselves with their spoils. even Pétion's orders, enriched likewise a senator and general, the blind inSoon after Yayou; friend of his bosom, his Seide, the Haytian Yayou the whom he named strument of bis passions, the same fate with Magloire, among the mountains at Fort Campan Chervain, Baiderionea being murdered the emissaries of Pétion. with a multiof Leogane, of by war at Portau-Prince, ambition of this new commissary was sacrificed by the off the noblest tude besides, who selected and struck Robespierre, senator and general, the blind inSoon after Yayou; friend of his bosom, his Seide, the Haytian Yayou the whom he named strument of bis passions, the same fate with Magloire, among the mountains at Fort Campan Chervain, Baiderionea being murdered the emissaries of Pétion. with a multiof Leogane, of by war at Portau-Prince, ambition of this new commissary was sacrificed by the off the noblest tude besides, who selected and struck Robespierre, --- Page 95 --- OF THE CIVIL WARS. heads, in order to seat his power the [77 over their bleeding trunks. more securely And thou Gérin ! thou his equal, his accomplice! thou who hast done and auxiliary and thing for him, thou who hast served sacrificed every him to attain to as a footstool for power, thou shalt not be too shalt be bis victim : thou hast been exempt, thou ful and a parricide, thou shalt unjust, ungrateimmolated in the perish, thou shalt be lated him to same way in which thou hast immowhom thou owest thy life, and thy glory.* thy reputation Gérin, a general and a senator, had fallen into grace, had become a mere cipher, and his disno longer regarded : dissatisfied with advice was stration he meditated another Pétion's adminisickness and retired to revolution: he feigned certed measures for Anse-à-Veau, where he condone in the time of the playing the same game he had Emperor. Gérin and Lamarre had a high esteem other: they had been for each in the strictest bonds companions of in arms, were united mutual and active friendship, and maintained a Gérin's correspondence. Lamarre beheld the disgrace with grief, and was unable to resentment he felt. Some hasty disguise he dropped at the Môle were expressions which Pétion, who from that instantly reported to horror and aversion for the moment conceived a decided resolved to set men of the South ; and he that aside, or destroy all the leading men of quarter who could possibly traverse or throw auy obstacle in the way of his his designs, He vowed the destruction of ambition. Gérin, and dreading * In the first civil war Gérin commanded daires under he Petit Trou des Barawho received Rigaud: was made prisoner by Gen. orders from Gen, Toussaint, to have Dessalines, Dessalines avoided executing this order, and saved bim shot: : Gérin's life, men of the South ; and he that aside, or destroy all the leading men of quarter who could possibly traverse or throw auy obstacle in the way of his his designs, He vowed the destruction of ambition. Gérin, and dreading * In the first civil war Gérin commanded daires under he Petit Trou des Barawho received Rigaud: was made prisoner by Gen. orders from Gen, Toussaint, to have Dessalines, Dessalines avoided executing this order, and saved bim shot: : Gérin's life, --- Page 96 --- v.-OF THE CIVIL WARS. 78] Ch. his comof Lamarre and the forcesunder that the the return homes in the South, he hoped The corresmand, to their their tomb. town of thé Mole might prove Lamarre leaves no' doubt on of Gérin and pondlence this head." * Boucassin, 6th July, 1809. commanding the Army GERIN, General of. Diviston, Senator LAMARRE, Et. ELIE of the President, to the in the absence Army ofthe Espedition. friend and colleague, basrmelenreted General, my dear letter of the 26th. ultimo reached Itis but two days since the from me to you was delivered to and I know not whether one me, citizen J.J. Dartiguenave. that I should receive you by confident, my brave comrade, of my return I felt as soon as you were apprised enthusiasm for your congyatulations, attachment to me, and your but to the service. Your fail to suggest to you a flattering hope, your country, could not another idea, yet, without attaching unforalas 1 I had formed quite Meanwhile events have but too much importance to it. My counsels are always misconstrued. in tunately justified my fears. under the command of Col. Lys, column sent into the North returned on the 3d, A to all I could urge to the contrary, friend Colonel David opposition loss in our of this after sustaining an irreparable citizen. In a word, the loss Trois, a brave and virtuous than that of an entire officer is more prejudicial to the done Republic ? Death is our trade, and regiment. But what is-to be fallen, as far happier than those who have already have an end? Iu I look upon survive. But must not every thing the river Artibonite, those who to pass called dear friend, we endeavoured above the river fine, my columa of 2,500 men, two leagues of Mirebalsis; but, with a in order, to fall upon the town food in the river, I was Fer-à-Cheval, tle of the current and of the army I proowing to rapidity On the return unable to effect my purpose. for artillery and other requisites posed going to Port-au-Prines would have enabled us to establish for the siege of Verrêtes, which town of Arenhaye; and the left ourselves from that point to the have served us for a boundary bank of the Artibonite would and a tract of nearly thirty leagues: from Verrêtes to Grand Bois, fall upon the town food in the river, I was Fer-à-Cheval, tle of the current and of the army I proowing to rapidity On the return unable to effect my purpose. for artillery and other requisites posed going to Port-au-Prines would have enabled us to establish for the siege of Verrêtes, which town of Arenhaye; and the left ourselves from that point to the have served us for a boundary bank of the Artibonite would and a tract of nearly thirty leagues: from Verrêtes to Grand Bois, --- Page 97 --- OF THE CIVIL WARS. Whilst Pétion abandoned [79 Môle, he took Lamarre to his fate at the measures for the successive overthrow of,the leading men in the South. It formed his plan to have them arrested, no part of death; for this would have tried, and condemned to intentions, and his led to a discovery of his disregard of thus have weakened his shedding blood, and popularity and rested on the urbanity of his power, which bis extreme manner, or rather upon hypocrisy. At Anse-à-Veau he opposed to Gérin, Bruny le would have fallen into our possession, This adopted ; and the column set I know plan was not marched the army first here, hence off; not wherefore they again, &c. In a word, to Pois, from Pois back hithep President that if he seeing this indecision, I hinted to the troops, wished, I would offer to embark with the make provided he gave me five battalions, and that a feint of proceeding to Jérémy, but I would Môle, where I should land the sailors really make sail for the and raise the blockade of and soldiers of the squadron, condition to resume active that place. Having placed you in a the operations, I should have troops, and gone to suppress the pestilential insurrection re-embarked Jérémy; this would have been an affair of three in month of February would still remain to months : the a force of upwards of nine and cross the Artibonite with excellent possibly ten thousand men. These plans were not adopted : and I know not done: the army becomes weakened what will be furloughs, by sickness, desertions, and The enemy means, I believe, to resume offensive for, within the last two or three days, two of his operations, shewn themselves at the old town of Mirebalais. regiments have I cannot but lament the fate which In a word almost every six months threatens the country, whilst to a conclusion. tis opportunities offer for bringing this war Keep to yourself, brave conlinue to hope for some favourable may comrade, and invisible genius which has litherto event, for there 2s an Adieu, my friend, I embrace walched over our destinies. you cordially. (Signedy Et, GERIN.. , two of his operations, shewn themselves at the old town of Mirebalais. regiments have I cannot but lament the fate which In a word almost every six months threatens the country, whilst to a conclusion. tis opportunities offer for bringing this war Keep to yourself, brave conlinue to hope for some favourable may comrade, and invisible genius which has litherto event, for there 2s an Adieu, my friend, I embrace walched over our destinies. you cordially. (Signedy Et, GERIN.. --- Page 98 --- S0] Ch. V.--OF THE CIVIL WARS. Blanc, commandant of the 16th regiment, of which Gérin had formerly been colonel. Bruny attacked him in his house; Gérin, who-was surnamed Côte Fer (Ironside) by his brother soldiers on account ofhis de intrépidity, vaiour, and numerous wounds, shut himself up there with a company of grenadiers, and defended himself vigorously. The house being at length battered down by the fire of the artillery, vouring to escape, was struck by a Gérin, of endeaand fell, when a sapper of the 16th fragment a stone head : his brave regiment cut off his grenadiers fell lighting his side. His dead body was valiantly by dragged to the marketplace of Anse-à-Veau, by his former companions in arms, as he had himself caused thenl body of the Emperor to be dragged and insulted before his In recompence for this exploit, Pétion eyes. Bruny le Blanc to the rank of General. promoted Thus did the specious Pétion overthrow whether friends or foes, who stood in his all, The regiment of Eclaireurs du Sud way. revolted and joined the army of Gôman. Pétion employed his usual stratagems against the officers of this corps. He fabricated letters calculated to make them and had these scattered in the vicinity of suspected, Gôman's posts, who upon seeing them, suspecting the officers of treachery, ignorantly sacrificed them to the and perfidy of Pétion. What hosts of victims vengeance has not immolated? And yet, this is he whom they he the assurance to represent to us as an angel of have sparing of human blood. Wherefore must we lay mercy, bare our wounds P Is it necessary to lift the veil which covers them? How, alas! can we heal them, if we want the courage to probe them? Behold Colombel and Milcent, the results of the civil wars and crimes, engendered by ambition, of which you, by inflammnatory your writings, provoke a repetition. It i hosts of victims vengeance has not immolated? And yet, this is he whom they he the assurance to represent to us as an angel of have sparing of human blood. Wherefore must we lay mercy, bare our wounds P Is it necessary to lift the veil which covers them? How, alas! can we heal them, if we want the courage to probe them? Behold Colombel and Milcent, the results of the civil wars and crimes, engendered by ambition, of which you, by inflammnatory your writings, provoke a repetition. It i --- Page 99 --- OF THE CIVIL WARS, you-your calumnies, and [81 have reduced me to the hard sniarepresentations, which picture for you. You have necessity of drawing this of the public calamities of made a pompous parade served a dead silence the North, and have preunhappily taken respecting those which have the place in the South-west : what blood of the William then? Germains, Mentors, Lafeurs, the Moreaus, Yayous, Gérins, Boisrond Tonneres, Magloires, Cheroins, still longer catalogue, which Delearres, Henrys, with a naming-was it of I should never have done brethren and no value? Was it not that of your to fellow-citizens? Cease then upbraid us ! Is the needlessly render them magnitude of our calamities to eternity, perpetual P Is our blood to flow to all because it has hitherto been Let us rather seek the wisest shed in torrents ? promptestand most and most prudent, the our civil eflicacious, means of discords, and for ever terminating of our public disasters. preventing a recurrence more Let us make a nobler and worthy use of the power which dence has placed in our hands; Divine Proviand let us labour in to regenerate ourselves, to concert and with renewed consolidate our rights, our. and vigour and close the libèrty wounds of our independence, The siege of the Môle deeply afflicted country. vain did Lamarre write proceeded with vigour; in to evacuate this to Pétion to solicit town. Pétion in permission maintain his ground. In vain reply ordered him to succours, and draw a frightful did Lamarre ask for to which the picture of the army was reduced. extremity to hold out to Pétion ordered him the last. 66 Citizen general wrote to him, 66 President," this <c if a situation, the bare idea whichfills me with 2f s6 the frequency horror, be suficient to of my letters, yoz apologisefor was more excusable willfind that I never 66 present you will than now, especially achen in the find. a faint 6; representation of what to which the picture of the army was reduced. extremity to hold out to Pétion ordered him the last. 66 Citizen general wrote to him, 66 President," this <c if a situation, the bare idea whichfills me with 2f s6 the frequency horror, be suficient to of my letters, yoz apologisefor was more excusable willfind that I never 66 present you will than now, especially achen in the find. a faint 6; representation of what --- Page 100 --- 82] Ch. V.-OF THE CIVIL WARS. 66 cannot fail to touch the 66 Citizen sensibility of your soul, Yes, President, to tell 66 successes the heroes you that after such signul who 66 before atchieved them sink: daily m3y eyes, and die of inanition; to tell you that,. notuithstanding the 66 wviformly constancy with which they have encountered 66 severest danger, and submitted to the privations, they see themselves sshrinls with regret from their shaken, they 66 within the enemy's duty, and seek, far 66 the best-tut lines, either inevitable death, or at 6s eke out a a scanty supply of ground provisions to miserable existence,' 91 sc. gc. After giving an account of his general, worthy a bappier fate, concludes operations, this follows: : 6c For it is his letter as 66 keenest impossible to bekold without the 6e anguish those whom the murderous bullets had spared, expiring under their 66 of relief; arms without the and, as in such a power <6 to any extremity, I should have situation despair may lead 6 hend, did not the every thing to appre66 herocs under courage and noble resolution of the 66 ground for alarm. my command, convince me I have no 66 ef, for 1 should have nothing to complain they possess these c witkout vanity that their virtues, and I may say 66 hand in setting the own officers are not behind 66 tion. I gire but czample of patience under prica66 you a slightsketch, Citizen wvere I lo enlarge it 1 should President; c6 whole never hare donè. My 66 then, by dependence the rests on your paternal aid. Save earliest 6 rehich we stand dispatch of those necessaries so much in need, and those of ments without which we reinforce66 cannot possibly hold longer, an army in out 66 and admiration." every way worthy of your regard Pétion continued to flatter him with saccour, he waited for promises of convey them, but transports and sbips of war ta Lamarre they nover arrived. He ordered upon 20 accouzt to abandon the important rests on your paternal aid. Save earliest 6 rehich we stand dispatch of those necessaries so much in need, and those of ments without which we reinforce66 cannot possibly hold longer, an army in out 66 and admiration." every way worthy of your regard Pétion continued to flatter him with saccour, he waited for promises of convey them, but transports and sbips of war ta Lamarre they nover arrived. He ordered upon 20 accouzt to abandon the important --- Page 101 --- OF THE CIVIL WARS, point of the Môle. 6c Where the L83 cerned, a heart like yours," said he public 6 service is conBoth the besiegers and the cannot hesitate."s prodigies of valour. besieged performed ball as he was Lamarre was killed by a cannonwas worthy of visiting the lines. This gallant warrior Henry, an admirer shedding of merit bis blood in a better cause. just eulogy upon his virtues and wherever his found, bestowed a who succeeded to the talents.t Eveillard, in battle, and command, fell a few was instantly days after Bouflet. Henry, replaced by Toussaint the besieged, commisernting the misfortunes of proposed a was rejected with capitulation, but his offer hoisted in token of indignation, their and the bloody flag was quarter. After a most obstinate neither giving nor receiving and forts were carried by resistance the town driven from them, retreated assault. The besieged, most and defended heroically, till at length surrounded themselves powered by the victorious and overto lay down their arms and troops they were compelled By the laws of war they surrender at discretion. put to the sword, might all have been instantly tulate, and having having hoisted obstinately refused to capimoment of being reduced the bloody flag at the longer to the last very capable of defending extremity, and no had rendered themselves themselves. Their oflicers shed in responsible for all the consequence of this blood Toussaint Bouflet and Jean unavailing resistance, commanders, deserved, Gournaut, their two to be punished with according to the laws of death, and war, were not however assassinated they were so. They after haring CAPI- * Pétion's letter of the 5th of June, + It was this oflicer who 1810, to Lamarre. guard at Petit-Goave, where defeated General Rochambeau's anandant, lost bis life, Netherwood, the Adjutant-ComG 2 blood Toussaint Bouflet and Jean unavailing resistance, commanders, deserved, Gournaut, their two to be punished with according to the laws of death, and war, were not however assassinated they were so. They after haring CAPI- * Pétion's letter of the 5th of June, + It was this oflicer who 1810, to Lamarre. guard at Petit-Goave, where defeated General Rochambeau's anandant, lost bis life, Netherwood, the Adjutant-ComG 2 --- Page 102 --- 84] Ch. V.-OF THE CIVIL WARS. TULATED, as Colombel has falsely asserted; ; and had they prevented the effusion of the blood of brave men whom they sacrificed numbers of their lives would have by their obstinacy, difference been spared. * There is a wide between the death ofthese two and the assassination of Generals commanders, and Gérin. Was Pétion Magloire, Yayou, Lamarre and the ignorant that, by sending the troops of the South into the heart of North, he exposed them to certain and inevitable destruction? P Or did he not know,that 9th regiment by making the he carry arms against its own Government, exposed both the officers and men to as rebels. be treated And now that these public disasters have taken place, Pétion's accomplices affect to commiserate wretches they have made, the victims the sacrificed, by their perfidious they have aggressions. Had counsels and unjust and his Pétion, in place of sending Lamarre troops into the heart of the North, for the defence of their kept them been homes, we should not have obliged to combat them, nor would been the victims of his ambitious they have Lamarre would projects. The brave of bis life. perhaps have been in the full enjoyment What do I say? He has died the of the brave; at his own home he would death have been * This reasoning corresponds exactly with that of Hastings in his dispatch of the Marquis Talneir in the East Indies, respecting and the capture of the fortress of" which the is the execution of the Killedar, of following an extract : Theforfeiture of quarter when troops stand an assault has been pretension to e) laws of war, to prevent established by the 66 besiegers to the heavy loss garrisons from wantonly subjecting 66 in advancing to breach likelyto be suffered by troops exposed 66 honour : a garrison would from false points always be tempted to of - 66 could be obtainegl by indulge in slaughter, it impunity 66 proved thtoiwing down their arms when defence ineffectual." - Translator. execution of the Killedar, of following an extract : Theforfeiture of quarter when troops stand an assault has been pretension to e) laws of war, to prevent established by the 66 besiegers to the heavy loss garrisons from wantonly subjecting 66 in advancing to breach likelyto be suffered by troops exposed 66 honour : a garrison would from false points always be tempted to of - 66 could be obtainegl by indulge in slaughter, it impunity 66 proved thtoiwing down their arms when defence ineffectual." - Translator. --- Page 103 --- OF THE CIVIL W. ARS, assassinated like his friend Gérin, [85 multitude of others. Magloire, and a The troops of the South, both officers and were, after their surrender, formed into a men, the name ofthe Legion of the South. This corps under forms the 30th, or the regiment of Sans Souci; corps now constantly paid, cloathed, and and is other regiments of the kingdom. provisioned, like the During these transactions an important event took place in the South. Rigaud arrived from France on the 7th of 1810, and landed at Cayes, on a second mission April, Bonaparte, to form a party for bimself in from was received with joy by the Hayti: he The news came like a thunderbolt people of this town. nevertheless, upon Pétion, who concealing his surprise and invited Rigaud to Port-au-Prince, where dissatisfaction, first interview. they had their These two chieftains, equally ambitious and treacherous, found themselves in a most awkward situation. Rigaud saw with mortification that his inferior, had, by his Pétion, formerly events, become his intrigues and the course of superior and all powerful. pride was wounded and his vanity humbled. Rigaud's Pétion from past He knew the exalted situation experience, he esteemed bim unfit for in his heart he filled, and he already meditated how to overthrow him, and seize situation. which be conceived his upon a ambition aspired. due, and to which his Pétion, for his part, viewed, with fear and foreboding, Rigaud his former chief; a secret to possess talents far whom he knew of the extent of bis beyond his own. He was aware convinced that the influence in the South, and was plant him. sole object of his visit was to Pétion therefore supby his usual craft; what proposed to defeat him was to prevent him? The overthrow him, and seize situation. which be conceived his upon a ambition aspired. due, and to which his Pétion, for his part, viewed, with fear and foreboding, Rigaud his former chief; a secret to possess talents far whom he knew of the extent of bis beyond his own. He was aware convinced that the influence in the South, and was plant him. sole object of his visit was to Pétion therefore supby his usual craft; what proposed to defeat him was to prevent him? The --- Page 104 --- 86] Ch. V.-OF THE CIVIL WARS. humbled vanity of the one, and the of the other, the one wounded ambition his antient, the other founding his pretensions upon contrast perfectly upon his recent title, formed a able bistorian. original, and worthy the pen of an Pétion, nevertheless réccived demonstration of the most cordial Rigaud with every him with caresses, and, regard. He loaded give bim,some as though it were necessary to of division to employment, appointed him as a carry on the war against general South, and either to Goman in the check his compel him to submit, or at least No progress in the direction of Grande one was deceived by the Anse. these chiefs, by their cordial interview between friendship. The greetings, and affected character of each ambitious, treacherous and ungrateful readily was perfectly understood, and it was foreseen, that these two had already inflicted such evils designing traitors, who not continue long in on their country, would harmony. Rigaud was Gôman's ceed either in godfather; he hoped to sucpersuading his godson to enticing him into some snare which submit, or war to a speedy conclusion. would bring the stratagems were But Rigaud's efforts and unavailing. Goman maintained resolution, and understood how to baffle his of his, unworthy and treacherous the artifices At this period the godfather. its foundations Republic of Hayti, sapped in all by the vices of its on the very brink of ruin. administration, seemed The army of the expedition had surrendered Mole; the reins of Government the and trembling hand were held with a weak with ; the finances were embarrassed debt, and public credit was the moment of his annihilated. From had trampled obtaining the Presidentship, Pétion the Coustitution under foot, and disregarded the laws. The Legislative body had been At this period the godfather. its foundations Republic of Hayti, sapped in all by the vices of its on the very brink of ruin. administration, seemed The army of the expedition had surrendered Mole; the reins of Government the and trembling hand were held with a weak with ; the finances were embarrassed debt, and public credit was the moment of his annihilated. From had trampled obtaining the Presidentship, Pétion the Coustitution under foot, and disregarded the laws. The Legislative body had been --- Page 105 --- OF THE CIVIL WARS. [87 dissolved : and the mock Senate had disappeared, part of the senators having been killed, and the remainder either banished or compelled to fly to foreign countries. Occupied solely with the care of his own personal Pétion beheld no Republic beyond the walls security, within these he had concentrated of Port-au-Prince; collected all the troops of the second all his resources, to whom he directed his whole division of the West, attention, while the remaining troops of the South, who had not been sacrificed at the Mole, and were carrying on the war in the South under the command of Rigaud, were destitute both of pay and cloathing, and in a state of absolute nudity. Pétion was intent upon exhausting all the resources of this department. There was hardly the semblance of laws; and the few that did exist were without force or vigour : the citizens were deprived- of justice, and the greatest disorder prevailed in the Republic. The Constitution was nevertheless good, avise, and, above all, Republican, having been modelled after that of the United States of America!!! What an example for those who are attached only to an idle theory, and think nothing else necessary to promote the welfare of a nation, than to frame a good Constitution. But reason and experience teach us, that the first requisite to national happiness and prosperity is to be found in religious principles, and a correct morality. In this posture of affairs Rigaud, on the 1st ofNov. 1810, resolved to effect a separation of the province of the South, from the second division of that of the West; he rested his determination on the dilapidated state of the Constitution. The Sovereignty, said he, resides in the people, who can resume their rights at will. Poor people! thus it ever is that the factious employ your name and your rights as a mask for their own ambitious projects! Rigaud summoned an assem- and prosperity is to be found in religious principles, and a correct morality. In this posture of affairs Rigaud, on the 1st ofNov. 1810, resolved to effect a separation of the province of the South, from the second division of that of the West; he rested his determination on the dilapidated state of the Constitution. The Sovereignty, said he, resides in the people, who can resume their rights at will. Poor people! thus it ever is that the factious employ your name and your rights as a mask for their own ambitious projects! Rigaud summoned an assem- --- Page 106 --- Ch. V.-OF THE CIVIL bly of the notables of the WARS. hall of the Province of the South in the and proclaimed department, and caused himself to be named the South, with General-in-Chief of the department of civil and military power to enact laws, and appoint to council. This offices, assisted however by a was a military priry detestable of all Governments. despotism, the most Thus was realized all that persons of hadauticipated seven months before. discernment firmed the fears of Pétion and the Thus were conAmbition now hopes of Rigaud. all were evidently was thei idol both convinced that worshipped; power could satisfy their nothing short of absolute had hitherto been inordinate desires. They interests, but from constantly the united in their views and flamed their ambition, instant that the same object inthen surprising that each fricndsbip of was at an end. Is it authority of Generals these chiefs disputed the Jacques Dessalines and Toussaint Louverture, Jean Here let us Henry Christôphe. pause a moment and melancholy effects of ambition! contemplate the blood for the Let us shed tears of Let us bewail the misfortunes of our unhappy country. and worthy aflictions of the Haytians, a brave Yes! it is people, deserving of a happier lot. that insatiable ambition, that cruel and unfeeling lust of power and distinction' passion, produced all the crimes and horrors which has lt is through it our of our civil wars. pieces, her territory and unhappy country has been torn in a good, sensible and population dismembered: that ed barbarous, cruel and generous people have been renderseen our ferocious: : through it we have of our bravest generals, our senators, magistrates, thousands troops, the bold defenders of iudependence, women and infants, liberty and sacred, our plains laid waste, famine inhumanly masits horrors, our towns burned produced with all or pillaged, the country has lt is through it our of our civil wars. pieces, her territory and unhappy country has been torn in a good, sensible and population dismembered: that ed barbarous, cruel and generous people have been renderseen our ferocious: : through it we have of our bravest generals, our senators, magistrates, thousands troops, the bold defenders of iudependence, women and infants, liberty and sacred, our plains laid waste, famine inhumanly masits horrors, our towns burned produced with all or pillaged, the country --- Page 107 --- OF THE CIVIL WARS. [89 clad in mourning, widows and orphans, families, exterminated or plunged into the nay whoie ful misery : in a word, it is it most frightseen our national character through that we havé enemies degraded and insulted, our exulting over our civil dissensions, and taking advantage of them to insult us, to make us the odious and disgraceful most slave us ! propositions tending to enSuch, Haytians ! have been the effects of Such the crimes of and ambition ! Rigaud of Pétion. May this heart-rending picture of our past misfortunes tend to soften the hearts of my fellow citizens, and lead them reflect calmly both on our present and our future to pects. May the chiefs who guide the belm of prosaffairs lay aside all selfish interests and public tics, and consult only the welfare of the personal animosicountrymen, still wretched, because Haytinns, their they be convinced that disunited; and may of nothing but the re-cstablishment peace, union and brotherly their prosperity. harmony, can contribute to times of Should we wish tosee a return of those terror and disaster? Doubtless not! we wish to see the boson of Should and drenchéd with the our country torn anew, Who is the blood of our fellow citizens P such inhuman monster that would desire to see horrors? Who but another Colombel could entertain such a wish? or Milcent blood again shed or desire to see Haytian victory is by Haytian hands : a contest in which impossible, and disasters civil commotions, the misfortunes inevitabie, since, in reflected back of the vanquished are again upon the victors. For we have wisely rested five years henceforth upon our arms: let us from reserve them for the enemies of our and independence, should liberty internal they attack us. As for our dissensions, let us summon sound : dom, prudence, justice and sense, wisbumanity, to put an end to by Haytian hands : a contest in which impossible, and disasters civil commotions, the misfortunes inevitabie, since, in reflected back of the vanquished are again upon the victors. For we have wisely rested five years henceforth upon our arms: let us from reserve them for the enemies of our and independence, should liberty internal they attack us. As for our dissensions, let us summon sound : dom, prudence, justice and sense, wisbumanity, to put an end to --- Page 108 --- 90] Ch. v.-OF THE CIVIL them : these arms are neither WARS. then do Colombel and cruel nor dangerous, why What is there SO Milcent dread them SO much? and formidable in these words peace, union reconciliation, to make them tremble them? But let us not here SO on hearing our reflections: : in interrupt the course of Colombel and Milcent proper time and place I will tell their terror what are the real grounds of Let us then banish from our lent spirits---these heated councils these turburemembrance of and restless heads. The never has been injuries, of hatred, and of passion, against affection productive of good; it closes the heart and reason, produces breaches, and provokes asperity, widens cent know this well, for it revenge. is Colombel and MilLet us banish the engine of the wicked. these then, I say, these perfidious promoters of civil who advisers, tect themselves from war, know how to probut who never danger, who clamour for yet fired a musket in battles, liberty and defence of the O! independence of their country. my beloved name of our countrymen! I adjure you in the us, that country country, which that country which is SO dear to nour, and enjoy all the alone we can inhabit with hous blot from our blessings of our Creator! Let animosity. Let recollection every hatred and and us bury in oblivion all our past every of misfortunes. Let us cast them into the errors forgetfulness, and apply ourselves deepest pit present state of our affairs. wholly to the prudently, and without Let us reason justly, rests: This is the partiality, on our truc intethe only end I only object which animates me, I may attain it! propose to my labours. Heaven grant It is evident that sole authors of Rigaud and Pétion have been the our public misfortunes: it is a truth as oblivion all our past every of misfortunes. Let us cast them into the errors forgetfulness, and apply ourselves deepest pit present state of our affairs. wholly to the prudently, and without Let us reason justly, rests: This is the partiality, on our truc intethe only end I only object which animates me, I may attain it! propose to my labours. Heaven grant It is evident that sole authors of Rigaud and Pétion have been the our public misfortunes: it is a truth as --- Page 109 --- OF THE CIVIL WARS. incontestible [91 as not to need demonstration crimes of these men are ; but the should not be exclusively their own, and charged to the account of their Had Rigaud and Pétion been Whites colour. stead of Men of Colour, their, or Blacks inunjust and bad, both in cause being essentially principle and not have been more just character, would one would or reasonable, and surely no impute the crimes of these two individuals either to the class of Whites or Blacks, It would be barbarous, foolish and then class at large with unjust, to charge the coloured ambition of the consequences resulting from the Rigaud and of Pétion, since the of colour were not only Haytians have been perfectly innocent of them, but among the principal sufferers. All nations have had the misfortune to within their bosom ambitious see born graced their wretches who have disname, their character and their unheard of crimes and glory by have had their Caesar misdemeanours. All nations their Borgias, their Cromwells, and Robespierres; ; but an entire nation cannot be accounted guilty of the crimes of a few ambitious The Haytians cannot then be held men. the crimes of Rigaud and of Pétion, responsible for both colours have been the Haytians of sufferers equally deceived, and by the passions of these two factious equally The North-vest having men. by black always been commanded Generals, and the South West by Generals of colour, Europcan writers, littie real circumstances of the acquainted with the a considerable country, have been led into the North error, imagining that the of was exclusinely black, and that of popuiation the South exclusicely coloured. Hence as Negroes in the North they have spoken of the when in fact the and the Mulattoes in the South, of population of all the three Hayti, the North, the West, and the provinces South, consists , and the South West by Generals of colour, Europcan writers, littie real circumstances of the acquainted with the a considerable country, have been led into the North error, imagining that the of was exclusinely black, and that of popuiation the South exclusicely coloured. Hence as Negroes in the North they have spoken of the when in fact the and the Mulattoes in the South, of population of all the three Hayti, the North, the West, and the provinces South, consists --- Page 110 --- 92] Ch. V.-OF THE CIVIL of an intermixture of Blacks WARS. portion nearly of and Mulattoes in the profifteenths of the oneffteenth of the latter to fourteen former. This admixture has constantly peace and war, nor could it be subsisted both in nature that forms the connections otherwise, for it is to this intermixture of of families, and leads ever separated itself colours. Neither of the colours side from the other in order to one exclusively : but in our civil join the Whites or wars, whether with rather among ourselves, the population sided according to the district in which it than according to the colour or was situated In the war of the opinions of individuals. there Revolution, as at present, for were some black and coloured men example; Royalists, and others who who were were mulatto or black who was a Republicans: ; and a under the Royalist at Port-au-Prince French, English, had he been at the Cape under the would have been a who was a Republican; while another Republican at the Cape, would have Royalist had he been been a Not that I placed at Port-au-Prince. principles in mean to say that there are no fixed weathercocks: Hayti, or that the inhabitants are mere sides most on the contrary, there were men on both this was not obstinately a wedded to their opinions ; but of the general rule. In every country the mass it population follows the tide in sets : and it is a fact that in whatever direction the inhabitants sided our wars, the mass of inhabited rather according to the districts they colour. than according to their opinions or Hence itarose, that in the Men of Colour served with North-sest multitudes of under Generals the most unshaken fidelity Toussaint and Henry Christôphe, Louverture, J.J. Dessalines, dance of Blacks while in the South-west abundevotion and were to be found fighting with blind fidelity under Rigaud and Pétion. and it is a fact that in whatever direction the inhabitants sided our wars, the mass of inhabited rather according to the districts they colour. than according to their opinions or Hence itarose, that in the Men of Colour served with North-sest multitudes of under Generals the most unshaken fidelity Toussaint and Henry Christôphe, Louverture, J.J. Dessalines, dance of Blacks while in the South-west abundevotion and were to be found fighting with blind fidelity under Rigaud and Pétion. --- Page 111 --- OF THE CIVIL WARS. Had the [93 fourteen-Hfteenths of Blacks who the population of the South-west chosen composed ambitious projects of Rigaud and of to oppose the clear as day that the Pétion, is it not as one-fifteenth of Men could not have prevented them. Now the of Colour, well as the Men of Colour, neglected their Blacks, as which was to remain true interest, solubly attached. perpetually united and indisdeceived: led They suffered themselves to be astray by the delusions ofa became disunited ; inextinguishable ambition, they animosities and, as though there bad not already been arose, cause for disunion and civil suflicient and a ridiculous war, an absurd antipathy prejudice has been created the Haytians of the North, the West, and the between who think themselves each South, from their superior to the others only belonging to different provinces. Iti is the duty of a wise and conciliatory gradually to remove all these causes of civil Government disunion. The King of Hayti cannot be war and province but of a kingdom : and the head King of a cannot be the leader of a faction of a nation nation. It is the ; he is the chief of.the interest of a Government to union, of a faction to SOW dissension. A promote concentrates the whole strength of a nation, Government nothing to dread but from external and has. of faction tends on the enemies : the spirit and civil contrary to perpetuate disunion war, which constitutes in every country the hope and triumph of a age and The course of the Revolution foreign foe. our white enemies, howeverdivided having proved that among in political opinions themselves, were. perfectly the destruction of the unanimous whenever the cause ofthe white Haytians was under discussion ; that of the French being then, I say, unique, shoull be Haytians, however divided in unique also for their opinion, preservation; their enemies : the spirit and civil contrary to perpetuate disunion war, which constitutes in every country the hope and triumph of a age and The course of the Revolution foreign foe. our white enemies, howeverdivided having proved that among in political opinions themselves, were. perfectly the destruction of the unanimous whenever the cause ofthe white Haytians was under discussion ; that of the French being then, I say, unique, shoull be Haytians, however divided in unique also for their opinion, preservation; their --- Page 112 --- 94] Ch. Y.-OF THE CIVIL WARS. common security requires that they should united and indissolubly attached. be always Now it was sound policy, that in a sisting of population confifteenth of fauriceathefflecathe Mulattoes, the of Blacks, and onebe entrusted to reins of Government should the a Black rather than a Man of Colour: acknowledged interests of the whole even of the Men of Colour nation, and urgency of the danger required it; and here the and soundness of such pointed out the rensonableness policy. Had Generals Rigaud and Pétion been prudent they never would bave wise and fandamental deviated from these principles, which can alone welfare of their country, and promote the safety to the Men of Colour, whom secure tranquillity and and perfidliously sacrificed to they have inhumanly Had the Men of Colour their inordinate ambition. as instrumentsin the acted wisely, instead of cause of Rigaud and of serving would have resisted the projects of these Pétion, they men, who had no right to the two ambitious acting thus, the Men of Colour would Government, and, in firmest supporters of have become the legitimate have found that authority, and would protection and would seek in vain by security which they Had taking an opposite course. his Rigaud been generally deserted at the time by followers, Pétion would not have tate his example. ventured to imiLet us hope, nevertheless, that the Blacks and of Colour of the South-west will Men interests, that they will take return to their true poliey, reason, justice the course which sound for them, and which and bumanity lave traced out Meanwhile they never should have abandoned. force Pétion did not dare to employ against Rigaud, he dissembled his open and proceeded, resentment, according to custom, to circumyent the time by followers, Pétion would not have tate his example. ventured to imiLet us hope, nevertheless, that the Blacks and of Colour of the South-west will Men interests, that they will take return to their true poliey, reason, justice the course which sound for them, and which and bumanity lave traced out Meanwhile they never should have abandoned. force Pétion did not dare to employ against Rigaud, he dissembled his open and proceeded, resentment, according to custom, to circumyent --- Page 113 --- OF THE CIVIL WARS. his rival covertly, and make [95 the South. partizans for himself in Rigaud, who was by no means his inferior and perfidy, was not idle on his in finesse sougltto gain friends and side, but likewise Generals Bonnet and supporters at Port-au-Prince. desert Pétion and Lys were among the first to received them join Rigaud at Cayes, where he most cordially. Pétion sertion of these generals and that seeing the dehad taken place between the a complete separation army under Generals South and West, sent an Rigaud. Delvarre and Gédéon against Rigaud on his side concentrated his Acquin, and prepared to march to the forces at goane, the limit of the two bridge of Miradispute the entrance into the departments, in order to of the West. South, with the troops Pétion, who always had the his military operations precaution to second deputation of the by negociation, had sent a in advance of the principal citizens of Port-au-Prince army. at Acquin, at the head of Thisdeputation his found Rigaud that it was not his troops : he wrote to Pétion that he insisted design to make war upon him, but to retire on his ordering his from the territory of the generals instautly same time commenced his South; and he at the view of either march against them, with a Pétion compelling their retreat or saw the peril of his situation engaging them. pended upon a single battle: he : his fate deMiragoane to the bastened to Pont de blows. Here the prevent two armies from coming to 2d of Dec. two chiefs held a conference on the made 1810, in presence of both a show of the armies. Rigaud Pétion, and great superiority he had over hauteur. spoke to bim with great firmness and Pétion betrayed extreme weakness and pusillanimity, he succeeded nevertheless Rigaud: he pretended that he had in deceiving received intelligence single battle: he : his fate deMiragoane to the bastened to Pont de blows. Here the prevent two armies from coming to 2d of Dec. two chiefs held a conference on the made 1810, in presence of both a show of the armies. Rigaud Pétion, and great superiority he had over hauteur. spoke to bim with great firmness and Pétion betrayed extreme weakness and pusillanimity, he succeeded nevertheless Rigaud: he pretended that he had in deceiving received intelligence --- Page 114 --- 96] Ch. v.-OF THE CIVIL WARS. that thea army ofthe North was in full march to them, and profit by their attack dissensions, and as they were, it would be that, divided Rigaud, imposed impossible to resist it. upon by this artifice, entered an accommodation by which Pétion was into the second division of the West, while to commànd that of the South, and all debts contracted Rigaud held division were to be divided between prior to this ments in order to be the two Governin liquidated. It was further that, case Pétion was attacked by the agreed, North, Rigaud should march with army of the support of Port-au-Prince. his troops to the From this arrangement it appears, that sident of the Republic of Pétion, Prereduced to the town of Hayti, found his command Port-au-Princeand its ment; and to complete his misfortunes, arrondisePresident was On the eve of the office of expiration of the four becoming vacant, by the election years at the end of which a new was to take place. It was then that Pétion remembered he had solved the Senate, and should be unable disre-election to the office of President to secure his bling the legislative body: he found without assemhimself in perplexity , the members of the great already said, had been slain, Senate, as I have dispersed, or fly to foreign countries : there were but a compelled few to in Port-au-Prince, where they vegetated in senators those of the South had returned to their obscurity; ment which was no ionger under his own departPétion saw the impossibility of commayd. Senate without the aid of his convoking the 18th of December, he wrote competitor. On the to call a general to Rigaud to request him meeting of the notables of and South to deliberate the West on a new Constitutional compact suited to their situation. Rigaud hastened to accept this proposition, joyfully hoping to succeed in Port-au-Prince, where they vegetated in senators those of the South had returned to their obscurity; ment which was no ionger under his own departPétion saw the impossibility of commayd. Senate without the aid of his convoking the 18th of December, he wrote competitor. On the to call a general to Rigaud to request him meeting of the notables of and South to deliberate the West on a new Constitutional compact suited to their situation. Rigaud hastened to accept this proposition, joyfully hoping to succeed --- Page 115 --- OF THE CIVIL WARS. in influencing the assembly and [97 nomination to the procuring his own large majority which Presidentship, the counting upon the had over the second two divisions of the Southi able to' division of the West, and play off against Pétion the being which he had himself same intrigues tuent assembly. employed in the first constiBut the wily Pétion, anticipating set aside, by a second letter of the 4th Rigaud's design, arrangements: mutually: of January, the Heappointed adopted on the18th of December, Léogane, a town underhis as the place of meeting; here he own command, able to influence the was assured of being it by his troops, and assembly render by his presence, overawe berations. himself master ofits deliPétion also knew that Rigaud would appear in person iu this assembly, not dare to risk of being arrested, or of without rupning the traps hé would not fail to failing into some of the To lay for him. strengthen his plans still more, Pétion instructions with respect to the gave fresh assembly. proceedings of this Rigaud now discovering Pétion's circumvent him: he design resolved to arrangements; protested against his letter and the suspended the election of general assembly, and continued deputies to proclamations for the his decrees and the South from that of separation the of the department of West. Thus were renewed between those men the same scenes, and the two ambitious formerly taken place, and the same intrigues as had acting by Rigaud in crafty Pétion was seen 1810, as he had tophe in 1807. by Henry Chris- * Rigaud's decrees and of November, 1810, 7. proclamations of the 2d, 3d, and Gth year H to proclamations for the his decrees and the South from that of separation the of the department of West. Thus were renewed between those men the same scenes, and the two ambitious formerly taken place, and the same intrigues as had acting by Rigaud in crafty Pétion was seen 1810, as he had tophe in 1807. by Henry Chris- * Rigaud's decrees and of November, 1810, 7. proclamations of the 2d, 3d, and Gth year H --- Page 116 --- 98] Ch.v.-or THE CIVIL WARS. The office of President having frustrated in all his expired, Pétion, projects, was reduced to the sad expedient of assembling the few members of the who could be found at Port-au-Prince; Senate the assurance to get himself ; and he had and re-elected by this illegally unconstitutionally assembled junta. Could a few men, without any delegated authority, respectability, legislate in the character, or Bad faith, name of the people? injustice and ambition, have then been the basis of this Republic. always Thus it was that this specious bitious man, caused himself Pétion, this unamelected to be thrice to the - situation of President; successively insult the good sense of his Senate thus did he off the farce of his re-election by thrice playing and God knows if he would to the Presidentship: not death terminated ever have resigned it had him the cares of this life, and torn away. from his dreams of ambition! While these events were passing in Hayti, the proceeded with vigour in Europe. The war Britain covered the ocean. Pétion dared navy of display his partiality for not openly bringing down France, through fear of English. upon himself the vengeance of the Nevertheless he maintained a secret correspondence with Ferrand at St. Domingo, and France by means of confidential with coloured man of the of agents. He sent a negociate a name Tapiau to France, to treaty with Bonaparte,* and he received * It was at the close of 1813, that treaty" in question, with Tapiau concluded the the South-west Bonaparte, who was to have sent into fifleen thousand French muskets, two hundred thousand troops, sixly thousand acith all the aeight of gunporder, together aeliteplanters uho cere in France, to cert with Pétion, to reduce the attempt in conPétion sent a brig to Bordeaux country under the French dominion. ammuniion, which to receive part of the arms and were landed at Jacmel, as'if from Portugal. " in question, with Tapiau concluded the the South-west Bonaparte, who was to have sent into fifleen thousand French muskets, two hundred thousand troops, sixly thousand acith all the aeight of gunporder, together aeliteplanters uho cere in France, to cert with Pétion, to reduce the attempt in conPétion sent a brig to Bordeaux country under the French dominion. ammuniion, which to receive part of the arms and were landed at Jacmel, as'if from Portugal. --- Page 117 --- OF THE CIVIL WARS. one Liot, an emissary from [99 marine at Port-au-Prince. Décrès, the minister of Pétion, who, to escape the death was threatened by the French with which he dition, had become a Haytian in during Leclerc's expelikewise,in the event of being, spite of bimself, had reserved a plank to save himself obliged to fly the country, already rivalled Rigaud, who would from shipwreck; and country to France, and have delivered the the bonds of slavery. dragged his fellow-citizens into Rigaud, on his side, did not lose sight of his interests, and, in case of events private to leave the country, happening to oblige him foreign countries. He secured considerable funds in France and the United sent two cargoes of coffee to Whilst States of America,* these two ambitious men about the dismembered were quarrelling an authority which fragments of our country, and other, belonged to neither the one nor the thegovernment of the North consolidated Henry employed himself in itself. and establishing good order and civilizing his subjects, the administration of the discipline: heinspected finances, and resources of the Satoumendiedagienhura and to see that justice was duly commerce, and watched the smallest possible dispensed to his subjects at public functionaries should expence. He required that all the his own be established, and person an example of gave in The greatest tranquillity propriety of bebaviour. provinces : travelling along the prevailed throughout the night and by day, and in the bighways was safe by with all the doors towns one might sleep being open without an robbed, SO well was the order apprehension of the country regulated. and police of * One of his ships laden with coffee, and with a Frenchman named Servan, bound to Bordeaux captured by our cruisers. Rigaud's agent, on board, was H 2 and person an example of gave in The greatest tranquillity propriety of bebaviour. provinces : travelling along the prevailed throughout the night and by day, and in the bighways was safe by with all the doors towns one might sleep being open without an robbed, SO well was the order apprehension of the country regulated. and police of * One of his ships laden with coffee, and with a Frenchman named Servan, bound to Bordeaux captured by our cruisers. Rigaud's agent, on board, was H 2 --- Page 118 --- Ch. v.-OF THE CIVIL WARS. 100] have been able to establish to which had It was something heart of the population order in the the of corruption, good to contagion : it was doing been SO long exposed effects of civil war disturb and the demoralizing those ignoble vices which much to check gambling, and drunkeuness, and our society, licentiousness, of the revolution which, during the progress of such a multitude had been productive civil wars, from of crimes. inherent in the state of bondage of These vices, ourselves, and the growth confirmed which we emancipated and climates, had been augmented Married women warm of the French army. or comby the example had been either ravished lusts of the and young virgins to the brutal through fear to submit and men in imitation pelled soldiery. Both officers to orgies tooFrench abandoned themselves had been of their leaders described. Gaming tables and dehorrible to be direction, drunkenness to the established in every description were carried and bauchery of every Irreligion, rape, murder our greatest possible excess. with impunity before robbery, were perpetrated boasted of their superior knowledge, ineyes by men who CaxisiAxa As nothing that and called themselves I may truly say fluences men more than French example, for the greater part ofthe to the our civil wars, we are indebted which during vices and evil dispositions, crimes and horrors. occasioned such an overllow-of with the character, morals acquaintance to forming A thorough is the first requisite and habits of a people and govermicnt as to the constitution known us better, a judgment to them: had our critics and erroncous a best adapted have passed sO hasty they would not attention judgment. had not diverted Henry's te. The civil war which we yet continue from that foreign. warfare our civil wars, we are indebted which during vices and evil dispositions, crimes and horrors. occasioned such an overllow-of with the character, morals acquaintance to forming A thorough is the first requisite and habits of a people and govermicnt as to the constitution known us better, a judgment to them: had our critics and erroncous a best adapted have passed sO hasty they would not attention judgment. had not diverted Henry's te. The civil war which we yet continue from that foreign. warfare --- Page 119 --- OF THE CIVIL WARS. [101 maintain. From the North to the West he and placed in the most perfect state of defence completed fortresses situated on the summits. of the all the cessible mountains. His watchful most inacmap, and followed with eye traversed the made by anxiety the gigantic strides Bonaparte over the European continent. He furnished supplies to his niards, to enable them to neighbours the Spaexpel the French from Domingo: he sent arms and warlike stores at his St. expence to the Spanish General Don Juan own Ramirez. Sanches His forces, both by land and organised, and his fi.ances in the sea, were perfectly dition. Thus most flourishing conto prevent Henry happilycircumstancad, from there was nothing west, which carrying the war into the Southwas torn by faction and menaced in every part. The moment with ruin war was always was favourable, but civil be repugnant to his generous never engaged in it without feelings, and avoidably driven in self defence regret, and when unFar from to repel force by force. thinking of hostilities, of the deplorable situation of the Henry, on hearing the misfortunes of the South-west, felt for people, and resolved making an effort towards' reconciliation. upon deputation to Porb-au-Prince, He sent a soldiers of different accompanied by a dozen at the corps of the South, made Môle, to acquaint their fellow-citizens prisoners treatment they had experienced, and with the ciliatory measures to Pétion for the to propose conof peace. re-establishment On the arrival of the Pétion was absent, deputation at Port-au-Prince, to confer with having gone to Pont de Miragoane stance to intimidate Rigaud. He laid hold of this circuma large bis rival, whom he army was on its march from persuaded that that in their present state of the North, and disunion, they should be , made Môle, to acquaint their fellow-citizens prisoners treatment they had experienced, and with the ciliatory measures to Pétion for the to propose conof peace. re-establishment On the arrival of the Pétion was absent, deputation at Port-au-Prince, to confer with having gone to Pont de Miragoane stance to intimidate Rigaud. He laid hold of this circuma large bis rival, whom he army was on its march from persuaded that that in their present state of the North, and disunion, they should be --- Page 120 --- 102] Ch. V.-OF THE CIVIL WARS, unable to make head against the this falsehood he imposed impending storm. By concluded an upon Rigaud, with whom he Thus it accommodation, as I have already said.* appears the tactics of are not new, but copied from those Colombel and Milcent hypocrisy, stratagen and deceit. of their master in spoken to them of peace and Every time we have to arms, and overwhelmed re-union they have cried is clear'and us with abuse: the motive simple : itis their only means of our coming to an understanding, of preventing mistrust, and creating fears and the wicked avail averting our re-union. But the arts of they cease to be only for a season ; once unmasked lous injurious : they become only a ridicustratagem which brings and those who employ it to cloak their disgrace infamy on Had. Pétion given battle guilty projects. 1 been lost without to Rigaud he would have semble his remedy: but he knew how to disgained time, resentment, and, by the aid of intrigue, he and triumphed over his rival. Having satisfied himself respecting hastened back to Rigaud; Pétion deputation, Port-au-Prince, where he dismissed the proposals of without deigning to listen to, or discuss the his peace and re-union, and he even carried perfidy SO far as to detain the twelve soldiers South, who ought, of the and evéry rule according to the laws of nations ofhonour, to have been sent back. Heury, who had visited St. Marct pacific views, now returned to his solely with mined not to continue the civil capital fully detertime, fatigue, and the war, but to wait till the excess of calamity should Haytians back to reason and their true bring unity of woish and government. interests, +SL, * See pages 95 and 96. Marc is a frontier and sea-port in the western part of King Henry's town, delightfully situated garrisoned, and contains a dominions; : it is strongly flourishing school.-Trandator, pacific views, now returned to his solely with mined not to continue the civil capital fully detertime, fatigue, and the war, but to wait till the excess of calamity should Haytians back to reason and their true bring unity of woish and government. interests, +SL, * See pages 95 and 96. Marc is a frontier and sea-port in the western part of King Henry's town, delightfully situated garrisoned, and contains a dominions; : it is strongly flourishing school.-Trandator, --- Page 121 --- OF THE CIVIL WARS. [103 Far from meditating a continuance of a barbarous, impolitic and savage warfare, a totally different idea seriously occupied us ; namely, the adoption of the most effectual measures for and guaranteeing our security, preventing a return of this frightful scourge. Our own experience had convinced us that only calculated to produce Republics were dissension, and kindle the flames of civil war. On every change of Government, ambitious men were always ready to seize on the helm of the State and tear out the vitals of their Henry is mortal, and it was foreseen that country. his death might produce a total subversion of his and rekindle the flames of civil discord. institutions, ple, fathers of families Prudent peofor especially,and those who wished stability in a Government from which they derived their security, prosperity and happiness, looked a Constitutional and Hereditary upon means of Monarchy, as the only preserving us from the calamities and revolutions of civil wars; ; because the succession to the throne being clearly defined in Governments stituted, the reigns succeed each other so conwithout peaceably and convulsions, and thus close the door all ambitious against pretenders : the heir to the crown known to all, serves as a rallying point round which being all may assemble, and receiving besides an education and principles suited to a Prince who is destined to the sceptre, and trained up from infancy in the hold and duties of government, habits ought to be better to manage the reins. qualified Besides, a Constitutional Monarchy gives the nation every security which can consolidate its rights, and. promoteits happiness. Hence the counsellors of and the notables, in compliance with the state nation and wishes of the army, resolved upon changing the form of government and establisbing a Monarchy in Hayti, --- Page 122 --- 104] Ch. YI.-OF THE MONARCHY Happy should I be could I gratify display of the blessings which my readers by a paternal Government has a firm, upright, and people. But alas ! in place bestowed of upon the Haytian call their attention to this, I must yet awhile pages of my next chapter deplorable events, and stain some of blood. with the relation of deeds CHAP. VI. OF THE MONARCHY AND-REPUELIC OF HAYTL Au Governments lamous for shipwrecks, are, placed between two rocks which are equally dangerous DESPOTISM and ANARCHY, Empire, and the welfare of the to the stability of the the restraint of liberty leads people. In the one other the abuse of liberty leads to despotism, in the form of government to anarchy.--Each then, has its dangers and inconvenieaces, On which account the its legisintors have endeavoured to steer most skilful equally removed from each extreme. a middle course, Modern writers O1 the law of much respecting the nature and nations have said rious forms of principles of the vaGovernment, and have multitude of theoretic systems. given birth to a It being the mania of the age to to systematic rules, and mathematical reduce every thing science of Government has calculations, the and a preference been.regarded as a machine, given to the every other form, because the three representative, above are wisely distributed and powers of the state balanced, most skilful equally removed from each extreme. a middle course, Modern writers O1 the law of much respecting the nature and nations have said rious forms of principles of the vaGovernment, and have multitude of theoretic systems. given birth to a It being the mania of the age to to systematic rules, and mathematical reduce every thing science of Government has calculations, the and a preference been.regarded as a machine, given to the every other form, because the three representative, above are wisely distributed and powers of the state balanced, --- Page 123 --- AND REPUBLIC OF HAYTI. Could the moral, like the physical [105 itself by the laws of mechaniçs, world, regulate would advance with an uniform every thing in nature this uniformity of and steady pace. But proceeding does not by any belong to the nature of man, in whom the means is perpetually destroyed by the interests equilibrium the moment, and the balance of or passions of ponderate to one side or the other. power made to preAlready has a large and enlightened Europe adopted the portion of representative form of ment, and established constitutional governreçognize more or less all the rights charters, of tle which members of the community. It would several desirable if all the nations of the world doubliess be to this form of government, werea adapted But as there are no two nations in the worid resemble each other, SO. neither are there two which tions alike. For all nations to constitutive form of adopt the representagovernment, it is necessarythat possess an equal degree of theys should the same climate and learning and civilization, manners, the same language, nay even the same The habits, and the same wants. and experience ofa all ages teaches us that the form of the goverment has little to do with name happiness of the the sound people: . the essential point, sense teaches us is, that the which wise,just, and governors should be beneficent, and that the possess virtue, piety, and morality. gocerned should This is the point to the attainment of legislator should bend all his which the what end does that efforts: and in fruth, for fair in theory, is constitution serve, which, however in 'its inapplicable in practice, and execution no produces therefore, with the satisfactory result, He must begin Athenian the vices of the legisiator, by correcting character people, and giving them a national along with a just sense ofvirtue and morality, ety, and morality. gocerned should This is the point to the attainment of legislator should bend all his which the what end does that efforts: and in fruth, for fair in theory, is constitution serve, which, however in 'its inapplicable in practice, and execution no produces therefore, with the satisfactory result, He must begin Athenian the vices of the legisiator, by correcting character people, and giving them a national along with a just sense ofvirtue and morality, --- Page 124 --- 106T Ch. VI.-OF THE MONARCHY and think, with the celebrated best constitution is not that, which Montesquieu, that the theory, but that, which is best is most specious in for whom it has been framed. adapted to the people It would likewise be an error, and perience overthrows, to one which exmore in imagine, that liberty flourishes republics than in monarchies. nation existed upon earth Never has a session of its more free, and in fuller posis governed political rights, than the English, and it by a monarchy. The history of republics, both ancient demonstrates the reverse: and modern, tudes of tyrants ; and they have produced multifrightful never did there exist a more tyranny, than that of committees of public Robespierre, under the In safety and general security. founding the Haytian were guided by the monarchy, our legislators not aim at experience of every age : they did forming a and constitution, plausible in impracticable in execution, but theory cation, simple in one easy of appliwants. structure, and adapted to our existing We abandoned the republican tion of the defects of this form, from a convicment. We unsteady system of sought a safe harbour, to secure governrevolutionary tempests. It was us from misfortumes we sustained, which experience, and the to a monarchy. led us from a republic By the constitution of the 28th of President Henry March, 1811, the HAYTI under the Christophe was declared KING OF prerogatives and name of HENRY: this title, with its his family, in the immunities, direct was made hereditary in line of legitimate cording to seniority, to the exclusion of males, acThe royal spouse "was declared females. and the QUEEN OF HAYTI, PRINCE presumptive RovAL. heir to the crown was named the . led us from a republic By the constitution of the 28th of President Henry March, 1811, the HAYTI under the Christophe was declared KING OF prerogatives and name of HENRY: this title, with its his family, in the immunities, direct was made hereditary in line of legitimate cording to seniority, to the exclusion of males, acThe royal spouse "was declared females. and the QUEEN OF HAYTI, PRINCE presumptive RovAL. heir to the crown was named the --- Page 125 --- AND REPUBLIC OF HAYTI. The other members of the royal [107 title of PRINCES and family, bear the PRINCESSES, and are THEIR RovAL HIGHNESSES. styled Fifteen years was fixed as the period, at which Kings should be considered of age; and our minority, the during their chosen kingdom was to be governed by a from among the Princes most Regent, the King. nearly related to Council The government was composed besides of a Great ef State, a Privy Council, and four namely of War and Marine, of Finance and Ministers, the Secretary of State, Minister for the Interior, a Minister of Justice, Foreign Affairs, and On mounting the throne, or coming of the takes, upon the Holy age, King grand dignitaries of the Evangelists, in presence of the as follows. kingdom, the Coronation oath < I swear to maintain the 66 and integrily of the territory, 6 under independence of the kingdom ; never to any pretert suffer, whatsoener, the OT of any feudal measure revivalof SLAVERY, 66 and the ezercise of the civil and inconsistent with liberty < pcople of Hayti; to maintain political rights ofthe 66 grants and sales of the the irrevocability ofthe 66 govern with national property ; and to <c and the solely a view to the interests, the honour, welfare of the 66 I an head." great Haytian family of which This constitution contained but few adapted to our existing situation articles, being is not a code of laus, but : besides a constitution our legislators, in merely the basis of one, and in mind, that in attending to our existing wants, bore proportion as the nation advanced civilization, our laws would in improvement; that require amendinent and our they must change with our knowledge, and our manners, refinement, and could not honour, welfare of the 66 I an head." great Haytian family of which This constitution contained but few adapted to our existing situation articles, being is not a code of laus, but : besides a constitution our legislators, in merely the basis of one, and in mind, that in attending to our existing wants, bore proportion as the nation advanced civilization, our laws would in improvement; that require amendinent and our they must change with our knowledge, and our manners, refinement, and could not --- Page 126 --- 108] Ch. VI.-OF THE MONARCHY possibly attain at once that result of time and experience perfection which is the On the Gth of April alone. following, the proclaimed in the presence of the Council Constitution was civil and military of State, the authorities, and the ple and army; it was received with assembled peomost lively joy, and amidst transports of the roi vive la reine vive repeated shouts of vive le famille royale! le prince royal! and vive la Immedintelyafter, the several acts the new form of which organized lished. Government, were successively pubThe edict of the King, which creates nobility in the kingdom of an hereditary granted by the Hayti, with titles and estates the State, Crown, as rewards for their services to contains the <e declare following declaration: C6 We solemnly that it is not < from the order of our intention to erclude s6 services to the nobility, any of our subjects, whose es render them state, whether civil or military, shall 46, virtue and talents deserving of admission into it: and that 4 have weight in are the only distinctions which shall This creation our eyes OT those of our successors." ** of nobility consisted seven Dukes, tueenty-tico of four Princes, fourteen Chevaliers. The Counts, thirty-one Barons, and of the nobility constituted: the essence Monarchy, the one could not other: <e no exist without the Monarchy, no Monarcly, 79 said the celebrated Nobility-no Nobility, no ther added, that < Montesquieu, who furNobility is the chief support gooernments." of Kingly The institution of fended some Royalty and Nobility has oflevellers, but these institutions are found * Art. 12 ofthe 6 Editdu Roi," &c. des glorieuz cvenements, subjoined tothe < Relation gc. par le Comte de Limonade, 9) page 65, exist without the Monarchy, no Monarcly, 79 said the celebrated Nobility-no Nobility, no ther added, that < Montesquieu, who furNobility is the chief support gooernments." of Kingly The institution of fended some Royalty and Nobility has oflevellers, but these institutions are found * Art. 12 ofthe 6 Editdu Roi," &c. des glorieuz cvenements, subjoined tothe < Relation gc. par le Comte de Limonade, 9) page 65, --- Page 127 --- AND REPUBLIC OF HAYTI, among the freest, the most [109 ened and civilized, the most enlightbappy people of the earth. As tions have received the sanction of these institutheir excellence has been experience, and as by the most distinguished recognized and proclaimed apprehension of going legislators, we feel little steps of our predecessors, wrong while we tread in the every thing great and and taking for our model produced. All that is old good has which the world ever nobility be been new, if then ancient its turn become respectable, SO also is the new, for it will in old; the sneers and out against our institutions insinuations thrown cannot therefore inspire by factious demagogues, those of the most any other sentiments than sovereign revilers of contempt. If some of the Monarchy have said 66 that of base coin which becomes nobility is a kind with much more justice might depreciated the evcry day," form of government reply 66 that advocates for this 4 isa coinage whose nalue is the creation of nobility 66 bcing seuted in unalterable, and whose mine, desirous of retorting honour, is inezhaustible." Were I and Milcents, these upon ouradversaries the Colombels have no lack of imitators of the Gracchi, I should them to their arguments; but I prefer own silly fancies and abandoning folly be carried to a greater chimeras. Can to confound rank, and establish height than the attempt society P Can the rich and the a system of equality in strong, the brave and the poor, the feeble and the coward, the learned illiterate, can they be and the simple dictates of regarded as equal? Do not the nary equality? What common then sense proscribe this imagiwhat do they mean by this do our adversaries want, less that equality of term EQUALITYP Doubt- -the only rights which the law do not the equality that can subsist on earth.. recognizes Well, of inhabitants of the kingdoms of France, and of Hayti, enjoy England, equality in this accep- the brave and the poor, the feeble and the coward, the learned illiterate, can they be and the simple dictates of regarded as equal? Do not the nary equality? What common then sense proscribe this imagiwhat do they mean by this do our adversaries want, less that equality of term EQUALITYP Doubt- -the only rights which the law do not the equality that can subsist on earth.. recognizes Well, of inhabitants of the kingdoms of France, and of Hayti, enjoy England, equality in this accep- --- Page 128 --- 110] Ch. VI.-OF THE MONARCHY tance ofthe term P Are they not tried before tribunals and by the same laws?P the sameLITY, those most valuable LIBERTY and EQUA80 long bled and blessings for which we have sacred names been fought-how! O! how have your that liberty prostituted! Some have imagined implied the power of blindly impulses of inclination; while others following the that equality required a confusion have supposed tunes. It is by the magic of of ranks and forgained SO much influence these words, which have the factious of over the heart of man, that every country succeed in and misleading the people; and it is deluding tions respecting their always by declamarights, and their they succeed in enslaving them. welfare, that Equally the foe of anarchy and of lieve with the divine Plato ec that despotism, I be4 can be happy either under there is no state that <6 the unbridled licentiousness the yole of tyranny, or under 66 wisest plan is to be ofinordinate liberty. The 66 selves amenable to subject to Kings who are them6 the laus. Ercessive excessive liberty and 66 produce oppression, are equally dangerous, and nearly the same results." After the edict which creates the appeared that which established order of nobility, order of St. Henry. the royal and military The King is declared the Chief Master, and Founder: : the order Sovereign, Grand Prince Royal, ,sixteen was composed of the ders, and an indeterminate grand crosses, thirty-tuo commanendowment of the Order number of Cheraliers : the The civil is 300,000 livres per annum. with that for the establishment of the King and Queen, education of the Prince and Royal, was next organized. Princesses The Maison Militaire du Roi was and organized at the same time. likewise created soldiers of tried merit For this. purpose were selected throughout the Master, and Founder: : the order Sovereign, Grand Prince Royal, ,sixteen was composed of the ders, and an indeterminate grand crosses, thirty-tuo commanendowment of the Order number of Cheraliers : the The civil is 300,000 livres per annum. with that for the establishment of the King and Queen, education of the Prince and Royal, was next organized. Princesses The Maison Militaire du Roi was and organized at the same time. likewise created soldiers of tried merit For this. purpose were selected throughout the --- Page 129 --- AND REPUBLIC OF HAYTI. [111 army, and formed into five regiments of fantry, under the names ofthe Body cavalryand inQueen's, and Prince Royal's Guards, the King's, ment of Grenadiers called Light Horse, and a regiwhich were afterwards the Haytian Guards, to lery, and that of added the corps of Royal ArtilOn Chasseurs of the Guard. the 30th ofMay, the grand civil and military officers of the dignitaries, with the of obedience to the Constitution kingdom, tookt the oath legiance to the of the Kingdom, and alKing, between his on the 2d of June Majesty's hands: : and and MARIA following, their Majesties HENRY I. KING and LOUIZA were consecrated and crowned QUEEN of Hayti. The King, in ascending the throne, original character unaltered. preserved his his private morals underwent Neither his public nor the was not, like most slightest change; he but looked men, dazzled by his good fortune, imposed fresh upon royalty rather as a burden which towards his duties and obligations for him to fulfil to the people, than as a title which elevated him splendour and majesty of power. Here I deeply regret the me to terminate necessity which compels lest I should my work with all possible lose the dispatch, obligesme to circumscribe opportunity. It is this which limits, and to myselfwithin the narrowest retrench a multitude of facts and ceedings which would have proanimation of heightened the interest and able, but for my narrative: I should also have been this, to dwell more at more remarkable traits of the heroic length upon the to paint the physical and life of Henry, and ordinary man, who has been moral character of this extraI should have been able SO variously represented: teristic traits of the to have described the characFamily and Court principal of personages of the Royal Haytinns who are Hayti, as well as of those more distinguishéd for their labours, ceedings which would have proanimation of heightened the interest and able, but for my narrative: I should also have been this, to dwell more at more remarkable traits of the heroic length upon the to paint the physical and life of Henry, and ordinary man, who has been moral character of this extraI should have been able SO variously represented: teristic traits of the to have described the characFamily and Court principal of personages of the Royal Haytinns who are Hayti, as well as of those more distinguishéd for their labours, --- Page 130 --- 112] Ch. VI.-or THE MONARCHY. whether in war, in literature, orin the arts but alas! time flies before me, the and sciences ; timeso necessary, SO indispensible for meditation precious, SO rangement of my ideas. I write from and the arhaste, without leisure to make memory, and in with sufficient attention researches, and examine round me, and ofteri the materials which surcruel pain and even in the midst of the most pictures should suffering : can it then be strange if my prove but feeble sketches P nevertheless my readers will feel Perhaps, that they are weakly displeased at learning be able to understand pencilled, but men of letters will and the difficulties the efforts I have had to make, I have had to surmount in order to complete my task : I claim their the literary defects of an islander indulgence towards and who writes from unversed in letters, of that affection necessity, and from the impulse which he bears to his country, for the triumph of justice, of truth, and of I resume my subject. humanity. Henry, originally from the island of of the age of Fifty-one Grenada, is now a majestic air and years, tall, well proportioned, of character he is a penetrating look : in his private tive husband. good father, an' affectionate and attenthe Queen, During an union of toenty-five his august spouse, has been years, object of his tenderest always an his children the regard; and he bears towards most ardent and paternal love. Yetitisthis tender father, this affectionate whom they have dared to husband, it is whom Colombelcalumniate SO unjustly. He A prudent But let me not man, and a generous friend, his anticipate.- purse have always been at the service of advice and and dependents. his friends As a public and as a citizen, character, as a magistrate, as a warrior, his Henry has given repeated talents, bis proofs of patriotism, and bis valour, fearless jn most ardent and paternal love. Yetitisthis tender father, this affectionate whom they have dared to husband, it is whom Colombelcalumniate SO unjustly. He A prudent But let me not man, and a generous friend, his anticipate.- purse have always been at the service of advice and and dependents. his friends As a public and as a citizen, character, as a magistrate, as a warrior, his Henry has given repeated talents, bis proofs of patriotism, and bis valour, fearless jn --- Page 131 --- AND REPUBLIC OF HAYTI. battle, his blood has been often shed in L113 liberty and independence. the cause of Quick and energetic, he. has his person in the hour unhesitatingly exposed of public of danger: : but, in the conduct affairs, and in the command of the prudence never deserted army, his any thing to chance. him, nor did he ever leave Henry sleeps-little, and eats indefatigable: he quick ; is active and rarely consults physicians, quainted with his own constitution and being acwhich suit it. the remedies Like other great men who have made their fortune, his habits and manners are own a great admirer of peculiar to himself: and truth, and an enemy to falsehood flattery, his principles of honour and invariable. integrity are Henry has not received a school possesses, in a high degree, that of the world. education, but acquired information from He has from his great enterprises. reading, from travel,* and His to a frequenti intercourse with long experienc,joined tive memory, sound enlightened men, a retendiscrimination, have judgment, and strong powers of of general enabled him to acquire a vast fund knowledge, and render him a man' extraordinary. truly The Queen is about forty-one sized, with expressive years of age, middle indicative of eyes, and a pleasing mildness and physiognomy, and virtuous benevolence. She is a wise wife, an excellent mother, sensible and bumane character, endued with a disposition, in short, and a compassionate exalted rank, and the throne worthy in every respect of the Victor she fills. Henry, Prince Royal of Hayti, is in his six- * The King served in the wars of the Uoited rica, and was wounded at the siege of States of AreSavannah, I middle indicative of eyes, and a pleasing mildness and physiognomy, and virtuous benevolence. She is a wise wife, an excellent mother, sensible and bumane character, endued with a disposition, in short, and a compassionate exalted rank, and the throne worthy in every respect of the Victor she fills. Henry, Prince Royal of Hayti, is in his six- * The King served in the wars of the Uoited rica, and was wounded at the siege of States of AreSavannah, I --- Page 132 --- 114] Ch. VL.-OF THE MONARCHY teenth year, and already nearly as tall and his father, with his mother's corpulent as His character expression of countenance, admixture oft that appears of to be composed of a both his parents. His happy tivated and improved by the mind, culancients and moderns, writings both of the together with the languages and the various branches of study of the Haytians a promise of his science, affords plished, a just, and a benevolent becôming an accomMesdames Première and prince. Royal of Hayti, the one twenty Athenaire, and Princesses years of age, are équally endowed the other nineteen grace and beauty : with wit, talents, models of filial they are the most rare and lovely piety, that Hayti can boast. Such is the picture of the royal Never has there been seen a family of Hayti. more virtues, a more perfect lovely assemblage of better specimen of domestic parents, or children more tender, harmony, and more respectful. more obedient I check myself, least I should be flattery; but all who have the suspected of acquainted with the good fortune to be justice to royal family will do me the acknowledge that I have paid but a homage to truth. feeble Hardly had Henry completed the the several branches of the organization of wholly devoted to public royal government when, a new sphere, which affairs, he placed himself in was to add the legislator to his military reputation of a To attain this end, renown, wisest and most Henry cast his eyes upon the whom he called enlightened men of the kingdom, into a legislative together in the capital, and formed drafts of laws, whose commission charged with presenting discussed in thie merits were afterwards to be of state. privy council and the great council completed the the several branches of the organization of wholly devoted to public royal government when, a new sphere, which affairs, he placed himself in was to add the legislator to his military reputation of a To attain this end, renown, wisest and most Henry cast his eyes upon the whom he called enlightened men of the kingdom, into a legislative together in the capital, and formed drafts of laws, whose commission charged with presenting discussed in thie merits were afterwards to be of state. privy council and the great council --- Page 133 --- AND REPUBLIC OF HAYTT. [i15 commission entered upon its legislative labours This 31st of July, 1811. I was one of the secretaries, on the which I notice, not out of ostentation, a circumstance of adding more weight to my but for the purpose. testimony. attended this council. However Henry assiduously: he was early we, could be in our daily attendance, The debate always at the place of meeting before us. in his presence, and he frequently explained was opened discernment, and the subject with the most profound and I have the most admirable, justice and impartiality: the remarked that Henry was one of more that once advocates for the rights of the people. most zealous the close of 1812, the laws relating to Towards the correctional commerce, prizes, civil proceedings, agriculture, and the military, were completed, police, collected together, formed the Code Henry, and these, the memory of its immortal SO called to perpetuate founder. the From the instant this code was promulgated, of old French laws, which awakened the recollection were immediately repealed, our former oppressors, was and all reference to them in judicial proceedings strictly forbidden. of the Monarchy led us to Thus the establishment We made efforts which the greatest undertakings. the-royal government, are hardly credible, to organize laws. We had indeed. and frame fixed and regular but we were ourselves immense resources, among of them; the mine was abundant, but hitherto ignorant Animated however by the it had been unexplored. necessity, the hardest and genius of Henry, impelled by dared the attempt.- most imperative of all laws, we intellectual faculties and ideas developed Suddenly our and the most surthemselves with a force rapidity that the prising; we saw with equal joy and gratitude, I 2 , are hardly credible, to organize laws. We had indeed. and frame fixed and regular but we were ourselves immense resources, among of them; the mine was abundant, but hitherto ignorant Animated however by the it had been unexplored. necessity, the hardest and genius of Henry, impelled by dared the attempt.- most imperative of all laws, we intellectual faculties and ideas developed Suddenly our and the most surthemselves with a force rapidity that the prising; we saw with equal joy and gratitude, I 2 --- Page 134 --- 116] Ch. VL.-OF THE MONARCHY Creator who had endowed us with the wherewith we had reclaimed physical force furnished us with the moral our rights, had equally selves, like other civilized means of governing ourToussaint nations, in a state of society. Louverture was the chief founder liberty; Jean Jacques Dessalines, of of Henry, after having independence; ; chiefs in powerfully assisted these two establishing their authority in the first legislator of the Hayti, became of their political and Haytian people, the creator reformer of their morals. warlike institutions, and the that It is also from his reign our civilization and glorious So many claims to learning are to be dated. admiration of glory merit our gratitude and the our latest posterity. Whilst the kingdom was consolidating republic fell more and more into itself, the seen in the last decay. We have himself chapter. that Pétion had secured a renewal of the to period of four years, and that Presidentship, his for another was limited to the town of territorial command arrondisement, while the Port-au-Prince and its under the immediate province of the South was command of now proceed with the events of this Rigaud. I shall The republic part of Hayti. debts to was poor, burthened with strangers, and its finances were heavy dated. Hoping to extricate himself totally dilapiPétion had recourse from his dilliculties, to the dishonourable debasing the coin. By an edict of the 27th measure of 1811, he ordered that all the silver coins of June, have a piece cut out of their current should nevertheless centre, and continue current at their former rate.* The piece * Clumsy as this method of the to English readers, it has long been mutilating familiar coin must appear Indian islands, both British and in most of the West, been expected, it has increased" Foreign, where, as might have tenely-Tendhater. the mischief it was meant to, debasing the coin. By an edict of the 27th measure of 1811, he ordered that all the silver coins of June, have a piece cut out of their current should nevertheless centre, and continue current at their former rate.* The piece * Clumsy as this method of the to English readers, it has long been mutilating familiar coin must appear Indian islands, both British and in most of the West, been expected, it has increased" Foreign, where, as might have tenely-Tendhater. the mischief it was meant to, --- Page 135 --- AND REPUBLIC OF HAYTI [117 silver thus cut out went to form an alloy from which of of smaller coins were manufactured, and a multitude at above ten times their intrinsic sent into circulation to avoid levying value. This was a manifest robbery, a tax upon individuals. from idle in the South : he saw. that, Rigaud was far authority, he to make himself master of the supreme He made his must drive Pétion from Port-au-Prince. citizens of the council draw up an address to the accused Pétion department of the West, in which he occasioned the loss of the Mole ; complained of having of his suffering the finances of his maladministration, his having of the republic to become dilapidated, dissolved the senate, and annihilated the constitution, to revive (I use his own which he had never attempted in order to get words) ercept for his own convenience, In conclusion, himself renamed to the Presidentship. Pétion was the Rigaud and his council stated that befallen the cause of all the misfortunes which had the the motives of step republic, and explained of the they had taken in declaring the department in order to South independent of that of the West, being dragged down the same precipice. escape saw the necessity of overPétion, who equally him from the South, throwing his rival and expelling byan address from the citizens ofthe depariment replied brethren South, of the West, to their ofthe Rigaud with Pétion, in this address, reproached him his ambition and ingratitude to him, and charges Pétion with being an agent of the French, as though He even himself was free from similar imputations. from carried his assurance SO far as to cite a passage the New Testament against Rigaud, though the passage equally condemned himself. 66 describe to us a 6 The Scriptures" said Pétion, but was c man who saw a mote in his neighbour's eye, @ South, of the West, to their ofthe Rigaud with Pétion, in this address, reproached him his ambition and ingratitude to him, and charges Pétion with being an agent of the French, as though He even himself was free from similar imputations. from carried his assurance SO far as to cite a passage the New Testament against Rigaud, though the passage equally condemned himself. 66 describe to us a 6 The Scriptures" said Pétion, but was c man who saw a mote in his neighbour's eye, @ --- Page 136 --- 118] Ch. VI.-OF THE MONARCHY <6 unable, nevertheless, to discern 46 eye." Pétion then the beam in his own goes on to reproach his ci-devant accomplice, and to expose their former villainies. 5 The administration of General Gazette of Port-au-Prince of the 9th Rigaud," said the year of of. July, 1811, 8th Iudependence," is not c6 remember well the free from censure. We C6 the arrest of General Montbrun, and perfidy used towards < la Valée him; the insurrection of protected by the soldiers of the 2d disguised as culticators, and led 07 regiment < the purpose of by Bouchard,for command expelling General Beuuvais from his at Jacmel." Thus Pétion, in his blind rage against that all these censures recoiled Rigaud, forgot his own treason, upon himself; forgot superior perfidy and ingratitude to all his saint officers, and to all parties ; forgot that TousLouverture,. J.J. Dessalines, and Henry had experienced all the effects of his excessive Christôphe, and treachery : in his delirium he could ambition the mote in his distinctly see the beam which neiglbour's.eye, while he was blind to citation from darkened his own : thus was his himselfthan the Bible much more applicable to to Rigaud. Meanwhile Pétion undermined his rival in secret. When he was assured that he had a in town of Cayes, he excited strong party the a mutiny in the 17th by means of his agents : Pétion's regt., town of Cayes, united with this partisans in the Rigaud in his own Government: corps, and attacked took : an obstinate conflict place, when Rigaud would have been powered by the number of his overBorgella hastened to his relief assailants, had not corps of from Acquin, with his cavalry: the partisans of Pétion' were cut to pieces by the victors. Had not Gen. thus Borgella arrived opportunely to his succour, Rigaud would have shared the fate of Gérin, and have been sacrificed by partisans in the Rigaud in his own Government: corps, and attacked took : an obstinate conflict place, when Rigaud would have been powered by the number of his overBorgella hastened to his relief assailants, had not corps of from Acquin, with his cavalry: the partisans of Pétion' were cut to pieces by the victors. Had not Gen. thus Borgella arrived opportunely to his succour, Rigaud would have shared the fate of Gérin, and have been sacrificed by --- Page 137 --- AND REPUBLIC OF HAYTI. [119 those under his command, to the vengeance and ambition of Pétion. Such of the insurgents as had escaped during the action, were searched for and put to death by order of Rigaud. Such has always been the result of Pétion's plots ; thus it is that this artful and wicked man has caused the destruction of his partisans from the extremities of the South, to those of the North, by exciting them to revolt against their chiefs; and yet he has the and effrontery to commisserate them and hypocrisy bewail their unhappy lot. After this disaster, Rigaud, being attacked with a languor, retired to the ci-devant plantation Laborde in the plain of Cayes ; his illness filled all who were attached to him with alarm, grief, and consternation ; they feared that after his death they should fall and time shewed their victims to Pétion's vengeance, suspicions to be but too well founded. Rigaud, perceiving his end approach, assembled his councii and the generals under his command, amongst the more distinguished of whom were Borgella, Francisque, Vaval, and Wagnac, the two first, men of colour, the others black. Rigaud chose as his successor Borgella, who had been of such signal service to him, and whom he judged more capabie and worthy of commanding than Francisque who was his senior. As for the two black generals their colour was long a ground of exclusion from supreme authority in the South-west. Borgella did not, by his conduct, justify the confidence reposed in him by Rigaud, he had the weakness to submit with his followers to Pétion's discretion Gen. Francisque would possibly have conducted himself with more firmness and vigour, and have acted' differently. Gen. Borgella did not understand his true position : he might have become all at once one of the he judged more capabie and worthy of commanding than Francisque who was his senior. As for the two black generals their colour was long a ground of exclusion from supreme authority in the South-west. Borgella did not, by his conduct, justify the confidence reposed in him by Rigaud, he had the weakness to submit with his followers to Pétion's discretion Gen. Francisque would possibly have conducted himself with more firmness and vigour, and have acted' differently. Gen. Borgella did not understand his true position : he might have become all at once one of the --- Page 138 --- Ch. VL-OF THE MONARCHY worthies of Hayti by war, and proving himself extinguishing the the flames of civil and country. In a word, he benefactor of his bretbren tice and reason, have could, by listening to jusment, which would have acknowledged the royal governthe command of the hastened to maintain him in supplies oftroops and Soutbh, by furnishing him with deficient in wisdom and money. But this general, being led policy, suffered himself to astray by an erroneous be by a false fear. prejudice, and acted upon After languishing for some time, expired notwvithstanding all the efforts Rigaud of at length strong suspicions of having been art, and with which gained the more credit from poisoned : a suspicion Pétion's having already the circumstance of arms, and because, endeavoured to destroy him by from his well known treachery, he was deemed character for crime. What must fully capable of SO base a was, that on strengthen this surmise still more Pétion affected receiving the news of Rigaud's the deepest death, however the internal concern, through which of SO formidable and joy he felt at having got rid betrayed itself. On dangerous a rival, involuntarily with a Rigaud's decease, Borgelia seized tled reins trembling of the and feeble hand the yet unsetnerals under his government of the South. The geobserved, command were, as I have already Francisque at Jérémie, bcen passed over by Rigaud; discontented at having à-Veuu, of a doubtful Bruny le Blanc at Ansereliance could be character, and upon whom little placed; Vaval at Acquin, wbo was a assassination perfect.cipher, a mere tool, one ofthe accessaries to the of his own brother Gen. and Wagnac, who William Lafleur; any command. was sick at Cayes, without holding Such being the state of affairs in the wily Pétion found it no difficult South, the task to soW dissention over by Rigaud; discontented at having à-Veuu, of a doubtful Bruny le Blanc at Ansereliance could be character, and upon whom little placed; Vaval at Acquin, wbo was a assassination perfect.cipher, a mere tool, one ofthe accessaries to the of his own brother Gen. and Wagnac, who William Lafleur; any command. was sick at Cayes, without holding Such being the state of affairs in the wily Pétion found it no difficult South, the task to soW dissention --- Page 139 --- REPUBLIC OF HAYTI. [121 AND SO as and gain over partisans, among these generals Borgella. Francieque was the eventually to overthrow at Jérémie; in order first victim. He was powerful Pétion employed the therefore' to accomplish his ruin, Gérin and Rigaud, manceuvres he had used against same him in Col. Henry. A bloody raising up a rival against between the two regiments compocombat took place Francisque, being defeatsing the garrison of Jérémie. Henry, his to fly for safety to Cayes. ed, was obliged Pétion to the rank of general, rival, was promoted by he gave umbrage to Péwhich he did not long enjoy: and he fell by the tion who opposed a new rival to him, who, in his turn, was destroyed by hand of Col. Titye, of the thirteenth regiCol. Bruneau, now commander that Pétion drove Francisque ment. At the same time the troops under Bruny from Jérémie, he gained over le Blanc at Anse-à-Veau. events were passing in the While these unfortunate prevailed, as we South-west, the greatest tranquillity and the royal governhave seen, in the North-iwest, a firm and durable itself upon ment was consolidating basis. which had Pétion saw with grief our prosperity, the failof the Mole. progressively increased ever since had blasted The foundation of an hereditary monarchy those reall his hopes, he could no longer count him upon a chance of yolutions or changes which might give his own hands. concentrating the whole authority in A royal The situation of the republic was critical. the South in had placed all the ports of proclamation blockade, Our navy was infinitely superior a state cf off bis ports, and to Pétion's: our ships were cruising traders. In this state prevented the entrance of foreign of seeing of things, the King had the strongest hopes and with it, of termination of the civil war, a speedy His plan was magnanithe miseries of the Haytians. chance of yolutions or changes which might give his own hands. concentrating the whole authority in A royal The situation of the republic was critical. the South in had placed all the ports of proclamation blockade, Our navy was infinitely superior a state cf off bis ports, and to Pétion's: our ships were cruising traders. In this state prevented the entrance of foreign of seeing of things, the King had the strongest hopes and with it, of termination of the civil war, a speedy His plan was magnanithe miseries of the Haytians. --- Page 140 --- 122] Ch. VI.-OF THE mous, noble, and NONARCHY wisbed, by the worthy of his generous heart, He dominion of law maintenance and of tranquillity and the the inhabitants of the justice in the kingdom, to enable state of happiness and South-west to judge from our more for their prosperity, whether it would be a just and advantage to range themselves beneath paternal involved in a government, or continue for ever < selves," said deadly anarchy. <6 Leave them to ce Henry, 66 the magnitude themsufferings will recall of their own cs interests. All them to reason and 6 at we need do to reduce them their true rest, to be wise and is to remain c6 reduced to the sad prudent, and we shall not be 6c necessity of the Haytians, our bretlren and shedding blood of Pétion felt the imminent fellow-citisens." He perceived that this danger of this wise times more fatal state of peace was a policy. without to him than civil dissensions thousand which he could not and war, solved therefore to extricate maintain himself: he resituation, and himself from this by compel us to change critical driving us to act on the oursystem of policy, To effect this, at the offensive. Francisque from same time that he expelled Bruny le Blanc at Jérémie, and gained over the troops of of our squadron and Ansed-Veau, he corrupted the sailors and kindle the flames laboured to produce fresh troubles, own country. of civil war in the heart of our lour Major-General and a native the Baron de Papalier, a of Cayes, who man of cofullest confidence, was one of the possessed the King's tors selected by Pétion for the principal conspiraprojects. execution of his guilty Tbis Papalier was the same who Cayes at the time of the commanded at peror Dessalines, who had insurrection against the Emupon him. Papalier could placed every dependence have stifled this insurrec- produce fresh troubles, own country. of civil war in the heart of our lour Major-General and a native the Baron de Papalier, a of Cayes, who man of cofullest confidence, was one of the possessed the King's tors selected by Pétion for the principal conspiraprojects. execution of his guilty Tbis Papalier was the same who Cayes at the time of the commanded at peror Dessalines, who had insurrection against the Emupon him. Papalier could placed every dependence have stifled this insurrec- --- Page 141 --- AND REPUBLIC or HAYTI. [123 who continued faithful to tion in its birth : his troops, the insurgents, the emperor, petitioned to be led against his refusal, afforded the insurrection but Papalier, by thus the cause of the time to spread, and was primary emperor's death. afterwards at the battle of Cibert, Taken prisoner Henry retained him in his on the 1st of January, 1807, and admitted rank of Major-General, employed him, him to his intimacy. On the foundation of the monarchy he was created a baron ; previous to wbich he had married a friend of the queen's, and had, through the munificence ofthe king, amassed a considerable fortune, which now furnished him with the means of enlisting followers, and betraying his benefactor. his Artful, plausible and insinuating, the charms of conversation, and suavity of his manners, captivated all hearts: he quickly gained over a multitude ofadherents; and exerted himself to corrupt the sailors of the fleet, whom he distributed, by means of his agents, among his designs beneath the cloathing and money, masking cloak of generosity and patriotism. In this state of affairs, part of the squadron sailed on a cruise off the south-west coast of the island. This was what the conspirators wished. The government, plunged in the most perfect security, was wholly occupied with the completion of the laws which form the Code Henry. Nothing of the conspiracy had yet transpired, nor was the smallest attention paid to what About this time a number of the partiwas passing. of the French had introduced and established sans themselves within the kingdom, among them Bunél, Montorsier and Viart, the two first white Frenchmen, the third a man of colour in complexion, but a white Frenchman in principle. Bunél had been treasurer under Governor Toussaint: to improve his fortune, and. ingratiate himself with Toussaint, hè had married occupied with the completion of the laws which form the Code Henry. Nothing of the conspiracy had yet transpired, nor was the smallest attention paid to what About this time a number of the partiwas passing. of the French had introduced and established sans themselves within the kingdom, among them Bunél, Montorsier and Viart, the two first white Frenchmen, the third a man of colour in complexion, but a white Frenchman in principle. Bunél had been treasurer under Governor Toussaint: to improve his fortune, and. ingratiate himself with Toussaint, hè had married --- Page 142 --- 124] Ch. VI.-OF THE a black woman. He returned MONARCHY Chevalier Lacauve, who had been to Hayti along with a by the Comte.de Willot, sent to this of Corsica, for the now governor of the country island government. purpose of intriguing against the This Bunél, after having seizure of a considerable contributed to the unjust government, in the United sum, belonging to the royal into the States of America, father and conspiracy with Papalier and entered son ; these two last were Grandjean both nexions of Bunél's. relatives or conbeen Montorsier had, along with some other captured by our cruisers. Frenchmen, him, loaded him with Henry distinguished time to accumulate a favours,and enabled him in a little which he soon large fortune; ; in return for all Viart" had gave us proofs of the basest been to ingratitude. at secretary the central Port-au-Princ, under assembly this general completed thel Governor Toussaint, when down upon him the constitution which brought on the arrival of the French, vengeance of Bonaparte. Viart, Toussaint, to whom he was basely betrayed Governor favours he had shewn him. deeply indebted for the He arrived from France was coldly received by by way of America, and recollection of his treason Henry as he deserved. The imagination. There is was yet strong O1l an unwelcome Henry's King, on first beholding Viart. guest, said the to the urgent solicitations Owing nevertheless Majesty some time after, made in his behalf, his tion of Procureur General named him to the high situaof the West, du Roi, for the whither he province duties: we shall soon see repaired the to discharge bis scension. effects of this condeThe French could at this like the subjects of other time, establish themselves nations in our towns: they was yet strong O1l an unwelcome Henry's King, on first beholding Viart. guest, said the to the urgent solicitations Owing nevertheless Majesty some time after, made in his behalf, his tion of Procureur General named him to the high situaof the West, du Roi, for the whither he province duties: we shall soon see repaired the to discharge bis scension. effects of this condeThe French could at this like the subjects of other time, establish themselves nations in our towns: they --- Page 143 --- REPUBLIC OF HAYTI [125 AND establishments at Cape Henry and at had commercial this last town a Frenchman named BelGonaives, in with Caze and cour, was established in partnership journies to the South, Montorsier; he made frequent who disturbed the and was one of the conspirators province of the West. merchants, English, AmeA multitude of foreign likewise inhabited our rican, German, Dutch, &c. in their commercial towns, and, peaceably occupied harmony with transactions, lived in the most perfect Frenchmen, at the Haytians; ; wbile only half-a-dozen the country most, directed all their efforts to disturb What an inand rekindle the flames of civil war. structive lesson for the future. Governor TousNotwithstanding what had befallen of Dessalines, in consequence saint and the Emperor the partisans of the their welcoming and favouring it, into fell, without perceiving French, we already had their ruin ; sO the same snares which mistrust proved are not the most true is it that hatred and Timehad effaced durable feelings ofthe human heart: and confidence every thing: animosity was extinct, were forgotten, established : the lessons of experience do all in our power to and a strange fatality. led us to stable or lastis nothing effect our own ruin.-There which are ing but those principles of goverument founded on a sage policy. of councils, Hence results the necessity permanent of the nation in which all the learning and wisdom affairs should in these all public might be concentrateds and deliberation. Prudence be discussed with coolness measures of is a foe to precipitation ; and frequently have proved the apparently the greatest insignificance, revolutions in the state. source of distraction and from one of his voyages to Montorsier had returned of what had happened Jamaica, and brought an account There which are ing but those principles of goverument founded on a sage policy. of councils, Hence results the necessity permanent of the nation in which all the learning and wisdom affairs should in these all public might be concentrateds and deliberation. Prudence be discussed with coolness measures of is a foe to precipitation ; and frequently have proved the apparently the greatest insignificance, revolutions in the state. source of distraction and from one of his voyages to Montorsier had returned of what had happened Jamaica, and brought an account --- Page 144 --- 126] Ch.vL-or THE MONARCHY in the fleet, The the Princess Royal conspiracy first broke out on board tors having seized the Amethyste Admiral frigate. The conspirade la Presqu'ile, and the othér Pierre Saint Jean, Comte participate in their treason, officers who refused to harbour of Miragoane. immediately entered the The commandant of this whom he place, after landing those her Colonels suspected on board the frigate, embarked in Bigot, Gaspard, and number of the 16th Monperous, with a restofthes squadron, regiment, to go in pursuit of the in the most shameful which was also taken and betrayed Some days after, this mauner. frigate Southampton, frigate fell in with the English Yeo. On being hailed commanded by Sir James Lucas by this vessel answer, and these inexperienced they refused to engage the Southampton, men had the folly to tured and taken to by which they were capmen killed and wounded. Jamaiça, after a loss of ninety-six When the news of this transaction which it did almost as soon as the reached us, highly enraged with Montorsier, event, Papalier was an idie gossip. Government whom he treated as days very had in fact been for some squadron. There uneasy at receiving no tidings from the is no doubt that Papalier hoped that government, anxious respecting its sent the remaining fate, would have means we should have ships lost in, search of It, by which these also: thus report was far from agreeable to Montorsier's jects it foiled by Papalier, whose prodefeating the effects putting of us upon our guard, and totally Prior to the the conspiracy. Montorsierhadi been occurrence just mentioned, Papalier and ship and interest. united in the closest bonds of friendtransmit letters to Papalier had employed the Jatter to the mischief then which Port-au-Prince by way of Jamaica . Montorsier had done in his means we should have ships lost in, search of It, by which these also: thus report was far from agreeable to Montorsier's jects it foiled by Papalier, whose prodefeating the effects putting of us upon our guard, and totally Prior to the the conspiracy. Montorsierhadi been occurrence just mentioned, Papalier and ship and interest. united in the closest bonds of friendtransmit letters to Papalier had employed the Jatter to the mischief then which Port-au-Prince by way of Jamaica . Montorsier had done in his --- Page 145 --- OF HAYTI. [127 AND REPUBLIC with which he comeyes, arose from the precipitancy event advanmunicated the intelligence of an equally in his and interesting to both : but Montorsier tageous pot resist the pleasure he felt in comimpatience could and distressing to us. municating news SO painful of the human heart, that Such then is the depravity to fathom its is necessary the greatest penetration of crime in actions depth, and to discover the blackness but which serve which appear indifferent to the vulgar, the crooked as a clue to the man of genius to penetrate conceal. Papalier labyrinth of wickedness which they at which made a shew of indignation at hearing news, his nevertheless in the bottom of his soul he rejoiced, bad! and only regret being to find it not sufliciently intelligence at Montorsier, in his eagerness to publish carried his duplicity which he was inwardly overjoyed, interest in our welfare. sO far as to feign the deepest his guodwill By his assumed sorrow he expressed and insinuated himself into our confidence, towards us, the right of offering advice; of acquired in some degree march this he availed himself by urging our immediate his vindictive Port-au-Prince, in order to further against the flames of civil war. projects of rekindling the French have always deceived us, Itis thus that us. 66 To reand that they yet count upon deceiving says M. le Comte Beugnot, conquer St. Domingo," Marine of France, now Member of Ex-minister of the method to of Deputies, 66 there is but one the Chamber to make a shew of being lindly disbe pursued, namely that is, in other words, to posed towards the Haytians;* asleep, and then employ treachery to lull our suspicions 66 Few words and much apentice us to the precipice. of parent candour, says another Ex-planter distinction success." 73 in a letter to his friend, G6 are the best means of * Letter of M. le Comte Beugnot to M. Leborgne de Boigne. puties, 66 there is but one the Chamber to make a shew of being lindly disbe pursued, namely that is, in other words, to posed towards the Haytians;* asleep, and then employ treachery to lull our suspicions 66 Few words and much apentice us to the precipice. of parent candour, says another Ex-planter distinction success." 73 in a letter to his friend, G6 are the best means of * Letter of M. le Comte Beugnot to M. Leborgne de Boigne. --- Page 146 --- 128J Ch. VI.-OF THE MONARCHY Such are the principles, the of the Comte de logic, and the morality Beugnot and the Ex-colonists, Nevertheless the than had atfirst been conspiracy was far more extensive the kingdom. imagined; ithad spread throughout accomplices, Papalier, Bunél, Montorsier and were commissioned to their North, while Viart, Malvoisin, revolutionize the were doing the same in the West. Belcour, and others the French faction which, In a word, it was treason, and concealed armed with the poignard of raised these beneath the mask of new commotions in our hypocrisy, on both sides the most bosom, and exerted the flames of civil war. incredible efforts to rekindle Since these unfortunate events persons whose rank and official we have learned that above suspicion, had taken but situations raised them the conspiracy. too active a share in who Nevertheless, had Papalier, being the only yet openly shewn conspirator imprisoned. limself, was arrested and The King was distracted with a civil war was variety of feelings: self driven to repugnant it to his heart, and he saw himdilemma he called by an unavoidable fatality. In this their opinion. The together his privy council to take which had taken majority, indignant at the treachery place, voted for against Port-au-Prince, before marching immediately advantage of the event. The the enemy could take coincided with the wishes of advice of the council uponavailing themselves the factious, who reckoned They foresaw that the of circumstances as they arose. and must King could not be everywhere, or from the necessarily be absent either from the army they should interior, and in either case they trusted succeed in their or in the interior of the designs, eitherin the army alas ! too fully realized. kingdom. These hopes were, place, voted for against Port-au-Prince, before marching immediately advantage of the event. The the enemy could take coincided with the wishes of advice of the council uponavailing themselves the factious, who reckoned They foresaw that the of circumstances as they arose. and must King could not be everywhere, or from the necessarily be absent either from the army they should interior, and in either case they trusted succeed in their or in the interior of the designs, eitherin the army alas ! too fully realized. kingdom. These hopes were, --- Page 147 --- AND REPUBLIC OF HAYTI. L129 resolved in council to It was then unanimously march forthwith against Port-au-Prince. carried on with inThe preparations for war were of the fleet had taken credible activity. The event middle of March the place in February, and by the army was in the field. directed its march by The main body of the army the of previous to debouching into plain Mirebalais, the defiles of Pensez-y-bien, and Cul-de-Sac through militaire took the high road the King with his maison The which led direct to Port-au-Prince. of Arcahaye of the army was to form a, junction in second diyision the plain of Cul-de-Sac. and every warlike The fleet, laden with provisions coasted along the store requisite for the campaign, of part of our the desertion shore. Notwithstanding still superior to that of the enemy. ships our navy was informed of all our Pétion had been previously he had movements by the conspirators and spies for us: he knew we had made preparations among meanwhile that his affairs attacking him, but learning he hastened had taken a favourable turn in the South, assist his to with some troops to Pont-de-Miragonne he left the command to partisans. On his departure in putting General Boyer, with orders to be expeditious in the fortresses of Cibert, and la-Croix-des-Bouquets, of defence to check the first efforts of our army, a state and gain time for him. the revolution that the This was the first time since in our miliname of General Boyer was seen to figure annals: he had always been secretary. to General tary he mounted rapidly to the rank of general, Pétion; who is now President of the republic. and is the same and the high rank he has When we look to his career with the attained, we should be tempted to believe, whimsiantients, that there exists an unjust, blind, and I , of defence to check the first efforts of our army, a state and gain time for him. the revolution that the This was the first time since in our miliname of General Boyer was seen to figure annals: he had always been secretary. to General tary he mounted rapidly to the rank of general, Pétion; who is now President of the republic. and is the same and the high rank he has When we look to his career with the attained, we should be tempted to believe, whimsiantients, that there exists an unjust, blind, and I --- Page 148 --- 130] Ch. VI.-OF THE MONARCHY cal fatality which presides over human destinies, we not thoroughly convinced that God were world by a just providence, and by governs the to weak mortals. ways impenetrable On the news of our march Boyer took with his army at the ci-devant plantation post mediate Santo, in an interposition between the forts of Cibert, and laCroix-des-Bouquets He thus intercepted the two roads which led to Port-au-Prince, and covered town which was in his rear. In front he had the this vannah Houblon, while his right was sathe fort of strengthened by of l-Croixc-des-Bouquets, and his left by that Cibert. The king designedly slackened his march, to time to the army, which had made the give long circuit of Mirebalais, to enter the plain of Cul-de-Sac at the same time with himself. Already our view extended into the plain, and we were not above two short leagues from Cibert, when the roar of artillery and musketry announced to us the battle of Santo. We quickened our march, and in a little time the tirailleurs were engaged with the who hastily retreated into the fort of Cibert. enemy On the same day we communicated with the and learned the result of the battle of Santo. army, Boyer, after a vigorous resistance, was defeated, and retreated precipitately to Port-au-Prince, with the remains of his army which had been cut to pieces. Our troops, irritated by the resistance and loss they had experienced, made but few prisoners in the heat of battle, these being sent to the King, he dispatched them immediately to the North, where they yet continue. After the battle of Santo, the army took up a position in front of Port-au-Prince. The fort of Cibert could not be taken by storm : it was wecessary to lay regular siege to it. We made yer, after a vigorous resistance, was defeated, and retreated precipitately to Port-au-Prince, with the remains of his army which had been cut to pieces. Our troops, irritated by the resistance and loss they had experienced, made but few prisoners in the heat of battle, these being sent to the King, he dispatched them immediately to the North, where they yet continue. After the battle of Santo, the army took up a position in front of Port-au-Prince. The fort of Cibert could not be taken by storm : it was wecessary to lay regular siege to it. We made --- Page 149 --- AND REPUBLIC OF HAYTI [131 under a shower of balls, and raised our our approaches within musket shot cf the place. Already batteries shaken by our artillery, and tumbling were the ramparts the whole of their guns were disin ruins : nearly the melancholy situmounted. Henry, commiserating the seeing that they could no longer ation of besieged, sustained a most severe hold out, and had already the nearest batteries loss, repaired in person to one of them for the purpose of addressing them and exhorting to surrender. the firing; he signified to the The king stopped to speak to them ; they besieged that he was going ceased their fire ; and instantly the most proequally silence on both sides. found prevailed to show himself to the beThen Henry, wishing by sieged, the better to persuade them, accompanied his mounted the trench : he wore his aides de camp, that he might be recogmilitary decorations, in order of Cibert: nized by the officers and men of the garrison his orders to the Comte de Limonade, the king gave intentions in a strong and who explained his majesty's intelligible voice as follows: and soldiers ! I c Generals, officers, subalterns, beloved sove- < address you in the name of the ling our Surrender; you shall be 66 reign, who is here present. are 6 continued in your respective ranks and offices; you 6 in error, you have been deceived ; cease to maintain an 6 unjust and barbarous war; you are reduced to thelast 6 extremity, you cannot defend yourselucs longer. Surc render, then! no injury shall be offered to yoz. IVe 66 conjure you, for your own sakes, and in the name of 6 the country, to surrender !" with the most This address, which had been heard profound silence, made a deep impression upon the garrison. Already were the best disposed anxious te K 2 your respective ranks and offices; you 6 in error, you have been deceived ; cease to maintain an 6 unjust and barbarous war; you are reduced to thelast 6 extremity, you cannot defend yourselucs longer. Surc render, then! no injury shall be offered to yoz. IVe 66 conjure you, for your own sakes, and in the name of 6 the country, to surrender !" with the most This address, which had been heard profound silence, made a deep impression upon the garrison. Already were the best disposed anxious te K 2 --- Page 150 --- 132.J ChVL-or THE MONARCHY surrender, but they were opposed by the tinous. General Metellus, their more muhimself unable to subdue theirs commander, finding pute, ordered the spirit, to end the disfiring to re-commence. The ofour battery was pierced withr-asthousand captain in a few paces of the king, The balls withresumed with increased contest was then tinued till fury on both sides, and connight. The enemy availed himself of the darkness to evacuate the fort : he endeavoured to trenchments, and force our enlines, but open himself a passage through our was vigorously repulsed in The soldiers then every direction. this separated, and mixed with ours; in confusion, and under cover of the darkness made their escape as well as they could, they The dawn of day disclosed to us the disasters of the.night, and the horrors of war. General Metellus -lay dead at some distance from the fort, the victim of his temerity, in the flower having fallen, Had of his age. he.surrendered, he would have served his country, and spared the blood of his brethren and fellow citizens. The fort of Cibert commanded the and off the high road, from the North plain, cut it was of to Port-au-Prince: : render it importance to us to possess this point. To healthy and babitable it was to purify its vicinity, for which purpose the necessary dead whichhad begun to putrify, both in the fortand bodies, were burned. Colombel bas availed himself ditches, of this circumstance to calumniate us, as though similar means were not employed in every part of the world to vent contagion and pastilence. preAfter the capture of Cibert, the king with maison militaire joined the before his Prince, and army Port-auimmediately made arrangements for commencing the siege of that town. babitable it was to purify its vicinity, for which purpose the necessary dead whichhad begun to putrify, both in the fortand bodies, were burned. Colombel bas availed himself ditches, of this circumstance to calumniate us, as though similar means were not employed in every part of the world to vent contagion and pastilence. preAfter the capture of Cibert, the king with maison militaire joined the before his Prince, and army Port-auimmediately made arrangements for commencing the siege of that town. --- Page 151 --- OF HAYTI. L133 AND REPUBLIC have already seen, had gone to MiraPétion, as we of his partisans in the South. goane, to second the efforts in an was at Acquin, with a few troops, Borgella critical situation. Cayes, Jérémie, embarrassing and declared in favour of Pétion, and Anse-a-Veau had he had played off who employed the same stratagem 66 The Rigaud, to induce Borgella to submit. against 2) said he, 66 is on its march, already 6 army of the. North," Cul-de-Sac. How shall we be 66 is it in the plain of ourseloes?" Nothing 66 able tooppose it, ifdicided umongo Borgella to submit. more was wanting to determine Pétion hastened to persuade him, The more effectually friends Fremond and Panayoti to send to him his old with his who confirmed his resolution to surrender troops. while to observe by.the way, that every Itis worth either by war or netime the North has endeavoured, dissensions, the South gotiation, to terminate ourcivil became reand West, however divided, immediately that their fear rof conciled : hence we must conclude the North exceeded their mutual animosity. ofthe the Sonth, Pétion hastened to rally the troops which he and repair with them to Port-au-Prince, the siege of this reached before we had time to form town. for me at tbis moment to detail the It is impossible since it would lead me too far operations ofthis siege, therefore content mysclf from my subject. I shall on that prodigies of valour were displayed with saying already touched those each side. Our entrenchments to the last exof the enemy; the town was reduced the most above tremity, and could not bave held out at the event changed eiglit days, when an unfortunate aspect ofaffairs. maintained a secret corresPétion, during the siege, made every pondence with the army, and secretly is impossible since it would lead me too far operations ofthis siege, therefore content mysclf from my subject. I shall on that prodigies of valour were displayed with saying already touched those each side. Our entrenchments to the last exof the enemy; the town was reduced the most above tremity, and could not bave held out at the event changed eiglit days, when an unfortunate aspect ofaffairs. maintained a secret corresPétion, during the siege, made every pondence with the army, and secretly --- Page 152 --- 134] Ch. VI.-OF THE MONARCHY effort to corrupt our troops. critical Reduced to the most situation, in order to extricate recourse to his favourite himself, he had The weapons treason and king had gone to St. Marc, whither perfidy. connected with the service called affairs he had left the command him : in his absence the Prince of the army to Field-marshal ofLimbé, and that of his maison to his brother-in-law Prince militaire, the Haytian Noël, colonel general of guards. The moment was favourable to the they waited the king's absence to execute conspirators: : Henry received their designs. Marc, thatthe intelligence by a courier while at St. troops of the division under the command of the Duke of Plaisance, had general revolted, made their prisoner, and marched with him into the town of Port-au-Prince, The king instantly set out to join the and his arrival, summoned a council of army, on The event which had war of his generals. of still taken place might be productive greater mischief: our interior was far from tranquil; the conspirators were active both in the and the West. It was therefore resolved in North to raise the siege of Port-au-Prince. the council The departure ofthe army was effected in the est order, the enemy not daring to molest it great- in retreat. The sicge had continued its fifteen days. two months and It' was time for us to return to the the North-west: all country was in a flame; the waited the signal of the event which conspirators had taken only before Port-au-Prince, to strike a decisive blow. place ready the mountains of St. Marc were in a state Al- of insurrection through the intrigues of Viart; those of Great and Little Cahos were in commotion. days after Mirebalais revolted, and General Some who commanded the arrondissement Almanjor, for the king, days. two months and It' was time for us to return to the the North-west: all country was in a flame; the waited the signal of the event which conspirators had taken only before Port-au-Prince, to strike a decisive blow. place ready the mountains of St. Marc were in a state Al- of insurrection through the intrigues of Viart; those of Great and Little Cahos were in commotion. days after Mirebalais revolted, and General Some who commanded the arrondissement Almanjor, for the king, --- Page 153 --- REPUBLIC OF HAYTI. [135 AND had also broken out in and troubles was assassinated; of all these movements the North. Pétion, apprised to march in order to by the conspirators, prepared second the revolt. to chuse the least of two It is an universal principle the brink of a precipice, evils. The state was now on or perish with and we had no alternative but to save, of it: what do I say? it was no longer the preservation the throne that was at issue ; it was preservaHenry's with that of his family, his attached foltion of his life, whose welfare required lowers, and his fellow citizens, which he knew the consolidation of that order ofaffairs council was how to establish. In this emergency the for compelled to take prompt and energetic measures several The generals commanding the the public good. orders to check the progress of sedidistricts received tranquillity by every means in tion, and re-establisis their power. excesscs doubtless During this calamitous period in civil commotions ; occurred, as usually happen ambition, lust, when hatreds, jealousies, vengeance, time when all rapine, and plunder--what do I say? at a the most hideous passions are let loosc, it is difficult to curb their excesses. distress; Henry was afflicted with the most poignant as each new treason was communicated to him Ihave heard him exclaim in accents of grief, Al! the barbarians ! what then have I done to merit this 2 Oye who calumniate this unhappy prince, who possesses nevertheless a generous, noble, and virtuous heart, do ye know him? Have you, like me, heard the expressions ofsorrow which sO forcibly displayed what passed in his mind? Have you surprised him in his closet shedding tears in secreti forthes sufferings ofhis country? Have you been placed in a situation similar to his before you judged sO severely? What would you have to him Ihave heard him exclaim in accents of grief, Al! the barbarians ! what then have I done to merit this 2 Oye who calumniate this unhappy prince, who possesses nevertheless a generous, noble, and virtuous heart, do ye know him? Have you, like me, heard the expressions ofsorrow which sO forcibly displayed what passed in his mind? Have you surprised him in his closet shedding tears in secreti forthes sufferings ofhis country? Have you been placed in a situation similar to his before you judged sO severely? What would you have --- Page 154 --- 136] Ch. VI.-OF THE MONARCHY him dop Should he have suffered throned and butchered with himself to be dewere most devoted to him? his family, and all who As for myself, whatever judgment writers, or posterity may pass upon the contemporary reign, I will bear events of liis from the testimony to the truth, I will declare, thorough conviction of my heart and ence, that Henry is perfectly conscicivil war, which arose guiltlessof theevils of the riod lin which he whoily out of the anlmappy peby any fault of his. was placed, and were not occasioned Like Augustus and Henry iv. of mounted a throne reéking with the France, Henry Never was a prince more biood of civil wars, taken hold of the reins of unfortunate. Scarce had he their possession government. when he found once he found himself disputed by an ambitious man: all at and deceived by surrounded by plots and treason, of his intriguers and the ungrateful creatures bounty. He Saw his throne and his with that of his family and friends life, together imminent danger. exposed to the most be seen Encircled by difficulties, he was to opposing to them the most and courage: : he was to be seen heroic constancy exertion capable of persevering in every try. In the midst promoting of the welfare ofhis counmade order to troubles he created laws; and the midst prevail in the midst of disorder, peace in ofwar, From what Henry has during a season of such accomplished how much he would trials, we may easily conjecture country, had he have done for the welfare of his opposition, had attained the government withoutungrateful he not encountered traitors and rassed by wretches, and had not his mind been harmisfortune. Pétion, building upon the success of'the put his army in motion to assist the conspiracy learning, on his arrival at revolters; but, Verrettes, that the king was , peace in ofwar, From what Henry has during a season of such accomplished how much he would trials, we may easily conjecture country, had he have done for the welfare of his opposition, had attained the government withoutungrateful he not encountered traitors and rassed by wretches, and had not his mind been harmisfortune. Pétion, building upon the success of'the put his army in motion to assist the conspiracy learning, on his arrival at revolters; but, Verrettes, that the king was --- Page 155 --- AND REPUBLIC OF HAYTI. [137 against him, and that his partisans advancing in person defeated in all their attempts, had either fallen or been retreated to Port-au-Prince. he hastily of Fort Boucassin at Arcahaye in 1813 Thestorming the last military event of this disasby our troops, was from this period all hostilities ceased trous civil war: on both sides. the completion of the paThis year we witnessed church of that town. lace of Sans Souci, and the royal the descendants of These two structures, erected by shew that we have not lost the architectural Africans, who covered Ethiopia, taste and genius of ourancestors with their superb Egypt, Carthage, and Old Spain, monuments. of the same year died at the On the 25th December regretted, Andrew Verage ofseventy-two, universally Grand Marshal of Hayti, and net Prince of Gonaives, the Interior. He had served Minister of Finance and whose niece he married. under Governor Toussaint Minister of Finance and the Interior He was afterwards Dessalines and King Henry. both under the Emperor useful life in the discharge of the He closed a long and him behind the reputahigh duties of bis office, leaving virtuous citizen, full tion of an upright minister and a mourned him of honour, and of rigid integrity. Henry and him a as one of bis old companions in arms, been gave embalmsplendid funeral. His body, after having under the ed, was deposited in the Haytian Pantheon of six thouroyal churci of Sans Souci. Upwards This is sand persons attended his funeral obsequies.* affirm to have the same whom Colombe! and Milcent been put to deathi by the King's command. marAfter his death bis widow, Eleanor Chancy, to the Prince of Gonaives in the *1 vas principal secretary departnent off finance and the interior for seven years. bis old companions in arms, been gave embalmsplendid funeral. His body, after having under the ed, was deposited in the Haytian Pantheon of six thouroyal churci of Sans Souci. Upwards This is sand persons attended his funeral obsequies.* affirm to have the same whom Colombe! and Milcent been put to deathi by the King's command. marAfter his death bis widow, Eleanor Chancy, to the Prince of Gonaives in the *1 vas principal secretary departnent off finance and the interior for seven years. --- Page 156 --- 138] Ch. VI.-OF THE ried Prince John, Duke of MONARCHY king) who is likewise dead; Port-Margot, (nephew to the of the ladies of honour and his widow is now one to the At the period of which I am queen. carried on in Europe with the speaking the war was with satisfaction the utmost fary. We saw toration of Louis xviii, triumph of the allies, and the resto the throne of his During our civil dissensions ancestors. and she also we had lost sightofFrance, appeared to have not long however in forgotten us. She was that from henceforward reminding us of her existence and nent object of our she was to become a promiattention. Neither the restoration change of ofLouis, nor the consequent tions with France. government, could alter our political relaon the first declaration We continued at war with her, as then only of our independence; ; we could towards suppose that Louis xvili. would us with morejustice, have acted than Bonaparte had done, generosity and humanity had reason to But, on the other hand, we regime in expect, with therestoration of the ancient the France, a revival of those revolution had abolished; prejudices which influence of the Ultra-colonists and, above all, that the ment would prove with the new governThe highly prejudicial to our change of interests. ation in the government had produced no alterpolitics and interests of the experience shewed our fears to be people, and ed. Hardly bad Louis xviii. but too well foundancestors, when the mounted the throne of his parte by their same men who had misled Bonasend out his famous treacherous advice, and brought him to Ex-colonists, I expedition to St. Domingo; the their clamours. say, surrounded and assailed him with The portfolio of marine and the colonies period, confided to M. was, at this colonist, Malouet, an old man and an Exbigotted to all the colonial prejudices. This people, and ed. Hardly bad Louis xviii. but too well foundancestors, when the mounted the throne of his parte by their same men who had misled Bonasend out his famous treacherous advice, and brought him to Ex-colonists, I expedition to St. Domingo; the their clamours. say, surrounded and assailed him with The portfolio of marine and the colonies period, confided to M. was, at this colonist, Malouet, an old man and an Exbigotted to all the colonial prejudices. This --- Page 157 --- - REPUBLIC OF HAYTI. [139. AND measures for reducminister's first idea was to suggest the yoke of France, and ing St. Domingo anew beneath 1789. A Malouet was the restoration of slavery as in of the influence of past incapable of divesting himself was the very climax of recollections, and his project folly and absurdity. sending three emissaries with He commenced by St. to sound the dispoto Domingo, secret instructions and gain intelligence respecting sition of the chiefs, it was indeed a perfect system our internal situation: of espionnage. of this expedition one DauxHe selected as chief of Robesformerly a Terrorist, an agent ion Lavaysse, of public safety: and one pierre's under the committee wretches, who, on their of thoseimmoral and degraded sentenced to twenty years return to France, had been in chains for the crime of confinement to hard labour Spaniard named bigamy. The second was a renegado employed at BanAugustino Franco Medina, formerly afterwards appointnique in looking after smugglers, of the diswith the command ed adjutant-general he himself by his trict of Cibao by Ferrand ; signalised defenceless women cruelty, in causing a massacre of of Ounaand children in his attack upon the village named minthé: the third was an old man of Bourdeaux connexion chosen in consequence of his Dravermann, with Borgella in the South. organised, these three This plan of espionnage being landed individuals set off: they embarked at Boulogne, visited London, re-embarked at Falmouth, at Dover, next at St. Lucia, afterwards at landed at Barbados, to Curaçoa, and at Martinique, whence they proceeded were to wait for length reached Jamaica, where they and to arrange their plan of operations intelligence, resident there. with the French refugees emissaries was a source ofjoy The arrival of these his Dravermann, with Borgella in the South. organised, these three This plan of espionnage being landed individuals set off: they embarked at Boulogne, visited London, re-embarked at Falmouth, at Dover, next at St. Lucia, afterwards at landed at Barbados, to Curaçoa, and at Martinique, whence they proceeded were to wait for length reached Jamaica, where they and to arrange their plan of operations intelligence, resident there. with the French refugees emissaries was a source ofjoy The arrival of these --- Page 158 --- 140] Ch. VI.-OF THE to all the French ; theymade MONARCHY soliciting him to an address to Louis xviii. In their resume possession of St. Domingo.- in plrenzy they imagined themselves once possession of their former more slaves. plantations and their Dauxion Lavaysse chose as bat, an Ea-colonist, secretary Lafond LadeMontorsier who formerly a member ofthe convention. furnished him was at Jamaica, was the traitor who with information tion of affairs in the North-west. respecting the situaWhen Dauxion Lavaysse had gained all the ligence he desired, he drew intelprinted under the assumed up a pamphlet which he ce Considerations name of H. Henry, entitled 6c offered to the inhabitants respect to their present situation of Hayti with The and future pamphlet was drawn prospects." paring the way, and up with a view of preemissaries in was to precede the arrival of the Hayti. Meanwhile Dauxion blind to the hazard of the Lavaysse was by no means being furnished with letters game he was playing. Not the Haytian of credence to produce to himself, chieftains, he was desirous of least he should endanger his accrediting therefore addressed Gen. Pétion* from person, He 6th of September, and the Jamaica on the of the succeeding King of Haytit, on the Ist instructions, which October, in conformity with his munication to Gen. directed him to make his first comwhich Pétion: and in the twenty-five intervened between these two days time to receive an answer from letters, he had a letter as he ought to address Pétion and frame such produce the results he to the king, in order to desired. Pétion having given a favourable answer, Dauxion Lavaysse prepared to go immediately to having first dispatched Franco Medina Port-au-Prince, * See Appendix B. No, 1. to the Spanish P. xiti, + See Appendix F. No. 2. make his first comwhich Pétion: and in the twenty-five intervened between these two days time to receive an answer from letters, he had a letter as he ought to address Pétion and frame such produce the results he to the king, in order to desired. Pétion having given a favourable answer, Dauxion Lavaysse prepared to go immediately to having first dispatched Franco Medina Port-au-Prince, * See Appendix B. No, 1. to the Spanish P. xiti, + See Appendix F. No. 2. --- Page 159 --- REPUBLIC OF HAYTI. [141 AND whence he was to enter the North, and part of Hayti, for the king to Montorsier. he intrusted his dispatches of Montorsier; but on Hitherto we had no mistrust confidence; in Papalier's the contrary he possessed our candour and good will conspiracy he had exhibited a furthered his own proby which he decciyed us and of his heart; the jects; we could not read the treachery and he was beking had loaded him with favours, loved by every body. Jamaica he assumed an air of On his return from bimself the bearer of disconsequence, and declared to the country, which patches of the first importance into his Majesty's own he refused to deliver except Montorsier was hands. The king. was at Sans-Souci; of which he was the directed to give the pacquets, by whom they were bearer, to the Baron de Dupuy, forwarded to his majesty. summoned a privy council The King immediately Ten years had elapto take them into consideration. whatever with sed since we had any communication conjectures, as to the France. A host of contradictory afloat. What did object of the French, was instantly our IndeDid they mean to recognise they propose? us? Did they mean to offer pendence, or to re-enslave had done us P Had compensation for the injuries they without wishing to do they not injured us sufficiently furtber mischief? The pacquets were yet unopened, us viewed them with horror: and we already minister of state broke the seal, and At length the letter; we heard a tisread aloud Dauxion Lavayasse's falschoods. The pamsue of insults, sophistry, and couched in similar terms, phlet of H. Heury was the alternative of and to sum up all, they offered us SLAVERY or DEATH! in every The deepest indignation was depicted of the council countenance; many of the members not injured us sufficiently furtber mischief? The pacquets were yet unopened, us viewed them with horror: and we already minister of state broke the seal, and At length the letter; we heard a tisread aloud Dauxion Lavayasse's falschoods. The pamsue of insults, sophistry, and couched in similar terms, phlet of H. Heury was the alternative of and to sum up all, they offered us SLAVERY or DEATH! in every The deepest indignation was depicted of the council countenance; many of the members --- Page 160 --- 142] Ch. VI.-OF THE MONARCHY unable to suppress their diate call to arms, while feelings voted for an immemost energetic others were anxious that the instant. Henry measures should be adopted on the curbed his feelings; himself he listened in silence to their perfect master of One of these opinions the truth of several opinions. to relate. 66 bistory requires me 6 be Before," said he, 66 we reply, would it prudent to learn how Gen. not 6 tants of the South-west Pétion and the inhabithen broke silence propose to act 29 and < Henry 66 our duty. If General said, No! let us begin by doing 66 the Pétion and the inhabitants South-west do of 66 they mean to theirs, they will act as we do. If cc wish disgrace and ruin themselees, would US to follow their erample 2" you Henry then informed the council that secrets to keep from his fellow he had no intention that all citizens; ; that it was his related to the proceedings with the French which liberty and independence of the people should be always publicly Haytian the only method of discussed, as being preventing French making the people intrigue, and of <6, acquainted with their true Such," he said, 66 has been the interests. 66 litical conduct. I invariable rule of my po- <6 principle, but am resolued not to deviate from this to adhere to it more than The council then rigidly ever." immediately proceeded, without adjournment, to dispatch confidential civil and military authorities letters to all the them to convoke of the kingdom, directing the nation. without delay a general council of Meanwhile Montorsier audience of the persisted in demanding an deavour to king, in order to speak with and engain bim over. Henry repaired to the capital and his request. At this audience complied with fancying the French the wretch, already himself the masters of Hayti, and flattering dispatches he bore had intimidated the immediately proceeded, without adjournment, to dispatch confidential civil and military authorities letters to all the them to convoke of the kingdom, directing the nation. without delay a general council of Meanwhile Montorsier audience of the persisted in demanding an deavour to king, in order to speak with and engain bim over. Henry repaired to the capital and his request. At this audience complied with fancying the French the wretch, already himself the masters of Hayti, and flattering dispatches he bore had intimidated the --- Page 161 --- REPUBLIC OF HAYTI. [143 AND of the boldly avowed all the plans and projects king, Ex-colonists. said he 66 the sonereignty of the 66 You shull have" reside, or you nvill c6 Island of Tortuga, where you may the United retire either to France, 66 be allowed to that suits your wishes. The 46 States, OT any other place 66 favour of Louis xviii. will follow you." him time checked his anger, in order to give Henry the whole of his projects. to develope throne or croxn," replied 6 I set no calue upon my it without regret, if he, c6 I shall descend and renounce will with tran66 I can Ratter myself that my days pass 66 And this" 66 quillity in the bosom of myfamily." and forcibly added Montorsier, interrupting the king, desire, his hand, 46 this is the very thing they grasping obstacle we apprehended, 6 this wus the most formidable removed it." 6 But," c6 and behold you have alreudy ufficers, memresumed Henry, 66, what will my general to this? and secretaries, suy 6 bers of council, ministers, and will infallibly op66 They are constantly with me, who embarrass < pose such a plan." 66 Destroy those of must rid yourself 66 you," rejoined Montorsier, you At this horrid decla66 them as soon as possible ! IP of this Frenchration, which disclosed all the depravity himself, but man's soul, Henry could no longer contain his voice he called aloud, <6 Come hither my raising wants to rob the Haytians of their 6 officers! He <6 freedom; ; he has dared to propose to me to destroy you, the defenders of your 66 my best supporters, firmest c country." the officers, who were in On bearing his majesty, in: Montorsier an arjoining room, rushed tumultuously first stood pale and trembling, and confounded--the headimpulse of the officers was to tbrow the wretch long from the balcony into the street, but Henry checked them; < No,"said he, < let him go,hi.prishtht tians of their 6 officers! He <6 freedom; ; he has dared to propose to me to destroy you, the defenders of your 66 my best supporters, firmest c country." the officers, who were in On bearing his majesty, in: Montorsier an arjoining room, rushed tumultuously first stood pale and trembling, and confounded--the headimpulse of the officers was to tbrow the wretch long from the balcony into the street, but Henry checked them; < No,"said he, < let him go,hi.prishtht --- Page 162 --- 144] Ch. VI.-OF THE MONARCHY prajecis are disclosed." Montorsier terror, despairand death in his confused, with This single historic fact heart, retired in silence. train of ideas to which it speaits volumes; and the every reader of refletion. leads cannot fail to strike On the 21st Cct, 1814, the nation met in the council general council of the It: is chamber atSans-Souci. impossible to describe the filled the members of the indignation which Dauxion Lavaysse's council when they heard Henry read. letter and the pamphlet signed H. who had borne Among the the members there were some visible yoke of the French: the on their mutilated limbs marks yet cruelty of their attested the length and rants. Others suferings, and the barbarity of our tymothers, remembered to have seen their fathers, drouned, brethren, sisters, relatives, or friends burned, or torn in hung, to such men, old warriors pieces by dogs,* and it was able scar, whose valour seamed with many an honorsanguinary hordes had driven before them the beaus, that the of the Leclercs and the Rochamthe yoke of proposal was made ofreturning beneath tyrants, and choosing between the alternative of DEATH or SLAVERY!!! horrible all the hatred and In an instant animosity which had slumbered years, was awakened with the most for lence. Themembers incredible vioand swore ofthe council rose on the point of their spontaneously the Haytian swords, in the name of the last people, that they ivould be enterminated man rather than renounce their to pendence, OT submit to France. liberty and indeAn address to the King was instantly voted, in order * See details of these atrocities in the teme Colonial devoilée, and also second part of the SysJation of the Baron's at pages 72, 73, &c. of the transpublished by Hatchard, Reflerions sur les Noirs and les Blancs, Fieadily-Threnehalor ian swords, in the name of the last people, that they ivould be enterminated man rather than renounce their to pendence, OT submit to France. liberty and indeAn address to the King was instantly voted, in order * See details of these atrocities in the teme Colonial devoilée, and also second part of the SysJation of the Baron's at pages 72, 73, &c. of the transpublished by Hatchard, Reflerions sur les Noirs and les Blancs, Fieadily-Threnehalor --- Page 163 --- AND. REPUBLIC, OF HAYTI L145 manifest.. to his majesty the sentiments which anitoand the resolution they had adopted.-- mated them, and in arThis address," * strong in facts, in principles, the to convince France of the spirit, guments, ought of the Haytians. energy, and the determination. of the council gave place But soon the indignation in person with to enthusiasm when the king appeared his vira his son, the prince royal; by his,side, to give to the address of the council. voce. sanction terminated his speech when Hardly had Henry with shouts of Vive le 7oil--Vine the room re-echoed Tindependence 1-Liberly oT S1 le: prince royal!--Vine extermination. to.our. tyrants/-and : death!--A war.of by crowds of people and & these shouts were repeated to the palace. who.beset the avenues N troops into the of.holy enthusiasm which To enter feelings this occasion, it is necessary to :. animated: all ranks upon and ever. memorable peruse U the. noble, magnanimous, the. king, in which the nation sanctioned by - resolution itself beneath the ruins of the counC preferred burying its head beneath the yoke of tyrants.- try, to bowing struck terror and affright into, the hearts b This. resolution were from. that moment convinced : ofour enemies; they us was forbidden to that every. hope of re-enslaving. day! What a day of them for ever.. What a gratifying for and the Haytian people! glory and triumph Henry resolution The day on which we adopted this immortal disclosed to us the full measure. of national energy, which characterised. us, and fully spirit, and patriotism, be invincible. convinced us that we should council of Hardly was the resolution of the general known in the provinces, before the people the nation from side they ran to were prepared for war: every landing arms ; it seemed as ifthe French were actually. See Appendix, F. No. 4. L for and the Haytian people! glory and triumph Henry resolution The day on which we adopted this immortal disclosed to us the full measure. of national energy, which characterised. us, and fully spirit, and patriotism, be invincible. convinced us that we should council of Hardly was the resolution of the general known in the provinces, before the people the nation from side they ran to were prepared for war: every landing arms ; it seemed as ifthe French were actually. See Appendix, F. No. 4. L --- Page 164 --- 146] Ch. VI.-OF THE MONARCHY on our shores. Sorne were preparing brands to their own houses ; others were whetting their burn pointing their spears, cleaning their swords, ting their knapsacks ready. muskets, and getAlready had the ous and provident housewife begun to secure ber industrihold linen and other valuables, housesuperfluous articles which putting aside those and were destined to were no longer necessary, become a prey to the flames. My readers will pardon these details which the manners, the character, and the spirit ofthe exhibit All these nation. preparations were chearfully made; the tian viewed with unconcern the probable Hayof his house and property; liberty alone destruction he prized : this was to him the first of was all the object without which all others were valueless. blessings, children caught the inspiration of their The very gaily made up his little bundle, and mothers, each finger to the mountain pointed with his tops as the last refuge of The letter ofDauxion Lavaysse and liberty. Henry had pamphlet of H. acquainted us sufficiently with theatrocious designs of the French; when, by an almost miraculous interposition of that divine providence which aids the weak and the oppressed, and defeats always jects of the wicked at the very moment when the process appears most certain, their sucFrench emissaries, fell into Franco-Médina, one of the structions* of the our hands. The secret inminister of marine and the which he had with him, furnished the most colonies, ble proof of the perfidy of the French cabinet incontestirespect to the people of Hayti. with Henry, whose paternal solicitude extends all the Haytians in general, those of the equally to less than those of the North-west, South-west no instructions of M. caused these secret Malouet to his three emissaries, * Sve Appendix C. No. 1. page xxxiii. édina, one of the structions* of the our hands. The secret inminister of marine and the which he had with him, furnished the most colonies, ble proof of the perfidy of the French cabinet incontestirespect to the people of Hayti. with Henry, whose paternal solicitude extends all the Haytians in general, those of the equally to less than those of the North-west, South-west no instructions of M. caused these secret Malouet to his three emissaries, * Sve Appendix C. No. 1. page xxxiii. --- Page 165 --- AND REPUBLIC OF HAYTI. L147 Médina, and Dravermann, to be Dauxion Lavaysse, publicity, and declare printed, to give them all possible enemies. the projects of their Henry to the Haytians, by his proclamation of accompanied these instructions the arrest of the 11th of November 1814, announcing the French spy Franco Médina. the along with The king next repaired to capital to the his court to attend a TE DEUM and thanksgiving unmaskALMIGHTY for his divine mercy in thus fully the guilty projects of our inveterate enemies. ing at this TE DEUM : he was Médina was present sO that his face might be placed standing on a bench, and whilst we were seen by the people and the troops; he hymns of gratitude to The ETERNAL, addressing, of his crimes. He heard the was suffering the penalty the together with instructions of which he was bearer, of H. the letter of Dauxion Lavaysse, the pamphlet the and the replies to them, read aloud to Henry, the Ts DEUM, printed copies of these people. After distributed to thearmyand the people. documents were situation of this Let any one figure to himselfthe surrounded by an in the midst of a vast crowd, spy, wbo regarded him as a wild and curihost of warriors to to them SLAVERY or ous savage, that came propose ever to children of DEATH, CHAINS or ANXIHILATION Where is the" country of Europe sia years of agel!! he would bave escaped being in which, thus situated, other plea than that ofinsanity? torn in pieces upon any receive so much as a scratch ! Say yet here he did not the barbarians are? those now, the French, on whichside nation wishing to be who would exterminate a whole for the life led them to spare free, ort those whosehumanity* * I employ the term hunanity, though not perhaps strictly for such a feeling cannot exist towards a spy : but it eppropriate, to shed human. blood, and we were desirous of is always paiuful L 2 plea than that ofinsanity? torn in pieces upon any receive so much as a scratch ! Say yet here he did not the barbarians are? those now, the French, on whichside nation wishing to be who would exterminate a whole for the life led them to spare free, ort those whosehumanity* * I employ the term hunanity, though not perhaps strictly for such a feeling cannot exist towards a spy : but it eppropriate, to shed human. blood, and we were desirous of is always paiuful L 2 --- Page 166 --- 148) Gh. 3 NF F ora UATI Ma 51 VI.-OF 2FS THE a. MONARCHY of. a wretch whom. they would have a0 1 putting to death as a spy. been justified in Meanwhile our, whole, attention o10 TC 0t transactions. in the South-west, was given to the conviction that the mass of Notwithstanding our Haytians in this never would consent to renounce their district we, were not without some uneasiness independence, machinations of the French and their, respecting the might by their perfidious counsels dra W adherents, the who some false step. Our fears, alas ! were, but people too into well founded, since Pétion was at this very. time away the civil and political rights of the bartering with a vile spy. people In this state of affairs J7 we 0 Dauxion were informed that Layaysse, one of Médina's accomplices, had reached Port-au-Prince, where he had with every military honour. At this been.received became indignant. intelligence we Henry resolved to open the eyes of the the South-west to the dangers Haytians of The perils of the they were incurring. country, and the interests of the nation, obliged him to adopt expeditious measures for effecting a general reunion of; the Haytians in order to repulse the common enemy, who offered us the alternative of DEATH or SLAVERY., In vain did many. persons represent to the that since General Pétion had been SO forgetful of king most sacred duty which, he owed to his fellow citizens the and countrymen, as not to have communicated to us the propositions which had been made to him, we ought not to acquaint him with what had taken in the North-west. place Henry replied, 66 No afront which shewing our enemies that we arrested Medina, not for the barbarous gratification of punishing a spy, but from motives of tion, and to prevent bis doing us a manifest injury. How self-preservais this mode of acting and reasoning from that of our enemies! different been SO forgetful of king most sacred duty which, he owed to his fellow citizens the and countrymen, as not to have communicated to us the propositions which had been made to him, we ought not to acquaint him with what had taken in the North-west. place Henry replied, 66 No afront which shewing our enemies that we arrested Medina, not for the barbarous gratification of punishing a spy, but from motives of tion, and to prevent bis doing us a manifest injury. How self-preservais this mode of acting and reasoning from that of our enemies! different --- Page 167 --- AND REPUBLIC OF HAYTI. [149 can I 20 to - me should prevent me, from 6 General Pétion offer fellow citizens the cc discharging my duty by giving my into the to prevent their falling 6 necessary information are Haytians like 6 snares laid by our tyrants : they children. I should 6 ourselves, and are equally my but the obligation I am 66 therefore forget every thing thèm fromi the how to extricate 6 under of studying only 66 impending danger." ordered dispatches to be preHenry immediately and sent them off by three pared for Port-au-Prince, soldiers of the 20th regiment. in the North- - Whilst these transactions were passing by immortal glory west, and Henry was acquiring and the most shewing himself a father to his people, àctive defender of their rights, Pétion was wallowing and covering himself with eternal infamy in the mire, where he committed high treason in the South-west, and was guilty of a against humanity and his country, horrible and detestable political suicide, a crime more with which he than even the murder of his sovereign the stained : he desired the enslaving, was already the destruction of an entire nation. murder, or relate the in the SouthBut before I proceedings obserwest, it is important to maké some preliminary in order to introduce my readers to my subject: vations, that I write for the instruction of they will not forget citizens, too long vilified the great mass of my fellow bytraitors sold to the French; , to refute theircalumnies, public opinion, and render truth and justice enlighten triumphant. readers will pardon the method I have My foreign in adopted, and the manner of my expressing myself: to the genius, the chathese I have adapted myself of a peoplc racter, and the learning of my countrymen; civilized which has not been long enough yet young, , that I write for the instruction of they will not forget citizens, too long vilified the great mass of my fellow bytraitors sold to the French; , to refute theircalumnies, public opinion, and render truth and justice enlighten triumphant. readers will pardon the method I have My foreign in adopted, and the manner of my expressing myself: to the genius, the chathese I have adapted myself of a peoplc racter, and the learning of my countrymen; civilized which has not been long enough yet young, --- Page 168 --- 150) Ch. VL-OF THE MONARCHY to possess the knowledge of letters, designed for the- edification of Hence, in works obliged to suit my style to the level my countrymen, of I am to use repetition, to make their capacities, to them, and to give, if I myself be allowed clear and intelligible the Haytian lurn to the grammatical expression, a guage. structure of my lanI write then solely for the information of of my fellow-citizens. Such of them the mass information than myselfhave as possess more as well as myself all that no need of it: they know like has passed in Hayti; myself, have before their eyes the they, Pétion and his French writings of themselves of his accomplices ; they can satisfy against the perfidy, and his shameless treason their fellows, Haytian people. If Colombel, Milcent and because feign ignorance of these matters, it is they are themselves traitors and of Pétion, who are deeply interested in accomplices truth from their concealing the a fellow-citizens, in order to mislead and replunge them in the horrors of slavery. This digression is not irrelevant, it acquaints foreign readers that motives directly the my those which lead me to make reverse of ligible to my myself clear and intelPétion to labour countrymen, operated in leading General obscure and to render himself, in his writings, conceal the unintelligible to the people, in order to truth, and deliyer them, without their knowledge, into the hands of the French. Yes, in truth, it was the perfect possessed of the genius, the knowledge Pétion of the people, which character, and the learning writings induced him to employ in his ambiguous phrases conveying a double equioocal words, elliptic eapressions, and, meaning, sions and comparisons which have scientific allumoral and political no reference to the situation of the Haytians, but which elligible to the people, in order to truth, and deliyer them, without their knowledge, into the hands of the French. Yes, in truth, it was the perfect possessed of the genius, the knowledge Pétion of the people, which character, and the learning writings induced him to employ in his ambiguous phrases conveying a double equioocal words, elliptic eapressions, and, meaning, sions and comparisons which have scientific allumoral and political no reference to the situation of the Haytians, but which --- Page 169 --- L151 OF HAYTI. AND REPUBLIC intelligible to his accomplices, are nevertheless perfectly to the multitude, to well-disposed though unintelligible them without reflection, and even readers who peruse strangers, who cannot be to learned and enlightened machiavelism, this mystery of initiated in this infernal plan was the same with iniquity. Pétion's diabolical the same which they proposed that of the Ex-colonists, by our want of knowemploying against us : to profit confidence and re-enslave ledge, to impose upon our of perfidy and falsehood, us, by employing a system disguised in plausible language a tissue of hypocrisy the unfortunate Haytians to perplex matters, entangle them. in the net and to. blind the cause of If on the one hand Pétion feared promoted openly to appear the French, on the other he himself too far with the their partizan, and commit watched his propeople: ; he knew also that Henry to shew himself too ceedings; therefore he feared which prevails in hence results the obscurity openly; and renders their translation* perplexed his writings, of reasoning on the Haytian and difficult: to one page on the French side, side, succeeds another of reasoning principles of contradictory and from this amalgamation and fears which mutually repel and opinions, of hopes confusion which pervades his each other, results that lose sight for a moment of writings, which makes you but which you shortly the thread of the conspiracy, always observed in Petion's recover again. This I have myself to their productions, as often as I have applied examination. from the earliest dawn His treason is not of to-day; himself a traitor to his of the revolution he shewed Though he belonged country and his fellow-citizens, is 4 rédaction," which tbe Trans-. 8 The word in the original better than above. lator tliought he could not render lose sight for a moment of writings, which makes you but which you shortly the thread of the conspiracy, always observed in Petion's recover again. This I have myself to their productions, as often as I have applied examination. from the earliest dawn His treason is not of to-day; himself a traitor to his of the revolution he shewed Though he belonged country and his fellow-citizens, is 4 rédaction," which tbe Trans-. 8 The word in the original better than above. lator tliought he could not render --- Page 170 --- 152] Ch. VILOF THE to" the party' 'called that of MONARCHY as such, served under Colonel the pompons blanics,* and, sides, and enlisted himself Mauduit,t he changed emigrant great under the banners- of the: pompous blancs, he planters; whom, as a niember of the: have seen him betray was pledged to oppose. Again wegaud in his flight to Gen. Touissant, accompany Ri-: thé expedition under France, and return again, with fellow-citizens; Leclérc, to make war his we have seen him, in the war upon pendence become a Haytian of indeto escape the death which against his wills in order seen him bétray the menaced him : we haver death of bis chief and Emperor Dessalines, plot ther benefactor, kindle the flames of * Among the numerous during the first revolution was conflicting parties in St. Domingo of; pompons blanés, from the whité one; distinguished by the appellation: hats' as' a symbol, or avowed feather which they wore in their the republican signal of the royal, in to learn from party which wore the national opposition Bryan Edwards' 66 Historical cockade-as we Colony in St. Survey of the French and, in Domingo" (a work which exhibits a there) many respects, a very erroneous view of very partial, and from the Report on the troubles in the revolution lished by order of the national St. Domingo, pubfrom this report that the members convention of in France,- -It appears part in that dreadful struggle. this party acted a conspicuous From what can be collected pompons blancs respecting the of théy seem to have been principles the aristocratic party (that of the opulent opposed equally to the blancs or zohile mob, and planters) and that of les potils with the they were at one time in public government to oppose the excesses of both, acting and concert order.-Tranalaton. maintain + Thisunforunate officer whom even have been 66 a man of talents, Bryan Edwards allows to a victim to the bigotry of the Whites brave; active, and enterprising, 3) fell licans, and was mnssacred with and the fury of the repubby the zhile troops of bis own circumstances of peculiar horror ioginent-Tyenduar and planters) and that of les potils with the they were at one time in public government to oppose the excesses of both, acting and concert order.-Tranalaton. maintain + Thisunforunate officer whom even have been 66 a man of talents, Bryan Edwards allows to a victim to the bigotry of the Whites brave; active, and enterprising, 3) fell licans, and was mnssacred with and the fury of the repubby the zhile troops of bis own circumstances of peculiar horror ioginent-Tyenduar --- Page 171 --- REPUBLIO OF HAYTI [153 ANDI and population of civil war, and disunite: the territory, of his own ambihis country, solely for the furtherance destroy we. have seen him, successively, tious: projects: his companions in arms, all thei senators and generals for bim to attain to power: who had served as footstools chieftain: and accomplice, he even: Rigaud his former and vengeance:. we have 1 did not escape his, perfidy art to excite civil seen him user all: his: machiavelian flow. and make: the blood of his fellow-citizens war, have seen. him enter into criminal in torrents:. w.e: correspond with Ferrand at leagues with the French, and send * receive Liot at Port-au-Prince, St.. Domingo, with Bonaparte; we to France: to negociate Tapiau* when Europe was in arms against have seen him; covered the seas, France, and the navy' of England of the French, lest afraid to declare openly in favour himself the forces of he should bring down upon hence he has been England in conjunction with ours; the ruin of his country hitherto obliged to conspire secretly and in obscurity. the vile plots of this guilty We shall soon see behold this fierce republican, wretch exposed; : we shall father of his country, as Cothis angel of mercy, this before a vile lombel and Milcent style him, prostrate and incurring the conspiring against the state, spy, guilt of bigh treason. of seeing, in the restoration Pétion was incapable of Louis xvii. any thing but a favourable back opportunity beneath his design of bringing Hayti for executing the yoke of France. he had nothing more to Europe was at peace; ; he could communicate apprehend from the English, himself, if necesfreely with France, and strengthen then with joy the with her forces ; he beheld sary, * Appendix C. No. 2. page xli, and incurring the conspiring against the state, spy, guilt of bigh treason. of seeing, in the restoration Pétion was incapable of Louis xvii. any thing but a favourable back opportunity beneath his design of bringing Hayti for executing the yoke of France. he had nothing more to Europe was at peace; ; he could communicate apprehend from the English, himself, if necesfreely with France, and strengthen then with joy the with her forces ; he beheld sary, * Appendix C. No. 2. page xli, --- Page 172 --- 154] Ch. VI.-OF THE MONARCHY arrival at Jamaica of the French facilitate the means of envoys, who came to Pétion and the French accomplishing his purpose, principal point, were already agreed on the dominion namely, the return of of France, but Hayti under the points, as well as with they differed on some other tion. The Minister respect to the means of execudesired that Malouet and the as soon as the act of Ex-colonists repealed, slavery should be independence was in 1789. Their distance from instantly re-established as the years of absence, the country, twenty-five ciples, their obstinacy of their colonial prinwould prejudices, their pride, and not allow them to see otherwise. their avarice, Pétion, on the contrary, who was with the exact state of affairs, fully acquainted danger to himself, and the was terrified at the to replunge the black impossibility of the attempt he wished to have population into a state of slavery; French granted to the Haytians the subjects and citizens, and as to the rights of slavery, that was to be gradual, without restoration of and with the aid of time : he violent sbocks, saw with sorrow uneasiness on reading the of and the French bad taken pamphlet H. Henry, that the true road which a wrong step, and strayed from To put them into would have led them to success. this the right road again, he replied to pamphlet by another entitled Columbus.* reply was delicate, it was necessary to borrow The name to speak thus, to luli a foreign gain the object he had in suspicion to sleep, and yet view. By this publication Pétion had a double end accomplish, the first was to to receive the French prepare the people to emissaries, and to sacrifice their The pamphlet named Columbus is has acknowledged it to be a official; General Pétion pendix A. government publication, See Ap- the right road again, he replied to pamphlet by another entitled Columbus.* reply was delicate, it was necessary to borrow The name to speak thus, to luli a foreign gain the object he had in suspicion to sleep, and yet view. By this publication Pétion had a double end accomplish, the first was to to receive the French prepare the people to emissaries, and to sacrifice their The pamphlet named Columbus is has acknowledged it to be a official; General Pétion pendix A. government publication, See Ap- --- Page 173 --- AND REPUBLIC OF HAYTI. L155 without a murmur : to effect this he independence the public feeling, and endeabegan with corrupting ancient attachment to France. vouring to revive our of the public It is thus that I formed my judgment at in Hayti, when the arrival of a delegation feeling by his Majesty Louis xviii. to treat with Jamaica, sent announced. This news created no this government, was the Haytians; their eyes unfavourable impression among have been ojten turned to the shore to see the arrival-of honourable have been made the deputies : preparations sensibility, for thear reception, and an electric fecling of the of regard, of prepossession, and every thing achich laws of nations hold most sacred, shot through every heart.* feeling. His second Thus did he mislead public with his object was to make the French acquainted of the intentions, and demonstrate to them the error step. they had taken, and that it was impossible, danand contrary to the interests of France, to gerous, the restoration of slavery : he proceeds as precipitate follows : <6 This erpectation has been hitherto disapc pointed, and I regret it after the impression made by 95 66 the ariting of M. H. Henry." 66 In that I have seen; he, 66 an act-litile calculated to conciliate their says e minds, more especially under existing circumstances."t Itis in this publication, a chef-d'ceuvre of treachery the of Pétion under the assumed name of on part that he traced out for the French and the Columbus, Ex-coionists, the line of conduct they ought to pursue: through fear of their straying from it Pétion took them, as it may be said, by the hand, initiated them in his infernal policy, and gave them such counsel as none but the genius of evil could invent, to replunge his 3, * Appendix A. page 2. + Appendix A. page is in this publication, a chef-d'ceuvre of treachery the of Pétion under the assumed name of on part that he traced out for the French and the Columbus, Ex-coionists, the line of conduct they ought to pursue: through fear of their straying from it Pétion took them, as it may be said, by the hand, initiated them in his infernal policy, and gave them such counsel as none but the genius of evil could invent, to replunge his 3, * Appendix A. page 2. + Appendix A. page --- Page 174 --- 159] Ch. VI,--OF THE fellow citizens and #O MONARCHY if of 01 brethren insensibly into - slavery. C the horrors 66 You do not 66 nOpossess a thorougl possess, said Pétion to them, c6 you do * of our acgkaintance 1 with the true e omniscience :: present afairs : you cannot have a staté ec , of all that has passed, after a certain years ef series €c alisence, and the long sand leagues the rt aterraptionief two thou- <6 from 2 bu learning from thc country: yot6 should then begin sc order that you botlom all yo% have to do, in Ec will be may not be deceived ; otherwise ec and will perpetually suljeci to commit great errors, you cc apply remedies often worse : uniformiy been the than bad, as has c through the wholé case with the French % colonies, especially course of the revolution government of the "If y0% had not during the ezpedition of Leclerc. 66 and VR beên so precipitate in premature adopting hostile 66 to display measures; had yo% used the 6c frankness and kindness, to precaution gence hatred and avoid with dili66 of slatery ; had prejudice, and above all every idea ce and torn the you not burned, hung, drowned, c hase succecded indigénes in to pieces by dogs, you would : things by degrees: bringing back the ancient order 6e long trust then at the present of experience: : leave to me the day to my f employing the most poxer.of acting and 6 Haytians back: beneath suitable the measures to bring tlue f satisfied with this ; dominion of France: be ce and for the indigénes to enjoy liberty present, sufer the Remark, that in order to progisionally." make hiimself ligible to the French more intelword emissaries, Pétion employed the express OSNISCIENCE, the infinite a tern used by theologians to time he rendered himself knovledge 2f God, while at thé same the multitude who could obscure and unintelligible to tion to comprebend the not possess suflicient erudiforce of scientific terms. All dominion of France: be ce and for the indigénes to enjoy liberty present, sufer the Remark, that in order to progisionally." make hiimself ligible to the French more intelword emissaries, Pétion employed the express OSNISCIENCE, the infinite a tern used by theologians to time he rendered himself knovledge 2f God, while at thé same the multitude who could obscure and unintelligible to tion to comprebend the not possess suflicient erudiforce of scientific terms. All --- Page 175 --- EUE MOTE REPUBLIC OF IT HAYTI. [157 AND which he has interlarded the work I am those with crises, be wvise, be united, Tet'is analyzing, of political in the justice cause, in ourselves, ofour t: have conidence solely for the purpose of per- &c. &c. are introduced and rendering it unintelligible to plexing the meaning, or the people, who were not sufficiently enlizhitened the French, discerning to see that Pétion was bought by Haytiens publicly, and éven by writing, Unfortunate had it not been for of the Sonth-west ! my brethren - of Hayti, for the energy and the patriotism ofthe King, saved the the genias of this great man who has of hatred people, to and has on this account become an object us would not have the French and their adherents, you till you found known the depth of Pétion's wickedness, of the French : ves! again under the chains the Nlames yourselves would have been enlightened only by you since you were unable to see in his writings ofthe piles, that he was no more a Haytian but and in his conduct, were sold, and that he had a Frenchman, that you than to deliver you up to your nothing more to do butchers, and to punishment! whole of the writing of Columbus, Throughout the a corroa1. the word independence was not once noticed, out of t proof that it was sacrificed, and put borating the question. the whole, in the month of September, To sum up 1814, Pétion desired, of Hayti with France as a French 1st. The reunion colony. should enjoy the rights of 2d. That the Haytians J French subjects and citizens, the restoration of the 3d. And the French desired and slavery antient regime, the prejudices of colour, as.in 1789. left Dauxion Lavaysse at Jamaica on the We had for his departure for Port-au1st of October, preparing , and put borating the question. the whole, in the month of September, To sum up 1814, Pétion desired, of Hayti with France as a French 1st. The reunion colony. should enjoy the rights of 2d. That the Haytians J French subjects and citizens, the restoration of the 3d. And the French desired and slavery antient regime, the prejudices of colour, as.in 1789. left Dauxion Lavaysse at Jamaica on the We had for his departure for Port-au1st of October, preparing --- Page 176 --- 158] Ch. VI.-OF THE MONARCHY Prince; he had. at that time received to his letter of the 6th of September. Pétion's reply* In this letter Dauxion had insulting to Pétion, and the whole introduced a monologue - Louis xviii. he put these words in nation ; speaking of cc extend to us the rights his mouth ; c6 he will c6 which is of French subjects and citizens; undowbtedly better than to be treated as rous savages, or hunted as Maroon barba24th of September, Pétion negroes.' "+ On the and in return for his replied to Dauxion Lavaysse, insults invites him to Prince, where c your Port-au6 will experience that Excellency," speaking of a spy, 6 which is due to politeness, attention, and respect 66 character your person, and the distinguished you bear." Petion subjoined to his letter the pamphlet of Columbus, to enlighten Dauxion and direct his conduct, Colombel and Lavaysse, me? Had Pétion your chief, he to whom Milcent answer were decreed the honours of an you have as it you have all but deified by base apotheosis, and whom 1 had Pétion, your and silly adulation, the letter Isay, no duties to fulfil on the from Dauxion receipt of threatened with Lavaysse ? The country was invasion, and was on the becoming the theatre of a point of war: thé liberty and destructive and barbarous . was about to be attacked independence of the Haytians anew by their enemy : the nation had been abused and implacable ought to be treated like barbarous insulted, it lilce Maroon negroes: the first savages and hunted public, the centinel magistrate of the replaced to defend the liberty, the independence, and the rights of the ought not he to display his just Haytian people, not his patriotism and his indignation ? Ought fate of his fellow prudence, alarmed for the citizens, to lead him to adopt every * Appendix B. No. 2, p. xvi, + Appendix B. No. # Appendix B. No. 1, p.: Xv. %, page xvii, ce Maroon negroes: the first savages and hunted public, the centinel magistrate of the replaced to defend the liberty, the independence, and the rights of the ought not he to display his just Haytian people, not his patriotism and his indignation ? Ought fate of his fellow prudence, alarmed for the citizens, to lead him to adopt every * Appendix B. No. 2, p. xvi, + Appendix B. No. # Appendix B. No. 1, p.: Xv. %, page xvii, --- Page 177 --- - REPUBLIC OF HAYTI. [159 AND and welfare of the possible measure for the security the disasters and to avert from his country an public, it? Should he have suffered which threatened a vile spy, to presume to insult enemy of his country, and fellow citizens before and outrage his government tolerated this daring affront? his face? Should he have more; after having What do Isay? He has even done invited this enemy of in the most respectful manner he has received and his country to Port-an-Prince, house in the town; he has lodged him in the best honours as those shewn to paid this base spy the same with him the accredited ambassadors ; he has plotted the subversion of the state, the slavery of the blacks, Even and destruction of his fellow citizens. ruin of their horrible plot, he made after the discovery propositions to France humiliating and disgraceful After loadforced to retract. which he was instantly and kindness, did he ing his accomplice with presents him to follow not favour his flight? Did he not charge criminal projects P in France the execution of their must up vile republicans ! you Colombel and Milcent! of truth drags this acknowledgeadmit this, the force then with me, that your ment from you, confess by a magistrate as abortive republic was governed faithful as he was honourable !! Lavaysse repaired to Early in November, Dauxion he had rePort-au-Prince, pursuant to the invitation ground ceived from Pétion. This spy arrived upon : had been prepared for him by bis accomplice which knowledge of the state he then possessed a thorough risk: he had the of affairs, he could not err or run any his guide, head of the government for his protector, his he could in perfect safety push and accomplice; wished ; they could daring enterprise as far as he write and barter away understand each other, speak, and before their very eyes, the Haytians by hulf a word, -au-Prince, pursuant to the invitation ground ceived from Pétion. This spy arrived upon : had been prepared for him by bis accomplice which knowledge of the state he then possessed a thorough risk: he had the of affairs, he could not err or run any his guide, head of the government for his protector, his he could in perfect safety push and accomplice; wished ; they could daring enterprise as far as he write and barter away understand each other, speak, and before their very eyes, the Haytians by hulf a word, --- Page 178 --- 100] Ch. VI-OF YHE MONARCHY wwithout fear ofbetraying "as a reference to the and.compromisinge theselves, readily prove.* correspondence they then had: will To" mask this infernal trenched themselves in conspiracy, they) had enmore easily. to blind the diplomatic forms: it was. the 'their. horrible eyes of the people towards attempts, thati after thorough understanding in' their having come * tor a 'took. a fancy to negociate private meetings, they them by using by: writing; it was easy for "viously agreed ambiguous phrases, and words pre- "anothier in upon, to' explain and understand one "the cabinet. points adopted and discussed in secret in Thus Pétion, by a crime bitherto the annals of nations, sold: : unexampled in pondence even before their the'Haytians by his corresof his faces, at the very moment pretending to defend their their rights. : What cause, and maintain hypocrisy ! frightful depravity ! what base In the course of time e spiracy in' one of I gave the details of this conof conscierice." In my publications, entitled 66 The cry furnish materials an essay destined, like this, to - myself bound to for a history of Hayti, I conceive to transmit facts of sO much posterity happy, far happier than we importance not having witnessed crimes have, been, in have stained and SO horrible as those which 3 Iresume disgraced our national character. my narrative. On the 9th of November, Dauxion ally required Pétion to 6 restore the Lavaysse oflici4 the Istand French colony in S6 of Hayti, and to constitute himself, with the ss pusdolosmmasteree gorernment ofHayti, in the membersof a provisional 4 xviii."t I the name of his Majesty Louis same note this spy urged Pétion to *Appendiz B. + Appendix B. No, 3. page xviii. disgraced our national character. my narrative. On the 9th of November, Dauxion ally required Pétion to 6 restore the Lavaysse oflici4 the Istand French colony in S6 of Hayti, and to constitute himself, with the ss pusdolosmmasteree gorernment ofHayti, in the membersof a provisional 4 xviii."t I the name of his Majesty Louis same note this spy urged Pétion to *Appendiz B. + Appendix B. No, 3. page xviii. --- Page 179 --- AND REPUBLIC OF HAYTI. [161 his influence to prepare the people to surrender their use he carried his audacity liberty and independence ; nay, that such of the Haytians as would sO far as to declare slaves again should be sent to not submit to become and men, the Isle of RATAU,* as violent incorrigible with the tranquillity whose prejudices were incompatible arrest he of the colony: even before their pronounced their death, and the nature of their punishment. dared to To whom would this vile brigand have propositions, but to the partuer of his guilt? makesuch the restoration of the French colony in To propose the repeal of the Act of Hayti, was it not to demand more clear. Independence? Nevertheless nothing was of the republic negociate for an Could the president he to allow of such instant upon such a basis? Ought Surely not: propositions? Had he a right to do so? he neither had, nor could have it: Pétion betrayed the Here then is a solution of his conduct. republic. shameful note Pétion replied on the 12th of To this November.t Tmi thecoastitatdon.ibsalbel thesovereignty dependenceandt and began by letter to barter away the of the people, of Hayti. He told Dauxion libertyand independence that hewas compelled to be an Haytianindespite Lavaysse which left him nO choice of of himself, from a necessity well that the 6th of acting differently. And note from which to the 20th of November, the day on September Pétion had, in all his the conspiracy was discovered, studiously omitted the word IXDEFENDENCE, letters, proof that he had already renounced a corroborating and existence, which we this guarantee of our rights blood. Such a had purchased at the price of so much invented M. Malouet to designate * RATAU an expression by xliii. the botlom of the sea. See Appendix, C. No. 2, page + Aprendix B. No. 4, page XX. M the day on September Pétion had, in all his the conspiracy was discovered, studiously omitted the word IXDEFENDENCE, letters, proof that he had already renounced a corroborating and existence, which we this guarantee of our rights blood. Such a had purchased at the price of so much invented M. Malouet to designate * RATAU an expression by xliii. the botlom of the sea. See Appendix, C. No. 2, page + Aprendix B. No. 4, page XX. M --- Page 180 --- 163] Ch. VI.-OF THE MONARCHY forgetfulness could not have arisen from source than treason. Wel have any other trary, soliciting from Dausion seen bim on the cona French subject and citizen Lavaysse, the rights of seen him for himself. We have hands; demanding a confirmation of power in his an'oblivion of the past, and favours Prench monarch. We have seen him tell this from the they were not far. from coming to a mutual spy that ing, but that for this understanddemands: purpose they must accede to bis for, if it be necessary to reduce the blacks to slavery again, the attempt will occasion a sudden and general tevolution, in which his personal enen' his life would be security, and endangered, and this would To advantage to the political system they wished kim be.of to pursue, that namelyofM. Malouet. Such is the amount of what I havel been able to make out mination of the from a close exacorrespondence of Pétion with Dauxion Lavaysse, sometimes only implied, but often and explicitly expressed. distinctly Meanwhile the people and the troops at Port-auPrince murmured, and were indignant at the Pétion gave to a Frenchman, who traversed the reception and the town without molestation, streets on parade, and insulted them. A thousand inspected the troops they have immolated this times would for the restraints of eneny of their country, but discipline. The English and American merchants, at Port-au-Prince, established enraged at these circulated rumours which thwarted the proceedings, and this spy. projects of Pétion G0R On the 19th of November Dauxion an insulting letter to Pétion, filled with Lavaysse wrote against the strangers,* while he lauded Pétion invectives UD to the skies, and called him Frenchman himself and felloie * Appendis B. No. 5, page xxiv. eneny of their country, but discipline. The English and American merchants, at Port-au-Prince, established enraged at these circulated rumours which thwarted the proceedings, and this spy. projects of Pétion G0R On the 19th of November Dauxion an insulting letter to Pétion, filled with Lavaysse wrote against the strangers,* while he lauded Pétion invectives UD to the skies, and called him Frenchman himself and felloie * Appendis B. No. 5, page xxiv. --- Page 181 --- AND REPUBLIC OF HAYTI L163 6c We are all French," said he to Pétion, cotntryman. the name of BoURBON be thesignal < may then august the wisdom and firmness with ufor our rallying: may this country amid the" ce whcih you have so long governed and her yet be her compass < revolutionary tempests, and her ezcellent monarch 66 anchor. May France this country not to compulsion; 66 oie the possession of and the loyalty of 66 but to the genuine French feclings accomYour ercellency is worthy of 66 its inhabitants. May yoz be entitled to the <6 plishing this great work. of a 66 gratitude of your sovereign and your countrymen 6 both hemispheres"e the ofthe Pétion replied to this letter on morning 20th of November,t and by his silence with respectto insults and slanders of this base spy, he tacitly the acquiesced in them. Pétion for the The 21st was the day fixed on by of of his projects, but in the afternoon completion from the king Sunday the 20th he received by express his instructions of ther minister Malouet: to the printed with the resolution of the three emissaries, together council of the nation, and the royal proclamageneral tion of the 11th of November. documents They say that on the perusal of these and Dauxion Lavaysse were struck as with a Pétion disconcerted, and thunder-bolt: they were completely unmasked: Dauxion Lavaysse fainted away, their plots trembled at the danger in which his treaand Pétion him. Had not his heart been COTchery had involved his sentiments rupted beyond the possibility,o cf change, his would have altered from that day forward. Seeing unmasked by the king of Hayti, and laid open designs the medium of the press, he supto the world through Appendix B. No. 5, page xsvi. + Appendix B.No. 6, p.xxvi. t Appendix C, No. 1, page xxxifi. MI 2 ainted away, their plots trembled at the danger in which his treaand Pétion him. Had not his heart been COTchery had involved his sentiments rupted beyond the possibility,o cf change, his would have altered from that day forward. Seeing unmasked by the king of Hayti, and laid open designs the medium of the press, he supto the world through Appendix B. No. 5, page xsvi. + Appendix B.No. 6, p.xxvi. t Appendix C, No. 1, page xxxifi. MI 2 --- Page 182 --- 164] Ch, VL-OF THE MONARCHY pressed from the people a knowledge of Malouet's instructions, and adjourned the meeting of the which was to have taken place on the 21st, to generals, the of November, for the purpose of gaining time for 27th sidering his plans and adopting new measures. reconOn the 27th, notwithstanding his having been seven days in possession of the most incontestible for proofs of Dauxion Lavaysse's being in the word a spy, unprovided with every sense of ever-on the 27th I say, Pétion had any still credentials the whatto submit, to the assembled magistrates, assurance vaysse's principal Dauxion Latheir proposition, namely the abolition of independence, and the formation of a provisional government in the name of his Majesty Louis He wished to complete the xvili. imposed on the good faith of attempt the at any price; he trates, and defeated their real intentions: generals and magisfor the Haytians from. Louis xviii. he demanded dence of their rights, that is the only the indepenjects andeitizsens,instead rights of French suband doubtless of demanding, as they designed, believed he had, the Hayti. Thus he renounced, independence of real independence, while he by an equivocation, the thati is to say, the rights of French preserved only its shadow; for this is in fact what Pétion suhjects and.citizens, dence of their rights. means, by the indepenAfter having thus shamefully deceived the and magistrates of the republic, by making them generals nounce the independence ef Hayti, he made them reto establish the basis of an indemnity which he offer gaged they should pay with every security- which enmight be required: he offered France an as in 1789, which be said would promote exclusivetrade the both countries, and he concluded this welfare of ceetling by entreating Dauxion disgraceful proLavaysse to support bis propositions by his interest with his Majesty Louis the indepenAfter having thus shamefully deceived the and magistrates of the republic, by making them generals nounce the independence ef Hayti, he made them reto establish the basis of an indemnity which he offer gaged they should pay with every security- which enmight be required: he offered France an as in 1789, which be said would promote exclusivetrade the both countries, and he concluded this welfare of ceetling by entreating Dauxion disgraceful proLavaysse to support bis propositions by his interest with his Majesty Louis --- Page 183 --- L165 AND REPUBLIC OF HAYTI. him he was without any feeling of xvilit and assuring France.* animosity Or prejudice against of the Haytians, the cruThus the long sufferings from the French, all, all was elties they had sustained impression on Pétion's unable to make the slightest of animosity OT prejuheart, he was without any which fecling had, not above twelve dice* against a nation drowned and torn in pieces by years since, burned, hung, and his countrymen. The blood hounds, his brethren and the SLAVE TRADE, commerce of 1789, SLAVERY the welfare of both counconstituted, according to him, time Malouet's secret tries ; and he had at the same knew the French cabinet instructions in his pocket; he and dared of SLAVERY, desired the re-establishment impartial observer even to avow it. Iask then every more decidedly a whether there can be any person than this thoroughly a traitor, Frenchman, or more Pétion was P consummation of his guilt in the After this open the generals and maeyes of the people, and deceiving Dauxion Lavaysse his gistrates of the republic, hegave out to the in which he pointed secret instructions, the means to be adopted for the French government as we shall find in the subjugation of the Haytians, with some thousequel. He rewarded his accomplice schooner. sand dollars, and sent him away in a Haytian the crime of high treason ever more glaring, Was P Was it ever attended with ciror more fully proved and disgraceful? cumstances SO abominable at Port-auFrom the arrival of Dauxion Lavaysse the thread of Prince, to his first opening, one couid see knit itself by which was to this perfidious conspiracy and those ambiguous modes those combinations ofwords reckon upon deof expression by which our tyrants Appendix B. No. 7, page xxix. lice schooner. sand dollars, and sent him away in a Haytian the crime of high treason ever more glaring, Was P Was it ever attended with ciror more fully proved and disgraceful? cumstances SO abominable at Port-auFrom the arrival of Dauxion Lavaysse the thread of Prince, to his first opening, one couid see knit itself by which was to this perfidious conspiracy and those ambiguous modes those combinations ofwords reckon upon deof expression by which our tyrants Appendix B. No. 7, page xxix. --- Page 184 --- 106] Cl VI-OF THE ceiving our good faith, and MONARCHY This systein of perfidy and drawing us into their snares, a colonial prejudices; is founded iniquity originates in the and upon the profound upon our ignorance, of blacks is held by the contempt in which the race It is to Malouet, this ex-colonists. we owe the Nestor of that invention of this theex-colonists, duplicity. It is he who system of falsehood and c6 SLAVE first said that 66 since the word c the conveys the idea of a man in appellation of chains, let cc them purchase the not.free be substituted for it. Let 66 the moral person of bodily the laboxir, thesereices, and not It was. by a similar African."* in the sophism that the infancy of our liberty, ex-colonists, blind and seduc us. Their pretended they could genius perfected this inventive and diabolical they observed system, and, in our advance in proportion as upon their plans of fraud and knowledge, they refined perfidy. Bonaparte was the first who of: duplicity against employed this us. It was he who system 30ue are all eguial before God and the said to. us knew how he was republic :"t he and he cared for blaspheming, but he deceived us, In 1801 nothing more. counsellors, Malguet had been Qne of and in 1814 Pétion and Bonaparte's followed the advice, and Dauxion Lavaysse illustrious master to reduced the lessons of their employ the scientificterm practice. First wel have seen Pétion understood by Dauxion ommiscience; to make himselfLavaysse, and render uninteiligible to the multitude himself Dauxion Lavaysse ; next we have fonnd restore the French demanding of his accomplice to colony in the island of Hayti,9 * Vol. ir.p page 23, of bis Memoirs. + Sec his proclamation in the note at Appendix A. page ii, S page 26. Appendix B. No. 3, page svii. term practice. First wel have seen Pétion understood by Dauxion ommiscience; to make himselfLavaysse, and render uninteiligible to the multitude himself Dauxion Lavaysse ; next we have fonnd restore the French demanding of his accomplice to colony in the island of Hayti,9 * Vol. ir.p page 23, of bis Memoirs. + Sec his proclamation in the note at Appendix A. page ii, S page 26. Appendix B. No. 3, page svii. --- Page 185 --- [167 AND REPUBLIC OF HAYTI. abodemanding the instead of purely and simply and the re-establishment of lition of the independence, state, which was what the French colony in its original the word restore conveys the he wished and meant : for the state, common idea of repairing and re-establishing and destroy it. while bis real design was to overthroio for the HayAfterthis we have seen Pétion demanding whileitwould have oftheir rights, tianstheindependesced natural to demand the independence been SO simple and and abusing the Hayti: but Pétion was deceiving he of this ambiguous phraseology people, and in using morethan the rightsof French really demanded nothing whilst he made the- people, the subjects and citizens, believe, that he had degenerals, and the magistrates Thus he renounced of Hayti. manded theindependence the a real independence, of country, the independence fictitious, an independence of for one that was mercly myselfin clear and precise terms, rights; Or, to express of the cquntry to belong Pétion wished the sovereignty retain the internal admin to France, but that he should should enjoy the rights nistration, and that the people which would bave graof French cilizens and subjects, or conducted us either to a total extermination, in order dually horrors which we hadto encounter to the same liberty and independence. to establish our such crimes, and a treason SO noAfter such facts, will both contemporaries and torious, what judgement aud magistrates of the posterity pass upon the generais Pétiou, and put him on republic for omitting to depose substantiated by his his trial for his crimes and documents treason, under his own sign public acts and official will be formed of these genemanual? P What opinion themselves to be SO rals and magistrates who suffered be considered as sbamefully deceived? Will they Let of weak understanding? traitors, or as persons history, any nation, them shew us in ancient or modern contemporaries and torious, what judgement aud magistrates of the posterity pass upon the generais Pétiou, and put him on republic for omitting to depose substantiated by his his trial for his crimes and documents treason, under his own sign public acts and official will be formed of these genemanual? P What opinion themselves to be SO rals and magistrates who suffered be considered as sbamefully deceived? Will they Let of weak understanding? traitors, or as persons history, any nation, them shew us in ancient or modern --- Page 186 --- 168] Ch. VI.-OF TIE or even any horde oftbe most MONARCHY was content to disgrace itself uncivilized savages which ment to continue in the hands by of sufiering its governfull discovery of bis plots and such a chief, after a over the history of the world, treasons! Let us run crimes and enormities, SO fertile in examples of head of a nation, where in it shall we find the or even of the most willing to conspire with the enemies savage banditti, the slavery and of his country for Cataline, Cromwell, destruction of his fellow citizens? the chief power, but and Robespierre sought to attain country beneath a never desired to reduce their citizens into foreign yoke, to plunge their fellowdestruction. slavery, and involve them in certain Brave Coriolanus ! too generous Essex! unfortunate Barnevelt! and thou picion! for the you lost your heads on mere susdied in his bed! error of a moment !-while Pétion accompanied The ashes of this monster have by the tears and been citizens ! O! how humbled do regrets of his fellow lines! I feel Haytians! ! shall we then whiletracing these the world in our be reserved to afford trasts? On the same regeneration side the most striking conhonourable, with all that is base and must our eyes behold that great and vile P which is most The treason of Pétion could not but his perfidious plots occasioned produce its effect; nifest injury to the Haytians; nevertheless a masystem of duplicity and falsehood they strengthened the colonists, who aislead anew pursued by the exThey have public opinion in France. that strengthened them in their they can succeed in guilty belief system of treachery, and the deceiving us by adopting a and phrases, and to such use ofa ambiguous words lianism with a height has their regard to us attained, that in machiaveprehend them we must constructa order to comperfectly new voca- nifest injury to the Haytians; nevertheless a masystem of duplicity and falsehood they strengthened the colonists, who aislead anew pursued by the exThey have public opinion in France. that strengthened them in their they can succeed in guilty belief system of treachery, and the deceiving us by adopting a and phrases, and to such use ofa ambiguous words lianism with a height has their regard to us attained, that in machiaveprehend them we must constructa order to comperfectly new voca- --- Page 187 --- OF HAYTI. [169 AND REPUBLIC not free was the synonyme of slave, bulary : formerly intelligible; but at the present this was sufficiently the reverse: to restore signiday its meaning is quite with perfidy; benenolence is synonymous fies to destroy; truth with ; virtue candour with treachery ; falsehood; morality with with vice; : civilizution with ignorance; ! given to corruption : ah! even religion ! religion that pure mortals to console them in their afflictions, good and of whence flows every thing source morality herself is become in the every thing virtuous, religion of and hands of these perverse men an engine guilt seduction. that those It is according to such interpretations, and goodwill, may very persons who shew us frankness not want to conquer presently tell us that France does labour to birth St. Domingo, but that she ought to with give a new and morality there; together to civilization conformable to nature, to justice, order of things, more It is in this sense that they count and to humanity! to Hayti, to seduce and corrupt upon sending out priests were sO as not the population; as though we ignorant and know that nations may be conquered as well, to and seduction, even better, by civilization, persuasion than by force of arms. his designs, Pétion sent The better to accomplish a Frenchman to France, along with Dauxion Lavaysse, and the trainamed Pradére, who was in his confidence, a creole of the same whom I am refuting, tor Colombel, ofa complexion the mountain of Rochelois, a Haytinn in principle, a the nearest to white, but a Frenchman a tool of of Pétion's and his private secretary, pupil into all their guilty projects, the French, and initiated of the Blacks and foe to the liberty an implacable This base renegado, the independence of the country. to Pradére, were sent expressly and the Frenchman made to Dauxion Lavaysse, support the propositions the same whom I am refuting, tor Colombel, ofa complexion the mountain of Rochelois, a Haytinn in principle, a the nearest to white, but a Frenchman a tool of of Pétion's and his private secretary, pupil into all their guilty projects, the French, and initiated of the Blacks and foe to the liberty an implacable This base renegado, the independence of the country. to Pradére, were sent expressly and the Frenchman made to Dauxion Lavaysse, support the propositions --- Page 188 --- - 170] Ch. VL-OF THE MONARCHY and to give such information of the interior of the respecting the situation country, as the might bave need of. * French cabinet At the same time that Pétion agents to the French dispatched his secret true designs, he sent government, to in order to mask his his London one Garbage, secretary, and Méronné, his likewise England, and the second nephew : the first died in fell into a state of idiotism. returned to Hayti, where he Immediately after the departure of vaysse, Pétion reflected on the Dauxion Lahe had been guilty of towards enormity ofthe attempts These people, whom it the Haytian people.- an instant by terms of science was impossible to deceive for sions. beyond their and ambiguous expresthe resolution of the comprehension, were, upon learning the arrest of Franco general council of. the nation, and Lavaysse, Médina, the accomplice of ready to rise and burn the Dauxion au-Prince. town of Port-, Pétion then saw how much he bad stauding his thorough erred, notwithhow erroneous knowledge of the an estimate. be had formed country, and feeling of the Haytians: he ofthe public would have saw the imminent a danger he incurred, had he had time to authority of Louis xviii. at proclaim the proposed before the Portaau-Prince, as he had saw that he would discovery of the conspiracy: he since the have been lost beyond people would have risen in recovery, their rights, their a body to assert This holy, liberty, and their generous and independence.- would have instanitly magnanimous insurreetion, national one ; the changed the war from a civil to a Haytians of the North-west would * See in Appendix C. No. 3, Columbian, a New York pages xivii. an extract from the an article inserted under the paper, of the 19th of November, 1816, direction of Pétion, people would have risen in recovery, their rights, their a body to assert This holy, liberty, and their generous and independence.- would have instanitly magnanimous insurreetion, national one ; the changed the war from a civil to a Haytians of the North-west would * See in Appendix C. No. 3, Columbian, a New York pages xivii. an extract from the an article inserted under the paper, of the 19th of November, 1816, direction of Pétion, --- Page 189 --- AND REPUBLIC OF HAYTI [171. the and into the arms, of their brethhave flown to aid, the South-west. And could ren and countrymen of of the French, Pétion and a few vile satellites, partieans for slavery and under the white flag, fighting ranged oftheir country, could they have resisted the subjection hundred thousand warriors, rallied a whole people?-an fighting in defence of beneath their national colours, their for the their rights, tbeir lives, and beneath property, the standards emancipation of their country, thousand Had heffy of liberty and independence? would be conquered in the end French in his ranks, he and driven into the sea. of other instances, Pétion In this, as in a multitude heroism of the King of Hayti; owed his safety to the and his entire devotion to to his energy, his patriotism, His faithful attachthe cause of the Haytian people. with alarm on account of ment to them inspired him fellow citizens of the South the dangers to which his frankness of character led might be exposed, and his their true interests, at him to place before their eyes that the danger he that important crisis : not, indeed, formidable in was real. It was an evil, apprehended but too great and obvious to be realized; ; imagination, chieftain, however powerful, could for what Haytian of Hayti to resign their possibly induce the population to in order to submit again liberty and independence, France. Itisa thing morally the yoke of slavery and of hopcless will be and physically impossible. Equally to the attempt that the Ex-colonists may suggest every to divide, to deceive, to mislead, or French government thatany such insidious to ensnare us. It is impossible for their object is, in its expedients should succeed, impracticable; and, if the French government nature, in following the counsels and the plans of the persists disappointment and disgrace will ever be, Ex-colonists, hitherto always been, the rcsults; and all. 3S they have and physically impossible. Equally to the attempt that the Ex-colonists may suggest every to divide, to deceive, to mislead, or French government thatany such insidious to ensnare us. It is impossible for their object is, in its expedients should succeed, impracticable; and, if the French government nature, in following the counsels and the plans of the persists disappointment and disgrace will ever be, Ex-colonists, hitherto always been, the rcsults; and all. 3S they have --- Page 190 --- - 172) Ch. VI.-OF THE the armed NONARCHY Hayti, whether expeditions which France can send against directed against the South-west, can North-west or the war: and I can produce no other effect than a national other fruit from boldly it than predict, that France will reap no naparte's famous she has already done from BoRochambeaus!!! expedition under the Leclercs and the The sun of Hayti continues the and same, its climate temperature are unaltered, and her possess far more moral and inhabitants ance than they did then! physical powers of resistPétion saw then the imminent bis treachery was on the brink of danger into which not the events of the North plunging him, had closed to him the opened his eyes, and disorder abyss about to engulph him. In to.justifyin the eyes of the his having negociated with people conduct in flight, he felt the a vile spy and favoured his dence with necessity of publisbing bis Dauxion Lavaysse, corresponand which he which I have analysed, 3d of accompanied by his proclamation * ofthe December, a chef-d'auore of dity : his art being to shew the duplicity and absurin order to mask his fair side of the picture, guilt and cessary to deceive the treachery. It was nefrom this shameful people, and turn their attention presented this as an transaction; Pétion, therefore, rememorable in the epoch which ought to be ever sacrificed the annals of the republic. He had dence of rights, independence and of Hayti for the indepenindependence there he told the people that 66 without regeneration was no safety, no ; he had been security for our SO base as to render the * Appendix B, No. 9, pagexxx. +Ikmow not what could be retrenched in ments, but from what printing these docuSee Appendix B. appears we may judge of the remainder,- page xili. in the epoch which ought to be ever sacrificed the annals of the republic. He had dence of rights, independence and of Hayti for the indepenindependence there he told the people that 66 without regeneration was no safety, no ; he had been security for our SO base as to render the * Appendix B, No. 9, pagexxx. +Ikmow not what could be retrenched in ments, but from what printing these docuSee Appendix B. appears we may judge of the remainder,- page xili. --- Page 191 --- AND REPUBLIC OF HAYTI [173 and said it was a generous action people tributary, and at the very moment he was which ennobled them ; them with infamy, disgracing the people and covering ought; he sold he told them, y0z have done what you to the his brethren, and fellow-citizens his country, alienated their property, yet he told French, he already has placed the country in your them, the right of arms of arresting Dauxhands, it is your property. In place the safety of the ion Lavaysse as a spy, as his duty, him, he spoke of state, and the laws of nations obliged if there was any his character and the law of nations, as confusion he stamlaw of nations for spies : but in his he could. and sung out his récantation as loud as mered, Colombel and Milcent if, according to the I will ask of law and that of nations, the welprinciples of natural lax, how could Pétion fare ofthe people is the supreme ofthe nation? How prefer the welfare of a spy, to that his most sacred could he violate the laws of nations, and and duties, to save a spy, to the injury of his country of the safety of the people? disPétion, on the departure of Dauxion Lavaysse, of his treason under a specious pretext, he spoke his guised but the law of nations, he had nothing in nothing due to the law of nations, and mouth but the respect violated it together with this because he had himself But what then is the law the most sacred of his duties. are ofi nations ?_from what source is it derived?-what in the its limits P--are not its rules written and graven P Since my adversaries have not thought . heart of man to them in future of to define it, in order deprive proper of deceiving the people again by cloaking the power beneath the mantie of this sacred law, I their treason the task of discharging this will take upon myself that it is for the mass of my duty. I again repeat to enthat I write, let me be permitted countrymen lighten them. nations ?_from what source is it derived?-what in the its limits P--are not its rules written and graven P Since my adversaries have not thought . heart of man to them in future of to define it, in order deprive proper of deceiving the people again by cloaking the power beneath the mantie of this sacred law, I their treason the task of discharging this will take upon myself that it is for the mass of my duty. I again repeat to enthat I write, let me be permitted countrymen lighten them. --- Page 192 --- 174] Ch. VI.-OF THE The làw of nations is MONARCRY law, do not to others that which nothing more than the natural have done to thyself; here is its thou wouldest not wish to and principle: but as the whole invariable foundation, universal society, distributed human race forms an who have not the into independent nations other, it was, power of imposing laws' upon each dispensible necessary, for the maintenance of an incommerce compacts either erpressed or cLacabenmsam serve as reciprocal laws; these understood which should natural law, and owe their existence' compactsare founded on interests of all nations. Now both to the general general interests of natural law, the age, agree not only in nations, the. and the example of every also, in granting to necessity of embassies, but prerogatives. Ist. every To be public minister three sorts of such : 2dly. To received and recognized as himself but his enjoy a perfect security not and suite; and 3diy. to have those only_for honours ter and disliactionapait to the to him which are due to his characThree sovereign who sends him. - of legitimate causes may likewise a refusing an ambassador or other give right derived from the envoy; the. first : the person ofthe person who sends him ; the second from the nature of his mission. minister himself; and the third from <6 It is not," 93 say the most subject, 66 contrary to the celebrated writers on the 66 a minister who iaw of nations to refuse 66 us, or from a comes from an enemy in arms against 66 pect of treachery." prince whom there is reason to susThe Dutch refused to receive an King of Spain, till helad envoy from the independent republic. The recognized them as a free and adopted the same United-States of America The King of Hayti principle does with respect to England. I dare to bope his the'same towards France, and govermment never will depart from contrary to the celebrated writers on the 66 a minister who iaw of nations to refuse 66 us, or from a comes from an enemy in arms against 66 pect of treachery." prince whom there is reason to susThe Dutch refused to receive an King of Spain, till helad envoy from the independent republic. The recognized them as a free and adopted the same United-States of America The King of Hayti principle does with respect to England. I dare to bope his the'same towards France, and govermment never will depart from --- Page 193 --- REPUBLIC OF HAYTI [175 AND which the salvation of Hayti this principle, on refuse a minister who has depends. We can equally hence with still greater jusformerly been our subject, refuse the Ex-colonists who tice should the Haytians and when the French had been their masters : men who cabinet last sent us, as select commissioners, some refugee accompanied by were all Ex-colonists, the of the King of Haytians to signify to us pleasure insult offered to the France, it was a twofold and direct since the orders Haytian people and its government, to were commnuicated of the French government to whom we men heretofore our masters, us through and through Haytian might object on this account, reclaim and punish as traitors subjects whom we might and deserters. made by M. le Such a choice was not rashly received and Viscomte du Bouchage ; those who comand their refugee welcomed these commnissioners of that insult. panions have partaken largely the order of time. But I antcipate be refused who enterA public envoy then may who is taken from taies any rancour against us; one bad and thé dregs of the people, or is of a notoriously cheat, or imcharacter, an adventurer, profligate who comes to protest in short an envoy is postor; or commissioned against our rights and proceedings, foment disturbances propositions, to to offer degrading manifest injury. We cannot in the sate or do us any nations with respect to be said to violate the laws of him into the when we refuse to admit such a person the frontiers. and send him back on reaching his country, likewise loses his rights by violating An envoy. since the same law of nations which official character, minister, should likewise gives security to the foreign of the country guarantee the sovereign or goverument the person designs he might form against against any propositions, to to offer degrading manifest injury. We cannot in the sate or do us any nations with respect to be said to violate the laws of him into the when we refuse to admit such a person the frontiers. and send him back on reaching his country, likewise loses his rights by violating An envoy. since the same law of nations which official character, minister, should likewise gives security to the foreign of the country guarantee the sovereign or goverument the person designs he might form against against any --- Page 194 --- 176] Ch. VL-OF THE MONARCHY of the prince, or the authority. which there. For what, again say the writers is recognized nations, what would become on the law of nations if other of kings, states, and assassins, disturbers sovereigns were at liberty to send of the public peace, wretches ofentering into plots against the capable clothed in the character of welfare of the country, under this cloak to ambassadors, and enabled most heinous perpetrate with impunity the crimes, and to violate sacred duties. In such a case the most justified in arresting the every sovereign is the utmost envoy, and punishing him with severity that his conduct are the rules of the law of nations deserves. Such public ministers: : let us now with respect to governments. examine those for Diplomatic communi cations between are always regulated by the governments which they are placed. political situation in They are or broken off, according to the interrapted, relaxed standing which subsists good or bad underbetween the courts. Now, at the period of the no political relation could exist negociation in question and French between the Haytian governments, since both countries, the simple declaration of our by of. January, 1804, were in a Independance state of on the first hostility. open and declared Hence the Haytian government could France as an hostile power, until she only view act or solemn treaty, had, by a formal its own people. recognized the independence of The government, therefore, established Haytian people, possessed neither the by the right to alter one iota of the fundamental power nor the state. It was, on the law of the defend and contrary, bound to maintain, govern, according to the rests of the people expressed in that political intelaw. The --- Page 195 --- AND REPUBLIC of HAYTI C177 resulting from our civil dissensions, have made changes principles on which our no change in the fundamental respective constitutions are based. alteof Louis xviii. produced no The restoration. relations with France. They ration in our political observed; the same as continued, as I have already the first day of the declaration of our' indepenon are to this moment, in a state of open dence, and we with France; nor, till she has and declared hostility can she regard us in recognized our independence, insurgents equally inother light than that of any sending OT receiving a public minister.- capable of can be opened between the Hence no communication till the French cabinet has first the two governments, recognized our independence. unwilling to do this, and The French cabinet being unable considering us as insurgents, was consequently since this would to send us an accredited ambassador, virtual récognition of our independence; : for every be a which receines umbassadors; possesses state or body politic them. The French cabinet an equal right of sending direct communication being then unable to enter into a secret can only employ with the Haytian government who must introduce themand unaceredited emissaries, false in order selves into the country under pretences, information as the people, and procure such to sound direct them in their preparatious for war. is necessary to are virtually considered as Persons of this description a and those who undertake so dangerous game spies : be arrested and put to deatl* without may, if detected, violation of the laws of nations. any French cabinet had yet another mode of proThe the fate of the brave Major Andre, in * Such was unhappy revolution : yet no one called that a the war of the American violation of the law of nationst-Tronalator N as the people, and procure such to sound direct them in their preparatious for war. is necessary to are virtually considered as Persons of this description a and those who undertake so dangerous game spies : be arrested and put to deatl* without may, if detected, violation of the laws of nations. any French cabinet had yet another mode of proThe the fate of the brave Major Andre, in * Such was unhappy revolution : yet no one called that a the war of the American violation of the law of nationst-Tronalator N --- Page 196 --- 178)J Ch. VI.-OF THE MONARCHY ceeding, namely, to send out its orders to the government of commissioners to notify obedience. These, Hayti, to return to its however, could not be any more than the former, without received the constitution of the state. It a violation of which the French cabinet was this last method anticipate. adopted. But let me not Dauxion Lavaysse; as I have already man long and thoroughly shewn, was a disgraced in and was moreover utterly unaccredited public opinion, whatsoever, as the instructions of M. in any manner nister of marine and the Malbuet, the misaries were to appear in colonies, St. prove.* These emiscoming to make commercial Domingo only as persons own account, oT that arrangements, either on their of some mercantile house. were artfully to soind the inclinations uf the They previously learning the nature and extent chiefs, after ternal resources, and the degree of their inin the island. They could not of infuence they possess since that would be sign any formal treaty, derogatory to the dignily of the of France; but coëld only. discuss with the king for the political reorganization chiefs a plan revival of the of the colony, and the prejudices and slavery which in 1789. * And this is precisely what subsisted Dauxion Lavaysse have done at Port-au-Prince. Pétion and According to every principle of the law of I demand of Colombel and Mileent whether nations, should have received Dauxion Pétion Lavaysse at Port-auPrince? Since even had he been an accredited ambassador. or envoy he had forfeited his official by the baseness of his mission, his character, insults and own conduct, his outrages : an envoy being always a minister 6f peace, while he was nothing more than a genuine * See thei instructions of the Minister Malohet to Dauxion vaysse, Medina, and Dravermann, in Appendix C.No, La1,P,x xxxii. whether nations, should have received Dauxion Pétion Lavaysse at Port-auPrince? Since even had he been an accredited ambassador. or envoy he had forfeited his official by the baseness of his mission, his character, insults and own conduct, his outrages : an envoy being always a minister 6f peace, while he was nothing more than a genuine * See thei instructions of the Minister Malohet to Dauxion vaysse, Medina, and Dravermann, in Appendix C.No, La1,P,x xxxii. --- Page 197 --- AND REPUBLIC OF HAYTI L179 with any law of nations spy; and we are unacquainted It would be singular which exists for such persons. should exist for that in this republic a law of nations not exist for the such culprits, and yet that it should safety and protection of the people. in his defence, that But his advocates may allege to Port-auhaving once invited Dauxion Lavaysse, than receive him, Prince, he could not do otherwise that the first and send him back. To this I will reply, consisted in fault of the magistrate of the republic as answered insults and outrages in a manner having In this point of view foolish as it was disgraceful. of the repubthen, the conduct of the first magistrate want of forelic, exhibited unpardonable Ah! would incapacity, to God it had been sight, and weakness. Pétion had only erred through sO, and that President he never has displayed in ignorance : but unfortunately want of foresight, inadhis conduct either incapacity, has always been that vertence, or weakness ; his crime of the cause, and ofhigh treason, with a full knowledge premeditation of the event. how, on the arrival I will again ask of my opponents, Pétion disof Dauxion Lavaysse at Port-au-Prince, and observed the charged the duties of his office, regulations of the laws of nations? established Should he not, according to the usage communications, have made Dauxion in diplomatic his credentials P Should he not, Lavaysse produce the uniform practice of all governments, according to himself that they were drawn have begun by satisfying forms; that they and addressed in the customary up nothing offensive in their terms, no odious contained at variance with the laws and inadmissible propositions Should he not, in fine, have satisfied of his country P the sent to him had suflicient himself whether person affor entering upon a negociation SO nearly powers N 2 usage communications, have made Dauxion in diplomatic his credentials P Should he not, Lavaysse produce the uniform practice of all governments, according to himself that they were drawn have begun by satisfying forms; that they and addressed in the customary up nothing offensive in their terms, no odious contained at variance with the laws and inadmissible propositions Should he not, in fine, have satisfied of his country P the sent to him had suflicient himself whether person affor entering upon a negociation SO nearly powers N 2 --- Page 198 --- 1S0] : Ch. VI.-OF THE MONARCIY fecting the interests of 'the state? Had his duty and studied the Pétion done would have attended welfare of his country, he to the usual and formalities on the reception of a public indispensable would then have been convinced that minister: he had no public character, and Dauxion' Lavaysse ever, but was merely a secret possessed no powers whatMalouet, commissioned emissary of the Minister to procure ing the interior situation of the information respectFrench cabinet viewed him country; and that the of a leader of' the (Pétion) solely in the liglit insurgents ofSt. not have entered into a Domingo : he would negociation with vaysse, nor would he have been' Dauxion Laof seeing this mission of exposed to the disgrace eternal source of shame espiomdge, and which will be an who directed it, and to President confusion to the minister infamously Pétion for having SO his participated in it, solemnly disavowed Majesty Louis xvili, by Had Pétion not been a traitor, and had he ivilling to put Dauxion been unhave arrested Lavaysse to death, could he not him, to prevent his with the information desired returning to France the guidance of its by the French cabinet for he not have' reconciled operations against Haytip Could nations and to what he owed to the laws of with the humanity, with his most sacred safety of the state, and the welfare of duties, ple? Was it' more humane to save the life of the peovidual, than to endanger tlre an indination P Could he not, like the existence of a whole satisfied at once the laws King of Hayti, have welfare of his' ofnations, and the safety and subjects? Has not Franco accomplice of Dauxion Médina, the detained P Has he been Lavaysse, been arrested and communicate the able to return to France to necessary information respecting the F Appendix F. No, 3. of duties, ple? Was it' more humane to save the life of the peovidual, than to endanger tlre an indination P Could he not, like the existence of a whole satisfied at once the laws King of Hayti, have welfare of his' ofnations, and the safety and subjects? Has not Franco accomplice of Dauxion Médina, the detained P Has he been Lavaysse, been arrested and communicate the able to return to France to necessary information respecting the F Appendix F. No, 3. --- Page 199 --- AND REPUBLIC OF HAYTI. [181 ? Have we, by arresting him, viostate of the colony beenwanting in humanity, lated the rights of nations, or. ? Who can blame or in what we owe to ourselves cabinet claimed Franco us? Why has not the French or alternative There is, nomedium Médina. as its envoy? either be the King of Hayti in the question : it must of nations. by the arrest of a who has violated the laws of the state and the spy.and thus securing the safety be Pétion who has welfare of the people ; or it must betraying the violated them, by favouring his flight, sacred duties. But state, the people, and his own most I beg Pétion's I check myself. I have said enough. Let us 1 oW basaccomplices to resolve the question. and aflicte ten to turn aside from scenes sO disgraceful to a theatre ing, to direct our view to the North-west, the friends of liberty more gratifying and consolatory to and independence. that the French cabinet proposed to We have seen to choose betaeer the people of Hayti, by its emissaries, and SLAVERY and D EATH : never- were more sanguinary earth ! propositions made to any nation upon insulting published in. France under the eye of The ex-colonists that the population. of Hayti his most christian majesty,, years, ought to be exterminated to infants ofthe ageefsix victims acho were to be reseroed as slaves. These young could not yet might be safely allowed to live, as they It was have received the first impressions of liberty. and knowin the bosom of a nation, old in civilization under the that such horrors were penned ! It was ledge, of the most christian monarch, under the censanction and an enlightened sorship of a polished government were printed.* people, that such anchristian propositions The king, indignant at such crimes and perversethe Drouins, de Bercy9, * See the works of the Ex-colonists, de Charraults, &c. printed in 1814. live, as they It was have received the first impressions of liberty. and knowin the bosom of a nation, old in civilization under the that such horrors were penned ! It was ledge, of the most christian monarch, under the censanction and an enlightened sorship of a polished government were printed.* people, that such anchristian propositions The king, indignant at such crimes and perversethe Drouins, de Bercy9, * See the works of the Ex-colonists, de Charraults, &c. printed in 1814. --- Page 200 --- 182] Ch. VI.-OF THE NONARCHY ness, at the hateful and at the proposals of the" French projects of guilt and destruction cabinet, colonists, published a general of the Exkingdom. plan of defence for the According to the principles of natural authorise the maintenance and law which by means similar to those defence of our rights, he could not have employed in their invasion, opposed to them more given them a better answer, or' 66 The designs suitable arguments. are known; they ofourimplacable desire either enemies, says Henry, hilate us : we have to fight for to re-enslave, or to annipendence; we have to defend our liberty, our indeour wives and our lives, with those of children; we should enemies all the means of employ against our to direct against us: we destruction which they mean defence to the nature of the must adapt our system of ties, SO as to all attack, and to our localidefeat bring our force to our tyrants." bear, in order to Then, by article 1, Henry generals commanding the several recommended to all sions of the provinces and divifrom kingdom, to keep themselves henceforward with candlesupplied torches, and other combustibles wood, made into a conflagration. proper for producing The 2d article directed, of the French that, on the disembarkation worles, and other army; all villages, towns, plantations, should be burned establishments to situated in the the the ground, in order to plains, enemy of every shelter from the deprive climate'and weather; that the whole inclemency of the retire to the mountains; that population should broken down; the banks of the bridges should be cut, and their waters turned rivers, brooks, and lakes roads broken up and rendéred over the highways; all the and horses driven into the impassable; the cattle most inaccessible fastnesses les, and other army; all villages, towns, plantations, should be burned establishments to situated in the the the ground, in order to plains, enemy of every shelter from the deprive climate'and weather; that the whole inclemency of the retire to the mountains; that population should broken down; the banks of the bridges should be cut, and their waters turned rivers, brooks, and lakes roads broken up and rendéred over the highways; all the and horses driven into the impassable; the cattle most inaccessible fastnesses --- Page 201 --- OF HAYTI. - [183 AND REPUBLIC carriages, carts, waggons, and.e every of the mountains; distinction, which might be of use thing else, without and rendered unserviceable; to the enemy, destroyed should find nothing but ruins, sO that on landing they laid waste, where towns, and a country completely formerly existed. villages, and plantations of ambuscade and The 3d article directed a war forces into to lead the enemy's stratagem: ; to endeavour in order to engage them to the defiles of the mountains the troops in taking advantage; to continue to exercise the aim, and to direct their fire chiefly against an sure and never to fire a shot from officers and guides; to endeavour to ambuscade without killing an enemy; with the least possible do them all possible mischief, their motions closely; injury to themselves ; to watch them; to seize promptly to lay snare upon snare for them; to harass of surprising upon every opportunity disturb their rest, cspecially by them continually; to of alarm; and, night; to keep them in a state perpetual and watching, they when, exhausted by useless fatigue of their defence, to should have relaxed the vigilance with ten times their fall suddenly upon their camp the sword. The Haytian force, and put them all to the enemy's force were also to strive to weaken and troops off their convoys of stores provisions, to be by cutting for ambuscades were &c.; all places adapted and every one was to know marked out beforehand, the post assigned to him in battle. that all the mi- . The 4th and 5th articles directed, ipto battalions should be formed litia of the kingdom Dakomets. Districts of the and squadrons of Royal battalions and one squadron ; first rank to furnish, six four battalions and one squathose of the second rank, three battalions. and those of the third rank, dron; the kingdom of Dahomy in Aficn.-Trans * from L So nened and every one was to know marked out beforehand, the post assigned to him in battle. that all the mi- . The 4th and 5th articles directed, ipto battalions should be formed litia of the kingdom Dakomets. Districts of the and squadrons of Royal battalions and one squadron ; first rank to furnish, six four battalions and one squathose of the second rank, three battalions. and those of the third rank, dron; the kingdom of Dahomy in Aficn.-Trans * from L So nened --- Page 202 --- 184] Ch. VI:-OF THE Of the troops thus NONARCHY. at the foot of the organised, the infantry were to fight and defiles in mountains, in the entrance of ravines penetrate into the ambuscade; while the cavalry were toi plains to watch the enemy, falli upon their motions of the couriers. stragglers, and intercept their The army of the line was to form moveable columns to defend the forts, and or attacked by cover.all points threatened The 6th article theienemy. .. tions among the recommended a concert of opera-. concert among troops of every description, and to complete: success. themselves in: order to obtain :1 more The 7th article directed on the most elevated centinels to bel stationed cover the enemy's spots, and loftiest trees, to disto blow manceuvres, and, when trumpets, and sound.the discovered, be repeated from cararou; which is to: taneously to announce mountain' the to mountain, SO as instan-: distance of upwards of ten. presence of the enemy to a: The 9th article leagues round. on which the stated, that as the bloody. struggle extermination, his Haytians were entering was a war of generals and majesty ordered - and directed all officers, not to give any prisoners whom S the fortune of quarter to the their power; whatever be their war should place in put them to immediate death rank, age, or sex, but to: or remorse; that it was a. sacred without the smallest pity them to exert every means in their duty imposed upon and. exterminate their power to destroy triumph of the enemies, in order to secure the country. Haytian cause, and the security of their The 12th article confirmed the 9th. All the generals and other arrangements of the the nation with a officers were to inspire and convince the proper sense of its dearest interests, Haytians individually of the necessity put them to immediate death rank, age, or sex, but to: or remorse; that it was a. sacred without the smallest pity them to exert every means in their duty imposed upon and. exterminate their power to destroy triumph of the enemies, in order to secure the country. Haytian cause, and the security of their The 12th article confirmed the 9th. All the generals and other arrangements of the the nation with a officers were to inspire and convince the proper sense of its dearest interests, Haytians individually of the necessity --- Page 203 --- REPUBLIC OF HAYTI [1851 AND, forces for the defence of the comof rallying all their should not.hesitate to employmon cause, and that. they even thoseimaginable method: of destruction, of every. the laws of nations, for the purpose. forbidden by: who would replunge them. exterminating an enemy. of was allowinto slavery: that every, kind punishment another instance. of a able, since there did not exist The generals andpeople situated like the Haytians. throughout the nation commandants: should cherish these basea-spirit of animosity. against these tyrants, caution the peoplesupporters of slavery; they should monsters, against the treachery of these. sanguinary to their habiwho will not fail to employ, according of fraud and tual practice, their favourite weapons fair speeches and artifice, to mislead the people by especially in the as before, treacherous proclamations expedition of Leclerc. to the By the 13th article, it was recommended the bighest aforesaid generals and officers, to encourage and to shew degree of enthusiasm among the Haytians, they were them how little they need fear the enemy to them in the about to engage ; and to demonstratethis to remind manner,said Henry, < you have only. of plainest performed in the war 6 them of the glorious exploits when three-fourths ofthe s6 ourindependence; that then, had submitted to the <e population and army of Hayti this handful of heroes, 66 French, the remaining fourth, and sometimes without s6 reduced to fight man for man, met with, made 6 other weapons than the stones they French." 66 head and baffled all the efforts of.the bad < That, in the last place, when the reduced Haytians to the <6 risen unanimously, they had been corroded with old arms cc necessity of employing pikes, of to fight with; 66 rust, and iron lioops in place swords, to depend 66 at a time, when they were even obliged ammunition taken ge upons the supplies of arms and 66 French, the remaining fourth, and sometimes without s6 reduced to fight man for man, met with, made 6 other weapons than the stones they French." 66 head and baffled all the efforts of.the bad < That, in the last place, when the reduced Haytians to the <6 risen unanimously, they had been corroded with old arms cc necessity of employing pikes, of to fight with; 66 rust, and iron lioops in place swords, to depend 66 at a time, when they were even obliged ammunition taken ge upons the supplies of arms and --- Page 204 --- 186] ChvI.-oF THE MONARCHY ce from their slain enemies on the field of €. destroy the survivors, battle, to ce these they succeeded in expelling tyrants from their country; whereas, at the present day, they were abundantly supplied with earms of every description, &c. &c.; that the c nation had but one and thesame wisb, thatof whole c6 nating their enemies; ; hence the contest could extermi6 out otherwise than to their not turn < ed little how advantage : that it matternumerous the forces of the ce the Haytians would make no enemy were; ; account of their numbers, the more there were, the more they would kill." Immediately after the publication of the general plan of defence ofthe kingdom, all the regiments of the line were made up to their full complement, and the whole of the population capable of organized into an efficient bearing arms, was militia; all the old and unserviceable arms were condemned, and replaced by new ones from the royal magazines. Our arsenals were likewise filled with all kinds of warlike stores, and government made immense chases to the amount of many millions of purwhich were paid for in ready money. dollars, All the citadels and fortresses of the seated on the summits of the most inaccessible kingdom, tains, were put in the most perfect state of defence: mounimmenser magazines were filled with salt, provisions, and medicines of all kinds, for the hospitals and other wants. Both the army and the whole population urgent laboured with the mostindefatigable zeal and inconceivableardour. Cannon of the largest size were carriedacross precipices, and planted on the summits of the loftiest and most inaccessible mountains. Thet transportof cannon-balls, and other warlike and commissariat was conducted with songs of joy. They toiled stores, night and day in the arsenals, and often even and holidays. upon Sundays Henry went every where in sunshine and medicines of all kinds, for the hospitals and other wants. Both the army and the whole population urgent laboured with the mostindefatigable zeal and inconceivableardour. Cannon of the largest size were carriedacross precipices, and planted on the summits of the loftiest and most inaccessible mountains. Thet transportof cannon-balls, and other warlike and commissariat was conducted with songs of joy. They toiled stores, night and day in the arsenals, and often even and holidays. upon Sundays Henry went every where in sunshine --- Page 205 --- - [187 AND REPUBLIC OF HAYTI. the exertions of the workand in rain he stimulated and often shared himself in men, directed the works, would the king say to the labour. 66 My children," of we c6 in the first war independence time we the Haytians, sort of privation, this 66 had to éncounter every I have provided every 66 shall be in want of nothing, with the enemy, 65 thing. While you are will engaged be in safety, they will G your wives and children citadels with which 66 be proteeted by the impregnable You will have for 66 I have covered the country. necessaries of every descripeE yourselves and families for the wants of the <c tion, which I have collected 66 Heretofore," he would: 66 army and the people." to traverse the again say to them, c6 we were for obliged shelter ; our warlike 66 mountains without a place were all at the and our booty, < stores, our treasures, Now this is no more the case, < mercy of the enemy. securely in impregnable 66 we can defend ourselves 65 citadels." between Henry thus sacrificing What a difference himself, and thinking only his rest, his life, forgetting and Pétion, intriguing, of the welfare of his subjects, them to inevitable endeavour to drag and using every destruction. was thus engaged in making Whilst the population the writers of the North-west, preparations for war, of the South-west deindignant at seeing the people measures by their ceived and led into disgraceful beneath their promade the presses groan feeling in government, the public ductions, in order to enlighten Pétion to change his system : that quarter, and compel and ashamed of the he himself was sO confounded that he was obliged, in deconduct he had pursued, and his ambition, to pay spite of himself, his hatred, of the King of Hayti. homage to the patriotism Whilst the population the writers of the North-west, preparations for war, of the South-west deindignant at seeing the people measures by their ceived and led into disgraceful beneath their promade the presses groan feeling in government, the public ductions, in order to enlighten Pétion to change his system : that quarter, and compel and ashamed of the he himself was sO confounded that he was obliged, in deconduct he had pursued, and his ambition, to pay spite of himself, his hatred, of the King of Hayti. homage to the patriotism --- Page 206 --- 188] Ch. VI.-OF THE At an entertainment MONARCHY Prince, he said with, a faint which he gave at Port-au- < we are at peace witle the satisfaction, 66 gentlemen, drank:t to the re-union of the king of Hayti." He even fair an exterior his object Haytians. In shewing SO of his. treacherous was. to produce an oblivion conduct, which had popularity : he lauded then impaired his soothed. the virtuous and peace. and re-union; he these sweet and flattering, well-meaning Haytians by. heart was far different. hopes. The traitor-his A calm, the happy the threats. of the French precursor. of peace, prevailed; lulled the had appeased the waves and. tempest; ; hostilities had sides.: : the King of Hayti had long ceased on. both. plan of coming to an returned to his favourite I union of interests, rather understanding, than of making an structive war maintained see a barbarous and deof the Haytian people: contrary, to the true interests is resolved never to a.plan from which bis majesty. efforts and intrigues of swerve, the notvithstandings all the mestic and foreign, to lead enemies him of Hayli, both doEvery. thing seemed to act on the offensive. union ; persons then disposed for peace and, been captured belonging to Pétion's territory who bad leased, treated in by our patroles, had been the most hospitable instantly renished with the public manner, and furfellow-citizens. One of papers to communicate to their taken and carried into our barges which had been back by Pétion, who Port-au-Prince, was-likewise sent lic papers, and assured gave him the captain a supply of pubas peace and re-union. On he desired nothing SO much we longed for more. our, side there was nothing Then Henry, ever guided by an ardent promote peace and barmouy desire to solved a.second time on among the Haytians, remaking conciliatory overtures, furfellow-citizens. One of papers to communicate to their taken and carried into our barges which had been back by Pétion, who Port-au-Prince, was-likewise sent lic papers, and assured gave him the captain a supply of pubas peace and re-union. On he desired nothing SO much we longed for more. our, side there was nothing Then Henry, ever guided by an ardent promote peace and barmouy desire to solved a.second time on among the Haytians, remaking conciliatory overtures, --- Page 207 --- - REPUBLIC OF HAYTI. [189 AND two men of colour, the For this purpose he selected Baron de Ferrier; and two Comte du Trou* and the and the Chevalier Edblacks, the Baron de Dessalines olive branch of peace to ward Michaux, to carry the of tlie South-west. our compatriots were bearers of a dispatch from These four envoys minister and secretary of the Comte de Limonade, in which the minister prostate, to General Pétion, of the king-1st, A total posed to him in the name and cordial re-union. oblirion of the past. 2d, Afrank to General A continuance of rank and. command 3d, of rank and employment Pétion. 4th, A continzance authorities, as also to all the to all the civil and militury 5th, Admission into the" subaltern oficers of the army. according to. the hereditary nobility of the kingdom, of property scale of rank: and 6th, A general guarantee to all Haytian proprictors. the officers, civil and The king engaged to maintain situations and employments. military of all ranks, in the to the Norththey then held: and Haytians belonging bad placed in the west, whom the events of the war to their homes, a South-west, were allowed to return such Haytians indulgence being granted to reciprocal to be in the North-west. of the South-west, as chanced of state hinted to In his dispatch, the secretary accused of aiding the cause General Pétion that he was of his clearing of the French, and urged the necessity himself from such serious charges. the advanced The four envoys set out; on reaching du Trou, chief of posts at la Source Puante, the Comte to announce his the mission, wrote to General Pétion, Pétion instautly arrival and the object of his mission. with all the replied, that the envoys should be received one and he dispatched respect due to bis countrymen; is since dead.-Tronsh * The Comte du Trou, étion that he was of his clearing of the French, and urged the necessity himself from such serious charges. the advanced The four envoys set out; on reaching du Trou, chief of posts at la Source Puante, the Comte to announce his the mission, wrote to General Pétion, Pétion instautly arrival and the object of his mission. with all the replied, that the envoys should be received one and he dispatched respect due to bis countrymen; is since dead.-Tronsh * The Comte du Trou, --- Page 208 --- 190] Ch. VL.-OF THE of his MONARCHY aides-de-camp to accompany the Port-au-Prince. envoys to Thus far it appeared to be Pétion's that time to negociate with intention at The envoys arrived at us. of February, 1815. The Port-au-Prince on the 18th side the barriers of the people flocked in crowds outreceived town to meet with a transport of them; they were peace. / we have joy and cries of Peace ! peace! The king's envoys favourably, from the disposition of the augured the success of their mission people, as to prise on the ; but what was their surfollowing iorning to see opening the dispatch they brought Pétion, after him, rageous : he discovered that the Comte perfectly outletter was deceitful and de Limonade's that he spoke to him of insulting ; hie took it amiss the peace, of union, and oblivion past: nay, he carried his of offended at the scruples SO far as to be colour, and two blacks. deputation consisting of two men of What then did Pétion wantP What did He asked for peace, and he he desire? he desired the reunion of rejected it when offered : furious when it the Haytians, and he became that civil was proposed to him: he knew well war could oply be ciliation between the two extinguished by a reconat the deputation colours, and yet was offended the interests of both being SO constituted as to reconcile colours. The policy of this crafty and deceitful contained in a single paragraph. man, is whole world: : he really desired He deceived the nor the extinction of the civil neither peace, re-union, accommodation indeed, war: he wished for an dation as suited the but it was such an accommoI shall execution of his designs. the infernal now endeavour to lift the veil which cloaks policy of this man, which has ductive of so much been procalamity to his country. offended the interests of both being SO constituted as to reconcile colours. The policy of this crafty and deceitful contained in a single paragraph. man, is whole world: : he really desired He deceived the nor the extinction of the civil neither peace, re-union, accommodation indeed, war: he wished for an dation as suited the but it was such an accommoI shall execution of his designs. the infernal now endeavour to lift the veil which cloaks policy of this man, which has ductive of so much been procalamity to his country. --- Page 209 --- REPUBLIC OF HAYTI. [191 AND being one and The Haytian cause and territory of Hayti in prothe object of the King of indivisible, was to establish a unity posing peace and reunion, interests of Hayti required. government as the national his rank and command General Pétion, by retaining administracontinued to hold the internal would have and would have retained in his tion of the South-west, he could desire, and the own hands all the security been able to stipulate for the King of Hayti would have general interests of the Haytians. reconciled all claims would have This arrangement would have given every guarantee and all interests, every obstacle which and removed that was necessary, of our independence. could perplex the recognition every pretext It would have taken away from foreigners with one side and for seeking to negociate for evasion, of the other. to the detriment would have been honourable Such an arrangement and valuable to the general. and glorious to both parties, Had General Pétion interests of the Haytian people. to his brethren and been really a patriot, a friend hastened to accept a country, he would have joyfully bappily (meszotermine) to accommodate difcompromise satisfaction of all parties our deplorable and to the did not suit General ferences : but this arrangement him of the means of serving Pétion, because it deprived his fellow-citithe cause of the French, and betraying he was at this moment zens; and the more sO, because the arrival of negociating in France, and expected of colonial legislation, commnissioners, and a system general of the by the brevet of governor estaaccompanied of government and peace colony. Now a unity not suit the execution of blished on this basis could and manifest that the his guilty designs ; it is clear different from peace and arrangement were view, proposed He could no longer what he wished or designed. ithe cause of the French, and betraying he was at this moment zens; and the more sO, because the arrival of negociating in France, and expected of colonial legislation, commnissioners, and a system general of the by the brevet of governor estaaccompanied of government and peace colony. Now a unity not suit the execution of blished on this basis could and manifest that the his guilty designs ; it is clear different from peace and arrangement were view, proposed He could no longer what he wished or designed. --- Page 210 --- 192] ChYL-OF THE MONARCHY otherwise than with horror, the but a' few days before desired. peace and reunion, he It is farther evident that the civil rished and fomented solely war was cheit was therefore by the Men of Colour; his sapping the very policy to employ Men of Colour foundations of it; it is on this account - that he to éxtinguish and be foresaw that in was enraged ; effects would making the cause cease," the cease also. : It has always policy not to appear anxious about the been his whom he Men of considered as his own, and Colour, his cause, which he had made obliged to serve he caressed and flattered theirs' likewise; while be his enemies, because the Blacks, who ought to the necessity of he feared them, and : felt thém his gaining them over; he also made doned seides: : it is on this account, : that the black he abanpopulation to licentiousness idleness, and allowed them to act and and to follow the as they wished, deceived his impulse of their own passions : he unfortunate attach them to him, and fellow-citizens, in order to them for good nature. acquire a reputation among His country, glory; and the welfare held in no estimation; of the state, he ; the corruption of morals, the degradation of bis fellow-citizens, by mean vices, was all a matter' of disgraced and debased provided he could attain his indifference to him, the entire dominion of the own ends, which were power. country and the sovereign Such was the policy of this deceitfal based on perfidy, bad faith, man, it was In place of which, ambition and hypocrisy. justice, and Henry, the friend of order, of censured without ofindustry, pursued an opposite course; he their duty distinction all who deviated from of the ; maintained with rigour the administration laws; he neither wished nor looked for any thing disgraced and debased provided he could attain his indifference to him, the entire dominion of the own ends, which were power. country and the sovereign Such was the policy of this deceitfal based on perfidy, bad faith, man, it was In place of which, ambition and hypocrisy. justice, and Henry, the friend of order, of censured without ofindustry, pursued an opposite course; he their duty distinction all who deviated from of the ; maintained with rigour the administration laws; he neither wished nor looked for any thing --- Page 211 --- M AND REPUBLIC OF HAYTI [193 of bis country, and the well being of but the welfare straight forward, and his fellow-citizens: ; he proceeded without regard either without deyiation, to his object, or to the, to colours or individuals, to circumstances, time in which be was placed. for him from It is such conduct that has obtained and bis frank the reputation of severity; his detractors character, his virtues, his ardent upright and rigid advancement of his compatriots in patriotism, and the have, to the dissocial order, morality, and civilization often been turned of humanity must it be said, the grace to his interests: against him, and proved injurious and ignorant people reason of this is plain ; a young and misled by the easily suffers itself to be seduced conducts it to its hand which flatters, caresses, and it will discover its ruin ; but the day will come, when in which the error: : the day I trust is not far distant, of justice and Haytian people, animated by feelings the hero who bas will bless and cherish of his gratitude, and reformed the manners corrected the vices, and reputation units national glory nation, preserved impaired, and promoted its welfare. it is based on justice, This is the policy of Henry ; honour, and probity! with whom the names of glory, A man like Pétion sounds, could honour, and patriotism, are but empty which, however it not accept the conditions of a peace would the welfare ofthe people, might have promoted set bounds to his ambition, and at the same time have checked the execution of his guilty projects. of the royal deputies at Port-au-Prince The presence he bastened to dispatch them, and incommoded him, of to the honourable and generous proposals replied abuse. peace by the grossest had him in a Pétion saw that bis treason placed J étion sounds, could honour, and patriotism, are but empty which, however it not accept the conditions of a peace would the welfare ofthe people, might have promoted set bounds to his ambition, and at the same time have checked the execution of his guilty projects. of the royal deputies at Port-au-Prince The presence he bastened to dispatch them, and incommoded him, of to the honourable and generous proposals replied abuse. peace by the grossest had him in a Pétion saw that bis treason placed J --- Page 212 --- 194] Ch. VI.-OF THE MONARCHY critieal situation; the public feeling was at Port-au-Prince, and leaned da ily cha ngin peace ; he resolved to give affairs towards reunion and extricate bimseif from this another turn ; to stroke; to rouse theirs spirits painful and situation by a master and civil war, dispose them to enmity He immediately employed all his to effect a change, and old stratagems to turn our entrap us in his new snares: thoughts from the present, occupied then. To make us lose which alone with Dauxion sightof his Lavaysse, he revived couspiracy of our civil wars, which had been all the bicketings in oblivion, This traitor, for many years buried recoliection of the wished only to live in the preguant with terror past: to the presènt was hateful, and him; he feasted only on the past calamities of tle hisimagioation had been himself the first public, of which he mover. On the 20th of February, like a 1815, he launched madman, a furious out, loudly called the proclamation, in which he and provoked the Haytians to carnnge and civil war, His King of Hayti by direct ohject was to make US march insults. against Porb-au-Prince, for the third time where he would sought to employ against 1S, his again have treason land perfidy, which had favourite weapons, well; and afterwands this would already succeeded SO with the means ofl have faruished him reigners, by bringing uS into discredit with foabsurd and foolish representing us as unjust aggressors, as men wio ment we were threatened attacked him at the mooffered the alternative bya commion enemy, and wished also to extort OFSLAVENT or from Deamuti-He similar tu his own, in order the king a proclamation but all the arts, devices, to. make use ofit hereafter: by Pétion were treated insults and clamours cmployed with thie most sorereign con- --- Page 213 --- VAND REPU BLIC OF HAYTI L195 the King of iiayti, and Pétion appeared in témpt by resemible tlic ass cloathed in the lion's skin, our eyes;to alhother animals by hisibraying. striving to frighten of March, 1815, the four years ofthe 1 On the 9th Pétion had himself represidentskip having expired, without amelected for the third time, and, as he said, how witnesses have informed me bition H Many eye farces were-got up at Port-au-Prince. tbese denagogic them in.silence, I shoull disapI fear, were I to pass point my readers. arrived in which Pétion was to lay cs The moment dictatorship: each preparedto c down his everlasting the Imbert, 6 play his part weil to please tyrant. of who was to personate a. president 4 secretary state, Imbert also studied to pay" his 46 for twenty-four hours, the time came for 66 court to the bypocrite. Atlength he made a feint of 46 Pétion's appearance on the stage, in favour of Imbert, 66 wishing to resign his authority < No, no,- aill not biaccept 66 who instantiy exclaimed, roho 46 the ofice; there is nore but yoterself, presidelt, those who And instantly all c can save the repiblic. who was to personate a. president 4 secretary state, Imbert also studied to pay" his 46 for twenty-four hours, the time came for 66 court to the bypocrite. Atlength he made a feint of 46 Pétion's appearance on the stage, in favour of Imbert, 66 wishing to resign his authority < No, no,- aill not biaccept 66 who instantiy exclaimed, roho 46 the ofice; there is nore but yoterself, presidelt, those who And instantly all c can save the repiblic. advanced, silla had been stationed for the purpose, the and shouted unanimously, c rounded hypocrite, that can 66 € Yes, yes, there is none but 7024, president, watch for And Inbert, on the 46 save the rapublic. shouted € Long live the president, 6 the opportunity, and and impe- <6 6 long live the republic one indicisible, the the whole maltitude repcated 46 € rishable : and 66 same shouts." the return of the king's deputies Menuwhile, on the Comte dé Limonade replied from Port-an-Prince, létter adto the invectives of Pétion, in an impressive I dressed to his fellow citizens of the Soutb-west : this letter by a pamphiet entitled Le Cri accompanied from that time to unde la Patrie, in which began of Pétion. mask the treasou and exccssive ambition --- Page 214 --- 196] Ch. VI.-OF THE MONARCHY This crafty and perverse man, seeing that our lications against bim were addressed to the pubthe South-west, people of * of the replied by a work entitled 66 the people e republic of Hayti, to MM. Vastey and Limonade:" a work containing nothing but insults and extravagancies. Pétion desired to make us wished us to pass him by and change our battery, he similar insults, but he reply to the people by in place of was again foiled in his answering the people as he meant, I attempt: against bim another levelled "Conscience," in which pamphlet, entitled <6 Le Cri de la convicted him I accused him of high of being an' accomplice with treason; Lavaysse, a French spy; of plotting and Dauxion criminal understanding with the enemies maintaining of a tending to subvert the slate, and the Hayti, into slavery and the plunge inhabitants proved by fifteen prejudices of 1789; all which was headsof accusation legal and authentic proofs, and documents grounded upon General Pétion's own hand: he signed by confounded by these serious was SO amazed and the most charges, that he preserved profound silence from that time; ing his plots detected, the grief at seeattached from disgrace and infany wbich in a little time henceforward to his life, conducted hin to the tomb. The Cry of Conscience has never been our antagonists; in the iast answered by Prince they have confined publications from Port-aufoolish invective themselves to calling it a with them that it manufactured is much at Sans-Souci. I agree than to reply to it: but 1 easier to bestow this epithet Colombel and think I should observe to such a Mileent, that they were bound to refute work; ; the gratitude and affection their hero, imposing it them they owed to for their own upon as a law; and a regard honour, if they possess ani imperative duty. by Prince they have confined publications from Port-aufoolish invective themselves to calling it a with them that it manufactured is much at Sans-Souci. I agree than to reply to it: but 1 easier to bestow this epithet Colombel and think I should observe to such a Mileent, that they were bound to refute work; ; the gratitude and affection their hero, imposing it them they owed to for their own upon as a law; and a regard honour, if they possess ani imperative duty. any, thaking it --- Page 215 --- AND REPUBLIC OF HAYTI. [197 had occasion to bring my readers I have already :* and it will not be with M. Colombel acquainted them in this place what sort of a improper to inform who has occupied our attention man this M. Milcent is, of nearly the same M. Milcent is a man sO long. a Creole of Grande-Riviere kidney with M. Colombel; only, but French in the North; a Haytian in complexion of their tools, and iniin principle; : like Colombel, one foe tiated in all their guilty projects; an implacable of the of the blacks, and the independence to liberty by the French cathe country : a base renegado, paid the and lately sent from France to infest republic binet, of the national feeling with his writings; a corrupter who morals; a free thinker; an atheist, and public of the blacks, according even to the writes to the injury themseives.t admission ofthe writers of Port-au-Prince for his This Milcent who has never done any thing who has never fired a. shot in the cause of country; this Milcent, Isay, whose liberty and independence; brand, has mind is unfortunately only an inflammatory himself into the pedagogue of the republic: erected crusbed all other writers beneath the there he has and erudition ; with his lying weight of his science his friends the excolonists, and wanton pen he delights the productions and ridicules with the bitterest irony which he has the assurance to treat as of the Haytians, mere rhapsodies. the men who write against us-a Milcent : These are !-these are the men whoarea appointed and a Colombel immoral men, without any defenders of the republic; enemies of regard or respect for their fellow citizens; the blacks, of liberty, and of independence. See page 169. + See PAbeille Haytienne, No. 3. p.8. a Journal printed by Milcent, at Port-au-Prince, in 1818. irony which he has the assurance to treat as of the Haytians, mere rhapsodies. the men who write against us-a Milcent : These are !-these are the men whoarea appointed and a Colombel immoral men, without any defenders of the republic; enemies of regard or respect for their fellow citizens; the blacks, of liberty, and of independence. See page 169. + See PAbeille Haytienne, No. 3. p.8. a Journal printed by Milcent, at Port-au-Prince, in 1818. --- Page 216 --- 189] Ch., VI.Or TIIE MONARCHY a Just as I published Le Cri de la correspondence ofi Cunseience, the with Catineau , Laroche, an Pétion, fell into the hands of excolonist, completed the governinent, and derelopement of Pétion's According to these documents Pétionl couspiracy.* been Governor General of was-to have were to bavebeenp put'inposession decodegithalormoinais siavery was to have been' ofitheirpiopertitse France to have an exclusive gradually resestublisheds sheiter commerce asi in 1789: forhershipsnud cruisers in the portsof and, in the event of a maritime Haytist furnisha contingent of war, Pétion was to with the: French ini regcilartroopsrainte co-operate for the making wan on the King of Hayti, purpose of reducing thé population to they ofFrance-and siavery.. i d 5A 10 yoke :. We then hastened to make this means of the press, and news"public by quets with it to dispatched a numberof paccitizens : but such theSouthi-west, was to enlighten our fellow almost impossible to Pétion'svigilince, that it was get these papers soon as they fell into the hands of his introduced; as they were committed to the flames. police-agents, While this was passing in Hayti, Dauxion reached France, along with Pétion's Lavaysse course of February 1815. His agents, in the Septembers and 1st of létters of the 6th of him through the medium October, had arrived before of the public been laid before Louis xviti: prints, and had by M. le Comte de not, successor to M. Malouet, as minister of Beugand the colonies. This minister inserted in marine teur ofthe 19th of Jannary, the the Monithe nission of Colonel Dauxion following notice, that Lavaysse had for its sole + *Appendix D. $ Appenilix B. No. 1. page xiii. Appendix D. No. 1, pagexlix. postscript : Appendix D. No. 3, ()pilia Appendix E. No, 2,1 p. xCv. not, successor to M. Malouet, as minister of Beugand the colonies. This minister inserted in marine teur ofthe 19th of Jannary, the the Monithe nission of Colonel Dauxion following notice, that Lavaysse had for its sole + *Appendix D. $ Appenilix B. No. 1. page xiii. Appendix D. No. 1, pagexlix. postscript : Appendix D. No. 3, ()pilia Appendix E. No, 2,1 p. xCv. --- Page 217 --- AND REPUDLIC OF HAYTI L199 to collect and transmit to goverwment information object the state of the colony, and he was in no resrelative to so contrary to pect authorised to make commuaications said M. le Comte de the object of his mission. The leing, and ordered has capressed his high displeasure, Beugnot, to be made public. $ his disapprobation M. le Comte de BeugThus, in place of disnvowing, of Dauxion Lavaysse; not confirmed the éspionnage without under false pretexts, since sending persons transmit informaofficial character, to collectand any espionnage. tion, was complete of the Conte de Beugnot covered This procedure and ridicule; but he was amply Pétion with shame bestowed upon him by the compensated by the praises Journal des Debats of. the French newe-writers. The 1815, contained the following passage, 16th of January, should not haveany 66 The determination of Christophe which can restore St. 66 influence upon the only plan that Pétion will 66 Domiugo to France. it is the part If decide the fate of this coiony. c take, which will whom represent as unambitious, < this chieftain, they than <6 mild in his disposition, and more enlightened interests of the consults the <6 his rival Christôphe, which he he will to belongs, 66 coloured population, France. It will be easy to demonstrate 4 negociate with that being, like the Whites, 66 to the Men of Colour, their propertics, 66 proprictors, and unable to preserve it is their < excepi as they are cuitivated by Negroes, to the white proprietors 66 interest to attach theniselves them. The s and the government which protects their numbers are an insuflici66 Men of Colour know who will soon c ent protection against the Negroes, of be the kingdom Hayti 66 exterminale them,.imless the Men of Colour to the <6 overturned. To attach * Appendix F, No. 3.] Men of Colour, their propertics, 66 proprictors, and unable to preserve it is their < excepi as they are cuitivated by Negroes, to the white proprietors 66 interest to attach theniselves them. The s and the government which protects their numbers are an insuflici66 Men of Colour know who will soon c ent protection against the Negroes, of be the kingdom Hayti 66 exterminale them,.imless the Men of Colour to the <6 overturned. To attach * Appendix F, No. 3.] --- Page 218 --- - 200] Ch. 1.--OF THE MONARCHY t French government, it is s rights they claim as only necessary to grant the "the provinces of the proprietors; West ; and if the armies of t a division of the French and South were joined to e exist six weeks."* army, Christôphe would not The ex-colonist Jean newspaper calledi the Courier Reignier, editor of the French of. January, 1815, d'angleterre, for the 27th apologises for tbe conduct of Conduct," said he, 66 suited to the Pétion. 66 mingo, and which the interests of St. Do66 the moderation justifies opinion te entertain of of Pétion's 66 which have induced him to character, and the motives 46 island from the yoke of emaneipate one part of the Christiphe.' The French cabinet prepared to enforce threats by arms; transports were these odious troops and commissioners to fitting out to convey s6 have named," says the Memorial Port-an-Prince. 66 They I quote the passage, 66 have Bordelais, whence s6 whose they named judgment, in concert with pacifcators, s nize a system ofcolonial Pétion, should orga- & efect the reduction legislation, which willg of the North." quickly The escape of Bonaparte from the isle of March 1815, arrested the Elba in Pétion sailing of this again owed his safety to the expedition. Had Bonaparte waited but one greatest chance, would have sailed, and both its fate month, the expedition would have been decided. and that of Pétion One of Bonaparte's first acts on his return was to abolish the slave trade. This to France abolished in 1793 by the national traffic had been restored seven years after by convention, and was administration Bonaparte, during the ofTallyrand ; and in 1814 tbis same Tallyrand, minister of Louis xvii. raised the M. most insur- * See the Memorial paper, No. 372, for Bordelais, the a political, literary and naval Saturday 1st of April, 1815, of Bonaparte's first acts on his return was to abolish the slave trade. This to France abolished in 1793 by the national traffic had been restored seven years after by convention, and was administration Bonaparte, during the ofTallyrand ; and in 1814 tbis same Tallyrand, minister of Louis xvii. raised the M. most insur- * See the Memorial paper, No. 372, for Bordelais, the a political, literary and naval Saturday 1st of April, 1815, --- Page 219 --- [201 AND REPUBLIC 4 OF HAYTI. objections to the abolition of this comierce. novel and anountable According to bim, it was an idea dint altogether of the most urgent unpopular in France. In fine, by from the allied solicitations, he succeeded in obtaining of the of five years for the continuance powers: a respite Bonaparte, in order to make himself trade; and in 1815, A hundred days after, Louis popular, abolished it. act of Bonaparte's, which xvii. confirmed this solitary act of morality and justice. was preserved, as a great the cabinet of Louis xviii. It is plain that in 1814 meditated either at the instigation of the Ex-colonists, of the Haytians. The the destruction or re-enslauement continuance oft the slave reservation of five years farther view of enabling them to trade, was only made with a in case of its extermireplace the indigéne population, victims from Africa.- nation, by other unfortunate in which the varioue When we consider the manner with human life. have sported successive governments afected; might. and liberty, our thoughts are painfully that men are an acwe not be almost inclined to rather say, than to good, and cursed race, prone to evil carnage and conalways disposed to mutual animosity, tention ? kindled anew the war Bonaparte's return to France to Pétion, who, in Europe. This was a thunder-bolt France and surrounded by: found himself deserted by of Louis xviii. he. enemies. On the first restoration declared in favour had laid aside the mask, and openly this renewed war would of France. He now feared hostilities that of the English and bring down upon bim the been defeated of Hayti. Had not Bonaparte in the King would have been prolonged at Waterloo, the war like the French, have been una* Europe, and Pétion, the weight of our arms. voidably crushied beneatin and some even of The Haytians of the North-west, writings, rehad, by their patriotic the South-west, On the first restoration declared in favour had laid aside the mask, and openly this renewed war would of France. He now feared hostilities that of the English and bring down upon bim the been defeated of Hayti. Had not Bonaparte in the King would have been prolonged at Waterloo, the war like the French, have been una* Europe, and Pétion, the weight of our arms. voidably crushied beneatin and some even of The Haytians of the North-west, writings, rehad, by their patriotic the South-west, --- Page 220 --- 102J Ch. VI.-or THE MONARCHY kindled the sacred Alame of patriotism, of independence, which Pétion had liberty and. in the hearts of the endeavoured to stiflei people ofthe South-west. At our rallying 'cry of liberly, independence, or death, they had. shaken off the torpor into wbich the treason of their) chief had plunged them: they had as it were recovered that energy which had formerly characterized them in the war of independence: the shades of the Ferous, and theJean-Louis thoiGeffrards François, had appeared to reanimate theircourageanti chide their sloth. Pétion hecame every day more unpopular, and symptoms of insurrection manifested themseives in every direction: heladt becomean objectofl hatredand contempt to those . Haytians who had not renounced houour and their country. In August 1815, a conspiracy was hatched at Port-au-Prince, the ramifications of which extended through the plain of Cui-de-Sac, and even as far as Jacmel The plot was discovered on the veryiday that Pétion was to have been assassinated. Numbers of. the conspirators, martyrs to the liberty and dence of their country, were shot near Port-au-Prince, indepenat a place called Mome-a-Toffe. Among them was Captain Ceiestin Maneville: L.ieutemmnt-Coloncl Louis Lerebourg, one of the leaders, was SO fortunate as to escape from Port-nu-Prinee, and he proceeded to raise an insurrection in the mountains, from Fond Verrettes to Sale-Trou. le Tle conspirators had arms and ammunition, and even arsenais, in the very town of Port-au-Prince. Int the month of December following, LieutenantColouel Louis Lerebourg was betrayed into Pétion's hands. This gallant officer was beheaded at Jacmel. Tkhow not whether any confession was extorted from him: but within a few days after his deata Pétion committed a borrible crime at Port-au-Prince. u-Prinee, and he proceeded to raise an insurrection in the mountains, from Fond Verrettes to Sale-Trou. le Tle conspirators had arms and ammunition, and even arsenais, in the very town of Port-au-Prince. Int the month of December following, LieutenantColouel Louis Lerebourg was betrayed into Pétion's hands. This gallant officer was beheaded at Jacmel. Tkhow not whether any confession was extorted from him: but within a few days after his deata Pétion committed a borrible crime at Port-au-Prince. --- Page 221 --- C OF HAYTI. [203 AND' REPUBLIC Delto mention in its place that Generel at d Lomittol who had marched against Rigaud varre, the same in 11810, had been arrestel and the Pont de Miragoano Pétion in 1811 : it was accusedd of a comoptimaeyragainat he had snapped a pistol at bhim) then rumoured that I know not how far this is which had missed fire. certain that this General true, but it is undoubteilly plainly-oh the necessity always expressed lis opinion good dunderstand coming to ar matual of the Haytians their . civil dissensions to a speedy ing and bringing termination. had-1 been tried by a court-martial and Delvarre but being a black, it wvas deemed conderined to death; him : and, at the instance of one impolitic to executel merehant of the United States and Archibald Kane, a of Pétion, the capital punishment an intimate friend commuted for live years imprjconment! was his ponishment, the'period Delvarre had andergone and Petion had solemnly had expired, of imprisonment liberate him. The unhappy man looked prontised to bottom ofl bis dungeon to the moment forward from the to his belored wife, and ofhis restoration t0 freedom, and the extensive circle adored children, to his the family doors of his prison opening; of his friends:1 heheard and reanimated his drooping hope lighted up his heart, of the deliverers he spirits; he rose up, but in place merciless butchers; he expected, he encountered ouly out of the town, and was killed, his bodly was drayged without any funeral rites. thrown into the cemetry numerous friends, obtained His weeping widow: and Pétion, permission to with dificulty from the savage those last rites which man pay" bis wreteled remains, Pétion had retired to the is bound to pay to man. * See page 95. animated his drooping hope lighted up his heart, of the deliverers he spirits; he rose up, but in place merciless butchers; he expected, he encountered ouly out of the town, and was killed, his bodly was drayged without any funeral rites. thrown into the cemetry numerous friends, obtained His weeping widow: and Pétion, permission to with dificulty from the savage those last rites which man pay" bis wreteled remains, Pétion had retired to the is bound to pay to man. * See page 95. --- Page 222 --- 204] Ch. VL-OF THE MONARCHY This plantation Letort, where he had fixed was the new Caprea from his residence. these executions. While whence he ordered fancy inyself carried back penning these lines, Lalmost hypocritical Tiberius. to the reign of the cruel and After the death of Delvarre, it was Pori-au-Frince, that a rumoured in out in this town, and conspiracy that was to have broken been taken from prison this general was to have at their bead. I am by the conspirators, and placed well founded iguorant how far this or not ; it is rumour was lated it, for the possibie that Pètion circupretext, and express purpose of giving lessening the horror bimselfa this crime, especiaily generally inspired by Port-au-Prince, who among the men of colour at foresaw that Pétion, manifested their indignation: they prepared the by the sacrifice of the way for their own blacks, The force of events had destruction. from his usual line of obliged Pétion to deviate altered that his best friends policy his character was SO it; he was become a could no longer recognize all who approached savage and a despot; he abused less anxiety, tormented him; he lived in a state of ceasewith fears and nothing but conspiracies and alarms; he saw strike and punish him for his conspirators ready to liberty and independence of attempts against the weighed the his country. Pétion had involved magnitude of the danger in which he could make in himself; behalf he saw that all the efforts he would of France would be bring with them a certain and useless, and struction. He resolved inevitable deagain in despite of therefore to become a Haytian popular opinion once himself, to turn the current of The more in his favour. independence anniversary of the 13th year of our was at hand: Pétion seized immortal with avidity ready to liberty and independence of attempts against the weighed the his country. Pétion had involved magnitude of the danger in which he could make in himself; behalf he saw that all the efforts he would of France would be bring with them a certain and useless, and struction. He resolved inevitable deagain in despite of therefore to become a Haytian popular opinion once himself, to turn the current of The more in his favour. independence anniversary of the 13th year of our was at hand: Pétion seized immortal with avidity --- Page 223 --- [205 AND REPUBLIC OF HAYTI which gave him an opporon this happy circumstânce, the his patriotism, and tunity of displaying to people love of liberty and independence. this his pretended for the celebration of Every thing was prepared the whole of the and throughout fète at Port-au-Prince, pomp and maguificence, South-west, with the greatest holding two children Pétion appeared at the ceremony and a coloured child by the hands, a black on his right between the two colours, on his left, as a token of union which he had sO beneath the tree of liberty, had refused to Repairing betrayed, the man, who and had shamefully in his acts, mention the word independence without any feeling declared in bis letters that he was the French nation, this of animosity or prejudice against to pronounce the very man, I say, was seen and boldly to die rather than live oath of hatred to France, under her dominion ! off this comedy, he afAfter having thus played with hatred and suspifected to speak of the French the independence of cion : he no more mentioned but wrote in all his letters rights in his proclamations, about the independence of Hayti. the credit of his governTo endeavour to retrieve that a revision of the constitution, ment, he planned and abused: : this constitution which he had sO despised 1816, in a desert revision was made on the 2d of June, the legislators Goàve: in this solitude place at Grand their serious meditations: had nothing to interrupt to cast a cursory glance nevertheless itis only necessary of the chief mothe revised articles, to be satisfied over rendered this pretended revision necessary. that tive which article of the constitution declared, this The 105th for four years : and The President is appointed xxix. * Appendix B. No. 7, page which he had sO despised 1816, in a desert revision was made on the 2d of June, the legislators Goàve: in this solitude place at Grand their serious meditations: had nothing to interrupt to cast a cursory glance nevertheless itis only necessary of the chief mothe revised articles, to be satisfied over rendered this pretended revision necessary. that tive which article of the constitution declared, this The 105th for four years : and The President is appointed xxix. * Appendix B. No. 7, page --- Page 224 --- 205] ChvL.-or TIIE article revised in the 142d cf the MONARCHY that. The President of Hayti is new codel declares, Surely. this was not a revision, for life. of the republican form of buta total subeersion the constitution of the 27th government, of established by causing himself to be named December, 1806. Iii the principle of for life, Pétion violated republican notadmit a permianency of the governments, which does magistrate. To be convinced functions of the chief sary to cast our eye over the of this it is only necesespecially of the United States listory of of republics; that he wished to model himself. America, upon which escaping the ridicule of Had he been desirous of four getting himself re-elected years, as he had alreadydone every a much simpler method, three times, he had of the immortal namely to follow the example another; it was Washington, the and resign his place to caused to same with the right which he constitution, begiven to him by the 164th article of the ofchusing and: a again was an arbitrary, lappointing successor: this despotic, and principie; a base adulation of the senate anti-republican dered to him the rights of the which surrenIn a monarchy, the right of peopie. to the laws of uature; the succession isagreeable father; but, in a son ought to succeed to his the right of republic, to grant the first magistrate government appointing of the his successor, is to abandon the the caprice of an individual state to the power, the will, and that electiand : it is no longer the people vidual, who is proclaim their chief; it is a man, anindipartialities, and governed his in his choice by bis taste, his private friendships. which Pétion, would the denngogue, was not even a never be credited, did not republican, observation demonstrate it. experieuce and followed the voice of his During bis whole life, he passions alone; he looked but his successor, is to abandon the the caprice of an individual state to the power, the will, and that electiand : it is no longer the people vidual, who is proclaim their chief; it is a man, anindipartialities, and governed his in his choice by bis taste, his private friendships. which Pétion, would the denngogue, was not even a never be credited, did not republican, observation demonstrate it. experieuce and followed the voice of his During bis whole life, he passions alone; he looked but --- Page 225 --- - TAND REPUELIC OF HAYTI [207 sovereign power. Iram astonished to his own object, not anticithat the apologists for this constitationhave in these remarks; yet they anei suiliciently pated me weilt to-attract the attention oft the obvious,and deserve who believe themrepublicans of the South-west, earnest governed by ail arch-denocratic selves in good republic. articles of. this constitution, thus preSome other have also appearedl to me worthy tended to be revised, which interests our feliowof remark: every. thing thing citizens, should also be interesting to us; every be iajurious to them, ought likewise to whichi can it is that I addressuthe foliowing obtrouble us: : hence of the South-west. servations to tle Haytians constitution enacts, The 38th article of the revised shall be allowed to that No wchite,schateeer be his nation, his this territory as a master or proprietor. sel footon revision of the constitution was the quesSince the that wouid have doue well tion, it appears to lne you whatever be to revise this article thus: No Frenchman, this shall be allowed to set kisfoot O10 lis complezion, whatsoever, until the French territorys by any title of Hiuyti. gorerament has recognized the independence but the In this wayryou would baveexciuded none blacks, miulattoes, and whités; and this for French, whiel would have been a meaa determinate period; and unturi; nor would you sure at ouncc.just, politic, of colours; in place have given oflence to the prejudice of which by the 3Sth article, such as you, have prehave a general exciusion to the served it, y ou given which is not oniy far from reawhites of all nations, and contrary to the sonabie, but unjust, impolitic, We forbid the French to lawa of polished nations. landi on our territory, whiist they are our enemies: nothing can be more just and natoral, for there is no law iu the worid which can oblige us to receive into given oflence to the prejudice of which by the 3Sth article, such as you, have prehave a general exciusion to the served it, y ou given which is not oniy far from reawhites of all nations, and contrary to the sonabie, but unjust, impolitic, We forbid the French to lawa of polished nations. landi on our territory, whiist they are our enemies: nothing can be more just and natoral, for there is no law iu the worid which can oblige us to receive into --- Page 226 --- 208] Ch. YI.--OF THE MONARCHY our bosom enemies capable of injury: but to extend this law doing us a manifest to confound friends and to all whites in general; injustice, it would be foes; would be even more than an act of inexcusable folly and extravagance. It may be said, in reply to my unnecessary to dwell upon this 38th objections, that it is stitution, which is placed article of the conform's sake; since it is there, like others, only for nations, but even true, that not only whites of all French, both blacks, whites, are admitted at Port-au-Prince mulattoes, and tinction; witness Louis without disPradére, Sureau, &c. &c. Labelinaie, Colombel, Milcent, To this I answer then, that the constitution republic is but a vain of the you do not adhere to it. pretence ; I can readily believe advance is true ; whites in lallow again, that all you au-Prince, without general are received at Portvantage does not distinction of nation: but this adthe constitution counterbalance the injurious exclusion gives to whites, and the tinues in full force. objection conThe act of independence excluded French peremptorily from the none but the as it was repugnant to Pétion's territory of Hayti. But, alone, he discovered that heart to exclude them the exclusion to all it was more just to extend whites in tion of nation. general, without distincIcannot pass in silence the 44th, which follows from the 38th article, and is worded necessarily Every African, as follows: colonies Indian, OT their descendants, born in the in the or in foreign countries, who may come to reside republic, will be recognized as not enjoy the rights of citizens Haytians, but shall residence. until after trelve months This article is unconstitutional, it is a the priuciples contained in the act of violation of independence, whites in tion of nation. general, without distincIcannot pass in silence the 44th, which follows from the 38th article, and is worded necessarily Every African, as follows: colonies Indian, OT their descendants, born in the in the or in foreign countries, who may come to reside republic, will be recognized as not enjoy the rights of citizens Haytians, but shall residence. until after trelve months This article is unconstitutional, it is a the priuciples contained in the act of violation of independence, --- Page 227 --- AND REPUBLIC OF HAYTI. [209 forbids our disturbing the peace or which expressly of our neighbours directly or the domestic economy article is moreover in direct oppoindirectly. This article of Constitution, which sition to the fifth cstablished your by the act of maintains the principles Independenee. the 44th article, you make a direct appeal Now by of the colonies to the black and coloured population settle themselves in countries, to come and or foreign offer them an asylum in the Repubthe Republic : you according to the 3d lic, which is sacred and inviolable, ofenjoying article of the constitution, with the prospect of citizenship after a years residence: : a the rights to disturb the peace and measure which tends directly colonies or couninternal government of those foreign but the tries. This undoubtedly is not your intention ; of fact is that the 142d, 164th, 38th, and 44th articles this soi-disant revised constitution, are unconstitutional, and contrary to the general unjust, and impolitic, interest of the Haytian people. nor This constitution neitber consecrates any right, security, internal or external. The 142d furnishes any deliver the people and the state into and 164th articles of an individual: while the power and will and caprice satisfactory to the the 38th and 44th offer nothing colonies and countries. Ibave explained myforeign more. It is for the selfsufliciently ; I shouldfearto say fellow citzens purposeof placing before the eyes of my the defects of their constitution, of the South-west an it is which may occasion them SO serious injury; have for the purpose of replying to the remarks which made that I have felt myself obliged to been upon me, from which I should otherwise make these obscrvations have abstained. difficult situation in which we find Such is the P colonies and countries. Ibave explained myforeign more. It is for the selfsufliciently ; I shouldfearto say fellow citzens purposeof placing before the eyes of my the defects of their constitution, of the South-west an it is which may occasion them SO serious injury; have for the purpose of replying to the remarks which made that I have felt myself obliged to been upon me, from which I should otherwise make these obscrvations have abstained. difficult situation in which we find Such is the P --- Page 228 --- 210] Ch. VI.-OF THE MONARCHY ourselves placed, that we have only a choice of if we preserve silence the mischief evils : ther be arrested in its spreads, it can neisilence is tortured into progress nor corrected; ; our very speak we rouse up a multitude evidence of against us; if we duct gives offence, and interest, our conof two evils we have subjects us to censure; hence only the choice of the lesser. Pétion then found himselfrecalled people, as well as by the force' of by the Haytian cause ofliberty and circumstances, to the the constitution he independence; in the revision of the he should even fell short of the mark at which He had have aimed, SO powerful were his been accused by the people of fears. the country to the French whites. wishing to sell ate himself from this In order to exonerof the French charge, he extended the exclusion to thé whites in general: he was witli being the enemy of the blacks, and chargèd proving the contrary, he invited the by way of country to come and settle in the blacks of eoery is it when we stray from the direct Republic. So dificult again; one error always path to recover it leading us into another. Meanwhile M. le Vicomte du succeeded the Count de Bouchage, who had marine and the Beugnot in the ministry of and colonies, reckoning upon Pétion's offers promises, took measures for sending out sioners to Hayti. commisThe events which had taken in the occupation of France place Europe, and pelled the French by the allied armies, comand instead cabinet to alter its original of sending an armed plans ; its expedition to support negociations, as bad been formerly it obliged to contentitselfwith designed, was only to notify the dispatching commissioners designs and to the chiefs of St. pretentions of France, Domingo, We have already scen that M. Malouct, minister of sioners to Hayti. commisThe events which had taken in the occupation of France place Europe, and pelled the French by the allied armies, comand instead cabinet to alter its original of sending an armed plans ; its expedition to support negociations, as bad been formerly it obliged to contentitselfwith designed, was only to notify the dispatching commissioners designs and to the chiefs of St. pretentions of France, Domingo, We have already scen that M. Malouct, minister of --- Page 229 --- OF HAYTI [211 AND REPUBLIC had selected as emissaries to marine and the colonies, notoriously Hayti, a terrorist, ,an agent of Robespierre's, sentenced to infamous, and, to complete his character, Spaniard, the gallies for the crime ofbigamy; a renegado unknown formerly. a smuggler; and an old man equally chosen in Hayti: and in France. Such were the persons to execute his disgraceful projects. entertaining the same The Viscount du Bouchage, as M. and schooled in the same principles he prejudices, likewise made an unfortunate choice when Malouet, who were all ex-colonists : the sent us commissioners influenced and misled by the French cabinet, always and deceitful a ex-colonists, imagined that these perverse: The still retained some influence in the country. men fancied then that he bad madea Viscount du Bouchage he selected six ez-colonists to notify master-stroke when to us the orders ofLouis XVIII. be to My readers will doubtless not displeased learn the names and characters of these ci-devant maswho were thus sent to insult, deceive and entrap ters, their ci-devant slaves. chief of the mission, The Viscount de Fontanges, ex-colonel of is an old man, an ez-colonist of Gonaives, of the cordon the regiment ofthe Cape, ex-commandant before of Marmelade, who had twenty-eight years hostilities Generals Jean François carried on against of freedom. and Biassou, the champions during the revolutionThe Viscount de Fontanges, influence over ary war of St. Domingo, possessed great and flattered, the men of colour, whome he carressed the blacks in order to induce them to make war upon it was under Generals Jean François, and Biassou; on this account that he was chosen as envoy expressly Pétion, being, from long experience quite to General expert at such intrigues. P 2 twenty-eight years hostilities Generals Jean François carried on against of freedom. and Biassou, the champions during the revolutionThe Viscount de Fontanges, influence over ary war of St. Domingo, possessed great and flattered, the men of colour, whome he carressed the blacks in order to induce them to make war upon it was under Generals Jean François, and Biassou; on this account that he was chosen as envoy expressly Pétion, being, from long experience quite to General expert at such intrigues. P 2 --- Page 230 --- Ch. VI.--OF THE MONARCHY 212] Esmangart, an ex-colonist, an extenThe renowned of Cayes, now a counsellor of sive planter of the plains who shudders at the bare state, is said to be a man influence mention of liberty, and is reported to possess in the South-west. an ex-colonist of Lower du Petit-Houars, e George known in the country to be imbued with Limbé, was of the ancient regime, and execrated all the prejudices the blacks and men of colour. du Roi at Laujon, was an ex-colonist, ez-procureur of his having St. Marc : he was selected in consequence out the course written memoirs. in wbich he pointed the of which the whites ought to pursue for purpose, the men of colour and the blacks mutually making destroy each other. of the mountain of ArcaJouctte, an ex-colonist the satellites of Leclerc and hayes, had been one of Rochambeau. Cotelle Laboulatrie was an exIn fine, the sixth, a man du Roi at Port-au-Prince, colonist, ex-procureur the stratagems, and the deeply versed in the crimes, treachery of the ex-colonists. likewise, in testimony of These commissioners. were to be accomfaith, sincerity, and kindness, their good renegadoes, panied by, certain Haytian the commisThe better to ensure the success-pf collected from all sioners, the Viscount du Bouchage traitors and renegadoes parts of France those Haytian on its evacuation vho had followed the French army in order to send under Rochambeau : of St. Domingo, before the arrival of the commissioners, them to Hayti the minds of the people for the purpose of preparing in the north-west as well as to receive them favourably in the south-west. reached St. Thomas's in a Frencl These traitors ian the commisThe better to ensure the success-pf collected from all sioners, the Viscount du Bouchage traitors and renegadoes parts of France those Haytian on its evacuation vho had followed the French army in order to send under Rochambeau : of St. Domingo, before the arrival of the commissioners, them to Hayti the minds of the people for the purpose of preparing in the north-west as well as to receive them favourably in the south-west. reached St. Thomas's in a Frencl These traitors --- Page 231 --- - - OF HAYTI. [213 AND REPUBLIC fate which they had to exvessel. There learningthe the shores of the northpect, if they dared to pollute they hastened to Portwest with their sacriligious feet, guilt. The right au-Prince, to Pétion, their copartnerin sacred and inviolable, of asylum in the republic was A crowd of these especially for traitors and spies. enemies, deserters, these most dangerous cowardly of their country, was seen to most cruel scourges them was to be seen arrive in this town ; amongst betrayed Governor the traitor Bellegrade, who had a man barToussaint Louverture, Louis Labelinaie, the Séide of barous and cruel even to an absurdity, the course of one Rochambeau ; a man who had in hung, in the presence of Pétion, twenty-five short day females of the plantations Saint Michel unfortunate a man who was guilty of the destrucand Madeline ; hundred human beings, his tion of four or five whom he delivered up to brethren and fellow citizens, drowned, burned at the French to be hung, strangled, Such were the the stake, or torn to pieces by the dogs. blood of their comwretches, yet dripping with and welcomed by Pétion patriots, who were received at Port-au-Prince. their having been forewarned of Nolwithstanding awaited them in the kingdom of Hayti, the fate which these renegadoes, some bold there were found among but they were arrested enough to hazard the attempt, the punishand experienced as soon as they entered, ment due to spies and traitors. during the years While these events were passing instant in 1815, and 1816, Henry lost not an 1814, into a state of defence, and we putting the kingdom receive both the French comwere fully prepared to' might missioners and army, in whatever manner they present themselves. Nolwithstanding awaited them in the kingdom of Hayti, the fate which these renegadoes, some bold there were found among but they were arrested enough to hazard the attempt, the punishand experienced as soon as they entered, ment due to spies and traitors. during the years While these events were passing instant in 1815, and 1816, Henry lost not an 1814, into a state of defence, and we putting the kingdom receive both the French comwere fully prepared to' might missioners and army, in whatever manner they present themselves. --- Page 232 --- 214] Ch. VL.-OF THE MONARCHY the Nothwithstanding our great King did not cease to direct his preparations for war, public prosperity. War, attention to the public instruction, each claimed agriculture, commerce, and neceseary, said he, that all should bis attention ; it was without interfering with each other: advance together, ties he had to encounter, the the more difficulplay, and the more resources did more courage did he disHenry watched with he develope. French upon Hayti, and bis vigilance chief the designs of the out the means of study was to find what passed in the counteracting them. He saw, from more upon south-west, that the French counted than by force subduing of us by intrigue and arms. From this moment corruption, more than ever the importance of Henry saw acquainted with their riglts and making the people determined upon their duties : and he diffusing the light of throughout all classes of his subjects. instruction Next to a change of a is the most powerful method religion, change of language and manner of a nation. It of altering the character found schools, was resolved in council to out all the towns academies, and and royal colleges throughstruction should be parishes of the kingdom : that inafter the English given in the English tongue, and publicinstruction: method : it was also resolved that national cost. should begiven gratis in Hayti; at the considered Immediately after this tbe about the means of obtaining government abroad, and issued orders for masters from ings to serve for schools. erecting suitable buildIn the course of the same national school opened in the year, 1816, we saw the ceeding years, the towns of capital; and in the sucGonaives, and St. Marc, had Sans-Souci, Port de Paix, and opened to the public schools established in them, gratuitously. --- Page 233 --- OF HAYTL a [215 AND REPUBLIC art which diffuses human Printing, that precious service to us. In. less knowledge, has been of signal caused three printing than six months government at Cape Henry, Sansestablisbments to be founded, it will be easy for us Souci, and the Citadel Henry : them in all the townsthroughprogressively to establish out the kingdom. offices, the writers, By means of these printing poured forth a deluge and journalists of the north-west into the southof papers into the country, especially circulated, and met the west. Tbe news of Europe of the ex-coloof the people. All the writings eyes auswered and refuted : all communications nists were which were received from the direct and indirect, published and dispersed French, were immediately defeated their through the country ; this publicity Three months plans, and carried death to their hopes. to our fellow before their arrival, we had announced of the commiscitizens of the south-west, the approach we had foresioners who were to be sent to them, warned them to be upon their guard. for the arrival of these Pétion then anxiously looked he was reduced to at Port-au-Prince ; commissioners, as to be enabled to do any such a state of weakness, doubtless have been well thing for them : he would but he bad received and pleased not to receive them, therefore do otherwise welcomed a spy; he could not Had he sent them. than receive the commissioners. bis own conduct with back, he would have condemned decided on respect to Dauxion Lavaysse : he therefore disgraced to the receiving them. He was already utmost, and could not make himself worse. the frigate At length, on the5th of October 1816, preceeded Flora appeared in sight of Port-au-Prince, this colonial and by the brig Railleur, having on board received and pleased not to receive them, therefore do otherwise welcomed a spy; he could not Had he sent them. than receive the commissioners. bis own conduct with back, he would have condemned decided on respect to Dauxion Lavaysse : he therefore disgraced to the receiving them. He was already utmost, and could not make himself worse. the frigate At length, on the5th of October 1816, preceeded Flora appeared in sight of Port-au-Prince, this colonial and by the brig Railleur, having on board --- Page 234 --- 216] ChViFor THE NONAECHY legislative dom commission, So long looked for, was, in concertawith whose wisof the north for France,. Pétion, togain over thedistrict while yet at sea, acquainted The Viscount de Foutanges his letter* of the 2d of Pétion with his arrival by the end and object of his October, in which he declared From this moment mission. for Pétion had no farther occasion corresponding with the enough : he ouight to bave commisioners; refused he knew forbidden tbeir entrance into the to see them, and First, Their rank of ports of the Republic. superior authority by which commissioners implied a to notify its orders to its they were commissioned subjects. Secondly, Their quality of en-colonists, vindictive, and tyrannical; of ci-devant passionate, natural and implacable enemies of the masters, the Thirdty, The objéct of their Haytians. to procure a recognition of the mission, which was by the Republic. sovereignty of France These three reasons should have refuse to see the made Pétion: away: but Pétion Commissioners, and to order them feeling of the was unable longer to entertain a in his dignity of a man; humbled and own eyes, every sentiment of disgraced and humanity, was banished honour, of justice, hardened in from his heart; he was of shame. infamy, and was no longer susceptible The Viscount de Fontanges began his letter acquainting Pétion that the white by sO long courageously flag, which he had tically hoisted for defended, had been enthusiaswhich had more than twc years in all countries the formerly been subject to the dominion of King : that St. Domingo alone delayed doing S0. App. E. No. 1.page Ivi. banished honour, of justice, hardened in from his heart; he was of shame. infamy, and was no longer susceptible The Viscount de Fontanges began his letter acquainting Pétion that the white by sO long courageously flag, which he had tically hoisted for defended, had been enthusiaswhich had more than twc years in all countries the formerly been subject to the dominion of King : that St. Domingo alone delayed doing S0. App. E. No. 1.page Ivi. --- Page 235 --- AND REPUBLIC OEHAYTI. [217 entertained no doubts respecting the The Viscount had to expect, he reception which the cotmissioners" of Pétion. 66 We convinced of the loyalty was fully said heto him, 66 Colonelthe Chevalier de ssend you," Dominge, chef d'escadron, 2 Jouette, and the Chevalier with M. of this letter, together c6 who are the bearers who has expressed < le Dué, one of your countrymen, & a wish to accompany them." to Pétion's memory theif Wishing to recall again against the freedom former intrigues, when they fought concludéd of the Blacks, this ez-colonist commissioner his letter in the following terms: he 6 Your old General, the Viscount de Fontanges, 6 under whose command you and your countrymen sO the royal càuse, when perjured 66 honourably defended attack ib, is at the head of this 6 subjects dared to ce pacific mission."* to Pétion to The Viscount de Fontanges proposed hoist the white fag, and betray his national colours ; commissioners who were all ca-colonists, to receive of men in St. Domingo, the ci-devant proprietors enemies of the Haytians, who natural and implacable them the orders of the King of came to notify to Pétion to have returned France, What answer ought that the act of independence, to such an overture? and the duties of his the constitution of his country, the station, forbade his entering into any negociation indebasis of which was inimical to the liberty and That the Republic, free and pendence of his country. ofa independent, could not admit the commissioners who camé to signify its orders to her. foreign power offered to the majesty, of That doing SO was an insult and That the Viscount de Fontanges, the Republic. Appendis E. No. 1, pages Ivii. andlvii, , to such an overture? and the duties of his the constitution of his country, the station, forbade his entering into any negociation indebasis of which was inimical to the liberty and That the Republic, free and pendence of his country. ofa independent, could not admit the commissioners who camé to signify its orders to her. foreign power offered to the majesty, of That doing SO was an insult and That the Viscount de Fontanges, the Republic. Appendis E. No. 1, pages Ivii. andlvii, --- Page 236 --- 218] Ch. VI-TOF THE MONARCHY commissioners, who accompanied him, were morethe the natural enemies of the Hayover all er-colonists, and the 38th article tians.. The act of independence, them from the country; of the Constitution, proscribed allowed to set their foot in the that if they were not much iess could they country as simple individuals, ina character be suffered to do so, when they appeared it the hostile and insulting to the Republic. That was insult which the French cabinet could offer to greatest of Hayti, to send their former masters to the people ci-devant slaves to return again to the order their France. That from, the aforesaid considominion of felt himself derations, the president of the Republic the French commissioners to withdraw; bound to order were shut against them, that the ports of the Republic named Le Dué, be and that with respect to the person and delivered should be arrested as a Haytian subject, the fate deserter, to the sword of the law, to meet as a reseryed for traitors and spies. have to Such is the answer Pétion ought to given commissioners, had he understood these ex-colonist his office and to the dignity of the what was due to more than a traitor Republic. But he was nothing dishonoured himsold to the French ; he had already he therefore self by negociating with a base spy ; no difficulty in giving a favourable recepexperienced commissioners. Here is the tion to the er-colonist which he did make to the substance of the reply Viscount de Fontanges. defended the French Wehave in truth, (says Pétion) decotion: with abundant courage, and an unbounded fag chuse to the whitefag, for this would he did not say ofthe Next, he feared have roused the feelings people. the iri common place remarks upon after indulging that revolution which Pétion events of the revolution, favourable recepexperienced commissioners. Here is the tion to the er-colonist which he did make to the substance of the reply Viscount de Fontanges. defended the French Wehave in truth, (says Pétion) decotion: with abundant courage, and an unbounded fag chuse to the whitefag, for this would he did not say ofthe Next, he feared have roused the feelings people. the iri common place remarks upon after indulging that revolution which Pétion events of the revolution, --- Page 237 --- REPUBLIC OF HAYTI. [219 AND because it had given liberty to the Blacks,* hated, character of his most Christian Maupon the known his unbeard of misfortunes jesty, his mild principles, the contest which had been and those of bis family, cruel and sanguinary, the maintained, as long as it was &c. &c. In fine, after uncertainty of bis fate, &c. in a flat and insipid abundance of trifling delivered come to the espionnuge style,. he was compelled should to be afraid of weakening of Dauxion Lavaysse. I were I to give it otherthis master-piece of villainy, after which I shall make a wise than in a literal copy, slight commentary upon it. General Dauxion Lavaysse 6 During this interval, the character of a and assumed cs arrived at Jamaica, A work, published under c6 royal commissioner. of discord hurled a brand se his influence, appcared disunion, to set the family at 6 amongst us to create and the heads with the 46 variance with its heads, there depicted in 66 family ; a qualified slavery was and the people were < the most specious colours, manner; while the lot 6 called back to it in the mildest savages, leaders was to be that of mischievous s6 of.the TO THE ISLE OF RATAU, 66 DEATH or BANTSHNENT and reloading with 66 after having aided in seducing friends, the companions their 66 chains their brethren, Notwithstanding all 66 of their arms and their glory. dared to present Dauxion Lavaysse, 6 this, Geueral where lie was received c himself at Port-nu-Prince, of his mission were made cc with kindness: : the acts and avowed were unmasked, 66 public, his instructions of view could his mission 66 by himeelf. In what point E. No. 2, pagel lviti. Pétion's hatred of the Appendix itself in every line; he boasts of having, revolution betrays defended the white cockade. under Colonel Maudit, their glory. dared to present Dauxion Lavaysse, 6 this, Geueral where lie was received c himself at Port-nu-Prince, of his mission were made cc with kindness: : the acts and avowed were unmasked, 66 public, his instructions of view could his mission 66 by himeelf. In what point E. No. 2, pagel lviti. Pétion's hatred of the Appendix itself in every line; he boasts of having, revolution betrays defended the white cockade. under Colonel Maudit, --- Page 238 --- 220] Ch. VL-OF THE MONARCHY tt bé regarded P--as an E6 risk did hé hot run? espionnage! In this case, what Nevertheless 66 were signed and sanctioned these instructions 66 confidence of the by a minister in the King, and thus bore 66 authenticity. What a the stamp of s6 All these documénts subject of reflection for us, 66 under his most christian were, we are well assured, long Majesty's no doubt often carefully examined consideration, and 6c public prints of all by him. The 66 thes ; and they have. Europe been have resounded with ic with remarks much to our repeatedly republished 66 wisdom and moderation credit; and in which our 66 General Lavaysse has have been approved of. 66 having received returned to France, after 6 hospitality." every testimony of the most sacred Iappeal to all impartial men, even to friends and advocates, to Colombel Pétion's own and not every word, every line of this Milcent, does host of the most palpable falsehoods? passage, contain a proceed to expose its sophistry. But I must 65 During this intereal": of what Pétion mean to 'speak? Is it of that which interval does between the dispatching of Dauxion intervened and the return of Lavaysse to Hayti, This is what Pétion Bonaparte from Elba to France? interval between these means ; and yet there was no of the minister two events. The first measure Malouet, had been to dispatch Lavaysse to Hayti, and he had. arrived in Dauxion February 1815, before the return of France in Elba. There was then no interval Bonaparte frcm patch of this spy to Hayti, and between the disFrance. This introductory Napoleon's return to falsehood, which nothing at first, was committed appears designedly, for the Appendix E. No. 2, pages lix. and Ix. minister two events. The first measure Malouet, had been to dispatch Lavaysse to Hayti, and he had. arrived in Dauxion February 1815, before the return of France in Elba. There was then no interval Bonaparte frcm patch of this spy to Hayti, and between the disFrance. This introductory Napoleon's return to falsehood, which nothing at first, was committed appears designedly, for the Appendix E. No. 2, pages lix. and Ix. --- Page 239 --- AND REPUBLIC OF HAYTI Pétion's guilt in the eyes of the purpose ofl lessening arrived at Japeople. c6 General Daurion Lavaysse commisand assumed the character of a royal c maica, The minister 46 sioner" : this again is an imposture. in his instructions * calls Dauxion Lavaysse Malouet Beugnot calls him colonel.t a secret agent; the Compte impudently assumed at JaTuis Dauxion Lavaysse of the maica the title of General and principal agent: it Pétion minister of marine and the colonies; but was who chose to style this spy. in his public acts, himself Louis xvii, ling of France the deputy of lis Majesty another falsehood. 66 A and Navarres: which is again d brand under his infuence, appeared <6 work, published us to create disunion, to set e of discord hurled amongst with its heads, and the heads 6c the family at variance slavery was there depicted 6 with the family; a qualifed and the people were 66 in the most specions colours, manner." The work c called back to it in the mildest the same to which in question is that of H. Henry, My Pétion replied under the signature of Columbus.il will bear in mind that it is in this pamphlet readers ascribes to the ex-colonists a certain that Pétion the measures to be pursued omniscience A respecting to and he had for the reduction of the Blacks slavery, Cc The lot the the effrontery to speak of them. of even to be that of mischievous savages" - 6 leaders was another perfidy on the part of another imposition, letter of Dauxion Lavaysse, of the Pétion! Read the together with the in6th of September, to Pétion,"* Malouet;t the chiefs were structions of the minister C. No. 1, pages xxxili, xxxvii, and xxxviti. Appendix F. No. 3, page ci. 1 App. B. No. 3, page xvii. + App. xiii. Il App. A. page i. T App.A. page ii. S App. B. page App. C. N. 1, page xxxii. ** App. B. No. 1, page xiii. +t 6th of September, to Pétion,"* Malouet;t the chiefs were structions of the minister C. No. 1, pages xxxili, xxxvii, and xxxviti. Appendix F. No. 3, page ci. 1 App. B. No. 3, page xvii. + App. xiii. Il App. A. page i. T App.A. page ii. S App. B. page App. C. N. 1, page xxxii. ** App. B. No. 1, page xiii. +t --- Page 240 --- 222] Ch, VI-OF THE MONAFCHY to receive rewards for their perfidy, but it was the people who were to be ce treated as barbarous 66 and hunted as Maroon Negroes." Admire sarages, for instant with me, the manner in which Pétion hum- an bugged the people: he cut off the last member of the - sentence, hunted as Maroon Negroes, because he feared rousing the fears of the Blacks, whom he had sold, but was unable to deliver up; and he referred these insults to the chiefs, while in reality they were meant to apply to the people: his motive is easily understood. More crimes, more falsehoods, ce death, OT banislment < to the isle of Ratau, after having aided in 66 and reloading with chains their bretlren, seducing ae the companions of their arms and their glory."' their friends, 95 We have seen Pétion mutilate passages, employ sophistical quibbles, and write absolute nonsense, in order to confuse every thing : here he would make it though these expressions, death or banishment appear to the as isle of Ratau, belonged to the work - of H. whilst they are found literally in the instructions Henry, of the minister Malouet, + and by implication in the correspondence of Dauxion Lavaysse with General Pétion; while it is Pétion himself who was to put the to death; and send to theisleof Ratau or elsewhere, Haytians those whom it might be deemed inexpedient to send back to slavery. How was his note changed P These barbarous savages, these Maroon Negroes, these violent and incorrigible men, had become the brethren, the friends,thecompanions oft the arms and the glory ofthis traitor. Iamat a loss for epithets strong enough to characterize avowals so shamefuland disgraceful as these. 66 66 at all this, Dauzion Lavaysse dared Nothucitistanding to 66 at present himself Port-au-Prince, where he was received with kindApp. B. No. 1, page Xv. t App. C. 1, No. pagexxxvii. oon Negroes, these violent and incorrigible men, had become the brethren, the friends,thecompanions oft the arms and the glory ofthis traitor. Iamat a loss for epithets strong enough to characterize avowals so shamefuland disgraceful as these. 66 66 at all this, Dauzion Lavaysse dared Nothucitistanding to 66 at present himself Port-au-Prince, where he was received with kindApp. B. No. 1, page Xv. t App. C. 1, No. pagexxxvii. --- Page 241 --- OF HAYTI. L9g3 AND REPUBLIC his mission were made public, his in6 hess ! the acts of and avoved by himself. <6 structions were urmasked could his mission be regarded 2" In 66 achat point of view ce m What and Pétion himself replies, as an espionnage to write and had the impudence an admission!-he with bis name ! and he added, in this subscribe this did he not run 2"_I will complete the < case what risk which be was unwilling to meaning of this sentence and accomplice in finish. Had he notfound a protector after speaking of the head of the Government? Pétion this assemblage of prudence and moderation, concluded by saying that the spy baseness, villainy and falsehood, having received cvcry 6 has returned to France, after as if the ce testimony of the most sacred hospitality," laws of bospitality extended to a spy. the proofs These last avowals of Pétion, which complete he is charged: ofthe crime of high treason with blot upon his life, and these itis which fix an indelible ! cover his memory with eternal disgrace his his At length, to put the seal to all absurdities, letter to the crimes and his attempts, he ends his thus. c6 The Commissioners Vicount de Fontanges to send to this Repub- <6 whom it has pleased his Majesty how sacred the laws 66 lic willfind, as soon as they land, ; and that the < of nations are held by this government of colour or of nation, 6 ahole world without exception the laus, the most C enjoys here under the protection of crowns the work. The conclusion 6 perfect equality." Finius coronat opus. deceive and mislead the people, Thus Pétion, to and injustice; that by a confounded all ideas of justice all notions of general inversion of the order of nature, become morality of justice and of humanity might Appendix E, No. 2, P. ix. they land, ; and that the < of nations are held by this government of colour or of nation, 6 ahole world without exception the laus, the most C enjoys here under the protection of crowns the work. The conclusion 6 perfect equality." Finius coronat opus. deceive and mislead the people, Thus Pétion, to and injustice; that by a confounded all ideas of justice all notions of general inversion of the order of nature, become morality of justice and of humanity might Appendix E, No. 2, P. ix. --- Page 242 --- 224] Ch.-vI OF THE MONARCHY In the midst of this confu-. perverted, or overturned. total of the laws and sion is to be seen a ignorance and rights of nations, a violation of their principles contempt for the fundamental rules and a profound laws of his country. of public honesty and morality Here the violated principles by the French cabinet : a shamehad been accompanied by the most atrocious ful éspionnage, Instead of seeing circumstances was in contemplation. at this infamy, the chief of the Republic enraged and scafand speaking only of punishments indignant, hear him say that the spy has returned to folds, you received testimonies of the most. France after having the sacred rightsand duties sacredhospitalitys: as thongh to a base spy! of hospitality extended to a criminal, under foot every There the French cabinet trampled the dispatch of regulation of the laws of nations, by its orders to commissioners, all en-colonists, to notify the : the people is insulted in its rights; the Republic and abused; in place constitution is violated,despised, with dignity, the of repelling these insults and outrages whom it has President replies, that, 6 the commissioners will his to send to this Republic, < pleased Majesty land, how sacred the law of <6 find, as soon as they 6 nations ure held by this Gorernment." the French from The Act of Independence excludes extends the3sth article of the constitution the country, to whites of whatever nation they may. this exclusion 44th article admits into the Republic only be: the and Pétion had Africans, Indians or their descendants, eximpudence enoughi to write to the commissioners, colour colonists, that all the world without exception of the laws nation, lived there under the protection of oT equality. What nonsense ! of in the most perfect does he speak; ; this it is what laws, of what equality ." the French from The Act of Independence excludes extends the3sth article of the constitution the country, to whites of whatever nation they may. this exclusion 44th article admits into the Republic only be: the and Pétion had Africans, Indians or their descendants, eximpudence enoughi to write to the commissioners, colour colonists, that all the world without exception of the laws nation, lived there under the protection of oT equality. What nonsense ! of in the most perfect does he speak; ; this it is what laws, of what equality --- Page 243 --- - an AND REPUBLIC OF HAYTI and turns it into that Pétion violates the constitution, ridicule by the bitterest irony. I feel ashamed of myself. While writing these lines, such inconsisteneies To what then ought we to ascribe effect of ignorance or and absurdities ? Is it to the the of the Gotreason P To both ;--to treason on part Had and ignorance on that of the governed. vernors, and honest men, they would the governors been patriots to guide them, to teach have bad knowledge enough and cause the laws of the them to respect themselves, and if the governed, or. in Republic to be respected; ; had sufother words, the mass of the people, able possessed to read, and would have been ficient learning,they and its proceeddetect in the acts of their government infamous treason; and ings incontestible proofs of its firmness and energy to they would have had sufficient to trial the traitors drive from their stations and bring them to the French. who last dishonoured and sold painful and But that which in all this is truly and which aflicting to the hearts ofall true Haytians, is that the treason, we cannot dissemblefrom ourselves, of the governignorance, and versatility dastardliness, joined to the want of energy ment ofthe South-west, of that part, who have and blindness of the Haytians have neglect of their dearestinterests, shewn a shameful the the liberty, and been singularly injurious to cause, This culpable oftheHaytian people! theindependence their dutics has served only to confirn forgetfulness of of fraud and duplicity! the ex-colonists in their system is comMeanwhile the government of the South-westi in of a senate and a chamber of representatices, posed men, vigilant guardians which sit doubtless enlightened of the interests of the people! What were yedoing then ye comnscarptibtienicalel inyourcurule chairs, when uepmetietsrinatipetie Q urious to cause, This culpable oftheHaytian people! theindependence their dutics has served only to confirn forgetfulness of of fraud and duplicity! the ex-colonists in their system is comMeanwhile the government of the South-westi in of a senate and a chamber of representatices, posed men, vigilant guardians which sit doubtless enlightened of the interests of the people! What were yedoing then ye comnscarptibtienicalel inyourcurule chairs, when uepmetietsrinatipetie Q --- Page 244 --- 226] Ch. VI.--OF THE MUNARCHY plotted before your eyes, and in of the blacks, the ruin ofy writing, the slavery tion of your fellow your country, and, the destrucno doubt in a citizens P You were buried, alas! barbarousi profound sleep! For all the cries sa vages, of the maroon of the of Ratau, which re-echoed in negroes, of the isle to awaken you outiof your ears, were unable then wholly lost, and your deep lethargy. You were of the world! for perfectly forgetful of the affairs to the fate you would otherwise have been alive ofyour countryand your unfortunate citizens ; you would have been able fellow writings and acts of Pétion, to read in the deceived, how shamefully he had of yoking betrayed, and disgraced you; and in yourselves as you have done to place car like base his funeral dead body of republicans, thist you would have thrown the traitorinto the charnel house ! conscript fathers, you slumbered then : you had lost But, consciousness of your own all lost to the affairs of the existence, and were totally have erred; but it world! Neverthcless you was without knowledge of cause, without premeditation, the cusable, and I excuse you weretherefore exyou. On the Gth of October, the Viscount de communicated to Pétion the ordinance of Fontanges which named the Louis xviii, 66 This ordinance," commissioners to' St. Domingo. 6c every uneasiness, says Fontanges, "66 ought to calm <c acgtaint and.fill all hearts with hope. It wcill you likewrise, with ce porcers."- general, the cxtent of our By the ordinance in question, the were to confer with the existing commissioners thing which related to the authorities on every the internal legislation ofthe colony, administration, and public order, the civil * Appendts E, No. 3,p. Ix. , 66 This ordinance," commissioners to' St. Domingo. 6c every uneasiness, says Fontanges, "66 ought to calm <c acgtaint and.fill all hearts with hope. It wcill you likewrise, with ce porcers."- general, the cxtent of our By the ordinance in question, the were to confer with the existing commissioners thing which related to the authorities on every the internal legislation ofthe colony, administration, and public order, the civil * Appendts E, No. 3,p. Ix. --- Page 245 --- - AND REFUBLIC OF HAYTI. the state of persons, and the and military functionaries, with the mother countrys &c. * commercial intercourse did Pétion require to know a Had Now what more. whole extent ofthepowers of he not before his eyes.the P Did not all the most favourable the commissioners which could be made to him resolve propositionsof the sovereignty of themselves into a recognition he possess either the France? Could he do this?-did then commence right or the power? He could not yetthis, overtures upon bases which were inadmissible; nevertheless, is the very thing which he did, from the correspondence now before me, It: appears with the old Visthat Pétion had secret conferences at which beforehe had public ones, count de Fontanges, to him all the difficulties he doubtless communicated till afterhe had these private of his situation : it was not ex-colonist commisinterviews, that Pétion gave these o'clock in the evening, in sioners an audience, at seven authorities of the Republic. the presence of the chief torch light must have This nocturnal audience by ludicrous scene. The presented a curious and even their ancient masters on the one side making the good other who were pretensions, and the subjects on A arose reto listen toi them. question base enough of Dauxion Lavaysse. At specting the espionnage between Pétion and the length it was doubtless agreed to sound the dispoex-coloniets, that it was necessary thing could be sition of the North-west, before any entered upon. circumstances, had misfortune SO willed Under these the North-west had it, that thereins of governmentin as likewise been entrusted to a chiefas unprincipled in the South-west. These two govermments the one App. E. No. 4, page Ixi. Q 2 se. At specting the espionnage between Pétion and the length it was doubtless agreed to sound the dispoex-coloniets, that it was necessary thing could be sition of the North-west, before any entered upon. circumstances, had misfortune SO willed Under these the North-west had it, that thereins of governmentin as likewise been entrusted to a chiefas unprincipled in the South-west. These two govermments the one App. E. No. 4, page Ixi. Q 2 --- Page 246 --- 228] Ch. VI.-OF THE MONARCHY would have been seen, to the disgrace of the human with each otherin the baseness of respecies, beneath vying the yoke of these haughty mastérs : tuming sacrificed, would bave been and the people, shamefully their rights anew by forcerof arms. obliged to reclaim people, for their honour Happily for the Haytain of in the and glory, Henry held the reins government hand. His energy, North-west with a firm and prudent and his unvarying principles of honour his patriotism, which have conducted probity, have been the guies them back to the cause of liberty and independence. took their deThe ex-colonist commissioners then to for the North, with the design of returning parture with Pétion, after having. Port-au-Prince,' to confer again sounded the disposition of the King of Hayti. of Here' is the manneriu which the Royal Gazette of this Haytifor the'27th of October gives an account event. I cannot do it more exactly, and faithfully. Gazette, cS For the first time," says the Royal has éxhithe white tlag c during twenty-seven years, in a manner as disgraceful sc bited litself upon our shores French : the sas it was ridiculous for the the goverament: symbol of the ssight of this contemptible flag, excited the 66 slavery under which we groaned forages, 66 deepest indignation in all hearts. and people, 66 The cause of a just, brave, generous most monstrous cwhich resisted persecution and the be 66 ofall tyrannies of wbich an instance can found of nations'; this cause, I say, can- <6 among the records of mankind: : we 66 not be indifferent to the grentinass heard, to 66 should then never cease to make our voice the tribunal of 66 discuss our rights, and plead before causes. Should 66 the whole world the thost just ofall succeed in stifling c6 the passions, injustice, and avarice efforts; should our c our voice and paralyzing our ous most monstrous cwhich resisted persecution and the be 66 ofall tyrannies of wbich an instance can found of nations'; this cause, I say, can- <6 among the records of mankind: : we 66 not be indifferent to the grentinass heard, to 66 should then never cease to make our voice the tribunal of 66 discuss our rights, and plead before causes. Should 66 the whole world the thost just ofall succeed in stifling c6 the passions, injustice, and avarice efforts; should our c our voice and paralyzing our --- Page 247 --- : OF HAYTI. [229 AND REPUBLIG voices of be deaf and insensible to the <f contempornries at least, more, just, < humanity and of.justice, posterity, tothem; the materials which we transmit c6 will collect upon the men, and the c they will sit in judgment live; they will re66 learning of the age in which we and turn < cognize the rights of oppressed innocence, the oppressors." cc the shaft of ignominy against the editor gives an After this ehergetic exordium, his reaccount of the event which was the subjectof marks as follows: of the 17th of October 1816, the 66 On the morning made. a signal for two 66 signal station of Cape Henry to windward, 66 vessels," a frigate and a brig, beating they of wai; from their manceuvres 6 known to be ships ships cruising off the 66 were suspected to be enemics too near. €6 harbour without daring to approach the port, and hove ce Next morning they approached 66 to at a distance of about four leagues. ofthecapital, The Duke de ia Marmelade, governor of Picolet to observe the manceuvres 66 repaired to Fort recoguised as French by <e these vessels. They were 66 their flags. the frigate made a 6 About two in the afternoon, to come which was at a distance, c6 signal to tbe brig, the brig was sent on board 66 near her; a boat from receive orders, and in half 66 the frigate, apparently to the frigate and brig 66 an hour returned to the brig: the mizen, and the 6 then hoisted the Haytian flag ati and made full 6 white flag at the main and foremasts, c6 sail for Fort Picolet. that they were 66 Then the governor, presuming boat to the approach cs vessels oftruce, ordered pilot's to conof the fort, to be ready Cs under the protection harbour in case they required it. 66 ductrtliem into the they were 6e On this manceuvre every one supposed igate and brig 66 an hour returned to the brig: the mizen, and the 6 then hoisted the Haytian flag ati and made full 6 white flag at the main and foremasts, c6 sail for Fort Picolet. that they were 66 Then the governor, presuming boat to the approach cs vessels oftruce, ordered pilot's to conof the fort, to be ready Cs under the protection harbour in case they required it. 66 ductrtliem into the they were 6e On this manceuvre every one supposed --- Page 248 --- 230] Ch. R VI-LOF THE cc about to come into the MONARCHY 6c abreast of the fort port, The pilot remained 66 waiting'for with the Haytian flag them. displayed, 66 The brig caine within about *fort, backed two leagues of the c6 We momently hertopsails, came about, and fired a gun. 6 her* boat with expected that she would lower < with the a flag of truce to come and speak <6 to him commandant of the fort, and the purport of her communicate 66 ifushe wanted mission, or ask for a to come pilot, E6 practice of all into the harbour, as is the nations: : not SO however, the continded to manceuvre, and fired brig < Thé frigate and a number of guns. C us to send On board brig, tired of waiting in vain for 6s direction of the them, made sail, and took the 66 day the signal channel of la Tortue. The same station 66 west; the French announced a brigantine steering <6 her, spoke her for brig. bore down upon her, boarded c The a long time, and thus left her. e rican, brigantine, altered which was discovered to be an Ameher 66 harbour for several course, and kept cruising off the 66 coming in: days; she appeared desirous of c that she one evening she approached SO c was supposed to be entering : the close, approaclied, when, to the pilot c6 stood out to sea great surprise of all, she 66 six days offthe again: at length after having cruized 6 The port, she determined on coming in. €6 interpreter of Cape Henry paired on board to fulfil immediately re6i learned that the his accustomed duties: he' <6 of New York, brigantine was the Sidney, Crispin 66 M. Captain Elisha Kenn, with Mr. King as Jacob C6 clared themselves supercargo: - These two gentlemen dece jesty the bearers of two letters for his MaKing of 6 to them by the Hayti, which had been delivered <6 The Captainoft the French brig le Railleur. iuterpreter hastened to make - s report to €6 interpreter of Cape Henry paired on board to fulfil immediately re6i learned that the his accustomed duties: he' <6 of New York, brigantine was the Sidney, Crispin 66 M. Captain Elisha Kenn, with Mr. King as Jacob C6 clared themselves supercargo: - These two gentlemen dece jesty the bearers of two letters for his MaKing of 6 to them by the Hayti, which had been delivered <6 The Captainoft the French brig le Railleur. iuterpreter hastened to make - s report to --- Page 249 --- REPUBLIC OF HAYTI. [231 AND repaired to the King's <6 thégovemor, who immediately and supercargo, and 6 wharf, to question the captain but what was his these letters were: c learn what, when the American 66 astonishment and indignation him with two let66 captain and supercargo presented insulting to the direction of which was 66 ters, the being in the unusual form of c Haytian government, Christophe, at Cape Français. c6 To Monsieur General his extreme surprise and 66 The governor expressed told the captain and supercargo 66 indignation; and who had that Americans, k that he was astonished with Hayti, who enjoyed 6s traded for so many years and who had, like our66 the protection of the"laws, and independence, 66 selves, attained their freedom which was undertaken a commission c should have than misplaced, for the subjects 66 no less dishonourable with tbe Haytians; the governor 6 ofa nation at amity letters without breaking the e instantly returned the take them back to those from 6 seal, ordered them to and quit the harbour < whom they had received them, All the boats in the < forthwithi; which was done. out of which was quickly 66 port towed the brigantine, 66 harbour. bound from Cape Henry to A se The brig Speculant, French and brig off cs Gonnives, fell in with the frigate 66 Cap-à-Foux. concluding that ce The commissioners, naturaily unless directed in ce their letters would not be received embraced the opportunity presented 66 the usual form, under cover to the 66 by this brig, to transmit a packet the cc commandant of the port of Gonaives, containing * 66 letter and ordinance. that the letter of 46 It is worth while to observe by Ixi. * Appendix E. No. S, p. lxv. and No. 4,1 p. onnives, fell in with the frigate 66 Cap-à-Foux. concluding that ce The commissioners, naturaily unless directed in ce their letters would not be received embraced the opportunity presented 66 the usual form, under cover to the 66 by this brig, to transmit a packet the cc commandant of the port of Gonaives, containing * 66 letter and ordinance. that the letter of 46 It is worth while to observe by Ixi. * Appendix E. No. S, p. lxv. and No. 4,1 p. --- Page 250 --- Ch. VI.-oF THE MONARCHY < the commissioners dated off Cap-à-Foux On the 12th < of October,* they acquaint us that were 66 to they bound Port-an-Prince, asa central point of communica- < tion witha the south and the north, whilst we <6 well informed that the frigate Flora and are 66 leur, with these commissioners brig RailCe on board, had touched atPort-nu-Princey on the'evening of the 5th G6 The traitors! even before they had October.t <6 munication withi opened a comus, tlrey had 66 fraud and already employed treachery to deceive us." Pétion impatiently awaited the return of the excolonist commissioners, prepared to yield or resist according to the reception they had experienced from tlie King of. Hayti. The arrival of these ex-colonist commissioners so long announced and expected, had given great uneasiness to Pétion, and such was his anxiety that, on their return to Port-au-Prince, they found him sick. I will give an account of what passed at Port-auPrince until the departure of the comimissioners:, after which I will return to the north-west, for the purpose of explaining the measures adopted, by the King of Hayti, in consequence of their appearance on ourcoasts. Immediately on his return to theiroadstead of Portau-Prince, the Viscount de Fontanges wrotet to General Pétion, to acquaint him that he had been unablc to communicate with the north, having been refused admittance into the ports. He sent Pétion a of the letters be bad written to General Christôphe copy under Sce notes p. 231. + The truth of this statement is established by the currespoudence of the commissioners with Petion, especially the Viscount'sletter ofthe 8th October. See App. E. 1 App. E, No. 7,P. Ixii, S App. E. No. 8,p. No.5/p.Ixi. Ixv. been unablc to communicate with the north, having been refused admittance into the ports. He sent Pétion a of the letters be bad written to General Christôphe copy under Sce notes p. 231. + The truth of this statement is established by the currespoudence of the commissioners with Petion, especially the Viscount'sletter ofthe 8th October. See App. E. 1 App. E, No. 7,P. Ixii, S App. E. No. 8,p. No.5/p.Ixi. Ixv. --- Page 251 --- [233 AND REPUBLIC OF HAYTI. of Gonaives; and having cover to the commandant resume the communications returned he hastened to mission. In the course of which were the object tof his that Louis xviti. had his letter he acquainted Pétion Lavaysse, togethier disavowed the mission of Dauxion desired Pétion, in a and he with his proceedings: the receipt of the ordinance postseript,to acknowledge commissioners to St, Domingo. ofthe King, naming the, north-west had entirely reThe news from the the same man; after assured Pétion, he was no longer of the Viscount de Fonacknowledging the receipt of that addressed to tanges' letter with the copy of the King, General Christéphe, and the ordinance the subhere is the manner in which he entered upon ject with the ex-colonist. by the crimes perpetrated c6 After the horrible shame the page of history, the ce French, crimes which has been solemnly sworn, 66 independence of Hayti remains of our unfortunate c over the yet smoking warriors who achieved c compatriots, by the intrepid pronounced for the €6 its conquest. This sacred oath, has never ceased to < lirst time by an enrnged people, renewed with fresh s echofrom every henitritisammually of public liberty ; to <6 enthusiasm ; it is the palladium hostile to it, would 6: retract it, or to entertain a thought merited calamitics; 5 be to bring down upon forbid ourselves its and as first magis- €6 our laws imperatively it is my mostsacred duty to se trate of the Republic, in the : 1 haveswornthis 66 cause it to be respected, and I Thare never SICOTT in 66 face ofheaven and of men, this resolution <e oain. To make us swerve from holy We the utmost stretch of human power. Ge is beyond ourselves worthy of preserving 66 possess, and deem it from us we must first 6 ourinlependence: : to wrest should this even be possibe exterminetetl. Well! my mostsacred duty to se trate of the Republic, in the : 1 haveswornthis 66 cause it to be respected, and I Thare never SICOTT in 66 face ofheaven and of men, this resolution <e oain. To make us swerve from holy We the utmost stretch of human power. Ge is beyond ourselves worthy of preserving 66 possess, and deem it from us we must first 6 ourinlependence: : to wrest should this even be possibe exterminetetl. Well! --- Page 252 --- 934] Ch. VI--OF THE MONAECHY determine to endure it, rather than 4 ble, we would c retract."* needless to go farther: my readers will easily It is vigorous, and imposing style, perceive by the fierce, Pétion the Frenchman who spake, that it was no longer in despite of himself, who held but Pétion, the Haytian man! What a Proteus! Into this language! What a himself in how many formis has not he metamorphosed the course of bis life. perMeanwhilethe espionnage of Dauxion Lavaysse recurred to Pétion's recollection, and occupied petually in a disngreeable manner : to put an end his thoughts more to say toit, he addressed to it, andto havenothing Viscount de Fontanges on the subject himself to the in which he said to him 6e you dome the jn his letter, that this mission bas been 46 honour to repeat to me L assent to this, and in 6 disavowed by his Majesty. < consequence to the nullity of all the proceedings of I will therefore speak of it no 6 arising out it, readers to recol- *anore." Pétion who, as 1 beg my had consented to all the proceedings in question, lect, indemnity, or in other wordsa tribute namely to payand exclusive commerce as in to France ; to grant her an of France, 1789 : and to recognize the sovereignty thatsheshould: acknowledge the independence provided of the Haytians, OT, in other words the af the riglts and citizens. civiland political rights of Frenchsubjects of rePétion. was glad to seize upon the opportunity which were farbeyond tracting his promises 5 promises that even.in his ability to fulfil; ; and notwithstandjng some error, private individuals any retraction implies of mistake, or breach of faith, and bears an appearance to Pétion, I say, was not the less pleased diegrace, Appendix E. No. 9, p. IXvii. ians, OT, in other words the af the riglts and citizens. civiland political rights of Frenchsubjects of rePétion. was glad to seize upon the opportunity which were farbeyond tracting his promises 5 promises that even.in his ability to fulfil; ; and notwithstandjng some error, private individuals any retraction implies of mistake, or breach of faith, and bears an appearance to Pétion, I say, was not the less pleased diegrace, Appendix E. No. 9, p. IXvii. --- Page 253 --- [235 AND REPURLIC OF HAYTI. of the proccedings of hjs governassent to the nullity of them no more. ment, and to speak of remark and attention It is a thing well worthy Cabinet lowered its pretensions, to sce how the French through its commissioners, making to General Pétion, Dauxion Lavaysse in the first the very offers which ; and how General place had not the power to propose that increased with time,insomuch Pétion's pretensions second place the very proposals he rejected in the solicited, and to which he had before SO anxiously efforts. obtain which he had made the greatest in General The explanation of this forced change practicable in Pétion is this; that what he deemed 1816; he therefore 1814, he found impracticable in favours which he made a shew of despising the very with SO muchrardour. had before sought aud solicited be deceived by this We should not however from the force of eircumapparent change, resulting no less to pursue the exestances ; Pétion continued obliged to pursue cutionof his projects: : he was mercly circuitous, to the a different course, longer and more attainment of his object. who should think otherWoetothose blind sceptics which that in the conferences wise. I am convinced bad with the traitor Pétion, Fontanges and Esmangart scheme to be executed by the they arranged a new with Pétion for the overFrench cabinet in concert and the reduction of throw of the kingdom of Hayti, the Blacks to slavery. but his plan and his projects survive Pétion is dead, of the bim : I need only cast my eyes to theintrigues which are er-colozists in France, and the transactions in order taking place at this moment in the south-west, All the of the existence of this plan. to be convinced of oaths verbals of the fètes of independeuce, process be executed by the they arranged a new with Pétion for the overFrench cabinet in concert and the reduction of throw of the kingdom of Hayti, the Blacks to slavery. but his plan and his projects survive Pétion is dead, of the bim : I need only cast my eyes to theintrigues which are er-colozists in France, and the transactions in order taking place at this moment in the south-west, All the of the existence of this plan. to be convinced of oaths verbals of the fètes of independeuce, process --- Page 254 --- 236] Ch. VL-OF THE MONARCHY purposely administered in all the parishes, far from blinding me, serve only as incontestible proofs of its existence. The war carried on against Gomand in the south, in order to free his rear from a dangerous sufliciently unmasks the ulterior views of Pétion's enemy, cessor, who treads in the samelsteps, and sucassumes the same air of preaching up liberty and independence, which in his hands are only the means which he employs for the subjection of the country, and the re-enslaving of the Haytians. Independence, say the ex-colonists, is the hobby of this people; by means of a nominal independence, they might be led to any thing. Well, let us grant them what they ask, and we shall immediately succeed in leading them wherever we wish! As we see that the lessons of the ex-colonists have budded, and are put in practice in the Republic, this plan is nothing more than the ne plus ultra of the perfidy of the ex-colonists and their partizans in the south-west. Ihave said enougl to let it be understood that we have detected their treacherous plans, and know how to counteract them. * (Paris, 7th September.)-It is reported that General Boyer, president of the Republic of Hayti, has sent an agent to the French Government with an offer of paying an annual sum to. France, and placing this power on the most favourable footing for commerce, pro.ided the Court of the Tuileries will recognise the independence of that partiof St. Domingo which is under his dominion. 66 This word Independence is the hobby of the people," says the agentin question,t <6 no authority can outweigh this sentiment, and there are hardly any conditions to which they would not consent, were this nominal concession only made to them." Extractfrom L'Ambigu, No. 520, page 537. + This agent can be no other than Mr. Colombel. --- Page 255 --- AND REPUBLIC OF HAYTI. Pétion being unable to act differently, required de Fontanges, to consider his government the Viscount After baving received the as free and independent. xviii. which contained the extent ordinance of Louis this was making a of the commissioners powers, on the supas inedmissible; demand as inconvenient commissioners had been position that these ex-colonist character of public ministers, sent cloathed with the with them ; this was a sine previous to communicating which he oughtto have madethem, qua non proposition of Hayti as a preliminary to recognize the independence further. But Pétion had combasis, before proceeding could not do otherwise than go on menced sO well he from absurdity to absurdity. and the troops at Port-auMeanwhile the people these ex-colonists Prince, murmured greatly at seeing discontents manilengthen out their communications; ; the most trifling fested themselves in the town; sailor which might arise between a French dispute at this moment might haveproduced a and a Haytian general insurrection. comamissioners expressed their fears, The ex-colonist that their sailors were seduced by and under pretence whom they met at the Mexicans and Carthagenians of nations Port-au-Prince, they wrote to claim therights and the protection of Pétion.* corresAt length after a multitude of conferences, without pondences and interviews, which were not their object ; it was necessary to come to a definitive explanation, and to put an end to the negociation. Pétion, whether designedly, or through ignorance, to had furnished the ex-colonists with victorious arms combat him, which they will not fail to profit by. App. E. No. 10,p. lxx. the Mexicans and Carthagenians of nations Port-au-Prince, they wrote to claim therights and the protection of Pétion.* corresAt length after a multitude of conferences, without pondences and interviews, which were not their object ; it was necessary to come to a definitive explanation, and to put an end to the negociation. Pétion, whether designedly, or through ignorance, to had furnished the ex-colonists with victorious arms combat him, which they will not fail to profit by. App. E. No. 10,p. lxx. --- Page 256 --- 238] Ch. VI.-OF THE MONARCHY On the 30th of October, Fontanges wrote to him ; cool and dispassionate perusal of the first pages 6 ona which forms the groundwork of your of this act manifest that it carries < institutions, it is immediately 66 with it the germ. of y our own destruction."* he referred this fruth to Pétion, And to demonstrate 39th and 44th articles of the soi-disant him to the 38th, revised Constitution. mentioning the, observations I will refrain, from and which may be seen in made by-this ex-colonist, elsewhere explained the contents his letter : * I have therefore only observe by the ofthese articles, I shall the enemies of his that Pétion deserved to have way and insult him in his own government, country come with the Barbary powers ;t the Republic by comparing this well I say, for having had the baseness ho'deserved his daties by welcoming these ex-colonist to violate of that very constitution commissioners, in contempt with arms to combat him, and which furnished them which banished of the laws of nations in contempt them from the Republic. didi he reply to these insults P And in what manner. Mheicanides,sayabee By falsehoods and absurdities. and have no to be in force, 66 have never ceased and to prove how 6 other object than our security,"S to say cs You may well they are executed be proceeds in this town trading c see multitudes of Europeans of colour :"S 6 with us unimpeded by the prescription these alone of these ex-colonists, and the presence still more forcibly than enemies of their country, prove well these articles were any thing he could say how was executed enforced, and bow well the Constitution in the Republic! Ixxii. + Pages 207 et seq. # App. E, No. 12. P. E. No. 13, p. lxxv. t App. E. No. 12, P. Ixxili. S App. itudes of Europeans of colour :"S 6 with us unimpeded by the prescription these alone of these ex-colonists, and the presence still more forcibly than enemies of their country, prove well these articles were any thing he could say how was executed enforced, and bow well the Constitution in the Republic! Ixxii. + Pages 207 et seq. # App. E, No. 12. P. E. No. 13, p. lxxv. t App. E. No. 12, P. Ixxili. S App. --- Page 257 --- AND REPUBLIC OF HAYTI [239 make your choice ; Haytians of the south-ivest, think it necessary to execute your Constitution, if you and even incapable of your security ; or if itis absurd will do well! being executed, abolish it, and you which neither abolish this phantom of a Constitution security, right, or offers to you any secures to you any Annibilate this democracy either foreign or domestic. and debase you in the which tends only to disgrace At home it Annihilate it I say! eyes of nations. disunion among yourselves, to serves only to produce anarchy, and bring plunge you into the most complete destruction : down upon you a certain and inevitable. stock, and abroad it makes you the sport, the laughing do I say ? the victims of the enemies of Hayti-What friends into converts those who were your it even formidable enemies. and beloved couintrymen ! Believe me, my' friends and of reason which listen to the voice of nature uniting yourselves addresses you, and recommends your which leads you rather than the voice of passion to us, to separate from us. but one and the same body of Believe me we form Is ourterritory too the nation! Are we too numerous? interests, and the extensive P Have we not the same then should we same,cause to defend P Wherefore this cruel separation continue divided? Why for ever to our true which is at once S0 impolitic, and sO contrary blunders enough interests P Have we not committed and reason become in politics P Let then good sense of all our rights our guides, let us form a consolidation to an us commence, - by coming and interests : -let the rest will understanding: ; this is the first point-all follow after. the to demand a recogniPétion, forced by peoplc could not come to an of flayti, tion ofthe independence continue divided? Why for ever to our true which is at once S0 impolitic, and sO contrary blunders enough interests P Have we not committed and reason become in politics P Let then good sense of all our rights our guides, let us form a consolidation to an us commence, - by coming and interests : -let the rest will understanding: ; this is the first point-all follow after. the to demand a recogniPétion, forced by peoplc could not come to an of flayti, tion ofthe independence --- Page 258 --- Ch. VI.-OF THE MONARCHY 240] commissioners, who agreement with the ex-colonist the inclination to possessed neither the power nor then without on this basis; they parted but negociate conclusion,. at least publicly ; having come to any that they had adjusted the I feel a strong presumption conditions of a sceret treaty. north-west. ourselves to the Let us now transport that the letter of the commissioners We have seen Louis xvili. had been transmitted and the ordinance of the cover of the commandant under to government at Gonaives. an end to the audacious insults In order to put by the French perpetually offered to the Haytians with which he saw cabinet, enraged at the obstinacy and barbarous designs itsunjust: this cabinet persevere.ini and crooked methods against Hayti, and thetreacherous ofits end, Henry which it employed for the attainment 1816, bis declaration of the 20th of November issued of France," said the King of c The Sovercign Sovereign of France Haytiin this dgelaration--The with us, nothing 66 has declared, that in negociation detract from what he c should be done which could to justice, and the of his CTOWT, 66 owes to the dignity And we-we also declare 66 interests of his people ! wanting in what we owe. 66 that we shall not be found and the dignity of 66 to the interests of our people; 66 our crown." of the Haytian people, togec The high interests us to make known to c ther with our duties, oblige which have led to motives 66 the world the powerful in order to put a 6 the adoption of this determination, and insults ofwhich 66 final period to all the aggressions guilty with is perpetually c6 the French Government App. F. No. 1: pagexciv. wanting in what we owe. 66 that we shall not be found and the dignity of 66 to the interests of our people; 66 our crown." of the Haytian people, togec The high interests us to make known to c ther with our duties, oblige which have led to motives 66 the world the powerful in order to put a 6 the adoption of this determination, and insults ofwhich 66 final period to all the aggressions guilty with is perpetually c6 the French Government App. F. No. 1: pagexciv. --- Page 259 --- sw N N [21t AND REPUBLIC UF HAYTI. people: as weil as to destroy all SE regarl 10 the Haytian to soverrignty whicli preteasions 56 those unjust and illusory respeeting the free ofFrance may yet entertaia 6: thecabiaet of llayti. 66 and independent kingdom declared. ani do solemnly 66 Fot THESE CAUSES we have French govern66 declare, that we willn) t negociate with the with thi that of power power, 66 ment 011 any other footing will be with sovereign. That no negiciation A6 and sovereign which has not for 66 éntered upon by us with this goverumeat, of tlie kingd n of 65 its preliminary basis the indepenlmce ; and. of Goverament as commerce; 66 Hayti, as weil in affars cnacluded with this governshallbe 66 that n) definitive treaty oblained the good offices 66 ment without having previously which will guaran65 and mediation of a great maritime power broken by the 4 tee the faith of the treaty fron being ever 66 French : withhold our consent de Whenever we negociate we will and which does nut compiehend theliberty 66 from any treaty who inhabit the oftbe whole of the Haytians 66 independence known by the names of the 6. three provinces of the kingdom, the cause of South, our territory; 66 North, the West, and the one and indivisible: 66 the Haytian people being from the French to the 66 No overture or communication shall be rewhether oral or written, 66 Haytian government, and according to the 6. ceived, uuless made iu the form, commuin the kingdon for diplomatic 66 usages established 46 nications: of that nation 66 Neither the French flag nor individuals within any of the ports of the kingdom, 66 shall be adinitted been definitively recog06 un'il the independence ofHayti has d nised by the French government. determination i8, 66 We declare anew, that our invaria'le foreign to or matters never to interfere directly indirecilyin 66 our kingdom: B , and according to the 6. ceived, uuless made iu the form, commuin the kingdon for diplomatic 66 usages established 46 nications: of that nation 66 Neither the French flag nor individuals within any of the ports of the kingdom, 66 shall be adinitted been definitively recog06 un'il the independence ofHayti has d nised by the French government. determination i8, 66 We declare anew, that our invaria'le foreign to or matters never to interfere directly indirecilyin 66 our kingdom: B --- Page 260 --- 242] Ch. vi,-OF THE MONARCHY endeavour to live in good 66 That it shall be our unceasing with the friendly powers and c6 understanding and harmony to maintain the strictest s6 their coloniesin our neighbourhood, <e neutrality, and prove to them by the prudence of our conduct, that ee are worthy" of Liberty and 66 our laws, and our labours, <6 Independence. Declaration of the King of Hayti, This wise and prudent and insults of the French has put an end to the aggressions obstacle to the accomCabinet, and opposes: an insurmonntable and Indeplishment of their alterior designs upon the Liberty pendence of the Haytian people. annihilates all the This declaration, which overthrows and has been the subject of their rehopes of the Ex-colonists, marks and criticisms. condition of recognizing the The express and indispensable and: of Hayti, both in respect of Government Independence to entering upon any negociations, annoys Commerersprevious have recourse to a multitude of Sothem so much, that they of reason and solidity,in destitute phistical arguments,equally it. From this time forward order to induce us 10 al Bandon Governments are renthey, all overtures between the two say since one side is required to make every dered impossible, be obtained from the other ; concession before any thing Can remarks, and then follow a succession of idle commun place Government had any great conc ession as though the French ofwhicli or sacrifice to make in reeognizing that Iudependence and right, for been in full possession both in fact we have all these pretended conmore than sixteen years; as though by the cessions and sacrifices were not already accomplished made of them, and by tbe force of events. conquest we have are frank and upright, As the politics of our Government mislead or deceive, I shall, and it is far from my intention to by commenting I think, give the ex-colonists full satisfaction, of this declaration of which form the basis on the principles, or sacrifice to make in reeognizing that Iudependence and right, for been in full possession both in fact we have all these pretended conmore than sixteen years; as though by the cessions and sacrifices were not already accomplished made of them, and by tbe force of events. conquest we have are frank and upright, As the politics of our Government mislead or deceive, I shall, and it is far from my intention to by commenting I think, give the ex-colonists full satisfaction, of this declaration of which form the basis on the principles, --- Page 261 --- S SSN AND REPUBLIC OF HAYTI. the source of all their terrors and complaint. the King, now will not deviate from those maxims In this commentaiy I which the government of the Laws of Nations, and principles to violate, and the French Goof Hayti is far from wishing endeavour to express myself verninent doubiless as little. 1 will and will even enter and perspienity, with all possible precision in order to leave nothing for the into the most minute details, article by article, and ex-colonists to desire. I will proceed commencing with the first paragraph paragraph by paragraph, of the first article. of Hayti who speaks) sfe will not negociate (it is the King than that on any othsr footing, 66 with the French Goverament ant Sovereign with Sovereign." 66 of pouer wwith power, contrary to the Laws This first paragraph contains nothing right, of nations ; for, ac cording to both natural and political Natious, and Sovereigns, wbether great or small, all People, justice which in of Right : now the political are equal point world and is founded apon natural justice, governs the civilized of Hayti is teaches us in the plainest manner that the king yourleave Gentlemen Ex-colonists, equal.and the brother,with Majesty, neither ofthe Kiug of France; and that his Haytian to treat with his most Christian Majesty, upon can nor orghl with Equal, Sovereign other footing than that of Equal any And it is equally clear and sufficiently inwith Sovereign!! ofa Free and Iudependent people, nei telligiblesthat the Kiug much less nor to be the tribulary or vassal, ther can, ought, who is bis brotber and equal; such the subject of a Monarch, the and ciare the laws and maxims which govern polshed and nations of Europe. Iam a wate that these sacred, vilized of the natural and political rights of nations; eternal maxims, and of the and off nsive to the pride prejudices are repuguant these sacred and eternal laws, have not been ex-colonists: ; but and trace their origin from an higher created by us; ; they vain then do the enemies ofhumanity: mcre ancient source; in tber and equal; such the subject of a Monarch, the and ciare the laws and maxims which govern polshed and nations of Europe. Iam a wate that these sacred, vilized of the natural and political rights of nations; eternal maxims, and of the and off nsive to the pride prejudices are repuguant these sacred and eternal laws, have not been ex-colonists: ; but and trace their origin from an higher created by us; ; they vain then do the enemies ofhumanity: mcre ancient source; in --- Page 262 --- Ch. vi-OF THE MONARCHY strive to pervert and overthrow them; they, continue to exist, thiey are universal and indestructible, they are graven in chat raciers which cannot be effaced in the heaits of all men, tlacks no less than wrilos $ they exist, and we are in the daily habit of appealing to them ! we have made them the invariable guide of our conduct, from wlich we are resolved Bever to deviate !. The Laws of nations and Political Justice, are founded upon recigocrity, hence the King of Hayti, is no more under'an obligarion to the King of France, than the King of France is to him. Let us proceed to the second paragraph of the same articles 66 That nO negociation will be entered upon by ts with tiis por- * er [France] which has not for its preliminary basis the inFe dependence of the kingdom of Hayti." This is the Sine qua Non which cuts short the ex-colonisig in their diabolical attempts upon Hayti ; nevertheless it is in strict conformity with the first principles of the Laws of Nations. The Haytians have been fors siztern years independent, both in fact and right; never was there a cause more just, or betier founded than theirs; now since the Laws of Nations do not permit one nation to propose to another, to renounce its rights of Sovereignity, for the purpose ofsubmitting to its dominion, we have done perfectly right, before we commencé negociations, to require as a preliminary condition the Sine qua Non of a recognition of the Independence of Hayti. The States General of Holland, and the United States of America have done so before us, and no one has found fault with their conduct. If the Government of Fiance means to recognize the Independ nee of Hayti, it ought not to hesitate in admitting this preliminary and indispensible basis ; every other condition should be the subject of a subsequent treaty. If,on the contraryitregards us as insurgents, we ought to have no communication ofanydescription or under any pretextwithit, To deviate a preliminary condition the Sine qua Non of a recognition of the Independence of Hayti. The States General of Holland, and the United States of America have done so before us, and no one has found fault with their conduct. If the Government of Fiance means to recognize the Independ nee of Hayti, it ought not to hesitate in admitting this preliminary and indispensible basis ; every other condition should be the subject of a subsequent treaty. If,on the contraryitregards us as insurgents, we ought to have no communication ofanydescription or under any pretextwithit, To deviate --- Page 263 --- AND REPUBLIC oF HAYTI [245 would be to decrive and disgrace ourirom these prineiples sinallest advantage. Every secret S elves without receiving the to do us the most clandestine treaty, serves only mission,every incalculablei injury, article, cas well in affairs of 3rd. Parngraph of the same 6: Government as Commerce." nominal that we do. not wish for a merely ln other words, but desire to be, free and Indepenand fictitious Independence, of the words, clearly. dent. in the fullest extent and signification that we do not expressed in a solemn treaty: aad unequocically of supremacy; to become in any mean to submit to any degree design to have tributaries or vassals ; that ie equally mauner restrictions : that is to say, we will not our trade free from all nation whatsoever. All grant an exclusive commerce to any Declaration, as to in the Royal this is so clearly expressed render further explanation superfluous. .JPhenever ae negoProceed we next to the 2nd. Article. Article 2nd. our consent &c." (See 66 ciate wee will with-hold and the ConThis is the basis ofthe Act of Independence ofthe Haytians stitution of Hayti. The cause and territory of the The temporary separation is one and indivisible. the result of a civif Country into two gorernments, is merely concern. Government has any war, with which no foreign unable to deviate from the The government of Hayti, being is founded, I prebasis on which the kingdiom constitntional which tend to interfere sume that all questions or propesitions, dissentions, will be carewith matters connected with our civil and territory of the the cause fully rejected as inadmissible, Haytians being one and indivisible. the 3rd. Article, <6 No overture &c." Let us exainine established thronghout the kingdom The forms and usages are the same with of Hayti, for diplomatic conmunications, This is as clear as those observed in all the Courts of Europe. to say to and needs no commentary ; it js unnecessary day, sume that all questions or propesitions, dissentions, will be carewith matters connected with our civil and territory of the the cause fully rejected as inadmissible, Haytians being one and indivisible. the 3rd. Article, <6 No overture &c." Let us exainine established thronghout the kingdom The forms and usages are the same with of Hayti, for diplomatic conmunications, This is as clear as those observed in all the Courts of Europe. to say to and needs no commentary ; it js unnecessary day, --- Page 264 --- 246] Ch. vi.-OF THE MONARCHY French Diplomatists, that they are not to send us terroris ts, smugglers, imposters, ez-colonivts &c &c. It is not our business to instruct them in the laws of to negociate with Diplomacy : if they wish us according to the received practice of Goveroments, they are sufficiently acquainted with the method in which they ougbt to proceed. Pass we tu the 4th. Articie, Es Neither the Fiench Flag nor individuals of that nation shall be admitted dc." This exclusion is limited to the French and duals of that nation Flag, to indivifor a specific time only; namely, till the Independence of Hayti has been definitively French Govemment recognized by the : this limitation alone points out that, once this Independence has been reeognized, the French individuals of that Flag and nation, will be admitted. This differs widely from that ofthe 38th. exclusion ofthe South Article of the constitution Weat, which excludes all whitesin exclude the French general ;* we only,, because we are at wur with measure at once wise, just, and them, a politic. The principles contained in the 5th. and Gth. in conformity with our fondamental Articles, are laws, which forbid our interfering; directly or indirectly,in the affairs of our It was in conformity with these neighbouis, good principl es and the laws of neighbourhood, that the king of Hayti, issued his Proclamation of the 23rd of May 1819+, every British whereby he ordered that Subject, discovered to be a fugitive from the neighbounng islands, See eking an asylam within this shonld be arrested, for the kingdom, first vessel purpose of being sent back in to the plare from wheuce he fled. the His Haytian : Ste p.207 and App E. No. 12. page Ixxii. +The translator baving returned to wasi issted and the Author not England before tbis Proclamation the transatorcannol but regret having his given ita place in his he can boirever vouch for tie inability to lay 11 before bis Appeudix, readers, Prociamnation, in an iustance K.4.'adheronce which to the priaciple ofthe Compare this with the 44th. Article occured early in the year 1818, South Ixxii. West of wbich a copy will be found of in the Constitution of the Appendix E. No. 12 p. issted and the Author not England before tbis Proclamation the transatorcannol but regret having his given ita place in his he can boirever vouch for tie inability to lay 11 before bis Appeudix, readers, Prociamnation, in an iustance K.4.'adheronce which to the priaciple ofthe Compare this with the 44th. Article occured early in the year 1818, South Ixxii. West of wbich a copy will be found of in the Constitution of the Appendix E. No. 12 p. --- Page 265 --- AND REPUBLIC OF HAYTI. [247 being firmly resolved never to deviate from the system Majesty which he has uniformly of neutiality and goud neighbourhood from the 44th. article of the observed; which differs widely Constitution of the South West. of this sufliciently explained myself in the course Ihave understood by the ex-colonists. Let them work. to be fully to expect, or ask, and no then know that they have nothing from what has business to interfere with us. Let them judge with France, which been said, whether we can renewcomnezions wehich was could only have the character of an Independence situaat a too, when the singular political not contested, period allow her publicly to acknovledge tion of France wwill not yet the word in the full extent of its signification. what equivocations ! to avoid saying a What sophistry, What is the nominal Independence ! a kind of Independence! situation of France to us? What have we in singular political connexions and the interests of her common with her family islands P We wish for no deviations colonies in the windward clandestine treafrom the straight road, no secret missions, no and in the face of the ties, We desire to be free independent, ofthe words, Universe, and in the fullest extent and signification this then is our Sine qua non. in order not to Forced to stop in the middle of my course, 1 feel the greatest regret at being obliged lose the opportunity, 1818, and 1819, for althongh no to pass over the yeais 1817, that period, I could netook place during evént ofimportance readers by details of the great imvertheless interest my made in the kingdom. As, for provemeuts which have been domaius ; of the ci-decant example, the sale of the national the distribution of lands ofthe ci-devant colonists ; properties the augmentation ofthe number to the whole of the military ; the encouragethe righ ts of property respected; of proprietors; the incieaseof marriages,; the ment and protection of industry; the estabdiffusion ofknowledge; imiproveunent of morals;the evént ofimportance readers by details of the great imvertheless interest my made in the kingdom. As, for provemeuts which have been domaius ; of the ci-decant example, the sale of the national the distribution of lands ofthe ci-devant colonists ; properties the augmentation ofthe number to the whole of the military ; the encouragethe righ ts of property respected; of proprietors; the incieaseof marriages,; the ment and protection of industry; the estabdiffusion ofknowledge; imiproveunent of morals;the --- Page 266 --- 248] Ch.vi-OF THENONARCHY lishmentofa Royal Chamber of Public Education; théprogress of our national schools and Academies. ! could moreover follow Iienry in one of his progresses through his kingdom ; éxhibit him in the midst of his people, dispensing his bounty and chatting fainiliarly with the peasants, I could introduce my readeis into the cottage of the industrious cultivator, heretoforeso wretched and miserable; we should unite in rejoicing to see him surrounded by his wife and children, living in com fortable independence, with good furniture in place of decayed benches and old calabashes, a handsome bedstead in place of an old truckle bed, and enjoying besides that most precious of all earthly blessings, Liberty ! 0! what have I lost! why has the shortness of my time robbed me ofthis sweet enjoyment, the only one capable ofsustaining my courage, and rewarding my labours, the contemplation of the happiness of my fellow citizens. I should have been happy to have concluded here ; but it yet remnains to give an account ofan important event which. has takén' place in the South West. In the course of April 1818 the traitor Pétion died, a to iemnorse and grief: : weary of a hateful life he died of fatnine prey from a reluctance to take either food or medicine to lis last momeut.. The public prints of Port-au-Prince have detailed the circunstances of his death and the ceremonials of his funeTal, the honours and the vile and fulsome flatteries which took place on this occasiou never could wash out the indelible blot of Hligh Treason from his memory ; General Boyer, who had been' his Secretary, caused himselfts be named to the office of President of the republic: a few days after Petion's death, he was elected nearly in the same manner, as the Roman EmpevorS were by the Pretorian guards. It is not known how they came not to find in the important casket, secured with two locks, the precious deposit which it should have contained, aud which pointed out Petion's succes- which took place on this occasiou never could wash out the indelible blot of Hligh Treason from his memory ; General Boyer, who had been' his Secretary, caused himselfts be named to the office of President of the republic: a few days after Petion's death, he was elected nearly in the same manner, as the Roman EmpevorS were by the Pretorian guards. It is not known how they came not to find in the important casket, secured with two locks, the precious deposit which it should have contained, aud which pointed out Petion's succes- --- Page 267 --- AND RS EPUBLIC OF HAYTI. [240. isay, howithe autograph Letter sealed sor. lt is not known, this however. and addressed to the Senate, was conjured nway, known that Petion had named a Sucnessnr and thot is well Successor was not Boyer ! In the Months of May and June 1818theK King,accompanied and Court, male a progress through the Kingby his Family when he learned the death of dom, he was at Port-do-Puix issued his ProclaPétion. On his arrival at St. Marc, flenry of the mation of the 9th. of June, S aldressed to the Haytians South West, for the parpose of promoting an accommodation to at oasejust ani honourable, and conducive upon principle: The King dispatehed the commoninterest of the Haytians. Dessalines and de three peraons of rank, M.M. the Baronsd: who and Commissioner Amant, to Port-au-Prince, Bolter, Proclamatiou, t to deliver his Mjesty's were co.amissioned his pacific intentions, to together with a Letter announcing assembled there. the Generals and Magistrates and Letter, as weli My readers will fnl this Procla-natioa the reply m ade to theu, among as the abwurlanlectrwragit * documents inserted in the Appeadix. of union, overture, these words ofpeuce, This conciliatory dawa upon as hosts of and of common interest, have bronght calumnies Gllei with the vapiljests and unfonnded pamphlets, the Milcents, the mere tools of ftheex-colonofthe Colombelsand infamous falsehoods, whose only ists. I have answered their and the Sorereign object was to defame the Haytian Monarchy, it with equal wisdoa and justice. who sways 9 See App. G. No. 1. p. evi, t See App- G.No. 2. P cviil, 2. and 3. P. cvi.eviit. and cx. a See App. G. Nos. 1, FINIS. --- Page 268 --- ERRATA. Page 16. Note. For Malonet read, Malenet. ibid.. For ef Fiz-colonists reac,of the Ez-colonists. 18. last lipe but one, for Kear reail EGT. 21 last line, for Tovissaint, rend Toussaint. 27. line 7. for-as-onforsatiats, read moneonfurmatist. 34. line 9. noie, for aircado read already. 38. note fer Page 22 read Page 23. 41. note for 6000 read 60,000. 64. line 27 for election or the, read election of the. 90, lastline fur as, read so. 144. lines. for refetion, read, refertion. 147, line 30. fur the Prench, read, Ye French, APPENDIX. The duplicate pages exi and cxii to be concelled by the bindor. cxii. line 22. for.throne of the grace. read throne of Grace. exiii. line 2 for, iberty. read, liberty. ibid. lue 4. for, ionour. read, honour. ihid. line 1, for, combatting, read combating. ibid. line 13, afterthe word glary, erase the Comma, , read, refertion. 147, line 30. fur the Prench, read, Ye French, APPENDIX. The duplicate pages exi and cxii to be concelled by the bindor. cxii. line 22. for.throne of the grace. read throne of Grace. exiii. line 2 for, iberty. read, liberty. ibid. lue 4. for, ionour. read, honour. ihid. line 1, for, combatting, read combating. ibid. line 13, afterthe word glary, erase the Comma, --- Page 269 --- APPENDIX. A M. H. HENRY, entitled 6 SuggesA Reply to a Publication'of the inhabitants of Huyti respecting their 66 tions offered to and the Jate alich awaits 6 present situation, probable 6 themiby Columbus. in Hayti. I write as a traveller actuated I AM a stranger I feel for a people with whose customs solely by the regard be Greaterl knowledge, and manners I wished to acquainted. is necessary to describe and a more skilful pen than willifind mine, in them marks of greatthem. The impartial reader which reflect honour on those ness, generosity, and integrity, and he will see that they merit who call themselves Haytians; by those who have had dealings the praises bestowed distinction on them of nation. Never having visited with them, without more of the the North of the island, I shall speak Huyli. particalarly The private chaGovernment called The Republic of his virtues, racter of the head of this Government, peaceable his distinguished his feeling of justice towards all the world, the picture of talents, and the confidence he inspires, rather present than that of any a parent surrounded Those by his who children, constitute that of this Repubother lic, have Government. all a more or less active share, and really participate exin the maintenance of their rights, of which they appear chief jealous, under the administration of an adored tremely oftheir own choice. they write little, they have There is no doubt that, though and of all that has observed attentively the spirit progress from France, in taken place in Europe since their separation who figured at the consequence of the conduct of the this chiefs island : conduct which head of the last expeditiou against of history, and which will be an finds no apology in the page I do not design to retrace this eternal opprobium with the to details them. of which I am not suflicientlyscconduct, to enter into a serious discussion of it:1 am far quainted, 2. There is no doubt that, though and of all that has observed attentively the spirit progress from France, in taken place in Europe since their separation who figured at the consequence of the conduct of the this chiefs island : conduct which head of the last expeditiou against of history, and which will be an finds no apology in the page I do not design to retrace this eternal opprobium with the to details them. of which I am not suflicientlyscconduct, to enter into a serious discussion of it:1 am far quainted, 2. --- Page 270 --- i] AEPENDIX,--A. from their having such an object in view, or minds; but the conclusion I have desiring to irritate justifies the Haytians, and in the choice drawn of from it is, thatit selves they should into permanently adopt, the idea. principles which a regular of-forming themin which they] haver reduced gotemacntlikeothers itito nations, the manner progress in civilization, reflect the practice, and their astonishing especially in the eyes of all highest honour upon them, They have followed, since impartialolserverse rations of the European dhirenaneipatilin all map in their hands. Their, powers, as it may be said, with-the the-opecerning every thing" which is interest has fitted them for disviewed with' admiration the mighty connected with it; they have made, and have prepared themselves efforts which have been which have taken place. In their insensibly for the events have acted, as it were, in concert individual conduct they allied powers. The elevation of the with the plans of the - throne has not surprised them : their house of Bourbon to the nection with its Govermment, and révolution had no conthey did hot seem to apprehend never having offended it, Many of them have told me, they auyreerimination on its part. general order, their situation would haped that, on a return'of that they would necessarily be consulted; be attentively discussed; premature measure would be rejected; that that every hostile and judices, be and above all, every idea of the colonial all animosities, preupon carefully the relations avoided, 272 bringing about a reconciliation system wwould to have, at a distance of commerce of two and industry: ; for it 2s founded dificult and after a long interruption thousand of leagues from the country, of the real state of passing cvents, commuemnication, and an omniscience acorse Governments than bad, as has been wrisformly the applying case with remedies the often colonies. through the whole courseof the French They kave said to revolution ofthe moment of a great political themselves, we have reached the united: let uS hare crisis : let us be prudent and strictly cause, and let uS confidence in ourselves, in the justice not but be prepare for a. decision, the result ofour there arê certain favourable to uS when we shall be better ofwhicl knoun: : cun- for andwhich àt belongs retrograde to stepswlich we can no longer take, Iti is thus that I formed thejuationor the Sovereigns not to forget. in Hayti, ahen the arrival my jiudlgmuent ofithe public fecling kis Majesty Louis xviii. to treat of a witle delegation this at Jamaica, sent by nounced. Thismeus crealed no Government, was anthe Haytians: theireyes have unfavourable impression among seen the arrival of, the been often turned to the shoreito been made for their deputies: honourable préparations have reception, and anelectric feeling of sensi- Iti is thus that I formed thejuationor the Sovereigns not to forget. in Hayti, ahen the arrival my jiudlgmuent ofithe public fecling kis Majesty Louis xviii. to treat of a witle delegation this at Jamaica, sent by nounced. Thismeus crealed no Government, was anthe Haytians: theireyes have unfavourable impression among seen the arrival of, the been often turned to the shoreito been made for their deputies: honourable préparations have reception, and anelectric feeling of sensi- --- Page 271 --- ccerte o APPENDIX.- A: [ii ofpreposession, and of every-thing wlich the bility, ofregara, nations hold most sacred, shot throughevery heart.- laws of has been, for the present, disappointed; and I This expectation the sensation produced by a publication, entitled regret it, after of Hayti, respecting 66 Suggestions, offered to theinhabitants the fate which awaits 66 their present situation, and probable 66 them." an act little calculated to conciliate their In itI haveseen under eristing circumstances; ; and its conseminds, especially would have alarmed me for the public tranquillity, had quences' caution among the people, and a fixed I not observed a prudent themselves. This idea endetermination not toquarrel the utmost among latitude èn expressing one's senticouraged me, since under this Government, and is anattended with ments prevails to hazard, with all the caution due any danger; and I propose delicacy the subject, some remarks, to the country, and the of wolicl I proceed to erplain with confidence. observations The author, M. H. Henry, after some general misfortunes' of this arising from the interest created by the enters upon country, to which he is nevertheless a stranger, divided into six bis subject, and considers the population as classes. 66 of those who have 66 The first is composed," says he, to the first civil ce been called, for their talents or their courage, Government." 77 166 or military employments under the existing in ce The second, of those who legally possess property, c moveables or immoveables. individuals who were free before the revo6 The third, of calling. <6 lution, and who follow some industrious who form what are called the 66 The fourth, of soldiers, <4 regular troops of Hayti. in and other 66 The fifth, of those employed agriculture negroes. 46 labours, heretofore denominated oft plantation those wicked and sangui66 The sixth, it must be said, order and industry, who are to be c6 nary wretches, enemies classes and to all countries, during revolutions, 6 met with in all to turn the calamities of the public :6 and incessantly labour This last (which I am disposed 46 to their own private gain. does not, from 6 to believe far from numerous among you) deserve our consi66 the small interest it excites, at present 4 deration. Let us then be cortent for to the examineimpartially, first five classes to 66 whether it be more advantageous return to' the laws of order and 46 continue as at present, orto te of duty." M. H. Henry's words verbatim, because I Ihave repeated his might not perhaps be read by every conceived pamphlet a 2 I am disposed 46 to their own private gain. does not, from 6 to believe far from numerous among you) deserve our consi66 the small interest it excites, at present 4 deration. Let us then be cortent for to the examineimpartially, first five classes to 66 whether it be more advantageous return to' the laws of order and 46 continue as at present, orto te of duty." M. H. Henry's words verbatim, because I Ihave repeated his might not perhaps be read by every conceived pamphlet a 2 --- Page 272 --- APPENDIX.--A. iv] in the country, would be more body, and that this, also to pay public homage to trath, known. A.Etert generally the character of the Haytians, who will be themselves and to how far I have succeeded in describing their siable tojudge becausel cannot relate with tuation with justice and accuracy, of the author,which I shall eqjual exactness the developements of view, without deviating from their considerin a general referring point for this purpose to the writing itself, real.meaning, fine of the indigénes, who have a most just and to the feelings and who, as sincerely disposed to peace view of the subject, will perhaps be pleased with my reserve in as I believe them, this discussion. there is in Hayti but one class of men, Properly actuated speaking by the same principles. the same connexions who are themselves, and the same skin, with' some slight shades among whole of the population with which they lost in the general and to form the Governconcur, by the ties of blood family, dividing them into separate ment. li is in vain to attempt been found united whenever it wasin classes, they have always Never in punishments agitation to crush tbem. distinguished resisted courageously and proscriptions, they have which always has been made to effect the a together, and no attempt able to weaken this first want; that of the contrary, has of mutually been contributing to their own preservation. necessity in this that they acted simultancously on last It was spirit the French, and cementing for ever that taking arms against from which they have never swerved, at least bond of union, where I write. The elements of the in the républic of Hayti, are derived from the mass of the Government ofthe distinction Republic of shade orprivilege, for none exists; people without more perfect, even to the exercise of the and never was equality supreme since itis clective. those named The NTSA and military chiefs are undoubtedly to fll the first by M. H Henry 66 who have been talents admitted or their courage." " - 4c offices in consequence of their embittered by trouble, sur66 Their existence is incessantly of every sort. This anxi- < rounded by hatreds and jealousies are lessened for the moment c6 ety, these vexations of the chiefs which fear forces from their 64 by the appearance of respect which their residence in the 66 inferiors; by, the enjoyments the coniforts which the revenue of the d towns allows; by the which they provision- < customs and that of plantations, will they not have to expect, if K ally enjoy, affords.What of submission to the laws of the 66 they first set the example (less brilliant < mother country? Offices or employments Oan they hesi4 perhnps, but more solid and honourable). c6 ety, these vexations of the chiefs which fear forces from their 64 by the appearance of respect which their residence in the 66 inferiors; by, the enjoyments the coniforts which the revenue of the d towns allows; by the which they provision- < customs and that of plantations, will they not have to expect, if K ally enjoy, affords.What of submission to the laws of the 66 they first set the example (less brilliant < mother country? Offices or employments Oan they hesi4 perhnps, but more solid and honourable). --- Page 273 --- - [v APPENDIX.--A. between honour and dishonour, rewards and < tate an instant ?" &c. &c. &c. c too much, call the Chiefs - pusishments? Wemay, without fear ofasserting They have a just claim to of Hayti, the first among which equals. relates tothe government of the command in everyt thing the basis which it has assumed for community, regulated upon of entering into engagements for itself, but they have no power follows.of necessity that they.must act it without its consent : it and that it must in the manner most suitable to its in its interesis, existing situation. The adhere to every alteration made from the culture of the land, resources of the country arising supply, itis true, the public of which the produce is exported, of the functionaries. It was expences, and the maintenance should be cultivated for the benecessary that the plantations obtained and possessed them by right nefit of those who had might maintain itselft to of conquest, in order that the republic The use which the chiefs the present time so advantageously. and the principles of make of these advantages is sO moderate, that it cannot be supposed the, President are so well known, from such motives. Besides, nothey would cling to power to them, and Iam far from imagining thing has been proposed to refuse to confirm by their efforts the it to be their intention fellow citizens, should they foresee their happiness of their and manner with a being able to fix it in a secure permanent suflficient guarantee. class, that of proprietors, their property, As to the second 6 will be iost to all who shall side of whatever description, should such exist on the arrival of the 66 with the rebels, Here any M. H. Henry draws a picture of the 66 French forces." should they take shelter in the woods. condition of these last, which await them; the loss He labours to describe the dangers haves saved and carried with them; ofwhatever: money they may their lives will be exposed, &c. &c. the constant risk author to which has thus classed, form an integral Those whom the years PRSE of the common family of Haytians. and combined Twenty-two the inhabitants of revolution have sO blended that hardly any can be found to this country into one class, past experience sufficiently whom this reasoning applies: should be entertained on this subject. shews the opinion which soldiers: all have their families to protect: : All the citizens are of property is a common interest. The and the protection them to have recourse to the reasons which would compel to the woods should be sO forcible violent measure of retiring, convinced of the necessity of doing so : that each would be last from France: : and it this was the case in the expedition of revolution have sO blended that hardly any can be found to this country into one class, past experience sufficiently whom this reasoning applies: should be entertained on this subject. shews the opinion which soldiers: all have their families to protect: : All the citizens are of property is a common interest. The and the protection them to have recourse to the reasons which would compel to the woods should be sO forcible violent measure of retiring, convinced of the necessity of doing so : that each would be last from France: : and it this was the case in the expedition --- Page 274 --- wi] APPENDIX.--A. was on this occasion that the true character of the was displayed. Never were they more firmly united; Haytians : and; notwithstanding its privations, this situation afforded some moments of gratification: ; for many Haytians have said, in my hearing, we were much more repeatedly we were in the woods : united by a community closely united when lived together truly like brethren: a residence in of touns, danger, and the we that enjoyments resulting from it, have spoiled and taken from us frankness, and that nutural oquality which cheered the hour calamity, with transitory gleams of consolation.- us, in Hence evident if At God that, pushed to the last extremity (which forbid) they would mutially aid each other, and that the Government would adopt proper and secure measures for welfare of the family. This, I trust, will never come to the if truth can obtain a hearing divested of passion and selfish pass, interests. What has been said, applies equally to those who exercise any 'industrious calling, for their situation is the same, and a similar fate awaits them. The importance, not of but, of re-edifying every thing, convinced the destroying who were soldiers and for the most part the sons of Haytians, of the necessity of acquiring a knowledge ofmechanics: cultivators, numerous manufactories have been established, chiefly in the arsenals of the republic, and the young pupils havel becomeartificers the revolution. It will be a grent error to imagine that during can have'any interest or prosperity distinct from that of they their brethren, or can enjoy any advantage in which the others not participate: the offer would also be unpardonable in those do who could propose a measure sO little acceptable to them. The military are next considered by the author as the fourth class of the population of Hayti. 6 forming 46 prefer the dangerous trade to Should they 66 tion of cultivators, the French of arms the peaceful occupaC their desire; but then what Government avill possibly grant <6 in a happy change will take place 66 theirfiavour: in place of being naked, or covered with in place ofbeing 201 and rags 66 their days in doing misclief paid, to omepdmuneddrung all around c maintained, them, thery wvill be cloathed, fed, and paid like other French The military force of Hayti is composed of the whole troops." of the citizens; all are born, and are of necessity, soldiers: itis a patriotic virtue which in this country leads them to arms, and a service almost voluntary; all do this with eagerness and delight when necessity demands it: the troops are never in barracks, or ever subjected to the minute details of European kept discipline; to which, as M. Moreau de St. Méry observes, it is them, thery wvill be cloathed, fed, and paid like other French The military force of Hayti is composed of the whole troops." of the citizens; all are born, and are of necessity, soldiers: itis a patriotic virtue which in this country leads them to arms, and a service almost voluntary; all do this with eagerness and delight when necessity demands it: the troops are never in barracks, or ever subjected to the minute details of European kept discipline; to which, as M. Moreau de St. Méry observes, it is --- Page 275 --- - - J APPENDIS.- -A. [vii them.* The soldier repairs to almost impossible to habituate on an alarm being his alarm post with a singular of promptitude, danger. In ordinary times he fired, or on the appearance his home, and only appears in arms at commonly remains at take every Sunday, or when a the inspections which place for the service of the certain proportion of men are required this time, with their familitary stations : the rest, are during have gardens abundantly milies on the plantations, where and they those who prefer a town resifurnished with provisions : species of industry, from whence dence, exercise there every They receive pay whenthey derive substantial advantages. allows ofit: ; but they are too just ever the state of the treasury since they form such a to insist upon regularity in this respect, they only serve their part of the state, that they are convinced in no absolute want of this own cause, and because they are with the exception of their pay for their cloathing and take support, their turn for promotion, which uniform. Allthe soldiers have nothing to fear from injusis sufficiently rapid, and they who demand their discharge tice, intrigues, or partiality : those form the corps of invalids; ; on the plea of wounds orinfirmities, grants of land and this bady receives regular pay, services: togetherwith : orelse, more frequentaccording to the nature oftheir families and pass their days happy and ly, they retire to their any thing in my tranquil. I have not, I believe, exaggerated willadd that, thus organized, account ofthe Haytian soldiers:1 of valour, and it is certain that they have performed prodigics offered, will not appear to them the situation so vaguely preferable to that which they at present fifth enjoy. class, consisting of Let us come to M. H. Plantalion Henry's Negroes. This class is those tfheretofore called useful and unfortunate of all c altogether the most numerous, and has under this threcfold point 66 the inhabitants of Hayti, attention, and to give it the 66 of view a special claim to somewhat our back. 6 whole of this, we must go whole course of the revoce Uniformlyvietimst throughoutthe of misery, the numbers of this c lution, plunged into an abyss hundredths during 66 class sustained a reduction of ninety-nine and paternal yoke of 66 the struggle to shake off the solicitude salutary they are yet the un66 those masters, of whose tender principles of 66 fortunate objects; ; their lot was and regulated rest were bythe fixed : they enjoyed C6 justice: : the hours abundant of labour food : each had a smali property 64 wholesome and well as those in the * The black troops in the British the fallacy service, of this as observation; : being service of King Hlenry, inferior in discipline to the steadiest most of them little, if at rr white troops.-- Translator. the struggle to shake off the solicitude salutary they are yet the un66 those masters, of whose tender principles of 66 fortunate objects; ; their lot was and regulated rest were bythe fixed : they enjoyed C6 justice: : the hours abundant of labour food : each had a smali property 64 wholesome and well as those in the * The black troops in the British the fallacy service, of this as observation; : being service of King Hlenry, inferior in discipline to the steadiest most of them little, if at rr white troops.-- Translator. --- Page 276 --- vii] APPENDIX,-A. < allotted to him, which yielded him 46 infirmaries established more or less profit: the se against the evils and on the Jarge plantations secured them 66 their masters infirmities of age: on the smaller ones themselves took < ladies careofthem : nor did the white disdain to bring up the negro children in the same 66 apartments with themselves, while they lavished attentions on them little inferior to those 64. dren. In a word, slavery had bestowed on their own chilK6 servitude, which, in insensibly passed into a state of S6 vantages unknown to many the white respects, afforded the negroes ad6 all theinflammatory domestics in Europe. As for 46 athirst for disorder declamations and uttered perfidious men, < novelty, the foes TP philosophy, whose sacred names they humanity and K invoking their support to the horrible incessantly cause of profane by F are the avowed apostles, will be which they < This act which, but for the they horrors it instantly overturned. 66 been merely ridieulous; this climax of produced, would have 56 which was, say they, commanded folly and madness c. wisdom, proclaimed by by lumanity, dictated by S was to render all the philosophy, and the effect of which 66 on them what they called negroes the most instantly happy by conferring 46 sacred privilege of lovely, as it. is the most c produced? The every human being, liberty, whatl has it c6 ren,and destruction of four thousand of your breth2c eventuallythe loss of all those comforts to which the 6s, compassionate Inhabitants bounty of your masters had habituated you. 6e sclves to be ofHaytilopen once your eyes, you have suffered your6 remains of deceived, the annihilation of what yet s your original population will be the inevitable consequence of a second error." I have copied the author's expressions word for word. 1 endeavour to depict the condition of Hayti and its not as it wasf formerly, but as it is at and as inhabitants, I have self beheld it. Itis the condition of present, the cultivatori in mywhich has chiefly attracted my attention in my travels, society and is sointeresting in itself. - It is besides an easy thing for a stranger who lives in the greatest familiarity with the and is invited to all their parties of in the indigénes, and however indisposed he may feel to pleasure grant them all conntry! the interest which they inspire, it will be extorted from him by their honest.simplicity, and their gentleness. 1 believe myself then thoroughly acquainted with their habits, and I shall endeavour to pourtray them as faithfully as possible. I shall back first to the formation of the republic, and I find thata agriculture go is respeeted there as the first and noblest art; that fêtes are established in honour of it, at which the meritorious enltivator receives marks of distinction, and I have becn present at an conntry! the interest which they inspire, it will be extorted from him by their honest.simplicity, and their gentleness. 1 believe myself then thoroughly acquainted with their habits, and I shall endeavour to pourtray them as faithfully as possible. I shall back first to the formation of the republic, and I find thata agriculture go is respeeted there as the first and noblest art; that fêtes are established in honour of it, at which the meritorious enltivator receives marks of distinction, and I have becn present at an --- Page 277 --- [ix APPENDIX.-A. at which I saw a vénerable agriculturist seated On the on entertainment hand of the first magistrate of the state. the right and cultivators are in effect joint proplantations the planters The rights which the duties are reciprocal. the portion ofits profits to which peietors-their cultivator has in the estate are, which he draws from it by he is entitled, and the advantages it as much provision grounds the privilege of cultivating His upon hours of labour are fixed by the as he is able to of manage. the sun, and he is driven to it by no other ordinary course of custom and reason. When a woman compulsion than that withdraws from the common labour of the is préguant, she of ber offspring; after delivery plantation, for the preservation all the necessary time to acquire strength. she gives her child his indisposition has only to be made If a cultivator is sick, attention lumanity can suggest. known for him to receive without every losing his advantages upon the When old and infirm, invalid. The soldier, oflicer, plantation, he is considered as an retains all his right of resior artisan, born upon a plantation, conducts himselfwell, and continues dence upon it, provided he The majority of the cultivators to form part of the family. in common with those of the propriehavé cattle that pasture and kind treatment are the means tors. Persuasion, justice the for maintaining and prewhich the laws afford and proprictors a most rare punishserving, the cultivators, imprisonment, inflicted upon the idle and ment, is the heaviest situation penalty of the cultivators in the mouninsubordinate. The that their advantages are tains is precisely the same, that except they receive a moiety of the still more abundant, and The extraordinary exportacoffee along with the proprietor. since the war between England tion of these berries, especially wholly from theindustry ofthe cultivators, and. America, arising manufactures annually sold in the immense eargoes of English chief consumers, prove the Hayti, and of which they are the situation ; sO that the extent of their comforts in their present is indisputably class of cultivators and of these new reflection proprietors which must occur to the most happy, and this is a work. Itis only necessary to every reader of M,H. Henry's to share in their rural enjoysee them upon their their plantations, elegant simplicity when they visit the, ments, to behold of their labours, the spirits towns with the surplus. produce which is the which animate them, and that happy fecundity they have nothing true source of prosperity, to be satisfied M. H. Henry's to desire in their present state; and of Hayti admitting has been reduced calculation that the population the tempests of the revolution, ninety-nine hundredths follows hence by that if has almost entirely ref0 be.correct it M,H. Henry's to share in their rural enjoysee them upon their their plantations, elegant simplicity when they visit the, ments, to behold of their labours, the spirits towns with the surplus. produce which is the which animate them, and that happy fecundity they have nothing true source of prosperity, to be satisfied M. H. Henry's to desire in their present state; and of Hayti admitting has been reduced calculation that the population the tempests of the revolution, ninety-nine hundredths follows hence by that if has almost entirely ref0 be.correct it --- Page 278 --- x] AFPENDIX,-4. covered itself, for I take it for granted that there is half a million of souls in Hayti who have above born in the principles or during the progress consequently of the been and since the declaration of general liberty, and revolution, who perfect strangers to the antient regime. When we look to the are vigorous youths to be met with in the streets, or cast over the ranks of the troops, we must feel the truth of what an eye I advance, and be convinced that the reasonings of the author apply to times. widely different from the present, and that addresses the cultivators in a language which they cannot he sibly comprehend. Itis evident that, with all their posthere is nothing dearer to the Haytians than mildness, this idea to the last degree of enthusiasm, and liberty: itis they carry graven on their hearts, that were the alternative of death so deeply or a Iam renunciation of their freedom offered to them, they would convinced, hesitate to accept the former. not, As to the 6th class, composed of troublesome (says the author, who points it out to the others individuals, to them against the mischief it may do them) I think. only with guard is but small; and I am far from attributing to him another him it design which might recall to the readers recollection the of the dogs who guarded the sheep, and whom the wolves fable demanded as hostages, inhabilants Il have now sheun how experience has taught me to view the of Hayti in a state of society, it is for them to decide upon my performance, and if they determine favorally what will they say then to M. H. Henry's production? clude that he has collected his They will COn2prejudiced or deceived either by information false from men who are hopes, and who unfortunately suffer their principles or disappointed suggestions of reason. these passions to stifte the individual aho, possibly Happily with konest are the remarks of an suppositions which have been represented intentions, to him as reasons truths, from and whachcan Tt have no influence upon the existing state might be supposed that, after all that has taken of affuirs. in France, where we haueseenso much contrivance, and place So many sacrifices made in order to avoid interfering with witnessed what long habit and the course of the revolution had would. have acted 2n the same manner towards sanctioned, the inhabitants they vernment of Hayti, who cannot be guilty of any. offence against the Goseparate of France as al present established, since they did not claims have from France titi after its suspension. What strong they on its equitable consideration ? What reproaches restored to can the they reasonably fear from the monarch now lim. Whilst then throne? They have been fellow-suffarers with coneiliations, towards which he has laudably --- Page 279 --- AK [xi APFPENDIX.-A. advances, give peace and happiness to one pormade the first how can it be that the inhabitants of Hayti but tion of mankind, not in the same conciliatory spirit, should be treated, of a cruel and illiberal prejudice according to the suggestions their skins? He maust resolue ihen to ezcited by the colour of like wild beasts, merely because see them attacked and pursued slaves !!! 66 Not only," says the they were umvilling to be by the whole disposable force author, < will they be menaced reinforced to harrass 46 of France, which will be continualiy other coloc them, but these will be aided, ifnecessary, the dangerous dread the influence in the same conciliatory spirit, should be treated, of a cruel and illiberal prejudice according to the suggestions their skins? He maust resolue ihen to ezcited by the colour of like wild beasts, merely because see them attacked and pursued slaves !!! 66 Not only," says the they were umvilling to be by the whole disposable force author, < will they be menaced reinforced to harrass 46 of France, which will be continualiy other coloc them, but these will be aided, ifnecessary, the dangerous dread the influence ce nial powers, who must of Hayti, upon their own < example of the independence which would not, at 6 sossions, and aided even by all England, the assistance she required.- 6 such a case, refuse France force to blockade all the ports 6 Menaced also by a maritime and recruit the army employed in At of the island, to provision it with the necessary supplies to enable it 46 fighting, to furnish influenco of the climate, and c6 to withstand the malignant maladies which are frequently so de- & afford a shelter from to employ those prescrvatives 6 structive only from neglecting have taught the use : but weak46 of which art and experience of deserters who will hasten to join 44 ened also by the number and disappointment c6, the French army as soon as want, misery < begin to be felt." this I will observe, that these threats and In answer to all far from disposing their preparations, so frightful if exceuted, irritate them the more, from minds to submission, would only ofvengeance and re-enslaving their secing nothing but projects will even deem resistence the marshalled against them. They with whom they more necessary. They seem to understand their submission, in the manhave to deal, and that the fruit would, of as far as regarded them, be ner proposed by the author, that it would cost less pains. nearly the same, except supposing such measuresjust and Itis a question, whether, of France, she would derive any benereasonable on the part since destruction would march in the ficial result from them, and the evils they would inflici on the Hayvan ofher armies, themselves from a participation in them, tians wouldnot secure advantage for the future beyond the inhuwithout gaining any the present race of these isman gratification of exterminating the death of so many thousands of Frenchlanders, and causing drenched all Europe with their blood, men, who, after having here beneath the Torrid Zone to would have to shed it anew dictatedby avarice and prejudice. establish, what- L Systems that the British Government would Itis very improbable its liberality and sentimens are too Jend itself to such projects, would inflici on the Hayvan ofher armies, themselves from a participation in them, tians wouldnot secure advantage for the future beyond the inhuwithout gaining any the present race of these isman gratification of exterminating the death of so many thousands of Frenchlanders, and causing drenched all Europe with their blood, men, who, after having here beneath the Torrid Zone to would have to shed it anew dictatedby avarice and prejudice. establish, what- L Systems that the British Government would Itis very improbable its liberality and sentimens are too Jend itself to such projects, --- Page 280 --- xi] APPENDIX-TA. well known. It acts upon principles diametrically and opposite; it was the first to proscribe the slave trade, its total perseveres abolition : unremitinglyinitse endeavours to doubtless accomplishi succeed in effecting for the good ofl humanity it will Lord speech in the this. Let us read the noble Castlereagh's abhorrence with House of Commons, and we shall see the and how earwhich England regards all sanguinary to France measures, never to employ nestly the noble lord not recommends be the first to say to them, 66 What them. Would he the of Hayti, since cc would you gain by destroying them population the sacrifice your cO66 you cannot replace it? Grant can of then < lonial system ; make such overtures as they erpedition, accept, but < you will gain not. only the expences of your already cul66 those resources which the commerce of a country, <6 tivated, ofers to you." in are a secret known only, to The means of defence Hayti with the chiefs; I shall merely observe that I am unacquainted ardent rays of the against thc influence of the any preservative the rich blood of Europeans, against the inclemency sun upon the natural fortifications of the of a burning climate, against 1 will remind the aucountry, and its mountainous of positions. nations has led them to rethor that the experience many without the consent of its gard the conquest of this country, inhabitants, as nearly an impossibility. guarantee which the author Iwillsayn nothing respectingthe since I admit ofthe work in question offers to the indigénes, forthem, and that they that his propositions are not calculated of whom he the same who will perhaps see, in the men however speaks, changed the accompanied Gen. Leclerc, and who, changed with it. FreFrench Government may be, are not the effects ofa quently the measures of government are only that under these wise precaution, and I can confidently say, one in Hayti has a circumstances they will be useless. Évery has right to reason as he pleases: in tbis respect of government his opinions, never restricted any person in the the expression less wise or prudent in its without being on this account follow the author as accurately as proceedings. Wishing to in vain for the emblem of blood of possibly, I have sought Can it be that of the flag? The French which he speaks. and red, when the Haytians proflag was hitherto blue, wlite, left out the second colour, claimed their independence, reference they to the human complexion, as without, however, any and in this respect the multitude of stranfar as I can judge: where they carry on an advantageous gers resident in Hayti, by the Governnent of commerce, and are specially prolected follow the author as accurately as proceedings. Wishing to in vain for the emblem of blood of possibly, I have sought Can it be that of the flag? The French which he speaks. and red, when the Haytians proflag was hitherto blue, wlite, left out the second colour, claimed their independence, reference they to the human complexion, as without, however, any and in this respect the multitude of stranfar as I can judge: where they carry on an advantageous gers resident in Hayti, by the Governnent of commerce, and are specially prolected --- Page 281 --- [xiii APPENDIX.-B. discovered the existence of any marks the republic, have never their colour. of proscription against ardent wishes for the prosperity ofthis I entertain the most that the Haytians may be able, by comcountry; I am anxious to escape all the calamitics iug to an happy mderstanding, humanity desires it: it was with these which threaten them: and have proceeded sO far. sentiments that I took up my I pen, would raise my heartin their faShouldit turn out otherwise, Being, that avenging Deity, who vour towards that Supreme another! gyou are all equal in my has said to all men, love one actions, and not by the colour sight! you will be judged by your of your skin. at the Government press. 1814, Port-au-Prince: : Printed B PRESS AT PRINTED AT THE GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS FORT-AU-PRINCE. made in the name of Documents relative to the Communications of Hayti, by Genethe French Government to the President lâs Majesty Louis xviii. Tal Daurion Lavaysse, deputed by King of France and Navarre. No. 1. to the President of Hayti. Letter from Gen. Dauzion Lavaysse 6th Sept. 1814. Kingston, Jamaica, General, ONE of the persons who isin your Excellency's through confidence, the and with whom I had an interview at Curaçao communicated to kindness of General Hodgson, bas doubtless the and liberal you the nature of my mission, and Louis paternal xviii. intentions of our King, the weil-beloved General, and doubtless too pruYou are too enlightened, the wide difference which exists between dent, not to perceive established on the restoration of Louis xviii, the order of things known the name of the ancient regames and that which was by , Jamaica, General, ONE of the persons who isin your Excellency's through confidence, the and with whom I had an interview at Curaçao communicated to kindness of General Hodgson, bas doubtless the and liberal you the nature of my mission, and Louis paternal xviii. intentions of our King, the weil-beloved General, and doubtless too pruYou are too enlightened, the wide difference which exists between dent, not to perceive established on the restoration of Louis xviii, the order of things known the name of the ancient regames and that which was by --- Page 282 --- xiv] APPENDIX,-B. NO. 1. as well as the arbitrary and despotic government which Bonaparte endeavoured to establish in France. To deceive for the purpose of enslaving was, for ten the grand secret, the primun mobile, of the policy of that years, treacherous, and malicious usurper. Execrated bythe whole abandoned by the companions of his military the world, this demoniac, will, it is to be hoped, furnish glory, a lesson to fate those of who, while exercising an illegitimate and precarious tain their senses. No greatknowledge of public law power, is neces- resary to enable us to perceive the difference which exists between the present constitutional form of the Government of and that which prevailed before the year 1789. France, This, which has re-seated the Bourbons on the throne of France, is not what was some years ago called a counter-revolution, by the emigrants and republicans. The Alexander and his allies entered France in order to generous of an insane tyrant, and furnished a rallying point avenge to themselves the French long worn out by the most gtievous and sanguinary It was around Alexander thât those despotism. men had been SO conspicuous in our revolution distinguished rallied themselves: who sumclyethedfallyrands, the the Dessoles, the Duponts, the. Marmonts, Bournonzilles, &c. who, after having for more than years laboured, through alli the vicissitudes of our revolution, twenty to accomplish the work of liberty and independence in have succeeded in re-erecting the French France, basis of a free and representative Constitution; Monarchy and upôn of this the constitution Louis xviii, was himself one of the framers. principal How dear ought not this consideration, General, to render his name in the eyes of all true friends of liberty! What an auspicious omen does it not afford to our Haytian brethren! Yes, General, it is a royal philosopher, a new Marcus Aurelius, another Henry the fourth, who is seated upon the throne of France. This, believe me, is not the language of flattery, but of truth, and that of all my compatriots. To satisfy yourself of the spirit which prevails at this in France, cast your eyes over the listofthe Chamber day and the principal authorities of the State. There ofPeeis, see the ancient Corinthian pillars of the French monarchy, you may the Montmorencies, the Rohans, the Larochefoucaults, gc. gc. intermingled with the heroic pillars of the modern order, the the Suchets, the Marmonts, the Bournonvilles, the Dessoles, Neys, the Duponts, &ec.,, those defenders of the independence and the glory of our dear France. , cast your eyes over the listofthe Chamber day and the principal authorities of the State. There ofPeeis, see the ancient Corinthian pillars of the French monarchy, you may the Montmorencies, the Rohans, the Larochefoucaults, gc. gc. intermingled with the heroic pillars of the modern order, the the Suchets, the Marmonts, the Bournonvilles, the Dessoles, Neys, the Duponts, &ec.,, those defenders of the independence and the glory of our dear France. --- Page 283 --- RUS cee APPENDIX.-B. NO. 1. [xv these men, who by their talents, their ge-. You will see all and their virtues have ennobled themselves nius, their valour of our revolutions, you will during the tempests and agitations between the King and the see these, I say, worthily placed of majesty and the power of Pie ple, equally the supporters of the nation and public liberty. crown, the rights Charter, and the acts of the preRead the Constitutional in despite of all the sent government, and you will see that, insane of the clamour and absurdity of the blind or has produced partizans of good ancient regime, that all which revolution our with monarchical habits, and liberal principles, compatible has been religiously preserved. these things, General, and reason thus, I Reflect well upon 4: Louis xviii. is a philosophic King, pray you, with yourself of the revolution* was one of aolo, before the commencement" The great officers the most zeulous defenders efrubliefresdon: him, are almost all the children of and yeneruls, who surround foes to the ancient abuses and prethe recolution, consequently themselves by the revolution to judices: These men have raised France, and we, raised, like a level with the first fumilies of and by the same them, by the tempests of the same revolution, Impossible! causes, should we remain 2ne abasement? a and Say likewise to yourself 66 Bonaparte was agents perfidious rolowere cruel despot, whoinpolitics hardly employed Better any would it have and as himself. not as inmoral perfidious him in our last entrenchments, than conclude been, for uS tofight tlis Corsican who never respected lis proany treaty with monarch, the descenmnises. But Louis xviii. is a iv. legitimate who will, in treating withe us, dent of St. Louis and Henry and unprejudiced men, men posonly employ honourable means have, in their soritings OT sibly who; under another Government, cause - who does not listen to their speeches, advocated our and soured by their misfortunes. men blinded by their prejudices, 272 this enlightened, generous and Let us repose our confidence EXTEND TO US THE RIGHTS OF loyal King. He WILL WHICII IS UNDOUSTEDLY FRENCH SUBJECTS AND CITIZENS, BARBAROUS SAVAGES, OR BETTER THAN TO BE TREATED AS HUNTED AS MAROON NEG ROES." this soliloquy, General; instill them Make these reflections, men who merit your confidence, into the minds of reasonable honourable testimony of your and you will deserve the and most the gratitudeboth of your courtry Sovereign's satisfaction, with the liberal opinions expressed * Every one is acquainted in the Assembly of Notables, and which by Louis misfortunes xvii. (Monsicur) have not made him abjure. his long BARBAROUS SAVAGES, OR BETTER THAN TO BE TREATED AS HUNTED AS MAROON NEG ROES." this soliloquy, General; instill them Make these reflections, men who merit your confidence, into the minds of reasonable honourable testimony of your and you will deserve the and most the gratitudeboth of your courtry Sovereign's satisfaction, with the liberal opinions expressed * Every one is acquainted in the Assembly of Notables, and which by Louis misfortunes xvii. (Monsicur) have not made him abjure. his long --- Page 284 --- APPENDIX.-B. NO. 2. xvil and the inhabitants of Hayti, whom we must ever. regard as French. sense and discrimination, and are You have too much with good France, General, to mistake this for too well acquainted weakness. Weakness menaces, but the strong the langunge of crush those who spurn their generosity. and the powerful General, my highest respect, Accept, DAUXION LAVAYSSE. (Signed) No. 2. Equality. Liberty. REPUBLIC OF HAYTI. Alezander Pétion, President of Hayti, to hâs Excellency Monsieur Daurion Lavaysse. Sir, ofhis Britannic Majesty's brig Moselle, I have Byt thearrival with the letter you did mc the honour of addressbeen favoured 6th inst. announcing the mission with which ing to me on the his most Christian Majesty. you are charged by years, beenconvulsed with Europe has,for violence upwardsoftwenty, has been felt to the extremities of the tempests, whose has the cruel and painglobe, and of which Hayti experienced the conflict of sO ful effects. From the chaos produced by events have arisen many contending passions and resulted interests, from causes perfectly which, however occasioned extraordinary, a total change in the aspect of affairs. natural, and than adinirable, and by a revolution no less surprising has been restored to the the E ofthe allied sovereigns, has remounted the throne and his Majesty Louis t world, All the events which haveled to this glorious ofhis ancestors. on them the stamp of grandeur, result bear strongly imprinted and magnanimous which generosity, and every thing great a noble rivalry ofj justice and philosophy and virtue can boast; the the security of disinterestedness on the part of sovereigns; the French rights and privileges to all and each laws individually; and constitution ; the consulted on.the choice of their of Great Britain in abolishglorious and honourable conduct inhuman traffic in slaves, fill our ing for ever the shameful and innocent men, who rely upon the hearts with hope, and inspire of their cause, and the purity of their conscience, the with justice the most perfect confidence sincerity of their sentiments, guaranteed by such honourable traits. with the precious deposit Entrusted, by, their free consent, fellow citizens whom I ofthe guardianship. of the rights of my represcht,Iregretied, Coaparouzsenea .the choice of their of Great Britain in abolishglorious and honourable conduct inhuman traffic in slaves, fill our ing for ever the shameful and innocent men, who rely upon the hearts with hope, and inspire of their cause, and the purity of their conscience, the with justice the most perfect confidence sincerity of their sentiments, guaranteed by such honourable traits. with the precious deposit Entrusted, by, their free consent, fellow citizens whom I ofthe guardianship. of the rights of my represcht,Iregretied, Coaparouzsenea --- Page 285 --- - APPENDIX-B. NO. 3. [xvii that have not undertaken a voyage in person to Port-auyou where I should be better able to communicate with I you Prince, nature and extent of your mission. Such a step take on the The frankness and loyalty which the liberty of recommending. of my conduct assure yout have been the uniform will principles among us that politeness, Excellency that you which experienee is due to your person, to the disattention and character respect, bear, and the sovereign whose orders tinguished you you convey. Excellency to believe the sentiments of high I beg consideration your with which I have thehonour to remain Excellency's most obedient and humble servant, your (Signed) PETION. Port-au-Prince, 24th Sept. 1814: 11th year of Independence. No. 3. agent of his Excellency the The undersigned and principal the Colonies of his most Christian Minister of Marine ofthe French colony in the island Majesty, for the restoration the undermentioned consiofHayti, has the honour to propose President Pétion, and the proderations and measures to Mr. visional authorities of that colony. of troubles and wars carried on After twenty-four years long unusual amongst the with an animosity and perfidiousness' these nations once more repose civilized nations of Europe, This blessing they owe to the beneath the shade of peace. which desolated downfal of the revolutionary that government treacherous and sanguinary France; to the overthrow of that modern Attila, who had usurper, that scourge of God, the French and other nations been suffered to tyrannize and over punishing them for their revolufor the purpose of curing above all they are indebted for this tionary follies and crimes ; restoration of the august and benevoblessing of peace to the lent house of Bourbon. ascending to Heaven from every part, While cries of joy but of Europe, hail this giorious not only of the French empire, voices be heard from the queen of the event, shall discordant French colonies? revolutionary France, The nations SO long in arms against having made a or rather against her revolutionary government, will the existing sincere peace with our legitimate respect, goverament; esteem and confidence government ofHayti displayless of the Bourbons, towards the ancient and venerable government than those of civilized Europe? b peace to the lent house of Bourbon. ascending to Heaven from every part, While cries of joy but of Europe, hail this giorious not only of the French empire, voices be heard from the queen of the event, shall discordant French colonies? revolutionary France, The nations SO long in arms against having made a or rather against her revolutionary government, will the existing sincere peace with our legitimate respect, goverament; esteem and confidence government ofHayti displayless of the Bourbons, towards the ancient and venerable government than those of civilized Europe? b --- Page 286 --- APPENDIX.-B. NO. 3. xviii] have been SO often and sO cruelly deceived; The Haytians invincible spirit of mistrust has arisen among that an almost whom have they been deceived, betrayed, them. But by butchered and drowned? and blood-thirsty wretches, the By the same profigate of the French nation, the encmies and. refusc and disgrace the house of Bourbon, and of all virtuous peopersecutors of of the Robespierres, the Marats, and the ple: the disciples satellites of their suiccessor the Corsican Carriers : the worthy tyrant. the butchers and foes of the Haytians àre no others Yes! enemies of our dear and venerable Bourbons. than the guilty reflect well on this circumstance: : Inhabitants of Hayti! who are the supreme head of above ali reflect it well you and magistrates to whom the goveriment, MEaT all ye generals of this the care of Providence has entrusted the care pcople, not that this instructing them in their true demand interests from : doubt you a rigorous acpeople will one day or other count of your administration. observations I shall have the honour After these preliminary President of Haytito recognise and proclaim of proposing to the French monarch, as soon as he shallj judge the sovereigaty ofthe that the people. of this country are suficiently in his wisdom, for this great and happy event. in the interval, prepared Why, like the wise and energetic men the who, of the between the downfal of Bonaparte and the President restoration of Hayti Bourbons in France--why should not inhabitants form in conjunetion with some of the Members principal ofa Provisional Gothemselvesinto the President and of his Majesty Louis xvii; vernment for Hayti, in the name and prudence to adopt this Should they have the energy rewards will they not debenevolent measure, what splendid descendant of the virtuous serve at the bands of the worthy their country, and their Henryiv.; what gratitude from France, countrymen of Hayti. head of the government and his subordiLet the supremie that, the progress of nate officers convince their countrymen in France the tyranny of those knowledge has overthrown that, like those colonial prejudices so injurious to time humanity: they desolate their vicinity voleanoes which, though at the afterwards by their ashes, the by their cruptions, fertilize left them behind some important truths and French revolution has birth to the free and wise constiprinciples which have given legislator Louis tution we have received from whose our benevolent image and representative xvili.; that, like the Deity, of all the French, whether bora he is, this monarch, the father France the tyranny of those knowledge has overthrown that, like those colonial prejudices so injurious to time humanity: they desolate their vicinity voleanoes which, though at the afterwards by their ashes, the by their cruptions, fertilize left them behind some important truths and French revolution has birth to the free and wise constiprinciples which have given legislator Louis tution we have received from whose our benevolent image and representative xvili.; that, like the Deity, of all the French, whether bora he is, this monarch, the father --- Page 287 --- NE APPENDIX.--B. NO. 3. [xix the climate of Europe, or that ofthe torrid zone; what- : beneath colour nature has imprinted on their visage this ever be the enlightened and good, like the Deity, monarch, I say, equally wishes them all to share the new order of cherishes all alike; France, and to establish no disaffairs which has regenerated and talent. tinctions save those of virtue, learning, violent and incorrigible Let them be assured that have those been incompatible with the men, whose prejudices have would been banished from her bosom. peace of the colony, that it is a Malouet who is now MiLet them bear in mind that Malouet was the friend nister of Marine and the Colonies; their cause before the constiof the Abbé Raynal who them pleaded know that the names of Nestor tuent assembly. Let the Romans, or Sully in the among the Greeks, Cato among awaken more lively recollections of days of Henry iv. of do the not Malouet of our own days and consevirtue than that shall be promised by such a minister quently that of whatever the best of kings, will be as religiously fulflled in the name the Divinity himself. as if promised by that a government sO widely different Let them consider will send them none but chiefs as from that of the Corsican* their disintorestedness and their distinguished for their probity, Leclercs and other brigands, sent humanity, as the Bachas, were horribly conspieuous for some years ago by the usurper, rapacity, pertidy and cruelty. of this usurper whose name is * IfI épeak. with such indignation it is hecause ih the of every virtuous and his so unitedl to military glory, by his robberies, Re cruelties, man all his glory is tarnished the greatest talents; united to the most un- the treachery. and Possessing unbounded ambition, Bonaparte Seneca,in fully answered these lines. principlcd celebrated description of the Corsicans given bys 6 Prima lex est mentiri, 66 Secunda ulcisci, 66 Tertia vivere rapto, Deum." 66 Quarta non agnoscere Which may be thus renderedfalsehood stands, First 'midst their laws unblushing her bloodstained hands; Next dark revenge list fell displays plunder shames the day, Tbird on the victims own her fearful sway; While Creation's trembling Lord, these wretches next disown, And drag religion from her sacred throne. in a people! Such was tho contempt What a portraitt--ehat held by the Romans that they would not have theni which they were the Senator Lanjuinais had the courage to remark even as slaves, as when they proposed to elect Bonaparte Emperor. te his colleagues b2 hood stands, First 'midst their laws unblushing her bloodstained hands; Next dark revenge list fell displays plunder shames the day, Tbird on the victims own her fearful sway; While Creation's trembling Lord, these wretches next disown, And drag religion from her sacred throne. in a people! Such was tho contempt What a portraitt--ehat held by the Romans that they would not have theni which they were the Senator Lanjuinais had the courage to remark even as slaves, as when they proposed to elect Bonaparte Emperor. te his colleagues b2 --- Page 288 --- AFPENDIX.-B. No. 4. xx] should I' be if these observations and propoHow rejoiced the paternal views of our excellent sitions which merely express minister should make any impresa sovereign and his virtuous and inhabitants of Hayti. Ah! sion on thel hearts of the chiefs to hoist the royal stanshould they induce thém. French voluntarily fidelity and honour, with what dard, that emblem of hasten to place myself under the comextaticjoy would I not the offer mand of the present head of Haytian slaff, and government, embrace them as; to range myself amidst his military my comrades and brethren in arms. their trade Then would the Haytians see' their agriculture, and happiness would and their industry, revive: Ease, and the riches, reign of confidence would be diffused amongst them, and mistrust; so painful to all genesupersede that of anxiety rous souls. (Signed) DAUXION LAVAYSSE: To his' Excellency the President of Hayti. Port-au-Prince, 9th Nov. 1814. No. 4. Equality. Libertyj. REPUBLIC OF HAYTI: President of Hayti, bas the honour to Alexander Pétion, of the note addressed to him on the acknowledge the receipt month his Excellency General Dauxion 9th of thei present a principal agent of his Excellency Lavaysse, in his capacity and the Colonies to his Most Christhe minister of Marine restoration of the French colony in St. tian Majesty, for the Domingo. which bad nearly A revolution, as long as it was surprising, character and progress is overturned the whole world, whose has terminated in a manunexampled in the annals ofhistory, and the nations ofthe her no less wonderful than unexpected, obliterated or forgotten vestiges of earth once more retrace the The island of Hayti, roused by the their ancient institutions. re-echoed in France on the first dawnshouts of liberty which disposed to take an active ing of the revolution, was naturally and was likewise made to feel them share in these commotions, and the events, by which they were accompain their full force, situntion. nied, prepared her for her present President of Hayti reminds his ExItis with pain that the. that all the calamities ofthis councellency General Lavaysse, France, and that she has never try originated in revolntionary conduct so uniformly cruel as te eeased to proroke them by a ed in France on the first dawnshouts of liberty which disposed to take an active ing of the revolution, was naturally and was likewise made to feel them share in these commotions, and the events, by which they were accompain their full force, situntion. nied, prepared her for her present President of Hayti reminds his ExItis with pain that the. that all the calamities ofthis councellency General Lavaysse, France, and that she has never try originated in revolntionary conduct so uniformly cruel as te eeased to proroke them by a --- Page 289 --- APPENDIX.-B. NO. 4. [xxi theinhabitants of Hayti to despair. Never did a people drive devotion to the mother country than the Haytians. display more and fury ofthose Abandoned by her to the sanguinary who have caprice in turn successively persavage and corrupt agents, and more, the Haytians, ever faithful to secuted them more for her beneath her flag, made her arms victoriFrance, fought leagues, and never ceased to ous at a distance of two thousand attachment; when, at the give proofs of the most unexampled which ought to have peace of Amiens she sent an expedition of this beautifal island, established permanently tbe rendered prosperity to the mother country by and rewarded the services who alone and left to themselves had for a number of men sustained the lustre of the French arms. An fourteen years in which the planters and the French expedition of cannibals! other in theiri insatiable thirst for Haytian blood. vied with each used to assist the Frencharnyin takThe arms which theyhad of the country were torn from their hands, ing possession themselves were dragged on board floating prisons while they smothered, drowned, hung, bayonetted, called ctouffoirs, blood hounds, trained to this hotrible burned, torn in pieces from by the Spanish main at a heavy expence. sport and brought of each succeeding night came but to veil the - The shades and the day was occupied horror of these dreadful execntions, without distinction! It was enough in collecting the victims either as an officer or a private; to have apto have borne arms the revolutionary stage, to be put peared in any capacity upon nor infants, nor the aged escaped to death. Ncither women, When other prey was wanting the fury of these houses monsters! to form the nightly chain by means of they entered the and the first who came in their way. The in- in the domestics, towns were from eating fish lest habitants of the prevented blood, and when at this sO doing they should feed on theirown the French troops exposed to very time sickness resentment preyed upon of'those who, to escape punishment, vengeance and conceal themselves in the woods, whence they were obliged to at this very time the French ramparts were carried on hostilities, with Haytians, who defended them with to be seen manned their courage till it came to their own turn, ther aims and to die!! were the amusements and recreations of Such, general, and the planters who excited them, and Leclere, Rochambeax, procured by an address who, in the dread of being suspended, Their wishes Roclambean's appolintment as captain those general. of France. This were heard; ; alas! possibly desertion they ofthe were Haytians to the woods was the signal for the and also for an increage ofthe cruelto become almost general, seen manned their courage till it came to their own turn, ther aims and to die!! were the amusements and recreations of Such, general, and the planters who excited them, and Leclere, Rochambeax, procured by an address who, in the dread of being suspended, Their wishes Roclambean's appolintment as captain those general. of France. This were heard; ; alas! possibly desertion they ofthe were Haytians to the woods was the signal for the and also for an increage ofthe cruelto become almost general, --- Page 290 --- xxi] APPENDIX.-B. NO. 4. - of the French. If for one, withdrew to save myself from ties What were our hopes ? Could we think it possible death. the French? Yet wbat was our alternative? for us to repulse conduct to be I dare to Could we hesitate as to the parsued? did the believe we were justified. God and our perseverance rest. evacuation by the French army we returned to the On the found every thing destroyed, and that every towns, where we Who will spcak to us of our thing was to be recreated. Let him peruse the volume of our erimes-ofo our vengeance? thence form his opinion of our conduct. I calamities, and somewhere in the melancholy annals of the have, I think, read countries in which slavery prevailed, when world that, in those their bonds, they forged them the slaves succeeded in bursting : this was our conduct. The into arms against their oppressofs: Isolated from warl betwecaFrance: and England was renewed. for ourselves, our first all other nations and obliged to legislate which, under act was to proclaim ouri independence, a measure We framed all the circumstances of our case, was but and natural. laws, and constitution for ourselves with fixed positive a the of eleven years we undertook to guide ourselves. after offices lapse of state are filled with regenerated Haytians; we All the waves and is respeeted over the have raised an army : our flag to rise to the loftiness of our ocean. We have been obliged the laws of nations; in a word destinies. We have respected have had a share among the we can with truth say that we France, in more or less powers united against révolutionary our supplies of provisions in directly aiding by our commerce, their operations, and we claim the Antilles, andby ourattitude, in the glory of co-operating to proto ourselves a participation followed: Let the indulgence of this duce the, resilts which vanity be allowed us. if we can possibly retrograde, if I will ask your Excellency have for ourselves,, we can resign the advantages we procured of the most perfect of liberty in the fullest extent of the word, which the arms in our equality of rights, and the guarantee hands afford us. and SO cruelly deceived, 46 Thel Haytians havel been so often, of mistrust has arisen 46 that an almost insurmountable spirit 4 amongst them." axiom, and, I will add, that this This is an unanswerable the the plans for mistrust has been kept alive by publications, which have attacking the country, aud the proscriptions which multitudes have continually deluged France, and of &cc. &cc. &c. all colonists, reached us. The P. Alb. Délatre the method of unbridled in their impotent rage, have calculated ians havel been so often, of mistrust has arisen 46 that an almost insurmountable spirit 4 amongst them." axiom, and, I will add, that this This is an unanswerable the the plans for mistrust has been kept alive by publications, which have attacking the country, aud the proscriptions which multitudes have continually deluged France, and of &cc. &cc. &c. all colonists, reached us. The P. Alb. Délatre the method of unbridled in their impotent rage, have calculated --- Page 291 --- APPENDIX.-B. NO. 4. [xxitt content with wishing to recover theirown possubduing us : not of ours and made them figure sessions they have even disposed Can any connection subsist in a chapter of colonial receipts. Can confidence everl be renewed? between us and such men? fortunes have they adhered? Where have they been? To whose xvili. in England, but rather to Not assuredly to those of Louis burned incense. The inthose of the idol at whose feet they but the censer yet remains,and. cense has escaped theirhands, Pandora's box. Do they, more fortunate has been to us a to recover their proporties when than the emigrants, expect followers of their sovereign have been the tried and faithful forced to resign theirs ? the honour tofobserve, that the Your Excellency does me What a conchanged. What a difference! times are totally of Louis xviii. and that which trast between the goverament a different opinion and preceded it! I am far from entertaining sentiments sO opposite ascribing to his most Christian Majesty wel know him by his misto those he has uniformly expressed: We never have offended him, fortunes : he knows us by ours. bim, were equally our opand the same men who the perseeuted of the revolation? Against pressors. What was origin from France, and whom? The national cockade was imported the white French, the earliest disturbances broke out among whose anthority against the government and its sovereign, then? Let them recolwas despised. What was our conduct and they will see how we lect Colonel Mauduit and his death, of his most Christian Majesty acted. To us the restoration the wish of the allied powers, and it was no surprise. lt was that this work was att was under the walls of the armies. capital The king's first act on his chieved in presence oftheir an oblivion of the past, to return to France was to promise than as loyal subjeets, consider the French in no other the light world and the tranquillity and to sacrifice to the repose of recollections, setting no of his kingdom the most distressing Shall we alone then be excluded value on these sacrifices. from these benefits ? lay aside mutual Ido not dispute that men may reasonably and their rehostility, and enter into treaties of peace their bodily amityfor organization ciprocal advantage. They with each are by other, and from their parleys framed to communicate sometimes arise. By the law of nature they reconciliations enter into such treaties, because théy are an a may at all times That is the position in which we consider footing of equality. with relation to France ; but it does not ourselves as standing her we are regarded in the same appear to us that on part aside mutual Ido not dispute that men may reasonably and their rehostility, and enter into treaties of peace their bodily amityfor organization ciprocal advantage. They with each are by other, and from their parleys framed to communicate sometimes arise. By the law of nature they reconciliations enter into such treaties, because théy are an a may at all times That is the position in which we consider footing of equality. with relation to France ; but it does not ourselves as standing her we are regarded in the same appear to us that on part --- Page 292 --- xxiv] APPENDIX,- B. NO. 5. point ofview. Itis of little importance in respect of commercial profits and their effects on the general interests of France, whetherthis the country is in her hands or ours, for they will be same in either case, and it is matter of demonstration that the country can be' useful in our hands alone. At what conclusion do we arrive from considering the subject in another point of view ? War would necessarily occasion the loss of eyery thing, especially when carried on as it was in this island, where it was absolutely a war of extermination, and could no longer be a desirable system of policy to Your Excelleney must be well assured that personal ambition pursue. has no influence over my opinions: wc will consider but our'e existenesatursecunityy and our guarantee against nothing every possible event. Ihave the honour to acquaint you, that in order to be able toreply with precision to the principal proposition contained in your Excelleney's official note, I have summoned a of the chief authorities of the republic at Port-au-Prince meeting for the 21st instant, when I shall submit it to their consideration; I have issued general orders on this subject, and shall have the honour to acquaint you with the result. Iaddress your Excellency with the greatest candour, and a perfect knowiedge of the spirit of the people. Your stay amongst us will enable you to judge of their character, which unfortunately has never yet been sufficiently understood. The President of Hayti seizes this opportunity to assure his Excellency General Lavaysse of his highest consideration. (Signed) PETION. Port-au-Prince, 12th Nov. 1814: 1lth year of Independence. No. 5. Port-au-Prince, 19th November, 1814. Mr: President, The last letter your Excellency did me the honour of addressing to me upon the 12th was not delivered to me before the afternoon of the 14th, I had a fever the next day, and on the following I took physic, which weakened me SO as to render me incapable of writing at any length. In the letter in which I have now the honour to address to you, I cannot refrain from expressing my surprise at your Excellency's continuing, both in your oral and written communications, to blame the French for" crimes committed in this 19th November, 1814. Mr: President, The last letter your Excellency did me the honour of addressing to me upon the 12th was not delivered to me before the afternoon of the 14th, I had a fever the next day, and on the following I took physic, which weakened me SO as to render me incapable of writing at any length. In the letter in which I have now the honour to address to you, I cannot refrain from expressing my surprise at your Excellency's continuing, both in your oral and written communications, to blame the French for" crimes committed in this --- Page 293 --- 05 vsi - NEMAA APPENDIX.-B. NO. 5. [xxv tools of a faction and a tyrant who had so long island by the of the Almighty's vengeancein oppressing" been the instruments our country. Mr. President, might the inhabitants With equal justice, of Lyons, of Marseilles, or of" Toulon, of Bourdeaux, of Nantes, the drownings, and enormities of be accused of the murders, in those cities by the same every. description, perpetrated and unprincipled faction. rapacious, sanguinary doubtless to punish, but not to Providence, designing her to acquire reputation by overthrow France, has permitted the and wisdom of her the glory of her arms and grandeur by the wise and establishments, and she is at present governed of kings, saints, and benevolent chief of that ancient rendered family her great and successful: chevaliers, who have sO long at which every French heart in a word, by a Bourbon, a name who prides himself upon being beats with delight: a Bourbon, born a Frenchman. of this island, Mr. President, experiMay the inhabitants their European brethren. The ence the same sentiments Excellency as concludes your last letter, manner in which your in this delightful hope. leads me to indulge which disturbs this pleasing idea, I Yet there is one thing with which some allude to the facility, nay even the eagerness most absurd reports and persons receive and propagate to the interests and the falsehoods which are equally injurious honour of our country. fabricators and retailers of this tattle? And who are the wretches, the scum and outWhat their object? They are conmission merchants, casts of England and America, pitifal merchant in masters of droghers, men whom no would respectable admit to his table. Jamaica, in England, or in France, and become very oracles. Yethere they starti into consequence, and disYou, Mr. President, who are so very enlightened influenced by their ceming, shouid not allow yourself which to be it is easy- to discover impudent absurdities, and that through it is their interest and their object to their motives, discord, and prevent the reconciliation ofthe colony perpetuate to the mother country. blood-suckers, they next wish to actAfter having been your and jackalls who attend upon the lions, the part of the hyenas noble animals, in order to feast on the refuse tygers, and other Such is the design of these worthless wretches either oftheir who breathe prey. only amidst civil wars and conflagrations, to their own that they may have an excuse for appropriating themselves with our use the funds of their employers, or gorge spoils and rejoice over our misfortunes. , and prevent the reconciliation ofthe colony perpetuate to the mother country. blood-suckers, they next wish to actAfter having been your and jackalls who attend upon the lions, the part of the hyenas noble animals, in order to feast on the refuse tygers, and other Such is the design of these worthless wretches either oftheir who breathe prey. only amidst civil wars and conflagrations, to their own that they may have an excuse for appropriating themselves with our use the funds of their employers, or gorge spoils and rejoice over our misfortunes. --- Page 294 --- xxvi] APPENDIX.-B. NO. 6. But we are all French, Mr. President. May then the gust name of Bourbon be the signal of our rallying: au- the wisdom and firmness with which you have so may this country amid the revolutionary tempests yet long be governed her pass and her anchor. May France and her excellent monarch. comowe the possession of this country, not to compulsion, but to the genuine French feelings and the loyalty of its inhabitants. Your Excelleney is worthy of accomplishing this great work. May you be entitled to the gratitude of your, sovereign and your countrymen of both hemispheres. Such is the ardent and sincere desire of him who has the honour to be with the highest respect, Mr. President, Excellency's most humble and obedient servant, your (Signed) DAUXION LAVAYSSE. .P.S. Itake the liberty of requesting your Excellency will communicate this letter to the magistrates and officers who are about you. Liberty. No. 6. Equality. REPUBLIC OF HAYTI. Alezander Pétion, President of Hayti, to lis Excellency General Daurion Lavaysse. I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of the letter your Excellency addressed to me on the 19th inst. and Isincerely regret to find your indisposition continues, and shall learn with pleasure its termination. Iconceived it my duty to explain to your nature and extent of the calamities with Excelleney the country has been afflicted ever since the commencement which our unhappy oft the French revolution: and to shew who were the principal authors of them. This explanation was the more necessary, becausé after the patience of the Haytians had been exhausted by the rudest trials, the fate of their country was decided, and their emancipation those as a people dictated by the atrocious conduct of who, from the situation in which they were placed, might by a different mode of proceeding, have bound us indissolubly to France. It would be unjust to ascribe to his most Christian Majesty transactions in which he had no share, since at the time of their occurrence he was himself an exile from his dominions, and the victim of the very men who persecuted us so cruelly. His restoration to bis throne, together with all those events which paved the way for it: the rit of philosophy which appeared tohave altered enlightened the politics spi- of by the atrocious conduct of who, from the situation in which they were placed, might by a different mode of proceeding, have bound us indissolubly to France. It would be unjust to ascribe to his most Christian Majesty transactions in which he had no share, since at the time of their occurrence he was himself an exile from his dominions, and the victim of the very men who persecuted us so cruelly. His restoration to bis throne, together with all those events which paved the way for it: the rit of philosophy which appeared tohave altered enlightened the politics spi- of --- Page 295 --- XECCOL APPENDIX.-B. NO. 6. [xxvii during this memorable struggle, the world : and our conduct a hope that we should have reseemed tojustify our indulging to our sacrifices, by a spontancous had the rewarddue that I have AureRe ceived I will not repeat all I nition of our rights. Excellency on this subject, since am honour to say to your the wishes of the nation, which it was my desirous' oflearning to consult. The time for this now duty, as chief magistrate, members of the republic, to approachice since the principal communications, are whom shall submit all your and Exoellency's I shall lose no time in acquainting of assemblingin this town, In this, as in every other act you with their determination. fellow citizens that my principles my life, I shall prove to my guided by public opinion, and that and conduct are decidei uniformly in an affair which SO materially concerns it is for them to betheir dearest interests. will be unjust to Ithe Haytians if you Your Excellency influenced by vague and unautholieve them capable of being andaref fully capable rised reports. They deserve credible morejustice, and incredible intelligence. of discriminating between country whose occupation itis Persons are to be found in every be allowed the expression, to fabricate news. It is, if Imay in the world; and they always the trade of all the news writers circulate their falschoods. Tothe meet with persons who will merchants resident in Hayti, to known character of the foreign circumstance, and in all their honourable conduct under with every us, I must give the meed of their commercial transactions fearlessly enploy numerous praise which is their due: they and have made, as often as it captains in their trade with advances us, both to individual Haytians, was in their power, large all of which they have lost during the the and to the Boveroments and none have a deeper interest in been public commotions, and They have always imaintenance of order tranquillity. they have never under the special proteetion of government, confined themselves ceased to respect it, and have invariably without seeking to within the bounds of their own concerns, share in public affairs. Men exert any influence, or take describes, any if indeed they are to be such as your Excellency merit the most profound confound among us, undoubtedly tempt. to accept my assurance of the high ibeg which Excelleney Ihave the, honour to salute you. PETION. respect PRRRT (Signed) 20th Nov. 1814: : 11th year of Independence. Port-au-Prince etion of government, confined themselves ceased to respect it, and have invariably without seeking to within the bounds of their own concerns, share in public affairs. Men exert any influence, or take describes, any if indeed they are to be such as your Excellency merit the most profound confound among us, undoubtedly tempt. to accept my assurance of the high ibeg which Excelleney Ihave the, honour to salute you. PETION. respect PRRRT (Signed) 20th Nov. 1814: : 11th year of Independence. Port-au-Prince --- Page 296 --- xxvii] APPENDIX.-B NO. 7. No. 7. Equality. Liberty REPUBLIC OF IIAYTI. Alexander Pétion, President of Hayti, to his Ezcellency General Daurion Lavaysse. The generals and magistrates of the republic of Hayti, of assembled to take into consideration the several them, and dispatches invited to your Excellency which were laid contained, before of forming a providecide upon the proposition for Hayti they in the name of his Majesty Louis sional government of that the several events of the revolution xviii. were opinion, the state of affairs in this country, which have produced present and consecrated byt the were the result of the greatest citizens sacrifices who fellin defence of those purest blood of their fellow them, and which Tights of which it was attempted to deprive as well as by theynoquired byt their courage and perseverance, on emancithe divine protcction : that their first movement : that pating themselves was to proclaim their of independence the allied powers during the whole course of the coalition to shew. against revolntionary France, they did not cease princi- and ples conformable to those which directed their operations, claims upon that hence they conceive they have incontestible upon that of the justice of the sovereigns, and more especially since his most Christian Majesty; claims the betterfounded blame which can be they have been unable to discover any no otherline ofconduct imputedtothem, convinceditatheyhad, and which is justified to pursue, than that which they which adopted, provoked it. They cannot by all the circumstances and their very existence by any compromise their security of it would draw change in the state, the bare contemplation overthrow, and infallidown upon them a sudden and general torn by revolutionary bly destroy a country already too long like the rest of the fury, and which might hope to shelter be allowed, of peace. It is worthy of world to repose beneath the of his most Christian the greatness and enlightened philosophy of a people whose misMajesty to recoguise with the emancipation his own, and who, abandoned to the fortunes commenced knew how after huving defcated them to rage of his enemies, as models those make a noble use of their victory, by taking him to his throne. It is nations who succeeded in restoring is in his gratifying to them to believe that his much Majesty less by guided his own perproceedings with respect sense to Hayti of what he owes to that portion sonal foelings than by a exclaims against the return ofliayti of his people which loudly It will also be a source of to France and the ancient regime. the fortunes commenced knew how after huving defcated them to rage of his enemies, as models those make a noble use of their victory, by taking him to his throne. It is nations who succeeded in restoring is in his gratifying to them to believe that his much Majesty less by guided his own perproceedings with respect sense to Hayti of what he owes to that portion sonal foelings than by a exclaims against the return ofliayti of his people which loudly It will also be a source of to France and the ancient regime. --- Page 297 --- KERESNARCALON AK APPENDIX.- -B. NO. 8. [xxix tol his Majesty in granting to the Haytians a it recog- with Iasting the independence of their rights, to reconcile share : nition in others SATE what he owes to a part of his whose subjects abundant making channels would in the benefits of a commerce both countries. It is with such sentipromote the welfare of over whom I have the ments that I, as organ of the people to your Excellency, acting in honour to preside, will propose Louis xviii. and to give him a proof of the name ofhis which Majesty animates us, to establish the basis of an the disposition which we most solemnly engage to pay, with shall every be indemnity security which can be required of us, and which of him. just he most expedient: this is worthy applied as judges do I wish that these propositions may prove Most sincerely and in case they should not agreeable exactiy to your with Excellency; the nature of your powers, I flatter mycoincide will communicate them to the ministers of self that you which you COE sovereign, and that your residence in Hayti, by with of becoming better acquainted have had an opportunity and what we really are, will induce you our national character, manner. I beg your Excellency to see to do itin a favourable determination but the wishes of a people to nothing in this and liberties are dearerthan their life, acting whom their rights feeling of what is due to their own preservaonly from a deep France. In requesttion, without asperity or prejudice against yourinterest ingyour Excellencyto supportt these propositionsbyy proof of the high with the government, I give you a striking us, and to which I am respect with which you have inspired happy to bear Ih testimony. have the honour to be, general, your Excellency's most humble servant, (Signed) PETION. Port-au-Prince, 27th Nov. 1814: llth year of Independence: No. 8. Port-au-Prince, 29th November, 1814. Mr. President, the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your letter Ihave the in which your Excellency acquaints me with the of 27th, of the assembly of the notables of result of the deliberations I shall lose no time in communicating it to your government. the Minister of Marine and the Colonies. his Excellency your letter, havThe closing of this assembly, togetherwith I not to lose a moment "ng put an end to my mission, ought th year of Independence: No. 8. Port-au-Prince, 29th November, 1814. Mr. President, the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your letter Ihave the in which your Excellency acquaints me with the of 27th, of the assembly of the notables of result of the deliberations I shall lose no time in communicating it to your government. the Minister of Marine and the Colonies. his Excellency your letter, havThe closing of this assembly, togetherwith I not to lose a moment "ng put an end to my mission, ought --- Page 298 --- APPENDIX.-B. NO. 9. xxx] country. In consequence, I yésterday, in returning to my merchant to charter a vessel to take me to commissioned He a will have the honour of addressing your ExcelJamaica. respecting my passports. lency to-day the or honourto to-morrow thank you for the personal compliments ih have the conclusion of your last letter. Ifthe fruitless contained in has rendered me undeserving of them, those issueofn my witnessed mission I may even say my moral anguish, who have myzeal, iliness,. will at.least do me the during a long and overpowering that I have omitted nothing which could justice of allowing result, and that I have neither contribute to a more favourabie out of by the daily and been discouraged nor put patience your enemies and ours, perverse machinators who are equally that will yourself, and with whom I venture to much predict you as I am. Mr. President, be one day as displeased consideration, your I have the honour to be with the highest servant, Excellency's most obedient and humble LAVAYSSE. (Signed) DAUXION No. 9. Equality. Liberty. REPUBLIC OF HAYTI. President to the People and the Army. The ofHayti a more inteNever did the annals of the republic present Or one in resting epoch than that you have now witnessed, itself more nobly. which the national character has displayed of twenty-four years Haytians, we have fought during a the period attainment of our indefor our rights and for our liberty; fruit of our labours; without it pendence has been the glorious for our regeneration.- there was no securily, no guarantce and our honourable Known already by our military reputation, are upon us, and await the character, the eyes of the world for result of our conduct; it will be an example traits which posterity.- have distinI will not reeall any of the glorious themselves in the cause guished those who have immortalised recorded them, and they will glow of freedom. History has page. to the end of time in her warmed commemorative with the purest Alame of patriotI address a free people in fact as well as in right, and one that to will be ism, a people shew to the world at large that it is worthy never cease to are the natural characteristics so. Nobleness and generosity always observed you to possess these of the patriot: I and have of this I have, just received a fresh proof, noble qualities, the glorious themselves in the cause guished those who have immortalised recorded them, and they will glow of freedom. History has page. to the end of time in her warmed commemorative with the purest Alame of patriotI address a free people in fact as well as in right, and one that to will be ism, a people shew to the world at large that it is worthy never cease to are the natural characteristics so. Nobleness and generosity always observed you to possess these of the patriot: I and have of this I have, just received a fresh proof, noble qualities, --- Page 299 --- RERERESEE S APPENDIX.--B. NO. 9. [xxxi which I have the honour of expressing to you my her liveliest soveFor France has made peace. lost She reclaims for ever her claims gratitude. reignty over St. Domingo. She French has themselves that she is inupon Hayti, and it is to the wished nevertheless to retrieve it, debted for this loss. She this conciliation rather and preferred employing for purpose An agent, General than force, which will always be impotent. himself. You have received Dauxion Lavaysse, has enjoyed the sacred rights of hospiand welcomed bim; he Hc temet and has lived with confidence in the midst distance of you. of two tality, has declared the purport of his mission: he has at warmly a urged the thousand leagues from his country, without suffering any personal pretensions of his goverament him. Your chiefs and magistrates considerations to influence they have listened calmly have been convoked and consulted; conscious of its to the propositions of France. the A government, solid basis ofjustice and reaown strength, and founded on and is capable of duly discrimison, can listen to every thing, were incompatible with your prinnating. These propositions institutions, and were unanimously réjected, as ciples and your which have a tendency to make you retrograde ali in propositions, the career you have run, will be. desirous of your Without fearing war, you were the proving horrors she wish of averting from your families and children sacrifices to silence brings in her train, by the offer'ofpecuniary assail the French throne for the your persecutors, whose cries which they would tremble to restoration of those possessious but convinced that on the instant of their approach, were they, would be converted into heaps of ashes. Your appearaneethey chiefs, the depositories of your intentions expressed have in made general this terms, especially since the continental peace, which will generous proposition in your name: a and proposition make your enemics give at once an idea of your wisdom, afraid ofexciting your have resentment. acted as you ought. The right of conHaytians! you in itis irrevoquest bas placed the country are masters yourhands, of it with Hirt power to' cable property, and yo such manner as you think proper. employ your property a mutual compact, from which they never Nations, by the rights of nations. However culpable the swerve, respect be, his characteris always sacred. intentions of an envoy Dauxion may Lavaysse, is gone, having ended The French general, You have not to reproach yourselves with any his mission. to You have not violated failure in what you owe yourselves. which establishes the cominunicathat fundamental principle placed the country are masters yourhands, of it with Hirt power to' cable property, and yo such manner as you think proper. employ your property a mutual compact, from which they never Nations, by the rights of nations. However culpable the swerve, respect be, his characteris always sacred. intentions of an envoy Dauxion may Lavaysse, is gone, having ended The French general, You have not to reproach yourselves with any his mission. to You have not violated failure in what you owe yourselves. which establishes the cominunicathat fundamental principle --- Page 300 --- xxxii] APPENDIX.-B. NO. 9. tions necessary for the maintenance of the political relations between governments. You have rendered yourselves estimable in your owneyes, and worthy of being considered sO in the of the world at large. eyes Victory is the uniform attendant upon a just cause; it is ble yours to say you are assured ofit, shonld any presume to trouyou. In this case you will see me always at your resolute in either leading you to victory or falling with you.- head, Whatever be the lot Heaven has in store for us, we should be prepared for it. It is the duty of those chiefs whose paternal authority directs you,in the districts committed to their care, to provide secure retreats for the inhabitants in the interior of the mountains, and to employ for this purpose the artificers are under their command. Itis likewise their duty to who plantations of provisions of every description. Itis the multiply of the magistrates and justices of the peace to promote duty union, concord, industry and confidence, among their fellow citizens. The republic expects every man will do his and I shall be the first to set the example. duty, Ihave directed the documents relative to the communications made by the French Government to be printed; will be laid before you along with this address. You will there they see what has been proposed, and what reply you ought to make. Givenat Port-au-Prince this third day of December, 1814: in the eleventh year of Independence. PETION. By the President. B. INGENAC, Commander of a squadron, and secretary. Port-au-Prince :-Printed at the Government press. 1814. do his and I shall be the first to set the example. duty, Ihave directed the documents relative to the communications made by the French Government to be printed; will be laid before you along with this address. You will there they see what has been proposed, and what reply you ought to make. Givenat Port-au-Prince this third day of December, 1814: in the eleventh year of Independence. PETION. By the President. B. INGENAC, Commander of a squadron, and secretary. Port-au-Prince :-Printed at the Government press. 1814. --- Page 301 --- SUN NG APPENDIX,-C. NO. 1. [xxii DOCUMENTS RELATIVE TO THE MISSION OF FURTHER MEDINA, AND DRAVERNANN, PUBLISBED LAVAYSSE, BY ORDER OF KING HENRY. No. 1: MM. Daurion Lavaysse, de Médina and Instructions for Dravermann. the of his majesty to re-establish IT being paternalintention throughout his dominions by the mildest order and he resolved upon not employing force, to compel means, ET to return to their duty until the insurgents of St. Domingo can dictate has been found every measure which his clemency with such considerations that his ineffectual. It is impressed his attention to St. Domingo. Consemajesty has turned he has directed a large force to hold itselfin quently, though he has, authorised the minister of readiness to act if colonies necessary, to send agents to St. Domingo to marine and the the disposition of those procure correct information respecting degree of authority there, the piewho at present possess any and the condition of individuals of sent situation of affairs, is disposed to make concessions every class. His majesty return to their duty, and contribute to all who will prompily and prosperity of the to the re-establishment of the tranquillity of marine shall make colony. The report which the minister undermentioned agents to his majesty after receiving that extent ofthe of his concessions. will regulate the nature and de Médina, and Dravermann, MM. Dauxion Lavaysse, to execute this mission, will répair imappointed by the king the boats, which sail regumediately in one of English packet either to Portorico or larly twice a month whichever from Falmouth, of these islands they land at, they Jamaica. From St. Domingo, where they will at first onlyappear will proceed who to come to make commercial Tarrangenenis,eilier as persons or that of some mercantile house. Two. on their own account, into as soon as possible, but of them will enter correspondence with Pétion and his colyet with the greatest the cireumspection, third will do the same with respect to league Borgella: They must not open themselves more fully to Christôphe. until théy bave carefully sounded their dispothese chieftains, C Jamaica. From St. Domingo, where they will at first onlyappear will proceed who to come to make commercial Tarrangenenis,eilier as persons or that of some mercantile house. Two. on their own account, into as soon as possible, but of them will enter correspondence with Pétion and his colyet with the greatest the cireumspection, third will do the same with respect to league Borgella: They must not open themselves more fully to Christôphe. until théy bave carefully sounded their dispothese chieftains, C --- Page 302 --- APPENDIX.--C. NO. 1. xxxiy] with their internal sitions, and made themselves acquainted in the island, and resources, the degree of their preponderance will they, disclose their credenthe spirit of their subjects; nor It is impossible to lay tials, until they judge it expedient. much thérefore must be left down precise rules in this respect, to their prudence and discretion. frankly with these When they have begun to negociate organization which chiefs they will discuss a plan of political can give his conmay suit their wishes, and to which these theking chiefs an assurance of adsent. They will receive and from that, protected by the royal power; hering to these plans, all their subjects to submit. The agents on they will bring formal treaty, a derogatory their side, without signing assure any the chiefs that FES majesty is to the royal dignity, whatever will shall be agreed upon by them, and disposed to grant make this known, immediately on their return to that he will declaration emanating from his grace. They will France, by a the minds of the chiefs that whatever the king impress upon will be most irrevocably and religiously has once promised, observed. Ifthe chiefs are, as is said, enlightened and intelligent, esPétion and Borgella, they will see that itis not enough pecially for themselves and their succesfor them to gain should advantages also render them durable, and they will sorS, but they. this they should not be excessive in perceive that for themselves, purpose or in extent as respects the amount as respects They will see that iftbe great mass mass of blacks the population. be not sent back and retained in slavery, or at of the that which subsisted least in a state of subjection resembling be nor prosbefore the troubles, there can neither tranquillity They will also perity for the colony, nor safety for which themsclves. constitutes in fact the see that for this numnerous class, in submission to an exact population. of the colony, to continue that the interval between though mild regime, it is head, requisite should be filled by intermediate them and the supreme and oberanks, and that the example of a gradual striking, superiority From these dience would render their inferiority less that Pétion and Borconsiderationsi it is reasonable to conclide favour for themselves, and gella, satisfied with obtaining entire instruments. will consent to a small number of their necessary. notwithstanding their acthe rest of their çast being placed, of rights, somewhat bequisition of nearly a perfect equality the perfect assimilalow the white cast: for, on the one hand, and flattering, and, tion granted to them will be be more better marked able to keep the blacks, on the other, their cast will the circumboth free and slaves, at their proper distance,from their inferiority less that Pétion and Borconsiderationsi it is reasonable to conclide favour for themselves, and gella, satisfied with obtaining entire instruments. will consent to a small number of their necessary. notwithstanding their acthe rest of their çast being placed, of rights, somewhat bequisition of nearly a perfect equality the perfect assimilalow the white cast: for, on the one hand, and flattering, and, tion granted to them will be be more better marked able to keep the blacks, on the other, their cast will the circumboth free and slaves, at their proper distance,from --- Page 303 --- MCMMESME APPENDIX,-C. NO. 1. [xxxr stance of a shade of difference existing between themselves and the whites. this point, since it oughtt to They must insist strongly upon of the negociation. It is of be the first step in the progress for the whites some superiority the first importance class to preserve of the first rank, admitting nevertheless over the colcured and some others, from this time forward absoPétion, and Borgella, without reserve into the class of whites, and grantlutely lettres des blancs cautiously from time to time to ing hereafter to that indulgence, eisuch individuals as may appear entitled their fortunc, their ther by the fairness of their complexion, education, or their public services. consent to place the men of COShould Pétion voluntarily a degreel below the whites, it will lour, including the mulattoes, of the of the cast next in facilitate the restriction privileges intermediate between the musuccession (composed of shades with that of the free negroes; latto and the negro) intermediate together classes be formed between the should these three whitesa and the slaves. recommended to MM. DauxAbove all it is particularly and Dravermann to adhere as closely ion Lavaysse, Médina, ancient order of colonialaffairs, and never to as possible to the where it is morally impossible to do deviate from it, except should in their conferences on these subotherwise; and they uniformly adhere to this principle, that jects with the chiels, makes concessions wholly from bis own free the Kingof France unreasonable demands, he will, and that, far from admitting thing, but will make the full weight not only will not grant any should bis favours be rejected. In fact ofhis power to be felt, of France wished to bring all who can doubt, that ifthe King rebellious his forces against a handful of his population subjects, ofl his hardly domiamounting to the hundredth partofthe resources of Europe, nions, destitute besides ofthe greatmilitary who doubts, we say, his ability and cut off from all foreign aid, them, if he should be to reduce, and even to exterminate obliged to do sO. de Médina, and Dravermann, MM. Dauxion remember Lavaysse, in the course of their negociation, should constantly this consideration to the chiefs, and always to exhibit to urge benevolence in conjunction with his power. There the king's these means adroitly, they may, is no doubt that by employing concessions, render the employment without making too large Itwill also contribute to their success to of shew force Pétion unnecessary. and the rest how precarious their present little situation time the must beif abandoned to themselves; blacks, that in a will be crushed mulattoes, far less numerous than the C 2 ion remember Lavaysse, in the course of their negociation, should constantly this consideration to the chiefs, and always to exhibit to urge benevolence in conjunction with his power. There the king's these means adroitly, they may, is no doubt that by employing concessions, render the employment without making too large Itwill also contribute to their success to of shew force Pétion unnecessary. and the rest how precarious their present little situation time the must beif abandoned to themselves; blacks, that in a will be crushed mulattoes, far less numerous than the C 2 --- Page 304 --- APPENDIX,--C. NO. 1. kxxvi] that the colony will be the prey of factions whose by tbem : overturned by more fortunate comleaders will be successively conclusion of a durable peace between petitors; that on the no foreign flag will be sufFrance and all the maritime powers, and that the king will fered to enter the ports of St. Domingo, off all external communihave only to send six frigates to cut of the island, in which case cation with the present inbabitants of their soil to no they would cultivate the rich productions them for the necespurpose, being no longer able to exchange will soon be reduced to live saries they require, and that they of European civililike savages destitute of all the advantages strike Pétion zation. Such considerations must necessarily that if the king abstains and Borgella, and they will perceive measures, it is because he for the present from all welfare compulsory ofhis subjects ofall classes, and wishes to promote that the his benevolent views will encounter any does not suppose" that the inhabitants of St. Doobstacles. Convinced which present have distracted them for mingo, weary of the troublès the certain advantwenty-five years, will hasten to embrace paternal government, tages held out to them byl his majesty's measure, and does not send the king suspends every force rigorous to the shores of St. Domingo, for the mostinconsiderahler from interdicting the trade carried the present even abstaining ships. But, on the return of the on with them by forcign instructions are given, and after their agents, to whom these will send sufficient forces for their protecreport, his majesty forces which no power within the island tion, or; if necessary, can possibly withstand. with Pétion and Having once come to an understanding which concern themselvès Borgella respecting those matters. the agents will arrange and the first class of coloured ofconcessions people, to be madeto the second with them the minimunn of a shade deeper than the free class, consisting of persons absolutely black; and the third commulattoes, without being posed of free negroés. should Pétion and Borgella judge it expediFor this once, whether forinerly free by right, or recentent, all mulattoes, or the reverse, may be indisly free in fact, whether into legitimate the first class. But from henceforcriminately admitted shall participate in the advanward none who are illegitimate They will be limited to the simple tages of this class or cast. which belouged to the free men of enjoyment of the privileges Nevertheless, by intermarriage with the colour before 1789. will acquire its privileges. first class their children should be applied to the second and The same principle third classes. whether forinerly free by right, or recentent, all mulattoes, or the reverse, may be indisly free in fact, whether into legitimate the first class. But from henceforcriminately admitted shall participate in the advanward none who are illegitimate They will be limited to the simple tages of this class or cast. which belouged to the free men of enjoyment of the privileges Nevertheless, by intermarriage with the colour before 1789. will acquire its privileges. first class their children should be applied to the second and The same principle third classes. --- Page 305 --- PAESE S - APPENDIX,--C. NO. 1. [xxxvi of an individual of a superior class with one The marriage of may raise the offspring wheoft the next in order gradation,. to the higher ofthe two: ther of the first or second generation, that the children of a but it might possiblybe better to of arrange the first and one ofthe third, marriage between an individual should belong to the intermediate class. The children of mothers, who are slaves or reputed will assuch, invariwith whites, mulattoes, or others, by concubinage the condition of their mothers, and belong to their ably follow The determination on this subject should be unaltermasters. nevertheless children of this description may be manuable; of the sum of to the proprietor by mitted on payment them. The amount to be paid the father who acknowledges : children thus manumitted will be fixed by a future regulation which belonged to free men of shall only enjoy the privileges with one of the higher colour prior to 1789. Byintermarriage will be raised to this last. classes, their offspring most numerous class, that of thel blacks With respect cultivation to the and manufacture of sugar, indigo, attached to the that it should return to or continue in the &c. itis necessary before 1789, with the exception of situation in which it stood discipline as may secure making such regulations respecting maintenance of good order and a its being sufficient for the without being too severe.- reasonable proportion of labour, in concert with Pétion to make the Means should be devised, number of blacks return to the plantations, greatest possible so as to lessen the number offree blacks. and to subordination, be inadviseable to admit into this last Those whom it may into the other a dangerons spirit of class, and who might be carry to the Isle of Ratau," or insurrection, should should transported enter into Pétion's views, if he wishes elsewhere. the This fortune and interests of his cast; and nothing can to be secure better than to have every thing prepared for accomplishing shali arrive. this plan, as soon as the moment for its execution should to We have said that one of the three agents consult with repair his colChristôphe: after sounding him, he will with leagues as to the expediency offollowing up should a negociation be conducted him, and determining upon what basis it without and whether in concert with Pétion and Borgelia, in or this restheir knowledge, as they may see fit: every thing pect must be lelt to their discretion. the As far as a judgment can be formed at this distance, with most important thing, is to come to a good understanding withPétion: after which, it will be easy to reduce Christéphe * See the explanation of this term given by Medina in his exami-. wation-C.No." 2. page 43. a negociation be conducted him, and determining upon what basis it without and whether in concert with Pétion and Borgelia, in or this restheir knowledge, as they may see fit: every thing pect must be lelt to their discretion. the As far as a judgment can be formed at this distance, with most important thing, is to come to a good understanding withPétion: after which, it will be easy to reduce Christéphe * See the explanation of this term given by Medina in his exami-. wation-C.No." 2. page 43. --- Page 306 --- APPENDIX.-C. NO. 1. xxxvii] effusion of blood. But as it is his majesty's intenoût much bloodshed as far as possible, and to hasten the tion to prevent ofthe colony, the agents will omit no pracgeneral pacification the followers of both Christôphe ticable means of disarming and Pétion. will embrace every safe opportunity of acThe agents ministers with their arrival, the comquainting his majesty's of their negociation, and all the mencement and have progress been able to collect respecting the state information they the They will use a cipher for all comof affairs in colony. might prove injurious. The munications which, if intercepted, has been concluded they will return moment an arrangement to give an account of their mission. with all possible expedition that one or even two of them Should they judge it expedient the arrival of the armament destined should await on the will spot do so, but at all events it will be right for the colony, they person the particulars that one should return to communicateinp ofthe mission more in detail. the outline of a plan of In these instructions is sketched merely to give the political organization for St. Domingo, can consent to grant: agents some idea of what his the majesty result of thei information his the final arrangement shall must obtain be from them: They must theremajesty's ministers endeavours to confine the concessions fore use their utmost. less these deviate from those forwithin reasonable limits; ; the merly established, the better.. will promise nothing beyond To sum up the whole they, done every thing to keep what is, stated below, after having within it. and a few others, the nearer First-To Pétion, Borgella, to white, a perfect assimilation to their complexion approaches in all their advantages of forthe whites, and a participation tune and honour. the rest of their cast at present existing, the Secondly-To rights ofthe whites with a few excepenjoyment of the political tions making them slightly inferior. further removed from white than Thirdly- To all who are rights. the free mulatto, a lower share of political still lower share of these Fourthly-To the free blacks a advantages. Fiptily-To attach to the soil, and restore to their former the mnasters not only all the blacks at present the employed upon as many plantations, but likewise to send back to plantations themselves from this as possible of those who have emancipated condition. the island of all those blachs, whom it Sizthly-To purge of the political tions making them slightly inferior. further removed from white than Thirdly- To all who are rights. the free mulatto, a lower share of political still lower share of these Fourthly-To the free blacks a advantages. Fiptily-To attach to the soil, and restore to their former the mnasters not only all the blacks at present the employed upon as many plantations, but likewise to send back to plantations themselves from this as possible of those who have emancipated condition. the island of all those blachs, whom it Sizthly-To purge --- Page 307 --- - - APPENDIX.-C. NO. 1. [xxxix to admit among the free, and dangerous to may be inerpedient those attached to the plantations. the inplace Seventhly-To among check in the most effectual manner crease of emancipation. bases have been settled with the chiefs, the e When will these add to them the following conditions. restoration of agents First--Itis perfectly understood that for and the all the princiorder in St. Domingo the laws of property, cstablished and respected which render it secure, must be furnished with a legal E such a manner that every proprietor or otherwise, may be title, whether by inheritance, and purchase, inthe state in which in possession of his lands buildings dispositions SNS shall be found, without règard to any arbitrary had exercised any made by those who, previous to this period, public authority. admission of all the coloured class, to poliSecondly-The assimilation which may take place of the printical rights, the of the first class to the whites, always of reserv- those cipal proprietors the choice ing to the king and his representauives, to fill employments of either who may appear best calculated in the civil or military departments; a higher or lower rank, that none of them shall be rein such a manner, however, but only an accidental right cognized as having an like acquired the whites. As to those at present to these employments colonial itis uninvested with the powers of the government, and the 1 derstood that their entire submission to his majesty to them, success of their influence with the cast but in subjection without any stipuwill secure to them the king's thanks, form of to lation that may bind him any themselves particular wholly goverment. to his majesThe aforesaid chiefs referring ty's will and benevolence. shall have been discussed and agreed When all these points they will be reduced to a process verbal upon with the chiefs, submission, will be their effectual which, after their written will be hereafter required of them which guarantee that nothing the instructions signed by me the is not consonant to present minister. secretary ofs state, nis mnjesty's de Médina, and Dravermann, MM. Dauxion advised Lavaysse, to read these instructions repeatedly over are strongly SO as to comprehend their meaning fully, during their voyage, the of their negociation they may not in order that in progress (Signed) MALOUET. deviate from it. conformable to the original deposited in the Certified to be DE LIMONADE, archives of the state. Secretary of State for foreign affairs, instructions signed by me the is not consonant to present minister. secretary ofs state, nis mnjesty's de Médina, and Dravermann, MM. Dauxion advised Lavaysse, to read these instructions repeatedly over are strongly SO as to comprehend their meaning fully, during their voyage, the of their negociation they may not in order that in progress (Signed) MALOUET. deviate from it. conformable to the original deposited in the Certified to be DE LIMONADE, archives of the state. Secretary of State for foreign affairs, --- Page 308 --- APFENDIX.-C. NO. 2. Xi No. 2. KINGDOM OF HAYTI. SPECIAL MILITARY COMMISSION. Process verbal of the eramination ofAgoustino Franco, sirnamed de Médina, 'a French spy. This the 17th day of November, 1814, in the 11th year of Independence and fourth of his majesty's named reign. by his majesty by The Special Military of the Commission 11th of November, of the present virtue of his dispatch to wit, year, composed of seven members, of the His Grace the Duke de la MARNELADE, governor capital, President. Excellency the Comte d'ENNERY, lieutenant-general His in the king's armies. the Comte de RICHPLAINE. His Excellency Chevalier JEAN JOSEPH, field marshal. The secretary general to the The Baron de CADET ANTOINE, to the commission. department of high admiral, colonel, secretary &c. and JOSEPH LEONEL, The Baron de Lgo, Tieutanant-colonel. having assembled at the hotel of his The commission governor of the capital, Grace the Duke de la MARMELADE, against Acousfor the purpose ofinstituting a criminal one process ofthe three spies sent TINO Frawcosimnamed: and DEMEDINA, arrested on the I1th of November in by the French cabinet, whom the definitive sentence will be prothe present after year, the upon affair has been thoroughly investigated. been nounced FRANCO, sirnamed de MEDINA, having AGOUSTINO into the hall of the meeting was sworn by the president bronght the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, to tell the truth, taken the aforesaid oath was and the said Médina having of the commission, as follows. examined by the president sirname, your age, Quest. What is your christian name,yours and your profcssion ? Franco de Médina, about fortyAns. iam called Agoustino Santo Domingo, an inhabitant seven years of age, a native of formerly charged with the smugand proprietor at La Vega, mayor by the late gling police at Baunie, afterwards and, appointed under the French General Governor Toussaint Louverture, commanding the department of CiFerrand, adjutant-general colonel in the service of his Majesty Louis bao, at present a of the Minister Malouet. yvili. and an emissary selected for the mission with which you Q. How were you are charged, to Hayti? iam called Agoustino Santo Domingo, an inhabitant seven years of age, a native of formerly charged with the smugand proprietor at La Vega, mayor by the late gling police at Baunie, afterwards and, appointed under the French General Governor Toussaint Louverture, commanding the department of CiFerrand, adjutant-general colonel in the service of his Majesty Louis bao, at present a of the Minister Malouet. yvili. and an emissary selected for the mission with which you Q. How were you are charged, to Hayti? --- Page 309 --- - - AFPENDIX.-C. NO. 2. [xhi cf invitation which I received about the midA. By a letter from one of the Minister Malouet's secretadle of June, 1814, wait him. Before the appointment ries, desiring me to for the upon colonies it had beenin contemplation of this commission the Marquis de FONTENI ELLE, to send the Comte d'OSNOND, the negro LoUIs LABELINAIE, with MAZERE, M.Dreourzand the land: but M. Malouet ordered it some mulattoes, to sound otherwise. the Minister Malouet, according to his I Q. Did you wait on invitation, and at what hour? mninister of marine and the colonies at A. I did wait on the to his hotel the next day at noon as I recollect, according invitation. introduced to the minister? Q. By whom were you in his office. A. By one of the with employed the minister? Q. Who did you Etets A. One M. de Begon, an old officer of the French marine, Dauxion Lavaysse, and Dubuc now intendant recollect at Martinique, that M. du the others were unknown to me. I also Petit-Thouars was ofthe number. had with the Minister Malouet Q. What conversation you relative to your mission ? in the presence of these persons, in these terms. < It is in tlue king's A. The minister spoke His majesty desires to procure intelname that I address yoz. colonies, especially St. Domingo. ligence respecting the Dauzion state ofhis Lavaysse will go to open a nagociIn consequence, M. 272 the name of his majesty, ation with Pétion at Port-ax-Prince, concluded witle Bonaparte. upon the basis of the last treaty having a correspondence with Dravermann wwill go to the addressing South, hiinselfto me, 64 you will Borgella. You Medina," I know he is hostile to France: do what you can with Christôphe, better what is to be done when you are but you will understand 012 the spot." 7 know the nature of the treaty concluded beQ. Do you Pétion and Bonaparte, and when it was ratified ? tween Gen. Since Gen. Ferrand was at St. Domingo, I havelcurned A. with Ferrand and Bonaparte: : that Gen. Pétion corresponded concluded about the end of 1813. but the treatyi in question was with the provisions ofthis treaty? Q. Are you aequainted from the Minister Malouet, at the confeA. I understood that France was to furnish Gen. rence of which I have spoken, of troops and warlike stores. Pétion with a certain quantity this treaty of Pétion's Q. Do you know who negociated with Bonaparte? told me it was a man named Tapiau, A. M, Dravermann who was commissioned to carry on a quarteron of the South, the end of 1813. but the treatyi in question was with the provisions ofthis treaty? Q. Are you aequainted from the Minister Malouet, at the confeA. I understood that France was to furnish Gen. rence of which I have spoken, of troops and warlike stores. Pétion with a certain quantity this treaty of Pétion's Q. Do you know who negociated with Bonaparte? told me it was a man named Tapiau, A. M, Dravermann who was commissioned to carry on a quarteron of the South, --- Page 310 --- APFENDIX.6. No. 2. xli] through themedium of the house of Perregaux, father-in-law the negociation to Marshal Macdonald, at Bourdeaux, to whom Pétion's vessel was consigned. instructions different from Q.. Had Dauxion Lavaysse any yours? A. Yes. He had others particularly relating to Gen. Pérespecting the basis of the treaty he wâs to tiohy especially negociate with him. Q. Do yon know the nature of this treaty? A. Yes; the objectof tbis treaty was to prepare should a refuse landing to. for the French army, in case King Christôphe to his troops to the submit to France: : then Pétion was unite French, for the purpose of forming our march advanced for the guards, detecting ambuscades and clearing the exertion troops. Dauxion Lavaysse was moreovercharged to use every to havel his Majesty Louis xviii, proclaimed at for Port-au-Prince. Gen. Pétion to Q. Do you believe it wonld be possible in against make his troops co-operate with the French fighting King A. Henry? As for myself I. know not: but the Minister Malouet assured me aud told all present that Gen. Pétion that would the civil not consent to submit to the command of a negro devoted : to France. warwould last for eyer, and that Pétion was in what manner you Q. The council requires you to state to fight in the think Gen. Pétion could prevail on his troops cause A. of The the minister whites? said Gen. Pétion was to arrange these moreover you see in my instructions the truth of matters; what I say. of the c Isle of Ratau, Q. What is the meaning expression, in yourinstructionst of the Minister Malouet, not to wound A. Itis an invention and a methe philanthropic feelings, of his majesty, signifies thod of freeing himself from men dangerous to the in colony. Hayti the Q. Did the French design then to renew drownings and other horrors formerly of committed? the French cabinet to A. Ibelieve it to be the intention dangerous, since order rid itself of all persons whom it deemed could not otherwise be re-established. Q. What do you mean? Are we disorderly? must be made to A. The minister said that the negroes should be putin posreturn to the plantations, and' the planters and Guadeloupe. session oftheir properties as in Martinique that if Q. You declared publicly when you were it should arrested, be éxterthe population would not submit to France minated to the very infants ? committed? the French cabinet to A. Ibelieve it to be the intention dangerous, since order rid itself of all persons whom it deemed could not otherwise be re-established. Q. What do you mean? Are we disorderly? must be made to A. The minister said that the negroes should be putin posreturn to the plantations, and' the planters and Guadeloupe. session oftheir properties as in Martinique that if Q. You declared publicly when you were it should arrested, be éxterthe population would not submit to France minated to the very infants ? --- Page 311 --- K APPENDIX.--C: NO. 2. [xliti Minister Malouet told us sO in the A. I believe it: and with the him before our departure. conferences we had been often with the minister? Q. Have you times: it was the third time that Dauxion A. Yes: three and myself all mnet together there. Lavaysse, What Dravermann, orders did you receive from the minister? Lavaysse, 441 beQ. said, pointing to Dauxion A The minister unanimity to you: : your instruc- act holdyour chief: I récommend measures well, and tions shall be given to you: : take success your to your mission." 29 with prudence so as to ensure had you with the minister: : was Q. What further conference he said to you ? this the whole of what wished to speak to the minister, but M. A. M. Dravermann Lavaysse to explain that was interrupted by M. Dauxion letters of moment which he expected Dravermann begged that in the West and South, might be from Pétion and Borgella Bourdeaux. forwarded to himi from much upon Generals Pétion and Q. Did they then rely Borgella, in France? was placed on Pétion and BorA. Yes, great dependence have already said. gella throughout France as I had Dravermann written to Q. Through what channel Generals Pétion and Borgella ? the United States of America, A. I think it was through of Pétion's which had arrived . at or rather by the same vessel Bourdeaux. the Minister Malouet ? Q. Where did you go on quitting and we met again at dinner at A. Each went his own from way, M. Dauxion Lavaysse. an hotel by an invitation having been read to M. AgousThe foregoing examination it contained the truth, and tino Franco de Médina he add declared to or take from it, and that he that he had nothing then to signed by us, confirmed it. It was de la Bande du Nord, Duc de la Mar- de Franco de Médina, de Jean Joseph, Baron melade, d'Ennery, de Richeplaine, Leo, and the Cadet Antoine, secretary. This 24thday ofNovember,t the specdalumunrcoemtees when Agoustino Franco assembled in the hall of its sittings, and examined by the president de Médina was brought in as follows: making any hostile preparations against Q. Were they Hayti, in France? wait the result of A. Not at the time of our departure,they were to return to give our mission: one or two of our number de Jean Joseph, Baron melade, d'Ennery, de Richeplaine, Leo, and the Cadet Antoine, secretary. This 24thday ofNovember,t the specdalumunrcoemtees when Agoustino Franco assembled in the hall of its sittings, and examined by the president de Médina was brought in as follows: making any hostile preparations against Q. Were they Hayti, in France? wait the result of A. Not at the time of our departure,they were to return to give our mission: one or two of our number --- Page 312 --- xliv] APPENDIX,-C. NO. 2. an account of it in order to enable government to determine its plan of operations, and a third was to remain in Jamaica. Q. How did the Haytians of both colours, who are in France, act? A. They were assembled at Bellisle and many other depôts: there are many of them in Paris; those at the are soldiers who await the sailing of the French army. depôts Q. What do you suppose to be the force of the tined against Hayti? army desA. I know not: but I recollect that in the conference had with the minister, M. du Petit-Thouars we < nister gives me frigates, Iwill and said, if the mi66 know ahether go speak with the chiefs to 46 should they are willing to submit to France, not I will cruize the island to if they < merce with the French of interrupt the compart only." Here the minister rupted him by saying, 66 You are not come here interc manner. This 2s not his to talk in this 66 to do all that majesty's intention : he 2s determined 66 as for such subaltern may depend upon himself for the chiefs, as well 6 most officers as thery may point out. The momentary shew of hostility would derange the whole jec our operations. When the time comes we will take into con- of 66 sideration exterminute what measures should be adopted to reduce or the revolted negroes." Q. What corps ofthe army do you think would be for the expedition against Hayti? preferred A. That rests with the minister. But I heard it said that France would take advantage of this expedition to disencumber herself of as many bad subjects as possible, Q. Who do you think likely to have the command of this expedition ? A. Iknow not; but the Prince of Angoulême has promised many commercial advantages to Bourdeaux. M. told me he wished for the restoration of the colonies Dravermann and slave trade. Q. Wben did you leave Paris ?, A. On the 28th or 29th of June, Dauxion Dravermann and myselfleft Paris for Boulogne, whence Lavaysse, in four or five hours after we embarked for Dover. Q. How did you leave England? A. From Dover we proceeded to London and thence to Falmouth, the Comte de la Châtre, the French ambassador, procured us a passage in one of thegovemment packets at the disposal ofI M. Dauxion Lavaysse. Q. At which ofthe islands did you first touch ? A. At Barbados, afterwards at St. Lucia, next at Martinique, whence we proceeded to Curaçao and finally to Jamaica. ne, whence Lavaysse, in four or five hours after we embarked for Dover. Q. How did you leave England? A. From Dover we proceeded to London and thence to Falmouth, the Comte de la Châtre, the French ambassador, procured us a passage in one of thegovemment packets at the disposal ofI M. Dauxion Lavaysse. Q. At which ofthe islands did you first touch ? A. At Barbados, afterwards at St. Lucia, next at Martinique, whence we proceeded to Curaçao and finally to Jamaica. --- Page 313 --- ( GY APPENDIX.--C. NO. 2. [xly Q. Did you see General Hodgson Lavaysse at Curaçao who landed ? : as M. A. No. It was M. Dauxion decorated, contrary to the minisDauxion chose to be always in consequence of the reter's intentions, we were at variance I this. monstrances Imade on the subject. ? presume Q. And had you your decorations? of his Majesty Louis xviii. and A. Ihad two crosses, Napoleon one ; and my uniforms were in the other of the Emperor la and part at St. Domingo. my trunk, With part whom at had Vega, you left them ? with Q. A. Atla Vega with the commandant, at St. Domingo my sister Donna Anna. reach Jamaica? Q. When did you A. On the 25th or 26th of August. Q. Where did you land ? A. Atan inn. all three land at the same inn ? Q. Did you went ashore in a different canoe A. M. Dauxion Lavaysse elsewhere. M. Dravermann and Iwere from ours, and lodged inn towards evening. Next morning M. together at the same seizure, being a man of nearly Dravermann had a paralytic seventy years old. what is Dauxion Lavaysse ? Q. About age A. About forty. aathorities at Jamaica did apply, as bearers Q. To what Louis from his duaggns of dispatches Majesty went to the capital to present A. M. Dauxion Lavaysse toshew the letters of recommendation himself to the with governor, him from London, and to talk to him. he brought Who these letters of recommendation? Q. gave know whether it was the French minister or A. I do not Dukeof Manchester was at that time goambassador. The Dauxion Lavaysse saw the principal men : vernor ofJamaica. and I being ill did not: however, when we but Dravermann I saw them ail except the Duke of Manchester. were recovered did Dauxion Lavaysse take at Jamaica for Q. What steps the execution of his mission 2 written to Gen. Pétion. Lafond A. He told me he had he is almost blind: we Ladebat is his secretary at present: He waited with us. Petionisreplybefore brought no secretary he went to Port-au-Prince. write to Pétion alone ? Q. Did not Dauxion told Lavaysse me it was his intention to write to A. M. Dauxion and that he had a safe opportunity for doing King Christéphe, sO. what opportunity did he write to Pétion ? Q. By mission 2 written to Gen. Pétion. Lafond A. He told me he had he is almost blind: we Ladebat is his secretary at present: He waited with us. Petionisreplybefore brought no secretary he went to Port-au-Prince. write to Pétion alone ? Q. Did not Dauxion told Lavaysse me it was his intention to write to A. M. Dauxion and that he had a safe opportunity for doing King Christéphe, sO. what opportunity did he write to Pétion ? Q. By --- Page 314 --- APPENDIX.-C. NO. 3. xlvi] A. I know not whether by, a frigate, a brig, a king's vessel, or by one ofthe droghers which pass and repass. Q. Which of you left Jamaica first? to to the South: A. I did. M. Dravermann to was wait at proceed Jamaica for Pétion's and M. Dauxion Lavaysse was answer. Did know of the meeting of the ex-colonists at an eotertainment Q. you which took place at Jamaica? evening of A. Yes: this entertainment was celebration given on the of the general our arrival, by all the French, in peace. Q. Doyoul know any thing of the petitions hundred of the ex-colonistar names? to his Majesty Louis xvii. signed by fifteen I saw many coloA. Yes; I did know of these' the petitions. Chevaliers Lafite and Desnists at Jamaica, among not others above a hundred colonists in all at source: there were Jamaica. Q. By what opportunity did you reach the Spanish part? whence A. By asmall Ischooner. Ilanded at Monté-Christ, Iintroduced myself into this part. having been read to M. AgousThe foregoing Médina, examination he declared that it contained the truth; tino Franco de had nothing to add to or take from it, and that he and confirmed that he it: it was then signed by us, Nord, Duc de la MarFranco de Médina, de la Bande de du Jean Joseph, Baron de melade, d'Ennery, de and Richplaine, Cadet Antoine, secretary. Leo, Joseph Leonel, No. 3. Columbian, a New York paper, ofthe 19th Nov. 1814. From the with Hayti. Negociation of General Lavaysse This negociation has been grossly misrepresented. the enemy to freedom General Lavaysse is made to appear The truth is that by means of forged Jetters the or orders expressions.. of his government faithGeneral Lavaysse served his obeyed country with fidelity. Whilst dischargfully, and the esteem of the President of Hayti ing his duty he acquired maintained a friendly intercourse.- with whom he has General always Lavaysse's visit to Hayti, the system At the period of which Louis xviii. had promised to pursue in, of government and treacherously altered, it was at this France was completely attentive to foreign transmoment that Pétion, who was always that the men of the revolntion, actions, said to this general orders expressions.. of his government faithGeneral Lavaysse served his obeyed country with fidelity. Whilst dischargfully, and the esteem of the President of Hayti ing his duty he acquired maintained a friendly intercourse.- with whom he has General always Lavaysse's visit to Hayti, the system At the period of which Louis xviii. had promised to pursue in, of government and treacherously altered, it was at this France was completely attentive to foreign transmoment that Pétion, who was always that the men of the revolntion, actions, said to this general --- Page 315 --- E APPENDIX.-C. NO. 3. [xlvii were a proscribed race, they were, hard politically to know the Bonapartists of France, and it was speaking, the mulattoes would end. where this proscription of the letter of which the followWe have seen the original ingis an extract. copy in French of which we conWe have also an authentic a faithful translation. We ceive it will be suflicient to publish honorable to him who wrote know not which this letter is more : both being men of superior or him to whom it was addressed: and both having distinguished genius, and friends annals of liberty, of time, in the several sciences, in themselves in the of arms. historic research, or in the profession Port-au-1 Prince, 21stJune, 1816. have reached me by M. CoYour letters dated from Paris, that you have had the lombel. I see by what you send me all of our country and inkindness to write and speak in favour stitutions. by the contents of your last I see, with new that pleasure, retain your favourable sentiments dispatch, general, continue you to advocate our cause with all respecting us and which is that of reason, of justice, and governments, a caûse humanity. country or situation circumstances may place In whatever honorable and even consolatory, you it will always be glorious, having employed your pen and" to you to recall to mind order your of affairs as absurd and revolting talents to overturn an odious and atrocions in its consein its principles, as it is quences. to the defence of these great princiBy devoting yourself oft that sacred cause which guarantees ples of public morality, of his being, you have entitled yourself to man the dignity of this portion of the human species which to the gratitude by a mercantile and monstrous has been sO long oppressed yourself in the honourable ranks combination: : you have ranged who have always advocated of those virtuous philanthropiasts before the tribunal of reason. the sacred cause ofl humanity of liberty, and benefacThe memory ofthese true apostles will live from tors ofthe world, praiseworthy We on rejoice many in accounts, recalling to mind that generation to generation. by unceasing perseverance ànd a prothese are the men who by all the force of reason, the triumph found érudition produced, and prejudices which would annihiof truth over those errors thus you have given a death blow to late her, and in acting egotism of this set of men, sunk that barbarous and stupid léeches who have no down in ignorance; ; vile and contemptible benefacThe memory ofthese true apostles will live from tors ofthe world, praiseworthy We on rejoice many in accounts, recalling to mind that generation to generation. by unceasing perseverance ànd a prothese are the men who by all the force of reason, the triumph found érudition produced, and prejudices which would annihiof truth over those errors thus you have given a death blow to late her, and in acting egotism of this set of men, sunk that barbarous and stupid léeches who have no down in ignorance; ; vile and contemptible --- Page 316 --- xlviti] APPENDIX.--D. NO. t. wish béyond that of fattening thenselves on the blood of their fellow creatures. Itis gratifying to me, general, to have an opportunity of expressing the felings with which the liberal principles possess have inspired me. you PETION. CORRESPOXDENCE OF CATINEAU LAROCHE. No. 1. Copy of a letter from M. Catineau Laroche, an ex-colonist St. Domingo, daled Paris, 16th February, 1815, to his of Excellency General Pétion, President, at Port-au-Prince. My dear friend, THEY talk much, as Ihave already acquainted you, of sending troops to Gonave, the Cayemettes, Isle à Vaches, and la Tortue, who will be left there in order to become seasoned the climate. Among other things they speak of to thousand men from hence to la Tortue. One part of sending the a who have been just sent to the windward islands will troops either. join them, or remain in the other islands to be seasoned. Meanwhile the emissaries have been sent to sOW disturbances in mand North, of the and they proposed that you should take the comagainst the King European of troops in order to carry on hostilities Hayti. Iam much afraid my express may arrive too late : neyertheless, as the troops are not yet embarked, and money is not more plentiful here than the means of transporting I hope it will reach you in time : these circumstances them, more than once, and you must of how much may occur it is that you should furnish me LFCE the means of consequence ing with you. You ought to have vessels and agents correspond- in land constantly at my disposal. EngAt this moment especially, your interests may suffer materially from a want of the means of correspondence. carry on hostilities Hayti. Iam much afraid my express may arrive too late : neyertheless, as the troops are not yet embarked, and money is not more plentiful here than the means of transporting I hope it will reach you in time : these circumstances them, more than once, and you must of how much may occur it is that you should furnish me LFCE the means of consequence ing with you. You ought to have vessels and agents correspond- in land constantly at my disposal. EngAt this moment especially, your interests may suffer materially from a want of the means of correspondence. --- Page 317 --- Gul - & APPENDIX.-D. NO. 2. [xlix Itis it seems the agents you have received who and have establish- cccasioned the idea of seizing on the smaller islands, ing N biockade. to accept the assurance of my respectful consibeg and you constant friendship. deration, my CATINEAU LAROCHE. (Signed) Saint-Honore, No. 84. Rue du Fauxbourg mixed P.S. I open my letter to acquaint you with a plan which is going to be adopted. of the whole It is in contemplation to name commissioners you governor with the warcolony, and they talk of sending rant of your appointment. whetherthe would not It remains to be known government in its own hands. require to have the interior administration nomination, slavery will be In this case; notwithstanding your unless laws are made to re-established, in a few years at least, 1794 be confirmed. the contrary, or that of the 2d ofFeb. danger: it will This project is attended with the greatest Henry, and the disposproduce a war between you and King to mainable forces of France will be insufficientt to enable you will be tain the contest long. Ifyou have war, the colony overturned. No. 2. Copy of a letter from M. Catinean Laroche, dated Pares, Presi- 17tl February, 1815, to his Ezcellency General Pétion, dent, at Port-au-Prince. My dear friend, of favourable disposition They talk much at present your that have offered with respect to France, and it is reported you enher commercial advantages, as favourable as she to grant in 1789, and that you wish to retain the internal admijoyed nistration and a kind of independence. They add that you are to send commissioners to treat on these bases. going You act wisely in retaining the internal administration; : for if France had seized on it, her navy would have sent back the old planters to produce troubles, and you would soon fall a prey to the factious. of that it is essential for All persons of sense. are opinion such articles of commerce France to obtain from St. Domingo for the of her own soil as she requires in exchange None but the products colonists think that goand her manufactures. d ed nistration and a kind of independence. They add that you are to send commissioners to treat on these bases. going You act wisely in retaining the internal administration; : for if France had seized on it, her navy would have sent back the old planters to produce troubles, and you would soon fall a prey to the factious. of that it is essential for All persons of sense. are opinion such articles of commerce France to obtain from St. Domingo for the of her own soil as she requires in exchange None but the products colonists think that goand her manufactures. d --- Page 318 --- APPENDIX.--D. NO. 3. 1] should troublei itself about the restoration ofpropertys vernment indeed it matters little whether the Antilles be cultivated and blacks or whites. The only subject by free men or slaves, have by the lands cultivated and their proof consequence is to duce employed in French commerce. which prevails generally among It follows from this opinion, in denanding te have enlightened men, that if you left persist to you, on admitting consuls the internal administration French commerce, and on offering to for the interests of the intercourse with France to the same restore the commercial this demand and these offers will evenfooting as before 1789, tually be acceded to. I believe have the effect of My proccedings will ultimately altogether; the scheme appreventing the military expedition pears to be adjourned to May. of you will doubtless reconAs to the restoration property and if the propèrties of some cile justice to eircumstances; their attachment to you, have worthy people who have proved make them compensation out of a been disposed of, you may doubt not my zeal to serve you. public fund. For the rest, and the homage of my respecta. Accept my best wishes, friendship. with the assurance of my unceasing CATINEAU LA ROCHE. (Signed) Rue du Fanxbourg St. Honoré, No. 84. one or more P.S. I have spoken of the necessity to ofhaving them powers and commissioners, it will be expedient give with France. Had I instructions to conclude an arrangement I would have obtainpossessed authority from you from to negociate the king a declaration coned for you six months ago and preserving your authority. firming your rights I and send liberty, the form of a power and instructions At all events, with other commissioners, which you may give me in common No. 3. Inclosures in the foregoing letter. (4) Form of a Power for a CommissionerCOLONY OF SAINT DOMINGO. military and civil chiefs of the colong We the undersigned actuated by a desire of concluding an amicaof St. Domingo, between this colony and France, and wishing ble arrangement to the re-establishment of comas far as possible to contribnte to efface the calamities of war, to cause mercial intercourse, liberty, the form of a power and instructions At all events, with other commissioners, which you may give me in common No. 3. Inclosures in the foregoing letter. (4) Form of a Power for a CommissionerCOLONY OF SAINT DOMINGO. military and civil chiefs of the colong We the undersigned actuated by a desire of concluding an amicaof St. Domingo, between this colony and France, and wishing ble arrangement to the re-establishment of comas far as possible to contribnte to efface the calamities of war, to cause mercial intercourse, --- Page 319 --- - APPENDIX.--D. NO. 3. [li to be respected, to secure public order and an oblivion in' this property oft the past, to assist the unfortunate French of all proprietors the inhabitants, colony, and to guarantee the rights to our commissioner general appoint M. the King of France and Navarre, for the purpose his majesty the terms of an accommodation between the COof negociating and the French government, according to lony of St. Domingo down in the instructions which we transmit to the bases laid him under the date of this the day. aforesaid terms SO far as they do Promising to differ ratify from the above mentioned instructions. not essentially therefore his most christian majesty and his goWe pray M.- our commissioner vernment to receive for this accomodation, and furnished with powers to negociate is in the aforesaid to acknowledge him as far as necessary eapacity. this Done at Instructions for M. commissioner general (B) by the military and civil Chiefs of St. Domingo appointed alliance with his Most Christian to negociate a trealy of Majesty. will his majesty the King of The negociator that the acquaint chiefs of the colony are anxious France and Navarre should not be conducted by the minister that the negociation under the influence of the faction of marine, a man notoriously and for upwards of twentywhich has produced, calamities of prolonged St. Domingo. The-negociation five years, carried the either with the minister of the king's should be on, minister of the interior officially charged household, or interests the of trade and manufactures, or the miwith the great nister for foreign affairs. will in the name of the chiefs of The negociator propose the colony, To admit French traders into the harbours of St. Dolst. the same terms as in 1789, and to impose no other mingo upon imported and exported by these vessels, duties upon goods existed at that period; that is to say, to grant than those the which exclusive trade of the colonies, without prejudice to France modifications allowed in favour of foreign commerce by to a decree the of council of the 30th of August 1784. their respective 2d. To restore to European proprietors howerer to the underinenpossessionsi in St. Domingo, subject tioned modifications, to wit: d2 Dolst. the same terms as in 1789, and to impose no other mingo upon imported and exported by these vessels, duties upon goods existed at that period; that is to say, to grant than those the which exclusive trade of the colonies, without prejudice to France modifications allowed in favour of foreign commerce by to a decree the of council of the 30th of August 1784. their respective 2d. To restore to European proprietors howerer to the underinenpossessionsi in St. Domingo, subject tioned modifications, to wit: d2 --- Page 320 --- li] APPENDIX.-D. NO. 3. That all property let out on lease by the colonial government prior to the conclusion of this concordat, shall continue to be cultivated by the leaseholder till his lease expires, and the proprietor shall only demand the rent. Tbat on the expiration of the leases, and previous to taking possession, the proprietors shall indemnify the farmers for the improvements made, and buildings which shall have been erected, by paying their value forthem, unless the contrary has been expressed in the contract. That the properties disposed of by government from the year 1794 inclusive, whetherby way of indemnity, reward, gift, or otherwise, shall continue in the bands of their present possessors: the chiefs of the colony being under an obligation to indemnify the original owners either by grants of domains belonging to the state, or, in default of a sufficiency of these, out of special funds raised by a general and extraordinary contribution, or in any other manner which may be deemed expedient, and according to a valuation of the said estates made in the 3d. usual To manner. a free into the colony to all the French grant ingress without except the ancient planters, who are not to be admitted previous permission from the government of St. Domingo; but this permission will not be necessary for their wives or children under 4th. age. To give shelter within the ports of St. Domingo to all French ships of war or privateers, whenever France is engaged in a maritime war, and to place at her disposal three thousand regular troops for her West Indian expeditions, which troops are to be paid and maintained by the colony during their period of service. and swear 5th. On every new reign to pay homage allegi- and ance anew to the king by three deputies from the colony, pay him the sum of three millions of livres as a subsidy upon the happy 6th. 'To event. admit into the colony a consul general and two French consuls to superintend and protect the commerce of France. In return for these concessions the negociator will demand, 7th. That his most christian majesty renounce for himself and his successors all right of interference in the internal affairs of the colony. the and inhabitants 9th. That he will protect flag, property, of the colony with his navy. to reside at 10th. That he admit an agent from the colony the scat of government with the title of consul geueral and one 6th. 'To event. admit into the colony a consul general and two French consuls to superintend and protect the commerce of France. In return for these concessions the negociator will demand, 7th. That his most christian majesty renounce for himself and his successors all right of interference in the internal affairs of the colony. the and inhabitants 9th. That he will protect flag, property, of the colony with his navy. to reside at 10th. That he admit an agent from the colony the scat of government with the title of consul geueral and one --- Page 321 --- ACUSS APPENDIX.-D. NO. 4. [liti at each of the ports of Marseilles, Bourdeauz, Nuntes, eonsul Bayonne, Havre, St. Malo, and Dunkirk. we have been forced to conThis projet of a treaty in which the situation of the interests, as far as present besult private and whose provisions are all politically colony will permit, in fact give her all the advantages neficial to France, since they of the colony, will probably be without any of the expences christian majesty: provided the discusassented to by his most We wish it may be so; since we sion ofi it is left to statesmen. for a time when we might love France, and have long with panted her. M. will insist be allowed to live in peace and while exerting himon the adoption of these propositions, provisions, be will consent in detail self to secure the essential discussion to be just and to such modifications as appear upon reasonable. this Done at No. 4. M. Catineuu Laroche to General Pétion,. Copy of a letter, from 25th January; 1816. dated New Orleans, Mr. President, written to you from New Providence, and My last letter the master of a vessel from Charlestown, which transmitted by acquainted you with the took General Lee to Port-an-Prince, Bahama banks, and the heavy disaster which befell me on the I informed you it was my inloss I sustained in consequence. at New Providence, but a sbip froni tention to remain a month and been declared fit to proceed on Sumatra baving come in, for a long time to find a better her voyage, and not expecting to New Orleans, whither I was obliged opportunity for going the wreck of my little fortune, I to proceed in order embark to save in this vessel. was compelled this to place in four days, leaving the sbip, which that I reached in the river. Such were my losses made slow progrèss, arrived almost in a state of nudity, the my family and myself property having been thrown over-. greatcst part of our personal board with my goods. either for Jamaica or St. DominThere was no opportunity added to the necessity go from hence. This disaippointment little interests will force me, to my of attending to my own here some time. Should I neverthegreat regret, to continue communication from you, or see any less failto receive any sbip, which that I reached in the river. Such were my losses made slow progrèss, arrived almost in a state of nudity, the my family and myself property having been thrown over-. greatcst part of our personal board with my goods. either for Jamaica or St. DominThere was no opportunity added to the necessity go from hence. This disaippointment little interests will force me, to my of attending to my own here some time. Should I neverthegreat regret, to continue communication from you, or see any less failto receive any --- Page 322 --- liv] APPENDIX-D. NO. 4. person sent by you to whom I can explain matters relating to your government and that of King Henry, in the course ofnext month, I will at all hazards proceed to St. Domingo in the best manner Ican. You will see the occasional arrival of vessels which either French or dispatched from France, whence are come either directly Or after touching at Cuba. Most they of these will expeditions are made on account of the government the minister of marine in the interests of the planters, with by a view ofl learning what passes in St. Domingo, and producing misunderstandings. Prudence seems to suggest that these passengers should not all be equally well received, and you cannot safely repose the same confidence in all. Strong prejudices have always prevailed in France against St. Domingo. The old planters continually cry out for and talk perpetually of exterminating the male population war, of all colours. The court, which is generally desirous that matters should be replaced upon their old footing, and shudders at the very name of liberty, listens with much complacence to the projects of the old colonists. Age has not indeed added vigourto the arms of these exterminators, but they are in their hopes that government will place troops at their sanguine disposal to complete the task they commenced in 1803. On the other hand the foreign powers who at present in fact govern France, will not be sorry to see her rid herself of the remnant of Bonaparte's old troops, by sending them to St. as a hearse to convey them to the tomb, and King Wellington, Domingo, say they, would be rejoiced to see King Louis adopt this resolution. The British government doubtless would not suffer France to complete the 'conquest of St. Doningo, were such an event possible ; but a warin which Frenchmen should cut each others threats would, I say, be quite to her taste, since it would have the farther effect of completing the devastation of a country whose productions enter into competition withi her own in the great markets of Europe. They build their hopes of success upon a misunderstanding between you and King Henry, and in whatever harmony live with him, the French newspapers periodically announce you that your troops are slaughtering each other, and indulge in all the dreams of the planters on the subject. M. Charmilly, formerly a resident in the Plaine du Nord, and afterwards in the South near Plymouth, and who joined the English army in 1796 or 1797,is one ofthe most clamorous and violent for war. He arrived in Paris from London last year with English funds which he offered to government for the first expence ofthe expedition, and demanded the appointment of administrator in and King Henry, and in whatever harmony live with him, the French newspapers periodically announce you that your troops are slaughtering each other, and indulge in all the dreams of the planters on the subject. M. Charmilly, formerly a resident in the Plaine du Nord, and afterwards in the South near Plymouth, and who joined the English army in 1796 or 1797,is one ofthe most clamorous and violent for war. He arrived in Paris from London last year with English funds which he offered to government for the first expence ofthe expedition, and demanded the appointment of administrator in --- Page 323 --- - SEN de v APFENDIX-D. NO. 5. [lv took effect, and from what he chief of St. Domingo. His about gold the king, voted for war. shewed, those who were subsisted between you and King to Had a misunderstanding would have joined one of be you exterHenry, a French other, expedition and the victorious party would lay exterminate the Men of all colours and partics might ever minated in its turn. sacrificed, should the colonists out their account for being for securing again enjoy power. the opportunity is favourable the of Nevertheless independence by means of government of accomyour. common I have furnished you with the means of sense and inthe King. this by the intervention of persons. aid my undertaking plishing you should in some degree The Auence: : but without committing yourself. develope- must be as far as possible requires an interview, since they the ment of these means according to the existing state of and reasonably, with modified which I am not sufficiently acquainted, The most country circumstances of which I am ignorant. own masters : partieular thing is, that you should remain will your come to an underimportant this is the end. As to the either means by we a personal conference, or standing respecting them confidential person whom you will the medium of a in February, I will through Should I not have an answer unless send to me, in the course of March, or inhospresent myself at Port-au-Prince should cast me upon some desert for the Cape. a second shipwreck should offer except are pitables shore, or no opportunity remembered to my friends, if there I beg to be kindly and I beg you to accept the homage most any of them about you, with which I am your Excellency's of profound and respect most obedient servant, LAT AROCHE. humble CATINEAU House of MM. Vincent, Nolte and Cie. except for the North, I P.S. Should I meet no opportunity afterwards proceed to The will take advantage of it those and which concern all the DLies common interests, and without exception, are at stake. No, 5. Laroche addressed to M. Gentils, Copy of a letter. from New Catineau Orleans, 28th Janury, 1816. dated have reached St. DominDoubtless, my dear sit, you written must to me since your arrival, go. I flatter myself you have MM. Vincent, Nolte and Cie. except for the North, I P.S. Should I meet no opportunity afterwards proceed to The will take advantage of it those and which concern all the DLies common interests, and without exception, are at stake. No, 5. Laroche addressed to M. Gentils, Copy of a letter. from New Catineau Orleans, 28th Janury, 1816. dated have reached St. DominDoubtless, my dear sit, you written must to me since your arrival, go. I flatter myself you have --- Page 324 --- Ivi] APPENDIX.--E. NO. 1. But it is a fact that with the exception of two letters dressed to me from London, before you went to you adhave received no tidings of you. I know not even Portsmouth, I letters with which I charged you are not left at Dover whether with the trunk which the Custom-honse officers seized. the In the state of uncertainty in which I am on this have determined on proceeding to St. where subject, I I have now been but for the disasters I Domingo, should Iam at aloss how to secure experienced at sea. Irequest you to reply fully if,as yourreceipt I trust, ofthis have letter to which Iwish you every happiness, and am wholly you arrived. yours, House of MM. Vincent, Nolte and Cie. C. LAROCHE, E [Documents printed at the government press at Port-an-Prince.] DOCUMENTS RELATING TO THE CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN THE COMMISSIONERS OF HIS MOST CHRISTIAN AND TIIE PRESIDENT OF HAYTI. MAJESTY No. 1. To General Pétion. General, At sea, on board H. M. frigate Flora, 2d Oct. 1816. The flag, which you have defended SO long and SO ously, has been displayed with enthusiasm for courage- oftwo years over all the countries formerly subjected to upwards France. St. Domingo alone hesitates to hoist it, a circumstance which grieves his majesty's heart most severely. Occupied with remedying the calamitics which bis subjects have from the neglect of ftheirdtytowards) him, this excellent experienced wishes to re-unite all the members of his family in the bonds prince of friendship, and his children in St. Domingo are not less to lim than those who belong to dear The criminal attempts of the usurper, Europe. and the evils have occasioned, have retarded the execution of his majesty's they Domingo alone hesitates to hoist it, a circumstance which grieves his majesty's heart most severely. Occupied with remedying the calamitics which bis subjects have from the neglect of ftheirdtytowards) him, this excellent experienced wishes to re-unite all the members of his family in the bonds prince of friendship, and his children in St. Domingo are not less to lim than those who belong to dear The criminal attempts of the usurper, Europe. and the evils have occasioned, have retarded the execution of his majesty's they --- Page 325 --- meueeot - - te g - APPENDIX.-E. NO. 1. Ilvii however, that his return has given and design. Now, and order is re-established within Titedo domisecurity to Europe, has directed us to repair to St. Domingo for nions, his majesty consulting with those in authority there on the the purpose of to this country a security which measures to be employed give precarious situation; to legalize it cannot enjoy in its present establishments; to reward tbe care inl his name alit the necessary who have restored and maintained order and services of those by his royal will all such instituin the colony; to consolidate state of and of things in this tions and changes in the persons may have rendered necesisland, which the course of events with the dignity of sary, and which are neither incompatible interests of the colony and his crown, or the acknowiedged the mother country. which have desolated St Domingo, her pubThe calamities misfortunes, are all known to the king, nothing lic and private of the French name has escaped him, which enhances the which glory tends to tarnish its splendour is biotted while every thing situated than the provinces from his memory. More happily also laid waste by the man who so of France, St. Domingo, saparated herselffrom France, ,as long grossly abused his power, from her king. His majestyis not as the latter was separated ofthei inhabitants ofthis island have ignorant that ifone portion they have displayed equal constantly resisted the usurpation, themselves threatened with a focourage when they thought recollections he is desirous of reign yoke: these are the only preserving. malevolence seek to raise any doubts, or awaken Should the object of our mission, repose in us, any fears respecting confidence we repose in you and the authorigeneral, the same to Itis for you, and ties the king has ordered us recognize. may be an ohject of defor them to point out to us whatever whatever may contribute to sirer or uneasiness to the people, and you will soon, like the their peace and their prosparity, of having found in the king the best French, enjoy the blessing of fathers. in loyalty and character, general, Full of confidence as your to the reception which his majesty's we feel no apprehension We send your colonel the commissioners will experience. and the Chevalier Dominge, chef d'esChevalier de Jouette, bearers of this letter, together with M. le cadron, who are the who has expressed a wish to Dué, one of your countrymen, light vessel commanded by Captain Béaccompany them, in a ourselves immediately after in one of his gon, and will foliow majesty's frigates. the Viscomte de Fontanges, he under Your old general reception which his majesty's we feel no apprehension We send your colonel the commissioners will experience. and the Chevalier Dominge, chef d'esChevalier de Jouette, bearers of this letter, together with M. le cadron, who are the who has expressed a wish to Dué, one of your countrymen, light vessel commanded by Captain Béaccompany them, in a ourselves immediately after in one of his gon, and will foliow majesty's frigates. the Viscomte de Fontanges, he under Your old general --- Page 326 --- APFENDIX.-E. NO. 2. Iviii] command you and your countrymen so honourably defended whose the royal cause when perjured subjects dared to attack it, is the head of this pacific mission. He has regarded to cross neither his age nor his infirmities, nor has he hesitated to men whom the seas once more, for the purpose of conveying benevolent intentions of he has long loved and defended, the the king, general, to accept the assurance of our high We beg you, respect. The Viscount de FONTANGES, commander of the order of St. Louis, Lieutenant-general, and an officer of the legion of honour. ESMANGART, of honour. Counsellor of state, knight of the royal legion No. 2. Equality. Liberty. REPUBLIC OF HAYTI. Alezander Pétion, President of Hayti, to MM. the Commis- of sioners of lis Most Christian Mujesty to the Republic Hayti. Port-au-Prince, 6th October, 1816: 13th year ofthe Independence of Hayti. Gentlemen, Wel have in truth defended the French flag with the greatest we were and most unbounded devotion : while doing SO us courage the conduct of those who alienated far from anticipating in history. Since that period from it, a conduct moral unparalleled character, progress of learning, expe- . the institutions, have made the citizens of tbis rience, and circumstances, Already had they entered upon their republic a new people. merit by the good faith they career and begun to respect well as the renown of their observed towards strangers, as by the simultaneous arms, when peace was restored to Europe by that. his most chrisefforts of the sovereigns, and it was throne settled of his ancestors. tian majesty should remount the that this great epoch oft the world Wemight been have that expected likewise in which we should have would have turn before the tribunal of public opinion, aa peared in our favorably of men upon examining our own hearts, and judging justice, under the happy influence of an enlightened morality, respecting philosophy, and religion, we felt no apprehension most christian majesty the result. Our conduct towards his character before the. has been irreproachable. His known chrisefforts of the sovereigns, and it was throne settled of his ancestors. tian majesty should remount the that this great epoch oft the world Wemight been have that expected likewise in which we should have would have turn before the tribunal of public opinion, aa peared in our favorably of men upon examining our own hearts, and judging justice, under the happy influence of an enlightened morality, respecting philosophy, and religion, we felt no apprehension most christian majesty the result. Our conduct towards his character before the. has been irreproachable. His known --- Page 327 --- cee < atoou - - APPENDIX.--E. NO. 2. [lix his mild principles, his unprecedented misfortunes, as it has revolution, with those of all his family, a contest as protracted of his fate which been cruel and sanguinary, the uncertainty delayed and extraordinary has only been decided by long the league which supported him, events, our tacit adherenceto should form a particular exception all led us to expect that we we also regarded as favourable to in the view of a wise policy: success of a distinguished governus the efforts and immortal moral axiom that the traffic ment, which has established as a but contrary to the spirit in men was not only horrid obtained in itself, proof of the possibility of of christianity, and has without having recourse sugar and coffee colonies prospering measure. Whatever our to this barbarous and disgraceful since the veil, and the blindness was then, we have that pierced if there was no slave simplest logic has explained slaves. to us This plan is not yet realized, trade there would be no hatred and want of because virtue is unable to counteract of under the reflection, but events are in a state who preparation devote themselves guidance of wise and benevolent men to the task and will accomplish it. The wickedness of our What have we then to fear? those obstinate and incorrigible enemies and oppressors, and of their own calamities: the difmen who are the real authors which in the eye of colonial prejudice ference of our epidermis, the reservation of a continuance assimilates us to the brutes ; made by, his most christian of the slave trade for five years, ci-devant proprietors in this counmajesty; the clamours of the publications which issue try, their writings, the inflammatory the eyes of the king, shew from the French press under very have vanished, and us how rapidly our favourable expectations devoted to prepathat our sole attention must be henceforward desire peace, and to furnishing rations for war even whilst we and ammunition, as if we were our magazines with arms invasion. It might even be althreatened with immediate were well foundlowed us to presume that our prognosticationa fitting out at the ed, and that an armament was actually in France. important crisis of Bonaparte's General re-appearance Dauxion Lavaysse arrived at During this interval, the character of a royal commissioner. Jamaica and assumed his influence a brand of disA work published under appeared to set the family at cord hurled amongst us to create disunion, with the family; a qualivariance with its heads and the heads most colours, fied slavery was there depicted in the in the specious mildest manner; and the people were called back to it be that of mischievous while the lot of the leaders was to TO THX ISLE OF RATAU, savages, DRATH or BANISHMENT aysse arrived at During this interval, the character of a royal commissioner. Jamaica and assumed his influence a brand of disA work published under appeared to set the family at cord hurled amongst us to create disunion, with the family; a qualivariance with its heads and the heads most colours, fied slavery was there depicted in the in the specious mildest manner; and the people were called back to it be that of mischievous while the lot of the leaders was to TO THX ISLE OF RATAU, savages, DRATH or BANISHMENT --- Page 328 --- 1x] APPENDIX.-E. NO. 3. after having aided in seducing and reloading with chains their brethren, their friends, the companions of their arms and their glory. Notwithstanding all this, General Dauxion Lavaysse dared to present himself at Port-au-Prince, wbere he was received with kindness : the acts of his mission were made public, his instructions were unmasked and avowed byhimself. In what point of view could his mission be regarded? As an espionnage! In this case what risk did he not run ? Nevertheless these instructions were signed and sanctioned by a minister in the confidence of the king, and thus bore the stamp of authenticity. What a subject of reflection for us! Ail these documents were, we are well assured, long under his most christian majesty's consideration, and no doubt often carefully examined by him. The public prints of all Europe have resounded with them ; and they have been repeatedly republished with remarks, much to our eredit; and in which our wisdom and moderation have been approvéd of. General Lavaysse has returned to France, after having received every testimony ofthe most sacred hospitality. The commissioners whom itl has pleased his majestyt to send to this republic will find, as suon as they land, how sacred the laws of nations are held by this government; and that the whole werld, withoutexception ofcolour or ofnation, enjoys here under the protection ofthe laws, the most perfect equality. Appointed by the nation the guardian, not the supreme. disposer ofits destinies, I will receivein its name all proposals which concern its welfare and its rights, conforming myself to the exercise of those powers with which I am invested. Ibeg you to receive, gentlemen, the assurance of my high consideration. PETION. No. 3. On board his majesty's frigate Flora, 6th October, 1816. General, We think proper to transmit to you a copy of the king's ordinance by which we are named commissioners extraordinary to St. Doningo. The utmost we could say or write would assuredly be less satisfictory than his majesty's own words. This ordinance ougbt to calm every nueusiness and fill all hearts with hope. It will acquaint you likewise, general, with the extent of our powers, and the paternal intentions of the king; in a word, it No. 3. On board his majesty's frigate Flora, 6th October, 1816. General, We think proper to transmit to you a copy of the king's ordinance by which we are named commissioners extraordinary to St. Doningo. The utmost we could say or write would assuredly be less satisfictory than his majesty's own words. This ordinance ougbt to calm every nueusiness and fill all hearts with hope. It will acquaint you likewise, general, with the extent of our powers, and the paternal intentions of the king; in a word, it --- Page 329 --- AAANONO RA - APPENDIX.-E. No.4. [Ixi that the welfare of the colony at will demonstrate to you those who possess power and present wholly depends doubt not upon that under this new consideration authority, and we indebted to you than to all the rest. it will be more the assurance of our high respect, Receive, general, The Viscount de FOxTANOES, ESMANGART, Commissioners of the king. No. 4. ORDINANCE OF THE KING. France and Navarre, to all Louis, by the grace of God, King of ! present and to come, greeting having return to France, our whole care, after Since our has been directed to repair the evils which concluded peace, from the usurpation. in our have resulted even the most remote, have been ever Our colonies, ascertain the state in which they are, recollection. We must and the nature of their wants. the extent of their misfortunes, Domingo has particularly fixed our The colony of St. it would be useful to send attention. We have conceived which the inhabitants of commissioners to calm the uneasiness their situation, to put an end to that island may feel respecting their future condition, to legaltheir uncertainty, to determine events have rendered necessary, those ize the changes which the future Jot of our subjects. especially which tend to will improve confer with the existing authorities Our commissioners with the legislation of the colony, on every thing connected and public order; as also the civil and the internal administration respecting the state of persons and military functionarics, intercourse with the mother the restoration of commercial out to us such of our subjects as country. They will point and entitled to be rewarded for are deserving of our favour, to our person. their attachment and fidelity the répresentation of our secreFor this cause, and upon of marine and the colonies, tary ofstate for the department and do name as commissioners, MM. We have named, Hientenant-generaline our armies; the Viscount de FONTANGES, of our council of state; Du-PETITESNANGART, a member and the Sieur LAUJON, secreTHOUARS, captain in the navy; tary general to the commission. us such of our subjects as country. They will point and entitled to be rewarded for are deserving of our favour, to our person. their attachment and fidelity the répresentation of our secreFor this cause, and upon of marine and the colonies, tary ofstate for the department and do name as commissioners, MM. We have named, Hientenant-generaline our armies; the Viscount de FONTANGES, of our council of state; Du-PETITESNANGART, a member and the Sieur LAUJON, secreTHOUARS, captain in the navy; tary general to the commission. --- Page 330 --- Ixii] APFENDIX.-E. NO. 5. The Sieurs JOUETTE, colonel of infantry, and COTELIER LABOUTERIE, our attorney-general in the tribunal of the first instance at Gien, are appointed supernumerary commissioners. The necessary instructions will be given to the commissioners byour secretary of state for the marine and the in order that they may conform themselves to them. colonies, Given at Paris, at the Chateau des Tnilleries, this twentyfourth day of July, in the year of grace 1816, and of our reign the twenty-second. (Signed) LoUis. By the king. (Signed) The Viscount DUROUCIAGE. A true copy. And a little lower (Signed) The Viscount DUROUCHAGE, Secretary of state for the marine and colonial departments. A true copy. The Viscount de FONTANGES, Lieutenant-general, commander of the order of St. Louis, offieer of the royal order ofthe legion of honour. ESMANGART, Counsellor of state, knight of the royal order ofthe legion of honour, Commissioners of the king. A. de LAUJON, Secretary general to the commission. No. 5. Port-au-Prince, 8th October, 1816. General, After what you did me the honour to communicate the day before yesterday, I beg you will have the goodness to name the time at which you can receive us. M. Esmangart and myself are anxious, general, to have a private conference either with you singly, or with such members of the government as you may think fit to have present. As for the rest we will consent to whatever may seem advisable to you respecting it. entdcize I beg general, to receive the assurance of my high The Viscount de FONTANGES, 8th October, 1816. General, After what you did me the honour to communicate the day before yesterday, I beg you will have the goodness to name the time at which you can receive us. M. Esmangart and myself are anxious, general, to have a private conference either with you singly, or with such members of the government as you may think fit to have present. As for the rest we will consent to whatever may seem advisable to you respecting it. entdcize I beg general, to receive the assurance of my high The Viscount de FONTANGES, --- Page 331 --- ARRXXON recu e APPENDIX.-E. N0.6-7. [xiti No. 6. EqualityLiberty. REPUBLIC OF HAYTI. Pétion, President of Hayti, to Monsieur de FontAlezander Commissioner of hàs Most Christian Majesty. anges, Sir, which I have just received, I have In reply to your letter, that 1 shall be ready to receive the honour to acquaint you, o'clock this evening, and that you and M. Esmangart, at seven will be present at our the principal authorities of the republic conference. sir, to receive the assurance of my high respect. I beg you, PETION. No. 7. On board H. M. frigate Flora, 23d October, 1816. General, calms between St. Marc and Detained nearly ten days by has been extended beyond the Môle, our absence in the North our expectation. is to send you a copy of the letter Our first care, general, Christophe, under cover to the comwe addressed to General of which we sent him a duplicate by one mandant of Gonaives, commanded by the Chevalier Bégon, the of his majesty's brigs, having answered the frigate's signal. pilot ofthe Cape of not this letter was, as you will see, general, to The object Christôphe with our arrival in the colony, acquaint General and his majesty's intentions. the roads of Port-an-Prince, we hasten, On our return to the communications which are the general, to renew with you object of our mission. in the briefest manner to your letter We will reply, general, to ours announcing our arrival. of the 6th instant, in answer in consequence We will not indulge in any recriminations, it being our wish that of the reproaches you make to France, and this, the evils which are past should be mutually forgotten, most assuredly, is the first desire of the king. the shock St. Domingo is indisputably the spot itis on which indisputably the of the revolution was most forcibly barbarities, felt; crimes, and cruelties country in which the greatest The king regrets these evils, as well have been committed. overwhelmed France in his absence, and it is as those which , in answer in consequence We will not indulge in any recriminations, it being our wish that of the reproaches you make to France, and this, the evils which are past should be mutually forgotten, most assuredly, is the first desire of the king. the shock St. Domingo is indisputably the spot itis on which indisputably the of the revolution was most forcibly barbarities, felt; crimes, and cruelties country in which the greatest The king regrets these evils, as well have been committed. overwhelmed France in his absence, and it is as those which --- Page 332 --- Ixiv] APPESDIX.-E. NO. 7. this recollection which determined him to send commissioners to the island to see, in concert with the existing authorities, what may be the means of saving this unhappy colony. If the king has forgiven all his personal injuries, every individual ought to bury his grievances in oblivion. This is due to the public peace, and to prevent reproaches from producing recriminations which tend to render reconciliation impossible. Therefore, general, let us not dwell longer on these disasters than is necessary for concerting measures for remedying them, and above all for seeking whatever may conduce to preserve the colony in future. Tell us allthat your situation, your experience, your regard for virtue, and yonr knowledge of, the temper of the people suggests to you on these subjects, and we shall soon come to an understanding respecting the means. With regard to your remarks on the mission of M. Dauxion Lavaysse, we can only repeat what we said to you on the day we had the honour to see you and the principal functionaries. M. Dauxion Lavaysse never had any power from the king. His majesty had no knowledge of his mission, except from its results and common report: he has caused it to be officially disavowed." He has Tound fault with the mission and still more with the conduct pursued. We cannot therefore speak after the king, his disavowal is sufficient. His majesty, equally unacquainted with your wishes, your wants, and the changes occasioned by the revolution, has given us the most ample powers to reply to your demands, and do all that is possible to prevent this colony from becoming again the theatre' of civil war. himself of a country laid It is not the desire ofrepossessing the waste and torn by civil commotions, which has dictated paternal overtures he now makes. Itis rather the fondness of a parent, who, after having been deserted by his children, stretches out a saving arm to snatch them from the brink of the precipice, to which a most dreadful revolution has impelled them. He furnishesat this moment an example of moderation and benevolence, which will be recorded by history, not only to Europe, but to the whole world, made France, exhausted by her own victories, after having an unfortunate and imprudent trial of every variety of government, has found happiness and hope under princes who for upwards of eight centuries raised her to the first rank and. Our only ambition now is to acquired an untarnished glory. maintain our legitimate government, aud remain agriculturists * Appendis, F. No. 3. revolution has impelled them. He furnishesat this moment an example of moderation and benevolence, which will be recorded by history, not only to Europe, but to the whole world, made France, exhausted by her own victories, after having an unfortunate and imprudent trial of every variety of government, has found happiness and hope under princes who for upwards of eight centuries raised her to the first rank and. Our only ambition now is to acquired an untarnished glory. maintain our legitimate government, aud remain agriculturists * Appendis, F. No. 3. --- Page 333 --- d NAN AC KAE - APPENDIX.-E. NO. 8. [lxv Without anxiety for the future, each inzd manufacturers. himself in peace to industrious pursuits. dividual now applies mission is to offer you similar advantages. The object of our dare not undertake or repair Placed over a volcano, you in your fields waste, and anything; your houses are ruins, in dread of the misforyour plains deserted. Perpetually to-morrow; ; your only care is to tunes which may assail you torches are ready for your own defend yourselves, and your destruiction. come with the olive branch in Those whom you mistrust, security and repose. The king who their hands to offer you to chuse the means of preserving sends us does not wish even he should again deceive himself; it them to you, fearing lest to what give them to you. is he who consults you as far the may benevolence; Speak, and you will soon see for how his king's can lead him. moderation, justice and love of people our high consideration. Reccive, general, the assurance The Viscount de FONTANGES, ESNANGANT, The commissioners of the king. received the. copy of the P. S-You have surely, general, us commissioners for St. royal ordinance which has named in our letter of the 7th Domingo. We transmitted it to you you that having sailed inst. We think we ought to remind have not acknowledged its the next day for the North, you receipt. No. 8. letier MM. the King's Commissioners to Copy of a from General Christôphe. At sea, on board H. M. frigate Flora, off Gonaives, 12th October, 1816. General, years of trouble; of civil dissensions, found wars Aftertwenty-five France has been restored to herself, and this reand battles, throwing, herself into the arms of her king. of From disorder pose moment by she repairs the evils, which those seasons of the king causes brought upon her and which the goodness her every day to forget. e 8. letier MM. the King's Commissioners to Copy of a from General Christôphe. At sea, on board H. M. frigate Flora, off Gonaives, 12th October, 1816. General, years of trouble; of civil dissensions, found wars Aftertwenty-five France has been restored to herself, and this reand battles, throwing, herself into the arms of her king. of From disorder pose moment by she repairs the evils, which those seasons of the king causes brought upon her and which the goodness her every day to forget. e --- Page 334 --- APPENDIX,-E. NO. 8. ixvi] the exercise of her rights, has in His majesty, in resuming convinced that it would not be for the inhis wisdom felt fully restore all that the revolution had desterest of his people to been desirous that all the pastroyed : he has on the contrary fresh sacrifices from sions should be checked; he has demanded he himself set the first exhis most faithful servants, of by which his royal will those changes ample: he has consolidated conformable to the nationali inclination. All, which he thought for their children respecting the future, now divested of anxiety for certainty, and have hastened have seen doubt exchanged in their several ranks and with zeal to serve sO good a prince, stations. is desirous of extending to St. Domingo, the The king bestowed on France. It is with this intention blessings he has ordered us to come hither for the purpose of conthat he has the civil and military authorities respecting all sulting with which may be able to fix the lot of the colony. those measures has desired that we should repair to Port-auHis majesty place froni whence we can Prince as a central both and intermediate the North and the South, So as to make communicate with his royal and paternal intentions. known to all, with the command of the North, it is morê espeInvested general, to enlighten the people with recially in your power, and the fatherly disposition ofthe king; to gard to the truth, doubts which malevolence, private ambition, remove all those endeavour to excite respecting the object of our or avarice may to the citizens of all classes that it is his mission; to declare that none should suffer by his return; that all majesty's desire which they are taught to apprehend; meet his those changes, only in proportion as they conduce to the general in approbation That he has no wish to send forces to a country welfare. there already exist an army, generals, public functionwhich who will be faithful to him: and that his aries, and subjects in sending commissioners furnished with majesty's only consolidate design and legalize all that can exist without powers; isto from what is due to the dignity ofbis crown, to jusderogating tice; and to the interests of his all subjects. the commutications you may We will await, we gencral, doubt not for an instant, that you will imake to us, and the opportunity of proving to your countryseize with avidity circunstances you are desirous of men that in such inportant promoting their welfare. to this letter the ordinance ofthe Wefeclit right to subjoin It will acquaint yort king who has sent us to St. Domingo. due to the dignity ofbis crown, to jusderogating tice; and to the interests of his all subjects. the commutications you may We will await, we gencral, doubt not for an instant, that you will imake to us, and the opportunity of proving to your countryseize with avidity circunstances you are desirous of men that in such inportant promoting their welfare. to this letter the ordinance ofthe Wefeclit right to subjoin It will acquaint yort king who has sent us to St. Domingo. --- Page 335 --- KK 4 G 4 - - APPENDIX.-. NO. 9. [lxvii how benevolent and'paternal his better than all we could write, majesty's intentions are. The Viscount de FONTANGES; (Signed) commander of the order of St. Louis, Lieutenant-general, officer oft the royal order ofthe legion of honour. (Signed) the royal order ESMANGART, ofthe legion of honour; Counsellor of state, knightof Commnissioners of the king. A true copy. The Viscount de EONTANGES, ESMANGART, Commnissioners of the king, No. 9. Equality: Liberty. REPUBLIC OF HAYTI. Pétion, President of Hayti, to MM. the CommisAlezander sioners of his Most Christian Majesty. Port-au-Prince, 25th October, 1816; 13th year of Indépendence. General, honoar to acknowledge the receipt of your letter Il have the the frigate Flora, together ofthe 23d instant, dated on board at sea. with the copy of that addressed to General of his most Christophe christian maon the 12th, as also the ordinance inclosed in your Jetter of jesty, naming you his commissioners, reply: the 7th, to which your absence prevented by French, crimes crimes ea After the horrible perpetrated the of Hayti wbich shame the page of history, independence smoking remains of our has been solemnly sworn, over the yet warriors who achieved unfortunate compatriots, by the intrepid for the first time its conquest. This sacred never oath, pronounced ceased to echo from every by an enraged people, renewed has with fresh enthusiasm; ; itis the heart; it is annually liberty; to retract it, or to entertain a palladium of public be a and infaiy of which no thought hostile to it would disgrace to down upon OurHaytian is capable;t to alter it would be bring forbid it; and, selves merited calamities; our laws imperatively it is most sacred duty as first magistrate of the republic, Thave sworn my this in the, face of to cause it to be respected. in vain. To make heaven and of men, and I have never sworn the utmost sttetch us swerve from this holy resolution and is beyond deem ourselves worthy of ofhuman power. We possess, c2 be a and infaiy of which no thought hostile to it would disgrace to down upon OurHaytian is capable;t to alter it would be bring forbid it; and, selves merited calamities; our laws imperatively it is most sacred duty as first magistrate of the republic, Thave sworn my this in the, face of to cause it to be respected. in vain. To make heaven and of men, and I have never sworn the utmost sttetch us swerve from this holy resolution and is beyond deem ourselves worthy of ofhuman power. We possess, c2 --- Page 336 --- Ixvif APPESDIX,-E. iro. 9. preserving our independence: : to wrest it from us we must first be exterminated. Well! should this even be possible, we would determine to endure it, rather than retract. Wemaybes allowed to think that our character, little known, especiallyi in France, where they are accustomed to judge of us by the colonial feeling, would have perhaps created an idea of our being upon our guard, from a mistrust of the guarantees which might be offered to calm our apprehensions for the future, and that the most probable means of leading us to theend proposed, would be the adoption of those forms which were most likely to be pleasing to us; that they would have seen how much the mission of General Dauxion Lavaysse had irritated our minds, and that it did not escape us that it had the semblance of that authenticity which usually which attends the acts of government; since his instructions, are in our possession, and were acknowledged by him, have the signature of the minister of marine. You do me the honor to repeat to me that this mission has been disavowed by his majesty. I assent to this, and, in consequence; to the nullity of all the proceedings arising out ofit. Iwill therefore speak of it no môre. His majesty, since bis restoration to the throne of Franice, has had every official transaction of our government before his eyes, none of the periods of our revolution can be unknown tô bim, and he must be convinced that we cling to our independence as to our existence; and although we separated him from the misfortunes which have so longaflicted us, we could believe thathe would Lanp-ermetinadaaligd our independence, as he has confirmed other arrangements which must have been still more painful to his feeelings, had he not been prevented by the opposition which he encountered in the public mind. For when pressed in 1814 by the allied powers to renounce the shameful traffic in slaves, he nevertheless demanded its continuance for five years ; and yet in 1815 he himself acknowledged thati it had been his desire to renounce it on his return to France; but that he had at that period been obliged to yield to cireumstances. Should he not att the present day then refuse with still better reason to grant that which is demanded by interests perfectly isolated, and which would cost such oceans of blood? Such is the opinion we would forn to ourselves of the sentiments of his most. christian majesty, and deeply should we be grieved to find ourselves obliged The whole to change face it. of the world is altered, that is to say renewed by a revolution of five and twenty years: : every individual has crcated forhimselfhabits and employments to satisfy been obliged to yield to cireumstances. Should he not att the present day then refuse with still better reason to grant that which is demanded by interests perfectly isolated, and which would cost such oceans of blood? Such is the opinion we would forn to ourselves of the sentiments of his most. christian majesty, and deeply should we be grieved to find ourselves obliged The whole to change face it. of the world is altered, that is to say renewed by a revolution of five and twenty years: : every individual has crcated forhimselfhabits and employments to satisfy --- Page 337 --- ANAMARCES NO. 9. Ixix APPENDIX-E. those ancient prescription seems to have overthrown in recollection, while his wants; which no longer exist in except them are no more. labour pretensions of those interested has recalled men to the majority The return of order and peace wants of governments have the same: deep : and industry: the the most results urgent of war are every where until the wounds to heal; ravaged fields, every thing languishes all at once: this deserted plains, which cannot take place does not, while calling return of conidence, of general application, and resources which every is a principle. into play, destroy the internal Itis a fact, that ours could them possesses within itself. then with peace to country exist by ourselves; it is labour, necessary to encourage manufaconly seek resources, to stimulate these to be found if not in industry the resto- and tures; but where are can have no interestin of he commerce? ? The Frenchman order. of things: he isin want fsupport, for himself ration of the ancient and to make useful relieved profits from thei imperequires encouragement, he only asks to be to his speculations: and his govermment, his giving full scope and the diments which prevent also require the same and advantages improvementoe Danafsctares openings for their maintenance though it produces necessary None can be ignorant that because this country, it is the disposition of the little, consumes largely; the fruits of their own labour, to proHaytians, who all enjoy comfort. cure for themselves every with possible frankness to the, communications the very In order done to reply me the honour to make announce respecting as perfeeuly you have of your mission, which you in any. wish to ample powers and not originating intestine wars, pacific and dsinterested, ravaged and wasted by into some dere-annex this that country, I have felt it necessary and to every enter thing at variance to France, free from all reerimination, highly important for the tails with what is just and reasonablé, yet this of explanation. intentions agree on egrs his most christian correspond majesty's with this spirit of. and justice influand your then, powers forgetting every the selfish Tesire motives of doing good, ab moderation, by the love of truth and whose enced solely us as afree and independent will goberwneni, and love of the you will regard institutions depend upon. the consolidated basis nation. hesitate to admit this as an essential you M You will not entering into the spirit of our laws, be tween us, and thus with you on all matters without which may. enable me to correspond to both countrics, swerving reciprocally adrantageous from my duty. your then, powers forgetting every the selfish Tesire motives of doing good, ab moderation, by the love of truth and whose enced solely us as afree and independent will goberwneni, and love of the you will regard institutions depend upon. the consolidated basis nation. hesitate to admit this as an essential you M You will not entering into the spirit of our laws, be tween us, and thus with you on all matters without which may. enable me to correspond to both countrics, swerving reciprocally adrantageous from my duty. --- Page 338 --- AFPENDIX.-. NO. 10-11. Ixx] thing leads me to believe that, when you left France Every satisfied that we could not admit any other prinyou were fully them, you will bear away with you the ciples : by recognizing fruit of your mission, and acquire the highest most glorious claim to our esteem and regard. to salute you with the bighI have the honour, gentjemen, PETION. est respect. No. 10. Port-au-Prince, October 25th, 1816. General; liere with the most perfect confidence in the town We came assured that every thing connected and territory you command, nations would be respected. We have no with the rights of and it is this circumstance cause to regret this confidence, with what passes between which induces uis to acquaint Mexicans you who are here; and our sailors, the Carthagenians and and lead them to be guilty of inThe former enlist our men, have been made to us on this subsubordination. Complaints them to you ject, and we are assured that claim on commumicating your anthority to have a they will be redressed. We the and that they may be search made for our men by police, to your to given up to us. Itwould be an affront which belongs government as much to insist upon a demand of this nature the laws of nations. a well regulated police as to assurance of our high consiReceive, general, a renewed deration. The Viscount de FONTANGES, ESMANGART, Commissioners of the king. No. 11. Equality. Liberty. REPUBLIC OF HAYTI. Pétion, President of Huyti, to MM. the CommisAlezander szoners of kis Most Christian Majesty. 1816: Port-au-Prince, 26th October, 13th year of Independence, Gentlemen, letter of the 25th inst. in which you I have received your and Mexicans complain of the conduct of the Carthagenians Itis not in vain that here, and the sailors of your squadron. to put an end to this you claim the interference of government . 11. Equality. Liberty. REPUBLIC OF HAYTI. Pétion, President of Huyti, to MM. the CommisAlezander szoners of kis Most Christian Majesty. 1816: Port-au-Prince, 26th October, 13th year of Independence, Gentlemen, letter of the 25th inst. in which you I have received your and Mexicans complain of the conduct of the Carthagenians Itis not in vain that here, and the sailors of your squadron. to put an end to this you claim the interference of government --- Page 339 --- ARe K - - APPENDIX.-. NO. 12: [Ixxi orders to the general comdisorder. I shall give particular not only to prevent your sailors manding the arrondisement but also to back by force the being enlisted under any flags, search after the deserters. that you will, under every circumBe assured, gentlemen, you can desire with respect to stance, find whatever protection the police of your squadron. the assurance of my high respect. Receive, gentlemen, PETION, No. 12. Port-au-Prince, October 20th, 1816. General, the 27th the letter you did us the honour We received on 26th of this month. to address to us on the has experienced reactions. The France, like St. Domingo, each other, each inits turn vanquishers parties which succeeded as is usual in civil wars, and vanquished, have exercised, equally blameable on both sides: but vengeance and reprisals, the king since his majesty's return no one has thoughtofblaming faction, or making it a for the misconduct of the opposite the royal authority and ae text for refusing to acknowledge taught by experience, was convinced Each on the contrary, could put an end to the violent that truth alone and legitimacy which for twenty-five years rendered dissensions and ambition' All measures adopted in favour of one France sO unfortunate. the laws and regulations, all have beparty against the other, had never been, each party being satisfied come as though they mcasures alone were necessary against its opthat cautionary and legitimate authority ponent faction. But on the sovercign these measures resnming the exercise ofits rights, precaitionary became useless. Their the protection of the several parties, and nothing has remained, but laws became virtually wisdom repenled, thought it right to preserve. All what the king in his even upon those who bad besides has ceased to be effect obligatory ought to cease with the cause.- sworn to it; since the and would havebeen to perTo maintain thosel laws regulations commit hostilities after peace. petuate civil dissensions nevertheless, : to fully convinced that twentyHis majesty felt, had changed the manners, habits, and five years of revolution of the people. He legalized every thing even the thoughts he has bestowed on us laws suited to, which could be allowed; and thus given repose to all families. as our new character, anxiety for St. Domingo been less, Nor has the king's to be effect obligatory ought to cease with the cause.- sworn to it; since the and would havebeen to perTo maintain thosel laws regulations commit hostilities after peace. petuate civil dissensions nevertheless, : to fully convinced that twentyHis majesty felt, had changed the manners, habits, and five years of revolution of the people. He legalized every thing even the thoughts he has bestowed on us laws suited to, which could be allowed; and thus given repose to all families. as our new character, anxiety for St. Domingo been less, Nor has the king's --- Page 340 --- APPENDIX.-E. NO. 12. -lrexii] have sullieienlyinformed you : he our former letters, general, but what appears to him just however cannot do his any thing He ought to consult their and beneficial for their subjects, this it is which will guide. wants only, and not passions, in the measures to be adopted for him, as it'has in France, this country, bounties and the value of his royal To despise the king's however, all you acquired by the resanction, without which, fortune, in wealth and dignities, volution in rights, in honors,in uncertainty; you to will remain in a state of perpetual would demonstrate to the the of itself tRe us an act which you to yourselves, since by so impossibility of abandoning of that horrible precipice doing he would leave you on the brink has brought you. On a cool to which your own imprudence of the first pages of this act which and dispassionate perusal of youri institutions, it is immediately forms the thatit ground-work carries with it the germ of your own destrnction. manifestt this it will be sufficient to quote the three following articles To prove which declare that, can set his Article xxxvii.- 66 No white man of any nution, the capacity of a master Or proprietor." < foot on this territoryin Those auhites are recognized as Haytians Article xxxix. the those who discharge any civil 66 who form part of who army, were admitted into the republic at the < funchions, and those the 27th of December, 1806; 6 publication of the constitution of the publication ofthe present 6 and no other can infuture, after neither be employed, TOT 46 revision, pretend to the same rights, within nOT acquire properly <6 enjoy the privileges of citizens, < the republic." African, Indian, CT their descendArticle xliv.- Every in countries, who may c6 ants, born in the colonies or will foreign be as Haytians, <4 come to reside in the republic, recognized citizen till after twvelve 6 but shall not enjoy the rights of @ c montlis residence." re-establish ina more absolute manBy these articles you had done, that distinction of colour ner than any ordinance labouring for upwards of half a shich philanthropy has You beep commit an act of hostility against century to destroy. with her, her in cona Europe, you come to rupture andjustify! of all who bear the fiscating, by way of reprisal, the property and depriving them of the name of Haytians amongst and the you, other political advantages they right of in inheritance their fullest extent and without distinction. after enjoy in the history of revolutions, By a caprice unexampled twenty-five years.in support of an opposite having fought for fudamental law, has estabyringiple, your very first act, your act of hostility against century to destroy. with her, her in cona Europe, you come to rupture andjustify! of all who bear the fiscating, by way of reprisal, the property and depriving them of the name of Haytians amongst and the you, other political advantages they right of in inheritance their fullest extent and without distinction. after enjoy in the history of revolutions, By a caprice unexampled twenty-five years.in support of an opposite having fought for fudamental law, has estabyringiple, your very first act, your --- Page 341 --- L KW MAeO AX E APPENDIX.-E. NO. 12. [xxitidistinction which you strove to overthrow at lished the very the price of your blood. from your laws, she would be far Were Europe to judge to be such as from supposing the urbanity, of your government we conceive it our duty have it, and ofwhich : we experienced to make our report. civilized nation in order to adopt In fact you exclude every ones fit to associate with you, on one exclusively, as the only whom Europe is at this moment enhand the Barbary powérs, the nations amongst whom deavouring to reduce,and on other, Should the name of civilization has not yet penetratad. from the the very than others proscripphailanthropists, no more exempt their complexion, should they tion you have declared against the reprisals adopted against youi in nevertheless protest against your own constitution: : the prinEurope, they are answered by ; what right then have ciple has been laid down by yourselves; you to complain? general, is the system you ask the king from Such, nevertheless, not do sO withont derogating to sanction. He could to his subjects and to other powers; , what he owes to himself, it with advantage to yourselves 2 could he even sanction that itis the king's wish to do We repeat to general, which is compatible with the for this country ar'ta the good the interests of his subjects. His dignity of his crown, and of the present inhabitants only desire is to secure the happiness manner. of St. Domingo in the most permanent out the means by which this is You have asked us to point the samerequest of you in our We make we to be accomplished. general, after the observations turn. Judge for yourselves, whether the end which the king proposes have made to in you, the way you point out. duties to fulfl is attainable that as subjects have You are not ignorant, likewise have duties to fulfil towards towards their kings, these abandon them even in their errors their subjects. Kings cannot The greater the danger into which or their misfortunes. the more incumbent is iton their they have brought themselves, their assistance. His majesty, more monarchs to hasten to to the world a proof of that parental than any other king, gives to attach all hearts to him in this country anxiety which ought as well as in France. honoured with his confidence, we were When we were only bring you nearer to the preciconvinced that we should entrusted tous were we unreservedly pice, and abuse the demand, power in a moment especially when your to grant what you passions are at their height. recriminations to the fresh reproaches Wo do not reply by themselves, their assistance. His majesty, more monarchs to hasten to to the world a proof of that parental than any other king, gives to attach all hearts to him in this country anxiety which ought as well as in France. honoured with his confidence, we were When we were only bring you nearer to the preciconvinced that we should entrusted tous were we unreservedly pice, and abuse the demand, power in a moment especially when your to grant what you passions are at their height. recriminations to the fresh reproaches Wo do not reply by --- Page 342 --- Ixxiv] APPENDIX,-E, NO. 13. you cast upon France. France bas doubtless committed errors; ; above all'she has been eminently guilty towards gréat her king. Like all other nations in commotion, she has theatre of the greatest excesses, but her errors and her been the even ber crimes will, in the records of history, be lost faults, forest oflaurels. in a God has at length broken the rod he sent to He has restored to us our king, our scourge us. then think only of fulfilling our duties legitimate and princes; let us Should we be SO fortunate as to convince repairing our losses. the authorities who surround you, general, and regret having introduced into this you, we shall have no reason to which always prevails in the discussion that moderation recall to his arms children whom king's heart, when the object is to have alienated from him, false and pernicious theories Receive, general, the assurance of our high consideration. The Viscount de FONTANGES, ESMANGART, The Commissioners of the king. Liberty. No. 13. Equality. REPUBLIC or HAYTI. Alexander Pétion, President of Hayti, to MM. the Commissioners of his Most Christian Majesty. Gentlemen, Port-au-Prince, 2d November, 1816: I bave received the letter 13th did year of Independence. to me on the 30th oflast month. you me the honour to address It belonged to the nineteenth century to produce extraordinary events ; itwas also reserved forit to removethe which prevented the most unfortunate and oppressed bandage ofmankind from discovering in the great charterof nature portion their impreseriptible creation. It is rights and the object of the Divinity in their Fronce has caused owing to to theintolerant spirit of the parties that that the sacred arch succeed of each otherin this lovely country, reared amidst the independence of Hayti has been tain it we were oppression as far from and injustice. In swearing to mainauthority of the king of thinking that it would affect the would one day France, as from anticipating that he triumph over the French, and set claims against us which our arms had overthrown : idle claims up which policy revokes, which reason disapproves, and which are far Divinity in their Fronce has caused owing to to theintolerant spirit of the parties that that the sacred arch succeed of each otherin this lovely country, reared amidst the independence of Hayti has been tain it we were oppression as far from and injustice. In swearing to mainauthority of the king of thinking that it would affect the would one day France, as from anticipating that he triumph over the French, and set claims against us which our arms had overthrown : idle claims up which policy revokes, which reason disapproves, and which are far --- Page 343 --- - < XXXX0XX04 P APPENDIX.-E. NO. 13. [lxxy of the crown than a multitude of less necessary to the dignity have led hin to abandon, other privileges which circumstaneds considerations. We may add thatin no doubt from powerful rights we are influenced solely reclaiming our unacknowledged happy to have shaken off the by a regard for our own security; have desired nothing more than that, in most hideous yoke, we we should be able to enjoy what the midst of universal peace, And, since the resources of our country we already possess. unless cultivated by our hands, would become unproduetive under any other infiuence than which we could not employ which unités us, we might appear that of the family feeling the of a sordid policy, while at the culpable indeed in eyes before the tribunal of same time we should stand acquitted justice and equity which legalizes our and rights. far from losing by it we We have never feared inquiry, if the inqniry could not be otherwise than gainers; especially This is perhaps the be condueted calmly and dispassionately. in so delicate a cause ; the reason of our being so accessible and have drawn up our because we are strong in ourselves, of the national will, social compact, which is the declaration with due consideration. attention to the 38th, 39th and 44th articles In calling my seem to me to Aing down the gauntlet, of our constitution, you the subject under consideration, for the and to wander from into a general case affecting purpose of converting a partieular this appeal to such clear sighted all the powers of Lurope: since they have not regarded will be very slow, denominate-a mark of hosgovernments in the same point of view what articles you are contained in the act tility towards them. These which followed, in the constitution of independence ; in those 1806, they have received a fulier exof the 27th of December, article of the revision, which is merely a planation, by the 39th 27th article of the constitution. They have paraphrase ceased ofthe to be in force, and have no other object than with our never which the French government alone can dispute interest security, while the other powers havenoi us, as you do at present; intercourse with us, as you in them, since they have a ascertaining constant the presence of an accrecan satisfy vourselves the United by States of America to the republic; dited agent from council of the 14th December, 1808 the by the "order in been revoked ; and the : King of England, which has into never which they are admitted as ours foreign ships in our ports of Enropeans in this are into theirs. You may see multitudes by the proscription of colour. town trading with us unimpeded * See: a copyoft this at the end of the Appendix. them, since they have a ascertaining constant the presence of an accrecan satisfy vourselves the United by States of America to the republic; dited agent from council of the 14th December, 1808 the by the "order in been revoked ; and the : King of England, which has into never which they are admitted as ours foreign ships in our ports of Enropeans in this are into theirs. You may see multitudes by the proscription of colour. town trading with us unimpeded * See: a copyoft this at the end of the Appendix. --- Page 344 --- APFEXDIX.-E. NO. 13. Ixxvi] of advantages in the commercial Is there a reciprocity and the island of Hayti2, The intercourse between foreigners Is there any incompatibility question I think is resolved. and the rights of citizens ? The anwith regard to property swer would not be difficult. of our cause, and purity of our We rely on the justice conceive that Europe arms herself intentions.. We do not freedom under the only against us because we wish to enjoy or that the philanthropists, form which can secure its existence, would blame a conduct who are the objects of our admiration, have recommended. If which tiey themselves would be no derived doubt to effect our exterminafrom all this, motives can ourselves for it: and, placing all our tion, we must prepare HIM who is the Lord of the lords of the dependence receive upon from HIM new strength to defend ourselves: universe, have none else to chuse. this is our part-we make to the Barbary powers is answered The allusion you, towards England and America by the conduct between we pursued them. Never did a government give during the war or a stronger regard for the rights proofs of a stricter nentrality there was not the smallest complaint on of nations, sO that their part. and indisputable principle that every Itisan acknowledged to regulate itself by its own laws, government has a revocation right of the edict of Nantes, excluded Louis xiv. by his bosom of France. No power intere the French from the very less the advantages resultfered, and all benefited more or by ing from this emigration. and among other polished nations, they In Japan, China, forbidden the entrance of have, as a into precautionary the interior, measure, and yet we see commerce carried on strangers whose existence gives no and flourishing with a people of other nations. political It would be easy disturbance to the peace same nature, did we wish to relate them, to cite examples oft the our efforts during the Whatever judgment be disguise passed that upon we have been sacrificed revolution, history and cannot likewise that our arms have been crowned and deceived, with laurels. not sufficient to allow of your negociIfyour the powers, basis I are have had the honor to propose, or you do ating on that, not deem it expedient to. use them; I must acquaint you will allow do not conceive my duty under these circumstances,1 to correspond with you on the subject of my continuing longer ofy your mission. Ishall not have to reproach myself Whatever be the result, the smallest opportunity of securing with having neglected passed that upon we have been sacrificed revolution, history and cannot likewise that our arms have been crowned and deceived, with laurels. not sufficient to allow of your negociIfyour the powers, basis I are have had the honor to propose, or you do ating on that, not deem it expedient to. use them; I must acquaint you will allow do not conceive my duty under these circumstances,1 to correspond with you on the subject of my continuing longer ofy your mission. Ishall not have to reproach myself Whatever be the result, the smallest opportunity of securing with having neglected --- Page 345 --- - MAUCC A 44 - K R APPENDIX,-E. NO. 14. [bxxvii to'my fellow citizens, as I shall the always last peace and prosperity worthy oftheir confidence by causing, to to be shew myself of my existence; their rights and privileges which I have mnoment without swerving from the principles respected, umniformly professed. gentlemen, the assurance of my high respect. PETION. Receive, No. 14. Port-au-Prince, 10th November, 1816. General, re-established, we proceed to transmit Your health being indisposition delayed. to you the reply your ofthe 2d instant, as in all which preceded In your letter to us ofthe violence and injustice you it, you continue to speak to the pacific character of our have experienced. According from replying by recriminations to nission, we have abstained certain violent Frenchmen. We the charges you bring against of moderation to the last. will persevere in this system admit that, during the usurpation, when You nevertheless of exercising his rights, you found yourthe king was incapable to chuse some form of governmnent. That to selves compelled being that form which of all others the appeared nation: but independence, security, had been selected by offer the greatests had been done to the prejudice of the king. we had the that nothing perfectly coincides with what comAll this, general, in our last letter. Hitherto you have honour to remark against the king. Yourmensuneshave mitted no act ofhostility the enemies of his crown. They could are been directed against forged to resist them, and which you weapons you have against them. But when the king not legally employ except ofhis rights; when all his subjects hasten resumes the exercise beneath the banners of the laws, will to range themselves of that which has been aties alone refuse to avail yourselves his and your enemies in order against those who are equally could arise onlyf from a wish to oppose him ? Such an against attempt legal power, which will be into excite a freshs struggle without provocation: it would be nothing jured and invaded rebellion. The rights of the king as sovereign, less than open The contract between him and his subjects are indisputable. his rights, which are imprescripuible, is indissoluble;i in a word, affected or impaired by his having cannot be in any degree suspension of their exercise, Thus, experienced a temporary have decided otherwise, the state of wat nntil the king shall who are equally could arise onlyf from a wish to oppose him ? Such an against attempt legal power, which will be into excite a freshs struggle without provocation: it would be nothing jured and invaded rebellion. The rights of the king as sovereign, less than open The contract between him and his subjects are indisputable. his rights, which are imprescripuible, is indissoluble;i in a word, affected or impaired by his having cannot be in any degree suspension of their exercise, Thus, experienced a temporary have decided otherwise, the state of wat nntil the king shall --- Page 346 --- Ixxviii] APPENDIX.- E. NO. 14. will become permanent, and every thing will remain uncertain, All this till a peace of which none can anticipate the period. it. is sO self-evident, that we shalli not dwell longer of certain upon articles Ifin ourlast letter we have spoken to you of out of constitution, it was solely with a view pointing your to the king to recognize in sanctioning what you proposed and to demonstrate to you that the funyour independence, institutions carries with it the seeds of damental law destruction. of your Be assured it was far from ourintention your own call it, an to foreign govérnments. to make, as you from appeal her king, experienced the greatest France, by but separating her honour as a nation was far from being lost, calamities, is sufficiently able of himself to maintai her and the king will and without claiming rights according to his good pleasure assistance from any power. been any more our intention to avoid Nor has it, general, of whichhas no terrors forus. oreludeag question, the discussion, (we think we ought to assure you general) Had we nevertheless have ourselves followed our first inclination we should leave limited and embarking after the receipt of your letter to taking with which we found to communicate to the king, the obstinacy and this without shewing itsi you pertinaciously maintaming, which is in fact nonecessity or advantages, an resist independence the authority ofhis Majesty. thing but a disposition to ordered us to conduct this discussion But the king, who moderation which is so congenial to with all that persevering would have blamed us had we quitted this counhis own heart, to prove the injustice of try abruptly, without an endeavour to which a government such as such obstinacy, and the danger would necessarily expose the you are desirous of adopting to reason, we shall country. If our remarks can bring you not having been have cause to congratulate ourselves upon service to you hasty. We shall even have rendered orders a signal and intentions of'the yourself, and have fulfilled both the king. We proceed then, previous to concluding our mission, to remarks which our. duty and the interests of the Cooffer those of this independence, in the same lony dictate, on the subject done on certain articles of your manner as we have already constitution. should be certain of being able at To be independent, you to be all times and in all places to cause your independence respected. should also have within yourselves a sufficient force to You ambition of those who might repel the attempts as well as the take umbrage at your prosperity. the king. We proceed then, previous to concluding our mission, to remarks which our. duty and the interests of the Cooffer those of this independence, in the same lony dictate, on the subject done on certain articles of your manner as we have already constitution. should be certain of being able at To be independent, you to be all times and in all places to cause your independence respected. should also have within yourselves a sufficient force to You ambition of those who might repel the attempts as well as the take umbrage at your prosperity. --- Page 347 --- < AXXX A - V APPENDIX.-E. NO. 14. [Ixxix to be able of yourselves to protect your. subjects You ought and abroad, and to avenge injuries. If the state both at home itself independent does not possess which wishes to declare if she is obliged to call in the aid within herself these powers ; to be independent and her poliof a foreign power, she instant ceases in danger. tical existence is every state of this colony is, feebler than See what the present in France! Relying on your courage the smallest province to insult all the powers of Europe, and climate you are disposed which cannot be if it be necessary, to support a pretension rational principle. You maintained at the present day upon any any resources for war: : do not even possess within thing yourselves from abroad, and if. in conseyou must procure with every a leading power, your foreign commuquence of any war the climate which destroysi itsforces nications should be cut off, arms and every other implewill in a little time also spoil of your these, which you may experience ment of war. The want has already rendered youdependent at the end of a certain time, less dependent through the new upon strangers. Nor are you the privation of which wants and habits have become acquired, a source of suffering to most would be painful even the king aTe Hence it is manifest that the day in which of you. independent, would leave you dependent upon declared you the whole world. of defence, it is admitted by allAs to your internal means foree, you have no others that, when threatened by an imposing in ashes, to carry fire and than to lay your town and throughout: crops your plains, and retire with destruction every where to the mountains, and there defend your wives and children yourseives to the be last. the result of a nobler resolution, butitis also This might weakness. A nation which has no a stri.ing proof of great invasion but by its own destruction, other means without of opposing the support of a poweriul protector. Sicannot exist the mere shew of attack by any tuated as you are at would present, reduce you to the most frightinl power whatsoever the first demonstration of hostility, armed extremity; since, on you would become the with the torches stored in your arsenals, most useful auxiliaries of your enemies. it is evident that On a review of all your resources, are 390I external means of maintaining For your cannot, independence with your scanty weaker than your internal. to your you flag or punish any insult marine; either inforce respect offered to the subjects of the republic. is consequently an absolute Your present independence which cannot be maintained, which will chimera, a pretension power whatsoever the first demonstration of hostility, armed extremity; since, on you would become the with the torches stored in your arsenals, most useful auxiliaries of your enemies. it is evident that On a review of all your resources, are 390I external means of maintaining For your cannot, independence with your scanty weaker than your internal. to your you flag or punish any insult marine; either inforce respect offered to the subjects of the republic. is consequently an absolute Your present independence which cannot be maintained, which will chimera, a pretension --- Page 348 --- APPENDIX.--E. NO. 14. Ixxx] and still more so to those on whose' be ruinous to youreelf, and should the king, weary of opposition, behalfyou stipulate; he would in a little time be fully grant your mad request, avenged. to you, general, the true political In thus frankly explaining our only object is to open your eyes situation of your country, dearest interests. There is no glory to what you owe to your in which there is a cerin needlessly maintaining a stmggle later subdued and your people tainty of your being sooner is or and equally repugnant destroyed: Such temerity culpable, to humanity and to reason. general, to approach as close as For the rest, desirous, which you say can alone deterpossible to that independence we shall now state the mine the happiness of the people, to make in the king's name": viz. concessions we are shall permitted be declared in the king's name that SLAArticle 1. It and NEVER SHALL BE VERY is abolished in St. Domingo, XE-ESTABLISHED. Article 2. That civil and political rights shall be granted to all the citizens, as in France, on the same condition. on its present Article 3. The army shall be officers maintained sball be confirmed by footing. The general and other ranks, and all shall enjoy the same the king in their respective and distinctions, as those of the royal pay, allowances, honours armies in France. The will never send European troops to St. Article 4. The defence king of the colony shall be always entrusted Domingo. and fidelity of the indigene troops, who never to the courage shall be employed out of the colony. with the senators; Article 5. The president of the republic, its It, shall retain his prerogatives, and the senate authorities, privileges. shall rèmain as wellas theadmnistrmativeanijs judicial subject however to such provisionally as they exist themselves at present; shall propose and decree in a modifications as they commissioners: : and in case of a concert with his majesty's shail only be affected in the manner fixed change hereafter, they act. in the revision ofthe constitutional will not be suffered to come and Article 6. The old planters unless they submit to the established reside within the colony, relating to persons and laws and regulations, those especially civil Article rights. 7. A general rule shall be established, with respecting bis majesproperty, by the existing authorities settle in all concert doubts, and prevent ty's commissioners, in order to re-establishment ofthe colony. such disputes as may delaythe shall be appointed goverArticle 8. The existing president affected in the manner fixed change hereafter, they act. in the revision ofthe constitutional will not be suffered to come and Article 6. The old planters unless they submit to the established reside within the colony, relating to persons and laws and regulations, those especially civil Article rights. 7. A general rule shall be established, with respecting bis majesproperty, by the existing authorities settle in all concert doubts, and prevent ty's commissioners, in order to re-establishment ofthe colony. such disputes as may delaythe shall be appointed goverArticle 8. The existing president --- Page 349 --- 3 NXX 0 P APPENDIX.. NO. 14. [lxxxi of the colony; and the present commander in chief nof gèhéral lieutenant-general ofthe government. They' shall be appointed his subject however to such shall each retain present powers, of affairs may demand, but this modifications as the without situation their consent. In future, they shall shall not be done the of three candibe appointed by the king upon presentation dates chosen by The the senate. shali continue open to all nations on Article 9. ports The senate shall have a power the same terms as at present. according to circumstances; and on of modifying these terms representing the king. the demand of the governor shall general exert his interest with his holiArticle 10. The king a and all those spiritual ness to obtain for this colony bishop, consolation. succours which yield a nation concessions the greatest shall extend to the north Article 11. All these ofthis colony. as well as to the south and west act shall be revised by the Article 12. The constitutional the commissioners in the course senate in concert with king's coincide with of the year, so as to make all its arrangements The king shall be requested the orderitis desired to establish. it after the revision, and to to have the goodness to accept himselfand his successors. guarantee its observance concessions by it will be evident to the whole world From that these the king wishes to give you,instead ofan imaginary, real and one the more durable and certain a from its independence, injuring no onc, interfering with no interests, being maintained by yourselves at home, and finding a powerful protection abroad. In a word, is there a nation more independent than that which has the choice' of its own magistrates, generals, legislates for itself; raises its own arniy, and functionaries; of never being employed on foreign serwhich has a certainty for the maintenance of' its prerogatives, the vice, and has, who governs a nation of twentysupport of a powerful prince To despise the advantages of such four millions of heroes. the substance and grasp the shadow. concessions is other to reject manner could the king recognize the independence In what of a country in which two hostile governments, directly opposite each other, are accurately balanced, one of of which (the battles being daily) must fall before the efforts the other. The king, in recognizing your indèpendence now, would in fact recognize your republic; and if, notwithstanding courage and resolution, you should, by the ordinary your chances of war, be vanquished, the repablic would be immediately suspended by the semblance of a monarchy horibly absolute; and the king, had he yielded to your wishes, would have signed the death warrant of his subjects. f of a country in which two hostile governments, directly opposite each other, are accurately balanced, one of of which (the battles being daily) must fall before the efforts the other. The king, in recognizing your indèpendence now, would in fact recognize your republic; and if, notwithstanding courage and resolution, you should, by the ordinary your chances of war, be vanquished, the repablic would be immediately suspended by the semblance of a monarchy horibly absolute; and the king, had he yielded to your wishes, would have signed the death warrant of his subjects. f --- Page 350 --- APPENDIX,-E. NO. 15: ixxxii] that the spirit which has dictated these We trust, general, They are the result of observations will be duly appreciated. and happy, and sincere desire to see this colony peaceable our a the dearest wish of the king. We will continue thus fulfil foot of the throne: we will supplicate pacific mission to the his anger, to allow the inhabitants of the king, however just these new considerations well, and this colony time to what weigh more may be offered to them, what to consider cooly; can make, or what the king can grant: further demands you to meet here; as elsewhere, grateful His majesty, who hopes subjects, will be deeply grieved to find children and faithful as a king; where he had ever himself obliged to command wished to speak as a parent. here both useless For ourselves, general, our stay receiving becoming youracknow we shall depart upon and inconvenient, letter: We thank you for the hospitable ledgment of this bave given us, and shall make a favorable report the reception you sincere regret at having failed to do ofit. We departwith of this colony and the peace of the utmost for the welfare should the future be less prosperous than it inhabitants; and fresh calamities desolate your country, you ought to be, should refusal and obstinacy to blame, and not have only your own ofthe king. the benevolence and justice the assurance of our high consideration; Receive, general, The Viscount de FONTANGES, ESNANGART, Commissioners of the king. No. 15. Equality. Liberly. REFUBLIC OF HAYTI. President of Hayti, to Messieurs the ComAlezander Pétion, sioners ofhis Most Cleristian Majesty. 1816: - Port-au-Prinice, 10th November, 13th year of Independence. did me Gentlemen, the letter of this date. whieh you 1 have received address to me. I have observed the developethe honour to and the same ideas as those ment of the same principles and whieh all tend announced in your former communications, of the king, of France over toa recognition of the sovereignty I have answered in my former tbis islaud: This, I think, of the oath I have taken to the nation letters; and if the terms deep cnough in my secording to our laws, were not graven them over to be convinced hcart, I should only bave to read whieh you 1 have received address to me. I have observed the developethe honour to and the same ideas as those ment of the same principles and whieh all tend announced in your former communications, of the king, of France over toa recognition of the sovereignty I have answered in my former tbis islaud: This, I think, of the oath I have taken to the nation letters; and if the terms deep cnough in my secording to our laws, were not graven them over to be convinced hcart, I should only bave to read --- Page 351 --- G - - - APPENDIX.-E. NO. 15. Ixxxiii that I have done my duty, and that itis the fixed determination d which I communicated when I acquaint you, of the nation, in the state could be allowed. that no change in this discussion to agree and justify You seem yourselves the we adopted for our security the choice of government in which we consecrated it. From the in the first circumstances epoch in France you infer that they should change of here. It would be reasonable to suppose also be changed in its principle it would be that if the motive was legitimate day to recognize than reject it.- more natural at the of present the King of France's will, all the conseBy this solemn act anticipate would be obviated: : quences of the misfortunes you in the mixed form of government the precautions you become employ needless; nothing could alter the you propose, of would the republic in relations honourably formed with prosperity and all mistrust would cease. the French government, the people of Hayti did In declaring their independence, and not to France in particular. Nosoto the world at large, make them swerve from this unalterable thingeould be done to the of past misfortunes, resolution; they know unhealed, by that experience its only guarantee is to be and by wounds yet found in itself and without all the partition. force and extent of this measure They have weighed devoting themselves to death to retracing since they preferred to put themselves in a staie of their steps, without designing whatsoever. hostility against name any of person the nation of which I am the head and Itis in the I never will compromise its SOinterpreter that I address is you, to conform myself to the bases of vereignty, and my duty it has established. The people of Hayti the social compact and I participate in their wish; wish to be free of my independent; refusal, of my obstinacy. : hence the cause belongs to.the decree of the nation, To alter our institutions not to that ofits head. by assurance, on announcing your 1 am gratified your during your residence departure, that you have experienced, and which was in the.republic, all the attention hospitality due to you. gentlemen, the assurance of my high consideration. Receive, PETION. f2 my duty it has established. The people of Hayti the social compact and I participate in their wish; wish to be free of my independent; refusal, of my obstinacy. : hence the cause belongs to.the decree of the nation, To alter our institutions not to that ofits head. by assurance, on announcing your 1 am gratified your during your residence departure, that you have experienced, and which was in the.republic, all the attention hospitality due to you. gentlemen, the assurance of my high consideration. Receive, PETION. f2 --- Page 352 --- APPENDIX.-E. NO. 16. Ixxxiv] No. 16. Equility. Liberty. REPUBLIC OF- HA YTI. PROCLAXATION. President of Hayti, to the People 8 the Army. Alezander Pétion, flag bas appeared on our coasts, and the king The French has sent commissioners to Hayti. of France havet they presented therselves?: : Under wbat circumstances about to consecrate the edifice of our At the moment we were midst of the enthusiasm of a nation the laws. It was in the that they dared to propose to most jealvus of its and rights, for what advantages ? Are there any compromise them; Isthere a Haytian so Inkethen preferableto those we enjoy? consent to retrace his steps? Our warm in his feelings as to we trace them from nature; she dutics are marked ous for us, we will maintain them against has made US equal to otber the men; wicked design of subjugating us. all who may dare to form land but ashes mingled with They will find on this nothing climate. sword, and an avenging the blood, a destroying all former occasions, you have shewn On this, as on for the laws of mations. same circumspection, the same respect and; in leaving to your maYouhave calculated your strength, dearest interests,you have gistrates the care of explaining should your acquaint you with what they calmly waited till they confidence never shall be abused.- had done for you. derived Your from your will, and your willisto Their authority is You will be so, or exhibit to thé be free and independent. of burying oursclves beneath the world the dreadful example toa State of slavery, rather thanreturn ruins of our country however modified. has combined; at the voice of philanWhen all Europe last trace of thatmost shameful traffic, thropy,to annihilaterhe and when the most polished nations prepare the trafic in men; of emancipation for those who yet" and meditate a general plan we see with regretthat governments, cherish groan bencath themselves oppression; on being the most religious, which pique which both justice and humanity condemn. reserve them for principles Haytians! your security is in your arms! by your to trouble you; and avail yourselves those wbo attempt which a most fertile soil affords you. with labour of the advantages the printing of my correspondence 1 have ordered the France : it shallbe submitted of Kingoi the con.roissioners to yourinspeetion. those who yet" and meditate a general plan we see with regretthat governments, cherish groan bencath themselves oppression; on being the most religious, which pique which both justice and humanity condemn. reserve them for principles Haytians! your security is in your arms! by your to trouble you; and avail yourselves those wbo attempt which a most fertile soil affords you. with labour of the advantages the printing of my correspondence 1 have ordered the France : it shallbe submitted of Kingoi the con.roissioners to yourinspeetion. --- Page 353 --- M ONANOS W83X80 - a APPENDIX.-F.: NO. 1. [xxxy Thave done my duty, and my duty is yours. this 12th Given at the national palace of the Port-au-Prince thirteenth year of the day of November, 1816: in PETION. independence of Hayti. B. INGENAC. By the president. Port-au-Prince: printed at the government press, 1816. F No. 1. KINGDOM OF HAYTI. DECLARATION OF TIIE KING. confidence in the justice of our cause, and the legiFull of taking God and the universe as judges timacy of our rights; of the French; and oft the unjust and tyrannical pretensions our interests having no secrets to keep from connècted; our subjects, we have made being the same, and indissolubly to discuss in the most public it an imperative law to ourselves which concern the liberty and and solemn manner all matters independenee of the Haytian people. have the Moved by such considerations, we or published indirectly on overtures and propositions made to us directly the part of the French cabinet. to deviate from the ordinary We bave deemed it our duty and honorable conpolicy of governments, and by our frank and made known to the duct we have declared our sentiments, either to live ftee and indepenworld our unshaken resolution dent or to die. this view that we published our manifesto of It was with 1814, wherein we laid before the sovethe 18th of September, the of our cause, and reigns and nations of the world justice the claims of the Haytians to liberty and rescued independence. from the oppresEurope had, at that period, been of war, ofbloodshed sion of France. After iwenty-five of the years earth began to taste the and of battles, the nations xviii. was restored to the throne of swects of repose. Louis It might have been presumed France by the allied powers. It was with 1814, wherein we laid before the sovethe 18th of September, the of our cause, and reigns and nations of the world justice the claims of the Haytians to liberty and rescued independence. from the oppresEurope had, at that period, been of war, ofbloodshed sion of France. After iwenty-five of the years earth began to taste the and of battles, the nations xviii. was restored to the throne of swects of repose. Louis It might have been presumed France by the allied powers. --- Page 354 --- APPENDIX.-Y. NO. 1. Ixxxvil said to be enlightened and a foc to prejutbat under a prince, would have been made in the pertidious and dice, a change pursued with respect to Hayti. It might destructive system that France, content, like other nations, have been presumed intercourse with us, would have with forming a commercial a whom she had renounced her desire of subjugating effort people to re-enslave. It already unsnccessfully employed his every, Louis xvii. moved might have been presiumed that majesty would have recognized our by feelings ofjusticr and humanity, and effaced, by this act of independence, and have repaired from the French justice, the mcalculable evils we experienced In a word, it might have under the government of Bonaparte. efforts to combat and been presumed that by our unceasing of Europe we should on the defeat the armies of the oppressor have been deemed worthy ofe engeneral restoration of peace, after baving endured all the miseries joying some advantages, and destructive war. These our just hopes were ofal barbarous of justice and equity which grounded on the moral principle and nations of Europe. guide the enlightened sovereigns without the slightest menThe treaty of Paris was reserved, concluded and the powers of Europe tion of Hayti. France St. Domingo, and, in despite left'to her the right of conquering endeavours ofthe of the noble, mayanimous and to generous compel France to renounce BRITISI nation and goverment by the treaty of Paris, a the SLAVE TRADE, this she odious retained, traffic for five years, with the right of continuing the means of replacing the population sole view of preserving in the meditated war of of Hayti, in case of its destruction extermination. of of the lst of JanuIn defiance of the act independence driven to desperation by the ary, 1804, wherein the Haytians, of crimes of the French, deinjustice, the cruelty and unheard that they renounced France clared in the face of the universe, than submit to her cruel, tyranfor ever, and would die rather nic and unjust dominion: above mentioned manifesto wherein we In defiance of our motives which led us to proclaim our have explained the just determination to bury ourselves beneath independence, and our rather than submit to,any invasion of the ruins of our country our political defiance rights: oft the laws of nations, of reason, and of moraIn ofjustice, and lity, contrary to all the principles conceived ofhumanity, and resolved upon the e ofequity, the French cabinet the return to all the horrors odious project of making Haytians themscives after of slavery from which they had emancipated and iwenty-five years of battles, sacrifices, struggles: to proclaim our have explained the just determination to bury ourselves beneath independence, and our rather than submit to,any invasion of the ruins of our country our political defiance rights: oft the laws of nations, of reason, and of moraIn ofjustice, and lity, contrary to all the principles conceived ofhumanity, and resolved upon the e ofequity, the French cabinet the return to all the horrors odious project of making Haytians themscives after of slavery from which they had emancipated and iwenty-five years of battles, sacrifices, struggles: --- Page 355 --- ARAANIO1E K - APPENDIX.-E. NO. 1. [lxxxvit committed against mankind by The history of the crimes furnishes no similar example. Bnt, the most cruel would tyrants hardly believe, did not the most nconwhat the world establish its truth, to the shame of France Louis testible documents in which we live, the cabinet of and the enlightened dE employ the same treacherous measures xvii. has not scrupled in order to entangle us in its snares, with that of Bonaparte It was with such base intentions and reduce us to bondage. sent out three agents, or we may more that the French cabinet charged with taking the preparatory truly say three emissarics, of its criminal designs, as a patient steps for the execution relating to them must convince perusal of the official papers every unprejudiced person. with the termination of this The whole world is aoquainted in the disgrace ofthe governmission of espiommageand perfidy, ment and minister who sent it. Dauxion Lavaysse, chief In the letter* addressed to us amidst by the most deceitful proof the mission, one may read, along with a threat of ezterminating mises the grossest insults, them by other unforbsunate wretches the Haytians, and replacing the more ellectually to intitorn. from the bosom of Africa; ; with and the co-operation of the maramidate us, we are threatened return beneuth the Europe, should we refuse to time powers of yoke of France and SLAVERY. of always taking our people as Faithful to our principle we have submitted the propositions judges in their own affairs, council of the nation solemnly conofthe French to a general voked for the purpose. resolution, adopted by The grand, noble and magnanimous themselves to be exterminated to the the Haytians, of suffering renounce their liberty and independence, last man rather than and America. is known both in Europe the fresh proofs of zeal, of love, In tbis state of affairs have from our fellow and of fidelity, which we experiencod new obligations upon us, citizens unanimously, have imposed to devote the whoie of and rendered it more than ever our duty and independent. our life to render them all free, Pétion, happy amidst the flatteries which In ais letter to General him, may be found a threat this emissary has bestowed upon the West and South, of held out to the Haytians of a partof and leunted out as being treuted as mischievous savages, Maroon negroes It bow he who dared to pen SO hateful a History will julge to shew his face at menace could, after writing it, presume + See Appendix B. No,1,p-xv. - e See Appendix F.No, 2,p-acvi. étion, happy amidst the flatteries which In ais letter to General him, may be found a threat this emissary has bestowed upon the West and South, of held out to the Haytians of a partof and leunted out as being treuted as mischievous savages, Maroon negroes It bow he who dared to pen SO hateful a History will julge to shew his face at menace could, after writing it, presume + See Appendix B. No,1,p-xv. - e See Appendix F.No, 2,p-acvi. --- Page 356 --- Ixxxvii] APPENDIX.--F: NO. 1. Port-au-Prince, and how the chief to-whom it was addressed could welcome with the kindest cordiality the man who sumed to make it. preWhilst one of these emissaries (to our shame be it was bartering away with a traitor at Port-an-Prinee, the spoken) and political rights of the Hayinns, the second civil France with the earliest intelligence; and the third, returned named to Médina, introduced himself into the North of the kingdom in order to accomplish the purpose of his mission. The secret instruciions of M. Malouet, then minister of marine and the colonics, wbicht he bore,elearly demonstrate to the entire world what were and whataret the true designs of the French with respect to the Haytians To be able fully to cabinet the abominable, crafty, and treacherous policy of comprehend this cabinet itis necessary to peruse these instructions with care, In these may be discovered the grand and favourite the French cabinet, ever influenced and governed plan the of colonists, namely to divide us and arm one part of the by extion against the other. They are ignorant then that, populathe private differences among the Haytians, at the callof whatever their country every feeling of animosity will be suppressed, and that they will always be firm and united when to the French. They are ignorant then that required oppose may be made to then by a factious man become any promises vain in which tion being contrary to the interests and the will of the nation. execuThey are ignorant too that the.cause of the Haytians of both colours is one and inseparable, that their interests are common and indissolubly united; that all are embarked in the vessel of independence, and must save her from shipwreck, or with her. It is to no purpose then that the French labour perish sow dissention. The Haytians willbe to at least, TO FIGIIT TO ENTERMINATION unanimous 012 this point SUBMIT AGAIN TOTHE YOKE OF FRANCE AND RATHER SLAVERY. TIIAS We are too well acquainted with the wily and criminal designs of France respecting us ever to fall policy, into snares, We can casily figure to ourselves the abyss of cala- her mity into which Ave should be plunged, were we blind or weak enough to be deluded by her fallacious promises, orintimidated by her odious threats. Were we SO imprudent or as to confide in the eabinet of Loujs xviti. we unfortunate Bonaparte, be the victims of our misplaced trust. should, To as under correct idea of this truth, it is necessary to read the letters form a these emissaries, and compare them with their secret instruc- of tions and the examination of Médina,t who was one of them. * Scc Appeudix B.No. 1, p. xxxii, + See Appendix C. No, 2, p.xl. by her odious threats. Were we SO imprudent or as to confide in the eabinet of Loujs xviti. we unfortunate Bonaparte, be the victims of our misplaced trust. should, To as under correct idea of this truth, it is necessary to read the letters form a these emissaries, and compare them with their secret instruc- of tions and the examination of Médina,t who was one of them. * Scc Appeudix B.No. 1, p. xxxii, + See Appendix C. No, 2, p.xl. --- Page 357 --- SeO Ga - a - AFFENDIX.-. NU. 1. [lxxxix has disavowed this mission of espiThe French cabinet never Louis xviii. has onlyexpressperfidy. His majesty manner in which the oaungeand ed his high dispieasure at. the clumsy It is not the less true, and it agents attenpted to execute Beugnot, it. suecessor to M. Malouet is indeed admitted by M. and the colonies, that they were in the ministry of marine and transmit information resperting commisioned to collect :8 and the most hasty perusal of neir < the state of the colony: convince us thatthe French agents instructions will serve to with them, both in their corresponacted strictly in conformity towards the Haytian chiefs, even to dence and their conduct if they refused to return to a the threat of EXTERMINATION the of the European state of slavery, and of co-operation powers to effeciit. that the French cabinet relished this abominSo true is it wroie and freely published able project; that the ex-colenists whict they mbinshiagly disclosed thousands of pamphlets in make nature shudder, and are plans of destruction which the norality and the learning of the repugnant to the religiou, propose to age wherein we live. These pamphlet-monzera aithout distinction of SEX or EXTEAMINATE our generation the sixy yeai's beingalone excepted, Aogll-infants under ageofs becanse these little innocents conld to be retained in bondage, have received the first impressions of not at SO early an age FREEDON. of the ex-colonists; the letters and After the pamphlets after all the authentic docuinstructions of the French agents; satisfactorily demonstrated ments before our eyes, is it notmost Louis xviti. has adopied, like that of that the French cabinet of of guilt, and uf blood. Bonaparte, projects of destruction, was cxecuting its designs Whilst this mission of espionnage in all her ports to in Hayti, France prepared an expedition add weight to her threats. present day that DEATH or SLAVERY None can doubt tatthe which France would offer to us. is the only alternative that she has excluded the Haytians from None canl doubt, relations; that she has violated, with respect the circle of social human and divine; and that it is herintention to us, all laws, like wild beaste, as the aboriginal population was to destroy us and barbarity. exterminated in an age ofignorance France the departure The return of Bonaparte to prevented the projects of and averted, for a seuson, of this expedition, France. from the Moniteur of the 19th of January, 1815, * See an extract F.No. 3. inserted in Appendix l doubt, relations; that she has violated, with respect the circle of social human and divine; and that it is herintention to us, all laws, like wild beaste, as the aboriginal population was to destroy us and barbarity. exterminated in an age ofignorance France the departure The return of Bonaparte to prevented the projects of and averted, for a seuson, of this expedition, France. from the Moniteur of the 19th of January, 1815, * See an extract F.No. 3. inserted in Appendix --- Page 358 --- APPENDIX.-E. NO. I. xc] led Bonaparte to abolish the slave trade.- Political views, towards France by his agents, bus He sounded our disposition his proposals were rejected with contempt. the second restoration During the interval which preceded embarrassed with its of Louis xvii., the French government, own affairs, was unabie to molest reseated us. on the throne of his But scarcely was Louis xviii. before the ex-colonists recomancestors by the allied powers, hireling under-agents menced their intrigues : they employed which have been printed and to make us indirect overtures cabinet, being as yet unable to act published. The French till this moment, when it has renewed its openly, left us in peace useless efforts. be believed that, after what bad passed during Could it between tbe Haytians and the French, seven and twenty years with our perfect acquaintanco as well as recently, together the French cabinet would dare to with their true intentions, disgraceful propositions 2 persist in overtures containing made? By commissioners who And again, by whom are they sunk and disgraced in the estimaare all ex-colonists; all men It is with these càtion of the Haytians. How infamous? wishes their ci-devant slaves to devant masters that Louis xvili. negociate the manneroft their return to themselves bondage! on our coasts How did these ex-colonists shew ? Like before the in the execution of their mission pirates, What steps did ports of a civilized nation coming to pillage! with us? They took they take to open a communication which they, diverted from her advantage of an American ship, which were instantly returned, course, to transmit their letters; to the Haytians.- because their superscription was insulting to transmit them At length they had recourse Had to it a not stratagem been for the obligation under a borrowed cover. ourselves of publishing whatever comes we have imposed upon have these documents to from the French we should consigned the contempt and oblivion they merit. announce that In their letter of the 12th of October* they central and interthey were proceeding to Port-au-Prince with both as a the North and the mediate place for communicating well informed that they called at PortSouth : whilst we are of the fifth. + The traitors! bardly au-Prince on the evening endeavoured to intrigue-and bad theyappeared, and yet they had recourse to fraud to disunite us! these communications? And what do they propose to us in *Sce. Appendix E. No. 8, page Ixv. of this in Appendix E. Nos,, 6,and7. t Sce a corroboration central and interthey were proceeding to Port-au-Prince with both as a the North and the mediate place for communicating well informed that they called at PortSouth : whilst we are of the fifth. + The traitors! bardly au-Prince on the evening endeavoured to intrigue-and bad theyappeared, and yet they had recourse to fraud to disunite us! these communications? And what do they propose to us in *Sce. Appendix E. No. 8, page Ixv. of this in Appendix E. Nos,, 6,and7. t Sce a corroboration --- Page 359 --- R XXXXXXXXX22X0X2 - - d AFFENDIX.--F. NO. 1. [xci to renew our comr mer alinterTo renounce our independence! mother country, in short to become again a course with the In other words, to rob us of, our rights, our French colony. and all the advantages we have purinstitutions, our laws, and by twenty-five chased by our courage, battles our perseverance, and of bloodshed. years of sacrifices, ofb to us DEATH or SLAYERY'ity would They no longer much; propose the execution is impossible; but they endeavour cost them to too attain the same end by palliatives. manifesto, It is after reading our act council of indlependence, of the nation ; our it is after our and the act ofthe general that they have dared to offer us detection of all their projects, are to those proposals as insulting to us, make as they them. disgraceful In fact they must who have the impadence to of understanding, or rather must imagine that we are have deprived totally lost their senses, to dream that not theyt themselves could be favourably received by us. such proposals or, what to us is synonyTo renounce our independencel and ourlives; to consent to become mous, to renounce our glory death; to renew our slaves again, or perish by with an ignominious the mother country! this propocommercial intercourse as the former is hateful, sition is as false and unfounded, fourteen since we reinsulting and unjust. It is now years To give her our nounced this soi-disant mother admission country. of! her supremacy? commerce! would not this be an we cannot and even after she has recognised our since independence doing sO would not grant her an exclusive commerce; but to our national only be a violatien of our laws, forfeited injurious all her claims of soveinterests; and France having admit conditions which can again give reignty, we never will whatsoever within her the right of exercising any supremacy the kingdota of Hayti. has done, but yet wishes us too much France nôt only for in her commercial harm to be entitled to hope not partiality know the French? Have intercourse with us. Do we to convince us had sufficiently dear bought experience we not and our own real interests? Are we ignorant of their designs sufficiently shew that it is not their that all their publications with us, but that they are bent upon the wish to treat sincerely No sluvery, OT no colony-this is their revival of slavery. make other proposals, and pretend to system ; and if they from to reduce us to bondage quality them, it is only inability wish to cheat and lull us asleep by main force; hence they framed in the intention of violuting under the faith of treaties opportunity. It was by venturing" tlem an the first fuvourable we ignorant of their designs sufficiently shew that it is not their that all their publications with us, but that they are bent upon the wish to treat sincerely No sluvery, OT no colony-this is their revival of slavery. make other proposals, and pretend to system ; and if they from to reduce us to bondage quality them, it is only inability wish to cheat and lull us asleep by main force; hence they framed in the intention of violuting under the faith of treaties opportunity. It was by venturing" tlem an the first fuvourable --- Page 360 --- xci] APPENDIX.--Y. NO. 1. to negociate with them, tbat Toussaint Louverture, with a multitude of others of our fellow-citizens, became their Bear for ever engraven on your memories, ye Haytians! victims. the goodly and flattering promises-nay OATHS, of 4 OUR BRETHREN, BEFORE GoD AND TIIE REPUBLIC." You have rienced their sincerity. Remember likewise the expeLouis xviii., and the instructions of his minister to promises bis of You have the same proof of their sincerity. Bear agents. these instructions contirually in your mind, and recollect that had not been for the events which took place in France we should it before this have experienced from the French under Louis xviii. the same unjust cruelties and horrors as under Bonaparte. You are witnesses that the same overtures and the same oaths have been employed to deceive us, the efects only are wanting, and this has wholly arisen from the force of circumstances. Should we then trast them again? Should we to see a repetition of those-horrors of which we have aiready wait been the victims, before we adopt such strong, prudent and decisive measures, as the safety and welfare of the Haytians demand. As far as we are concerned there is no change. The government of Louis xviii. differs not from that of its crafty poliey is unaltered, its estimate of crime Bonaparte; and shed continues the same. If they fail in sowing dissention, bloodand arming one part of the population against the other, endeaveur to detach the cause of the people from that oft their they government; as though the cause of the one was not that likewise of the other: as though the ruin of the one would not bring with it that of the other also. As far as respects the French will always be French, that is to say, our most us, cruel tyrants and most implacable enemies. What treaty can subsist betwen ci-devant masters and their ci-devant slaves? Wbat could be its conditions? Where its guarantees ? That which is to us a source of happiness and prosperity, causes misfortune and sorrow to them. They cannot wish for Ou) freedom and independence, which are the sources of our piness. Nor can we. treat with them, without first hapthe guarantee of a great maritime power, and such conditions obtaining as they shall be unable to violate: for, for if treat with us without such guarantees, it will be with a they to cheat us. We must therefore insist on these predetermination guarantees, without which you can neither have a durable peace nor the slightest security. * Sec the Proclamation of the First Consul, inserted in page 27. Note, them. They cannot wish for Ou) freedom and independence, which are the sources of our piness. Nor can we. treat with them, without first hapthe guarantee of a great maritime power, and such conditions obtaining as they shall be unable to violate: for, for if treat with us without such guarantees, it will be with a they to cheat us. We must therefore insist on these predetermination guarantees, without which you can neither have a durable peace nor the slightest security. * Sec the Proclamation of the First Consul, inserted in page 27. Note, --- Page 361 --- kor URSSe ( SAERN ad AFPENDIX.-F. NO. 1. [xciii HAYTIANS! should you renounce your liberty independence to-morrow: to- : day, you will be required to both renounce at the your same moment--should and should you renounce slaves to the French, you would have you consent to live as deathl-for no sooner will perpettally to die an ignominious than the GIBBETS, the FUNERAL their powerl be re-established, will be prepared for you. On the PILES, and the SCAFFOLDS the least sigh which the loss leastsymptom, the least whisper, from you, you will be abandoned of your liberty may extort severest by your execntioners to the the punishments choice of living as slaves Thus then you have not even of these tyrants. You have no beneath the disgraceful yoke worthy of men who have achieved alternative worthy of you, the magnanimous resolution the conquest of their rights, except these odious tyrants we have adopted, of either vanquishing in order that we may live free the points of our bayonets, manfully in the field of battle. laa independent, or perishing we must require Should they even recognise our indlependence deprive them of the power such conditions in the treaty subduing as may us : and, independent of of troubling and eventually besides such precautiouaryresuthese conditions, we musthave insure our most remote posterity from lations of police, as beneath may the yoke of France and slavery. ever again falling these secnrities, no sooner will they have For, without than will seek means to execoncluded a treaty with us they First they will their of slavery and destruction. cute projects under commercial pretexts, by insinuating themcommence, thev will soon after find excuses for medselves amongst us : and ganing partisans amongst dling in our politics, intriguing civil war; and when they find that our us SO as to rekindle has a lost its moral force, and has become debased population they will recommence hostilities and incapable of resistance, in which they will turn our own weawage a war of treachery pons against us. in such a case, be obliged to maintain an Should we not, watch over those factious men who will active and vigilant for the purpose of creating disturbance? Aock amongst us merely we shall be compelled to employ Will not the acts of severity source of complaint and disagreeagainst them be an incessant Will she not likewisc be able to throw ment with France? (by means of her ships of war and in, with a view to invasion, will have free entrance into our ports,) a merchantmen, which which she can reinforce from time to time mass of population means of her navy, an at will; landing upon our shores, by the case after the peace army, to take us by surprise, as was of Amiens. ? Aock amongst us merely we shall be compelled to employ Will not the acts of severity source of complaint and disagreeagainst them be an incessant Will she not likewisc be able to throw ment with France? (by means of her ships of war and in, with a view to invasion, will have free entrance into our ports,) a merchantmen, which which she can reinforce from time to time mass of population means of her navy, an at will; landing upon our shores, by the case after the peace army, to take us by surprise, as was of Amiens. --- Page 362 --- APPENDIX.-T. NO. 1. xeiv] of war and alarm in which our Then, in the state perpetnal will have want of foresight in neglecting to require guarantees lot withontviolation placed us, we shall be unable to better our our armies on of the treaty. In this case, compelled harrassed to keep bythe French, the ware esteblishment, and all perpetnally the cost and peril of our situation we shall have to endure of peace: we shall be without enjoying any of the advantages commerce, the sciences, unable to apply either to agriculture, be cultivated with success in or the arts, since these can only Is it not infinitely better a state of secure and lasting declared peace. war, than to have only the to be in a state ofopen Is and it not better to fight to the last man, phantom of peace? which would be more ruinous and than consent to a peace destructive war ? burthensome than the most ofthe real situation in which Such is the candid exposition France. It is shewn that we Hayti stands with respect to endangering our existence, cannot negociate with her without unless we first obtain those both as a nation and as individuals, demand. securities which we have a right to the lives, the liberty, We have not only to labour to secure but we should and the independence of thee existing of generation, these inestimable blessalso labourto secure the possession and it is only by the most unceasings to our latest posterity; unremitting vigilance, and the most active ing efforts, the most this. foresight, that we can accomplish has declared, that in negociating The sovereign of France could detract from what with us, nothing should be done which and the interests le owes to the dignity ofhis crown, also declare tojustice, that we shall not be ofhis people! And we-we to the interests of our people found wanting in what we owe and the dignity of our crown. people, together with The high interests of the Haytian world the duties, oblige us to make known to the powerful our which have led to the adoption of this determination, motives final to all the aggressions and insults in order to put a period is perpetually guilty with of which the French government well as to destroy all those regard to the Haytian people ; as which the cabinet unjust and illusory pretensions to sovereignty the free and indepenof France may yet entertain respecting dent kingdom of Hayti. and do solemnly For TIIESE CAUSES we have with declared, the French government declare, that we willnot than negociate that of power with power, and on any other footing That no negociation will be entered sovercign with sovereign. which has not for its preliupon by us with this government of the kingdom of Hayti, as minarybasis the independence regard to the Haytian people ; as which the cabinet unjust and illusory pretensions to sovereignty the free and indepenof France may yet entertain respecting dent kingdom of Hayti. and do solemnly For TIIESE CAUSES we have with declared, the French government declare, that we willnot than negociate that of power with power, and on any other footing That no negociation will be entered sovercign with sovereign. which has not for its preliupon by us with this government of the kingdom of Hayti, as minarybasis the independence --- Page 363 --- S Rott Xateon - AFVEXDIX.-.N0. 1. [xcv of government as commerce ; and that no defiwell in affairs shall be concluded with this government without of nitive treaty obtained the good offices and mediation having previously which will guarantee the faith of the a great maritime power ever broken by the French: treaty from being we will withold our consent from Whenever we negociate the liberty and indeany treaty which does not comprehend who inhabit the three pendence of the whole of the Haytians the names of the North, provinces oft the kingdom, known by the cause of the Haythe West, and the South, our territory; tian people being one and, indivisible: : from the French to the No overture or communication whether oral or written, shall be received, Haytian made government, in the form, and according to the usages estabunless lished in the kingdom for diplomatic communications: of that nation shall Neitherthe French flag nor individuals of the kingdom, until the be admitted within any of the ports recognised by the independence of Hayti has been definitively French government: : invariable determination is, We declare anew, that our in matters foreign to never to interfere directly oT indirectly our kingdom : endeavour to live in good That it shall be our unceasing and their uinderstanding and harmony with the friendly powers STRICTEST colonies in our neighbourkood, TO MAINTAIN the THE of our conNEUTRALITY, and prove to them by prudence LIBERTY duct, our laws and our labours, thal we are worthy of and INI IDEPENDENCE: declare and protest, in the face of the Omnipotent, of We and of nations, that we have been moved to make monarchs, declaration solely by the general interests of the Haytian this for the of their rights and their people, and preservation existence: We declare and protest, that, whatever be the menaces their atemployed by the French to intimidate of their us, attack, whatever or the magtempts to subjugate us, the nature they count upon employing nitude of the crimes and barbarity nothing shall for an instant for the attainment of their Should end, the whole universe conspire shake our determination. the last Haytian will resign his last breath for rather our than destruction, cease to live free and independent. hands of that GoD We leave the justice of our cause in the We will who always punishes the unjust with and the aggressors. rights and interests maintain the dignity ofour crown, with confidence on their of the Haytian people; and we rely to second all our bravery, their zeal, and their patriotism, of the crimes and barbarity nothing shall for an instant for the attainment of their Should end, the whole universe conspire shake our determination. the last Haytian will resign his last breath for rather our than destruction, cease to live free and independent. hands of that GoD We leave the justice of our cause in the We will who always punishes the unjust with and the aggressors. rights and interests maintain the dignity ofour crown, with confidence on their of the Haytian people; and we rely to second all our bravery, their zeal, and their patriotism, --- Page 364 --- AFPENDIX,Y. No. 1. xevi] of their their liberties, and their efforts in defence rights, independence. ofSans Souci, this 20th of November, Given at our palace of Independence, and sixth of 1816; in the 13th year HENRY. our reign. DE LIMONADE, By the king. of state, minister for foreign affairs. Secretary No. 2. General Daurion Lavaysse, dated Kingston, the Letter from 1814, and addressed. 46 To lis Ercellency 1st of October, Chief of the government of General Clristôphe, supreme terms : the Nortl of Hayti," in thefollowing General, have been informed ofthei important mission with which have Youl had the honour to be charged to your excellency; and I intention on arriving here to address your exit had been my General Pétion at the same moment: for I am cellency and well know, to be the messenger of discord, not come, as you of and reconciliation. but as the precursor peace arrivalI paid the tribute to the climate A few days after my M. Dravermann, and I along with my travelling companion to assist could not meethere more than one confidential person me in the capacity of secretary. with some worthy persons Meanwhile, I have conversed confidence; and confirm who possess, they assure me, your what fame had already told me of you. directly But previous to having the honor of corresponding more certain with your excelleney, I ought to have prosured which the success information respecting you, and every for thing me to know; and I conof my mission rendered it necessary excellency that all I now know fess with pleasure to your and encourages me to adserves greatly to enhance my of hopes, a soldier and the interest which dress you with the frankness who have followed a military career. cannot be refused to those restored to Frince--this The virtuous king who is at length for the firmness and beneking equaily deserving ofadmiration the extent of his knowledge, and the volence of his character, illiberal Louis xvii., contempt he professes for every the prejudicc, atrocions measures has lamented more than Toussaint, any one, at the peace of 1802.- aitopted against General chief had, with nearly the whole of This loyal and enlightened which dress you with the frankness who have followed a military career. cannot be refused to those restored to Frince--this The virtuous king who is at length for the firmness and beneking equaily deserving ofadmiration the extent of his knowledge, and the volence of his character, illiberal Louis xvii., contempt he professes for every the prejudicc, atrocions measures has lamented more than Toussaint, any one, at the peace of 1802.- aitopted against General chief had, with nearly the whole of This loyal and enlightened --- Page 365 --- NO. 2. [xcvir APPENDIX.-E. in favour of the royal inhabitants of Hayti, taken arms with for many the He had maintained himself and energy in the most cause. and had restored order when the agriculture whole of Europe had years, degree. But, he felt himself compelled of astonishing beneath the yoke of Bonaparte, None of the acts bowed submit to this acenowledged usurper. nevertheless, to Toussaint had declared independence, a part of those general either for the purpose of sacrificing him at the peace," # or of Bonaparte, immense troops which emmbareassed treasures, sent an army to approptiating to himself imaginary only to have, sent rewards. deSt. Domingo when he ought barbarous expedition was a second The effect of this and the loss of General Toussaint. struction of the colony have considered this loss as of irreparable, this celeThe king would succeeded to the power had not your excellency convinced that you are perfetly taken acquainted in brated man : and, and with all that has place with your true interests, that the welfare of your country, the of rule yourself, of youe Europe; ; family certain and your friends will serve with as him as Toussaint ofyour he doubts not that you will act conduct, would have done had he lived. the orders of my august sovereign, while I come then, general, of satisfaction by and of peace. And he to bear to you words throne the most splendid in Europe, me from the height of a five hundred thousand men, he sends commands an army of on the subject of your true interests. sovealone to negociate with in you the time of Bonaparte; all the We live no more themselves together to overthrow of reigns of Europe leagued continue united to secure the tranquillity that usurper: : they world. At this moment you see England from her all parts of the distance of fifteen hundred leagues to lend their punishing, the at United a States of America, who of dared the world: already shores, aid to that enemy oforder, and the repose been laid in ashes; already has the capital ofthis new empire nor will England cease to has her chief been put beneath to flight: the fearful weight of her vencrush the United States the same principles as the the universe sovereigns in gcance, till they thus profess so long as there is a spot in will not lay down of Europe: order is not restored, the allied powers their great work. which but remain united to perfect excellency consult their arms, doubt this truth, general, let your hitherto hostile ta If you the disposition of England, by your agents under Moreau, to whole of these troops had served were mostly * Nearly the strongly attached; ; but the generals whon they continued partisans of Bonaparte, € United States the same principles as the the universe sovereigns in gcance, till they thus profess so long as there is a spot in will not lay down of Europe: order is not restored, the allied powers their great work. which but remain united to perfect excellency consult their arms, doubt this truth, general, let your hitherto hostile ta If you the disposition of England, by your agents under Moreau, to whole of these troops had served were mostly * Nearly the strongly attached; ; but the generals whon they continued partisans of Bonaparte, € --- Page 366 --- xcvii] APPENDIX.-F. NO. 2. France, but now her most faithful ally, and they will attest what General, I say. if Bonaparte with a large portion of the forces of France, has been subdued by the troops of the allies: who can now resist France, united with all Europe-France allied to England ? And who doubts that Bonaparte would have completed theinfernal work of destruction he began in 1802, had not England in 1803 declared war against France, and thus cut of, by her immense fleets, the communication between France and St. Domingo? Every thing has been foreseen in the treaty of peace be-: tyeen the sovereigns of Europe. Unacquainted with the wisdom and principles of your excellency, they imagined you might hesitate as to the conduct you should pursue; and it was agreed that, to replace the population of Hayti, which, in this case, would be totally annihilated by the forces sent against it, it would be necessary for France to continue the slave trade for. yet many years, with the double view of replacing the hands wanting for agriculture,and forming soldiers in imitation of the, English. It is doubtless unnecessary to enterinto details with a man of an understanding sO superior as your excellency's, butit is right perhaps that these grand considerations should be offered to those honoured with your excellency's confidence. for its Had the alliance of the European powers only object, the restoration of order and the overthrow of the usurper who was perpetually troubling them, the august.monarchs who compose it, would not on this account have shewn less esteem for those worthy pillars of the glory and independence of Frances. for those gallant warriors who, through twenty-five and years saved ofmis-, their fortune, never shrunk from the of danger, country from all the horrors of betd distractions, and the humiliation of a dismemberment of France. The king, the wisest and most. generous in the world, the virtuous Louis xvili-, claims has of felt more sensibly than any of his great allies, the these heroes, as well to royal munificence as to public gratitude:, immense estates, they are now loaded with honours, enjoying their forand blessing the eventsi which have given to splendid tunes a stability unattainable undera usurper. Louis xviti.*in Follow their example, general, prociaim Hayti, as they bave prvclaimed him in France: and notonly shall honors and rewards be presented to yon, but those whom sinllirecahemadksufs thesatisfaction of our you sovereign may pointout, and. the gratitude of our country : and the reign of prejudice which was overthrown along with the ancient regime, will opposeno obstacle to their rewards being made fully equal 1o the extent of their services to the king. unes a stability unattainable undera usurper. Louis xviti.*in Follow their example, general, prociaim Hayti, as they bave prvclaimed him in France: and notonly shall honors and rewards be presented to yon, but those whom sinllirecahemadksufs thesatisfaction of our you sovereign may pointout, and. the gratitude of our country : and the reign of prejudice which was overthrown along with the ancient regime, will opposeno obstacle to their rewards being made fully equal 1o the extent of their services to the king. --- Page 367 --- MA XXXXXXXXXXX02 APPENDIX.--F. NO. 2. [xcis Doubtless, did Bonaparte address you from the élevation of the throne of France, the words which 1 bear you, from I his should arts be grieved to deliver his success in the politics arose of his arms, nor of deceit; his treachery equalled victim power who learned this by sad was General Toussaint the only King of France, the and cruel experience. But the legitimate sovereigns, the descenaugust successor ofs so many illustrious iv. he indeed needs not the vile dant of St. Louis and Henry. as his family is arts of an usurper, his royal word is as sacred; ancestors, old and venerable; and like one of his magnanimons banished from earth Louis xvili. has said, that if good faith was Thus, she ought to be still found in the bosom ofkings. unalterable; ge- of neral, whatever he promises will be sure and this you cannot entertain a doubt. some But I am aware, that there are among your generals the instrucwho fear that the chiefs sent by the king, forgetting influence of the tions they have received, and yielding re-establish to the the reign of creoles and emigrants, may gradually the reign of is prejudice. But believe me, general, revive in the French prejudice coloat an end for ever. Itwill no more that yet exists nies, than in France, and who can suppose Montinorencies, any the in that country? when by the side of the the Suchets, Robans and the Perigords, are seated the Soults, but equaland the Dessoles; when men of so different an origin, their anceslyi illustrious, the one by their exploits the Chamber other by of Peers, and try, sit in consequence as equals in the The king, desirous to equally share the high offices ofstate? will act, avail himself of merit whereveriti is to be found, who you need not doubt, likethe monarchs of Spain and Portugal, to by lettres de blanc, raise an individual of any which complexion has placed the condition of a white. His royal power, the Neys, Soults, the Suchets, and the Dessoles on a footing of equality with the Montmorencies and the Robans, by an act is of munificence and equity, which all France bas applauded, equally capable of rendering a black or coloured man not inter- only in the sight of the throne and the law, but also in social course, equal to the whitest men of Picardy: soldiers of the negroes Compel us not, general, to make us not to have we are noW importing from Africa; compcl Do not expose récourse to all possible means of destruction. battalions who will yourself to behold the desertion of your in the world; soon learn that French discipline, the most perfect employs not that excessive severity which you sO often exercise. We are acquainted with all your means of defence; ; when I teil you I wish to speak to those who are under your commiand. g 2 the whitest men of Picardy: soldiers of the negroes Compel us not, general, to make us not to have we are noW importing from Africa; compcl Do not expose récourse to all possible means of destruction. battalions who will yourself to behold the desertion of your in the world; soon learn that French discipline, the most perfect employs not that excessive severity which you sO often exercise. We are acquainted with all your means of defence; ; when I teil you I wish to speak to those who are under your commiand. g 2 --- Page 368 --- c] APPENDIX,--F. NO.2. For. I believe you to be too cool headed, too enlightened and too noble, not to be satisfied with becoming a nobleman and a general officer under the antient dynasty of the Bourbons, which Providence has seen fit, contrary to all human calculation, to continue upon the throne of our dear France; you would prefer becoming a distinguished servant of the great sovereign of the French, to the uncertain lot of a leader of revolted slaves. And if it be necessary to point out examples for your imitation, see Generals Murat and Bernadotte, for chiefs or kings, of nations whom they rendered manyyears illustrious by their arms, nobly descending from the thrones to which they had been raised by the French revolution. See them, I say, descending nobly and voluntarily from these thrones, to become great and illustrious nobles, and preferring and durable honours for themselves and their poslegitimate terity, to the hateful and precarious title of usurpers. For do not deceive yourself, general, the sovereigns of Europe, although they have made peace, have not yet returned their swords to their scabbards; and you doubtless are not ignorant of what all Europe knows although there has not diplomatic that the yet been anytbing publicly respectingit, all the European principal article of the compact signèd by unite their forces if sovereigns upon their royal honour, is to necessary and to contribute all the assistance requisite to overthrowall,t the governments that have arisen out of the French revolution, whether in Europe or in the new world. Know that Great Britain is the party most concerned in this convention, to which in a few months sooner or later, chiefs every government who do not must submit; and that all governinents and while those submit will be treated as traitors and brigands; who will voluntarily and with a good grace be sufficiently reasonable and sufficiently upright to adhere to this principle and contribute to make those they govern return to obedience to their legitimate sovereigns, shall obtain from those sovereigns and establishments as honourable as durable. an existence The last consideration which I shall offer to your excellency is the integrity which distinguishes the present minister consti- of marine. All the world knows that in the time of the in which he was alwavs one of the most stretuent assembly, defenders of the cause "of the king, he insisted on the nuous of ameliorating the lot of the blacks and the men of justice colour. To pronounce the name of Malouet is to awaken the recollection of the highest "virtues, and the most inflexible Every promise made by such a man will be as sacred integrity. and as certain as if it were (pardon the expression) the Tivinity himself who uttered it. . All the world knows that in the time of the in which he was alwavs one of the most stretuent assembly, defenders of the cause "of the king, he insisted on the nuous of ameliorating the lot of the blacks and the men of justice colour. To pronounce the name of Malouet is to awaken the recollection of the highest "virtues, and the most inflexible Every promise made by such a man will be as sacred integrity. and as certain as if it were (pardon the expression) the Tivinity himself who uttered it. --- Page 369 --- MPSA CRORA02E APPENDIX.-P. NOS. 3-4. [ci general, the sentiments of high respect wherewith humI have Accept, the honour to be your excellency's most LAYAYSSE. obedient ble servant, DAUXION of my mission, will P. S. Colonel Medina, whose an associate entire confidence he merits. repair to your excellency, the candour with which I act, I subjoin a copy In proof of Petion. Hardly had I written it before of my letter to General me of the honour of addressing your I felt ill, which deprived excellency at the same time. No. 3. the mission of Lavaysse, Dravermann, Official censure upon the Minister of Marine and the Colonies. and Médina, by state for the.marine and the The minister secretary before the of king the letters inserted in the colonies has placed which were addressed from Jamaica on the public papers, and and first of October last, to the present chiefs of Oth of July, Colonel Dauxion Lavaysse. M. Dauxion St. Domingo, by and had for its sole obwhose mission was altogether pacific information respectject to collect and transmit to government had no authotity for making ing the present state of the colony, to its object. The king has communications So contrary and orders his disapprobation expressed his high displeasure The Count BEUGNOT, to be made public. Minister of State, having the department of the marine and the colonies. from the c Moniteur de France, 99 for the 19th January, 1815. Extract No. 4. the General Council of the Nation to the King, On Address of the French emissaries, Dauzion Lavaysse, the arrival of Dravermamn, with lis Majesty's reply. Médina, and Sire, We shall seek in vain among the annals of nations for an instance of overtures of peace made under such circumstances frightful auspices, and accompanied with such disgraceful Dauxion Lavaysse, as those commenced by the French general, Louis xvili. in the name, and as the agent ofhis Majesty individuals possess Nations, sovercigns, and even private --- Page 370 --- APPENDIX,-. No: 4. ciji and. rights which are respected by the most barbarous them people, ; but if the nio person whatever is allowed to infringe rights consecrated by cusworld at Iarge be agreed to respect how much more deserving is he of tom, and by who, public in the consent, capacity of envoy from an enlightened contempt monarch and people, has openly darèd to violate when them. desirous of What? ? The most abominable have had' tyrants, recourse to perfidy, and oppressing their subjects, beneath some specious pretext behave masked.t their design to violate the rights of the people, cause they feared openly ofFrance has unblushingly set decency whilst the royal envoy the most cruel insult possible to a free at defiance, and offered to them the dreadful alternative of SLApeople, by proposing To whom has this vile agentrdared.t .to' VERY or himself, DRATHIIT for the purpose of. making known the base address your majesty-to the vandesigns of his covermen2-To French-to the defender of freedom and. indequisher of the SIRE, who have devoted your whole life: pendence! To you of the eternal and indestruetible rights of to the maintenance who has uniformly made the honour, man! To your majesty, the sole rule of your conduet! and glory oft the Haytian he has people dared to that you should. It is to you that throne whereon love and gratitude of hrom that IIT for the purpose of. making known the base address your majesty-to the vandesigns of his covermen2-To French-to the defender of freedom and. indequisher of the SIRE, who have devoted your whole life: pendence! To you of the eternal and indestruetible rights of to the maintenance who has uniformly made the honour, man! To your majesty, the sole rule of your conduet! and glory oft the Haytian he has people dared to that you should. It is to you that throne whereon love and gratitude of hrom that descend fellow-citizens bas placed you! Otheight of infamy horri- and your He dared to believe you capable of master such and presumptiont whom has he dared to talk of slave? ble peridyLTo To us!-To a free and independent people! in 1-To the field war- of riors seamed with honourable scars last received the antient tree of batile-who have destroyed to To thel those fibre, warriors who have in a prejudice and of slavery! defeated those barbarous éx-colonists, whose thousand combats dare again to speak remains, escaped from our just which vengeance, we have eternally proscriofreviving that hateful shall systern either MASTER or SLAVE exist again bed! No-never in Hayti! majesty have expected such an aggravated : Could your whom fame has represented to us as insult from a sovereign, virtuous- --brought up in the school of adverwisc, good. and illiberal and distinguished for his sity-the foe to prejudices, How false do we find fame, Sire, justice and humanity!!! the results with her previous professions! when we compare of first conciliatory words adThe first overtures name peace-the ofthe prince, of whom we had been dressed to us in the an opinion, were cruel and unfeeling led to form sO favourable to men who had been for five and tweuty insults: they proposed of freedom-and who had arms in their years in the enjoyment verwisc, good. and illiberal and distinguished for his sity-the foe to prejudices, How false do we find fame, Sire, justice and humanity!!! the results with her previous professions! when we compare of first conciliatory words adThe first overtures name peace-the ofthe prince, of whom we had been dressed to us in the an opinion, were cruel and unfeeling led to form sO favourable to men who had been for five and tweuty insults: they proposed of freedom-and who had arms in their years in the enjoyment --- Page 371 --- - A oee S APPENDIX,-T. NO. 4. [ciiï them down for the purpose of resuming their hands, to lay anew beneath the yoke of a fearful bondchains, and bowing these horrors, they artfully veiled age! Whilst suggesting mask of peace and reconeiliationt them beneath the specious of the assassin beneath the honourThey masked the poignard exterior of liberal sentiments, and the able, and seductive French monarch with respect to us. friendly disposition of the changing his tone, and But, on a sudden, this vile character agent, of his mission in all its displaying the atrocious of our Tace and the naked horrors, menaces the exterminution What justice ! What substitution of another in its room! liberality! What humanity! of the French, Sire, clearly Does not this last proceeding of the Haytians is distinct from demonstrate that nations? the cause Indeed to what other people or that of all other dare to offer such proposals? s2-proposals sovereign would they They despise us, and believe as base as they are insulting! be destitute even of that instinet with us to be sO stupid as to the very dullest of the brute creawhich nature has-endowed What madness ! What tion for their own preservation. to us to surrender anew to the assurance ! to dare to propose hateful dominion! Isit on account French and submit to their received from them, that we are to resume oftheb benefits wehave Is it for a sovereign who is a total the chains of SLAYERY? who has done stranger to us, of whom we bave no knowledge, employ to insult us, that nothing for us, and whose name Jsitin they short, for the sake of being we are to change masters? to be devoured, that we should renounce again given up to dogs of bloodshed and of battles ? the fruits of twenty-five years with this nation ? Have we What have we then in common could unite us to them? Have we not burst every tie which and our manners! We not changed our name, whatever our habits, to the French! They are a bear no resemblance and which has incessantly persecuted us. people we abhor, then should we be doomed to groan again beneath Wherefore their tyranny? they have dared to despise us! they imaThe barbarians! the blessings of liberty and independence! gine us unworthy of those sublime sentiments, of those They fancy us incapable which constitute heroes, and give man the genérous transports Such is their idea, but they deceive command of his destiny. the the courage, themselves : little do they.know dare magnanimity, to insult. Our wish is and the energy of the people and they we will be SO in despite of to be free and independent, our tyrants. be separated from that of other Ah! if ever our cause despise us! they imaThe barbarians! the blessings of liberty and independence! gine us unworthy of those sublime sentiments, of those They fancy us incapable which constitute heroes, and give man the genérous transports Such is their idea, but they deceive command of his destiny. the the courage, themselves : little do they.know dare magnanimity, to insult. Our wish is and the energy of the people and they we will be SO in despite of to be free and independent, our tyrants. be separated from that of other Ah! if ever our cause --- Page 372 --- AFPENDIX.-F.: NO. 4. - eiv] conceive they have a right to menace, insult, nations, if they the number of the living-if, in this enlightand blot us out of even though our tyrants ened age, injustice prevail over equity, still will the glory of the should ultimately triumph over us, annals of the world. Yes! Haytians stand unrivalled in whole the race be exterminated, rather we are resolved.-May our and This is our than renounce our freedom To this independence! indeed we subscribe! But unalterable resolution. establishes her power here, may the plains of before France may our towns, our manuHayti become one mighty desert, be destroyed by the flames; ; and factories and our plantations his and' redouble his energy may each of us augment strength, of sacrificing to our just resentand courage for the purpose drenched in our blood. May ment millions of these tigers of smoking ruins, and may Hayti exhibit nothing but a mass vestiges of death, of dethe affrighted spectator behold only posterity, beholding these solation, and of vengeance. May and noble race whose tyruins exclaim, Here daelt a free their freedom; but they Tants attempted to rob them of. extermination! ! Posterity Peti ferred the noble alternative act. of Where, indeed, is the man applaud this magnanimous to withold from us the tribute of his applause, so ungenerous as wishes ? admiration, and good civilized states, while the armies fight, the In wars between of like that people live in peace; but, in a when war called extermination, to defend our with which they threaten us, upon and our indepenhomes, the tombs of our fathers, our liberty existence, with that of dence, nay-what do we say-our very man and man-the our wives and children-the war is between in it: all are in arms: : it very women and infants the partake enemy in every possible manner: becomes a duty to injure is admissible, and we will revive the everyiart of destruction of the exasperation of a people who have dreadful example will tremble with horror, but, terrified the Worldt-Posterity solely to the far from blaming us, will impute our desperation and to necessity.- - But perverseness of the age, to our tyrants, ! Hayti is invincible! ! and no, this will not be, itis impossible every obstacle! No, thojusticeofl her cause will triumph.over will take place. The honour this execrable enterprise never and peopie of Europe are at and the glory of the sovereigns that liberatress of the world, will stake; and Great Britain, prevent such an abomination. insult offered to the sovereign and people of Sisl-The offered to the august person of your maHayti, the outrage and collectively, and, in jesty, equally affects us individually shall if possible, equal the our just indignation, the vengeance offence. is impossible every obstacle! No, thojusticeofl her cause will triumph.over will take place. The honour this execrable enterprise never and peopie of Europe are at and the glory of the sovereigns that liberatress of the world, will stake; and Great Britain, prevent such an abomination. insult offered to the sovereign and people of Sisl-The offered to the august person of your maHayti, the outrage and collectively, and, in jesty, equally affects us individually shall if possible, equal the our just indignation, the vengeance offence. --- Page 373 --- % YA u XC0XS0F1X - APPENDIX-Y. No.4. [cv with a lively sense of your majesThe council, penetrated and of Hayti, has the ty's exertions for the glory prosperity in the name ofthis brave honor of presenting to Rewrad determination majesty, to live free and indeand generous people, and to express its sentiments of-devotion, of pendent, OT to dic, to the august person of your majesty, fidelity, and of gratitude Twenty-five years of experience, and of and the royal family. are sure pledges, that the services rendered to the Haytians, of your majesty are closely connected happiness and prosperity welfare. Our first inclination then is to cry with the general to whom the to arms, and our second destinies. to respect majesty, offer you, Sire! unaniits 3WE nation has intrusted and our property, for the service of mously,our arms, our lives, our liberty, and our independence, your majesty, our the country, foot of the throne the sacred oath of obeand we renew constitution at of the realm, and.fidelity tothe king. dience to the received this address amid acclamations of The council Vive la liberte ! Independence OT death? In an Vive leroi! members hastened to the bureau to affix their instant all the signatures. their royal highnesses Prince Noel and Prince Signed, by the Prince of St. Marc. Their Joln. His serene of highness Anse, Fort Royal, Artiborite, PAvance, Graces the Dukes Dondon. Their excellencies the Comtes de Marmelade, and de Lazavon, de Cahos, de Limonade, Valliére, d'Ouanaminthé, du Terrier Rouge, du Gros Morne, de. de Trou, de St. Louis, de Terrenerve, &c. &c. Field MarLèogane, de Richeplaine, Choisy, de Jean Joseph,, de L. Fregis, de shals de Barthèlemy de Raymond, de Joseph Jerome. Barons Deville, de Chevallier, Henry Proiz, de Sicard, de Dossou, de Ferrier, de Thabares, de de Cadet Antoine, de P. Pour, de Cap, de de Bastien Fabien, de Dupuy, de Beliard, de StaBotter, de Leo, de Montpoint, Charrier, deJ. B. Petit, de Vastey, mislas Latortue, de P.A. Chevaliers de Lacroiz, de Blaize, de de Dessalines, de Lucas. de Desormes, de Prèzeau, de Dupin, C. Leconte, de C. Petigna), de Prophile, de Laurent Desir, go. go.sc Colonels de David, G. Desmangles, Djaquoy, Achille, Officers of administration, jeune, T. Grérinel, N. Gaulard, BreMenard, Darmer,Auguste) Gallo Birame. Dufresne, C. Warloppe. Counsellors Lieutenans voltaire, B. Lemoine, Hector, Guisot, Dubois,. gc. E. gc. Tollo, &c. &c. &c. &c. de Jugcs, James Lallemund, Corasmain, HIS MAJESTY's REPLY. Your generous resolution is worthy of you, Haytians! king will always be worthy of you. be, at this your Our indignation is at its height! Hayti to should combat these tymoment, one vast camp. Let us prepare resne, C. Warloppe. Counsellors Lieutenans voltaire, B. Lemoine, Hector, Guisot, Dubois,. gc. E. gc. Tollo, &c. &c. &c. &c. de Jugcs, James Lallemund, Corasmain, HIS MAJESTY's REPLY. Your generous resolution is worthy of you, Haytians! king will always be worthy of you. be, at this your Our indignation is at its height! Hayti to should combat these tymoment, one vast camp. Let us prepare --- Page 374 --- - evi] APPENDIX.-G. NO. I. rants who threaten us with chains, with slavery, and with death. Haytians! The eyes of the whole world are fixed upon us: : our conduct then should be such as to confound our and to.justify the opinion formed of us by philanthropists. detractors, Let us rally: one wish alone animates us all, that of our tyrants. U'pon.theharmony of our union-the exterminating of our measures-- and the perseverance of our efforts, promptitude will depend the success of our cause. Let uis transmit to posterity a grand display of valour. Let us fight gloriously. Let us rather be blotied out of the rank of nations, than resign our liberty and independence. We will know how to live and diesuch! You will King! find us at always your lead, participating in your perils, your and your privations. Should we chance to die previous hardships, to the consolidation of your rights ; remember our conduct, and should. your tyrantsendanger your freedom and independence, exhume our bones, they will conduct you anew to victory, and make you triumph over your implacable and everlasting enemies. HENRY. Done and passed in council, this twenty-first day of October 1814, in the eleventh year of the independence of Hayti, (Signed) The Prince DU LIMBE, President, Comte DE LA TASTE, Vice-President, Comte D'ENNERY, Baron DE DESSALINES, C Secretaries, TROCLAMATION. The King to the Haytians of the West and South. Haytians ! The civil dissentions which have afflicted our country have always deeply grieved our paternal we have never ceased to make every exertion to heart; and them without shedding Haytian blood; that extinguish blood which we ought to preserve for the defence of precious our against the common enemy. country igned) The Prince DU LIMBE, President, Comte DE LA TASTE, Vice-President, Comte D'ENNERY, Baron DE DESSALINES, C Secretaries, TROCLAMATION. The King to the Haytians of the West and South. Haytians ! The civil dissentions which have afflicted our country have always deeply grieved our paternal we have never ceased to make every exertion to heart; and them without shedding Haytian blood; that extinguish blood which we ought to preserve for the defence of precious our against the common enemy. country --- Page 375 --- SA XXXXX4 ddc K APPENDIS:-0. NO. 1 [cvi Whilst the only obstacle to our reunion yet made lived, to the Hayall the overtures we procure' tians have witnessed We have not hesitated to peace by means of conciliation. and it will always be pleasing and make the first advances, fecling to the general honourable to sacrifice every personal welfare and prosperity of our compatriots. exists any obstacle to At present when there extinction no longer of civil war, we call all peace, reunion, and the fathers of families, in a word, A Haygood citizens, all their good country, and value good order and trantians who love all their might in labouring to quillity, to second us with of the Haytians, to terminate our accomplish the reunion bloodshed, and produce a new order of dissentions without shall be just and reasonable, honourable and things which advantageous for all. ardent wish is to labour with Our first duty and welfare our most of the Haytians, and to bestow all our ability for the which ought to attend a just upon them all those advantages instruction, to to introduce public and paternal government, and to make the arts and sciences, agriculture - promote religion, flourish, but to the effectual accomplishment of and commerce to consolidate our internal peace. this iti is necessary that the evil-disposed, who desire to see We are informed horrors of civil war, have circulated a report a renewal of the of visiting the kingdom we avail ourthat, under the pretence which have arisen, to march an selves of the new circumstances while the real object of the circuit army to Port-au-Prince, through the kingdom accompanied by our we are now making into the situation of the people family is to examine personally law, order, and justice, to and their plantations, to promote thing susceptible of improvement. ameliorate and reform every false reports whose only object is to To dissipate these excite mistrust; and prevent the reunion produce animosity, into to one aud the same family; we have felt of the Haytians make known our real views and paternal it. necessary to intentions. of fully and entirely accomplishing It is for the purpose upon prolonging our stay at the this, that we have determined be nearer to communicate with town of St. Marc that West we and may South; and they should not conthe Haytians softhe which occupy the lines of the cordon of the sider the troops and brothers who come not to West otherwise than as friends and fraternize with them. contend with but to welcome of the Appendix I No. 1*p. 11%. * See a proof in the Report Schools, intentions. of fully and entirely accomplishing It is for the purpose upon prolonging our stay at the this, that we have determined be nearer to communicate with town of St. Marc that West we and may South; and they should not conthe Haytians softhe which occupy the lines of the cordon of the sider the troops and brothers who come not to West otherwise than as friends and fraternize with them. contend with but to welcome of the Appendix I No. 1*p. 11%. * See a proof in the Report Schools, --- Page 376 --- APFENDIX-0.N0. 2. évii] not to leave it at all in the power of the In consequence, of the public welfare, of order and tranquillity, to enemies tending to throw a shade of doubt over spread fresh reports intentions, and that no one may our pacific and acknowledged and proclaim the folbe able to plead ignorance, we declare observed towards all lowing articles which shall be religiously in fayour of reunion, who acknowledge or declare themselves and the royal and legitimate authority. 1. Security of persons be called and to property. account in any manner for his 2. No one shail of the civil dissénsions. past conduct by reason of rank and employment to all the civil 3. A confirmation and military officers, the most splendid rewards and honours to 4. We promise acknowledge the legitimate authoall who shall spontancously display the greatest zeal in labouring to effect a rity, and shall prompt reunion of the Haytians. line shall be maintained, clothed and 5. The troops of the in their respective garrisons for the paid, they shali continue homes and their fellow citizens; and the protection of their chiefs in their several cômmands as at present. commanding 6. We will renew our orders to the genierals not in manthe arrondisements of Arcahaye and Mirebalais to their homes, any and ner to disturb the Haytians who under return our protection, - but to those who place themselves and treat them as brethren and receive them with kindness, f ellow citizens. of St. Marc, this ninth day of e Given at our royal palace and eighth June 1818, in the iftecnth year of.independence, HENRY. (Signed) of our reign. By the King. The Comte DE LIMONADE, Affairs, Secretary of State, Minister for Foreign No. 2. addressed by the King to Messieurs the Generals and Letter of of the West, and of the province of the Magistrates assembled part at Port-au-Prince. South, St. Marc, 28th June, 1818: 15th Year ofIndependence. Messieurs Generals and Magistrates! and uniting The necessity of terminating our dissensions, has determined us the Haytians into one and the same family, of our reign. By the King. The Comte DE LIMONADE, Affairs, Secretary of State, Minister for Foreign No. 2. addressed by the King to Messieurs the Generals and Letter of of the West, and of the province of the Magistrates assembled part at Port-au-Prince. South, St. Marc, 28th June, 1818: 15th Year ofIndependence. Messieurs Generals and Magistrates! and uniting The necessity of terminating our dissensions, has determined us the Haytians into one and the same family, --- Page 377 --- XXX0XX4 NAEN APPENDIX.-G. NO. 2. [cix and magistrates to the generals to send to Port-au-Prince, messieurs the Barons de Dessalines, commis- major therein assembled, de Bottex, colonel, and the lieutenant general, Baron aides de camp employed about these our three person. officers sary Messieurs Armand, generals and magistrates, known to you our pacific on our part to makel of the ninth are intentions commissioned and to deliver to you our proclamation. what will tell you, ofthis month. You may rely fully on proclamation, they it being the the of the aforesaid and on contents frank expression of ourheart. messieurs generals and magistrates, that You are witnesses, the civil war. It has always been the true repug- inwe never provoked not only as being contrary to enemies of nant to our feclings, but as encouraging the us the terests of the Haytians, and criminal hope of making Hayti in their barbarous destruction, and reducing the surinstruments of our mutual of slavery. Hence results the vivors to a complete state effect thereunion ofthe Haytians, necessity of endeavouring to in order to bring back and the extinction of our dissensions, amongst us. peace, union and happiness be no difficulty to impede or retard On our side there can to the general wel: and indispensible this union, SO necessary this peace and reunion should yet fare.. If any obstacles'to endeavours to attain an object so remain; notwithstanding our them. We are salutary, we request you satisfied to communicate that you cannot propose any ready to obviate them, that are notjust and reasonable. generals and magistrates, we are On your side messieurs less desirous than ourselves of this convinced that you are alive no to its necessity. You will doubt- the reunion, being equally power to accomplish it, and less contribute all in your cannot fail to redound to the happy results we shall obtain, whoshall have contributed to it. glory and advantage, of all and magistrates, that the Persuaded, messieurs generals of the Haytians impewelfare, the interest, and the we prosperity have never hesitated on every ratively demand this tinion, itself, to offer those overtures opportunity which presented the public welfare dictated, for the which our desire to promote : and it is with an purpose of obtaining a general pacification sent to Port-anequally pure intention that we have frequently confidence, as bearers of Prince, persons possessing the public and if our overtures have not terms of peace and conciliation; success we had hoped for, we had been crowned with all the believing that this was not owing to theisatisfaction at least of any fault of ours. never hesitated on every ratively demand this tinion, itself, to offer those overtures opportunity which presented the public welfare dictated, for the which our desire to promote : and it is with an purpose of obtaining a general pacification sent to Port-anequally pure intention that we have frequently confidence, as bearers of Prince, persons possessing the public and if our overtures have not terms of peace and conciliation; success we had hoped for, we had been crowned with all the believing that this was not owing to theisatisfaction at least of any fault of ours. --- Page 378 --- Icx APPENDIX.-G. NO. 3.. toi introduce At the present day notbing can prevent our knowing how shall be into our public affairs a new order of things which joy peace justand and reasonable, and in which every one shall ensecurity. Animated by these noble and generous sentiments, we upon the generals, the magistrates, all call fathers of families, in a word all Haytians, respectable to join persons, with all re-establishing peace, harmony, and union, which never us in have been interrupted among the Haytians, who have SO should reason to avoid divisions. Weinvité you to second us much your power, SO as to enable us to attain SO desirablé an with,all end. Messieurs generals and magistrates, the necessity of terminating every thing amicably for the welfare of onr. common country, leads us to request an affirmative replyto tant propositions; and moréover, to enable us theseimporcome to an understanding, it is the better to open a conference at which wise and indispensably prudent men necessary of both to can explain themselves respecting the interests of the sides and the means of terminating our public calamities. country (Signed) HENRY. No. 3. Reply of the Magistrates of the Republic. Port-au-Prince, lst July, 1818: 15th Year of Independence. The Generals, Magistrates and Chiefs, ofike Republicef Hayti, assembled at Port-an-Prince, to Gencral Cliristôphe. The generals and magistrates of the republic could not express of the any other than the deepest indignation at the perusal perfidious letter and fallacious proclamation of General Christôphe which his excellency the president read in the sence ofhis deputies. preTo dare to propose to them to betray thein oath, to declare themselves in a state of revoltagainst the chief whom selected whom they have recognised, and to whom they theyliave have claration sworn. allegiance, in conformity with the law which is the deofthe general will, is the height ofinsanity. To address a part of a people when they have a chief whe governs them, is a public insult, a ridiculous lure which can ouly provoke contempt against the persoa-who used it. the president read in the sence ofhis deputies. preTo dare to propose to them to betray thein oath, to declare themselves in a state of revoltagainst the chief whom selected whom they have recognised, and to whom they theyliave have claration sworn. allegiance, in conformity with the law which is the deofthe general will, is the height ofinsanity. To address a part of a people when they have a chief whe governs them, is a public insult, a ridiculous lure which can ouly provoke contempt against the persoa-who used it. --- Page 379 --- 6A XR 20X0XX00X40222 [cxi APPENDIX.--H. General Christôphe's letter and proclamation due On reading Nothing! but the respect we could hardly contain ourselves. could command our moderation. to the characterofa General a deputy Christôphe mean, what can he propose What does and republicans, we will to us? We are free, independent, hazard of our lives against all who maintain our rights at the appear, and whoever they may be. invade them, witereverthey That we should acknowledge him What does he" pretend? to do; and by what right for our chief, which we Isitbya are nnwilling all the innocent blood he has shed? should he prevail? forit both to God and man. us ; He is responsible declare in one word that nothing can ever disunite We will in vain endeavour to accomplish that General will Christôphe die rather than submit to him: this, and we himself to his generals; ; let him ask them Let him address and magistrates is? Let him what the opinion ofthe generals of love and confidence which they learn from them the degrec of Hayti. Let them acquaint manifest towards the president and happiness which was displayed him with the enthusiasm From these he will learn the feeling of the in their presence. and understand that he never can compeople and the army, mand us. explained ourselves. No communication. in We have already We do not wish to have any thing No correspondence. with General Christôphe or with his royalty: common H the King to the Haytions On the anniversary ef the Address of 29th of November, 1803. Behold the memorable anniversary of the exHaytians! of the French army from'the territory, of Hayti! of pulsion With what noble sentiments should not the recollection and thus the brilliant exploits which led to this glorious and animate event, you! crowned our arms with success, inspire Trois Pavillons, la Croiz, CarFort Labouque, the Tannery, la Crête à Pierrot, the dineaau, Sainte Suzanne, Les Gilles, Berivisses, le Bonnet, the bridge of PéDefiles of Dondlon, le grand Acquin, Torbeck, Cagnet, Marard, Blanchard, Petit Goave, h 'the territory, of Hayti! of pulsion With what noble sentiments should not the recollection and thus the brilliant exploits which led to this glorious and animate event, you! crowned our arms with success, inspire Trois Pavillons, la Croiz, CarFort Labouque, the Tannery, la Crête à Pierrot, the dineaau, Sainte Suzanne, Les Gilles, Berivisses, le Bonnet, the bridge of PéDefiles of Dondlon, le grand Acquin, Torbeck, Cagnet, Marard, Blanchard, Petit Goave, h --- Page 380 --- exi] APPENDIX.-H. Vertières, and a thousand other places zeres, Haut-du-Cap, victory, and at which, the far famed splendour of ennobled by was sullied and eclipsed before the victorious the French arms resolved either to perish, or achieve the phalanxes of a people, Imperishable conquest oftheirl liberty and theirindependence, the skill, the valour, monuments! cloquently do ye proclaim of the Haytian soldiers. the patriotism and the perseverance ourselves from tyrants, who had too After having the soil freed of freedom, we established the indepenlong polluted and laboured to consolidate the interests dence of our country, of the public. of national gratitude and respect was due to A testimony only ofthose gallant heroes who fell, covered the memory, in not defence of the sacred cause we maintained, but with that glory, likewise of our less fortunate brethren who expired to amidst the unheard ofcruelties of our butchers. serviee to take With this view we have ordained a solemn for, although the place on the anniversary of our be deliverance; due to the God of armies for first tribute of our this gratitude day, the chief object of our joy, it cannot the blessings of with the aspirations of our thanks to the be amiss to blend tribute of respect to the memory of our throne of the grace, and a to offer up our vows to the Almighty in fellow citizens, for the souls of our fellow-labourers union with our prayers who have cemented with their blood the in the field of glory, stately fabric oftheir country'si add independence. the tribute of our praise for the To these let us likewise they evinced, and the exvirtues they displayed, the fortitude till after we had the fullest ample which they left. It was not and beheld thei maexperience of the perfidy of our and oppressors, disarmed, and the mass of jority of our troops disbanded them with chains, and groaning beour population loaded by fired our souls, and neath their tortures, that indignation struggle not for our vengeance nerved our arms to a successful rights merely, but for our very existence. the force of our enemies, or Without pausing to estimate we plunged into the conweigh the probalilities of success, and with inadequate retest with a thoughtless improvidence, it; hence we were often obliged to sources for maintening with such weapons as chance threw in contend, man for man, after a thousand battles our way: : yet, encircled by privations, inch inch, often defeated in which we disputed the maintained ground ourselves by by courage and but never dismayed, we efforts of our enemies, perseverance against the unexampled and at length succeeded in expell-: surmounted every obstacle, over the impotence of theirrage, ing our oppressors, triumphing and with inadequate retest with a thoughtless improvidence, it; hence we were often obliged to sources for maintening with such weapons as chance threw in contend, man for man, after a thousand battles our way: : yet, encircled by privations, inch inch, often defeated in which we disputed the maintained ground ourselves by by courage and but never dismayed, we efforts of our enemies, perseverance against the unexampled and at length succeeded in expell-: surmounted every obstacle, over the impotence of theirrage, ing our oppressors, triumphing --- Page 381 --- VNeE R -Z d 1 [exii AFPENDIX.-H. ofour and rearing upon their downfall the lovely superstracture liberty and independence. this day fills our hearts, and inspires our accents; Gratitude immortal honour be to the deathless memory of honour then! of our freedom who are no more, havthose generous: defence asscrters of the most upright, the most just, the ing fallen in Honour be to those martyrs of patrimost holy of all causes! the dastardly abettors of slavery otism, who, by combatting claims to freedom. If, in this noble strughave approved their their eyes, in closing, have had gle, their lot has been to fall, the discomfiture of the oppressors the satisfaction of beholding who have sucked her blood and oftheir country, those vitals; vampires if it has been their lot to fall, glory, fattened upon her beams upon the moment of their dissohas shed her brightest have carried with them to the depths of the lution, and they hope of vengeance, and the fond anticitomb, the consolatory emancipation. Whilst then these pation of their country's of death, let us who have survived heroes slumber in the night forth the song of praise to their them in the common race, hallowed altar of their tombs, the and offer upon Rcta memory, countryand an admiring army. mournfulhomage ofan approving is notbounded to those heroes But the tribute of our regret in the field of battle, and sought who signalised themselves bed of victory: our sorrow likewise exrepose on the gory shades of those who fell victims to tends to the melancholy French ferocity: for they were our friends, French perfidy, to brethren.- Ifin the deep recesses of the our relatives, and our oftheir abode with the Divinity, they tomb-ifin the holy place the prayers we offer up to the can hear our hymns, or regard this memorable occasion, Almighty Disposer of events upon The blood of these unhappy they cannot but feel satisfaction. liberty, while their bones have given victims has fecundated Theyh have bequeathed to us important birth to independlence. their bright example, and next duties to fulill, first, to imitate execration and ceaseto visit their butchers with interminable less vengeance. this memorable day, rekindle the torch of Let us then, on hatred which our hearts have vowed; let that inestingutshable hearts of our babes; let them suck it in with HS graft it in the let them inhaleit with the air they breathe; their maternal milk; manifest its effects upon the sight of and let their conduct ever a Frenchman. warriors of Hayti ever bear before their eyes May the rising made by those heroes whose loss we this the generous sacrifice they from their noble example take a day deplore, and may THEIR COUNTRY! lesson HOW TO DIE FOR memorable day, rekindle the torch of Let us then, on hatred which our hearts have vowed; let that inestingutshable hearts of our babes; let them suck it in with HS graft it in the let them inhaleit with the air they breathe; their maternal milk; manifest its effects upon the sight of and let their conduct ever a Frenchman. warriors of Hayti ever bear before their eyes May the rising made by those heroes whose loss we this the generous sacrifice they from their noble example take a day deplore, and may THEIR COUNTRY! lesson HOW TO DIE FOR --- Page 382 --- - cxiy] APPENDIX.-H, Haytians! Amidst the other virtues which it is our practice, never let ns forget that we carry arms in our duty to solely for the protection of our fellow citizens, and the hands of our country and our rights. Arms alone can defence guard our liberties, when the dictates of reason cease effectually to be efficacious. Ourtyrants still cling to the idle hope of re-enslaving us; yet, illusory and chimerical as this hope may'be, and however regardless you may feel ofits effects, bear in mind that it is only by a strict observance of incessantly submission to the laws, and such harmongy discipline, a due andsunanimilyo ourselves, as prevailed in those days in which we amongst our freedom, that we can find the first asserted feat and punisbment of our strength requisite to the deassail us. oppressors should they again It is only by the cultivation of those social virtues which characterize.good parents, good children, good luushands, wvives, and good Haytians, that you attain the good merit. happiness you By the sage measure of the sale of the of our former tyrants, the Haytians, will, in their turn, property become prietors of those estates which they have SO watered protheir tears, with their sweat, with their blood. long If have with hitherto defended their country for her own sake, they what additional inducement will they not have to cherish and an protect her now that they have found her SO SO and sO considerate a motber; and how will kind, in tender hour of her peril, rally around her standard as they one not, the houschold, one people! family, one Learning has shed ber wholesome beams the our population; she will more particularly instruct upon them mass in their of duties and their rights, and thus eminently contribute to welfare of both the present and the rising generation. the We will punish those tyrants who have us- -we will confound the calumniators of our conspired race against ourselves inferior in no respect in moral or in by proving to other inhabitants of the globe; and physical that powers capable of acquiring and practicing the sciences shewing and the we are and attaining to an éqnal degreé of improvement and arts, tion withi Europeans. civilizaHENRY, mass in their of duties and their rights, and thus eminently contribute to welfare of both the present and the rising generation. the We will punish those tyrants who have us- -we will confound the calumniators of our conspired race against ourselves inferior in no respect in moral or in by proving to other inhabitants of the globe; and physical that powers capable of acquiring and practicing the sciences shewing and the we are and attaining to an éqnal degreé of improvement and arts, tion withi Europeans. civilizaHENRY, --- Page 383 --- MA O022 APPENDIX.-I NO: 1. Iexv. I Education and Commerce in Hayti. State of No. 1. State of Education. of the state of public instruction in The following report New Times for the 2d of October, 1821, Hayti appeared in the those who rejoice in witnessing the and cannot fail to interest the translator has thèrefore felt amelioration of their species; : this little hesitation in subjoining it to appendix. before his readers Previous, however, to laying the statement endowthat these schools are all royal it is proper to observe, scholars are educated altogethergraments, and that the young schoolmasters, there are but two, Mr. tritously. Of the eleven who are not natives of the island, Gulliver and Mr. Simmons, could understand a syllable of and of the remainder not one circumstance alonc, which the English four years ago.-This state from his own personal knowledge, translator is able to credit upon the zeal and abilities of while itreflects the highest answer to those who Mr. Gulliver, furnishes a most satisfactory of mental improvewould represent the blacks as noticed incapable in this report, there is a ment.- Besides the schools of an ableand school of medicine under the superintendiance when the translator left St. Doindefatigable physician, which, of success, but of which mingo, held out the fairest promises he has not since received any accounts. which cannot fail to interest the The commercial abstracts, made on the spot by the translator, mercantile world, were and may therefore be relied upon from the official documents, for their accuracy. ROYAL ACADENY." Class 1. Class 2. Class S. Class 4. Class 5. & French Eng. & French Eng. Gram- Geo- Total. Professor. Latin. compo- compo- mar. graphy. sition. sition. success, but of which mingo, held out the fairest promises he has not since received any accounts. which cannot fail to interest the The commercial abstracts, made on the spot by the translator, mercantile world, were and may therefore be relied upon from the official documents, for their accuracy. ROYAL ACADENY." Class 1. Class 2. Class S. Class 4. Class 5. & French Eng. & French Eng. Gram- Geo- Total. Professor. Latin. compo- compo- mar. graphy. sition. sition. 1. Daniels, MA. is under the care of a Scotch gentleman of * This Establishment and a graduate of one ofthe Scotcli considerable literaryattainments, Unirenstits.-Trensl. --- Page 384 --- - exvi] APFENDIX.-1, NO. I. Fifteen pupils have left the Academy since the last six of whom have passed into the schools of Sans Souci, Port Report, de Fort Royal, St.Marc, and Limbe. The eleven pupils of the 1st, and Paix, sixteen of the 6th class, are comprised in the numbers of the other classes. NATIONAL SCHOOLS. Classed and taught after the British System. When founded. Where. Masters. Read- Arithingthelmetic. Total. Bible. October1816 Cape Henry T. B. Gulliver 98 121 249* May 1817... Sans Souci J. Emmanuel 28 30 36t April 1817., Port de Paix T. Papillon 55 83 1331 May 1817... Gonaives W. Simmons 48 53 1205 Novem. 1817 St. Marc T. Duchèsne 58 100 172 Decem. 1819 Fort Royal J. Hilaire (Limbé H. Désoubry - - 60 Borgne Antoine - 60 January 1820 St. Louis Phanor - - 60 Jean Rabel Pierre Louis a 60 Plaisance H, Fontaine - 60 Total 287. 386 1110 * Thirty-three pupils have left this School since the last Of these twenty have gone to the Academy, four have Report. as Monitors to the Schools of Borgne, St. Louis, Jean gone and Plaisance: : the remaining nine to other employments. Rabel, + Left since the last report three. t Left eighteen : ten of whom passed to the Academy. S Left ten. Certified to be conformable to the Repcrts presented to the Chamber by the inspectors and superintendents, DE LA TASTE, President of the Royal Chamber, DE DUPUY, President. Dz VASTEY, Secretary, --- Page 385 --- -E 00X021200X2 AFPENDIX.-1. NO. 2. [cxvii No. 2. COMMERCE OF CAPE HENRY, HAYTI, GENERAL VIEW OF TIIE to 19tk August, 1817. from 1st January Tonnage. Under 50.. 1 2 I 21 Under 100.. 1 16 3 5 19 1 2 Under 200.. Under 400.. 3 6 10 2 2 2 1 1 71 Total Vessels 10 43 502 426 401 336 210 50 8542 Total Tonnage 16194998 PORT OF GONAIVES. 1 2 1 10 Under 50.. 3 1 2 1 16 Under 100.. 8 3 4 200.. 1 1 - - 1 1 Under 1 1 Under 400.. 3 I 2 3 2 2 36 Total Vessels 15 5 400 471 89 60 3636 Total Tonnage 1678 349 401 336 210 50 8542 Total Tonnage 16194998 PORT OF GONAIVES. 1 2 1 10 Under 50.. 3 1 2 1 16 Under 100.. 8 3 4 200.. 1 1 - - 1 1 Under 1 1 Under 400.. 3 I 2 3 2 2 36 Total Vessels 15 5 400 471 89 60 3636 Total Tonnage 1678 349 --- Page 386 --- cxviii] AEPENDIN,--L. NO. 3. No. 3. ORDER IN COUNCIL FOR A FREE TRADE WITH HAYTI, At the Court at the Queen's Palace, the 14th of Dec. 1808, Present, The King's Most Ezcellent Majesty in Council. His MAJESTY, by and with the advice of his council, is pleased to order and declare, and it is hereby privy ordered and declared, that those ports and places of the island of St. Domingo which are not in the actual possession of and from which the British flagis not, excluded, shall be France, as not being in a state of hostility with bis majesty, considered and that his majesty's subjects and others; are at liberty freely to trade thereat, in the same manner as they may trade at neutral and places. ports be Provided, nevertheless, that nothing herein contained, shall construed to effect any question now depending in his majesty's tribunals, respecting the character oft the said ports and places; but such questions shall be decided in the same manner as if this order and declaration had not issued. And the Right Honourable the Lords Commissioners of his. Majesty's Treasury, the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty, the Judge ofthe High Court of Admiralty, and the Judges of his Majesty's Courts of Vice Admiralty, are to take notice of his Majesty's pleasure hereby signified, and themselves accordingly. govern (Signed) Wm. FAWKENER. --- Page 387 --- - - --- Page 388 --- --- Page 389 --- a D e - - E823 V34128 --- Page 390 ---