--- Page 1 --- --- Page 2 --- J E EO 3ohu Carter Orotun. --- Page 3 --- --- Page 4 --- --- Page 5 --- THÉ COFFEE PLANTER O F SAINT DOMINGO; WITH AN A PI P E N DIX, Containing a View ef tbe Conftitution, dan State of that Geverimmgent, Lawe, and Colony, previous to the TO wiick ARE ADDED, SOME HINTS ON THE PRESENT STATE OF THE UNDER THE s BRITISH GOVERNMENTN By P.Y. LABORIE, LL.D. PLANTER IN THE NORTH OF ST. OF THE SUPERIOR DOMINGO, AND MEMBER COUNCIL. Ighari difcant, ament meminife periti: Hor; L 0 ND C N: *RINTED FOR T. CADELL AND W. THE STRAND, DAVIES, IN N.DCC.XCVIT., --- Page 6 --- à --- Page 7 --- iii 1 TO T H E R E A D E R: I HAVE had my fhare in all L which his Britannic thofe benefits Majefty, and the over which he rules; have nationi happy planters of St. poured upon the unDomingo: Bound by great obligations; it hath been my ardent defire to a fervicéable and. public proof of render but, circumftânced as I I my gratitude; 3 am, found it difficult to accomplifh the. objeét of my wifhes. I am too to enter upon a military life, and old my profeflional acquirements, fuch as they are; do not find on the prefent occafion: place In this perplexity, Ileatned that the of the coffee-tree; cultivation which; at a former period, was. highly extended and improved in try, hath not yet (for what my native counbeen much attended reafon I know not) to in the ifland of The hint gave me fome Jamaica, hopes, that by commuA 2 nicating --- Page 8 --- TO THE READER iv this fubjeét, I fhould be nicating my experience on of a fmall part of my enabled to acquit myfelf at-the bar, I had after a life fpent cbligations 3 for, on an eftate of that chofen my abode of repofe fortune to improve to kind, which Ihad the good degree of perfeation. a confiderable motive of the prefent attempt. I Such is the the utmoft of my power have exerted myfelf to and ufeful in praéticemake it complete in defign, to it to the Britif I thus take the liberry to dedicate and for it their patronage planters, and to beg firpport. véntured to write the folThat I houll have which I am in a lowing pages in a language to may feem extraordinary; great meafure a franger that I can fcarcely efcape. and, indeed, I am fenfible and rafhnefs. The the charge of prefumption The work is infollowing is my only apology. of whom, planters, the majority tended for Englith native tongue; and perhaps, do not underftand my I muft form may be awkward, though the prefent I know of no body ready indulgence for it, as beg the irkfome tafk of a tranflation. to undertake could have induced Nothing but fuch neceflity undertakings an fuch an arduous me to encounter. I am fenfible I am very undertuaking to which unequal, my only apology. of whom, planters, the majority tended for Englith native tongue; and perhaps, do not underftand my I muft form may be awkward, though the prefent I know of no body ready indulgence for it, as beg the irkfome tafk of a tranflation. to undertake could have induced Nothing but fuch neceflity undertakings an fuch an arduous me to encounter. I am fenfible I am very undertuaking to which unequal, --- Page 9 --- TO THE READE R. unequal, elpecially as I muft frequencly enter into deferiptions abounding with technical there is danger of error and terms, where miftake, and where great correétnefs is not only neceffary, but fome portion of clegance where relieve the ought to be found to drynels of the fiubject. It is, however, prefamed, that readers, who fult my work on account ofits conbe too information, will not faftidious at the homelincfs or of its drefs. I have awkwardnefs fometimes fpared no pains, though I have failed to make may gible. I know I can my meaning intelliof not have efcaped the idioms my native tongue, which appear flat and culous in the ears ofan ridiwithftanding thefe Englifhman. But if, not. defedts, which may. occafion wearinefs and dilguft, the fometimes tify himfelf with planter will forof patience, to follow our the feries my obfervations, the refult of much reflection, detailed in the experience and following fheers, he may, perhaps, at laft fiad fome information of his attention. If fuch fhould be worthy author will have the reward the cafe, the ofhis labour, Ihave only to obferve, that I had no writing for my thoughts of countrymen, the pianters of St. Domingo; ; thefe know as much of the do; and therefore have matter as I ftructions, no occalion for my innay, I expeÉt many will blame me for A 3 laborioufly --- Page 10 --- TO THE READER. vi to writing what they fuppofe laborioufly committing But in anfwer to this, I all the world to know: motto; and withour hall beg leave to oppofe my here be found capable pretending that any thing will that if tbe wvife ofbetter informing them, only hope, Aill be glad to tbe iguorant may diflike to rengnber, learn. Port-au-Prince, St. Domingo, March if, 1797- --- Page 11 --- vii 3 C N T E N T S OF THE COFFEE PLANTER. To tbe Reader - - Page iii Introduftion. - I Divifion of tbe Work HAPTER I. %f tbe Cboice efibe Ground, and efzubatever lates to tbe regrubbing oftt; stbefirf and more particularly the Plantaticns, accefiry Articles 1. Lands 2. Choice 3- General Means 4. Grounds : Expofition Acceffory Conveniences Precautions II & Place for the Settlement 2. Firft Means ib. 1O. Huts - - II. Plantations 12. Clearing 13. Felling - ib. 14. Cutting - ib. 15. Burning 16. Fires ib. 17. Roads - 18. And Alleys Z1 Levels ib. 19. Procefs the Plantaticns, accefiry Articles 1. Lands 2. Choice 3- General Means 4. Grounds : Expofition Acceffory Conveniences Precautions II & Place for the Settlement 2. Firft Means ib. 1O. Huts - - II. Plantations 12. Clearing 13. Felling - ib. 14. Cutting - ib. 15. Burning 16. Fires ib. 17. Roads - 18. And Alleys Z1 Levels ib. 19. Procefs --- Page 12 --- CONTE N T S OF THE viii 19. Procefs 20. Windings b. 21. Openings Poblic Roads 22. 23. 24. Srkecr Fruit - 25. Colee Trees - a 10. 26. Beans ib. 27. Maiz Orenfive Plants 28 ib. 2S. 29. Spinages Garden Plants 29 jb. 30. Trees 31. Plantain - 32. Banana Trecs - 0. 33- Root Provifions 54 Vams ib. 35: Manioco 36. Potatces 1b. 37. Tayaux Steep Grounds 35 ib. 38. 39- Apt tofall of the Piantations 40. P.oportion Geieral Plan 41. Plan of vie Settlement 42. Negro Grounds - 38 39 43. 44 Savannas Pens ib. 4 Hedges Comforts 47. Perfonal Oven 48. Temporary C H A P T E R II. Settlements; viz. Conftrudtions, Buildings, Ofibe Plalforms, Drvelling Work Houjes, Engines, and Stallesand Out-Houfes, Negro Houfes, of Cofte for tbe and frf ef the Preparation Market I. Coffse Grain 43 44 2. Qnality for Sale 3: Diterent Preparations ib. 4. In Cherries 5. Cow Dung ib. 6. In Parchment 7. Grater x --- Page 13 --- COFFEE PLANTER. 7. Grater Mill ix 8. Wathing 9. Draining - 10, Drying ib. II. Covering - - 54 1b. 12. Huts 13. Umbrellas - ib. 14. Tarpawlings 15. Grinding 1b. 15. Peeling Mill - 17. Fanning, - 1S, Wianowing Mill 19. Picking - - 20. Tables - - ID. 21. Coffse Man - 22. Buildings - ib. 23. Stone - 6t 24. Sand 25. Lime 26. Lime Stonc - 27. Caraib Kilns - ib. 28. Englifh Kilns - 29. Cemen: - 30. Artificers I 31. Timber 32. Shingles - ib. -33. Moon's Wane - 34- Mafon's Work - ib. 35.Carpenter's Work - 36. Frame ofthe - ib. 37. Grater Mill Houfe Buildings - 38. Ponds and Cifterns ib. 39. Frame of the Mill Houfe - 40. Gutters and Bafons 41. Sluices ib. 42. Draining Platforms - 43- Difpenled with - 44. Drying Platforms - ib. 45- Bottoms - 8z 46. Plallering 47. Icing or polithing 8, 5 48. Coffee Houfe ib. 49. Peeling and 50. Water Mills VianowingailcHioufes 88 S1. Mule. Mills 8g 52. Obfervations 53. Other Settlements ib. 5+- Hofpital 55- Negro Houfes . Sluices ib. 42. Draining Platforms - 43- Difpenled with - 44. Drying Platforms - ib. 45- Bottoms - 8z 46. Plallering 47. Icing or polithing 8, 5 48. Coffee Houfe ib. 49. Peeling and 50. Water Mills VianowingailcHioufes 88 S1. Mule. Mills 8g 52. Obfervations 53. Other Settlements ib. 5+- Hofpital 55- Negro Houfes 56. Thatch --- Page 14 --- CONTE N T S OF THE 56. Thatch of different Kinds 57. Dwelling Houfe 58. Out-houles ib: 60. 59. Stables 61. Eleéric Pouitry Yard, &c. ib. 62. Waters and Bars 63. Canals 6t. Gardens, &c. ib, IOO CHAP T E R III. Oftbe Calture ff tbe Cofee Tree veral Periods ofits daring tbe JeDuration 1o3 t. Culure în 2. general - a Sprout - 3. Growth ib, 4. Sapplings : Boughs ib. Prinary ib. : Secondary ib, Tertiary 9. Principle of ib: 10. Natural Shape lopping ib. 1I. Artificial Shape 1c6 12. Period ofthe Produce and IO7 13. Varieties Duration 108 14. M. Defclieux ib. 15. Plantation 16. Laying Out - II0 17. Quincunses ib. 18. Proportions TII 19. Digging zo. Planting 21. With Seeds - 11* 22, Plant ib. 23. Nurferies ib. 24. Seafon for planting 2g. 26. Procels Choice and Drefs of the Plant ib. 28. 27. Accelfories 1D. Weeding 29. Accidenis ib, 30. And Dillempers 31. Wind 32. Pruning --- Page 15 --- COFFEE PLANTER, x 32. Pruning 34. 33. Stopping Effects of Ropping ib. 35. Clearing 36. Its Effect - 130 37. Further Method of clearing 131 ib. 38. Perfedion of clearing ib. 39. Regeneration of Boughs 40. Neceflity of full pruning 41. Tools - 133 42. Principles 13+ 43. Varieties ib. 44. Half pruning - 136 45. Full pruning ib. 46. Umbrella Trees - 137 47. Manual Dexterity 48. Mols 49. Scafon 50. Quacks - 51. Nipping - 14Z 52. Labour and Loffes ib. 53. Decay ofTrees - 14+ 54. Manure - ib. Remedies - ib. R Negleêted - 146 57. Oblervation - 147 58. Crops - - - 148 Seafon - - ib. & Bafkets 1 149 61. Proceffes - ib. 62. Quantities - 150 63. Of Barrels - 152 64. Delivery and Sale 1b. Cariers-Coafers E And Factors 67, Journal ib. CHAPTER IV. Of the Government and Care and Cattle oftbe Negroes 1. The Negro in general 2. Principle of Government 3. Negroesaccuftomed tothe 4- Guinea Negroes Country.61 5. Choiçe ib. 16z 6. Cares kets 1 149 61. Proceffes - ib. 62. Quantities - 150 63. Of Barrels - 152 64. Delivery and Sale 1b. Cariers-Coafers E And Factors 67, Journal ib. CHAPTER IV. Of the Government and Care and Cattle oftbe Negroes 1. The Negro in general 2. Principle of Government 3. Negroesaccuftomed tothe 4- Guinea Negroes Country.61 5. Choiçe ib. 16z 6. Cares --- Page 16 --- CONTENTS OF THE COFFEE PLANTER, xii 6. Cares Artificers ib. E Drivers 9. DewenefMeles ib. 10. Coffee Man ib. 11. Pruners Matron ib. 12. Hofpital 13. Child K-eper ib. 14 Pouliry Maid jb. 15- Keepers 16: Population, Women with Child - 170 171 17. 18. In Childbed ib: 19: Infants 20. Nu:fes 1b. 21. Children 22. Gang 23. Works 24- Sundays Townsand Boroughs 178 25: Commercein Property 26. The Negroes Year's Day 27. New and Punifhments 184 186 28. Difcipline Servants 29 Menial 30; The Sick 31. The Old - 192 32. Caitle - ib. 33: Horfes - 193 341 Mules ib. 35: Affes ib. 36: CoTrs 37: Goats 38. Liogs Sheep and Swine ib. ib. 40. 39: Dogs and Cats and Rabbits ib: 41. Fewl, Pigeons, 196: 42. Conclafiun --- Page 17 --- THE COFFEE PLANTER OF Sr. DOMINGO : OR, A SHORT EXPLANATION OF THE CUL TIPATION OF THE COFFEE TREE, AND of THE PREPARATION OF THE COFFEE; As thefe were lately pradtifed in the ISLAND of ST. DOMINGO, and particularly in tbe Parifs of BoRGNE in the Nortb, cultivation of the Coffee Tree, and the of preparing the IntroducTukes troduced into St. coffee, which were in- tlon. Domingo fo early as fixty ago, had, in the courfe of time, years a height of increafe and improved to fuch produce exceeded perfeétion, that the annual the feventy millions of pounds; and quality, though inferior to that' of the tree feems to be Mocha, where than that of Martinico; indigenous, was not lefs perfect of the Ifland of Mauritius vying even with the coffec If or Bourbon. then, the cultivation of this rich article of commerce happens to be ftill in its infancy in ofthe neighbouring colonies, it might any doing fuch colonies an probably be to their view, in acceptable fervice, to expofe thodical a plain, perfpicuous, and memanner, thofe proceffes of culture have beft fucceeded in St. which cially in that part of St. Domingo; ; and efpeDomingo, which had the B carlief coffec If or Bourbon. then, the cultivation of this rich article of commerce happens to be ftill in its infancy in ofthe neighbouring colonies, it might any doing fuch colonies an probably be to their view, in acceptable fervice, to expofe thodical a plain, perfpicuous, and memanner, thofe proceffes of culture have beft fucceeded in St. which cially in that part of St. Domingo; ; and efpeDomingo, which had the B carlief --- Page 18 --- THE COFFEE Introduc. earlieft claimns PLANTER tion. to the improvement of 1 plant and commodity. this valuabie Such is the fcope of this fmall (withour regard to narrow ideas of treatife, which Ship, illiberal at all times, and national rival. place no longer in the breafts which ought to find I was induced to undertake, of French royalifts) tion and my late from my prefent fituamay be my fate, engagements; that I Thall ; and perhaps fuch practifing, amongft my new fellow make the trial of my newly adopted country, what I citizens, and in for their information. here make public It muft not bc the merits of this imagined that I value myfelf on much to bring performance. Ic is not doing and obvious together and to arrange, in order, the common natural tices of planters. If by chance, methods and pracfrom my own experience and any thing has arifen feious ic muft have been of reflection, I am conmark. But, that I may trace eafy and obvious rethrough its various fteps, withour chisintereting fubject 2ble) leaving any point (as far as I am the plantér, if I may be unexplined, I fhall take up the cradle of his allowed the expreflion, in progrefs, till his labours fettlement, conduét him in his or the higheft pitch of have arrived at maturity, materials, exhaulled and improvement, nay till his decay, a period which fpent, begin to fink into demands the attention, as it is capable of moft cereful ingenuity, and being retarded by ofthe Divition For the fake vigilance. of fkill, JVork. divide the work into methodical four arrangement, I Thall chapters, The --- Page 19 --- OF ST. DOMINGO, The firft chapter ground, and whatever comprehends the choice of the Introducthe firft relates to the grubbing of it, tion. plantations, and more particularly all the Y acceffory articles. The fecond takes in the various namely, the conftruétions, eftablifhments; ; and engines; workhoufes, buildings, dwelling and outhoufès, and ftables. The firft of thefe negro-huts to a previous explanation of the neceffarily leads me or preparing the coffee. mode of dreffing In the third, I enter into a full detail of the cultivation of the coffee-tree, tracing it feveral fages ofits growth and through the The fourth duration. prefents a fhort view of the management, difcipline, and care ofthe cattle. negroes and The whole concludes with an appendix, biting a general idea of the form of that exhition and government, which conftiturifhed this, as well as all the other encouraged and checolonial culture and branches ofour unworthy of notice trade; fuch an enquiry, not at any time, is at prefent ticularly interefting to the, Englifh parthat account I hope will not be nation, and on one as farcign to my fiubject. confidered-by any B 2 the cattle. negroes and The whole concludes with an appendix, biting a general idea of the form of that exhition and government, which conftiturifhed this, as well as all the other encouraged and checolonial culture and branches ofour unworthy of notice trade; fuch an enquiry, not at any time, is at prefent ticularly interefting to the, Englifh parthat account I hope will not be nation, and on one as farcign to my fiubject. confidered-by any B 2 --- Page 20 --- THE COFFEE PLANTER CHAPTER R I. OF THE CHOICE OF THE EVER RELATES TO GROUND, AND OF WHATTHE FIRST PLANTATIONS, GRUEBING OF IT; THE THE ACCESSORY AND MORE PARTICULARLY ARTICLES." CHAP. I. I with Wuex to z. Lands. improvement, deferibe a period of fuccefs, go back to the plenty, and profperity, I year 1788. A muft over the following times. veil muft be drawn The whole is derived property in land, in St. originally from the Domingo, feodal fiction, but in the trueft king, not through a the word, It was and ftriéteft fenfe of flowed by charter, parcelled out into lots, and betatives which his were majefty's impowered to reprefenufally 64-100-0r grant. The lots were to, regular 225 fquares, in, or fquare figures *% . cquivalene After fo long a period of of exertion, as were encouragement and Jands remained, in confpicuous in this inand, few haps in the 1789, to be granted, very inaccefible except perheights of mountains; For: the better or the ofa Ivare hundred is really underlanding a fquare ofland, of this, and of feveral other The French pacs; the pace being 350 three feet in length and articles, by 8 lines and fuot, the or pied de roi, IS fect and a halfin breadth, fiquare. 12 lines. tenth of a line, It longer has 12 than the Englith one, According to inches, and the inch third. and syths, fo that caleulation, 300 acres three will amuunt Englif acres are equal to a to 116 fquares and abouta fquare when fquare ofland, of this, and of feveral other The French pacs; the pace being 350 three feet in length and articles, by 8 lines and fuot, the or pied de roi, IS fect and a halfin breadth, fiquare. 12 lines. tenth of a line, It longer has 12 than the Englith one, According to inches, and the inch third. and syths, fo that caleulation, 300 acres three will amuunt Englif acres are equal to a to 116 fquares and abouta fquare when --- Page 21 --- OF ST: DOMINGO. when lands therefore were wanted, 5' purchafed from their they were ufually CHAP. dinary owners. From the extraordemands, the prices rofe uncommon height. progreflively to an But, in whatever manner lands may be an entry is made originally, by the obtained, proper officer, who opens the lines in afliftance of a and places ftamped buts in the the woods, objeét of actention angles. It is an to re-vifit the lines to clear away the bufhes from around the occafionally, eyen to place marks, at certain buts; and lines, of exotic ftrong diftances in the plants, as vent any involuntary bamboos, to preneighbours. trefpafs on the part of the Very few of thofe individuals who the cultivation of coffee, are undertake 2. Choice. make a proper choice of the fufficiently moft attentive to for this purpofe. As the coffee fuitable grounds lefs removed to the lands are more or faftneffes of rendered difficult of accefs, mountains, and which cover the by the intricate woods declivities ; chance, accidental conveniences occafion, and the choice, than more frequently determine theoretical of perties, and actual local inveftigation proand ofits expofitions. knowledge of the ground, fions in the Such are the common omif it becomes the beginning; and, fuch being the cafe, fied, and bufinefs of the purchafer to be fatisto endeavour to turn to the beft count, by induftry and attention, that achas fallen to his lot. portion which But though purchafes are often made at Co fuch hardfhip is infeparably random, conneéted with the B 3 thing and actual local inveftigation proand ofits expofitions. knowledge of the ground, fions in the Such are the common omif it becomes the beginning; and, fuch being the cafe, fied, and bufinefs of the purchafer to be fatisto endeavour to turn to the beft count, by induftry and attention, that achas fallen to his lot. portion which But though purchafes are often made at Co fuch hardfhip is infeparably random, conneéted with the B 3 thing --- Page 22 --- THE CHAP.I. COFFEE - thing itlelf. Judicious PLANTER feveral foundations, enquiry or choice will find the fettler more or lefs fafe, from 3. General The firft may gain information. which Means. and moft all, is the general, as alfo the eafieft of the knowledge of the diftriét, and of Itis plantations around the the ftate well known that in the fettlement in view, on the fame eflate, the fame parifh, and even both in point of the lands are of great as affeéted by ficuation. intrinfic quality of foil, variety, and joining eftates exhibit However, when the adduétive, and lafting, it is plantations luxuriant, for the an proplanter who fixes in encoureging the prognoftic In the next place, neighbourhood. from general information may be beyond experiencc, for gathered thofe contradiftion that the low inftance, it is a fact near to the mountains, and lefs proper for the champaign country are, by in high and interior production of coffee, than thofe far, often dry, and fituations. The former are to the parching fometimes, which is ftill worfe, liable hot, known that deftructive air of the fea; and it is in an open coffte-trees or delight in a cool climate, watered by rains, permeable the virgin foil, watering defeét of which frequently (though ever fo no other executed) can properly pradticable and carefully lower mountains, the foil fupply, On the firft or fhallow; the tree of courfe is in general light and ciufe its perpendicular is Mhort-lived, both begravel-flone, and becaufe root foon meets with the wafhed away in a (hort the vegetative furface is ofy weeding, of rain, time, by the combined and effect declivity of defcent. The crops, ing defeét of which frequently (though ever fo no other executed) can properly pradticable and carefully lower mountains, the foil fupply, On the firft or fhallow; the tree of courfe is in general light and ciufe its perpendicular is Mhort-lived, both begravel-flone, and becaufe root foon meets with the wafhed away in a (hort the vegetative furface is ofy weeding, of rain, time, by the combined and effect declivity of defcent. The crops, --- Page 23 --- OF ST. DOMINGO. crops, in fuch cafes, muft be kept up by new plantations every year; and in this making CHAP. I. the whole land will be worn out in a fhort manner, time, if of moderate extent : the crops alto are rapid; and, in fuch fituations, more hands and more platforms are required for the harveft. On the contrary, the climate is cooler on the high mountains: the foil is always deeper and more firm; rain is more frequent; in general the declivity is lefs; the time of crop is longer, znd more convenient; the trees, in fhort, are more : all this is feen on the firit lafting appearance. A fulier and more luxuriant vegetation, majeftic trees, intricacy of underwood, and myriads of great tropical creeping plants, proclaim it at once. You fee that the powers of greater coolnefs have accumulated for ages, with unbounded profufion, the fpoils of nature, of which the genial mould is formed, lefs rapidly diflipated by the effects of the fun being the higher mountains, than on the fcorched hills on below. I do not pretend to fay that lands of the firft kind are deftitute of advantages, fpecious at firft and too apt to infhare the unexperienced fight, of the towns. Firft there is an eafier accefs people and cafier means of carriage ; befides this convenience, on the lower mountains, the trees are planted becaufe they do not arrive to fize. Thus, nearer, inftead of 2,500 in a fquare, perhaps there may be and thus the fame extent, by its 8,000; S trees, will yield greater number of as much as in a better foil; but if the feafon be dry, the grain will be blafted or B 4 empty, . Firft there is an eafier accefs people and cafier means of carriage ; befides this convenience, on the lower mountains, the trees are planted becaufe they do not arrive to fize. Thus, nearer, inftead of 2,500 in a fquare, perhaps there may be and thus the fame extent, by its 8,000; S trees, will yield greater number of as much as in a better foil; but if the feafon be dry, the grain will be blafted or B 4 empty, --- Page 24 --- THE COFFEE CHAP. I. empty, / mildewed PLANTER cafe, the ends of the or fcorched; and, in the latter the trees will be of branches will wither. of land will be fhort duration ; great Laftiy, extent every year, and work neceffary to fupply the and will be gradually plantations inconvenient. more diftant Upon the whole, perfonal facrificed; the higheft and the convenience muft be preferable, remoteft lands are of climbing nocwithflanding the trouble and mountains on fatigue pence of having a great number horfeback, and the exriage. of mules for carGreunds, 4. The foil on the mountains bed of mould, more. confifts generally not to be lefs or lefs deep; but which of a quick rock, than four or five feet. It ought which feems or upon a kind of foft lies upon to be formed from ftone (tuf) The fofteft, that is the moft clay, tainly the beft of all, becaufe friable earth, is cermeable both to water it is the moft if(whar is feldom and to the roots of perfo that it be in the cafe) the declivity be plants; But in no danger of being walhed gentle, general, in ftcep away. clayey earth, friable by hard grounds, a firm but not a proportion of fand, preffure, mixed with which water gravel, or fmall ftones, defirable. may find an cafy way, is the through moft The native plants and fure indication. Where native trees, furnifh a trees, large, high, thick, vegetation is profufe, the and creeping plants numerous; the underwood fail to be rich. This, luxuriant, the ground cannor however, admits ofexception. Mahogany, --- Page 25 --- OF ST. DOMINGO. Mahogany, all the very hard or rozin trees, and CHAP.. 9 even the gre t palm tree, (a) when in are an evidence of dry and fometimes abundance, of barren ground. But the feveral kinds of cedar, the other trees of a foft contexture, and of white as alfo a kind of leffer palm tree (called wood, here cbapelet) are an evidence of frefh and good foil, But fome depth is always required. - Some grounds are, in a great-meafure, covered with white limeftonc, fo as to have, from a the appearance of a wildernefs of fhow; diftance, but ftone is intermixed with a very vegetative the mould. Planting is more difficult in fuch places, leis regular. But the ftones fymmetry from being wathed prevent the mould away ; and, if the climate is rainy, the trees grow remarkably fine, and laffing. produétive, The colour of the ground is of no quence; though it muft be owned that great fuch çonfefomewhat reddifh, has oftener than others the as is cipal defirable qualitics. prinThe climate of the mountains, though is healthy; the greater part of the very: rainy, the ditempers, which Expoition. negroes are liable to, originating from cold wet weather. Of courfe the African and particularly, from the change of negroes fuffer aét of affimilation. climate, in the The temperature is variable, and in to the elevation and afpect. On proportion feen Reaumur's thermometer my eftate, I have fo low as ten degrees, (a) Otherwife cabbage trees. during The climate of the mountains, though is healthy; the greater part of the very: rainy, the ditempers, which Expoition. negroes are liable to, originating from cold wet weather. Of courfe the African and particularly, from the change of negroes fuffer aét of affimilation. climate, in the The temperature is variable, and in to the elevation and afpect. On proportion feen Reaumur's thermometer my eftate, I have fo low as ten degrees, (a) Otherwife cabbage trees. during --- Page 26 --- so THE CHAP.J. COFFEE PLANTER ( during the rains ofwinter, in I never faw it, in fammer, an open room; and twenty degrees, while at the higher than one-andIn July and Augult, after Cape ic rifes above 34. clothes, a blanket, and a fhower of rain, warm unaccepcable, There even fire, are by no means cooler than this, and are other mountains fill pretended that yet planted with coffee, Itis ferved in the higheft fomething like ice has been obit. Whatever it peaks; but I cannot warrant places fo cool and may be, inftances are found of grow large in fize, wet, that though the coffee trees feveral years, or indeed they until yield very little fruic for on every fide. But then large tracts are, cleared amends for their they feldom fail of making not defeétive. lluggifhnefs, when the ground is In regard to alpedt, north beft, in low and hot places, and weft are the On the contrary, the eaft and becaufe they are cooler. mountains; for on the north fouth on the higheft of the high and on the weft mountains, the alpeéts ficient heat, grow trees, from want offuf wood, and then yield rapidly into a vaft luxuriance of guendy (though this very little fruit; and freexternal caufes) lofe their happens alfo fometimes from branches withers all the leaves 5 the tops of their and fall of; the trunk, main inferior boughs die comes overrun with mofs chiefly near the root, bcwhich fuffocate the and parafitical trec, The weeds, happily a very efficacious only remedy, and but iz is not a fhort one, is a fevere It muft however nor a trifing labour. pruning; be obferved, that cven on the higheft freexternal caufes) lofe their happens alfo fometimes from branches withers all the leaves 5 the tops of their and fall of; the trunk, main inferior boughs die comes overrun with mofs chiefly near the root, bcwhich fuffocate the and parafitical trec, The weeds, happily a very efficacious only remedy, and but iz is not a fhort one, is a fevere It muft however nor a trifing labour. pruning; be obferved, that cven on the higheft --- Page 27 --- OF ST. DOMINGO, il higheft mountains, the foil, in the warmer alpeéts, is lighter and fofter, and of courfe CHAF.I. lefs durable, / being triturated, as it were, by the continual piercing influence of the fun. The.expofitions to the eaft are likewife more liable to the ufual breeze, the ftrength of which is in proportion to the elevation, In generat, it is remarked that ftrong and winds, from any quarter, are hurtful to the coffee- lafting trees; and, fuch being the cafe, if the declivitics to the north and weft are eafy and to admit freely the expofed, fo as genial influence of the fuch aipeét may be preferable, even though fun, fhould become pruning neceffàry 3 an operation, however, whi. h, as we fhall fee in the third chapter, be in a great meafure evaded by may and culture. proper management It appears then, from whar has been faid, that the higheft or the loweft fituations are not the but rather thofe confiderably above the middle beft; the mountains. of In order to effeét an eftablifhment with fome acceffory conveniences facility, 6. Accef. are required. fory Conift. That the open or great road be not at veniences. great a diftance. too 2dly. The vicinity of other plantations, from whence a fupply of ground provifions, and of plants, may be gotten ; as alfo for the clpecially fake of intercourfe with rational creatures. 3dly. Running Water. 4thly. Timber, and fuch trees or plants as afford thatch. sthly. Limeltone, and ftone for other purpofes. 6thly. Accef. are required. fory Conift. That the open or great road be not at veniences. great a diftance. too 2dly. The vicinity of other plantations, from whence a fupply of ground provifions, and of plants, may be gotten ; as alfo for the clpecially fake of intercourfe with rational creatures. 3dly. Running Water. 4thly. Timber, and fuch trees or plants as afford thatch. sthly. Limeltone, and ftone for other purpofes. 6thly. --- Page 28 --- CHAP.. THE COFFEE 1 Gthly. Some eafy fpor, PLANTER be effected, where the fettlement It is certain that may things, however many, or the moft, of thofe and fupplied neceffary, are fometimes by the induftry of wanting, always at great expence and the planter; ; but period. toil, in 3. Precau. It refults chicfly the firft tions. man who then, from what I have has in view the faid, that the plantation, after macurely fettlement of a coffee fervations pointed out, will weighing the general obif, before he clofes act mnore the premiles; the bargain, he hinfelf prudently, carrying with him vifits negroes, with provifions and two or three to explore, in the beft tools, to enable him of the foil and the manner he can, the qualities cfate. On doing this, circum@ances he of his intended expofition (for muft cxamine the of oppolite every circle of hills has general is alpeéts) he muft inform two fides water, ftone for building, himfelrifthere thatch; and' he muft limeftone, timber, which all thefe are afcertain the the ground to be found. He ftuations in to be dug in muft caufe as poflible; that he different places, as himfelfof its may, as far as he is able, deep this general and fatisfy manner alfo, he will particular qualities, In natural ubferve the fate productions, and he will of the ficulty or cafc of accefs, form an idea of dif of neighbourhood. and of the : 're circumflances or be fetIti is highly cfential, that ccat, the planter fhouli on the firft examination, place ef.his chieff determine, as near as poffiblest fetclement, the Firft, deep this general and fatisfy manner alfo, he will particular qualities, In natural ubferve the fate productions, and he will of the ficulty or cafc of accefs, form an idea of dif of neighbourhood. and of the : 're circumflances or be fetIti is highly cfential, that ccat, the planter fhouli on the firft examination, place ef.his chieff determine, as near as poffiblest fetclement, the Firft, --- Page 29 --- OF.ST. DOMINGO, Firft, if a public road paffes '3 he ought to fix his through. his eltate, CHAP.. it; left he be difturbed dwelling at fome diftance from 1 by paffengers, either dividually, or in the interior order inhis negroes. From fuch a road and difcipline of vantages, and a great number there are few ad2dly. To fix upon the centre ofinconveniences. is a very material of the tenement extenfive, and the precaucion, chiefly if the eftate is But, lands not of durable though the fettlement fhould be fixed quality. centre, yet the fpor may be there in the befides, regard muft be had too fteep; and, water, timber, and ftone. to the vicinity of However, where every lie contiguous, I would neceffary thing does not ceffory conveniences, prefer to give up thofe acrather than centre, efpecially if abandon the water Can be conduéted through a pipe. The thereto and its fituation determines eflablifhment is permanent, and eafinefs of for life the convenience of ordinary labour every future fervice ; and the is much increafed, when fatigue performed at a great diftance. This daily meafure, guarded againft by is, in a great in the centre of the fixing the fetelement ing forward to this tenement. Therefore, in lookeligible that building advantage, be it appears more from the carriage of more laborious, cither ings materials, or from the neceffary to level the fpot, than trenchplace from which the future to fix in a greatly diftanc. plantations will be This has feldom been the previous inquiries hinted confidered; feldom have at been attended to. The afure, guarded againft by is, in a great in the centre of the fixing the fetelement ing forward to this tenement. Therefore, in lookeligible that building advantage, be it appears more from the carriage of more laborious, cither ings materials, or from the neceffary to level the fpot, than trenchplace from which the future to fix in a greatly diftanc. plantations will be This has feldom been the previous inquiries hinted confidered; feldom have at been attended to. The --- Page 30 --- THE CHAP. I. The COFFEE PLANTER purchafe is indeed without frequently made without ajourney always any examination. As foon proper, deemed as, after upon the firft fpot of his tedious, one has fet foot happy, in not being land, he thinks himfelf thus plans his obliged to go farthers and, fpot within the eftablifhment reach on the moft is confined by of his eye. To this promifing menfe Ouggifhnefs, not fpot he extent which lies before regarding the imperhaps affords better bim; and whicb, diftance. In fituations at a convenient floth, after confequence of this a period of fifteen inattention or number of planters or twenty change their are forced to dy vide years, a ingly fettlement, both of which or to expenfive and toilfome. are exceed. diftance from the But the prefent and fatiguing. plantations is ftill more wafteful I fhall fuppofe duly to all the then, that the fettler has is points above attended 9. Firft ready to begin his mentioned, and that he Means., There are, even in operations. the tain periods, during moft rainy are intervals Lent or in diftriâts, cerof dry Oatober, wheret there hold of for weather. Thefe fhould be laid the firft, commencing the fettlenient, particularly Whatever the be, in point of fortune circumfiances of the planter I may * Many tradefmen and would by no means ments tunes bonetils, too foon, ardwith in their own ertificers, Jine, are often who would ambitious not fail to make forentirely ftock, affords their original bufinefs feanryfunds. for a They either of forming fettleIweeld not lcls benefit. new one, which, by negleét want or give up the command of advife 3 or any man to undertake a efproper purchafed, 4,e00 pounds Rerling, ftlement, who has not in.ependaut of the land advife etils, too foon, ardwith in their own ertificers, Jine, are often who would ambitious not fail to make forentirely ftock, affords their original bufinefs feanryfunds. for a They either of forming fettleIweeld not lcls benefit. new one, which, by negleét want or give up the command of advife 3 or any man to undertake a efproper purchafed, 4,e00 pounds Rerling, ftlement, who has not in.ependaut of the land advife --- Page 31 --- OF ST. DOMINGO. advife him to fet out with a great number of neIs groes, particularly if he is under the neceffity of CHAP.. 1 carrying provifions and other things from a great diftance; and if he cannot command a plentiful fupply of viétua's from fome plantation in the neighbourhood. If he has not that fupply, fix, or at moft twelve male negroes, with one or two women, will be found fufficient to make the firft eflay. It is even neceflary that he provide for the feeding of thefe, with certainty and abundance, for which purpofe he fhould endeavour to place vifions in ftore, at fome one or other of the pro- adjoining eftates. In entering upon this each negroe muft be provided with a hoe, undertaking, a an axe, and a bill (plate I. fig. I, feraper, fuits of 3, 5, 6.) two clothes, a jacket, a hat, and a of provifions. proportion Belides, the mafter muft have a fpare axe for each negro, as well as the moft neceffary carpenter's tools; fuch as a faw, a wimble, a level, a a hatchet, two hammer, borers, an adz, a gouge, a handled grinding-fione, and a provifion of nails of different fizes. As to his own victuals and is fuppofed he will not forget them; conveniencies, it recommend that he do not overburthen only I-fhall I have in this bufinefs ufed the word himfelf though overfeer more properly mafer, fubftituted in its perhaps, might be place, as it feldom that the landiord fubmits happens firft binjelf to the hardfhips of a fettlement. However, if the planter values his undertaking, he muft be fenfible really that every thing is of confequènce in the election of the fcite, that he do not overburthen only I-fhall I have in this bufinefs ufed the word himfelf though overfeer more properly mafer, fubftituted in its perhaps, might be place, as it feldom that the landiord fubmits happens firft binjelf to the hardfhips of a fettlement. However, if the planter values his undertaking, he muft be fenfible really that every thing is of confequènce in the election of the fcite, --- Page 32 --- THE CHAP. I. The COFFEE Y PLANTER ) purchafe is indeed without frequently made without ajourney always any examination, As foon proper; deemed as, after upon the firft fpot of his tedious, one has fet foot happy, in not being land, he thinks himfelf thus plans his obliged to go farther; and, ;por within the efablifhment reach on the moft is confined by of his eye. To this promifing menfe Auggifhnefs, not pot he extent which lies before regarding the imperhaps affords better him; and which, diftance. In fituations at a convenient floth, after a confequence of this number of period of fiftecn or inattention or planters are forced to twenty years, a change their fettlement, both of divide or to ingly expenfive and which are exceed. diflance from the toilfome. But the and fatiguing. plantations is ftill more wafteful prefent I fhall fuppofe then, that duly to all the points above the fettler has attended is ready to begin his mentioned, and that 9. Firft There operations. he Menns. tain are, even in the moft are periods, during Lent or in rainy diftrifts, cerintervals of dry weather. Oétober, where there hoid of for Thefe fhould be laid the firft. commencing the fettlerient, particularly Whatever the be, in point of fortune circumftances of the planter * Many * I would by no may ments tunes honetly, tradefimen ia their and own crtificers, who wonld not meang too foon, ard with line, are often fail to make forentirely fock, affords their ensinalbuincds feanry for funds. a They aumbitious either of forming fettleIwetld not lcis advite benefit. new one, which, by negleét want or up the renien purchaled, command of 3 or any 4,e00 man pounds to undertske a fatelement, who has proper Reiling, in.lependaut of the land noe advife ificers, who wonld not meang too foon, ard with line, are often fail to make forentirely fock, affords their ensinalbuincds feanry for funds. a They aumbitious either of forming fettleIwetld not lcis advite benefit. new one, which, by negleét want or up the renien purchaled, command of 3 or any 4,e00 man pounds to undertske a fatelement, who has proper Reiling, in.lependaut of the land noe advife --- Page 33 --- OF.ST. DOMINGO, advife him to fet out with a great number of ne1$ CHAP, E, groes, particularly ifhe is under the neceffity of 1 carrying provifions and other things from a great diftance ; and if he cannot command a plentiful fupply of viétua's from fome plantation in the neighbourhood. If he has not that fupply, fix, or at moft twelve male negroes, with one or two women, will be found fufficient to make the firft eflay. It is even neceffary that he provide for the feeding of thefe, with certainty and abundance, for which purpofe he fhould endeavour to place vifions in ftore, at fome one or other of the pro- adjoining citates. In entering upon this undertaking, each negroe muft be provided with a hoe, a an axe, and a bill (plate I. fig. I, fcraper, fuits of 3, 5, 6.) two clothes, a jacket, a hat, and a proportion of provifions. Belides, the mafter muft have a fpare axe for each negro, as well as the moft neceffary carpenter's tools; fuch as a, faw, a wimble, a level, a hammer, a hatchet, two borers, an adz, a gouge, a handled grinding-flone, and a provifion of nails of different fizes. As to his own victuals and is fuppofed he will not forget conveniencies, it them; only I-fhall recommend that he do not overburthen himfelf I have in this bufinefs ufed the word though overfeer more properly mafer, fubftituted in its perhaps, might be place, as it feldom that the landiord fubmits happens firlt bimjelf to the hardfhips of a fettlement. However, if the planter really values his undertaking, he muft be fenfible that every ching is of confequence in the eleétion of the feite, recommend that he do not overburthen himfelf I have in this bufinefs ufed the word though overfeer more properly mafer, fubftituted in its perhaps, might be place, as it feldom that the landiord fubmits happens firlt bimjelf to the hardfhips of a fettlement. However, if the planter really values his undertaking, he muft be fenfible that every ching is of confequence in the eleétion of the feite, --- Page 34 --- COFPEE PLANTER THE the early foundations upon CHAP.I. fcite, and in the planning do entircly future comfort and convenience which too. where compafdepend. This is. the period is neceffary for the attention fionate and induftrious If he fecls in himencouragensent of his negroes. and creating, felf the pleafure ariling from planting farigues, labour, and perfonal he will not begrudge felf-denial; and I may add, (I will not conceal it) fairly into the bufinefs, he that if he once enters employments, a in his lonely will find, perhaps, and innocent enjoytnents heartfelt reli@h of pleafing this may bes I wouli and comforts. But, however his own eftate, advife him to vifit frequently direétion. earneftly himfelf every material and to take upon affiftance (if it can be gotten) On the firft day, will be highly ofa few hands from a neighbour, for the apfo that Thelter be procured finifhed before neceffary, This fhould be proaching night. the evening rain. of fetslement, riot a arriving at the place lodgings 10. Huts. Upon is to be loft, in railing temporary the moment for the mafter and one for negroes. or huts, one twelve or ffreenfect high, Two forked ftakes, fupport a ridge funk three feet into the ground, diftance, two On each fide, at a proper forks beam. beams are raifed, upon fimnall thefe other parallel Rafters are placed upon of a foot high. faftened together, by means beams, on cither fide, and bound to the of wooden pins, at the ridge, plants or lianas. Upon beams below with creeping tied, at a rafters, Jong fticks are tranfverfely the each other, with the fame plants. foot diftance from The diftance, two On each fide, at a proper forks beam. beams are raifed, upon fimnall thefe other parallel Rafters are placed upon of a foot high. faftened together, by means beams, on cither fide, and bound to the of wooden pins, at the ridge, plants or lianas. Upon beams below with creeping tied, at a rafters, Jong fticks are tranfverfely the each other, with the fame plants. foot diftance from The --- Page 35 --- OF ST. DOMINGO. The roofis then covered with the firft thatch that can be found, and tied in double and CHAP. I. progreffive. 1 rows, upon the fticks, with fmall lianas or weeds ; beginning, below and proceeding creeping to the ridge, where a thick upwards fame covering or layer of the thatch is laid and fecured by means of two rafters tied together and prefling upon either fide of the bed or layer of thatch. The the roof, are fhut up with hurdles of caps, fticks under thatch; ; doors are alfo made to be and fhut, with Alying hurdles of the fame fort. occafionally A row dug around turns off the torrent of furconveys it to a diftance. Fire rain, and made in thefe huts. ought never to be Thus, it is pofible, in one day to finifh which (with lodgings, till proper care and repair) may hold out permanent houfes can be built; and for reafon the huts this ought not to be exaétly upon the place defigned for the be cftablifhments, as they would an encumbrance and embarraffinent at the time ofbuilding (a). Every negro muft make a couch or hurdlebed for himfelf, upon four fmall forks, as it is to lie upon the ground. improper The huts will be the border of the placed more properly within wood, to windward of the firft ground intended to be cleared; with a view to vent the effect of offenfive exhalations prewhich arife, at firft, from the furface of ufually lands. rewly opened (a) For the different kinds of thatch, Sce Chap. II, No. 56. C After ft make a couch or hurdlebed for himfelf, upon four fmall forks, as it is to lie upon the ground. improper The huts will be the border of the placed more properly within wood, to windward of the firft ground intended to be cleared; with a view to vent the effect of offenfive exhalations prewhich arife, at firft, from the furface of ufually lands. rewly opened (a) For the different kinds of thatch, Sce Chap. II, No. 56. C After --- Page 36 --- THE COFFEE II. Plan. After PLANTER tations. in the every perfon is properly huts, felling down a tract accommodated next operation, in of wood is the I2, The firft order to form a plantation. Clearing, part of this bulinefs is underwood; that is, to cut all to clear the creeping plants, and fuch the weeds, fhrubs, fall by the hedging bill. trees as can be made to be cut as low as The whole of thefe muft T3. pofible. Felling. Next, the larger trees with the axe, It is require to be felled down in the loweft proper to begin this work fo that the grounds, and to procced trees may fall upwards, other, as the declivity direéts. fucceflively upon. each be ordered to cut as low The negroes muft but not to tear up the as they conveniently can, the ground, roots, as thefe will the during the firft period of culcure. preferve profecution of this work, In neceffary, to prevent the proper attention is happen from the falling of accidents which may are to be feparated the trees, The and into parties of two or negroes placed at diflances, withour threc, ofthe trees of another reach of the fall the tree on the lower party.. It is proper to cut the fall towards the fide chiefly, to determine be Aricly declivity, The fall watched, the requires to fecure themfelves in negroes being taught to boughs and branches proper of time. Sometimes the entangled together by feveral trees are fo much that twelve or more creeping plants (lianas) ) actually fall; then are entirely cut before they danger attention is more increafes; and, before the necellary, as negrocs muft have retired general crafh, the to a diflance, When ide chiefly, to determine be Aricly declivity, The fall watched, the requires to fecure themfelves in negroes being taught to boughs and branches proper of time. Sometimes the entangled together by feveral trees are fo much that twelve or more creeping plants (lianas) ) actually fall; then are entirely cut before they danger attention is more increafes; and, before the necellary, as negrocs muft have retired general crafh, the to a diflance, When --- Page 37 --- OF STDOMINGO. When a fufficient extent of land is felled the next work is to lop; that is, to down, 14. branches and cut offthe leffer Cuting. fpread them about, to facilitate the communication of the fire; it will however be proper to remove them from the trinks of timber, to prevent thofe from being burnt, good. boughs of greater fize, fuch The beyond the reach of fire, muft particularly alfo as are ground (a). Then this is left be cut to the to dry for a few days; another tract of land being, in the time, cleared, felled down, and in mean lopped the above manner; and fo on, until the intended are fully completed. plantations The ftate of the weather will determine of burning; but a perfon muft the time I5. leaves not wait till the Burning. are decayed and fallen, for thefe are the firft fuel. A moderate breeze facilitates this and the proper time to begin, is, after the bufinefs, exhaled the dew, and warmed the fun has at the farhe time, no wood, there being, thefe appearance of rain. Under circumftances, firc is lighted up to in feveral places at once. But if the windward, very ftrong, the flames will breeze is burning of the pafs too rapidly for the larger boughs; in which muft be put firft to the cafc, fire leeward, then at fmall diftances from the firlt windward, that the flames fire, and fo on, had to the may.join. Regard ought alfo to be declivity 5 ifthe breeze is muft be lighted below; if moderate, fire huts muft be ftrong, above. The guarded from the flames, and the No. (a)Now 25, and is the the following, time to makc the lime kilns or pits, Sce Chap. II. C 2 borders leeward, then at fmall diftances from the firlt windward, that the flames fire, and fo on, had to the may.join. Regard ought alfo to be declivity 5 ifthe breeze is muft be lighted below; if moderate, fire huts muft be ftrong, above. The guarded from the flames, and the No. (a)Now 25, and is the the following, time to makc the lime kilns or pits, Sce Chap. II. C 2 borders --- Page 38 --- :0 THE CHAP.. borders ofthe COFFEE PLANTER 1 left the fire ftanding woodland 26, Fires, fbould cautioufly cleaned, After the fire is communicate, of fmall wood fometimes entirely extinguifhed, a quantiry muft be gathered into remains unconfumed; this Bus this muft be heaps and burned again. by proper precautions avoided, as much as caufe the in the firft pollible, thefe ground is often burned burnings; begreat fires. into brick by Nay, in general, though afhes nure, on accourt of the are a kind of macontain, it is to be wilhed alkaline falt which they difpenfed with, becaufe it that burning could be contained in the mould than deftroys more of the falts beficies, the the afhes manure, mouldering of the raw fupply; and is which is hereby annihilated. wood affords a attempted, the quantity Bur, if this great, fhould be arranged ofwood, into fometimes very rows, between which the ftraight and ed. Where thele muft coffee trees may be parallel each other, this be at fmall diftances plantnothing could be would become dificult, from trenches. fown in thofe Befides, On the other thick covered tended with the additional hand, this would be atin procefs of time, a advantage of the young trees from good manure; of furnithing, freams of the wind; and theltering rain-water, which dividing the This, I know, has been are equally hurtful, plantations where there praétifed with fuccefs, in hands, and where the was a great number large diftances. trees were of it in the firft But I would not planted at very fettlement, where a few venture to try negroes are employed, cefs of time, a advantage of the young trees from good manure; of furnithing, freams of the wind; and theltering rain-water, which dividing the This, I know, has been are equally hurtful, plantations where there praétifed with fuccefs, in hands, and where the was a great number large diftances. trees were of it in the firft But I would not planted at very fettlement, where a few venture to try negroes are employed, --- Page 39 --- OF ST. DOMINGO, employed, and where every fpot muft be converted into ufe, for a (peedy and ample fupply of ground- 1 CHAP.1. provifions and vegetables of all forts. I now fuppofe that the ground is entirely cleared. As it is my defign to 17. Roads; put together, in the third chaprer, all that relates to the cultivation of the coffee-tree, I Thall here enter into a detail of the acceffory works and plantations and all the Roads to and from the i firft, of fary fields; 3 an article necefchiefly where the land is fteep. In general the forming of roads is poftponed for fome time after the early fertlement, though not properly. If the lands have only a fmall ought to be marked out with declivitya Alleys 18. and Itt then a line and Alleys, would be proper that a general pickets, the eftate be drawn divifion of upon a chart, and that it be accurately followed (a). But the nature of the ground feldom permits to adopr that method. regular When the declivity exceeds fifteen or paths muft be traced and degrees, roads the level and hoe. opened, by means of The Levels frames employed here, are of two different Levels, (Plate 2.) The firft (fig. I.) confifts oftwo laths of wood A. joined together in angular form, with a and mortife, fo that the two ends tenon tant from each are fix feet dif other. At the angle B. a C. is fixed, and falls plummet foot diftant upon a tranfverfe lath D. one from the top, upon which the different (a) See Plate 3. C 3 degrees, Levels frames employed here, are of two different Levels, (Plate 2.) The firft (fig. I.) confifts oftwo laths of wood A. joined together in angular form, with a and mortife, fo that the two ends tenon tant from each are fix feet dif other. At the angle B. a C. is fixed, and falls plummet foot diftant upon a tranfverfe lath D. one from the top, upon which the different (a) See Plate 3. C 3 degrees, --- Page 40 --- THE CHAP.. COFEEE 1 degrees of PLANTER, inches, for a decliviry are marked, by inches The fathom or fix fect. or half the ufe other, which is lefs ofthe negroes, variable, as intended for' with two parallel feet confifts ofa lath A. The one B. is B. C. at lix feet (fig. 2.) a very fixed, and the other C. diftance. mortife long tenon D. goes by means of E. This tenon is up and down in the correfponding to the pierced with little holes, inches ând half inches degrees of allo ; and, as the inclination, by pierced, the tenon mortife E. is intended for the being placed at the fix' inches for inclination of the road degree a fathom) is (fuppofe f through the holes of both falened wich a Thus the level is liable the mortie and pin, negroc may to no tenon, F. go on withour alteration, and the hanging at the miftake, as the always fall top of the triangle plummet G. the lath A. perpendicular It is to a mark H. fet muft a.ways alfo obvious that, as upon horizontal, if the the lath is wards, the road will lengthened foot goes forafcend; if both feet defcend; if it the level, are left equal backwards, it will 39. And Roads will be ac Proceis, are horizontal, according to the nature afeending or ofthe defeending, obferve, that in the firft ground, But I to be almoft inflance, they muft of rain-water infenfibly inclined, lo that oughe ftill beds of may be the ftreams torrents and rivulets conveyed to the adjacene ravines) and that, in the (generally not exceed fix latter, the termed fathom, or eight inches for declivity fix mift except in çafes of feet or a neceflity; otherwife it in the firft ground, But I to be almoft inflance, they muft of rain-water infenfibly inclined, lo that oughe ftill beds of may be the ftreams torrents and rivulets conveyed to the adjacene ravines) and that, in the (generally not exceed fix latter, the termed fathom, or eight inches for declivity fix mift except in çafes of feet or a neceflity; otherwife it --- Page 41 --- OF ST. DOMINGO. it will be fteep and fatiguing. Imuft alfo remark CHAP. i, that, whatever be the direétion of the road, as the 1 ravines are approached, the road muft be a to either fide, and have a defcending direétion flope wards them. By this means, the waters of to* the ravines will be prevented from taking their courfe through the roads, and confequently from fpoiling them. For this purpofe, where the general direction of the road is afcending towards the ravine, the level muft be turned for three or four fathoms. One negroe rears the level, and fixing it at-the opening of the road, another, provided with a maller and a provifion of flat cleft pickets, fifteen inches in length, plants one of them exactly under both the fect of the level; which then ward, the hind foot being planted goes the forupon forepicket, while the plummet points the proper place where the fore foot muft reft. When iti is fixed, the fecond negroe plants another picket,exaétly underit, always with the flat fide turned upwards; and fo on. It fomctimes. happens that the-road muft of ne- 20. celfity turn and wind (fig. 3- pl. 2.) yet thefe Windings, turnings fhould be avoided, as much as poffible, for this reafon, that they occafion the ground to break and fall down; at leaft, where indifpenfable (foppofe from fome obftacle, as a rock, or to with fome higher or lower road) they join ought to be made upon a fpot of the moft eafy defcent. When the road is marked out, it muft be cut and opened with the hoe and mattock (Pl. I. fig. 21. from three to fix feet wide ; which in a 8.) Oxnings, fure depends upon the ceclivity of the great meaground, for C 4 the aft, where indifpenfable (foppofe from fome obftacle, as a rock, or to with fome higher or lower road) they join ought to be made upon a fpot of the moft eafy defcent. When the road is marked out, it muft be cut and opened with the hoe and mattock (Pl. I. fig. 21. from three to fix feet wide ; which in a 8.) Oxnings, fure depends upon the ceclivity of the great meaground, for C 4 the --- Page 42 --- THE COFFEE CHAP.I. the - more Aleep it IS, the PLANTER liable to break and fall higher the cut is and this, the cut muft be down. In order to more of the road admits loping, and if the Prevent the foot of the ofit, a gutter fhould be breadth ravines, and cut, to carry the dug at to keep the Areams waters into the running through and ofrain-water from I6, in this work, fome damaging the coffee terfere, they muft be ftones or flumps of trees trees. inthis is often the levelled with the 22. Public I Thall cafe, road; and Koads, fpeak the new fettlers occalionally of Public were free from Roads, though fcore, as well as from all burthens on that charges and taxcs, for three other direct public All the roads in the years. the above mountains are with more manner, of greater or opened in or lefs lefs breadth, and the creek, and even dificulty. Sometimes the twibill, employed, to break mining and or blow up the gunpowder are Formerly the public roads rocks. paired by a proportional were opened and regroe labour (in French contribution of joint negovernment alfo allifted, corvée) towards which the be yet difpenfed with and though it could roads, yet the later in 1788, for opening not planter a fhare in the regulations had alligned to each new proportion to the public roads, and this the quality of the number of his in lotment road allotted to negroes, and to was as him. This and he was contiguous to his eftate alparifh bound to keep it in as poffible, (if there furveyor of highways repair. The were lodged negleéts) tO the information commanding officer, roads, yet the later in 1788, for opening not planter a fhare in the regulations had alligned to each new proportion to the public roads, and this the quality of the number of his in lotment road allotted to negroes, and to was as him. This and he was contiguous to his eftate alparifh bound to keep it in as poffible, (if there furveyor of highways repair. The were lodged negleéts) tO the information commanding officer, --- Page 43 --- OF ST. DOMINGO, ficer, who, on his part, inforced the law by ftated penalties. CHAP.I. The beft means of - 1 preventing this work from becoming heavy, is to make frequent fmall and not to wait till the road is much broken repairs, the gutters, which the ftreams of up by excavate. The main water are apt to lets for thofe point is to multiply the outftreams, by means of liele tranfverfe oblique caufcys or gutters, and to pave the wet places with ftones. But to return to my fubjeét; it is to form the roads bcfore very material planted; firit, toavoid the coffee trees are the vexation of thofe trees down; fecondly, becaufe the cutting trenches of greater or leis depth throughout a piece of will, in fome meafure, indicate the ground, foil; and give a hint of the quality of the obferved between proper diftance to be the trees. Let the lower Edges of the roads be with thofe thick-rooted bordered 23. Edges, lified plants which are beft to bind the foil quatogether, as millet, grafs, and fugar canes 5 but not with guineavifions, as yams or others, which muft ground be profor confumption. The dug out all; and here let it be plantain tree is the beft of feet, the intermediate planted at a diftance of cight pace being planted with other things. Herc alfo let the native and foreign Fruit be planted, the fooner the better. It is Trees 24. Tices, Fruit the mafter will hardly the very true fruit, which will reap advantage of the commonly be purioined by the negroes, even before it is ripe. But the mere fight of The dug out all; and here let it be plantain tree is the beft of feet, the intermediate planted at a diftance of cight pace being planted with other things. Herc alfo let the native and foreign Fruit be planted, the fooner the better. It is Trees 24. Tices, Fruit the mafter will hardly the very true fruit, which will reap advantage of the commonly be purioined by the negroes, even before it is ripe. But the mere fight of --- Page 44 --- THE COFFEE CHAP.T. of them is worth the PLANTER 1 for the fervants is trouble; befides, what while, ifat another not entirely loft for the fervés inclofed time, he fhould with to mafter, and orchard, he will here find trees forman ready to be. tranfplanted. full grown fruit trees of all forts is the The beft afpeét for ticularly if the place is fouth, and more parIn a few places, the fheltered from the wind. trees do pretty well; in peach, almond, and apricot fucceed, As to the fruit moft, apple and fig trees planter fhould take trees of the country, the plants of the beft kinds; care to fearch for feeds and the medicinal neither ought he to which laft alfo trees, as tamarind, caffia, and forger for the affords a material fit to make calabalh, negroes. veffels C fee trees ; and plantain Laftly, trees do no harm to between them in the trees may ftill be planted neral, itis a edges of the roads. In Cr plantain proper attention chat either getrees fhould not be fruit trees tree, but fhould rather too near a coffee them in the rows. occupy the place of one of Let the upper edge of the with kitchen road be bordered and the like; plants, bur as cabbages, parfley, not with forrcl, beets, as thefe muft be turnips, carrois, or red amazingly well in the dug out. Strawberries do be prevented from cooleft places, but they muit too thick, the old ftocks extending too far, and growing year, and the muf he plucked up the lower young ones onlyleft. Here (as every edge, where the alfo in Aowers of every fort, ground is lefs fteep) planted, If rofe trees are even European, may be lopped very fhort, every fecorid thefe muft be turnips, carrois, or red amazingly well in the dug out. Strawberries do be prevented from cooleft places, but they muit too thick, the old ftocks extending too far, and growing year, and the muf he plucked up the lower young ones onlyleft. Here (as every edge, where the alfo in Aowers of every fort, ground is lefs fteep) planted, If rofe trees are even European, may be lopped very fhort, every fecorid --- Page 45 --- OF ST. DOMINGO, fecond month in the moon's plentifully fix times a year. It is wane, obvious they bloffom CHAP.. planted in the manner that roads lightful. prefcribed muft be very deThe artichokes fucceed and bear well, in higheft cliffs lying to the north. But only the good ground. they require All thefe yield as long as the mould virgin vigcur, and till the coffee retains its fpread a clofe fhade. trees begin to It is needlefs to fay that Coffee Trees planted as foon as the roads are muft be 25. Coffee main bufinefs to opened. It is the Trees, of employ the ground for benefit; for half of what I have purpofes the former article, is a matter of mentioned in or at moft comfort. mere amufement, the reader But, on this fubjedt, I refer to the third chapter, where of this principal cultivation is every point proceed now to mention the other explained fully. I terefling at all times, but ftili acceffories, inning, where the more in the beginmoft great objeét is to prepare the fpeedy and ample fupply of vifions. vegetable proBeans, either white or red, afford the moft affiftance to the planter. Both ready 26. Beans. yield in fifty days, but the laft are preferable. forty or Next I fhall mention the maiz which may be gathered in a lictle or Indian corn, 27. Maiz, months, Rice may alfo be more than four by any means fond ofit in the pianred, but I am not Icis, however, fields of coffee. remarkable that none ofthefe do well vifions. vegetable proBeans, either white or red, afford the moft affiftance to the planter. Both ready 26. Beans. yield in fifty days, but the laft are preferable. forty or Next I fhall mention the maiz which may be gathered in a lictle or Indian corn, 27. Maiz, months, Rice may alfo be more than four by any means fond ofit in the pianred, but I am not Icis, however, fields of coffee. remarkable that none ofthefe do well --- Page 46 --- THE COFFEE CHAP.I. well in the winter PLANTER feafon, mountains. efpecially in the high All this is fowed (rather vered about half an inch than planted) but COthick row of corn is planted deep; in ulally a prety coffee trees, with a row of beans the middle rows of left; but at prefent a at its right and though not greater quantiry is 23. Offen. The exceflive. allowable, fivePlants. coffee planter, in general, muft plantations almoft remove from his cially the tobacco, which every other plant, of rearing, but which the negrocs are very cipe- fond and exhaufts the multiplies to a vaft vifions, which ground; 2 as alfo all the extent, Laftly, all the when dug up, loofen and ground poil proof every kind, creeping plants, as melons and it; vaft mulitude of potatoes, gourds, citruls, with yams that fertile, All peafe of which the down thefe twine country is fo and around, embrace, boughs. They frangle the coffee trees and bind are alfo, their degrec, hurtful to the though to a much lefs poflible, be removed to a plantain tree, and thould, if fet aparr, All thefe particular piece of are ground feed, as the melons, propagated, either from cumber; or from peafe, citruls, and French cuyams, and other plants, as Guinca Guinea roots, cucumbers, or Angola peafe deferves Among the former, the mentioned, Itisa to be honourably yellow Bowers, which pretty lafts little tree or bufh, with almioft threc years, and 29. continually, bears Spinngrs, The ground, as foon almoft as it is perfeétly cleared, ons, propagated, either from cumber; or from peafe, citruls, and French cuyams, and other plants, as Guinca Guinea roots, cucumbers, or Angola peafe deferves Among the former, the mentioned, Itisa to be honourably yellow Bowers, which pretty lafts little tree or bufh, with almioft threc years, and 29. continually, bears Spinngrs, The ground, as foon almoft as it is perfeétly cleared, --- Page 47 --- OF ST. DOMINGO, eleared, yields fpontancoully a very abundant and precious food. I mean three or four kinds of wild 1 CHAP.I. fpinages, which are here known under the name of calaloos. The two beft of them general have fomething of bitternefs; and one, which is like the European morel (folanum exaétly hortorum) is fo wholefome, thatit cures the moft inveterate ulcers, and even ftops the gangrene. Muftard be fowed, without any may alfo inconvenience, and it an excellent fort of fpinage, as alfo do the proves leaves of radifhes and turnips. All forts of garden plants, pot-herbs, and do admirably well among the coffee roots, 30. Plants. Gardes cially where the ground is foft and trees, efpethe climate cool. No crumbling, and than greater pains need be taken to mix together all the feeds with dry in a large wooden porringer, and fand, about by handfuls. to throw them The negroes muft only beware not to pick them out in weeding; it may be neceffary to tranfplant fome of them, as red beets, turnips, carrots, leeks, and the like. In general the Plantain Tree (which bears the precious manna of the Weft Indies, by far Plantain 31. valuable than the celebrated more Trees. bread - fruit of the caft, and at the fight of which a man feels himfelf impelled by gratitude to proftrate in adoration beforc the eternal Fountain of Good) delights and fucceeds beft in the places moft cool and moft flieltered from the wind. In the loweft parts of valleys, and along the ftreams of water, feveral rows of them muft be planted, at twelve feet diftance from each other. They the Weft Indies, by far Plantain 31. valuable than the celebrated more Trees. bread - fruit of the caft, and at the fight of which a man feels himfelf impelled by gratitude to proftrate in adoration beforc the eternal Fountain of Good) delights and fucceeds beft in the places moft cool and moft flieltered from the wind. In the loweft parts of valleys, and along the ftreams of water, feveral rows of them muft be planted, at twelve feet diftance from each other. They --- Page 48 --- THE COFFEE CHAP.I. They are of PLANTER Y a finall clufter two kinds, one of which of veryl bears only of fmall ones, but large plantains, andt the other large clufters; the more palateable, and in 32. Bana- A few latter fort is very na Trees. plants ofBanana Trees highly preferable. rather than a fubflantial (which yicld a dainty thefe are eafily food) may be intermiseds fpots which cover dilinguilhed the by the wide. - black confifts of trunk. The plant of into buds; fuckers, or of roots both the already the tree muft be largeft are the moft forward. fhooting cut exaétly cut to reap' the clufter, it As near the ground, that muft be grow better (a). the fuckers may the Having obferved that the trees felled decp, narrow, fteep down, in fides in fuch valleys, fell from by the heaps as to make the both help of fire, inacceflible bottom, even plantain trees; ; I to the planting of diately after clearing attempted to plant thefe, immebefore away the felling down the brufhwood, and the advance of upwards large trees. Thus I had tion was full and of a month. My plantatrees never failed regular. The unburned to make their young plantain wood. Their fhade way through the rotting of the wood; and the affifted towards the ingly watery, was not hurt plant being exceedonly tolerably covered with by the fire, ifit was was burned. carth, when the Provnions. 33- Roct Let the wood not yield all plantain round tree be evar fo valuable, it the year, and it is liable docs verydurable. (a) Trisk known that each tree bears to but once, but the fock is fail; make their young plantain wood. Their fhade way through the rotting of the wood; and the affifted towards the ingly watery, was not hurt plant being exceedonly tolerably covered with by the fire, ifit was was burned. carth, when the Provnions. 33- Roct Let the wood not yield all plantain round tree be evar fo valuable, it the year, and it is liable docs verydurable. (a) Trisk known that each tree bears to but once, but the fock is fail; --- Page 49 --- OF ST. DOMINGO, fail; for, if ftrong gales loaded with its happen at the time it is CHAP.. heavy clufter, it is thrown and the fruit is loft. Roots are a down, fource, being fheltered under more certain reground; ; and of an ample fupply of provifion of this fort courfe fecured. I have mentioned the muft be of which are equally ufeful; Yams, two forts S4. Yams, Guinea viz. the Creole and yams; they are planted, 2t three feet from each other, from roots fplir in fmnall diftant Some yams are twenty or even thirty pounds pieces. When a root ofany kind is taken out, the weight. muft be dug very deep; but to prevent the ground from being wafhed away, it is put back foil the hole, and preffed down again into and moft crumbling ftrongly. The fofteft of ground is the beft for all kinds roots. The Manioco is another root of able ufe; but it feldom fucceeds in the very fervice- Manioco, 35criéts. Belides, it rainy difand of courfe does not profper under fhade, muft.not be planted amongft the plantain trees, but in a particular fpor fet The preparation of this root is a matter of apart, fome nicety, as its juice is noxicus even to death. manioco is free from this dangerous Sweet and may be eaten boiled or roafted, inconvenience, and other roots, as the yams The yams (as alfo the Guinea are very produétive, and indeed cucumbers, which all kinds, and Indian beans, peafe of the plantain corn) may be planted among trees, chiefly beforc clofe fhade. But fome of they fpread a thefe are offenfive in fome apart, fome nicety, as its juice is noxicus even to death. manioco is free from this dangerous Sweet and may be eaten boiled or roafted, inconvenience, and other roots, as the yams The yams (as alfo the Guinea are very produétive, and indeed cucumbers, which all kinds, and Indian beans, peafe of the plantain corn) may be planted among trees, chiefly beforc clofe fhade. But fome of they fpread a thefe are offenfive in fome --- Page 50 --- THE COFFEE PLANTER by creeping up and twining CHAP.I. fome little degree, Y - about the trees. precious and palatable Sweet Fotatoes (a very muich known; and as they creep Potatccs. root) are generally the plantain trees. The lefs, do very well among alfo been cuitivated, and European potatoes have not wichout fuccefs. kind of root, There are two forts of a certain in others maTayaux. 37. here called in fome places Tayaux, ftalks and leaves 5 langas (a); one fort, with green and leaves mixed the other with purple ftalks colour. The leaves of with fibres of the fame above the both take rife from a ftock a little of an much in the form ground, are triangular, feet long and broad, and arrow, fometimes two almoft of the fame length. fupported by a ftalk food for cattle, and The leaves of both are good The youngeft for the hogs and cowS. are not particularly kind is a fpinage 3 the roots of the green middle fized fweet potatoc, but a larger than a bafket full. This plant ordinarily yields a large the advantage has, above all other tropical roots, for twelve months; of remaining under ground ripe others take their and when the firft roots rot, be to all This plant is much to preferred trees 5 place. the plantain others of the kind, amongft places. It is propabut it fucceeds only in cool the ftocks where they gated from the roots, or from bear leaves, cut into finall pieces. yield in twelve Plantains, bananas, and tayaux for me tc fnl cul the Engifh name. (a) It was impefible months," tropical roots, for twelve months; of remaining under ground ripe others take their and when the firft roots rot, be to all This plant is much to preferred trees 5 place. the plantain others of the kind, amongft places. It is propabut it fucceeds only in cool the ftocks where they gated from the roots, or from bear leaves, cut into finall pieces. yield in twelve Plantains, bananas, and tayaux for me tc fnl cul the Engifh name. (a) It was impefible months," --- Page 51 --- OF ST. DOMINGO. months, in the moft favourable yams, manioco and fweet circumftances; CHAP., Guinea cucumbers potatoes in four or five; - - and others, in a much fhorter period. Where the ground is foft, and at the fame time 38. Steep exceedingly fteep; it is not worth while to Grounds. with coffee trees. If thé expofition be plant it be planted with cool, let it plantains more thick than otherwife, with Guinea ufual; foil be kept grafs or bamboos, that the together by the huge of An intelligent planter will leave intricacy roots. ployed; and I know no fpot -unemwhich is very feldom of noching, except mere clay, thing ufeful great extent, where fomeis may not be planted. Dogs grafs itfelf good for forage, as alfo bamboo leaves. The bamboo, befides, is a beautiful produétion, deep cover, rafters, ftakes, and affords a poles for pens and inclofures; 3 but its fhade is hurtful to the other plants (a). Theg grounds I have juft now mentioned. to break off and to fall down. are liable Apttofall. 39. rain, the whole furface flides Drenched with the rock under it away and leaves the expofed to view. By fome of falls, five or fix thoufand coffee thefe been known to be carried trees have at. once confiftent and away. Sometimes, more compact grounds, though fteep, happen to fide off from another equally namely, from rain water, which after caufe ; wards, creeps in, dilutes, and diffolves penetrating upunder ground ; the whole bed muft then fide the foil down, and (a) in great Guinea quantity. grafs is noxious to almoft any other plant, if too near D on ome of falls, five or fix thoufand coffee thefe been known to be carried trees have at. once confiftent and away. Sometimes, more compact grounds, though fteep, happen to fide off from another equally namely, from rain water, which after caufe ; wards, creeps in, dilutes, and diffolves penetrating upunder ground ; the whole bed muft then fide the foil down, and (a) in great Guinea quantity. grafs is noxious to almoft any other plant, if too near D on --- Page 52 --- COFFEB PLANTER THE declivity. I know no means ofthe great CHAP.. on account this. roads 1 of preventing alfo be occafioned by Falls of ground may becaufe the whole multiplied above one another, from the bottom upbed, which fupported itelf of the muwards, is now cut; and the Ifland contiguity has the appearance tual fupport is broken. accidents, roads muft be of being liable to fuch with no windings, ; and if poflible, trees made fparingly foon planted with plantain the borders being and grafs, to amft in the fupport. carefully, and only The fettler muft calculate to the hands portion 40. Pro- of extend his plantations in proportion that be is TnePlantaIt often happens tions. he is able to fupply. inconfiderate adtivity, into plantmifled, through whatever his ambikion may ing too much. But he will be fenfible that a be, if it is well direêted, and kept clean, muft fmall plantation well managed than a larger one be more profitable, in all worked. refpeéts, At all times, he ill attended to and ill of the crop feafon, where muft confider the profpeét heavier than at other times. the work is much beginnings, he ought But at all events, in the early fettlements, which the indhifpenlable time, not to forget and occupy confiderable abandemand attendance, fields fhould not be while the care of the defire of increaling the doned. But neither the which they requirc, nor crops, nor the attendance fettlement muft compel him the acceffory labours of cleaning of his plantathe weeding and to negleét in fecuring plenty he muft alfo be provident, nutions; 3 for his negroes, however of ground provifions I now merous. lable time, not to forget and occupy confiderable abandemand attendance, fields fhould not be while the care of the defire of increaling the doned. But neither the which they requirc, nor crops, nor the attendance fettlement muft compel him the acceffory labours of cleaning of his plantathe weeding and to negleét in fecuring plenty he muft alfo be provident, nutions; 3 for his negroes, however of ground provifions I now merous. --- Page 53 --- OF ST. DOMINGO, I now fuppofe, that during the firft months, the planter has recruited his twenty CHAP,. that the plantations, of gang, and Y proportion with his hands, every kind, are in proper Icis neceffary, before actually that the planter previoully commencing work, 41, Gene. tribution of his arrange the general dif- ral Plan. land, and allot the it to its feveral plantations, employment of great proportion of woodland always referving a of his firft coffee fields. to fupply the decay If he has made a miftake, in moft favourable fituation not choofing the is ftill time to redrefs to place his buildings, it would be too it; but after this period, it intelligent late; then he ought to make two difcover a convenient negroes explore the woods, in order to himfelf to verify their fituation. He ought to go whether or not he fhould reports, and to determine does, there is alter his defign. If he afterwards have very little harm, becaufe he will it in his power to make new tations, which may meet with the former. planIt is only in lands of very fmall fymmetrical regular declivity that a place, favannas arrangement of the or paftures, building the mafter and the provifion grounds for fields of coffee trecs negroes, grafs grounds, and can be attained. This blefling is very rare, I fubjoin here fingular one of the moft regular two plans of which plantations in St. may give an idea of what can be Domingo, this head, done under (Plate 3, and 4) In others, the forage and the mafter are difperfed provifion grounds of up and down, according to D2 local building the mafter and the provifion grounds for fields of coffee trecs negroes, grafs grounds, and can be attained. This blefling is very rare, I fubjoin here fingular one of the moft regular two plans of which plantations in St. may give an idea of what can be Domingo, this head, done under (Plate 3, and 4) In others, the forage and the mafter are difperfed provifion grounds of up and down, according to D2 local --- Page 54 --- COFFEE PLANTER THE in order to turn to the beft ac- of CHAF.I. local convenience, valleys and indifferent fpots and the 1 count the decp favannas or paftures, ground. But the fhould ftill be under the mafter's the negroe grounds the houfes, they are placed upon the eye. As to fituations, and ufually upon the moft moft accefmible fome hill (in French crêtes) where water fummit of and the leaft ftecp, extended and broad, There the feveral fettlements and may be conveyed. much as pofmible, within fight of are arranged, as houfe, and it is the part reach of the manfion fituation to the bett advantage. to turn the fettle in the center of induftry Where it is impolible to muft be preferred, where the eftate, that fituation tenement lies above, fo part of the when loaded with the greateft may defcend, cafe, the that the negroes other things. In fuch for coffee, ftones, or the fettlement is deflined lower than land favannas lying and negroe grounds. which will be the woodland, A tract of flanding advanced periods, muft always ufeful in the moft and where the fituation is hapbe left within reach 3 when a certain extent is clearèd pily in the centre, favannas and grafs or ground all round for the fhould be carall the coffee plantations being left at the provifions, one fide, the woodland when ried on be found, at a like diftance, other, that it may be exhaufted (fce Plate 3-) the firft plantations fhall the work becomes more for want of that attention, of diftant and fatiguing, take further notice of fome I may occafionally When thofe points. pily in the centre, favannas and grafs or ground all round for the fhould be carall the coffee plantations being left at the provifions, one fide, the woodland when ried on be found, at a like diftance, other, that it may be exhaufted (fce Plate 3-) the firft plantations fhall the work becomes more for want of that attention, of diftant and fatiguing, take further notice of fome I may occafionally When thofe points. --- Page 55 --- OF ST. DOMINGO, When the place is finally fixed it material to throw upon, is bighly CEAP. 2, diftribution, upon paper a general plan of / and fomewhat according to the ideas above hintèd at, But a Plan like the Plate 3. ofthe viz, the buikdings, Settlements, properly fo called, 42. Plan more necefiry, for, platforms, if and houfes, is ftill tlement, ofthe Sete one after they are made at built another, as often is the cafe, random, ther firft found may happen to be wherc it will be another ought to have afterwards that cofts but little, and been; and fymmetry, things are aukward, and without which the beft will not be attained. lofe much of their merit, a very ftriking inftance The of plan, Plate 4th, affords Firft, the outlines of the (ymmetrical convenience. out, and exaétly drawn place muft be meafured clivities, then, muft be levelled upon paper. The deplan. It feldom and noted upon the where induftry happens that a place is not found The fteep may exert itfelf to greac places are, with advantage. cut into platforms more or lefs labour, amphitheatres. rifing one above the Upon thefe, the other, as diftributed. This manner faves fetclements are work, and it has very often a great deal of very convenient and graceful been improved into here an outline of a fettlement fymmetry. I fubjoin amphitheatre. (Plate 5-) in platforms, or in is Itis alfo true, that in fome few fo very ungrateful and inflances, nature incredible toil and rebellious, that even with be effeéted. To have expence, nothing tolerable can fituation would fallen into this vexatious perhaps have been prevented, by the D3 previous a great deal of very convenient and graceful been improved into here an outline of a fettlement fymmetry. I fubjoin amphitheatre. (Plate 5-) in platforms, or in is Itis alfo true, that in fome few fo very ungrateful and inflances, nature incredible toil and rebellious, that even with be effeéted. To have expence, nothing tolerable can fituation would fallen into this vexatious perhaps have been prevented, by the D3 previous --- Page 56 --- THE COFFEE PLANTER have examination of the land, which I CHAP. I. previous in No 7. of this chapter, for the purinfifted upon have been declined. chafe might meafures and levels are completed, When all the according to the fertlements muft be calculated, and, after projedt and circumftances, ths planter's fufficient deliberation, a plan muft feveral trials and Little fkill in and drawn upon paper." be adopted Any man of common ingedrawing is neceffary. a compafs, and a nuity may do it, with a rule, fquare. done, the angles of every intended be This being and yards muft houfe, platform, garden, pen, The marked upon the. fpot, with good the pickets. levels) with diftances are meafured (as alfo and twelve and fix feet (Plate 2. fig, 5-) rules of level; and the fquares are taken with a carpenter's ball (ibid. fig. 4.) as big as an with a wooden by two little orange, which is half cut upwards with a ftick it is fupported chinks at right angles; which is ftuck into the ground, having an iron point, looking through the Then a man at an angle. ftakes to be placed in the right lines chinks, caufes in thefe lines, the angles are at both fides; and, fimple machine marked with pickets. This very diftriferve for every kind of fraight fquare will butions. not to have delayed fo long 43. The fettler ought of Ground for his firft Negroes. Negroc Grounds. fetting apart parcels is what moft attaches them to Property of this fort comfort from and enables them to reap the eftate, however the cafe may be, their own induftry. But, the --- Page 57 --- OF ST. DOMINGO. the prefent is the moment to all fuch appoint a place for CHAP. i. grounds as are now, or fhall be neceffary in 1 procefs of time; for it is fic that they all fhould be together, and not difperfed up and down. lot ought to be twenty-five paces fquare, allowing Every fixteen negroes to the fquare of land. Thefe to be feparated by rOWs of Guinea ought ftocked with peafe; one half plantains and ground provifions, the other halfleft to the negroe's choice. They ufually prefer to'plant the whole with rice, beans, and Indian corn, and to fell them ; but the mafter muft here interfere, and compel them to fecure a maintenance. It is needlefs to fay that regularity and fymmetry, as much as the place will permit plealing and convenient, in this as in of, are elfe, and ought therefore not to be overlooked. every thing It is oniy in procefs of time, in general, that Savannas can be obtained. New cleared good Savannas, 44. is fo long overrun with wild Juxuriant ground it bears (pontancoufly in unbounded weeds, which the pafture profulion, that graffes are fimothered and from germinating. The beft prevented a quantity of way, then, is to plant corn, peafe, and other the ground defigned for the above provifions, in when the wild weeds are deftroyed purpofe; and, feveral by weeding times, to fuffer the pafture feeds to and extend, even to fow them in fome grow this manner, the favannas will fooner places, In and good pafture. grow into full In general two fmall favannas are much profitable and convenient than one more may be paftured large, as they alternately. A few native trees D 4 fhould for the above provifions, in when the wild weeds are deftroyed purpofe; and, feveral by weeding times, to fuffer the pafture feeds to and extend, even to fow them in fome grow this manner, the favannas will fooner places, In and good pafture. grow into full In general two fmall favannas are much profitable and convenient than one more may be paftured large, as they alternately. A few native trees D 4 fhould --- Page 58 --- THE COFFEE PLANTER be left in them, as Thelter from the fuan,"or CHAP.. fhould feeds of which are a very Y a few clms, the large be planted early. good food for the cattle, may would A little ftream of water through the paitures alfo be convenient. in the firft beCattle or beafts are neceffary, 45. A couple Pens. for the carriage of provifions. ginning, much fo, both on account of milch cOWS are very as for the convenience of fick negroes and children, A Pen or Pound thereand comfort of the mafter. and with a hut fore, formed of good ftakes poles, Thould be made as foon as pofible. for fhelter, muft alfo be planted in one of the A field of grafs mentioned. Guinea grals is places which I have millet, and the leaves the beft for mules and horfes; better for coWS, as. of tayaux, or of fweet potatoes, of milk. The weeds furnithing greater abundance in in the plantations are alfo, general, picked up good grafs. muft be chofen where 46. In all cafes, that period ftrength, to inclofe Hedges. the foil has ftill. its original for pafture, with and divide the ground defigned is ftocked with Hedges; even though that ground for in general coffee-trees or other plantations 5 the houfes is the firft field of coffee furrounding But as long defigned for the purpofe of pafture. reluétance. It as it bears well it is given up with trees. is indeed a pity to cut off fine and produétive ftanding Thus I have feen an eftate of twenty years the hedges where there was no favanna, though throughout the ftill fubfifted from the beginning firft coffee fields. The ; even though that ground for in general coffee-trees or other plantations 5 the houfes is the firft field of coffee furrounding But as long defigned for the purpofe of pafture. reluétance. It as it bears well it is given up with trees. is indeed a pity to cut off fine and produétive ftanding Thus I have feen an eftate of twenty years the hedges where there was no favanna, though throughout the ftill fubfifted from the beginning firft coffee fields. The --- Page 59 --- OF ST. DOMINGO, The hedges are planted from properly from feeds, and more CHAP. 1. fapplings, either of logwood which 1 grows fafter, or of lemon-tree which is rable, and does much more duferies betterin cool climates. Nurought to be made, in order to get better plants; two rows of logwood âre lemon may be fufficient. neceffary, one of well weeded, and the Young hedges muft be decayed wich new ones. When the fhoots fapplings replaced feet high, they muft be are five or, fix cut or twelve inches, and the other alternately, one eight ground. Thus the two feet from the thick. It muft hedge will grow up clofe and afterwards be occafionally facing outwards on either fide lopped, boughs mutt be direéted ; and the lateral neceffity of to twift together. The keeping the inclofurcs of good order, to prevent the paftures in in one's own trefpaffes of the cattle grounds, and to avoid the frequent and fo difputes fo does difagrecable with one's not require to be mentioned. For neighbours, hedges the want of ftakes and paftures are frequently inclofed with poles; but then there is no end of paffes, of complaints, and of toil to tref. I fuppofe that before this repair them. man has taken fome period the hufband. 47. Comfort and fteps to improve his Perfonal Periond has Conveniencies ; for inftance, that he Comfurte. refigned his original hut to the whom he may have. been negroes with has built himfeif a re-inforced; and that he fome future provifional houfe (defigned for particular purpofe, in more capacious and his general plan) has made comfortable; as alfo, that he and above arrangements ior procuring better all, the means of baking bread, living, An --- Page 60 --- THE COFFEE PLANTER be made, at no expence, and with CHAP. I. An Oven may a foil of clay, or of folid little difficulty, by digging inward form of a 43. in the Tempo- earch oT gravel, exactly the foor with a fmall ramrary Oven. common oven 5 beating levelled and moderately mer after it has been well oven door. wetted ; and thutting it with a common Qow dry it muft be warmed by When perfeêtly This, with proper care, degrees" before baking. and is capable of may lift for twelve months, making tolerable bread. to an It is now incumbent upon me to proceed of the bulinefs of fettling or building, explanation in the next chapter. o- earch oT gravel, exactly the foor with a fmall ramrary Oven. common oven 5 beating levelled and moderately mer after it has been well oven door. wetted ; and thutting it with a common Qow dry it muft be warmed by When perfeêtly This, with proper care, degrees" before baking. and is capable of may lift for twelve months, making tolerable bread. to an It is now incumbent upon me to proceed of the bulinefs of fettling or building, explanation in the next chapter. --- Page 61 --- OF ST. DOMINGO, CHAPTER II. OF THE SETTLEMENTS; vis, CONSTRUCTIONS, BUILDINGS, GINES, PLATFORMS, WORKHOUSES, ENHOUSES, NEGROE DWELLING AND OUTHOUSES, AND AND FIRST OF THE PREPARATION STABLES; THE MARKET, OF COFFEE. FOR A BOUT twenty months after the firft (as I have hinted in the end of the planting CHAP, II. chapter) the hufbandman preceding 1 finefs of his muft enter into the bupermanent fertlements ; but that nature and delign of fuch as the facture of Coffee belong to the manumay be better idea muft firft be given of the underftood, a clear that article for market, mode of preparing The fruit of the Coffce, when appcars like a finall oval cherry. perfeétly ripe, Grau, 1.. Coffee fhining fkin. a whitifh Under a red and fents itfelf, which clammy lutcious pulp preThefe feeds have generally inclofes two feeds. one fide flat, the other hemifpherical, The firft is marked with fiffure, and the flat fides a longitudinal If the feeds are applied to each other. with are opered they are found a white, ligneous, brittle covered nated membrane, denomiparcbment, on the infide of which is another filver-coloured membrane, feeming to originate from exceedingly thin, and Here the feeds, the fiffure of the feeds. çonfift of a properly fo called, lie, and feem to fprour and of two original leaves. Somctimes --- Page 62 --- THE COFFEE FLANTER feed or the cherry has only only one CHAP. II. Sometimes is in the form of a fmall egg - grain, which then and membrane are prebut the chink, parchment, old decayed trees, or to ferved. This is peculiar to branches. the extremities of fome finall confifls in taking the The bufinefs of preparation it one way or 2. for Quality Salc. from its coverings, in drying adfeed it, fo as to have every other, and in cleaning vantage at market. that the merchants have It is generally known coffee ofa certain fixed a mark of preference upon required that It is thus particularly colour, appearance. dry, have a fine deep green and it be perfeatly plealing fmell, termed born-grect, a ftrong remains of the Glverfome brightnels. Some for in the fifmembrane are alfo (ought coloured fmall coffee is preferred. is not in fure. Laftly, coffee for ufe ? Such Is this the beft of fact,, that the reality the cafe. It is matter is the moft palatable. oldeft coffee, if well kept, colour between red dull, and has a It is however reafon of the preference given and yellow. But the is, probably, the coffee of the firft defcription the to (tate it is better able to refift great that in this fuffers in the paflage home. alteration which it in the remember to have feen, at a merchanr's famples I upwards of an hundred town of Nantz, which he pretended that many of coffee, among though certainly, at the were of the firft quality; the François or Por-mn-Prince, market of Cape not have been allowed very beft of them would rank in the third. The the firft defcription the to (tate it is better able to refift great that in this fuffers in the paflage home. alteration which it in the remember to have feen, at a merchanr's famples I upwards of an hundred town of Nantz, which he pretended that many of coffee, among though certainly, at the were of the firft quality; the François or Por-mn-Prince, market of Cape not have been allowed very beft of them would rank in the third. The --- Page 63 --- OF ST. DOMINGO. The coffee of the firft quality penny Col) more in price than the always bears a CHAP. I. when coffee is fold at twenty fols fecond; and 1 amounts to. five per cent. Hence per it pound, this object to cure it in the beft manner, becomes an I fhall take notice ofthe different paration. The laft and moft modes of Pre- 3- Diffe. proper for attaining the fineft marker accurate is the moft reniPrega. rations, caufe, as the deficcation is quick, it quality; beall fermentable better matters ; and it is a chymical difengages generally known, that deliccation rule and cryftallization flow. fhould be quick, The Borgne coffee reputation of the tion, of which belongs the to this method of that diftriét; firft trials were early made preparafor neither its land in are fuperior to others. The fmall nor its climate was only remarkable when the fize of the grain the lower grounds; but this plantations were in proof cf a good foil. However certainly affords no queen of the worid, cuftom, that fecond the keeps up that charaéter, plantations on the high though as large coffee as mountains bear at prefent every other any where elfe; and part of the illand, thofe though in have adopted the method of planters who coffee as the inhabirants of that Borgne, make as fine It was the original method of diftriet. the coffee, as they term it, in preparing, to dry 4. In taken from the tree 3 and indeed Cberries; viz. as it is Cheirics. by great numbers, either this is ftill followed mifapplied from want of water, and ceconomy in faving the plying iz, or from the mere force expence of fupperhaps from the idea of of habit, and dimpenfing with fome labour inhabirants of that Borgne, make as fine It was the original method of diftriet. the coffee, as they term it, in preparing, to dry 4. In taken from the tree 3 and indeed Cberries; viz. as it is Cheirics. by great numbers, either this is ftill followed mifapplied from want of water, and ceconomy in faving the plying iz, or from the mere force expence of fupperhaps from the idea of of habit, and dimpenfing with fome labour --- Page 64 --- THE COFFEE PLANTER and thèmfelves with the exCHAP. II. labour of the negroes, bafons. But the following 1 pence of mills and their miftake. explanations will evince of coffee, being inIt is obvious that the grain the drying will be clofed in its fkin and pulp, in rainy countries. greatly more tedious, efpecially the drying is performed In fome few plantations which is ftill more' intoleupon the bare ground, good platforms, as are now rable ; but even upon remain much longer in its generally in ufe, it will and acquire a moifture. It will ferment, become clammy yellow hue 5 and fometimes even and the brown both the greater bulk, mouldy. Befides, a greater progreater flownefs in drying, require and more trouble portion of expenfive platforms, and care in management. the fake of truth, I muft mention However, for twO obfervations. that coffee dried in this manner It is alledged than when dried in parchment. is more heavy under the circumftances moft I made the trial, and I really found that favourable to this opinion ; it weighed three per cent. more. of about a In the next place, an early crop, weight, having once taken me unawares, thoufand bafon being out of repair, to dry I was obliged, my to be of the firft quality, it in cherries. It proved which was then the and I fold it at thirty fols, weather happened to be higheft price. But the of platdry, and I had a great proportion perfealy o that this inftance warrants no inference. the cirforms, alfo fay, that however favourable I muft cumltances --- Page 65 --- OF ST. DOMINGO. cumftances were, the coffee, though thin upon platforms, where thrice fpread very CHAP. 17. have been as much might laid, was not dry before days; while ic is in general perfeétly fo twenty-one in fix feven days in Or beds. parchment, even in much thicker From this inftance it is obvious, that platforms are neceffary to dry in cherries many than more in parchment. Add to this, that the platforms go rapidly into decay, from the fermentative acid diffolving the lime; and, even on the gum that a gain of three per cent. weight fuppolition obtained were to be tain generally, which I by no means am cerof yet this mode of preparation will be to be more expenfive, found toilfome, and than the other. Laftly, it mult be inconvenient grinding and added, that the fanning are alfo more difficult. Some pretend that the coffee dried in is more palatable. That it maybe fomewhat cherries proved by the pulp, in tafte as it is in imwill not deny. But as no trial has weight, I monftration of the fact, I believe that given me dejudge of it except the niceft no one can main for connoifeur; while the objedt a planter is the market and the ceconomy of time and toil quality, Yet ifa planter wants to have coffee ofthe moft perfect quality, either for himfelf or for his he muft fer apart a number of his oldeft friends, not gather the fruit till it is trees, and (which indeed is very hurtful ripened into drynels that the Arabians to the trees), Ibelieve their little in Yemen make in that manner harvefts. The coffee, thus nourihed upos ; while the objedt a planter is the market and the ceconomy of time and toil quality, Yet ifa planter wants to have coffee ofthe moft perfect quality, either for himfelf or for his he muft fer apart a number of his oldeft friends, not gather the fruit till it is trees, and (which indeed is very hurtful ripened into drynels that the Arabians to the trees), Ibelieve their little in Yemen make in that manner harvefts. The coffee, thus nourihed upos --- Page 66 --- THE COFFEE PLANTER the laft moment, muft certainly CHAP.I. upon the tree to it is capable of. 1 acquire every perfeêtion is varioufly modified, and The fecond method and aukward imitation Cowidung; in all its forms, is a remote either bruifed and of the laft. The cherries are bruifed without foaked in water to rottennefs, without Or being bruifed; and being foaked, or foaked to dry upon thofe different ftates, are brought in the placforms. fame wafte of time, almoft the Here there is the notwithftanding. in fame degree of fermentation, the water may have the firft and laft inftances, It,is obvious how undiffolved fome of the gum. for fix months in the pleafant it muft be to have, naufeous ftuff, immenfe quantity of putrid year, an the eye; a kind of ftuff very proconftantly under with the homely appellation of - perly ftigmatized it in reality refembles. The platcon-dung, which worn out fpeedily. The forms, in this manner, are brown, than coffee acquires generally more yellow and it is more when dried by the former method of muftinefs. 3 The likely to take an indelible fcent will not be fo advantage is that the grinding cnly when dried in cherries. hard, as deferibed the two former proceedI have only of forewarning the planter ings, for the purpofe againft them, the laft, and by far the beft 6, I now will explain of drying in parchment, as In parch- method, namely that ment. in the Borgne. the fced of its predifed Itis the firft operation to ftrip and leaving it clad with the parchments this outer fkin, not be fo advantage is that the grinding cnly when dried in cherries. hard, as deferibed the two former proceedI have only of forewarning the planter ings, for the purpofe againft them, the laft, and by far the beft 6, I now will explain of drying in parchment, as In parch- method, namely that ment. in the Borgne. the fced of its predifed Itis the firft operation to ftrip and leaving it clad with the parchments this outer fkin, --- Page 67 --- OF ST. DOMINGO, this muft not be poftponed, becaufe the when heaped together, are cherries, CHAP,Ir, into fermentation; in difpofed to run fpeedily 1 pulp may, in confequence of which the brown twenty-four hours, impart a yellow tinge to the feed. This is called to grate (Grayer, in the French idiom) becaufe it is performed Creole 7. mill, Graters mill, of which I fhall by a gratera clear and full try to give, as far as I can, defcription. See Plate the containing the whole machine fixth, hibiting its four (fig. I, 2, 3, 4, exafpects) and its feveral parts (in the other figures).1 diftinét Firle the cherry coffee is laid the mill, from which it falls, upon a floor, above a hopper A. This by little and little, into being either or put in motion by the mill, fufficiently inclined, into the grater B. The drops the coffee as follows. ftruéture of the mill is Ic is fupported by a ftrong wooden three feet high, fix in frame G, breadth. The length, and about two in grater B, two moveable principal pieces are a roller and wire grate E, and a pieces or chops C. D,a The roller B. is leaping frame F. hopper A, by an iron fipported, at the fall of the its centre, which axletree, I, running handles, turns rapidly by means through of upon two copper foles, H. two fides of the great frame fixed upon the B. is commonly fourteen 2. The wooden roller about cighteen in inches in diameter, and Water mills, the length. Ifit is longer, as in diameter is lefs. The middle fixteen inches of the roller E B. are" carefully aping frame F. hopper A, by an iron fipported, at the fall of the its centre, which axletree, I, running handles, turns rapidly by means through of upon two copper foles, H. two fides of the great frame fixed upon the B. is commonly fourteen 2. The wooden roller about cighteen in inches in diameter, and Water mills, the length. Ifit is longer, as in diameter is lefs. The middle fixteen inches of the roller E B. are" carefully --- Page 68 --- THE COFFEE PLANTER 5o covered with a ftrong plate of copper, fo that CHAP.II. carefully with a ftrong bodkin, 1 pierced, as a grater, three or four fharp hole has, on the outfide, every ; the grater being accurately points or afperities all the afperities are turned nailed upon the roller, outwards. ftrong wooden pegs, 3- are fixed Moreover, five each end of the roller, round at equal diftances, at the axletree I. are two pieces The moveable pieces or chops long, five inches ofwood, two feet and two inches One is fuperior C. broad, and three inches Thefe high. are fixed in the great the other inferior D. their ends 4, which are fquare; frame or fupport, by they (the chops) may and, by means of wedges 5, or farther from the fomewhat nearer to, be placed middle part of the chops, oppofite roller B. The direétion, C 6, the is cut in a floping are to grater, near the roller, armed D 6. And their edges, about a line thick, and nine with a band of fteel O. between the points or ten broad, furface 6. of the fuperior chop Now the floping roller B.; that of the inferior C. falls towards the backwards, and upon the D. falls, on the contrary, under it. The edge of the wire grate E. placed at fuch exact diftance fuperior Nope C 6. is placed cherries are bruifed, from the roller B. that the' the feeds being without injury to the parchment, the and finding their way through fuffered to pafs,. of the grater, the interftices between the points with the edge of the fkins and feeds then meet which is fo clofe with the inferior fope 00, D. grater upon the D. falls, on the contrary, under it. The edge of the wire grate E. placed at fuch exact diftance fuperior Nope C 6. is placed cherries are bruifed, from the roller B. that the' the feeds being without injury to the parchment, the and finding their way through fuffered to pafs,. of the grater, the interftices between the points with the edge of the fkins and feeds then meet which is fo clofe with the inferior fope 00, D. grater --- Page 69 --- OF ST. DOMINGO, grater that the feeds cannot pafs. courfe fall back They muft of CHAP,II, through the floping upon the wire grate or fieve E. but the declivity 6. have been flattened, and fkins, which are befides the afperities of the entangled by the inferior grater B. pafs between it and chop D.; and fall into a I. hind the mill (a). gutter beAll the pieces before mentioned muft be of hogany, or other wood of the beft fort. maThe wire fieve E. is ftretched long frame, and the holes are of fuch upon a fquare as to let the naked feeds'pafs, It is much dimenfions and hangs, by the crooks 9, at the inclined, and by the rods 7, at another fimilar great frame G. namely the leaping frame F. which frame H. middle, from the hangs alfo, by its frame of the ftirrup 8, and from the mill G. By means of the two great P. of the leaping frame, which arms on both fides of the roller B. the are ftretched out E. is put into brifk motion, wire grate fieve to the roller; by which by the pegs 3, fixed fink and rife. Thus means the arms alternately the feeds fall holes of the fieve E. into a through the the flope of which caufes gutter under the mill, adjoining them to glide into the The bafon, wherc they will foak and be wafhed. cherries which bruifed, happen not to have been being too big to pafs are toffed abour till through the fieve, end K. of the they fall down, at the back mill, into a box, from are taken and put again into the which they hopper A. (a) Thefe fkins kept and rotten are the beft polible manure. E2 N. is under the mill, adjoining them to glide into the The bafon, wherc they will foak and be wafhed. cherries which bruifed, happen not to have been being too big to pafs are toffed abour till through the fieve, end K. of the they fall down, at the back mill, into a box, from are taken and put again into the which they hopper A. (a) Thefe fkins kept and rotten are the beft polible manure. E2 N. is --- Page 70 --- THE COFFEE PLANTER 5* turn the iron nuts of the handles CHAP.I. : N.is a key to 1 and axletree, I. is liable to inconveniencies. If The grater-mill of the grater are fharper than fome of the points and the feed, the others, they bruife the mark. parchment lf any thing hard, which will leave a black to crufh down any of as a fmall ftone, happens that mect them will not be the points, the cherries been Bruifed, they will pafs bruifed, or if they have and confequently be out, with the fkins, behind, by great watchloft. This muft be prevented, and, when it fulnefs on the part of the negroes; be inftantly mended does happen, the grater muft or changed. that the chops muft be exaétly Icis alfo evident If the upper one is placed at the proper the point. feeds will be injured; if too near the grater, will pafs out unpeeled. If too far, the cherries the feeds will pafs out; but the next is too far, it does not be too near, provided this can hardly injure the points of the grater. thread of water It is further neceffary that a to alift the trickle conftantly upon the grater, The figures L. M. coffee in paffing more readily. the latter that the former a gutter, are for purpofe; its fupport. for the fervice ofa Eleven negroes arc required and four alternatelys one mill; cight to turn, four feed the hopper, one to to be upon the Aoor to another to carry back carry away the Akins, and This hard cherries into the hopper. nethe unpecled when the work is performed in the evening, groes conftantly upon the grater, The figures L. M. coffee in paffing more readily. the latter that the former a gutter, are for purpofe; its fupport. for the fervice ofa Eleven negroes arc required and four alternatelys one mill; cight to turn, four feed the hopper, one to to be upon the Aoor to another to carry back carry away the Akins, and This hard cherries into the hopper. nethe unpecled when the work is performed in the evening, groes --- Page 71 --- OF ST. DOMINGO, groes return from the field; but they like caufe it is rewarded wirh a fmall it, be- CHAP.IL. A good hand mill, fuch glafs ofrum. as that above may pafs thirty-three barrels of cherries in deferibed, But I fhall fpeak afterwards of the mule an hour. machines, which have been or water genioufly employed in this very ufefully and inThe fecond manufaéture. from the feeds. operation, is to wafh out the gum 8. The coffee foaks for Waihing. bafon, being twenty-four hours in the and toffed with frequently, during this time, turned a rake (Plate ift. the water paffes through the fig. 2d.) more quently it is tofled bafon, and the more frewill it be wafhed; or turned, the more perfeétly a point very material in the paration. The fkins which may have preit, when difentangled, rife paffed with the empty and parched feeds. to the furface, as alfo (or, if the water runs, ic carries Thefe are thrown fmaller contiguous bafon. them) into a the name offeums; Thefe are known by being dried and cleaned they pafs as coffee of inferior quality. apart, is obfervable Though foaking is hurtful to the naked feed, it that covered with its may be foaked any length of time, parchment, it worfe for it; as alfo the cherries without being fhould be kept from ; thefe however addition of frefh fermenting, by the fiequent running water. Draining is the next work. In the is carried by negroes, or by the general, coffee 9draining platform, where it is water itfelf, to a Draining, pofed for twenty-four pread out and exhours. There is alfo a E3 feparate covered with its may be foaked any length of time, parchment, it worfe for it; as alfo the cherries without being fhould be kept from ; thefe however addition of frefh fermenting, by the fiequent running water. Draining is the next work. In the is carried by negroes, or by the general, coffee 9draining platform, where it is water itfelf, to a Draining, pofed for twenty-four pread out and exhours. There is alfo a E3 feparate --- Page 72 --- COFFEE PLANTER THE the fcums. Yet, ofthis fort, for the CHAP.I. feparate platform, of running water, is abundance Y when there former may be fpared. from gum, and as From thence the coffee, (free carried 10. ifit has been well wafhed) is Drying. white as ivory, where it is fpread out, as to the drying platform, is evaporated. Ifrain dew of the night foon as the the platforms muft be has fallen during the night, Here it muft be fwept, as alfo if they are dirty. with rakes. turned feveral times in the day felt the fun, it muft As foon as the coffee has the fmalleft moifture; ; preferved from fhovels, be carefully by means of rakes, then it muft be pufhed, or when rain threatens, and brooms, in the evening, with little walls or edges of formed into a round, in the middle of every platform, mafonry, placed where it muft be well covered. called here baficotss out again; and when morning it is fpread and hornEvery dry, friable upon chewing, into a it is perfeatly be carried, while warm, green, it ought to the round or balficot may be clofe dry ftore. That little coffee is left in it warmer during night, very during the day (a). better, the coffee is fomeTI. For want of fomething forms or baficots, with planCovering. times covered, in the tain leaves. conical huts, made with Befides this, round but 12. Huts. are ufed for this purpofe; rafters, and thatched, that fix ftout negroes are they are fo very heavy, The balicots may as well be framned fquare foas as circular,prosidel to be perfealy drained they are (a) in tbe middle of the platform, angles being a little rounded. by the outlets, the interior required * baficots, with planCovering. times covered, in the tain leaves. conical huts, made with Befides this, round but 12. Huts. are ufed for this purpofe; rafters, and thatched, that fix ftout negroes are they are fo very heavy, The balicots may as well be framned fquare foas as circular,prosidel to be perfealy drained they are (a) in tbe middle of the platform, angles being a little rounded. by the outlets, the interior required * --- Page 73 --- OF ST. DOMINGO. required to move them; and the ends of the rafters, 5S inoreover, injure the platforms. CHAP.II, ) Oghers make ftill more expenfive Umbrellas the fame form, but framed ofjoiner's of 13. vered with tarred fail cloth. work, and CO- Umbrellas, Thefe are certainly very light, but not free, in general, from the inconvenience of fpoiling the plafter of the while their bulk gives fo much hold platforms; ; wind, that the forms are fometimes found to gufts of in the morning, and the coffee foaked with unroofed Befides this, they occupy a great fpace in the rain. upon the platforms, if, as is often the cafe, there day, is no level ground near. Itis a ftill better. way to cover the balficots with Tarpawlings, fuch as are ufed on Tarpawi. 14. Thefe are kept down by eight heavy fhipboard, ings. the angles and upon the folds, the coffec ftones, at heaped into a point underneath. The being not fuffer from them; the wind plafter does they are not even fo much as ruffled. having no hold, It will be neceflary, every year or fecond year, to give them a thin coat oftar. Some put a fmall round hamper underneath, to prevent them from touching the coffee; but the coffee, formed into a pyramid, will give fufficient defcent to the-t tarpawling. Without ever ufing that precaution, I can affert that coffee always preferved, till my degree of warmth under the morning, a confiderable The fize of thefe tarpawlings. of the ought to exceed the diameter baffcots by four feet. They are made of good fail cloth, well fewed, with handles of broad-hemmed, and rope at the angles. It muft, howE. 4 ever, , formed into a pyramid, will give fufficient defcent to the-t tarpawling. Without ever ufing that precaution, I can affert that coffee always preferved, till my degree of warmth under the morning, a confiderable The fize of thefe tarpawlings. of the ought to exceed the diameter baffcots by four feet. They are made of good fail cloth, well fewed, with handles of broad-hemmed, and rope at the angles. It muft, howE. 4 ever, --- Page 74 --- THE COFFEE PLANTER that tarring will fhorten them near CHAP.I1. ever,. be forefeen, of the greateft fize, made in and a twelfth. Thofe France; coft me nine or ten dollars, brought from in the following manner. and I tarred them myfelf foaked with fea-water. Firt they were well them with tallow When quite dry I befmneared them two hours in the moderately warm, and I left both fides with funfhine. Then I covered thinly of fpirit of turhot tar, with a very fimnall quantity for two. or three days pentine. Next I put them dried them in the fhade, in the fun; and laftly I Prepared in this manner which is a little tedious. fmall ofheat makes they never break, and a degree them foft as woollen cloth. that the tarIt muft however be remembered, but carried away muft never be folded, pawlings rolled upon ftraight bamboo poles, and houfed, alfo there ought to be four Near the platforms which feven feet high, with two beams, upon forks, during the day, fo that the the bamboos are placed tarpawlings, more or lefs, beams may bear thirty cumberfome; and in fummer, Thus theya are no ways they are fafcly lodged, when the crop is at. an end, whereas the bulky huts and require no great room; without doors all the and umbrellas muft remain of weather. year round, expofed to tbe injuries is much remaining part of the preparation 15: The diftriét, and on every plantation i Grinding. the fame in every the dry coffee for the bufinefs being to prepare fale. feldom be done in crop time, as all This can even the intervals afford full the negrocs are bufy ; employment are fafcly lodged, when the crop is at. an end, whereas the bulky huts and require no great room; without doors all the and umbrellas muft remain of weather. year round, expofed to tbe injuries is much remaining part of the preparation 15: The diftriét, and on every plantation i Grinding. the fame in every the dry coffee for the bufinefs being to prepare fale. feldom be done in crop time, as all This can even the intervals afford full the negrocs are bufy ; employment --- Page 75 --- OF ST. DOMINGO, employment for all hands in weeding. ifit can be accomplithed at the However, CHAP.II, will time, fome benefit L perhaps be found at market, But yet, if the ftorehoufe is dry, the parchment coffee will above twelve months without keep dried in cherries will any alteration; that keep for a great number of years. Now fuppofe that coffee muft be peeled for ket; a certain quantiry taken from the ftore marfor two or three hours is laid pread upon a warm platform, and very thin. Eight or ten bagfulls are at once, according to the capacity of the peeled mill. Ten bags produce five of clean hundred weight, coffee, or five This engine is lefs complicated than the Itis ufed in feveral manufaétures former. 15, inftance, in grinding in Europe; for Peeling- mill, apples for cyder, In a circular trough A, (Plate 7-) about twelve inches deep, and of the fame ten or ten or twelve feet in diameter, made breadth, and wood or of mafon's either of hard work, and then with large flat ftones, is plàced a mafly paved or wheel, B, of the heavieft vertical grinder, high, twelve or fourteen wood, about fix feet and about four in the inches thick in the centre, or tail C, paffes circumference. An axletree, through it; one end is fixed in centre of the trough, fo as to be capable of the the mules are tied to the other, and turning; forwards upon the axletree, turn the wheel ground round the Thus the coffee is trough or orbit. Firft, a proportion muft be obferved in the ciprocal diftance from the centre to the rewheel, and from --- Page 76 --- THE COFFEE PLANTER the other end of the axletrees becaufe CHAP.I1. from this to is in the former, and the Y - the lever of refiftance latter. Accordingly, that lever of aétion is in the the latter diftance the draught be not too hard, former. Driving at muft be more than double the of net coffee may a brilk trot, a thoufand and weight a half at moft. be ground in one hour fuppofed that the trough Next, it is commonly that the than at the bottom, muft be wider upwards fall under the wheel. (Becoffee may the better faftened behind, which fides, there is a fork D, the wheel on.) I it to the middle as goes caufed to pulhes the contrary. I myfelf fides, have experienced with parallel be made a trough of mahogany, coffee to the middle fo where the fork brought the coffee was half ground, perfeatly, that before the be found in the angles. nothing but duft was to is alfo applied. Here the hydraulic engine of a mill, grind with A few planters, for want which is tedious and lapeftles in a long trough, borious. only, never the The mill breaks the parchment fced. on after the grinding, the If bad weather comes left in the chaff. This abforbs coffce ought to be the coffee, for a few days, and keeps the dampnefs, without alteration. fometimes in wind, Next the coffee is winnowed, but more pro17. or fhovels 5 Fanning. with wooden porringers fuch as thofe ufed in Europe perly by a Fan-mill, and which induftrious artifor winnowing corn, ficers never the The mill breaks the parchment fced. on after the grinding, the If bad weather comes left in the chaff. This abforbs coffce ought to be the coffee, for a few days, and keeps the dampnefs, without alteration. fometimes in wind, Next the coffee is winnowed, but more pro17. or fhovels 5 Fanning. with wooden porringers fuch as thofe ufed in Europe perly by a Fan-mill, and which induftrious artifor winnowing corn, ficers --- Page 77 --- OF ST. DOMINGO. ficers have confiderably improved for the ufe of this manufaéture. CHAP.II. The Winnowing-mill confifts of a fan, made 18. Winwith four plates of tin, or thin planks, mounted nowingmill, upon an axletree A, (Plate 7-) at the end of which is a tooth-wheel E. Another wheel D. makes it turn with increafed velocity, when worked by a negroe, by means of a handle P. The whole engine is inclofed in a cheft, opened only at the end N, and in g. The coffee and chaff fall together from the hopper G, through a hole O, upon a fieve B, which, together with the other fieve C, is fet in motion by the ftring L, by means of an oval pulley E, and of the wooden fpring M, The rubbifh and unbruifed feeds are toffed into the and from thence into a barrel. But the gutter N, falls good coffee through the fieve B, upon the thicker fieve C, whére it flides along into a box F, as the chaff, meanwhile, is entirely blown away through the open end N (a), When the coffee is winnowed, itis paffed hand-fieves through 19. (Plate I. fig. I1.) for the purpofe of Picking. feparating the fmall round cherries which remain ftill unbruifed. Then it is picked upon large tables, where all the black or broken feeds, as well as gravel, are picked out. The cherries are pecled again, and the broken or fpotted feeds make coffec of a bafe quality, which is fold under the picking. It is obfervable that name of merchants are more ture. (a) It The makes chaff but muft not be kept as the fkins. Iti is an overwarm burning ofa and very dry nagreat number of years. manure, that after a nice Then it is picked upon large tables, where all the black or broken feeds, as well as gravel, are picked out. The cherries are pecled again, and the broken or fpotted feeds make coffec of a bafe quality, which is fold under the picking. It is obfervable that name of merchants are more ture. (a) It The makes chaff but muft not be kept as the fkins. Iti is an overwarm burning ofa and very dry nagreat number of years. manure, that after a nice --- Page 78 --- THE COFFEE PLANTER of coffec, when the démand nice about the cleannefs CEAP.I. is lefs. 1 at the market convenient if edged The Tables will be more is a 20. inch and if there Tables. with a lath about an high, 12.) in the middle, bottomlefs box A, (Plate I. fig. with feet two inches fupported upon fmall triangles, the box, and the high. The coffee is put into underneath in B. pickers lay hold ofit as it flides under which a Before each of them is a hole C, nails; as bag is hung, and kept open by crooked which are pick it they throw it into the bags, they fame in which it is carried to the market. the places in the magazine There muft be feparate It is almoft needlefs for the fcums and the picking. winnowed, and to fay that the Jeums are ground, but after the picked for fale in the famc manner, fale of the finer coffee. dreffed, fome plantWhen the coffee is perfeély for half it again under the peling-wheel ers put which makes its appearance a dozen of turns 3 is very finooth and brighter, efpecially if the trough polifhed.. the bags are After this, as foon as poflible, ready to be fent to weighed, tied up, and fealed, that they be not Great care muft be taken town. wet in the way. muft be trained up, A careful intelligent negroc 2I. of the manufacture, Coffee- fo asto have perfeét knowledge in his to man, province in all its parts. It is particolarly bafons, picking (a), watch the mills, platforms, to pick a hundied pounds of çoffec (a) Each negroe is roquired and per day. lible, ready to be fent to weighed, tied up, and fealed, that they be not Great care muft be taken town. wet in the way. muft be trained up, A careful intelligent negroc 2I. of the manufacture, Coffee- fo asto have perfeét knowledge in his to man, province in all its parts. It is particolarly bafons, picking (a), watch the mills, platforms, to pick a hundied pounds of çoffec (a) Each negroe is roquired and per day. --- Page 79 --- OF ST. DOMINGO, and to obferve the appearance of 6t when the coffee is fpread threatening rain CHAP.II. All this work of out. preparation is houfe fervants, the performed by the to the field, the young people who do not go women with child, or the nurfes. Laftly, the fervant maids and hofpital aflift to fiwveep the coffee in or out of'the attendants bafficots. All thefe premifes being well perceives the buildings underftood, one ture : a grater-mill neceffary for the manufacdraining and houfe with its bafons 5 the drying platforms; perhaps a fupply the want of water. A ciftern to where the fan may find a place, grinding-mill This houfe, is fomewhat expenfive, as it fhould be meter, or in fquare. Sometimes fix-and-thirty feet diais uncovered, but this is the grinding-mill weather. inconvenient in damp Laftly, a coffee-houfe or rooms for the different ftore, with faéture. purpofes of the manuBut before thefe Works ftill more the dwelling are undertaken (and 22. be houfes) the materials muft Buildings. provided, and artificers procured; number of plantations a fufficient - been previouly (not excellive) muft have made, refraining from any more while building is attempting As it is my going on. objeét to plan a folid and fettlement, I fuppofe the comfortable ftances, has already planter is in cafy circumable to increafe forty or fifty negrces, and is he has in view even that number; in fhort, that an eftate of a hundred or a hundred and ers procured; number of plantations a fufficient - been previouly (not excellive) muft have made, refraining from any more while building is attempting As it is my going on. objeét to plan a folid and fettlement, I fuppofe the comfortable ftances, has already planter is in cafy circumable to increafe forty or fifty negrces, and is he has in view even that number; in fhort, that an eftate of a hundred or a hundred and --- Page 80 --- THE COFFEE PLANTER of coffee a year. I thall CHAP.IL, and fifty thoufand pounds taking care that this fuppofition, - proceed upon fo much, may yet thofe who cannot accomplith wifh to perform. in what they find information owner of land of A man of worth and charaéter, advances for his quality, will not fail to find man of that good and I fhall always advife a the beft purpofess (and indeed no other) to make bind defcription may ferve to of his credit. His engagements while the advantage of his him fafter to ceconomy, fortunc. Upon the credit may conduct him to in expenfe contriwhole, nothing muft be fpared of duration, and convenience buting to folidity, ofluxury and eftablifhments; 3 but every appearance from the works of the fuperfiuity muft be removed when all things neceffober hufbandman. Itis only off, when when all debts are paid fary are done, and when the planter the family is not numerous, his eftate, that he is refolved to live and die upon taftes, and to be allowed to indulge expenfive may beautify his own retreat. will not fail to foreThe provident hufbandman for this period from the fee and prepare himfelf chief fkill muft be exerted to earlieft times. His without diftreffing his nemake the beft of time, much as he can, all groes 5 and to prevent, which as attend building, and toils thofe extraordinary paricularly the work of mafons. he ought to take from the very firft outfet, fettle23. Thus, the place of Stone. care to accumulate Stone upon that every' For that purpofe it is enough him ment. from the field, bring with negroe, returning one muft be exerted to earlieft times. His without diftreffing his nemake the beft of time, much as he can, all groes 5 and to prevent, which as attend building, and toils thofe extraordinary paricularly the work of mafons. he ought to take from the very firft outfet, fettle23. Thus, the place of Stone. care to accumulate Stone upon that every' For that purpofe it is enough him ment. from the field, bring with negroe, returning one --- Page 81 --- OF ST. DOMINGO. one or two large ftones, or a bafket of finall 6s Icis only for want of this ones. CHAP.IL. precaution, or: where this 1 precaution has been infifficient, that the whole comes to be employed, for two or gang days more OCcafionally, to fupply the mafons. It is then material to ufe wheelbarrows, very triple work is By help of them of performed. If the ground admits it, a tumbrel ought even to be provided and employed, as two mules and two then do as much as twenty negroes would The ftones muft be men. dom. felected, not taken at ranFree-ftone, granite, and hard in abundance, lime-ftone, if fpecies of ought to be preferred. There is a gravel-ftone, which has apparently a degree of hardnefs when firft dug up, but which moulders away in the open air: This fhould be employed, except in works under never fmnooth ftones alfo are lefs ground. Round are rough, fharp, and proper than thofe that angular. If neceflary, fome quarry mutt be looked for, and a couple of ftout negroes, with proper tools, employed to But if mining with work it. attendance of fome gunpowder be neceflary, the muft be perfon of truft and experience procured, to guard againft accidents. In general, however, ftones of very good found above quality are ground, or, at leaft, in the valleys, or beds of torrents. The deep profitable, as they fave largeft are the moft mortar. The beft Sand is found in the beds of and, in greater abundance, after floods. rivers; Sand, 24. thered, it muft be paffed When gain heaps beyond the through a hurdle, and laid reach of water. The gravel feparated , to guard againft accidents. In general, however, ftones of very good found above quality are ground, or, at leaft, in the valleys, or beds of torrents. The deep profitable, as they fave largeft are the moft mortar. The beft Sand is found in the beds of and, in greater abundance, after floods. rivers; Sand, 24. thered, it muft be paffed When gain heaps beyond the through a hurdle, and laid reach of water. The gravel feparated --- Page 82 --- THE COFFEE PLANTER from it may be employed in making the CHAP.II. feparated of river fand, veins are Occaplatforms. In defeét of land. fionally found in almoft all deferiptions When the called puzzolana. Thefe are improperly and dry between the fingers, grain is coarfe, rough, river fand. Laftly, in defeét it is quite as good as muft be made in of all thefe, brick-cement-kilns of which I am the fame manner as lime-kilns, going to fpeak. be early. The great Lime alfo muft prepared 25. and I Thall only" Limc. lime-kilns are generally known, Thefe are round give a fhort fketch of them. on the fide of a towers A, (Plate 8. fig. 1.) dug B, and a mouth or hill, furnifhed with an afh-pot wood through. They opening C. to throw the around with ftone walls, ought to be regularly built only is built. Some though fomctimes the fore part at once four of thefe are large enough to burn of fixty thoufand barrels of lime, at the expence however, cords of wood. They can, or feventy where there is a great number only be undertaken of. a fkilful and under the management of hands, where one is obliged to burn a certain man, chiefly colour, ftreaked with fort of lime-ftone of a grey hard, and apt to crack white veins, very heavy and even breaks the with ftrong heat. It fometimes ftone above to fall into vault D, and caufes all the is loft. For this the alh-pot, fo that every thing to manage and fkill are required reafon, experience aétion of the fire. the gradual methods more eafy and lefs exI thall explain the dif26. than the above; but firft mention Line-fione. penfive ferent fpecies of Lime-ftone. I. That apt to crack white veins, very heavy and even breaks the with ftrong heat. It fometimes ftone above to fall into vault D, and caufes all the is loft. For this the alh-pot, fo that every thing to manage and fkill are required reafon, experience aétion of the fire. the gradual methods more eafy and lefs exI thall explain the dif26. than the above; but firft mention Line-fione. penfive ferent fpecies of Lime-ftone. I. That --- Page 83 --- OF ST. DOMINGO, 1°, That which I have 6s juft now deferibed, though it is burned with difficulty, makes excellent CHAP.II. 1 n lime. 2°. That which is called in this country a fort of white porous tartar, like pumice cafeades ftone, Icis formed in ravines, feeming to the dregs of Waters ofa certain originate from quality (a). 3". Another kind, fnow-white, foft, is found at the furface ofcertain very light and harder beds. This and the former grounds, upon cafily. burn very 4". The beft of all is white, heavy, hard, and is called here brittle, ravelfone, on account of the great ruggednefs of. its furfaces, Lime-ftones are eafily known by the of a ftrong acid liquor, which caufes them application folve, and boil into a froth. Spirit of vitriol to is diffureft criterion. the Lemon-juice will alfo anfwer the purpofe, generally There are two fpeedy and cafy methods ofmaking lime, in both of which the ftone muft be broken into minute pieces, if the ftones of the fourth, and particularly ofthe firft quality, are muft be done on new-cleared employed. This wood is burned, thatit ground, before the A flat place alfo muft be may ferve for the purpofe, Firlt, in the Caraib chofen upon the fpot. way. A ditch D 8. fig. 2.) is dug about cighteen inches in (Plate Caraib- 27. width, and depth and kiln, longer by two feet at each end than the intended length of the kiln. Suppofe feet. It is filled with dry fnall wcod, twenty-two ftraw, and (a) Itis cbvious this water is none of the beft fo drink. F other the purpofe, Firlt, in the Caraib chofen upon the fpot. way. A ditch D 8. fig. 2.) is dug about cighteen inches in (Plate Caraib- 27. width, and depth and kiln, longer by two feet at each end than the intended length of the kiln. Suppofe feet. It is filled with dry fnall wcod, twenty-two ftraw, and (a) Itis cbvious this water is none of the beft fo drink. F other --- Page 84 --- COFFEE PLANTER THE Over this is laid a thick CHAP.I. other combultible matters. eighteen inches high, and 1 layer of large wood, A, and over this again a layer pf eighteen feet fquare; Alternately follow a layer (tones, B, one foot high. of ftones, B, of the fame of wood, A, and a layer in circumference to depth, gradually contradting nine feet. The layers of the height of cight or all round by rows of large ftones mult be confined pieces of wood muft trunks or billets. The largeft and all muft be interbe in the interior layers, of dry wood. Laftly, mixed with fmall fplinters the middle. ftônes muft be towards D. are the largeft both ends of the ditch In calm weather and continues to burn lighted up. The fire fpreads, till the materials are confumed. call it. in the Englifo way, as they 28. Next 8. fig 3-) is dug in a circular Engih- kilns, A hole A. (Piate exceeding thirty feet, but form, of a diameter not A ftrong pole, B, fifteen, always three feet deep. furrounded with feet bigh, is fet up in the centre, of dry wood, tied ftraw, branches, and fplinters the top, in the manner of round, from the ground to thick. Then biilets faggots, about cighteen inches and the thickeft woed, C, fix feet long, round of green are arranged vertically that can be managed, making a circle three. the hole at the cireumference, from which to the pole is filled feet broad, the place fo large, three feet long, and with other billets, not On, all the empty inalfo ereêt. As the work goes of dry wood, vértitervals are filled with fplinters that, the outward, cally difpofed. It is obvious feet, the furnace now billets being longer by three pot, rwenty-four the appearance of a large feet prefents are arranged vertically that can be managed, making a circle three. the hole at the cireumference, from which to the pole is filled feet broad, the place fo large, three feet long, and with other billets, not On, all the empty inalfo ereêt. As the work goes of dry wood, vértitervals are filled with fplinters that, the outward, cally difpofed. It is obvious feet, the furnace now billets being longer by three pot, rwenty-four the appearance of a large feet prefents --- Page 85 --- OF ST. DOMINGO. feet broad. Next, the earth which out muft be heaped around, has been dug CHAP.Ir. lets, both to E, as high as the bil- ( Then the furnace keep them up and to fhut out the air. Delow is filled with ftones and in the center) in a (the largeft the height almoft of the Pyramidal form, to a fimnall portion of it fhould pole. If tar can be got, faggot. Fire is fet to it. It will be poured upon the below, and next to the fpread from above nace will burn of itfelf circumference, and the furIn this manner a thoufand barrels be burned at once ; and, in the of lime may hundred. When it is cold it former, five or fix under a well-covered hut fhould be carried the coals and unburned (taking Care to pick out fpoiled by rain. If this is ftones) becaufe lime is great pit, moiftened into not done, it is put into a with fix inches of a foft pafte, and covered haps better fand. In this manner it is If kept than in any other way. perlime can be purchafed in the it is a very lucky neighbourhood purchafing is circumftances and indeed the indifpenfable where (as it happens) there is no lime-ftone fometimes but the opportunity of upon the land; watched, rain being tranfporting 1t muft be burning the mules. carefully It is avoided, for fear of even large mats under the bags; neceffary to put touch the hair, and, when otherwife thefe would would happen. the mules fweat, injury As Cement makes a more tar for the bafons, fome of it lafting and better mor- 29. in every ought to be prepared Cement, lime-kiln: for that purpofe cakes mingled with a little ofclay, fand, are kneaded as bricks, F 2 and, mules. carefully It is avoided, for fear of even large mats under the bags; neceffary to put touch the hair, and, when otherwife thefe would would happen. the mules fweat, injury As Cement makes a more tar for the bafons, fome of it lafting and better mor- 29. in every ought to be prepared Cement, lime-kiln: for that purpofe cakes mingled with a little ofclay, fand, are kneaded as bricks, F 2 and, --- Page 86 --- COFFEE PLANTER THE under the Ohade, are arranged upon CHAP.11. and, when dried furnace (C, fig- 2. F,fig. 3the furface of the When cement is Plate 8.) before it is lighted and up. Gfted. wanted, thefe are powdered been made, the grounid Where a furnace has and coffee trees planted be levelled again, ; . muft with fome more.care than elfewhere ppon the fhould fpot be made at every plantation, the except nea furnace where no time can be fpared from the firft, vegetable provifions. and cefity offecuring Artificers of his own, has not that Qaves Artincers. 10. : If the planter he has not, it being feldom if he it is probable for works of dimiculty; or artiare fkilful enough induftry, do without them; cannot, by his own and bargeins muft be Ecers may ea.fily be found, viz. with the mafons, at previouly made witht them: with the carpenters, fo much per fathom of work; tilers, at a ftated price by who are in general alfo laftly, with the the month or year, or by job; thoufand. There at fo much per their own; thefe tingle-makers, of fome who have negrocs will reare becaufe otherwife they muft be preferred, with fome of the planter's. quire to be fupplied muft be made in writing, well Thefe agreements device and chart to prevent all explained, with a always the planter's bulinefs difputes. It is almoft and other materials,. the timber, fhingles, to bring artificers, by his own negroes. within reach ofthe in the wood by the car31. The Timber is fquared that are ready cut Timber. but the trunks or logs penter; ; mult be firft employed: among the plantations fome coffee-trees; ; but, This perhaps may fpoil taken away, the ground is when the timber is levelled, all explained, with a always the planter's bulinefs difputes. It is almoft and other materials,. the timber, fhingles, to bring artificers, by his own negroes. within reach ofthe in the wood by the car31. The Timber is fquared that are ready cut Timber. but the trunks or logs penter; ; mult be firft employed: among the plantations fome coffee-trees; ; but, This perhaps may fpoil taken away, the ground is when the timber is levelled, --- Page 87 --- OF-ST: DOMINGO, levelled, and may be planted again, fo that empty places be left. no CHAP.II. It being generally extremiely dificult flates and tiles, to procure 32. which Shingles are the only Shingles, fhould be permicted in covering either on account of permanent buildings, but whether duration, or on account of fire; they are to be purchafed and from a diftance, or made by hired artificers brought the eftate, they are very expenfive. upon artificers, for their own eafe and Befides, thefe wanton wafte of wood. But benefit, make a this may be almoft entirely prevented if the inconvenience or can find means of planter has who may be inftruéed teaching a negroe of his own, wood. Such to be an ceconomift of a negroe, with any common may planc, at leaft, two thoufand afiftant, Such being the fhingles a week. cafe, no thatch fhould be The fhingles muft be four or five lines employed. cighteen inches long, and fix broad thick, they were broader the fun would at moft. If and fuffer the rain make them bend, rcafon they fhould to penetrate. For the fàme not be employed before are perfeétly dry (a). they Whatever ridicule may be attempted to be thrown upon vulgar obfervations, it is well proved Moen's 33. perience, that trees are in fuch a ftate of by ex- Wane. or poffefs fuch a difpofition of the vegetation, Wane of the juices in the Moon, as renders them more when employed in domeftic durable this operation of nature is purpofes; and though not eafily man of fenfe will deny but that the explained, no phenomenon is (a) As to Thatch, fee Number 56. of this Chapter, F 3 as is well proved Moen's 33. perience, that trees are in fuch a ftate of by ex- Wane. or poffefs fuch a difpofition of the vegetation, Wane of the juices in the Moon, as renders them more when employed in domeftic durable this operation of nature is purpofes; and though not eafily man of fenfe will deny but that the explained, no phenomenon is (a) As to Thatch, fee Number 56. of this Chapter, F 3 as --- Page 88 --- THE COFFEE PLANTER others, of the truth and exCHA2.J5; a3 pofmible as fo many doubts. Accordingly, not- - - iftence of which no one I Thall pofitively the note af ridicule, ihingles, withftanding wood and timber for planks, advife to cut in the wane of the mcon, even on and inclofures, defigned for plantations. of the the grounds to enter into a nomenclature the It is needlefs which St. Domingo, and all different timbers abundance, and of tropical iflands, afford in great of them are very vagocd quality 3 as the names be underftood in another riable, and would not and pofts the moft place. For the ground-works muft be employed. For incorruptible and hardeft and rafters, thofe which the upper works, as beams and of the lighteft kinds. have a long Aibrous grain, beft for fhingles and boards. This fort alfo does good for any thing. The rofin trees are generally known to become foon But fome woods, which are The foft kinds worm eaten, muft be fhelter rejeêted. as foon as they are fhould be put under moifture fpoils them before fquared; ; otherwife the they are employed. be fawed fourteen lines thick ; Boards ought to dry, as well as the fhinand that they be perfeêtly in the fmoke, under gles, they ought to be placed houfes, for five or fix the roofs of the negrce months. be Atridtly watched, both for The artificers muft and exaét execution of the the proper conception of the beft plans, as well as for the employment timber, and the rejeétion of the fpoiled materials, itfelf. of the workmanthip The the perfection --- Page 89 --- OF ST. DOMINGO, The buildings are either of Mafon's, penter's work. or of Car- CHAP.11, For the former, the mortar muft confift 34. oflime, and two thirds of fand. But one third Mafon's. of lime is the wurk, required to be fomewhat proportion tering the balons and greater in plafbe better than fand in platforms. the Cement will alfo portion of lime may be bafons; and the proground works, The diminifhed in the underways be deep in foundations of walls muft althe beft mafonry where proportion to their height. It is mortar is ufed interningled with fmall ftones amid freely, well Terrace-walls the larger ones. require to have flopes 5 and proportion to the height. Small this in wife be left, at proper holes muft likefor air ând water. places and diftances, as outlets ceconomy, may be made Thefe walls, for the fake of tar, or with dry ftone; with clay inftead of morthicker, have but then they muft be greater flope, and be weather, with good mortar. With parjetted, in dry as it is very difficult in the regard to houfes, brick for the windows, mountains to procure ufually made of the beft doors, and arches, they-are the mafonry, timber, well faftened with Carpenters alfo do joiner's plain making of doors, windows, work, as the 35. as alfo the tiler's work; floors, and the like, Carpenter'y work, thatched, which is done except where the houfes are Here there by the negrocs. where the are two ways of building. another pofts are planted in the One where they are raifed ground, and mortifes, upon horizontal up with tenons and ground pieces of timber F 4 (in , well faftened with Carpenters alfo do joiner's plain making of doors, windows, work, as the 35. as alfo the tiler's work; floors, and the like, Carpenter'y work, thatched, which is done except where the houfes are Here there by the negrocs. where the are two ways of building. another pofts are planted in the One where they are raifed ground, and mortifes, upon horizontal up with tenons and ground pieces of timber F 4 (in --- Page 90 --- THE COFFEE PLANTER fupported by a fmall wall, CHAP.T 1I. (in French, Jaulages) of thicknefs. more or lefs high, and propondionable and beft The former way is lefs expenfive, ftables, and outadapted for the negroehoufis, and moft durable timber houfes. Here the hardeft This form is convenient, muft be ufed for the pofts. of their rotting, may becaufe the pofts, in the event without thaking the be eafily changed for new ones, be funk three. feet into building, The pofts muft in the fire and if they are hardened the ground; they will laft better. timber, being raifed In the latter way, the ground ftill if bricks lafts longer 3 and longer and the upon a wall, diftances between it are placed at fmall of the air. This of the paffage floor wali, sdmitting neat; and, as the way of building is more level of the walls (a), the be raifed at the efpecially may lefs damp and more healthy, houfes are full paved with tiles or bricks, if, inftead of being (which is often the as the pletforms, with or plaftered, floored with planks or boards, cafe) they are as is indifpenfafree adimiffion of air underneath; a neceflary in the coffee-ftores. are clofed bly houfes of carpenter's work All the the feveral rooms feparated, around, as well as the pofts, or by boards either by thin walls between timber. The negroeof palm-tree or .of other fimilar kind, are wartled houfes, and others of a is made with between the pofts. The beft wattling which I have the bark of the leffer palm-tree (of effeêted in the former mode of building, by (a) This little may walls alfo between be the pofts. means of fpoken fes of carpenter's work All the the feveral rooms feparated, around, as well as the pofts, or by boards either by thin walls between timber. The negroeof palm-tree or .of other fimilar kind, are wartled houfes, and others of a is made with between the pofts. The beft wattling which I have the bark of the leffer palm-tree (of effeêted in the former mode of building, by (a) This little may walls alfo between be the pofts. means of fpoken --- Page 91 --- OF ST. DOMINGO, fpoken in a former place); and ifitis nicety, well faftened, parjetted with made with CHAP.. and whitened with lime, it good mortar, preference of boards, in may be employed, in the finall palm-trec, any houfc, For want of thin ftaves of wood believe, be fubftituted with fuccefs, may, I precautions. with the fame - Such 'are the general obfervations. leave to add, that the houfes I fhall beg much as the place will muft be placed, as the allow, at fuch diftance that communication of accidental fire vented; and, I muft alfo may be pre- .car, and command of the mafter. repeat, within the cye, and accuracy of the The exactnefs the hofpital, the daily manufaéture, and the attendance of of the negrce. houfes, and nightly order and police every kind, depend the care of the cattle of fence and entirely upon the mafter's previgilance. It is however own dwelling-houfe be removed proper that his of offenfive exhalations, from the current windward of the and that it be, for inflance, Now I hofpital and ftables. the different proceed to delcribe, more houfe, Buildings; and firft the particularly, of 36. the Frame with its grater-milling appurtenances, as the bafons, Buildings, platforms ; ponds and cifterns, if thefe drainceffary, from fcarcity or abfolute are ne. water. want of running Betwecn thirty and forty coffee will thoufand weight of I fpeak of employ a Grater-mill for the feafon. Grater- 37. of hand-mills, I Thall mill-houte. a houfe, forty feet in fubjoin the fketch breadth, where four mills length, and twenty in cafe and conyenience. may be managed with (Plate 9.) The terns, if thefe drainceffary, from fcarcity or abfolute are ne. water. want of running Betwecn thirty and forty coffee will thoufand weight of I fpeak of employ a Grater-mill for the feafon. Grater- 37. of hand-mills, I Thall mill-houte. a houfe, forty feet in fubjoin the fketch breadth, where four mills length, and twenty in cafe and conyenience. may be managed with (Plate 9.) The --- Page 92 --- THE COFFEE PLANTER in which the coffee is firft CHAP. II. The Aoor or garret which it falls into the mills, A, ( Jaid up, and from of fix inches fquare, muit through wooden gutters grounds, there being be very ftrong. In very fteep one end be clofe to terrace-wall, it may at a good of the hill, fo that the negroes may get the cut Otherwife ftairs (5-) afe into the garret on a level. that the accefs and required; 3 for it is neceffary egrefs be eafy and free. their gutters B, which The mills are placed upon C. The fkins fall fall with a Nope into a bafon, whence they are coninto another gutter, G, from Forwards are the veyed or carried backwards. C, muft be large, and bafons. The coffee bafon, cight or ten feet form; I fuppofe in a long fquare of thirty or forty fquare, for the annual- produce be more than thoufand wcight, It muft not fo that the negro inches deep, cighteen or twenty not have water much who turns the coffee may above his knees. thread of water is neceffary A fmall trickling or coming in in each mill. The larger the quantity for if the bafon from the conduit I. I. the better; hours (and ftill can be filled twice in twenty-four the coffee will thus be more ifin greater abundance) is fcarce upon the fetbetter wafhed. Ifthe water water,the defcét tlements, or if there is no running or ciftern, fo by means of a pond muft be fupplied more or lefs of the rain water difpofed as to receive 3 and then which fows from the drying platforms muft, as it is the mill-houfe and its appurtenances or ciftern, and obvious, be fituated under the pond which makes the of courfe under the platforms, carriage greater abundance) is fcarce upon the fetbetter wafhed. Ifthe water water,the defcét tlements, or if there is no running or ciftern, fo by means of a pond muft be fupplied more or lefs of the rain water difpofed as to receive 3 and then which fows from the drying platforms muft, as it is the mill-houfe and its appurtenances or ciftern, and obvious, be fituated under the pond which makes the of courfe under the platforms, carriage --- Page 93 --- OF ST. DOMINGO, carriage of the coffee more toilfome; bafon C. the water gocs into the ; from the CHAP.I, D, with all the floating next leffer veffel 1 which is always fcums, through an outlet 3, outlet with open. This bafon has another 4, a fmall grate, through which efcapes but the fiuperfuous water. nothing have a fluice 2, faftened in the Both bafons that is taken up, the water carries mafonry, and when the fcums to their the coffee and E. F. fhut with refpective draining platforms grates 6. Ir now muft explain in what be beft conftruéted; and firft manner all this may 38. where thefe the Pond or Ponds and are unluckily neceflary. Ciftern, Cifterns, differ in this, that the pond They only tity of running water, and fupplies a firnall quanof the water from only requires the addition courfe need not be one fo or two platforms; and of are filled from all the wide as the cifterns, which platforms, therc running water at all; however, being no built with the fame as they muft be nicety and folidity, with proportion to their width and proper in fize, I Thall explain the mode depth,'only differing ciftern. of conftruéting a This is a great work, an immenfe materials being required in the quantity of tern 5 for it muft hold building of a ciffumption of three water fufficienr for the conis mace or four weeks. The by cubical maffes; ifthe calculation tains three hundred cubical coffee bafon conto contain nine feet, the ciftern ought thoufand; wants. I fuppofe a ciftern independant of other twelve deep, Itwill contain forty feet fquare and eight hundred cubical feet. about eighteen thoufand (Plate 10.) The of tern 5 for it muft hold building of a ciffumption of three water fufficienr for the conis mace or four weeks. The by cubical maffes; ifthe calculation tains three hundred cubical coffee bafon conto contain nine feet, the ciftern ought thoufand; wants. I fuppofe a ciftern independant of other twelve deep, Itwill contain forty feet fquare and eight hundred cubical feet. about eighteen thoufand (Plate 10.) The --- Page 94 --- THE COFFEE PLANTER beft form for a ciftern is a perfeét fquare, CHAP.II. The which fhouli be cut in the ground, 1 three fides of This muft be fo that the fore wall only appears. the other three, and of a Noping form, as broad as The trenchthe bafis almoft double in thicknefs. of nelike all others: A number ing is managed the earth in hampers or gioes dig, others carry throw it down the hill, taking whelbarrows, and for the mill-houfe and care that the place defigned and, if good be not encumbered; be fet its appurtenances in the trenching, that muft ftone is found apart for building. is complete, and the floor When the trenching are dug around, A, fig. 1, levelled, the foundations that on the fore part three feet broad, only than the others. muft be much larger and deeper the level of the They are then built up feet to of the work are built floor. The two interior the foot near the with fand and lime mortar, with clay mortar. trenched ground, the infide. The perpendicular the whole fore wall is made as with But framed, viz. firft a foot decp floor is now and two feet above with ftoncs and clay mortar, with-an almoft infenfible delime and fand mortar, D. Then the four walls clivity towards the outlet manner as the foundaare raifed up, in the fame that the beft flone, lime, tions. 'I need not fay every where. are required mortar, and workmanftip built round at the infide, for The aingles muft be there that the water makes greater firmnefs, it being the greateft effort. filled with the rain falling from the The ciftein is and the fmall bafons platforms F, through guite,s E, three D. Then the four walls clivity towards the outlet manner as the foundaare raifed up, in the fame that the beft flone, lime, tions. 'I need not fay every where. are required mortar, and workmanftip built round at the infide, for The aingles muft be there that the water makes greater firmnefs, it being the greateft effort. filled with the rain falling from the The ciftein is and the fmall bafons platforms F, through guite,s E, three --- Page 95 --- OF ST. DOMINGO. E, three or four feet fquare, and where the fand fublides, and two in depth, CHAP.I. is ftopped by means of a the floating rubbifh 1 wall, there is a trench grate. Above the ciftern inches deep; if there or outlet K, three or four is a a rail H. muft be placed fuperabundance all of water, round the prevent the children from ciftern, to not covered. falling into it, if it is By means of two pillars built in the may be covered with two parallel ciftern, it floor of beams and boards, roofs, or with a the ciftern itfelf, which may drain into The water is drawn up and mills and into the bafons, conveyed to the D. 1, placed in the fore wall. through a pipe or cock, convenient than a But afucker is more than a cock. For this plain pipe, and lefs expenfive inches wide and purpofe, a fquare hole, fix the deep, is made in the flocr upper end of a pipe running D, at wall D. I.; this hole is fhut with through the forc (fig. 3.) a fquare piece of brafs, a paving ftone, and is pierced with K, paffes the ftone, inverted an hole L, in the form of an and figure, cone. Another piece of the fame metal M, about an inch in lower end, fhuts the hole diameter at the mcans of a ring hermetically, and by faftened to it, and of or ftring, it may be taken a fimall chain above the ciftern wall. out perpendicularly from together with the The preffure of the vater, vents the leaft. refiftance of therair below, preIn order drop of water from to make it flow, the fluice trickling out, by the ftring, and when let is drawn up water draws it into the fall, the fuction of the hole, which is again fhut. The hermetically, and by faftened to it, and of or ftring, it may be taken a fimall chain above the ciftern wall. out perpendicularly from together with the The preffure of the vater, vents the leaft. refiftance of therair below, preIn order drop of water from to make it flow, the fluice trickling out, by the ftring, and when let is drawn up water draws it into the fall, the fuction of the hole, which is again fhut. The --- Page 96 --- THE COFFEE PLANTER of fuch a ciftern will never be very CHAZ. II. The water to drink it, it is 1 clear, and if people are obliged of a it fhould be filtered, by means fyphon is proper with fand. A well B, four feet deep, dug filled of the ciftern, and built exaétly with at the bottom and without it, the fame folidity and precautions; the ciftern walls, with a another well C, as high as a large communication under the wall through the 2.); both weils are filled to opening L (fig. L, with fame height G, as well as the opening that well wafhed and clean. It is obvious, fand filtrate through the fand, and rife the water muft the well C, where it will be drawn to its level in perfeétly limpid and pure (a). When up the conftruétion of the ciftern. I return to the whole is firft rough the walls and floor are dry, in the fame manner, caft, and then plaftered, exaétly wili be explained, and with the fame precautions, as But here No. 46 and 47, for the platforms. be better than that made with cement will mortar and the following is a ftill better made with fand; cement, ifit can be procured. of good tile One hundred and twenty pounds one hunand fifted, cement well burnt, powdered, fix of walnur of the beft lime, pounds dred pounds of liquid Ox blood ; the whole well oil, fix pounds and employed as foon as mixed and beat together, it is made. be fenfible that, if by any means, Any one may be conveyed, even from a a fpring of water can The firit water muft rot be drank, being neccffarily impregnated (a) with lime. great ured. of good tile One hundred and twenty pounds one hunand fifted, cement well burnt, powdered, fix of walnur of the beft lime, pounds dred pounds of liquid Ox blood ; the whole well oil, fix pounds and employed as foon as mixed and beat together, it is made. be fenfible that, if by any means, Any one may be conveyed, even from a a fpring of water can The firit water muft rot be drank, being neccffarily impregnated (a) with lime. great --- Page 97 --- OF ST. DOMINGO. great diftance, the expenfe will bc fhort of that of a ciftern, which is befides but a CHAP. - II. Ir return to the other precarious refource. 1 - more ufual eftablifhments. It matters little how the Mill-houfe be either in mafon's or in carpenter's framed, Frame 39. of mentioned. The work, as above the Mill. requifites are, folidity, and the houfe, frength of the. floor above; the boards alfo be joined by fmooth muft furfaces, not grooved, that the juice of the cherries may find its joinings. The houfe muft be way through the will be overheated clofe, as the negroes in cold evenings, and the accefs freé for paffage into the yet mills, for car-. rying out the fkins, or entering into the Where the ground has defcent, the garret, (Plate 9.) for the Okins, may be fo gutter G, outer end, that the trouble of deep on the taking them may be delayed till the morning. The houfe away be covered with fhingles, becaufe the muft by candle light, and thatch is work is done on fire; for the fàme more liable to be fet reafon the not to be fuffered to negroes ought lighted go up into the garret with pipes. The gutters B, where the coffee falls from mills into the bafons, muft be as the 40. ters Gutwill permit (a). Both fteep as the place Bafons. and the bafons or veffels, and gutters muft be bottomed with a bed of fonry, eighteen inches good madeep, at leaft as as water rifes into the high the gutter. The whole is rough caft and plaftered, in the ufally tern or manner of a cif platform. But as the acid gum, and the tofling of the coffec with wooden tools, fpoil the the (a) mills. Boards are placed over them where the negroes ftand to turn plafter afons or veffels, and gutters muft be bottomed with a bed of fonry, eighteen inches good madeep, at leaft as as water rifes into the high the gutter. The whole is rough caft and plaftered, in the ufally tern or manner of a cif platform. But as the acid gum, and the tofling of the coffec with wooden tools, fpoil the the (a) mills. Boards are placed over them where the negroes ftand to turn plafter --- Page 98 --- THFCOFFEE PLANTER fhort time, it is better to pave CHAP.I. plafter in a very and cement mortar, at the bot1 with fquare bricks the fides. This will be eafily tom, as well as at walis are made to Nlope gently. if the inches perfermed, walls muft be only fifteen or eighteen The muft be inclined to the Nuice thick, and the Aoor marble will not do fo from all fides. Stone or becaufe they are, in gewell as brick for paving, and the acidity will neral, of an alkaline nature, corrode them in a fhort time. to the other, Thejeum-egfel muft be contiguous wall finaller by two thirds. The intermediate the and the fummit, a gutter, through which has, on into the finall veffel, which water and feums run that the water may run has an outlet with a grate, It is framed and the fcums be ftopped. out, only not quite fo high. exaétly as the other, of the veffels, 2. Plate 9, are 41. The main outlets with ftopples; but fluices Sluices. in general wooden pipes confift of a frame of are more convenient. faftened They into the mafon work, the beft dry wood, the infide. A thin board with large grooves on and fhuts the veffel. goes through the groove, the board is ftrengchened, on The upper part of hollowed, and through both fides, with iron plates ferves to draw the ftopple the hole, a little lever in the grooves, are board up. If the ftopples, wide at the lower than Jefs almoft imperceptibly they will be more eafily drawn at the upper-part, effort. A little tallow is now and up by a fingle both to make them then put into the grooves, the movements eafier. Thut better, and to make be tarred before they The frame and fopples may are and through both fides, with iron plates ferves to draw the ftopple the hole, a little lever in the grooves, are board up. If the ftopples, wide at the lower than Jefs almoft imperceptibly they will be more eafily drawn at the upper-part, effort. A little tallow is now and up by a fingle both to make them then put into the grooves, the movements eafier. Thut better, and to make be tarred before they The frame and fopples may are --- Page 99 --- OF ST. DOMINGO, are placed. Sometimes there are two 8t of which is a thick fieve, to let the ftopplès, one CHAP.11, without the coffee being fuffered water run out, 1 means the water is changed. to pafs. By this Both the draining the others, which I fhall platforms are made exaétly as 42. Only the little walled explain in the next article, Platforma. Draining muft be fo borders which inclofe them, high that the platform whole contents of the bafon. may hold the muft have outlets (6, Plate The fore borders the water to and 9-) with. grates, to fuffer eftaping. pafs, to prevent the coffee from in the fame Laftly, thefe platforms muft be paved manner as the bafons, and for the seafons, with a double fame forwards, from the fluice declivity to each fide and coffee may bc to the outlets, fo that the fpread out by the water. impulfe of the The draining platforms, if the it, muft be place permits of impofible where contiguous to the others (but that is ply of a pond or ciftern afford the water); in all cafes, however, the fipnication between both muft be commuand paved, or at leaft kept fo fmooth eafy, convenient, that the feeds which fall from the and clean, coffee is carried along, hampers, as the However, where may be picked up. there is great plenty of ning water to clean the coffee run- 43. draining platform perfeétly, the main Dimpenfai with, the coffec be may be fpared, becaufe then, forms without may drained upon any of the platfpoiling them. For that purpofe, all the platforms Plate 4. K.) arranged under the are (as in fides of a canal, through which bafon, on both the water flows G with ampers, as the However, where may be picked up. there is great plenty of ning water to clean the coffee run- 43. draining platform perfeétly, the main Dimpenfai with, the coffec be may be fpared, becaufe then, forms without may drained upon any of the platfpoiling them. For that purpofe, all the platforms Plate 4. K.) arranged under the are (as in fides of a canal, through which bafon, on both the water flows G with --- Page 100 --- THE COFFEE PLANTER and by means of fmall Nuices, CHAP.. with the coffee; the canal forwards, and others 1 fome of which Ahut it appears that the coffee open upon every platform, of the platforms at pleafure. is conveyed to any borders muft have their outBut then the lower has been faid of the drainlets Thut with grates, as ing platforms. circumflances are eafy, he muft If the planter's works complete at once make the sbave-mentioned room for four mills, and per nanent, preparing one after another, as his which he will procure, thofe who cannot afcrops make them neceffarys muft do the beft fo much expenfe, ford, at once, they can. Platforms or barbacues (as I unDry- With.regard to they need not 44. ing Plat- derftand they are termed in Jamaica) made every year, as. forms. and may be a be anticipated, but always after general the produce increafes, and figure depend, in a great. plan. Their outlines of the ground 5 the chief meafure, on the fituation beft of that fituation, fo as thing is to make the furface at the leaft form the moft extenfive to expenfe. mentioned reducing the ground Ihsve already is almoft a.ways a necefiary Jato the level. which it would in bour (as well as in other fetlements) to a level: faét be better to cut all the platforms two or three feet but, where the declivity exceeds them one above the other for each platform, cutting ; (G) and, where in amphitheatre is lefs expenfive and the ftore below the, is above the graterimill five fest for twoplatfonns; 0.0, (a) Sccl Plate 5, whcre the, declivityis platforms, cefiary Jato the level. which it would in bour (as well as in other fetlements) to a level: faét be better to cut all the platforms two or three feet but, where the declivity exceeds them one above the other for each platform, cutting ; (G) and, where in amphitheatre is lefs expenfive and the ftore below the, is above the graterimill five fest for twoplatfonns; 0.0, (a) Sccl Plate 5, whcre the, declivityis platforms, --- Page 101 --- OF ST. DOMINGO, piatforms, it is nearly as convenient. 8; thrown down on both fides, The earth is CHAP.IF, an additional Alat and may thus form fpacc, fit for other walks, plantations of grafs, and the fervices, as for building. Sometimes, like, but not the ground, the level-muft inftead of cutting away walls, of which I have be raifed with terrace I fhall only add, that already taken notice. Here filled up with' thofe places muft always be with heavy quickftone, well fettled and beaten filled with rammers, (Plate I. fig. earth or gravel, they will 13.J,ifthey are. the diftance oftwenty fink, everi at nafon's work which years, and thereby break the The moft may be upon them. of the convenient and the beft looking platform, is a perfeét fquare, the figures thirty to forty feet. It is however width from platforms fhould be, in fome. obfervable that meafure, according to the quantity of coffee calculated thered in one day, that they which is gaThe common average for may.be filled at once, is a pound of fixteen drying parchment coffee; foot 5 fo that a ounces for a French fquare hundred fquare of thirty feet will dry nine pounds; one of and fo on. - Upon the forty, fixteen hundred,; are required for fuppofition that feven days drying a batch of ealy to calculate how coffee, it is ceffary for the mahy platforins will be neeight produce of the year. In days, a fquare platform of twentyferve to dry fix thoufand four forty feet will Thus where crop time is hundred pounds. platforms is neceffary. longer, a lefs furface of Firft the borders are laid; viz, forms with dry walls, and between the plat- 45. outwards with good Bottoms. G2 mafon- drying a batch of ealy to calculate how coffee, it is ceffary for the mahy platforins will be neeight produce of the year. In days, a fquare platform of twentyferve to dry fix thoufand four forty feet will Thus where crop time is hundred pounds. platforms is neceffary. longer, a lefs furface of Firft the borders are laid; viz, forms with dry walls, and between the plat- 45. outwards with good Bottoms. G2 mafon- --- Page 102 --- THE COFFEE PLANTER and the both eighteen inches high, ORAP.I. mafon-work, proportionablc foundations. 1 latter only having with a layer twelve inches The foor is then laid, and beaten with thick of folid ftone, well placed is covered with heavy rammers (a). This layer and again this with three inches of coarfe gravel, fand, likewife well beaten; as muchfmnall gravel and declivity, of one or the whole with a gentle outwardly. Now, to two inches per fix feet, and to, inclofe them outfeparate the platforms, around, with fmall ftone wards, edges are raifed and the fane in breadth. walls, fix inches high, have a few openings to fuffer Thofe at the outfide out. In the centre, a fquare she rain water to pafs ofthe fame height, with circular border is built, the diameter of or fimilar drain; this is the balficot, of the plata muft be the fifth of the furface But which for thirty, eight for forty. form, fx feet the border is gently Aoping, and here, the infide of longways, for at leaft three the outfide is inclined that the coffec may hold fect or more all around, ofthe border, the declivity fait to the very brink addition of gravel and fand being forined with an room will be loft; and well beaten. Thus drawn no in, the rakes will Aide when the coffee is not break the plafler of along the declivity, and the border. to avoid, as much as potible, The planter ought through another. Thofe on draining one platform natural drain without, but the cutlide have.their fhould be drained by means of thole jn the middle inches arcbillets fx inches in bren.ith Sec by Plate cightcen 1, fig.13. (a) The with rammers, a handic of fçur feet, as a peitle, an in length, when the coffee is not break the plafler of along the declivity, and the border. to avoid, as much as potible, The planter ought through another. Thofe on draining one platform natural drain without, but the cutlide have.their fhould be drained by means of thole jn the middle inches arcbillets fx inches in bren.ith Sec by Plate cightcen 1, fig.13. (a) The with rammers, a handic of fçur feet, as a peitle, an in length, --- Page 103 --- OF ST. DOMINGO, an intermediate canal, Where there is 8; all the platforms muft be furrounded a ciftern, CHAP. 11. conveying the waters into the ciftern. with a canal, Y is coritiguous to the If any houfe be left platforms, a fmall diflance mut between, to avoid the water the roof; and, in falling from fhould be general, no paffage to and fro permitted through the platforms. A very great quahtity ofmortar muft have been 46. PIC prepared now, where lime is in a greater than tering. ufual proportion 5 ir, as well as the fand, be well fifted. muft As early as the dawn of the negroes are ready either to moiften morning, and all the mortar, with their beat up the large hoes, or to carry it in their porringers or kettles. The mafons of it, fifteen or eighteen lines lay a bed borders, and next thick, firft over the over the floor, taking care vioully to moiften. That layer or preas equal as ; plafter muft be it muft be poffible; and, as foon as the fun is up, immediatcly well covered with frefh tain leaves. planWhen the plafter hath acquired fiflicient fiftence, lix or eight negroes con- or 47. Icing being well go upon it, their feet polith. with cleaned, and begin to beat it ing. rammers well gently rub it with polifhed; ; others behind them fquare glafs bottles, taking Care unite the cracks, to prefs down the to remoiften it with water where rilings, and to form muft not be uncovered, neceffary. but The platpolifhers as the beaters and advance; and it muft be covered foon as they pafs. If the weather is again as work may be carried on all the day long; cloudy, if the wife, it muft be ftopped, and the otherplatform thick G3 covered ifhed; ; others behind them fquare glafs bottles, taking Care unite the cracks, to prefs down the to remoiften it with water where rilings, and to form muft not be uncovered, neceffary. but The platpolifhers as the beaters and advance; and it muft be covered foon as they pafs. If the weather is again as work may be carried on all the day long; cloudy, if the wife, it muft be ftopped, and the otherplatform thick G3 covered --- Page 104 --- THE COFFEE PLANTER when the fun becomes powerful. covered over if there CHAF.II. the work recommences, and Y Towards evening and continues niornings has been no rain, but when the plafter becomes evenings till finifhed; make impreffion, it is too hard for the bottles to the fimnootheft that can rubbed with cocona nuts (a), thrown away as foon as be found. Thefe muit be The cracks they begin to be chafed or frayed. in order to make muft Aill be fprinkled with water, on every morning them unite. Thus the work goes and the fomctimes for a fortnight, and evening, uncovered only as the negrocs go is (till with a platform covered as they pafs, forward, and again leaves, as exactly as pofible. thick layer of plantain fo that the rubbing is When foficiently polifhed, and remains fo neceffary, it is covered, and no longer weeks; it is then uncovered, for three or four but it will be well not to expofed night and day ; (b). ufe it fooner than a fortnight of boards are ufeds I underftand that platforms of ftone and lime 5 but, in in fome places, for want defeélive. opinion, thefe muft be very houfes in form of my At Martinico they have drawn out in the mornCrawers. The dravi ers are the evening. This in again in ing, and pufhed of fmall produce, but hardly may do in plantarions thoufand weight of where ten or peshaps twenty Befides, no kind of muft be dried at once. coffee of much broader than a dollar,and which The cocema- nut is a kind pea, very. hand fkin, woods and (a) the with a biown, polihied, in the as thick as finger, of a vild crceping plant, gruwing ist bulhes. the produce out, tbe old plaller is broken, (b) When a pltform is entirelywom timber and a new onc madc, and weight of where ten or peshaps twenty Befides, no kind of muft be dried at once. coffee of much broader than a dollar,and which The cocema- nut is a kind pea, very. hand fkin, woods and (a) the with a biown, polihied, in the as thick as finger, of a vild crceping plant, gruwing ist bulhes. the produce out, tbe old plaller is broken, (b) When a pltform is entirelywom timber and a new onc madc, --- Page 105 --- OF ST. DOMINGO timber can be fo good as a platform of the ceding defcription, where the hardened fect of pre- the CHAP.II. ( negroes can hardly bear the heat, when the fun is powerful. For the fervice of the platforms, a dozen of foft brooms, a few fhovels, and two dozen of good (Plate I. fig, 13-) are neceffary. The latter confift rakes of a fmall board, as the bottom of a barrel, with a long flick for the handle. Where the Cofice-houfe or ftore is the mafter's feparate from 48. dwelling-houfe, a building fixty-feet Coffce. long, thirty-four feet wide, with galleries, will be houle. fufficient for a produce of two hundred thoufand weight a yeàr ; becaufe the garret may be ufed in addition, A, (Plate IL) where two fmail LK, are fpared for thefeums and pickings. rooms, The houfc is divided into three rooms, fect fquare, for flores, B, and a gallery, C, twventy cight feet long, and fourteen in breadth, where feventy- the coffee is fifted, culled,. and weighed. The ourer gallery, D.E, may ferve for feveral ufes; which may be a fmall room, D,to con. ain the among and other things of that kind; another, E, for bags the harneffes of iules and horfes; another place for hanging the tarpawlings, 8cc. The walls and partitions (even though of mafonry) muft be lined with they were the rafters in the boards, as well as garret, about ten feet high. The garret muft be fupported by ftrong and a great crofs beam, through the three beams, by The floor of the main body muft be of beams rooms B. boards, quite as ftrong, with a frec paffage for and air underneath, through openings all around, as G, G 4 This awlings, 8cc. The walls and partitions (even though of mafonry) muft be lined with they were the rafters in the boards, as well as garret, about ten feet high. The garret muft be fupported by ftrong and a great crofs beam, through the three beams, by The floor of the main body muft be of beams rooms B. boards, quite as ftrong, with a frec paffage for and air underneath, through openings all around, as G, G 4 This --- Page 106 --- THE COFFEE PLANTER muft be of mafon's, or of the beft CHAP.I. This building and coveredtwith fhingles, nailed 1 carpenter's work, of ftairs, F, to go up There muft be a pair over. into the garret. all the ftorehoufes have winIt is necefary that weather, rhe accefs of dry dows, fo that, after rainy Independent, and I air may abforb the dampnefs. I contrived to give a might fay inftead of this, by fome panes of paflage for light into my garret wooden frames, H; fattened with maftick upon were glafs, wnich, nailed upon two rafters, well well tarred, Thefe did very placed amorgit the fhingles. warmth. I had before exboth for light and for from dormer winperienced great inconvenience I fhall return dows, and other like contrivances. of the dwellingthis article when 1 fhall fpeak to houfe. thatifthis or any other I muft obferve in general, fide of the platforms, it building be on the fouth twelve feet diftance, on muft be removed at ten or it would caft in time of account of the fhade which and weft of the platdeclination. The fouth-caft of the reach of thade. forms thould always be out the Pecling and Win49. PeelI have already defcribed muft be placed under cover. ing and nowing-mills. They building, as Winnow- ing-mills The former requires a very expenfive lefs than thirty-fix houfes. diameter cannot be much the covered with fhingles, and may fect. It muft be work. I fubjoin a plan be of good carpenter's lefs as the main (Plate 12.) of a houfe feet expenfive, broad by thirty fix body is only rwenty-four of two galleries, B, of fix long ; and by means (fig. 2.) the mules go their feet, and of the arches, circle ills The former requires a very expenfive lefs than thirty-fix houfes. diameter cannot be much the covered with fhingles, and may fect. It muft be work. I fubjoin a plan be of good carpenter's lefs as the main (Plate 12.) of a houfe feet expenfive, broad by thirty fix body is only rwenty-four of two galleries, B, of fix long ; and by means (fig. 2.) the mules go their feet, and of the arches, circle --- Page 107 --- OF ST. DOMINGO, eircle through both the main body and the The winnowing-miil is placed in the end, galleries, C, of CHAP.II. galiery. a In other houfes (as in fig. + Plate where the ground inclines, this mill is placed in 5-) gallery +, the floor of which is lower a fmall fix fect, fo that the coffee is by five or thrown from the peeling-mill into a large hopper above the fan. All thefe fettlements are fufceptible ofi numberlefs little improvements, correfponding with the of the place, and which the mafter's nature direét towards the greater convenience induftry may the operations. and eafe of It muft not be forgotten that the engines a great deal of care, and that the places of friétion require muft be frequently greafed with mutton-fuet. Before I proceed to the explanation of the other houfes, I muft fpeak of the engines by which the power of mules may be applied to the and grater winnowing-mills, as well as to the and the power of water to the three peeling-mill; efpecially of the latter. together; but The principal additional pieces for the lic" engine (Plate 13-) confift of a hydrau- mills. 50. WaterA trundle head, B, water. wheel, A. adapted to one end of the axletree C, puts in motion a horizontal wheel means of teeth, the vertical axletree of D, by turns the grinder of the which, E, trough, by means of a fecond peeling-mill axletree round the it, asin Plate 7. At the other end of the faftened to C, tbere is a vertical doubly-indented axletree which, by means of a cog-wheel wheel, F, teeth I, turns the roller H, and of the of the grater-mill with great of the axletree C, puts in motion a horizontal wheel means of teeth, the vertical axletree of D, by turns the grinder of the which, E, trough, by means of a fecond peeling-mill axletree round the it, asin Plate 7. At the other end of the faftened to C, tbere is a vertical doubly-indented axletree which, by means of a cog-wheel wheel, F, teeth I, turns the roller H, and of the of the grater-mill with great --- Page 108 --- THE COFFEE PLANTER So: Here alfo, by means ofthe fecond CHAP.II. great rapidity. teeth K, and of the cog-wheel L, row of circular to the winnowing-mill, the motion is communicated iron-bar-M. N.are being at the other end ofthe that fupport the iron the collars, hinge, and plattens axletree E, upos a latge piece ends O, of the vertical another platten, iupportof wood, P.; and Qis horizontal axletree C, whofe ing the end R. of the the great frame of the otnerend S. is fupported whecl.of by iron, adapted to the T. isra wooden box), which, grater-mill. (and inclofed in ai V, makes, grater-mill weights of lead, by means of four heavy more equal and unithe motion of the roller form. is the plan, and the Plate 15 is The Plate 14 the whole water-mill. the elevation of pieces, which are Independent of the former U, Plate14) marked in both with the iame letters, Aows intoithe conduit through which the water in motion. isa the whole machine wheel A, to put divided into two chanX. is the outlet of water, that the chaff and the red nels, with Nuices, a,b, to different places. fkins of coffee may be conveyed from which the chaff Z. is the winnoving-mill, through which the falls into X.b. Y.is a gutter, outlet of waters X.a. red fkins fall into the fame d. W.is the 8. is the grater mill upon its gutter €, and its peling-mil, with its grinding-whecl from the peclingaxletree f. g.is a pair of ftairs, mill down to the grater-mill through which the h. (Plate 15.) is a box, mill, from the garret, Ja cherries fall into the grater them from the other into which the negroes throw garret S into X.b. Y.is a gutter, outlet of waters X.a. red fkins fall into the fame d. W.is the 8. is the grater mill upon its gutter €, and its peling-mil, with its grinding-whecl from the peclingaxletree f. g.is a pair of ftairs, mill down to the grater-mill through which the h. (Plate 15.) is a box, mill, from the garret, Ja cherries fall into the grater them from the other into which the negroes throw garret S --- Page 109 --- OF ST. DOMINGO. 91. garret 1, into which they are brought up through CHAP.II. the door'm. The Plate 16 exhibits the figure of a triple mill, 51. Mulefet in motion by Mules; almoft all the mills. picces are the fame, except that, inftead of the water-wheel, the chief picce is the vertical axletree E. The whole contrivance is as follows. In the ftate exhibited in the figure, namely, to grind the coffee by means of the lever b.f, the collar c.f. turns round the axletree E; with the grinder e; and the vertical tree F. remains unmoved. For the ration of the grater-mil 8c, and ofthe opemill Z, the piece b. of the lever is taken winnowingout. The piece d. is put at the end of the lever A, and the mules are always tied in a.) then the wheel (as e. remains motionlefs. The axletree E. turns in the collar c.f, and puts in motion the horizontal wheel D, the axletree C.C, the vertical wheel K, the wheel L; and, of courfe, the grater-mill cogthe 8, and winnowing-mill Z. In both engines the three mills may aét at but, by fome caly means, the of once; two may be ftopt, while operation one or two or while one turns. The quanrity -of Water is always in proportion to the exertion. It muft be owned that the beft neceffary for thefe workmanfhip is 52. Obfet: engines; for I know nothing vations. worfe than a bad one. An engine well-known and experienced muft be taken as a model; but this be done, the correét execution is a nice though Here Icannot forbear matter. naming one Hoftcin, a fkilful artificer at the Cape, who was defervedly celebrated for the ftrength and precifion of his work. Thefe ion. It muft be owned that the beft neceffary for thefe workmanfhip is 52. Obfet: engines; for I know nothing vations. worfe than a bad one. An engine well-known and experienced muft be taken as a model; but this be done, the correét execution is a nice though Here Icannot forbear matter. naming one Hoftcin, a fkilful artificer at the Cape, who was defervedly celebrated for the ftrength and precifion of his work. Thefe --- Page 110 --- THE COFFEE PLANTER greater care than the CHAP.IL Thefe engives alfo require L others. conceived that thefe engines are It is generally correét calculation, they are expenfive; but, upon Hoftein fuunifhed a comlefs fo than imagined. for the three operations, and plete water-machine roller and fieve for the grater-mill, even a fpare of the bafons, for two thoufand and the two Quices dollars, will fave four grater-mills, which This engine and fixty dollars i a winnowingcoft nine-hundred with the houfe, mill, one hundred; a pecling-mill, thoufand ; the Quices at which cofts at leaft one thoufand and nincty leaft thirty dollars. Ia all, two doliars. that the engine will be lodged in Add to this, feet by twenty, which may a houfe of thirty-fix to four hundred amount, with all its appendages, muft be larger, the exdollars. But, as the canal dollars more, perhaps be two hundred penfe may thoufand. In all, two thoufand and the engine two There is only, thus, an exces fix hundred dollars. dollars. of five hundred and ten advantages of waterLet us now confider the mills. is arranged to the beft advantage, If every thing affifted by a boy of fixe a ftout intelligent negroe, the whole work; whereas fortyteen, may manage for four handnegroes are required four grown The labour of curning the winnowinggrater-rils,. this method. The work may be mill is alfo faved by whereas the forty-four done at any time of the day 5 the labour of the day, negrocs are employed after as and ten advantages of waterLet us now confider the mills. is arranged to the beft advantage, If every thing affifted by a boy of fixe a ftout intelligent negroe, the whole work; whereas fortyteen, may manage for four handnegroes are required four grown The labour of curning the winnowinggrater-rils,. this method. The work may be mill is alfo faved by whereas the forty-four done at any time of the day 5 the labour of the day, negrocs are employed after as --- Page 111 --- OF ST. DOMINGO. at an unfeafonable hour. All the morning, muft fpend half an hour negroes, every CHAP. If. coffee to the drying in carrying the - 1 it may be conveyed plarforms; 3 whereas, in this cafe, water carries the by the water. Lafty, the away chaff, which is nothing; and may conduét to a clofe good for fkins, which are good for receptacle the water-mill manure. Befides, the in a given performs more than double the time, ofany common mill. work, Thus, in any plantation which makes fand weight of coffee, I would fixty thouto the "expenfe of a water-mill, not hefitate in going quantity of water and where a fufficient - found. Nay, the a fkilful mechanic can be fupplied fcantinefs of water is by a large pond, calculated to fometimes the pring in twenty-four be filled by fifficient for the hours, and to flow in time But this is fomewhat daily working of the machine. precarious. Nothing fo much as a plentifil enlivens a country habitation being conveyed current of limpid water, capable of It conduces every where.by proper to health, as well as cleannefs, diftributions. play of an hydraulic machine is belides The ingly amufing, and carries exceedmind, fince it toil pleafing thoughts to the When the fpares to man. manufiéture is well next thing is the hofpical, then the eftablithed, the 53. Other after thefe, the mafter's negroe-houfes; Setlements, nances i laffly, the ftables, lodging and its appurtehoufes, But this is far from poultry and pigeonat once, or even without being attainable, cither tinue thefe works without intermiffions. To convert the negroes from the interruption, would dicrop; nor ought the fervice the fpares to man. manufiéture is well next thing is the hofpical, then the eftablithed, the 53. Other after thefe, the mafter's negroe-houfes; Setlements, nances i laffly, the ftables, lodging and its appurtehoufes, But this is far from poultry and pigeonat once, or even without being attainable, cither tinue thefe works without intermiffions. To convert the negroes from the interruption, would dicrop; nor ought the fervice --- Page 112 --- COFFEE PLANTER THE of which I liave If fhingles cannot be procured, thefe houfes muft be CRAF.II, in a former articlc, V fpoken The beft of all is the laiaueer, is $6. Tharch covered withThatch. tree. There of different the leaves of the leffer palm kinds. and of wild corn, with flky ears, growing French alfo a kind which may be. employed (in in walte lands, are obliged to plant berbe a panacbe); fome planters the tops of which make large fields of fugar canes, when they are full good thatch, but only leaves are very Guinea grals and plantain The grown up. but wich very lictle advantage. houfes, in alfo employed, as in the more eflential the wind, roofs made, are lefs affeéted by the figure of a tomb, in thatching. but require more nicety their negroes to make their A few planters fuffer and in what form they pleafe; own huts themfelves, be very incorreét, and perhaps of but thefe will always it feems that this building infuficient. Belides, obligations of the maiter. houfes, is one ofthe have his own houfe difIf the planter withes to I fhall entirely truft its pelig tinét from the coffee-ftore, will only obferve, that boufe. form to his own fancy. I convenient, and fufthe houfe muft be wholefome, Some glafs wincapacious for the family. comfortablev and ficiently and a chimney are very climates. dows in the cool and rainy chielly to hardiy-tifpeafule landlord wilhes to attend But, if the dwell under the fame roof; he may feparate, his manufaéture, that he be entirely the but in fuch a manner difturbed by neife, nor by fo as to be néither A large garret will make a fmoaking of tobacco. if the Aoor be well joined, capacious ftore ; and, fear duft, againft. which. an there is no caufe to additional dows in the cool and rainy chielly to hardiy-tifpeafule landlord wilhes to attend But, if the dwell under the fame roof; he may feparate, his manufaéture, that he be entirely the but in fuch a manner difturbed by neife, nor by fo as to be néither A large garret will make a fmoaking of tobacco. if the Aoor be well joined, capacious ftore ; and, fear duft, againft. which. an there is no caufe to additional --- Page 113 --- OF ST. DOMINGO floor additional precaution may be all over, I havc a taken; viz, to tar the CHAF.I1, method, as the people great propenfity to this L fifting and picking are employed in the work of ufually the moft inattentive, and require conftant flothful and Plate Ig.is the plan of that watching, The as to the ftore part, refer building, I fhall faid in the Number the reader to what I only, have all the boards and 48. Ch, II. and fay again, thac fmoke before fhingles fhould be well dried in nailed upon the they roof, are employed, and the lattér By Outhoufes àre (Plate 17.) with its underfiod, a kitchen, G, chimney and furnaces; ; a oven g and oullas and two ftores wathing-houe, H, with its its ik. for the provifions of chimney; ; All thefe articles different kinds, in the fame houfe may be brought together piral) where (and even joined with the hof againft fire. precautions muft bc taken to fecure For the prefervation of the cattle weather, a ftable is in rainy cold the middle of a indifpenfable. It is built Stabler; 59. pen or yard, well in gates locked every night. The inclofed, and the muft be of hard wood, pofts of the ftable ought to be well funk into the ground; ic âs the pen, and a little paved with common flone, as well away. The beft form inclined,to is convey the waters Jengchwife, by a to divide the Alable, beafts are tied in manger, to both fides of which the Èo make two feparate places; ; or it is ftill bettér fage, B, betwixt, mangers, for A, (Plate 20.) and a A quarter, C, a perfon to carry in the grafs. paf-. for the mafter's isalligned for the mules; another, horfes; another, E, for thofe of thie D; H guefts ; , by a to divide the Alable, beafts are tied in manger, to both fides of which the Èo make two feparate places; ; or it is ftill bettér fage, B, betwixt, mangers, for A, (Plate 20.) and a A quarter, C, a perfon to carry in the grafs. paf-. for the mafter's isalligned for the mules; another, horfes; another, E, for thofe of thie D; H guefts ; --- Page 114 --- THE COFFEE PLANTER for another, F, for the cOWS, and inclofed efpecially for their CHAP.11. guelts; with a place, G, 1 the milch coWS, hould be Thut againft the north, calves. The ftables the other fides may be open." of being high, but it This houfe has no need wide, and ftill more if feet muft be at leaft twenty in Plate 20. the manger is double, as is alfo neceffary in anothér A little feparate ftable for the animals which have place, but within reach, contagious diftempers. Plate 4-) with a pond in the In a large Yard (M. it, a 60. three or four great trees furrounding different Poultry- yard, &c. middle, muft be made for the Poultry, with kinds, as houfe for fowls of different rooms, well paved, wench. It need not be very alfo one for the poultry better that the poultry fleep becaufe it is extenfive, upon the trees. raifed upon There muft be alfo a pigeon-houfe, either well ten or twelve feet high ; tin four pillars, or garnithed with plâtes, plaftered and glazed, mice. The houfe muft be to keép out the rats and where the pigeons may lay furnithed with bafkets, and a covered hopper for their eggs; ; with a ladder, she corn. be walled round, two feet from The pillars muft for rabbits. It the houfe 5 this place is defigned muft be made in the muft be well paved, and holes in. walls for the rabbits to burrow five little lodges are In another place, four or for a hogity. made, with good ftakes, and covered, the ftables inbuildings, All the laft-mentioned It is obferved that picluded, may be thatched, geons, * per for their eggs; ; with a ladder, she corn. be walled round, two feet from The pillars muft for rabbits. It the houfe 5 this place is defigned muft be made in the muft be well paved, and holes in. walls for the rabbits to burrow five little lodges are In another place, four or for a hogity. made, with good ftakes, and covered, the ftables inbuildings, All the laft-mentioned It is obferved that picluded, may be thatched, geons, * --- Page 115 --- OF ST. DOMINGO, geons, in particular, do better under tiles, or even under thatch than fhingles. CHAP.I, The keepers of the - / have their huts provifion and by their pofts, negroe-grounds made in every Huts likewife are may find ready plantation-ground, fhelter when that the negroes rains. But here the overtaken by heavy is frightful. danger of a flalh of lightning This puts it in my remembrance Eleatric-bars, which have lately to mention 6r. principal buildings in our been ufed on the Eleéric. bars, fity of a good frame, and of plantations. The necef. order is generally known. keeping them in good I have mentioned, (I. Plate 19). venience and feveral times, the great confetlements. When neceffity of conveying Water to the 62. the Waters of wood, they fhould be fprings happen to be cleared and tations of plantain covered with thick trees ; for the planthey caft a deep fhade,. have the bamboos, though draining the fprings. There is peculiarity of nomenon, which probably alfo another phethe ground ; I have feen depends on the nature of and others decreafe almoft fome (prings increafe, ing the wood. to nothing, upon clearWater-conduits, or Canals, road, cut on purpofe in the u(ually run through a 63. made cither of boards, or with mountains. They are Canals, two gutters, which are palm-trees, cut into ported with ftakes and forks. upon the ground, or fupby all means, preferable, and But mafon's work 1S, of-t the road. requires lefs inclination Firft, the road is levelled, and of conveying the thus the Water is pofibility H afcertained, as alfo the regularity road, cut on purpofe in the u(ually run through a 63. made cither of boards, or with mountains. They are Canals, two gutters, which are palm-trees, cut into ported with ftakes and forks. upon the ground, or fupby all means, preferable, and But mafon's work 1S, of-t the road. requires lefs inclination Firft, the road is levelled, and of conveying the thus the Water is pofibility H afcertained, as alfo the regularity --- Page 116 --- THE COFFEE PLANTER inclination of the canal. The leaf of the SHAP. 11. regularity but the greater it is (within proper is fufficient; the canal will be, in order to. bounds) the narrower of water. With an incliconvey a given quantity fix feet, or a fathom, a canal nation of fix lines per will be enough for a of fix inches by four or five, water-mill. road is made as even and exaét as When the is begun at the fettlement (two pofible, the canal of the water-whecl, if it is feet above the zenith to the fource. Outlets defigned for a mill) upwards underneath, either for the are left, in proper. placés flowing from the mountains. torrents, or for the rain it is with Alat ftones, or The beft way to cover be taken out in cleanpalm-tree boards, which may the it is well to At fome diffance from fpring the fand ing. bafon, where the water may depofit as make a where all the floating bodies, or gravel, and be detained. by a grate. At 1 wood and leaves, may the ftream is admitted into the upper end, where, ftone wall is made the mouth of the canal, a good fo that the ordinary acrofs the former, obliquely, into the mouth, and that ftream may be conveyed find their ufual way, without the overflowings may canal. The beft place injury to the crofs-wall ftream or is confined between for this is where the bottom nof rock. narrow banks, upon a the Gardens, Orchards, 64I Thall entirely leave of that kind, refpeéting Gardens, Walks, and other things of a counSc. either the comfort or the embellifhment of the mafter. feat, to the tafte and ingenuity fitnefs try have already mentioned the remarkable for the I foil and climate of our mountains of the growth may canal. The beft place injury to the crofs-wall ftream or is confined between for this is where the bottom nof rock. narrow banks, upon a the Gardens, Orchards, 64I Thall entirely leave of that kind, refpeéting Gardens, Walks, and other things of a counSc. either the comfort or the embellifhment of the mafter. feat, to the tafte and ingenuity fitnefs try have already mentioned the remarkable for the I foil and climate of our mountains of the growth --- Page 117 --- OF ST. DOMINGO growth of greens, vegetables, 1oi every fort. The country and fruit trees of CHAF-II, thing for ufe and affords, perhaps, every 1 Europe. omnament, in the fame Spouts and cafcades degree as Almoft all the flowers of may be made as well. with fuccefs, and fome wild Europe may be éulivated fom beautifully for a indigenous fhrubs blof. fincfthedge and covered great part of the year. The lemon-tres, walks may be made wich tree of the logwood, Weft and ftill better of the creeping Indies. Abundance of cherryand plants are well pretty thick and ftately walks appropriaed for bowers ; be formed of that by an artful kind may boos (a). management of the bamThus, in deferibing the and the different preparation of the coffce, as well as I am able, fettlements, 1 have kept myfelf within my fecond objeét; accomplithed, folidity, the bounds of and, as I thofe who with to convenience and cence, or thole who cannot go nearer to magnifiI have fet down, afford even fo much as may extend or according to their views and contraét my plan building upon my foundations. circumflances, ftill Inow finifh my tafk in this mending to the point, with attention, the planter to preferve, with recomand fabrick he has raifed at uniceafing expenfe, and great is - become never to delay repair till labour negroes fbould confiderable, For that wafte ofw be inftruéted in the purpofe, fome workmanthip, at leaft fkilful different kinds pofe of repair. enough for the pur- (a) I muf mention fqualls of wind, ToWs of alfo, that if the fettlements bamboos area fafe fhel:er. are liable to great H 3 It penfe, and great is - become never to delay repair till labour negroes fbould confiderable, For that wafte ofw be inftruéted in the purpofe, fome workmanthip, at leaft fkilful different kinds pofe of repair. enough for the pur- (a) I muf mention fqualls of wind, ToWs of alfo, that if the fettlements bamboos area fafe fhel:er. are liable to great H 3 It --- Page 118 --- THE COFFEE PLANTER Ioz when all the fettlements are completed his CHAP.IL. It is anly with propriety, increafe that the planter can, Before that, things may plantations as he pleafes. works which attend the be calculated, fo that the check the culture of bufinefs of building do not about to fpeak in the the coffec, of which I am next chapter, --- Page 119 --- OF ST. DOMINGO, TO3. CHAPTER III. OF THE CULTURE OF THE THE SEVERAL PERIODS COFFEE TREE, DURING OF ITS DURATION, Tu improvement and ufe of the produétions appropriation of to our 1. Culture neral object of nature, is the ge- in general, creafe the culture, with a view both to inthe fcience quantity and ameliorate the of culture is like the quality. But dicine. In both, it is the fcience of meobjedt to affift nature, general and particular gladly confpire with which, in fuch cafe, will at leaft for a our exertions; but if will be found length of time and with thwarted, rebellious, rudenefs, the plant, the objeét of Hence a proper fludy of. attention. We our care, demands our firft acquainted with ought to make ourfelves its its origin, its progrefs, its familiarly temperament, its decay, its habits and inclinations. difpofition; I had almoft faid leave to In I expatiate on fome confequence, beg relative to this fubject. circumftantial particulars The original reproductive Tree is in the feed. Thus the Sprout of the Coffee 2. Creator has multiplied it bountiful hand of the Sprout, a feed, and open its fiffure almoft to infiniry, Take hardly perceive the fprout; or Aigma, you will ingly delicate. If the it is indeed exceedof ficcity, it withers into feed is kept long in a ftate green, it fhoots out with fterility, whereas, when it is wonderful eafc and H 4 ftrengeh; Let original reproductive Tree is in the feed. Thus the Sprout of the Coffee 2. Creator has multiplied it bountiful hand of the Sprout, a feed, and open its fiffure almoft to infiniry, Take hardly perceive the fprout; or Aigma, you will ingly delicate. If the it is indeed exceedof ficcity, it withers into feed is kept long in a ftate green, it fhoots out with fterility, whereas, when it is wonderful eafc and H 4 ftrengeh; Let --- Page 120 --- THE COFFEE PLANTER with its parchment (a), be laid Let the feed, a little, 3. fee it open itfelf Growth. only upon a wet foil, you of which leans A pedicle peeps out, an extremity two radicles are fecking towards the ground. Here The other extremity and foon grafp their nurfe. the whole feed. In a rears itfelf up, loaded with almoft round, and of a fhort time, two follicles, themfelves, from the very, thin yellow colour, unfold and Thake off the parchfubftance of the feed, feemed to mark their ment. The ftigma or fiffure of the feed ; and, on the feparation, on the Aat fide blended together; 2 round fide, they feemed perfeatly Thus it is the but now they part of themfelves. into thefe two follicless feed itfelf which fpreads out contaét of the air. which turn green by the fmall top rifes. Its From between them a into two Leaves, 4. Sap- and point is acute, and divides itfelf rifes again and pata lanceolous form. The fappling its leaves of Atill in the fame manner, bearing diflances, and again, or axillary, at equal two and two, to each other, above and every pair oppofite below. has feveral leaves, the two When the fappling about twelve or 5. follicles fall; when it is Boughs. original begin to make their fifteen inches high, the Boughs above the ftem of the appearance at the eye, clofe which originate from léaves. When thefe boughs, be difinguilhed as prithe trunk (and which may the leaves at their 6. have acquired ftrengeh, Priniaay. mary) and origin fall. rifes, always bearing leaves, The fappling cheury, as will alfo takes p'ace frem the wiole be caxconsbsiled leen in the alucle of Nurfuic, No 23:. afterwards inches high, the Boughs above the ftem of the appearance at the eye, clofe which originate from léaves. When thefe boughs, be difinguilhed as prithe trunk (and which may the leaves at their 6. have acquired ftrengeh, Priniaay. mary) and origin fall. rifes, always bearing leaves, The fappling cheury, as will alfo takes p'ace frem the wiole be caxconsbsiled leen in the alucle of Nurfuic, No 23:. afterwards --- Page 121 --- OF ST. DOMINGO! afterwards boughs above them, by 1O; lary form, and oppofite, Thefe pairs, or in axil- CHAP, III. themfelves in the fame boughs lengthen ( and as they grow,' they manner and proportion; a tharp point, which divides always end, as the trunk, in between which another itfelf into two leaves, another pair of leaves, which point fhoots out; that is, proper diftance, and fo on. alfo fpread out at a In their turn, Jcondary branches rectly above every leaf of the fhoot out, dimake their growth as the primary ones, Thefe suiam tiary branches, if the tree former, is and bear ter- 8. that goes farther, it is luxuriant. Where Tertiary. Here a material always in the fame order. in a great meafure, obfervation the is neceffary, as it is, 9. fyftem foundation of the Principle oflopping or pruning. whole of The vertical lopping. bearing its fappling or trunk has been boughs or primary fhown, pairs; fo that the inferior branches, in oppofite of a crofs with the ones exhibit the figure preading in four different fuperior, thus the four branches neceflary, that the tree be direétions ; and this is without being embarraffed, garnifhed all round, principle of avoiding Exactly from the fame ment of the encumbrance, the ferent. fecondary and tertiary branches arrangeThey all are placed is diffides of the mother by pairs, on both branches, fo that all horizontally, and with a pread out towards the direétion, in fome meafure; fhould grow circumference, (fce-Plate 22.) If become upwards or downwards, they would any ture makes intricate, and the tree embarraffed, no fuch blunders j and if fuch NaHappen to Exactly from the fame ment of the encumbrance, the ferent. fecondary and tertiary branches arrangeThey all are placed is diffides of the mother by pairs, on both branches, fo that all horizontally, and with a pread out towards the direétion, in fome meafure; fhould grow circumference, (fce-Plate 22.) If become upwards or downwards, they would any ture makes intricate, and the tree embarraffed, no fuch blunders j and if fuch NaHappen to --- Page 122 --- COFFEE PLANTER F1o6 THE cffeêts of art, art muft reCHAF.I. to be the unintentional fhall fee in its place. It muft 1 drefs them, as we that the tree being in its natural alfo be obferved, from the fame leaf ftate, two branches feldom grow or bud. the tree to be about four or five Now I fuppofe the ground will exfeet high. The boughs near the fource of vegetend wider, as they are nearer of the tree is pyramidal, tation, fo that the fhape three orders or more, garnih All thofe branches of from below upit richly, but, as all are horizontal, more or lefs, wards, all diverging from the centre, faces of the trunk either at the four or nine all placed diftances, at leaft eight (and thefe at other, at the fame face) or inches from each branches, the profufion both Gdes of the mother nor intricate. of nature can neither be perplexed of nature muit be reTbat beauriful ceconomy wanderings checked and the accidental will membered, into that orders for a period and reprefied the hand of man muft force nature arrive, when direétions and arrangement, from her common is the bufinefs of culThe redrefs of that wrong will explain. as the article of pruning fhrubs. Its ture, coffee tree is claffed among the Natu- The, will feldom exceed fifteen or cighteen but, S Sbape. natural height ofthe trunk is proponionables feet. The fize by culture, it is ufually being probably improved in diameter, in correfponfrom two to five inches of foil. In infancy, the pridence to the difference the but when the Thoot out near ground, they would maryboughs it is probable tree becomes fully grown, fall, the article of pruning fhrubs. Its ture, coffee tree is claffed among the Natu- The, will feldom exceed fifteen or cighteen but, S Sbape. natural height ofthe trunk is proponionables feet. The fize by culture, it is ufually being probably improved in diameter, in correfponfrom two to five inches of foil. In infancy, the pridence to the difference the but when the Thoot out near ground, they would maryboughs it is probable tree becomes fully grown, fall, --- Page 123 --- OF ST. DOMINGO.. fall, and that the tree, if left to I07. the form of all others; that itfelf, would have branchy head. is, a naked trunk and a CHAP.III. - Y 1 Confined to the ufual one of the moft elegant height, the coffee tree is 11.Artifthapeis that ofa fine bufh, productions of nature, Its cial Shape, without confufion. Its leaves pyramidical and luxuriant, colour, lanceolous, are of a deep green the fuperior polifhed, and fhining, chiefly on furface; its bloffoms, pleafing fragrancy, are abfolutely preading like a fweet jellamines, fupported by fhort fimall white a calix, four follicles and ftems, compofed of lightly tinged with a piftil, with its ftamina ftem. If they yellow, the whole upon a fhort mediately burnt, happen but to be blafted, they fall imknot, then the flower if the infant fruit forms a and remains there falls to the end of the piftil, to the fruit till both fulpended, the piftil ftill The little are dried and fall adhering green fruit grows on until together, yellow ; as it approaches it becomes over with red fpots and ripenefs, it fpreads itfelf fruit is perfedtly ftreaks, which widen till the colour. ripe, and of decp Both the flowers and fruit fhining purple large clufters going off from fpring forth in at the diverging of the every leaf or bud, and ftates, nature is no where branches; and, in both tiful in the variety of its more profife and beauThe coffee tree is colours and forms. degrce, with vegetable cndued, in an extraordinary again in many fprigs. Its life; being cut, it grows in the ground, branches cut and to bear by any of their ends, have placed roots and leaves been feen fallen from a height of thirty indifferently. I faw one feet with its clod; it ftopped of the every leaf or bud, and ftates, nature is no where branches; and, in both tiful in the variety of its more profife and beauThe coffee tree is colours and forms. degrce, with vegetable cndued, in an extraordinary again in many fprigs. Its life; being cut, it grows in the ground, branches cut and to bear by any of their ends, have placed roots and leaves been feen fallen from a height of thirty indifferently. I faw one feet with its clod; it ftopped --- Page 124 --- THE COFFEE PLANTER To8 and there bore fruit for feveraf CHAP. IIL. ftopped on a road, now. The bark ofthe trec years, and perhaps even rough; its wood and moderately is grey, compaôt, with very little fapwood is white, but. hard, knotty, it has a pivot or and central pith : under ground, four feet deep: the perpendicular root, three or bulk of caat firft large, end in an immenfe roots, If the pivot finds the quick ftone, pillary fibres. the tree will not laft long; gravel ftone, or clay, find their way through but it, as well as the roots, ofand if there is a good proportion ftony ground, ; nay, the tree may, mould, fuffer no inconvenience; the mould together. do better, as the ftones keep and the Period where it ofthe tree 1.Period - The Duration according to the climate and ofthePro- duce and begins to bear, vary is above thirty years in the beft Duration. foil: the. duration than fix or five in the fituations, and not more is after the fecond worft: the period of bearing the third in the cooleft. year in warm foils, and or even fometimes The full crop follows next favourable year, circumftances. later in the moft and a year influence the term of duration, Culture may and the mould rich, a chiefly, if the land be eafy out into an indeterwhole plantation may be fpun planted as the old minate length, new trees being ones die away. kinds are met with. 13Trees of different narrow leaves, a little crifped, Varieties. One, bearing fmall named Mocba coffee. One, which has been fancifully and rife much above the boughs of which are ftiff, far the beft and moft line ; but by bears the horizontal defcribed above, which produétive is that of which, natuand the boughs large even leaves, rally plantation may be fpun planted as the old minate length, new trees being ones die away. kinds are met with. 13Trees of different narrow leaves, a little crifped, Varieties. One, bearing fmall named Mocba coffee. One, which has been fancifully and rife much above the boughs of which are ftiff, far the beft and moft line ; but by bears the horizontal defcribed above, which produétive is that of which, natuand the boughs large even leaves, rally --- Page 125 --- OF ST. DOMINGO, rally horizontal, are gracefully IOg weight. This muft be inclined by their CHAP.IS, would be a matter of exclufively preferred. It - - ufe, and.it is beyond curiofity, but perhaps oflitcle thefe varieties have been my reach to invefligate how likely that a fingle kind produced, as it is véry into the Weft Indian only has been imported expatiate upon this fubject, ferlements, A botanift might refearches would and, after all, perhaps his thetical amount to no more than a probability. Befides, hypothat the coffee tree is none of the experience evinces that it bears fruit by irfelf, dyoick kind, but the vicinity of cthers, withour being aflifted by Such is that precious bufh, clature of naturalifts, is known which, in the nomenTafninium Araticum, by the appellation of gin. It agrees beft expreflive with ofits flower and oriwith a mountainous a cool, not cold climate, with rain and warmed fituation, alternately moiftened particularly by the fun; the requires to be filtrated moifture nating moifture very. freely, chiefly a being apt to heat and rot the ftagvirgin foil is roots; alfo fuffers highly from necefliry for its growth: : it hot. Arong winds, cither cold or I fhall not enter into its to mention that Mr. hiftory 5 but it is juftice French navy, brought Defclicux, an officer of the Defclieux. 14. Mr, and at the it, in 1726, with great King's expence of his own comforts, care garden to from the been Propagated Martinico, from whence it has plantations, through all the other ed, and That great beneft is Weft Indian the benefaétor known almoft unrecordand fuperb monuments to few, while ftatues proclaim to the world and pofterity, ice French navy, brought Defclicux, an officer of the Defclieux. 14. Mr, and at the it, in 1726, with great King's expence of his own comforts, care garden to from the been Propagated Martinico, from whence it has plantations, through all the other ed, and That great beneft is Weft Indian the benefaétor known almoft unrecordand fuperb monuments to few, while ftatues proclaim to the world and pofterity, --- Page 126 --- COFFEE PLANTER THE of fto mankindi the odious names of ravagers more CHAP. III. poflerity, who have perhaps done - - and of philofophers, all ranks of men with docmifchief by intoxicating fhould only have been intrines and maxims, which ftatefimen. culcated to the wife and 15.. I come to the plantation. is cleaned, the alleys traced, of Flantation. When the ground firft work is to lay out the the roads cut open, the rows of coffee trees. hundred and eighty feet Two or more lines, of divided a at the feveral difx6. Laying muft be differently with little fcraps of eut. long, defigned for the trees, The one or tances cloth, marked with numbers. the or fcarlet thofe lines will ferve, as ground the other of expofition direét. parallel rows are marlBy means ofthofe lines, in general from the ed out from above downwards, much as polmible, to the 'roads ; conforming, as Two men hold declivity of the ground. it upon the ground. greateft line well ftretched, and lay to be the of trees, happens If any obftacle, as ftumps muft not decline to a fide, in the way, the line ftraight over it. Other but muft rather be placed wooden pickets, with pointed where negroes are provided inches long, and plant them fide. about cighteen lic, and always at the fame fet the fcarlet marks the picket is Where the line is above ground, of fcarlet, and, being near the fcrap Next, the perpendicularly exa@tly in its place. dropped, is planted determining the line is moved on, and its change, at both ends between two rows, is meafured, So diftance with fticks of certain length. and in the middle, the line goes on. Some provided inches long, and plant them fide. about cighteen lic, and always at the fame fet the fcarlet marks the picket is Where the line is above ground, of fcarlet, and, being near the fcrap Next, the perpendicularly exa@tly in its place. dropped, is planted determining the line is moved on, and its change, at both ends between two rows, is meafured, So diftance with fticks of certain length. and in the middle, the line goes on. Some --- Page 127 --- OF ST. Some planters admit DOMINGO ofa Trt : tween the rows than between little more diftance be- CHAP.HI. that is intended for the the fcraps of cloth; 1 Others obferve, that the paflage of the negroes, ones, fo thac a fcrap of cloth even rows crofs the odd two neighbouring faces' the middle of lar quincunx rather pickets, thus forming an Both than a fet of irreguthefe methods are real perfest Iquares : This leads me to fpcak improvements. of cunxes, the advantage planting in Quin- 17. the rows, and, of of-which is to approximate Quincurx. es, the trees are ftill courfe, to gain ground, This at the fame though method has the refpective diftances. the pallage for the inconvenience of narrowing fuffer from it in their labourers, and the boughs will gardeners of extremities, Befides, the cunxes, becaufe Europe have renounced the quinair, which is they intercept the free neceffary to the trees. paflage of This, however, is the manner of quincunx: laying out a When the firft row, A.A. with the line, two laths, (Phte 21.).is marked pickets, are equal to the diftance ofits angles, whofe placed bafis at both extremicies. In triAt the tops b. : d. ether are at the pickets, I. 2. 2.3. 3-4mark the fecond pickets are row B.B. planted, which the fame operation for the Upon this you make on for the rows D. and third row C.C.; and fo all the E, &c. It is pickers are obvious that much as the.difference equi-difant, which though you gain as A.B. ofthe fquare, and the exifts between the fide abouta feventh part ofthe whole diagonal 1.b, which is In all cafes, às the furface, negroes place the pickets, the mafter are row B.B. planted, which the fame operation for the Upon this you make on for the rows D. and third row C.C.; and fo all the E, &c. It is pickers are obvious that much as the.difference equi-difant, which though you gain as A.B. ofthe fquare, and the exifts between the fide abouta feventh part ofthe whole diagonal 1.b, which is In all cafes, às the furface, negroes place the pickets, the mafter --- Page 128 --- THE COFFEE PLANTER end of the overfeer, being at the upper ERAP.II. mafter or of the numbers on each 1 the line, takes an account the whole in thejourrow; and in the evening number notes of the trees On) plannal. Thus the correét tations is known. of the ground oughe Pro- : The quality and expofition diftance of 18. to determinc the portions, to be the ruling guides other. That muft be rememthe trees from each laid down. (Chap. I. Nos. 4bered which has been rules. 5-) Here are the general the expofitions being the 1". The richer the foil, muft be the trees. fame, the more diftant the quality oft the 2°. The cooler the expolitions, the farther afunder the grounds being the fame, trees muft be planted. and weft the ground is 3". - If on the north 1f, on the contrary, in good, plant ftill farther. (which, as I have faid, the eaft or fouth it is light, nearer. In both cafes, js moftly the cafe) plant ftill viz. the quality and the there is a double reafon, efpest. if to the fouth and eaftyou plantat fame, Acordingly, ofthe ground being the fix feet, the quality welt and north, if the defcent plant at feven to the feven, nifit is eafy, (the greater js fteep; or at fix by for where the dediftance being between the rows) caft a longer, fhade fcent is fteep, the fuperior trees upon thofe below. difference of the north with the I have made no naturally cooler, beweft, though that expofition.be that, when the fun bealmoft always caufe it happens weftwards, the clouds gagins to make its defcent the coffee trees and prevent it from warming which' ther, ifit is eafy, (the greater js fteep; or at fix by for where the dediftance being between the rows) caft a longer, fhade fcent is fteep, the fuperior trees upon thofe below. difference of the north with the I have made no naturally cooler, beweft, though that expofition.be that, when the fun bealmoft always caufe it happens weftwards, the clouds gagins to make its defcent the coffee trees and prevent it from warming which' ther, --- Page 129 --- OF ST. DOMINGO: which, without that, would lie under till evening. its influence CHAP.IIT, 4". Where the wind blows an additional motive with violence, it is tance, becaufe in that to plant at a ftill greater dif. lower, and of courfe will cafe the trees muft be cut (See No. 33-) fpread out more in width. A fquare ofland, contain 13,611 planted at three feet fquaré, will at ten, trees; ; at fix, 3:402; at 1,225; at twelve, cight, 1914; at ten by nine, 850; at fix by five, and fo on. But 1713; at twelve by 4:151; as lands are cleven, 932, tal fiurfaces, it is obvious meafred by horizonproportion to the that furface is gained, in gonal is longer than declivity of the ground; for a diaremembered the fides of its that three fquare. Ificis and four twenty-fifth Englith acres make a fquare tion of the trees parts of a fquare, the an acre will receive is calculaNext, holes are to be ealy. ket muft, as much dug, of which as every pic- I9. muft be nine or twelve poflible, be the centre. Thefe Disgirg, teen or eighteen in depth. inches in diamteter, and fif. exprefsly neceffary for the Perhaps fo much is not it is obvious that the fuccefs of the plant, but more eafily into a foil well tender roots will penetrate The tools ufed in triturated and manured. wwith a fick of two digging are old or three feet. bills, helved mixed with hard ftones, the Ifthe ground is bar ofiron, with a ufual inftrument is a blade, fix inches point at one end, and a ftrong other. (Plate I. Fig. Jongwand two in breadth, at the The sarth from the 510) hole is placed beneath I it, at the but more eafily into a foil well tender roots will penetrate The tools ufed in triturated and manured. wwith a fick of two digging are old or three feet. bills, helved mixed with hard ftones, the Ifthe ground is bar ofiron, with a ufual inftrument is a blade, fix inches point at one end, and a ftrong other. (Plate I. Fig. Jongwand two in breadth, at the The sarth from the 510) hole is placed beneath I it, at the --- Page 130 --- THE COFFEE PLANTER in and the picket is left CHAF.I. the furface of the ground, - 1 the emptyhole. in light crumbly grounds, A few fettlers,plant, that is, inftead of digging a by means ofthe picket themfelves 5 with forcing a large hole, they content move it round, and pointed fick Înto the ground, little hole, together then infert the plant into that Thofe expediwith fome mould well tricurated. mentioned to warn tious and lazy methods are only the reader from adopting them. things come underexWithregardtol Planting,two the 20. namely, the plant itfelf, and proceffes. Planting. amination; with Seed is, ftrictly fpeaking, pradti- is 21. Planting But the method WithSeeds. cable, with proper precautions. is kept back and the plantation to always precarious, Befides, as it is employed at leaft one year. holes, the ftreams ofrain avoid the trouble of fdigging and drive the other half fweep away half the feeds, can be more irreout of the rows, fo that nothing gular and defeétive. preferable, and the beft 12.P'ants. Sapplings are exclufively been reared in nurferies, onc of all are fuch as have the very firft, and indeedt of which muft be made at as long as another with every fucceeding plantation, For want of nuris intended to be made next needs year. be taken as may have feries, fuch piants muft from feeds occafionally germinated under old trees, in the (hade, they fallen; and, as they have grown and little capable of are moftly rickety or heat defeétive, of the fun. In general, enduring the ftrong nothing better can however, for the firft plantations, be begged from a be had, and even thefe muft the leaft defedtive muft neighbour. In fuch cafe, be needs year. be taken as may have feries, fuch piants muft from feeds occafionally germinated under old trees, in the (hade, they fallen; and, as they have grown and little capable of are moftly rickety or heat defeétive, of the fun. In general, enduring the ftrong nothing better can however, for the firft plantations, be begged from a be had, and even thefe muft the leaft defedtive muft neighbour. In fuch cafe, be --- Page 131 --- OF ST: be DOMINGO. chofen, and planted in rainy chance of fucceeding better. weather, to give the CHAP.I, A level, or at leaft a where the mouldi lis ground of eafy defcent, the purpofe ofa crumbly, is the moft eligible for Nurferies, 23. coffee trees, little Nurfery. In the middle rows ofthe fcraper, (Plate I. furrows being made with the luxuriant trees Fig. 3.) the fineft feeds from are put in the of ftout each other, and furrows, about an inch muft be frefh, Some lightly covered: The feeds prefer to take off the plant the whole cherries; I ed feeds; becaufe fkin, and to wafh the feparatifboth fucceed, they otherwife one of them fails, and each other (a). The grow fo near that they annoy from the ftreams of nurfery muft be gutters above it. rain, by means of two preferved weeds, and It muft be kept oblique no corn nor very clean of in it. any thing elfc muft be fown Any time of the year is vided it be proper for they rainy; 5 but in winter, the planting, pro- 24. Seafon fucceed well, will not advance plants, though for plant-" comes.to their relief, In the much till ing. and rains of pring September, they grow July, Auguft, as if planted in the more fafter, but never fo well May, when nature feems genial rains of. April and powers of vegetation. to open itfelf to all the Great quired, as the treafures of attention is ncw reftake. fucure harvefts are at the : (a) ground, As in germination the cherryi is entire, raifes that its feed head, lifiing pedicle, up the after feed, imfening itis its radicles into capable other, whicl off being thus deprived which has ofthe serminated: the frft obvious muit lift that, ifthe faftening its rndicles intoi it, willperith, humidity ofthe ground, andin- tupthe I2 Firlt, treafures of attention is ncw reftake. fucure harvefts are at the : (a) ground, As in germination the cherryi is entire, raifes that its feed head, lifiing pedicle, up the after feed, imfening itis its radicles into capable other, whicl off being thus deprived which has ofthe serminated: the frft obvious muit lift that, ifthe faftening its rndicles intoi it, willperith, humidity ofthe ground, andin- tupthe I2 Firlt, --- Page 132 --- THÉ COFFÉE PLANTER The the Choice and Drefs ofthe plant: Choice Firft, for viz. that has four 25. and Drels beft ofalli is that which is crowned, at the end oft the which happens commonly Plant. little boughs, The beft way would certainly of twelve months. with its clod, and to carry the be to take it up, and then, the feafon being whole into the holès, advanced might be taken rainy, plants much more would be forward in with fuccefs, and the produce dificult, when no But that is very the proper proportion. fhould be loft, for fear of mifling time where it is neceffary to plant many feafon, and thoufands. be by force, in The plants muft not pulled-of! The cafe they might be pecled or twifted. under which muft be raifed up, and broken deep The furrow Ant, fharp, iron fhovel. the roots with a of, and the clods Thaken off. plants are taken hold leaves fpotted with yellow All fuch as have their muft be thrown patches, or their roots worm-eaten, the cafe with nurfery But that is feldom is cut about away. For fuch as are good, the pivot little thortened, plants. and the capillary roots are a an inch, with a Aharp knife. are planted after being The fooner the fapplings they may, in cafe of taken up, the better; though for four or five days abfolute necefity, bé kept place, their roots without injury, laid in a fhadowy under a bed of plantain covered with moift earth, deleaves. the method of planting, equally s6. Next comes attention. Piocels. ferving proper again into the The carthi dug out is not returned taken, fome of the mould around is only which hole; arp knife. are planted after being The fooner the fapplings they may, in cafe of taken up, the better; though for four or five days abfolute necefity, bé kept place, their roots without injury, laid in a fhadowy under a bed of plantain covered with moift earth, deleaves. the method of planting, equally s6. Next comes attention. Piocels. ferving proper again into the The carthi dug out is not returned taken, fome of the mould around is only which hole; --- Page 133 --- OF ST. DOMINGO. which is firft thrown in the fix inches decp. Then the bottom, about four or CHAP. III. the left hand in the middle plant is fupported with ( touching of the hole, the pivot lightly the new bed; with the right the furrounding fix inches. mould is thrown in, to the height This is lightly preffed down with of hands, Earth is thrown again, and both more ftrongly, but with care that the again preffed not hurt, crooked or difplaced. Three fappling be ches of the hole are left or four inwill fill in procefs of time. open, which the earth above fet fo deep, that its two inferior The fappling muft be under the level ofthe branches be rather The bulinefs is finifhed, ground. the upper margin of the by finking the picket at both as a finall fence hole, where it will ferve mark, fhould the to the infant trec, and as a Some plant happen to wither. planters fow threc or four feeds hole, but a feparate nurfery is by far round the nourifhment of thofe better, as the that of the tree, parafites muft be taken from When the plantation of coffee is beans, Indian corn, and completed, 27. Accef. plantains and roots in the greens are fowed, (as alfo fories. 23- and the ravines, fee Chap. I. No. following). It is true that prove a caufe ofthe negroes, in their thefe may in the night, frequently way to purloin the fame may breaking the fapplings. But happen while in or calaloos. I refer alfo the reader queft toreilfgine fory plantations, to the other accef. Befides, mentioned in Chap. I. Nos, 32, &c. of a except in the carly and neceffitous times fown fettlement, in the coffee provifions fields are not permittedi to be There is not after the firft year, perhaps any plant which requires 28. I3 Weeding. more purloin the fame may breaking the fapplings. But happen while in or calaloos. I refer alfo the reader queft toreilfgine fory plantations, to the other accef. Befides, mentioned in Chap. I. Nos, 32, &c. of a except in the carly and neceffitous times fown fettlement, in the coffee provifions fields are not permittedi to be There is not after the firft year, perhaps any plant which requires 28. I3 Weeding. more --- Page 134 --- THE COFFEE PLANTÉR of foil than the coffee tree. Weeds CHAP. III. more purity caufe it to grow yellow, fade, wither, keep it back, are alfo the caufe of lefs and even perith. They and feed; and of mildewing abundance both in flower It is of courfe neceffary to or ftunting in growth. and never to fuffer the weeds weed with great care, where the land is to grow into feed. However, where it is foft and crumbly, fteep, and ftill more for the fhowers it muft, by no means, be turned, the common will fweep it away. This is ageinft here.- but it is indifpenfable rules of hufbandry, as much as pofible, pulled The weeds muft be then, deep roots compe! to dig by the hands, and ifthick muft be again returned and with tools, the earth muft be diftributed, preffed down. The negroes middle row, and two, for- this labour, one in every feét. The beft way would ifitis wider than feven out ofthe ficld, certainly be to take the weedings and that they may rot both for greater cleanlinefs, place; but if that cannot for manure in a remote fome weeds, of a moift be done, there are at leaft which it is of vegetation, nature and ftrong powers away altogether; others abfolutely necelfary to carry fun is and they be fpread out, ift the powerful, weather is rainy, may wither. Butifthe (a) rows of will (hortly laid in little heaps, in the very they muft be ifthe heaps were placed in the the coffee trees; for would turn the ftreams ofrain middle rows, they would thereby fuffer. If towards the trees, which the trunks ofthe trees, the weeds are heaped around made, in procefs of is thus undoubtedly offena ianure bait is alfo laid for ants and other timne, but a five inicéts. Tlisis the worft time for weeding: As (a) of will (hortly laid in little heaps, in the very they muft be ifthe heaps were placed in the the coffee trees; for would turn the ftreams ofrain middle rows, they would thereby fuffer. If towards the trees, which the trunks ofthe trees, the weeds are heaped around made, in procefs of is thus undoubtedly offena ianure bait is alfo laid for ants and other timne, but a five inicéts. Tlisis the worft time for weeding: As (a) --- Page 135 --- OF ST. DOMINGO, A As often as a field of' coffee is rain trees, the ground cleaned, the plan- CHAP, III, neighbourhoo:f provifions and grafs in the - - ought alfo to be weeded. The plantain trees ought likewife to have the numerary fuckers lopped off, only threc ftalks iepcre of different heights being left at each ftock; and laftly, the roacs, where ftones and rubbifh mulate, muft be cleared away. accuCare mult be taken that lands do not wafte near to windward ofthe remain are an everlafting plantations, as they by, the wind, nurfery of feeds, which, carried occafion endlefs troublefome nuifances muft be weeding,-Such and by fire. deftroyed by the hoe Thel hoe, by means of which is ed with expedition, weeding performgrounds. can only be ufed in level The fcraper, (Plate I. Fig. is the more general inftrument ufed for this 3-) is a fmall rod of iron, fixteen inches purpofe, It ed at one end by a fmall triangular long, terminatinch wide, and at the other with blade about an about two inches. Several a fnall hoe of with better reafon, fmall crooked planters, however, ufe, cles, picces ofiron cir- (Fig. 4-) as they occafion ftill lefs wafte of ground, If the plantations have been made too for the hands, Or, fhould this not be the extenfive harveft is without cafe, if the the fields fo clean intermiflion, it is difficult to keep have as they ought to be. Ifthe weeds unfortunately been fuffered to into feeds, there will be Do end, if the overrun, ufual and go of weeding, from one end of the method other, is followed; becaufe the plantations to the firft part cleaned I 4 will ground, If the plantations have been made too for the hands, Or, fhould this not be the extenfive harveft is without cafe, if the the fields fo clean intermiflion, it is difficult to keep have as they ought to be. Ifthe weeds unfortunately been fuffered to into feeds, there will be Do end, if the overrun, ufual and go of weeding, from one end of the method other, is followed; becaufe the plantations to the firft part cleaned I 4 will --- Page 136 --- THE COFFEE PLANTER 120. before ordinary circuntCHAP, III. will again be overrun, toit. It will be neceffary, L fances permit to return weed one traôt firft, then therefore, in this cafe, to as foon as the another, and to return. to the firft, over and in this manner to pafs weeds pulh out; fo that it may the whole twice, at a fhort interval, be perfeatly clean. been attempted, both to prcSeveral means have of weeds, and to keep vent or to leffen the growth as is the cafe from being walhed away, the ground have been planted: after weeding. Sweet potatoes and keep enrich the ground, if not dug out, and They but they entwine the coffee trees, it together; the foil the genial influence of the keep away from of others who have covered the fun. I have heard mattrefs, or thick bed of ground with, as it were, a doubilefs leaving an fugar canes or millet gras, but I have no expeempty fpacc round every tree; of the practice. rience which can enable me to fpeak to it, but confefs I fee no other objeétion I candidly cutting, carrying, and placing the toil of planting, of Auff. It may be tried; fuch an immen'e quanticy other trials, ought to be made but this, as well as all on a fmail fcale at firft. the favannas or pafTwo or three times a year, the wild weeds, unfit tures fhould be cleared of all and which fmother the good grafs. for the cattlc, of black knowr, that a proportion It is generally and that theep and goats cattle improves the paftures, fpoil them. the fapplings of coffee trees 1°. I6 in weeding, 29. others muft be planted Accidents: are obferved to be withered, (Nos. 19. and in their ftead, as has been explained, 26.) Two or three times a year, the wild weeds, unfit tures fhould be cleared of all and which fmother the good grafs. for the cattlc, of black knowr, that a proportion It is generally and that theep and goats cattle improves the paftures, fpoil them. the fapplings of coffee trees 1°. I6 in weeding, 29. others muft be planted Accidents: are obferved to be withered, (Nos. 19. and in their ftead, as has been explained, 26.) --- Page 137 --- OF ST. DOMINGO, 26.) The older the is to be taken in digging plantation à wider is, the more care CHAP, III. adding a proportion of manure. and deeper hole, 1 fapplings muft be chofen, and In this cale, larger their clod, (Sce Art. fet in the earth with better keep 55. No. I.) fo that pace with the others, they may 2". Ifany fappling is found muft be cut clofe by the broken or twifted, it tion refembling the ground, in a floping direcfurface facing the north. mouth-piece ofa flute, the cut this, of which the beft Suckers will hootupfrom will advance fo much the only need be preferved. This beginning, will acquire better, as the roots, in the ket is more great ftrength. Here' a the fucker necelfary than in other cafes, becaufe pic3°. When, may want the fupport of a prop. noon, the fun after a light fhower of rain immediately darts its towards 30: And force, trees are rays with Ditempto Brokes liable, as well as human great ers. ef tbe /ntt, asthey are creatures, which is to blaft the termed, the cffeét of green fruit. I know young plants, or to mildew the but to plant afrefh; but no remedy againft this evil upper mountains, where this rarely happens in the cool, and the the climate is ground frefh, generally 4". Often, and particularly eighteen or twenty months when the trees are whofe leaves become old, you find a tree plant will certainly yellow and wither. Such The caufe perifh, if not fpeedily relieved, fruit. may arife from a Lofe no time then to premature overload of afer a few days it does remove this entirely, IE probably eaten at the not begin to recover, it is much roots, by a large white refemnbling a Alug. Icannott be fatisfied worm, ofthe efficacy and particularly eighteen or twenty months when the trees are whofe leaves become old, you find a tree plant will certainly yellow and wither. Such The caufe perifh, if not fpeedily relieved, fruit. may arife from a Lofe no time then to premature overload of afer a few days it does remove this entirely, IE probably eaten at the not begin to recover, it is much roots, by a large white refemnbling a Alug. Icannott be fatisfied worm, ofthe efficacy --- Page 138 --- COFFEE PLANTER THE the ground, the tree clofe by efficacy of cutting for this difeafe (4), CHAP.H. which is confidered as a remedy the worm the evil is in the root. I believe as this can becaufe 3 and, muft be taken out completely up the tree, I never. be done without taking careful not to plant hardly do fo, and I even was made failed to without having pre- for again in the fame place, and left this hcle expofed vioully a largerhole, fun. If in digging thus deeper to the a plantain trec, a fortnight vein of clay, rather plant viétim. you find a would only! be another for another coffee tree plantain trees are inter5". In hot fituations, trees, for the purpole of with the coffee placed at evemingled Thefe are ufually or lefs fhade and coolnefs. as the trees are more fourth or fixth row, or lefs hot. This is gery diftant, and the place more fuccefs. But the planattended with great in the intervals of nerally placed fo tain trees are fometimes of courfe, too near them, arid the coffee trees, and, entangled with their boughs, of that they become ofthe plantains, and even the fall ofthe clufters hurt them. It is better, may break and inftead of the leaves, tree be placed therefore, that a plantain the rows be alternately plantree, and that a coffee cooltain and coffee. from the extreme and the 6°. 1f, on the contrary, lofe their leaves, nefs ofthe place, the trees which is the ufual conends of their boughs wither, muft be examined. If the the firuation fituation, there is no fequence, from the aétual but this never hapevil originates freclys but pruning other remedy jn the Jamaica Almanack In an effay upon this culture, is byno printed ncans contemptible. (a) which (however thon) pens of s789, the extreme and the 6°. 1f, on the contrary, lofe their leaves, nefs ofthe place, the trees which is the ufual conends of their boughs wither, muft be examined. If the the firuation fituation, there is no fequence, from the aétual but this never hapevil originates freclys but pruning other remedy jn the Jamaica Almanack In an effay upon this culture, is byno printed ncans contemptible. (a) which (however thon) pens of s789, --- Page 139 --- OF ST. pens except when trees are DOMINGO. fully times, however, fuch accident grown up. Someon neighbouring heights, arifès from woodland, CHAP.I, 1 plantation. In fuch cafe, cafting its fhadow over the ing away the obnoxious wood. nothing will do but clearthisin a decp valley, where the I fàw an inftance of and where the remedy had the trees faced the fouth, 7°. Where the climate is expeéted fuccefs. damp, the trees grow but exceedingly cool and the ground be excellent, well, do not bear, the This though country is covered with happens chiefy where as new fettlements wood, and will fome are formed. Thus difappear eftates, at one time under I have feen become very produétive after this predicament, the climate having been feven or ten years; ing and cutting down the entirely wcods. changed by open8°, Wood rats are fond ofthe fometimes commit grear havock pulpof coffee, and upon trees near the wood. among the fruit, them, for rat's poifon would Snares may be laid for count oft the negrocs and be dangerous, on achowever, very dogs. This damage is, is to clear inconfiderables ; and the 9". Sometimes completely the borders of the beft.remedy wood. trees, and do fome ants little and wood licegetu upinto the Jaid at the foot of the mifchief, Afhes may be their afcent, When tree, with a view to they feldom fhaken down, ac the Prevent Io°. When muliply fo as to do harm. weedings, dry, the cherries the feafon has been 2, and, are liable to be blefted, uncommonly though large and to cither empin, or mildewed (black-burn) red, have no feed withThere is no remedy, But the before chey are ripe, high mountains are, in the Jaid at the foot of the mifchief, Afhes may be their afcent, When tree, with a view to they feldom fhaken down, ac the Prevent Io°. When muliply fo as to do harm. weedings, dry, the cherries the feafon has been 2, and, are liable to be blefted, uncommonly though large and to cither empin, or mildewed (black-burn) red, have no feed withThere is no remedy, But the before chey are ripe, high mountains are, in --- Page 140 --- THE COFFEEPLANTER meafure, free from this inconvenience, çHAP.I. in a great felt in a great degree in hot fituations. which is only moft beautiful plantation in I know of a crop, in a thoufand out ofTortuga, where forty-five the inand fell fhort from this caufe. of coffee trees, of cighty The eflay upon the culture of 11. in a preceding note, fpeaks which I have.noticed offenfive to the cropsi in Jamaiwhite Aies as highly as a remedy, to plant gine-apca; and recommends infeats prefer the foect ples betwoixt tbe trees; as eitber tbofe kills them, Gr prevents acid of tbis fruits wubicb to mention that obfertbeir mualipbsing. I am glad heard of thofe white flies vation ; but I have never in St. Domingo. above that (harp winds are hurtIt has been faid the lcaves, diforder 31. Wind. ful to coffee trees, They the crifp bloffoms before they the boughs, throw down ofthe fruit, and lafly fhake knit, difturb the growth when young, in fuch a manthe whole tree, chichly hole in the carth, trunk works a coniçal a ner tharthe deadly in ftrong foils, by affording which proves which caufes the roots receptacle for ftagnant water, to rot. the earth muft be well If this has happened, filled up, and the tree either broken round, the hole as has been faidin propped or cut near the ground, article, No. 2. againft the preceding are employed Befides, feveral precautions has been hinted at in a the wind, the frft of which and another will be former article, (18. No. 4-); chapter. A more immentioned in No. 33 of this the picket ufed inediate remedy is to propthe trees; though fupinplaning may ferve in the beginning, port , filled up, and the tree either broken round, the hole as has been faidin propped or cut near the ground, article, No. 2. againft the preceding are employed Befides, feveral precautions has been hinted at in a the wind, the frft of which and another will be former article, (18. No. 4-); chapter. A more immentioned in No. 33 of this the picket ufed inediate remedy is to propthe trees; though fupinplaning may ferve in the beginning, port --- Page 141 --- OF ST. DOMINGO. port Îs feldom neceffary before enough to give the wind a hold. the tree is large CHAP.I. plant is very flender it Befides, when the. ) the tree becomes yields to the wind. When higher larger, the danger is props are neceffary. In greater, and to the prop with the dry fkin all cafes, it is tied as the trunk of a plantain may be kept firm, tree, fo gled in its without is growth * and at being ftrana little flackened, every weeding the knot I have feen the by rows of tayaux young trees fucceffully fheltered berween (See Chap. I. No. 37.) roots muft every row, or every fecond row. planted not be dug out, and But the muft bc cut at the weedings. the largeft leaves ance, to keep back the This feems, in appearthe growth of the top is' trees; but in proportion as gain force ; and when flower, the trunk and rocts (which is done in the end the tayaux are deftroyed, cutting them clofe, and of the fecond year, by leaves heaped upon the choaking the fprouts by fift the wind, and ftocks) the coffec trees reThele grow with redoubled vigour. are formed, precautions are needlefs when theor Ropped as it is termed, trees article) and full grown; but (fee the 33d prove hurtfnl Co the boughs, the wind may filN fruit. leaves, bloffoms, and Where the lands are almnoft level part ofthe ifland (as the greateft left between and ofTortuga) around belts ofwood may be arees: thefe break the wind the feveral fields of coffee perhaps. a hundred feet wide complerely; and being ed into ftately delightful or morc, may be openavenucs. But in fteep grounds full grown; but (fee the 33d prove hurtfnl Co the boughs, the wind may filN fruit. leaves, bloffoms, and Where the lands are almnoft level part ofthe ifland (as the greateft left between and ofTortuga) around belts ofwood may be arees: thefe break the wind the feveral fields of coffee perhaps. a hundred feet wide complerely; and being ed into ftately delightful or morc, may be openavenucs. But in fteep grounds --- Page 142 --- THE COFÉEE PLANTER this would ferve no pur* and cool climates, to beneCHAF. 1II. grounds the trees are placed too high pofe, becaufe and, as the daily breeze ufually fit from the fhelter; with the fun, the fhade comes from the fame quarter throw over the trees would which thefe woods would culture and climate, injurious Every be otherwife in this world, has its inconveniences, fatisfied as every thing and we muft reft as well as its advantages, with the mixture. ofPruning, underftood I ceme now to the fubjeét into different opePruning 32. in in its general fenfe. Itis divided general. rations. the tree, a praétice generally The firft is to Rop of St. Domingo. But obferved in ali the plantations that ic is owing, in a very it is chiefly remarkable, entirely, to this, that full lopgreat meafure, if not if nalfulinduftry is not ping becomes indifpenfable, exerted to avert it. the top of the trec, Stopping confifts in cutting It is for, fe33: or leffer degrce. pra@tifed Stopping, in a greater necelfary and obvious. veral reafons, equally: fruit within reach ofthe hand, 1". By bringing the down and bendthe negrees from pulling Thisit prevents in the bufinefs ofgathering, ing the boughs, the boughs, which refift ftrongly is the more ufeful,as direction, are cafily broken if drawn in their natural A primary bough, alfo, off when bent downwards. fhoots again. once broken off, never more frengeh and vigour, 2°. The tree acquires both below and above hold ground. to the winds. 3°. It affords lefs of the tree is more beautiful. It 4. The form 5". from pulling Thisit prevents in the bufinefs ofgathering, ing the boughs, the boughs, which refift ftrongly is the more ufeful,as direction, are cafily broken if drawn in their natural A primary bough, alfo, off when bent downwards. fhoots again. once broken off, never more frengeh and vigour, 2°. The tree acquires both below and above hold ground. to the winds. 3°. It affords lefs of the tree is more beautiful. It 4. The form 5". --- Page 143 --- OF ST. DOMINGO, s". It lofes none ofits inferior 12y which, as nearer the fource of original branches, ter nourifhed, and of courfe vegetation, are bet- CHAP.H, ( Thefe explanations more produétive. many. They are mentioned may appear fuperfuous to to whom it may be for the fake of thofe thing. neceflary to explain It is not every for proper to give a precife and fixed of ftopping trees, at a certain beigbt. rule picking is a main point, In this The facility fhould never be allowed to view, the trees the quality of the exceed five feet. Nexe the beft, five muft ground be muft be examined. In point, from which it confidered as the proper three, and even two feet may in the come down to four, pofe that the worft, Here I the trees plantation has been well laid fuopplaced at proper diftance." out, and The alpect muft alfo be expofed to winds, the trees confidered. If much equal) ought to be lower. (all other. things being has been forefeen when But it is fuppofed this out; for if the tree be the plantation was laid (with the fame lower, it will Yet that the means of growth) fpread confequently boughs of wider. approach one another, is no neighbouring trees may the matter ought to have been matter of doubt, but do not interfere ; hence it is fo judged, that they expolitions, as the trees muft a rule, that in windy rife fo high as in others, the not be permitted to muft be proportionably diftances between them in No. 18, 4-) greater. (Referred to this Thus, the facility of point, The goodnefs of gathering is the ruling the foil, the expofition of of wider. approach one another, is no neighbouring trees may the matter ought to have been matter of doubt, but do not interfere ; hence it is fo judged, that they expolitions, as the trees muft a rule, that in windy rife fo high as in others, the not be permitted to muft be proportionably diftances between them in No. 18, 4-) greater. (Referred to this Thus, the facility of point, The goodnefs of gathering is the ruling the foil, the expofition of --- Page 144 --- COFFEE PLANTER THE of the and the ftrength and diftances each cther: CHAP.11. of the ground, be next eftimated with be 1 trees fhould even, in fome meafure, Miftakes corpmitted may have been planted too amended; for if the trees luxuriancy, it by uncommon if near, as is proved a higher growth ; will be advifeable. to permit lower; ; nevers wide, ic will be proper to ftop from too the probable, dangers however, forgetting winds. againft winds, ftop Some planters, as a remedy or lefs, under the their trees cighteen inches, more this means, the tree height; and when, by (gormanproper raken firm root, fuffer a luxurient out under has fucker, to fhoot dizing as it is termed) which they again ftop at one of the upper boughs; fuckers, in general, bear point. Thefe numbers fail, a proper leaves and little fruit. Gieat will be large treated in this manner and a plantation I by no means recommend dwarfilis and unfightly. fhould it be pra@tifed, the bough the method; but fhoots ought to be cut from which the fucker it would frangle the fhort off; becaufe otherwife, its vegetation. I will ftem of the top, and annoy trees have been ftopped ultimately allow, that if the fucker may be admitted, low, the growth of a too (though inadequate) remedy. of the as the only the fame afpeét, and on ground at Under to be ftopped fane quality, all the trees there ought being no caufe for the fame height; becaufe, contributes fo much to the irregularity, nothing of appearance. beauty ofa plantation as uniformity wood, others at green Some planters ftop at ripe to fuffer the tree to cocod; the former are obliged grow imately allow, that if the fucker may be admitted, low, the growth of a too (though inadequate) remedy. of the as the only the fame afpeét, and on ground at Under to be ftopped fane quality, all the trees there ought being no caufe for the fame height; becaufe, contributes fo much to the irregularity, nothing of appearance. beauty ofa plantation as uniformity wood, others at green Some planters ftop at ripe to fuffer the tree to cocod; the former are obliged grow --- Page 145 --- OF ST. DOMINGO. grow almoft a foot too high, The latéer cut it foon as itis grown beyond the point, Ia as CHAP.IIT, ferred the latter method ; Ift. Becaufe always pre- ( ing tender and brittle, the top, beyields to the fingers; in other, a knife is neceffary, by which the the always more or lefs fhaken. 2dly, Becaufe trunk is is ftopped fooner, and does not remain fo the tree fo much expofed to the winds. long nor effentially Moreover, it is neceffary to cuti immediately under a Thus, the little top which is left, knot. boughs together, which keeps the next might caufe the tender otherwife, by their weight, trunk to plit afunder manner of a fork. It alfo in the that, in all ought to be remarked probability, the tree, after it is may grow a few inches 5: but on this ftopped, no exact obfervation. point I have While the negroes are weeding, the drivers the trees, meafuring the heights by their ftop are marked with notches ftaffs, which of different defigned for the grounds afpedts and qualities. In this bufinefs, you have been nature in her obliged to thwart Effeéts diétion, defigns; and, according to my pre- # ftopyou may expeét to fec her, as it ping. fended. were, ofIt appears that, becaufe the trees have ftopped, and the heights to which the foil and been vegetative power feemed the has been defigned to rear them, circumferibed, an imperuous and overflowing fap breaks out from all quarters. If thing is done againft this exuberance of nojuice, the trees, in procefs of time, will vegetable maze of entangled boughs, inacceflible grow into a nial warmth of the fon, and deficient to the gein the ordinary K powers ofIt appears that, becaufe the trees have ftopped, and the heights to which the foil and been vegetative power feemed the has been defigned to rear them, circumferibed, an imperuous and overflowing fap breaks out from all quarters. If thing is done againft this exuberance of nojuice, the trees, in procefs of time, will vegetable maze of entangled boughs, inacceflible grow into a nial warmth of the fon, and deficient to the gein the ordinary K powers --- Page 146 --- THE COFFEE PLANTER of the It'is the bufinefs CHAP.IIL. powers of fruétification. excefs of vegetation, and to Y planter to check the the wrath of offended nature, affwage, fo to fpeak, her laws and original infubferviency to by a ftrist tenticns. what they are (No. 5 to 12.) fhoot Remember fuckers, with large leaves, Vertical green boughs. Thefe are very cillig from under the primary : pluck them off termed gormandifng tops properly inftanrly. branches ought to grow by the fides Whereas all branches Nender, brownifh, oft the, primary boughs ; diftant knots, fpring upwith large leaves and very direétions from the wards, and in almoft vertical the good boughs rife through and entangle knots, thefe alfo inflantly. and branches : pluck within the ftems of the leaves Whereas every! bud branch, and every knot fhould have but a fingle or four are fometimes two oppofite ones, two, three, bud, fome of them in obierved to Thoot at a fingle thefe, thus fuperfuous, a backward direétion. All only one left ate each fide mult be plucked early, and which is ftrongeft, and of the knot, namely, that towards the circumchiefly has the beft direétion ference. becaufe this muft be done I have faid gluckedy tender, and at a time when when the fhoots are very if a branch is cut, a they yield eafily. Befides, fucceed; if plucked, nonumber of.fprouts cicatrized. great follows, and the wound is fpeedily the bark thing however, be taken not to tear Care muft, too much. unexperiened and raw, Any negroe, however will 3" ly has the beft direétion ference. becaufe this muft be done I have faid gluckedy tender, and at a time when when the fhoots are very if a branch is cut, a they yield eafily. Befides, fucceed; if plucked, nonumber of.fprouts cicatrized. great follows, and the wound is fpeedily the bark thing however, be taken not to tear Care muft, too much. unexperiened and raw, Any negroe, however will 3" --- Page 147 --- OF ST. DOMINGO, will be capable of doing this after is the tafk toilfome. It is two leffons, nor CHAP.IIF, weeding, the trees enough that, at every 2 are fearched. Two may be appointed for this purpofe hegroes but negroes, not under the through the year, do very little work in infpection of a driver, general. If this method is affiduouly attended doubt the trees will bear no other to, beyond Its Eftft, 36. fuch as they ought to have; hence branches but feldom be materially pruning will become of the neceffary, What then will muft, of courfe, fuperabundance be of vegetation ? It and fpent in giving greater ftrength to the roots, trunk, and vigour in a greater and more perfeét branches, and I had carried, in my plantation, fruétification. this idea a fep farther, in plain natural Further 37. particularly in the cool ftrong grounds, and more Method of from the main expofitions. I plucked Clearing, boughs all the two branches, next to tbe trunk, firom above fecondary Thus I diminifhed the quantity of downwards. the centre, is more exuberant. wood, which, in round the trunk a large I thus formed might opening, through which air earth circulate, and the fun penetrate even to the Thus vegetation was cherifhed, and which arifes from moifture, and is mofs, produced in lefs abundance. very hurtful, was my induflry eafy and Succefs had crowned God knows what is fimple, when the revolt - - the eye of their friend become of my poor trees, fince has been withheld from watching ovér them: This does not entirely exempt the trees faw and the pruning knife, from the 53. old; but the work will be fhort chiefly when they grow Periedlion of Clearand eafy, where the ing. K 2 preceding moifture, and is mofs, produced in lefs abundance. very hurtful, was my induflry eafy and Succefs had crowned God knows what is fimple, when the revolt - - the eye of their friend become of my poor trees, fince has been withheld from watching ovér them: This does not entirely exempt the trees faw and the pruning knife, from the 53. old; but the work will be fhort chiefly when they grow Periedlion of Clearand eafy, where the ing. K 2 preceding --- Page 148 --- THE COFFEE PLANTER and it muft have been taken, CHAP.I, preceding precauions after every crop. Y be performed it muft be fawed. (See No.47-) Ifa head is fpoiled branches have been If any of the fuperabundant thefe muft be cut off. left, through negleét, broken by accident, and if If a bough has been fpent and withered from branches have become be In any load of fruit, thefe muft pruned. too great a that is defeétive muft be comfhort, every thing but without retrenching any pletely taken away, thing elfe. of confequence will / The pruning of a bough if it is not otherwife 55* neration Rege- of make a chafm in the tree, effeéted by a kind of deEeughs. made up. This may endeavour be to explain, by the vice which I fhall the and effcêt of the Plate 22, where progrefs help ofthe operation are delineated. the bough which, A. B.D. (fig. 1.) reprefent muft be cut, the fpoiled at its end B.I D, The objeét being found portion, A.B, being preferved. again, fo as in view is to make the former in the grow fame direétion ; to furnifh a circumference, refembling that of the and, as much as poflible, former bough. A.B.D. muft be For this purpofe, the bough where two or at above a knot, found, as cut immediately branch may be leait one good fecondary the branch, as defcribed in in B. You Thall have fig. 2. A. B. branch in C. (fig, 2) Then, cut the fecondary branch C. ey' and prefo as to cut alfo the tertiary C. d.; and then, the ferve the oppofite tertiary defcribed by the fig. 3. branch will be in the ftate If, this purpofe, the bough where two or at above a knot, found, as cut immediately branch may be leait one good fecondary the branch, as defcribed in in B. You Thall have fig. 2. A. B. branch in C. (fig, 2) Then, cut the fecondary branch C. ey' and prefo as to cut alfo the tertiary C. d.; and then, the ferve the oppofite tertiary defcribed by the fig. 3. branch will be in the ftate If, --- Page 149 --- O-F ST. DOMINGO. If, inftead of tertiary branches, buds in C. it is the fame only are found CHAP. III. the thing. Cut off the branch and 1 pofterior bud, and preferve the anterior, will give out a branch C.d. which In both cafes, the bud Or branch C. d. will tend, with all the fap which was ex* whole part cut off; and the defigned for the hibit the figure bough will again ex4. A.C.D, much like the A. B.D, for it will reach, in its figure I. ference, loaded with turn, the circumfecondary and and the crook C. will always tend tertiarybranches; to the vacancy. to conform itfelf This ingenuous and fimple operation of affifted by art, often occurs in full nature as in the prefent. pruning, as well In both, iflong branches interfere with the bouring trees, they muft be neighis neceffary. Mofs and other fhortened, as much as muft be removed. parafitical excrefcences (See Art. 48.) Some planters, who have no idea of gularly, content themfelves, after the lopping rethe dry branches. But a crop, to break careful not imitate them. hufbandman will After this operation, (No. 51.) nipping may be neceffary. When the above plain and eafy negle@ted, the trees, particularly in praétice has been 40. Necef. and cool expofitions, ftrong grounds fity of full thickets. grow into impenetrable pruning. fummit by Vegetation the is entirely attraéted to the air; there a mafs of fmall makes a deep cover, which fmothers branches (a) the in- (a)" The curious and numerous ferior pruve that the plauts draw more of obfervations the nourifhment of naturalits, which K3 from moift air than the trees, particularly in praétice has been 40. Necef. and cool expofitions, ftrong grounds fity of full thickets. grow into impenetrable pruning. fummit by Vegetation the is entirely attraéted to the air; there a mafs of fmall makes a deep cover, which fmothers branches (a) the in- (a)" The curious and numerous ferior pruve that the plauts draw more of obfervations the nourifhment of naturalits, which K3 from moift air than --- Page 150 --- THE COFFEE PLANTER Thefe wither and decay if the trce CHAP.II, ferior boughs. Then it exhbits the figure - is left long to itfelf. a few cherries on the bearing only of an umbrella, is ftill cooler, upper branches. If the expofition ends of the branches the tree lofes its leaves, the the tree bears fearcely wither, and upon the whole any fruit. lofs are the confequence of Great toil and gréat is the only remedy. this negleét, for full pruning knife (Plate 2. fig, The faw and the crooked this and the Tools. 41. 15-) are the tools employed for handfaw, 14, The fmall Englith former operations. broad at the handle, is the beft. about two inches knife ought to be ftrong, at moft The blade of the inches long, befides the inch broad, and five for an muft be pointed. The blade, hook, which for other reafons equally obgreater Arength, and with the handle. ought to be of one piece leffer vious, and the drivers have always The mafter their to cut what clafpknives in pockets, crooked falls under their eye. accidentally confidered as the moft arPruning is generaily fo? Becaufe, in Principles. 42. duous part of this culture. Why for a fure and general, men, inftead of feeking of which are principle, the confequences ufually fimple in praétice, obvious and eafily applicable other ; and as nature, proceed by one routine or known. Fcr that with purpofe, millions the of than from the earth, chiedy are grnerally, on the inferior furface, be clwnys lefs imooth leaves abforbent are porcs, providal fcr which reafon "The iti leaves, is obfervedtot as well as the obvious bark, haveallo that air than the (uperior farface. In confequebce of this, cither it by is allowing the trees their exhiliig not tol be peres. interupted ini its courle, them eriginally too near. reafon, Mofs, be cught to grow too thick, or by, of planting the bark, mult, for the fame which fhuts the pores fimple removedl, are porcs, providal fcr which reafon "The iti leaves, is obfervedtot as well as the obvious bark, haveallo that air than the (uperior farface. In confequebce of this, cither it by is allowing the trees their exhiliig not tol be peres. interupted ini its courle, them eriginally too near. reafon, Mofs, be cught to grow too thick, or by, of planting the bark, mult, for the fame which fhuts the pores fimple removedl, --- Page 151 --- OF ST. DOMINGO. fimple and uniform in the principles of her CHAP.III. 135 ceedings, is extremely fruitful in fportive devia- pro- Y tions, when driven by art out of her own routine becomes a dificult and ways,, line of conduét. But when once obfervation embarraffing has difcovered the more general and fyftematic of nature, it is obvious to common fenfe proceedings and that the beft means to redrefs her reafon, derings and deviations, is by fportive wanconduéting her to her more ufual paths and her original gentiy The means of forms. the fàme fucceeding are eafily deduced from obfervation. Itis for this reafon I have infifted at large (in Nos. S, 6,7, 8, 9.) upon a naturalfymmetry oframification, and (in Nos. 33, upon the caufes of deviation from it. In the 34-) plication therefore cf this apcolleéted from what has been principle, faid in as may be obvious to common obfervation, No. 35, itis fifts (and can indeed be allowed that pruning concutting off what deviates from only to confift) in natural preferving what correfponds with it, and fymmetry, the vegerative principle to purpofes of order, direding and regeneration. ufe, I will not deny, that this demands it is fo far from being attention, but had myfeifabove extremely dificuit, that I thirty negroes capable of trces, which they had learned by pruning ledge of a higher fource cannot be routine, as knowpeople of this defeription. In the expeéted from five ofthem to work, fora week, beginning, I fent at a plantiticn; thefc fucceeded neighbouring to others thofe rude lefions pretty well, and taught felves learnt. which they had theinNothing was left to me but to direét K 4 their feifabove extremely dificuit, that I thirty negroes capable of trces, which they had learned by pruning ledge of a higher fource cannot be routine, as knowpeople of this defeription. In the expeéted from five ofthem to work, fora week, beginning, I fent at a plantiticn; thefc fucceeded neighbouring to others thofe rude lefions pretty well, and taught felves learnt. which they had theinNothing was left to me but to direét K 4 their --- Page 152 --- THE COFFEE PLANTER which, routine into the path of nature, from had CHAP.III. their the negroes of my neighbour 1 as I had obferved, not deviated far. and I, by no means deny, It may be obijected, of grounds, of climates, but that the great variety differences. Thefe,. and expofitions, may occafion namely, however, never alter the leading principle, back into nature in her deviations, the of conduêting path. They only affeêt the ufual fyftematic and lefs than is generally modifications more or lefs, fuppofed. where the fame. Its nature, 43: The tree is every are all like. The difVarieties. its (hape, and temperament circumftances, fuch as ferences arife from forcign According to this foil, climate, and expofition. muft be confidered as fhort and ealy fyftem, pruning the coffee tree, and it muft the true medical aid of rather to the circumI fhall fay, be proportioned, fituation, than direêted by a fupfances or local in the patient, pofed difference of temperament muft be particularly Towards this, the negroes watchfulnefs on the direêted by an uninterropted to the feveral applipart of the mafter. Ireturn cations. in warm and Joft foils, nothing will I repeat that, befides clearing, as I have deever be neceffary that this praétice may fcribed it in Nos. 35, 33,and in the beft grounds, and fuperfede any other, even employed. ifearly and conftantly -in cool climates, and good grounds, 44. Half But in fultry expofitions it will be ftill pruning. though it may have been negleéted, Firft, whatfufficient to clear the trees perfeatly. muft be taken withered, or broken, ever is rotten, off clearing, as I have deever be neceffary that this praétice may fcribed it in Nos. 35, 33,and in the beft grounds, and fuperfede any other, even employed. ifearly and conftantly -in cool climates, and good grounds, 44. Half But in fultry expofitions it will be ftill pruning. though it may have been negleéted, Firft, whatfufficient to clear the trees perfeatly. muft be taken withered, or broken, ever is rotten, off --- Page 153 --- OF ST. DOMINGO. off, always attending to the method explained in No. 39- Next the ofregeneration, CHAP. 1 III. tical and crofs gormandizing, verbranches, as well as the fupernumerary and thofe which diverge from natural directions, muft be plucked off, or cut, if too The poiled heads muft be fàwed, but with ftrong. ceconomy. The fummit and the centre muft great be particularly laid open, to admit the fun and air. Laftiy, ifthe tree is ftill too thick, fomc fecondary branches, thofe which diverge moft from natural direétion, muft be taken out, for the primary ought never to be touched; in boughs the this, as well as in preceding operations, fome mechanical muft be attended to, which will be found in No. rules I come to the third and laft degree of 47. which muft never be employed but in pruning, 45. Full trees which Pruning, are in cool afpeêts, and in the fituation defcribed in No. 40. Trees which require this procefs are, in fo very thick and intricate, general, the is chiefly at the top, that pruner at a lofs where and how to The crown or top muft be firft cleared, by begin. ing all the fmall branches that abound in pluckdireélion. Next, crooked large every are met with, muft be cut. branches, as they Laftly, if the head is rotten, it muft be fawed, without of what is found. This facrificing a line too ftrictly attended ceconomy can never be to. The whole tree is then eafily feen, and what is to be preferved or cut will not efcape the obfervation. pruner's All the primary boughs which have kept their patural direction muft be preferved, for this reafon, thas are met with, muft be cut. branches, as they Laftly, if the head is rotten, it muft be fawed, without of what is found. This facrificing a line too ftrictly attended ceconomy can never be to. The whole tree is then eafily feen, and what is to be preferved or cut will not efcape the obfervation. pruner's All the primary boughs which have kept their patural direction muft be preferved, for this reafon, thas --- Page 154 --- THE COFFEE PLANTER they never grow again. HowCRAP. III. that oncc cut off, broken or ipoiled at their 1 ever, if they are entirely off notwithftanding, rife, they muft be lopped have taken a wrong or crofs It is the fame, if they but here, referve and direétion at their origin 5 If there is a fingle knot ceconomy are neceliary. and flill more if there are found and well direéted, preferved. thefe mutt be cautioully two or four, fecondary branch, If the fartheft knot has a good in No. 39- lfit it muft be treated as'is explained for it will bear feveral . has not, it muft be fill left, be chofen, in the next twigs, the beft of which may Thus all operation, to make up the main from bough. above downthe boughs muft be examined, wards, and treated as required. fituation is exceedingly cool, Laftly, where the from the into barrennefs, and the trees arc decayed all the boughs muft be great overload of wood, branches, both with a ftripped of their fecondary ones, and to give view to renew the fruit-bearing as alfo, if the direétion to the fap; a fronger of the boughs are withered, as happens extremities of their leaves, from feverity in the trees Aripped interfere with the neighbouring of cold, or if they and fhortened. trees, they muft be pruned ought, in all cafes, If the operation cf pruning that a6, made with ceconomy, it is obvious Umbiella to be. in the Trees, is neceffary reétifying ftill more ceconomy which have loft their indiforders of thofe trees by the corferior branches, and are diftingnithed very of umbrellass fuch are actually reét appellation will diminith it ftill deficient in wood, and pruning more, I tried ened. trees, they muft be pruned ought, in all cafes, If the operation cf pruning that a6, made with ceconomy, it is obvious Umbiella to be. in the Trees, is neceffary reétifying ftill more ceconomy which have loft their indiforders of thofe trees by the corferior branches, and are diftingnithed very of umbrellass fuch are actually reét appellation will diminith it ftill deficient in wood, and pruning more, I tried --- Page 155 --- OF ST. DOMINGO, Itried to replace thofe inferior boughs, by fuf CHASCIL. 139 fering a gormandizing fucker or two to fhoot as near the ground as poffible, which I up, under the umbrella. I hoped that thefe ftopped have produced fine boughs. But whether it might that the mother, trunk engroffed ail the was fubftance, or that the umbreila, growing thick, finothered the fuckers, thefe never anfwered my expeétation. In cafes where the tree was lw, Lhave fuffered to fhoor up, which I flopped when it had four one fix boughs. This fucceeded or only a little and thofe trials have fatisfied me that the beft better; thod (particularly where the umbrella is fmall; is mecut the tree clofe by the ground, and to treat it to will be explained in Number as 555 2. I come now to the Manual Dexterity of in general. pruning, Manual 47. 1". In order to faw the trunk at any the Dexterity, faw muft be managed with one hand, part, and the trunk held faft with the other, both for the pofe of preventing the tree from being fhaken purtoo much, and to facilitate the working of the fàw. The trunk muft be cut floping, from above downwards, the oval furface of the cut facing towards the north, and very much inclined; in which the fun will ftrike lefs forcibly cafe, will upon it, and rain more readily pafs over; for if it enters into large cracks or fiffures, it will hurt the tree eXfremely. 2°. The large boughs, which cannot be conveniently cut with the knife, mutt be fawed, and held faftinthe manner above deicribed, Butin thefe cafes, the faw fhould never be ufed where the knife can be employed. the cut facing towards the north, and very much inclined; in which the fun will ftrike lefs forcibly cafe, will upon it, and rain more readily pafs over; for if it enters into large cracks or fiffures, it will hurt the tree eXfremely. 2°. The large boughs, which cannot be conveniently cut with the knife, mutt be fawed, and held faftinthe manner above deicribed, Butin thefe cafes, the faw fhould never be ufed where the knife can be employed. --- Page 156 --- THE COFFEE PLANTER large bough is gently bent CHAP.II. employed. Ifa very with an even quick froke, down, and the cut made, the knife is furprifingly upwards, the power of great. the faw. tears and notches the bark, 3". As of the cut, both wood and bark around the edges with the knife. After muft be drefled and pared and the wound cicathis, the bark grows better, trizes more rapidly round the cut. the branch muft be 4°. In order to cut a branch, with the other the held firm with one hand, and and forwards, and drawn fteadily knife applied at the firft quickly. Ifthe cut is not performed in the fame ftroke, the (troke mult be repeated fill bending the bough gently, but being manner, it. Should this happen, the carcful not to fplit be taken off; fhould the whole damaged part muft will not be well done, hand (hakc, the bufinefs if its temper is and the knife is apt to be notched, however, is hard. This defeêt of the temper, too the knives, for a fhort time, in remedied by dipping boiling water. cafes it is neceffary to cut very clofe; 5". In all branch is cut, let it be done thus where a fecondary clofe to the mother bough, more particularly the very the cut; and if it is wilhed to prevent behind in crowds, cut a little of the fhoots from rifing up around the cut. bark of the mother bough pruned, the Mofs When the tree is completely from 48. excrefcences are fcratched Mois. and other parafitical wooden knife (Plate 2. fig. 16.) the trunk, with,a taking care not to injure the bark. every day A common negroc can hardly prune more to the mother bough, more particularly the very the cut; and if it is wilhed to prevent behind in crowds, cut a little of the fhoots from rifing up around the cut. bark of the mother bough pruned, the Mofs When the tree is completely from 48. excrefcences are fcratched Mois. and other parafitical wooden knife (Plate 2. fig. 16.) the trunk, with,a taking care not to injure the bark. every day A common negroc can hardly prune more --- Page 157 --- OF ST. DOMINGO, more than thirty of thofe thick and trees, from which the tedioufhefs of overgrown CHAP. IIE. feveral thoufands lopping, where ( conceived. require this operation, may be As the prunings are made, the muft be cut in pieces and fpread the boughs fo as to occafion little incumbrance. upon ground, For the better performance of the work, muft be taken that the knives and faws be Care which muft be effeéted fharp, ftone and by means of the grinding triangular file. After the bufinefs of pruning is over, the inftruments muft be colleéted together, rubbed with tallow, and kept for the ufe ofanother year. Where the choice is left, March, May are the beft feafons for April, and 49. quiring a relief after the pruning, the trees re- Sealon, fully from the crop, which they find vegetation of the fummer. It however be performed in any feafon of the may fo that fome planters appoint, for this year, a certain proportion of purpofe alone, negroes, who continue the employment the year round, unlefs in the times of full bloffom. In fhort general, rapidity of crop admits of no other however, the done at that time, the intervals work being even too fhort to allow of weeding. being fometimes Upon the whole, when any branch cut, neither bloffom requires to be nor fruit is of however unpleafant the havock confideration, trees in general would be maybe. Belides, the the loads of fruit, if all their exhaulted, or fink under If the fruit is ripe, the flowers came forward, or three days before the pruners begin to work two reapers, who pick the cherries the done at that time, the intervals work being even too fhort to allow of weeding. being fometimes Upon the whole, when any branch cut, neither bloffom requires to be nor fruit is of however unpleafant the havock confideration, trees in general would be maybe. Belides, the the loads of fruit, if all their exhaulted, or fink under If the fruit is ripe, the flowers came forward, or three days before the pruners begin to work two reapers, who pick the cherries --- Page 158 --- THE COFFEE PLANTER as they lie upon the cherrics from the branches, CHAP.II. and are ftill frefh. 1 ground of the health of the vegetable kingdom The care than 50. free from the bane of quacks, Quacks. is no more There are wretches, ignorant that of the animal. who affume the name of of every knowledge, traverfe the mountains, tenpruners of coffee, and or a penny for dering their fervice, for two pence enough to employ each tree. If any one is fimple will be maimed or dethem, three hunlred trees rule of this horrid havock ftroyed every day. The knots from the top, often is to cut four or five inftrument 3 next to cut all with the bill, a hurtful Aicks. Thus the as they fay into parrot the boughs, having maimed trunk makes a mournful appearance, fix inches long, a few naked ftumps, five or of the only of this is the deftruétion When The confequence of the other. one half, and the barrennefs came to my eftate, I one of this defeription of any ofthe impending danger felt a fecret imprellion not be eafy till the impudent my trees, and could quack had taken his departure, prefents the apA field of coffec fully pruned the time of 5': foreft in Nipping. pearance of an European naked; a few leaves only, winter. The trees are of the branches, feem to remaining at the ends The ground, deplore their departed companions. dead carcaffes. The fo to fpcak, is ftrewed with The mind is imafpeôt is fad and mournful. fenfations. For a while, prefed with melancholy downcaft, appears as if nature Gilent, and feemingly But fhe is, in fact, better emmeditating revenge. ployed. of 5': foreft in Nipping. pearance of an European naked; a few leaves only, winter. The trees are of the branches, feem to remaining at the ends The ground, deplore their departed companions. dead carcaffes. The fo to fpcak, is ftrewed with The mind is imafpeôt is fad and mournful. fenfations. For a while, prefed with melancholy downcaft, appears as if nature Gilent, and feemingly But fhe is, in fact, better emmeditating revenge. ployed. --- Page 159 --- OF ST. DOMINGO, ployed. Senfible of the good done, The colleéts her forces to refund her ftores with the all CHAP. 11I. gratitude. Vifit the difmal fcenc after ufury of 1 All is changed; ; delightful fenfation! a few days. every where. Millions of twigs have Sap appears the wounded furfaces; and the fpread over in the verdant luxuriance, eye again rejoices with the as the mind is elated pride of fuccefs. Under this extraordinary operation, nature be aflifted by all the powers of art. muft effential to kecp the ground Firft, it is free from weeds. perfeétly clean and Next,allv wanderings muft be into and the excefs ofa vegetation brought order, be cut off. This is called too luxuriant muft From nipping. every cut furface many finall twigs are forth, the fapport of which will exhauft the fent produce a greater thicknefs and trec, and chan there was before the intricacy of bufh perabundance muft be taken operation. All chis fufymmetry of off, bur'the order and muft be direéted nature preferved; the retrenchment forms. by an adherence to its Thus a fingle branch at each bud, and original axillary at each Knot may be left; in all cafes tak- two ing care to prefer fuch as have'the moft natural and horizontal direétion. This, in reality, is than doing at one time what I direéted no more in fucceflion, in the Art, to be done tion alfo, 35. In the prefent fituaevery thing muft be pulled, to be cut with the knife, nothing ought efcaped the firft except what may have poftponed, operation. As to tbis, it muft be till the twigs are five or fix inches in lengeh, which happens ufually in the third month, but moft natural and horizontal direétion. This, in reality, is than doing at one time what I direéted no more in fucceflion, in the Art, to be done tion alfo, 35. In the prefent fituaevery thing muft be pulled, to be cut with the knife, nothing ought efcaped the firft except what may have poftponed, operation. As to tbis, it muft be till the twigs are five or fix inches in lengeh, which happens ufually in the third month, but --- Page 160 --- THE COFFEE PLANTER This operation is alfo teCHAP.I. but not deferred later. hands of loppers, and the eye - dious, it requires the of a mafter. have once undergone full prunWhen the trees to manage them ing, it is a point of confequence a of as not to req'ire repetition in fnch a manner laborious operation. The and fuch a troublefome in Nos. 35, 37, and 38, muft means pointed out, and vigilance. be employed with care how much I had reafon to exs2.Labour Itis now evident which the planter brings and Lofles. claim againtt the labour careful and feafonable upon himfelf, by negleding lofs is, by no means, lefs clexring. The aétual and have been reduced,. Crops decline the for affecting, as neceffity in reality, almoft to nothing, The crop which, in full pruning has increafed. ought to foliow this courfe of things, there is a the ordinary loft; and in fact, operation, is entirely harvefts. Skilful pruning, lofs of at leaft two full to its higheft will reftore the produce however, this from my own experience, extent. I can warrant invelligation into the nabefore, after an accurate recourfe to the method exture of the tree, I had 37, and 38. plained in the Numbers 35, of the coffee trees. I come now to the Decay will not fail to have Decay 53. of The provident hufbandman at an early feafon, the Trees. of this period, and, a forefight provifion of manure. make a neceffary ofthings, confidered as nuifances 54. A great number for this precious purpofe. Manure. in themfelves, are good of cattle, the fweepings of The dung of all kinds and pigeon houfes; the pens, houfes, kitchen, poultry, trees; the weedings, leaves and trunks of plantain and of The provident hufbandman at an early feafon, the Trees. of this period, and, a forefight provifion of manure. make a neceffary ofthings, confidered as nuifances 54. A great number for this precious purpofe. Manure. in themfelves, are good of cattle, the fweepings of The dung of all kinds and pigeon houfes; the pens, houfes, kitchen, poultry, trees; the weedings, leaves and trunks of plantain and --- Page 161 --- OF ST: and DOMINGO. chiefly, the red (kins of gathered into receptacles coffes(a) may be rents of water, either in the without the reach of cur- CHAP.I. 1 mill houfe. Thefe, in fields or near the graterproved into a black mould, procefs of time, are immoft excellent manure, I faw which then makes a ample of the valuable once a friking cxcoffee fkins. An induftrious qualities of the mahure from pits, behind his houfe, overfeer dug a few and formed proper outlets upon a clay perfectly dead, thofe pits with the mould for water. He filled to the height of eighteen from that manure alone, nips, carrots, inches. redbeets, and finall Cabbages, turkinds, the largeft and beft I greens of different life, were produced. ever tàfted in The decay of coffee my into partial trees may be decays from diflinguifted diftemper, and into general temperament, accident, or vérifhed decays from This ground, or from the impoperiod is moré or lefs age of the trees, quality of the foil. The laté, according to the ditempers of manner of treating the tâtion is much individuals, the fame, or the decay of a in applying the remedies The only difference plan- lies heral, or to the feveral to the plantation in I have aiready parts of it. geyoung trees are liable. mentioned the accidents to thofe of trecs of fuller I confine myfelf here which not yet exhaufted, growth. When in ta decay, the one or more trees give grounds treatment may require figns of sccording to different plans. to be managed (a/Ihure: alrendy excluded the chaff and L perchment cf coffee. Ift, The difference plan- lies heral, or to the feveral to the plantation in I have aiready parts of it. geyoung trees are liable. mentioned the accidents to thofe of trecs of fuller I confine myfelf here which not yet exhaufted, growth. When in ta decay, the one or more trees give grounds treatment may require figns of sccording to different plans. to be managed (a/Ihure: alrendy excluded the chaff and L perchment cf coffee. Ift, The --- Page 162 --- THE COFFEE PLANTER has beert The tree muft be well pruned, as according Remedies. 55: aft. in the Numbers 44 or Next 45, the carth explained ftate of decay. wide to the refpeetive around into a trench, a foot muft be dug all and at the diftance or more, as deep as pofmible, If any of the roots are of a foot from the trunk. muft be cut off; the found to be fpoiled, they with a (harp and fhortened others muft be clcared, the pit muft be filled again crooked knife. Then to which muft be added with the earth well broken, old manure well fourth or fifth part of good be beaten or a The furface is then to the rotted. Nay, if ground cven and inooth.. trees muft trampled fome trunks of plantain is very fteep, faft, by means of pickets be laid down and kept from giving way. below, to prevent the ground are in - a worfe adly. If the trees or branches be fawed near fituation than the above, mentioned they may in No. 47-) or the ground (as has been the fhoots are advanced, near-the rife, and, when cf fituation, ought to the beft and loweft in point by a prop, the others be chofen and fupported the roots muft pulled off; in this operation, as in the being pruned : and manured, be dug round, doubt but that the preceding former. There is no the branches, after method is preferable, wherever form a good well garbeing lopped, may aétually nithed tree. in the efay mentioned above, There is a remark, Ihcots laft but a fhort time, < that thofe fecond crops." 27 In my yield two good is 4 and hardly and the opinion grounded inopinion, however, laft much longer; and, experience, they deeda opon uned : and manured, be dug round, doubt but that the preceding former. There is no the branches, after method is preferable, wherever form a good well garbeing lopped, may aétually nithed tree. in the efay mentioned above, There is a remark, Ihcots laft but a fhort time, < that thofe fecond crops." 27 In my yield two good is 4 and hardly and the opinion grounded inopinion, however, laft much longer; and, experience, they deeda opon --- Page 163 --- OF ST: deed; the DOMINGO, precautions of lopping the the roots, feem not digeing, to have manuring, and CHAP, ILI, obfervation of this fallen under 1 ducive to fuccefs, author, though very con3dly. Every thing in to its exiftence. Ifal nature has a period fixed even if it has once tree is actually dead; tion of regeneration, undergone the foriner nay, in its ftead, another tree muft be operaThe Jargeft fuppofing and the ground to be ftill planted from the healthieft plant muft be good. nurfery with its clod. taken dug, at leaft as A holc muft be the plant carefuilly large Las a barrel of flour, and of manuring, placed, with all the fafety, by means breaking the carth, and precautions The of trunks of plantains, fecuring its to be carried manure, previoufly to into the field nlefsepenations, go to their daily work, by the negrocs, as ought This pares time and laid in different they and trouble. icaps. 4thly. When the ground of ceedingly fteep, exhaufted a plantation is CXperlaps the beft method or waflhed away, it is thoughyinded, it may be oblerved to form a neco one 3 be fpot (except perhaps mere that there is no improved by dint of clay) which.may not a receptacle fuffieiendly labour and manure, into mould neceffary in the proper for the artificial But fuch is a work cf immenfe vegetation of fine trees, only to be attempted, labour, and in wood land, and where there is no ought great value. where the fetlements refource Ic is, however, are of tonly abule this true, that tco many planters réfource; 3 and, inftead of wan- Neghded, 56. L 2 cherifhing gheir uffieiendly labour and manure, into mould neceffary in the proper for the artificial But fuch is a work cf immenfe vegetation of fine trees, only to be attempted, labour, and in wood land, and where there is no ought great value. where the fetlements refource Ic is, however, are of tonly abule this true, that tco many planters réfource; 3 and, inftead of wan- Neghded, 56. L 2 cherifhing gheir --- Page 164 --- COFFEE FLANTER THE new themfelves in forming CKAP.I. their old trees, indulge be that thefe are But it is to obferved, no1 plantations. labour as the remedies attended with as hard that they muft ticed above for old plantations; and more diftant from become necellarily more occafions, daily, a great lofs the fettlements, which is fo unfatisfaatory as to of time. Befides, nothing waftes. A father of a family be furrounded with grounds for his children ought to preferve virgin fhould thofe fervants and fuccelfors. Laftly, why only care and attention be abandoned, who require in a condition to feed you themfelves to preferve in their old age. obferved beforc, that the huf37. Obler- I ought to have the mode of arranging his vation. bandman, either by feafonable employment of plantations, or by the careful to keep the crops full loppings, fhould be for it muft year as nearly equal as pofible; fruit trees, of every that coffee trees, like other The be obferved, a full and a fhort crop. the produce alternately therefore, be fo managed, that operations muft, year be broughtt to a level crops of each fucceding For want of this calcuwith that of the former. hundred thoufands of make a lation, fome planters fifty the next. Hence, coffee one year, and only muft be overftrained in the firft year, every nerve things neceflary to meet the labour ; and many to fuccefs will be of courfe negleéed. the moft uniform and vintage are, in' Europe, 58. Harvett but, here, the planter's Cipps. chearful feafon of the year; the rack. Crop-time is feclings are perperually on rain; the coffec generally the period of continued from the trees and" fuffers and is often loft, falling rotting, * in the firft year, every nerve things neceflary to meet the labour ; and many to fuccefs will be of courfe negleéed. the moft uniform and vintage are, in' Europe, 58. Harvett but, here, the planter's Cipps. chearful feafon of the year; the rack. Crop-time is feclings are perperually on rain; the coffec generally the period of continued from the trees and" fuffers and is often loft, falling rotting, * --- Page 165 --- OF ST. DOMINGO. rotting, unlefs the the rifk of getting negroes are fuffered to work at avoided where poflible. wet, which ought always to be ( CHAP. III, it is the bufinefs of the I6, however, indifpenfible, tharing planter to fhow occafionally of the example by rage the negroes, by hardthip; and, to encoufmall douceur in the adding in compenfation fome they reinain in the field evening. It were better, while ly naked. When they under rain, that they be neara good fire, and dry cloaths, come home, a glafs ofrum, comfortable. But fuch is the will be neceffary and of this defeription, that, difpofition of have been taken for after all thefe precautions people ly drefs themfelves, riherprefervation, they and Aleep all night in go wantonly out into frequent- the The their wet clothes. rain, portion crop to the begins fooner or later, and lafts in warmeft temperature ofthe climate, In pro- Seafon, 59. before fituations, it begins in the or by the end Auguft, and is over cafe, but very few and ofOgober. It has, in fuch countries, it begins often hortintermitions. fo In cooler of October, and continues late as the beginning ofMay. Full crop is then in fometimes to the month ary, unlefs in thofe months December and Janucient for weeding, The there are intervals fuffi. courfe, bloffoms follow the fame As crop-time all the negroe approaches,care, muft be taken that ftocked wich grounds be well weeded and well Each provifions. dle, as alfo negroe a large ought to have a Bafket with a hanThefe are made with hamper fufficient for a burthen. Balkatg 6s. L bamboo, or with fome of the creep. to the month ary, unlefs in thofe months December and Janucient for weeding, The there are intervals fuffi. courfe, bloffoms follow the fame As crop-time all the negroe approaches,care, muft be taken that ftocked wich grounds be well weeded and well Each provifions. dle, as alfo negroe a large ought to have a Bafket with a hanThefe are made with hamper fufficient for a burthen. Balkatg 6s. L bamboo, or with fome of the creep. --- Page 166 --- COFFEE PLANTER THE plant plants in the wood. Ifthis creeping muft be CHAF.IIL, ereeping one day or a part of a day is at a diftance, The greater number make allowed to fetch it. others are made by the their hampers themfelves; for fuch as are uninftruéted negroes in the hofpital, to laft two or three years; or bunglers. They ought to watch that the idle but it is abfolutely neceffary during the continuance do not lofe or deftroy them, of the crop. ofweeding every negroe takes a In the bufinefs each takes 61. but here, in general, negroe Procefts. middle row; his charge, fo that he firft picks the entire row under then turnsround to theother, the tree on one fide,and In doing this, which is toilfome in fteep grounds. fall, and thereby lofes he fometimes lets his bafket in picking them from the cherries, or lofes time is taken up at the Sometimes gravel being the ground. the mill. And laftly, famc time, which fpoils of falling, he lays hold of incumbered and in danger To preclude fome and breaks them. caufe their the boughs fome planters of thofe inconveniences, cherries in bags, hanging at negrocs to colleét the I placed every negroe in the neck. Inflead of this, caufed him to pick to right the middle row, and to turn round. and left, fo that he had no in occafion this way, thani it could The work went on quicker and the other inconvenienees do by me ieans ofbags 5 were dininithed. with a view to get more quickly their The negrocs, to take the branch in over the works; are the apt fruit at once into their bafhands, and to ftrip prevented, becaufe but that muft be carefully it kets; , caufed him to pick to right the middle row, and to turn round. and left, fo that he had no in occafion this way, thani it could The work went on quicker and the other inconvenienees do by me ieans ofbags 5 were dininithed. with a view to get more quickly their The negrocs, to take the branch in over the works; are the apt fruit at once into their bafhands, and to ftrip prevented, becaufe but that muft be carefully it kets; --- Page 167 --- OF ST. it tears DOMINGO. the bark. 1 and ftrips cff the cherries ought to be picked leaves. The CHAP. ZII, The ftems are generally feparately by clufters. L / that, when taken out left; but I have obferved branches pufh forth fooner. without injurytothe bark, the work, when time cannot admit This, however, is a nice When the bag or hand-bafket ofit. emptied in the is full, Ît muft be to the mili, from hamper ; and this, when full, carried which the work, (though fome planters negroes return to the carried to the mill by caufe the coffee to be where the field is at a mules, a very good praétice only once in the morning. great diftance): : this happens barrel, and the barrel is Twoh hampers make a ofcach negroe, when commonly the tafl required Some there is pienty of negroes, and ripe fruit. more particularly the handy at delicate work than women, who are derably more. A neighbour of men, pick confinegroes, offered a gratuity for each mine, being fhort of two negroes generally fecond barrel: gratuity. However, completed it, and fharcd the exaéted; and more than a barrel is never fruit even, if the diftance is fcarce, or the weather bad, great, ripe abated of this quantity. much muft be Such cherries only as are ripe others being left-to another time. are picked, the the crop is urgent, the cherries However, wheni foon as the yellow colour may be gathered as coffée may perhaps be lefs begins to turn red. Such does well at the mill; and I perfeét in tafte, but it be different in the quality never perceived ic to Some green coffee required at the market. may remain at the laft picking, L4 for the weather bad, great, ripe abated of this quantity. much muft be Such cherries only as are ripe others being left-to another time. are picked, the the crop is urgent, the cherries However, wheni foon as the yellow colour may be gathered as coffée may perhaps be lefs begins to turn red. Such does well at the mill; and I perfeét in tafte, but it be different in the quality never perceived ic to Some green coffee required at the market. may remain at the laft picking, L4 for --- Page 168 --- THE COFFEE PLANTER this which ic is not worth while to come again ; it CHAP.III, for and with the/aums: 1 may be picked apart mingled the cafe the mill. As to thedry ripe, would not pafs preferable in tafte, coffee is the fame. But, though the trees, for fhould never be fuffered to dry upon it will do them injury. continues long, a negroc 62. Where the crop-time thoufand weight, if the plantations Quanties. may gather two where fhort, not more than twelve are not diftant ; In the beft grounds, the trees may hundred weight. of fixteen ounces; though, yield as far as four pounds fome particular ones which every where, there are by four times. In the may exceed that quantity yield no more than three worft, a tree may perhaps whatever plantation yields, in or four ounces. But is deemed a very good general, a pound per tree, and profitable one. in Barrels, as it comes to the 63. Of Coffee is meafured cherries are in good plight, it is Barrels. mill. When the barrels will afford a thoufuppofed that thirty-three market. Ihave always found fand weight ready for cent. above this calculaa benefit of five or fix per ofthe feed, depend tion. The beauty and largenefs and ofthe tree. Old upon the ftrengrh of the ground fmaller fruit. trees bear better, though perhaps night noted The number of the barrels are every a in the journal. again in this place, that, in graterImuftr repeatit water mills, which are mills, elpecially cattle or it is highly neceffary ftopped with more difficulty, do not leavé ftones, or to watch that the negroes the cherries. Ihave feen other hard bodies amongft inftances The beauty and largenefs and ofthe tree. Old upon the ftrengrh of the ground fmaller fruit. trees bear better, though perhaps night noted The number of the barrels are every a in the journal. again in this place, that, in graterImuftr repeatit water mills, which are mills, elpecially cattle or it is highly neceffary ftopped with more difficulty, do not leavé ftones, or to watch that the negroes the cherries. Ihave feen other hard bodies amongft inftances --- Page 169 --- OF ST. DOMINGO. inftances where flints, ftecls, have. been left, by which the keys, and knives, CRAP.L fpoiled. grater was entirely 1 I have fully fee, in the fecond explained the preparation of the cof. 64. notice of the chapter. It now remains to take Delinery thag commaodiry, Carriage, in Delivery, and Sale of and Sale, has managing which the tion, happily no occafion to forego his ufual planter occupaAs foon as coffee is bags in which it is intended cleaned, it is put into the market (fome old to be carried to the the manufaékure). ones are referved for the ufe of ter's name or cypher. They are ftamped with the mafe hundred They concain pounds weight, and commonly a two; but, if the diftance is every mule carries eafy, the bags may be fmall and the road pounds. heavier by fix or ten The evening the carriage preceding the departure for negroes, with the market, themfelves to weigh and tie the coffee-man, prefent feals or leads them, makes bags. The mafter and infcribes it in the a note of what he fends, the weather is favourable, journal. Next morning, if harneffes from the fadler's the carriage men take the the mules; the carriage driver hands, accoutre and load and the letters, and receives the palifports watch the they fet out. It is cffential to loads be not arranging of the harneffes, fo that the The difordered, and the mules the convoys muft fet our early, wounded. diftance is great, lt is alfo efpecially where chicfly where the roads highly material, are fteep and the diftance gr.at, the fadler's the carriage men take the the mules; the carriage driver hands, accoutre and load and the letters, and receives the palifports watch the they fet out. It is cffential to loads be not arranging of the harneffes, fo that the The difordered, and the mules the convoys muft fet our early, wounded. diftance is great, lt is alfo efpecially where chicfly where the roads highly material, are fteep and the diftance gr.at, --- Page 170 --- COFFEB PLANTER THE ofthe attention on the fitnefs CHAF.II. great, to beftow great Laftly, a fmall tarpawling, harneffes themfelves. of covering the bags fix feet fquare, forthe purpofe ufeful. in cafe of rain, would be to market and return Itis often impoflible to go În this cafe, The mules and negroes, the fame day. belonging to an acquaintlodge at fome plantation But there are fome planters ance of the mafter. the road, with a houfe, who have a fmall pen on grafs and takes care of the keeper of which plants refts there all night, the inclofures: the convoy to the eftate. and next morning proceeds carried up to the town by the If the coffee is not to pub65. is the cafe, it is remitted Carriers, planter, as moftly who convey it thither by Coalters, lic Carriers or Coaflers, and bring back the land or by fea at a fixed price, on the provilions of all kinds, which are conveyed The bags, in unloaded mules to the plantation. tied and fealed; fuch cafes, muft be more fecurely does not always and (I am forry, to fay) this even in the fubaltern the frauds ofthofe employed leads have prevent For this reafon, bufinefs of carrying. the cypher oft the planters. been contrived, bearing ufe of fealing-wax ofa For my own part, I made particular colour. reccives and fells the An honeft Faétor in town of provi- €s. And furnifhes and expedites all kinds Faôtors. coffce, once a year; and often fions, renders in his account the whole at ftated makes advances to the planter, Some of them are excommiffions or interefts. attentive in their corre/pondtremely valuable and ence, The planters. been contrived, bearing ufe of fealing-wax ofa For my own part, I made particular colour. reccives and fells the An honeft Faétor in town of provi- €s. And furnifhes and expedites all kinds Faôtors. coffce, once a year; and often fions, renders in his account the whole at ftated makes advances to the planter, Some of them are excommiffions or interefts. attentive in their corre/pondtremely valuable and ence, The --- Page 171 --- OF ST. DOMINGO. The markerprice ofcoffee has been 15S themoft carly period to theprefent variable, from CHAP.II, fohigh as thirty Sols, and, in time day. Ithas been ( known to fall fo lowas five. ofwar, it has been planter, as faras it can be It then behoves the tar times. Thefe laft done, to keep it for betfallen below twenty-five years ithas feldom finds a twenty Sols; ; and, at fifteen, the proper intereft and planter vances and labour. In recompence for his adteemed the moft general, this culture is ef ghat offuigar, profitable in St. Domingo, though The particularly clayed fugar, is charges of fugar eftates are highly fo. the net procceds fmaller in much greater, and as they have the valuable proportion. However, more durable than coffee advantage of being much doubtedly a preference, eftates, they deferve unI muft now fay a few words of book. the Journal- 67. Every honeft adminiftrator Journal lay his adminiftration ought to be ready to to balance open; and every refer accounts with himfelf, and ownerisglad to to notes upon occafion. Such is be able to the journal. the object of The journal muft and cattle, a ftate of the contain a ftate of the negroes ber, dates,. and various births and deaths, the numdaily works and kinds of plantations, the as well as employment ofthe negroes, ordinary by day; the extraordinary; deliveries the ftate of the crops day of fale and of coffee, as well as the amonnt, as ftated in the factor's price laftly, the ftate of provifions letters; tools, utenfils, and cloaths received, and ofthe groes, delivered to the neThis ftate of the contain a ftate of the negroes ber, dates,. and various births and deaths, the numdaily works and kinds of plantations, the as well as employment ofthe negroes, ordinary by day; the extraordinary; deliveries the ftate of the crops day of fale and of coffee, as well as the amonnt, as ftated in the factor's price laftly, the ftate of provifions letters; tools, utenfils, and cloaths received, and ofthe groes, delivered to the neThis --- Page 172 --- THE COFFEE PLANTER befides its other advantages, will help CRAP.II. This book, accurate and confiftent manner, - 1 to form, in a more which the planters are bound thofe cenfus or returns, year, of their famito give the government every negroes and cattle; lies, eftates, lands, plantations, in our admirable conftione of the beft regulations fution. to the fourth part of my tafk. I haften --- Page 173 --- OF ST: DOMINGO. 1s7 CHAT. Iv. - CHAPTER IV. OF THE COVERNMENT GROES AND AND CARE OF THE NECATTLE. I the beginning of this work, I my views were calculated intimated that the times for, or drawn deavour prior to 1789. I Thall, from to treat this interefting therefore, enhave done in 1788. fubjedt, as I would nothing is left but the dear Happy period, of which though fome faint forrowful Iremembrance, returning, under that remote hopes remain of its vere vifitations of God, protedion which, in the feour miferies. has not been denied to When one (peaks of any clafs or whatfoever of the human race, it defeription 1.TheNe. ftood that he fpeaks in general muft be under- groeing neral, geof various and numerous terms, which admit exceptions, that exceptions. It is in thofe great defects, that great virtues accompifhments and and great found. great vices, are only Thus, generally (peaking, the haps the worft fpecies of the human negroe is not peranimal rational in a middle race. Hei isan becaufe he is docile and degree; tolerably good, never thinks of a better timid, and becaufe he adtually enjoys, unlefs the condition than what he means of attaining, is forced thought, as well as the He is little capable of upon his oblervation. attachment; but he is aÉtual gratitude and folid endowed with a general vague vices, are only Thus, generally (peaking, the haps the worft fpecies of the human negroe is not peranimal rational in a middle race. Hei isan becaufe he is docile and degree; tolerably good, never thinks of a better timid, and becaufe he adtually enjoys, unlefs the condition than what he means of attaining, is forced thought, as well as the He is little capable of upon his oblervation. attachment; but he is aÉtual gratitude and folid endowed with a general vague --- Page 174 --- THE COFFEE PLANTER is of right and wrong; and, as he CHAP.IV. vague notion of what he fuppofes to be his 1 exceedingly jealous has been promifed to him, he duc, chiefly of what do what he knows to be is pretty, well inclined he has to all the defeéts of people L his duty. Befides, he perverts every thing to of the loweft clafs; and, under thefe bis floth, luft and gluttony, liar. gratify he will be found an impudent fkill predicaments, attentive, and has fufficient He is exceedingly reiniffion ofdifcipline, to turn to lay hold of every. weaknefles and1 examples to his own advanigethe is imitative and apith, as the of his mafter. He and, asi fuch,rather exerts reft of the human race; which prefents more himfelf to attain, the evil, than the good, prefent and palpabie enjoyments, unfortunately, almoft the benefits of which are, always more abftrufe and remotc. robuft bears view, he is frong.and In a phylical is little liable to diftempers, fatigue with hardinefs, improved by habit, as he is caleulated by natore,andi climate. to be the inhabitant ofa warm view, is that creaSuch, nearly and in a general in his natural whom we are forced to keep the ture in order to obtain from him flate of thraldom, becaufe it is now proved by requilité fervices; than by ipeculative experience, more decifively condition, he reafonings, that, under a different aétual wants, unlefs to remove would not labour, fmall in the WeltIndies. Here which are few and imprudent fpeculator, view Jet the philanthropic of things, correét his fyftem, the prefent fituation for the incalculable mifand profefs contrition chief order to obtain from him flate of thraldom, becaufe it is now proved by requilité fervices; than by ipeculative experience, more decifively condition, he reafonings, that, under a different aétual wants, unlefs to remove would not labour, fmall in the WeltIndies. Here which are few and imprudent fpeculator, view Jet the philanthropic of things, correét his fyftem, the prefent fituation for the incalculable mifand profefs contrition chief --- Page 175 --- OF ST. DOMINGO, chief he has done, in' the Domingo, But no more of republican this parts ofSt. CHAP.IY. It is neceffary, fubjedt. / 1 to the beft then, to turn this our account. We muft. exaét property 2, Princinegroe all the work he from the pleofGoand ufe can reafonably vernment. every means to prolong his life. perform, direéts the firft, humanity Ifintereft here they both enjoins the fecond, and the go hand in hand. Happy confcioufnefs of which forms the accord ! fophical and political whole philomagic of the fyftem of the planter; all the that entire fubmiflion fopreme power of one chief, and of have fubfifted ofthe many, which would Rill not the fatal unimpaired in this ifland, had French revolution introduced ciples, incompatible with the condition printry (a). of the counIn order to make the beft-ofthe negroc, and to keep him in powers of the is unfortunately fubjection, chaftifement fometimes the cafe with foldiers, necefiry, Such alfo is fervile clafles of with failors, and with all men. But, that his life prolonged as long as may be forget that chaftifement poffible, the planter muft not fevere at a ought to be neither too time, nor too often negroe ftands in need of repeated; thac the comforts during quict, of relaxation, of health; and oftender and attentive and (a) Britifh I is colonies particularly remarkable, tha: while: almcft infurrecions of negrocs, have the fuffered, onet time cr ether, tbe. all the Dutch of their tbat kind. I can fee no French better reafon celanies have never feltany fhock oftocal multitude refpeltive conflitutions. Ours left for this, but the thing the hands a ofa hidden myitery. The whole the fway trength and diftfercens power cf the this is the exaét fingle inan, both hereandin the was, mothser. wujpbly atlorh, in ther own eftate, Thisi pattern is only and ahint example of1 cf the power of the country, maller on and explained, would bef found to be beyond very exrentive idea, which, it fur- bis s contradichion. affiflence Ours left for this, but the thing the hands a ofa hidden myitery. The whole the fway trength and diftfercens power cf the this is the exaét fingle inan, both hereandin the was, mothser. wujpbly atlorh, in ther own eftate, Thisi pattern is only and ahint example of1 cf the power of the country, maller on and explained, would bef found to be beyond very exrentive idea, which, it fur- bis s contradichion. affiflence --- Page 176 --- PLANTER THE COFFEE of ficknefs; ; that he muft havé CRAR.16. amfiftance in times wholefome and abundant fare; 1 always homely, but fuiting to the climate. and cloaths and lodgings that humanity, as well The planter bas been fenfible fureft direét calculated on the grounds, thefe as intereft, he has not been deaf to all thofe things; who knows but gratitude may fuggeftions. Nay, recolleation, the negroe be occafionally felt. Upon more than the. will be found to do for the planter do for him. The planter does, and is bound to labour, but infant and old man do not perform Care has been bethe one will, the other has. oftheir inbilities: flowed upon them, on account in the zeal of their faThe firft reward appears often you have feen gratemilies. Honeft planter, on the face of the fond ful and tender feelings glow and careffed the child in mother, while you noticed of the dutiful fon, who her arms; ; or in the eye tottering along and fupports the decrepit old man, ration from your groping his way to receive a daily from thine eye. table. Lo! a tear trickles world! own the man in the Oh, friend, thou art happieft ofSt. Domingo, that It is to you honeft planters without flattery and I addrefs this apoftrophe, fpeak ofthe treatment without remorfe. I cannot colonies; but it is in other more happy of negroes that (lave in a few odious exceptions with juflice to fay, negroes were ruled generally detefted) your as with firmnefs. much jufice and humanity what as follows, I fhall rather defcribe Thus, in what eftates, than was done, on the moftofyour aStually tohave beendone. Several what ought apoftrophe, fpeak ofthe treatment without remorfe. I cannot colonies; but it is in other more happy of negroes that (lave in a few odious exceptions with juflice to fay, negroes were ruled generally detefted) your as with firmnefs. much jufice and humanity what as follows, I fhall rather defcribe Thus, in what eftates, than was done, on the moftofyour aStually tohave beendone. Several what ought --- Page 177 --- OF ST; DOMINGO Several planters are defirous of eftarès with Negrocs working their 3. Negrres and, to accomplifh this, accuftomed to the country, accuftomed to the as they find them, and they pick them up fingly country. or they purchafe entire fmall more fiequently in towns, is a proper choice, I have gangs. Where there but it is not an cafy no objedtion to this ; In the fecond inftance, macter to cffcét in general. of children or of there is a paukry mixture there muft be, a motley decrepit invalids; in both cafes, and difpofitions, where compound vices ofoppofite habits together. will meet and ferment Ihave advifed to begin with becaufe, in the of negroes ready mades are better able hardmhips a firit fettlement, to thift for they parcly for thatreafon that themfelves, It was with a fmall number. Talfo a advife areadselele carpenter, a thingle that a mafon, cured, if any of goo:l planer, and a faddlerb be prowant of thefe, young character can be found; for tices with artificers. negroes But areplaced. as apprenin lefs than three thefe will not be ready will be found to years; and then they fometimes even to have learned haveacquired their bad habits, and not I fhouid trade. of young Guinea prefer, in many refpeats, to form a cven when Negroes oftheabelt gang 4. Guinen there is a ffficient choice; and Negrocss grown for the labour, I would number of men full oaly boys and girls of fourteen advife to purchafe negroes require, in the and fifteen. Guinea worked and well attended. beginning, to be gently the feafoning to Some may be loft in this, climate; but to they are formed and counterbalance dilciplined M according to the many refpeats, to form a cven when Negroes oftheabelt gang 4. Guinen there is a ffficient choice; and Negrocss grown for the labour, I would number of men full oaly boys and girls of fourteen advife to purchafe negroes require, in the and fifteen. Guinea worked and well attended. beginning, to be gently the feafoning to Some may be loft in this, climate; but to they are formed and counterbalance dilciplined M according to the --- Page 178 --- THE COFFEE PLANTER ideas, and it is the fureft means to CHAP.IY, the mafter's own beautiful gang. 1 make a good and negroes, the planter ought 5. In the Choice ofGuinea circumftences : Youth, Choice. to attend to the following a clean and lively eye, an open cheerful countenance, neck, 2 broad and frefh lips, found teeth, a Arong and large hands, a Aat open-chef, finewy arms, dry round thighs, dry belly, ftrong loins and haunches, ancles, high feet and knees, mufcular calves, lean ofthe limbs; and lean; an eafy and free movement fimall. a middling ftature, or rather are the beft The Congo, Arada, and Thiamba, do not admit of fo nations. Women, in general, becaufc, all of choice in this refpeat, much nicety women are accuftomed, over the coaft of Guinea, ought to be, as work for the men. A gang I to compofed of the fame nation. much as pofible, They are docile, and work preferred the Congos. they are well fed. pretty well, provided are purchafed, the 6. As foon as Guinea negroes well bathed with warm Cares. firft Care is to have them off the palm oil, with water, in order to take This is which they are rubbed on hip-board. They muft neceffary,as it intercepts perfpiration. (a). Itis be clothed as the climate requires to next necefiary to caufe them drink, likewife extr emely a fudorifick potion, (as for the fpacc of a fortnight, the eruption of cutathe dock water) to forward have which the ihip fiurgeons neous diftempers, and which produce often barbarculy repremled, of tbis is If direét fuipicion fatal confequences. praftice of Aamping (a) I eanno: onit the unplcafing but neceffary them. entertained, next necefiary to caufe them drink, likewife extr emely a fudorifick potion, (as for the fpacc of a fortnight, the eruption of cutathe dock water) to forward have which the ihip fiurgeons neous diftempers, and which produce often barbarculy repremled, of tbis is If direét fuipicion fatal confequences. praftice of Aamping (a) I eanno: onit the unplcafing but neceffary them. entertained, --- Page 179 --- OF ST. DOMINGO Entertained, it is bettér to reproduce the then, to. cure it itch, and CHAP.IV, chriftened methodically. They ought to be ) alfo as foon as poffible, Some ftand godfathers for all their planters them free from the negroes, to keep fuperftitious and abulive of godfathers and mothers power oftheir own colour. I prefer fetting negroes to work as foon as they arrive, but this muft be done by degrees, at expofure firft to cold rains and dews, becaufe ayoiding the climate to which they have been accuftomed, is different from that of the mountains ofSt. Domingo; for the fame reafon, I fhould advife purchafe Guinea negroes only in the fpring. to require alfo to be particularly watched They by thé drivers, on account of their diftempers: There are a few planters wbo judgé it to commit new negroes in truft to thc care of proper their other negroes: Thefe make fervants of and in general ufe them with little them, hot with very regard, if feverity. On the contrary: let the take the chargé upon himfelf; let him lodge planter them under his eye; watch over their perfonal concerns in all refpedts, afcertain that their food is and diftributed regularly twice prepared are in a condition a day, until they to be left to themfelves. then the time to give them a ground, well fettled Itis and planted, a houfe and bed, a ketle, a a veffel for water, a knife, two fuits of porringer, two hens and a mate, ifwanted or wifhed for. cloaths, When they are thus fettled, it is ftill neceffary to watch them for a time, more carefully chan over the others. The planter who withes to work at eafe, to M 2 execute to be left to themfelves. then the time to give them a ground, well fettled Itis and planted, a houfe and bed, a ketle, a a veffel for water, a knife, two fuits of porringer, two hens and a mate, ifwanted or wifhed for. cloaths, When they are thus fettled, it is ftill neceffary to watch them for a time, more carefully chan over the others. The planter who withes to work at eafe, to M 2 execute --- Page 180 --- COFFEE PLANTER THE. and to fpare all his works properly, part more CHAP.IV. execute to have a fifteenth Y his negroes, ought for the labour of than is abfoluccly necefiary this happens feldom ; amthe eftate. But I own extending the plantations, bitior, and the facility of caufe deviations from temptations to being great this rule. of the different employments I fhall now fpeak of negrots. that the Artificers go into the It is the cuftom at their own trade. Artilicers. 7. fields, when not employed muft vifit, every now and and tilers in The carpenters to keep them repair. then, the houfes and roofs, muft fee that the The mafon, before the crops, order. He muft bafons and platforms are in good in his province, withalfo refit all the other works On till the decays are con@iderable. out, out waiting the faddler muft give the day of everyjournes, take back the faddles, pannels and, at the return, dry them, refit them immediately, fufficient exand harnelfes, with fith oil. Itis and greafe them faddler to be able to make cruppers, permefs for a and the like, and to refit a breaft leathers, girths, may have the knowledge faddle neatly. One man trades. The mafon of, and astually practife two It is evident, that the alfo be a faddler. eye of may all thofe concerns requiresahe watching over the mafter. faid, that Drivers or and juftly Before 8. It is commonly the foul ofa plantation. Driver. Commanders are this fituation, their character they are appointed to it is the befinefs of the ought to be well known; They ought to poflefs mafter to form them. fidelity, trades. The mafon of, and astually practife two It is evident, that the alfo be a faddler. eye of may all thofe concerns requiresahe watching over the mafter. faid, that Drivers or and juftly Before 8. It is commonly the foul ofa plantation. Driver. Commanders are this fituation, their character they are appointed to it is the befinefs of the ought to be well known; They ought to poflefs mafter to form them. fidelity, --- Page 181 --- OF ST. D.OMINGO, fidelity, affeétion, intelligence, 15; juftice, and feverity, They Should fobriery, difcretion, CHAP.IV, ferve dittance and know to pre- ( quainted with all that authority, the make themfelves acchienly during night, negroes do or intend to do, turnal vilits ând keep an eye upon the nocif excurfions; ; oblerve, while any are indifpofed, give attention at work, and render account of to every thing, Laftly, to be perfeêtly every thing to the malter. kind. fkilled in work of every The drivers are allowed to but not to a greater extent than punifh the negroes, faults as require five lafhes. Such ported to the mafter, more fevere corredtion are rehis dircétions. In to be chaftifed to all cafes, where according negroes work more than four where the land together, is a driver is neceffary; and, driver can fteep and interfeéted with ravines,a the work ofmore hardiy watch, in a proper manner, over than thirty. The. place of the driver is He walks through ail the behind the gang. thing is wrong, calls the rows, obferves if any rectify his faults, teaches him negroe back that he may punifhes himifhe commits where he is ignorant, négleStorthrough errors repeatedlythrough teach,and obftinacy. The driver muft never do the work ofa only He muft be refpeéted, and when common negroe, chaftifed in private, unlefs for chaftifed muft be that he be faults which degraded to the ranks. require In the diftributions of is given to the cloth, a double fhare perly. drivers, if they have behaved proM 3 The ifhes himifhe commits where he is ignorant, négleStorthrough errors repeatedlythrough teach,and obftinacy. The driver muft never do the work ofa only He muft be refpeéted, and when common negroe, chaftifed in private, unlefs for chaftifed muft be that he be faults which degraded to the ranks. require In the diftributions of is given to the cloth, a double fhare perly. drivers, if they have behaved proM 3 The --- Page 182 --- THE COFFEE PLANTER wear a ftaff and a whip, as enfigns. CHAP. IV. The drivers - 1 oftheir authority. Chief oft the Negroes and Mules, Drivers The Driver, or Thould be faithful, fober, and ERA employed in carriage, plight ofhis beafts. attentive to the care and good their wounds and ordiHe ought to know to cure he muft have, over diftempers. In journies as the nary under him, the fame aurhority the negrocs field. To conduet twelve mules, drivers in the of whom three Ahould fix negroes are neceffary, lift and carry the bags of be fufficiendy Arong to coffee. (I mean he who has the care 10. Coffee- The Coffee-man and of fuperintending the maman. of mills, platforats, kind of commander or driver nufaéture) is alfo a that he be fkilIt is necefary in his department. attentive and careful in ful in his employment, and every other thing looking after the machines, ofcoffce. He for improving the quality and defigned artentive in obferving, muft be particularly forefecing, rain, that the coffec ought to have Akillin on threatening apbe houfed or fhelered may pezranccs. Pruners onght to be handy, intelligent, Ne11. The in their tools. Pruners. diligent and careful preferving work, as, in reality, they pleafed with this whatever carries the grecsare in feem to have a pleafure It is thus that when appearance of deftruétion. trees is announced they fell wood, the fall ofgreat by huzzas ofjoy. or Doftrefs muft be a The Hofpital Matron dif12 Hofpiage, of a compallionate tal.duuen. woman of middiing of a robuft concareful and affectionate, fitution, pofition, diligent and careful preferving work, as, in reality, they pleafed with this whatever carries the grecsare in feem to have a pleafure It is thus that when appearance of deftruétion. trees is announced they fell wood, the fall ofgreat by huzzas ofjoy. or Doftrefs muft be a The Hofpital Matron dif12 Hofpiage, of a compallionate tal.duuen. woman of middiing of a robuft concareful and affectionate, fitution, pofition, --- Page 183 --- O:F S T. DOMINGO: ftitution, capable oft bearing fatigue and S It is required that fhe have fkill watching. CHAP. IY. wounds and [o drefs ordinary fores, to deliver pregnant which, as births are here moftly natural and women, an eafy matter. It is her duty to keep the ealy, is and patients clean; and, as fhe will not be ho(pital to Aleep abroad, it is proper fhe be permicted to fuffer the privation ofufual lodged fo as not gratifications. Long experience with the praétical knowledge have fet fomne of thofe offimples, above women, in many refpects, furgeons too fiequently met with in the mountains. I had one, the lols of whom I Thall regret all my life, Where the gang is rather numerous, the doétrefs muft have an afitant, to Jearn the art under her diredtion, and to execute the works I became tired oft thofe mountain ofdrudgery. frequently could furgeons, who not be found at the time were wanted; and who, in' they deftitute of general, are equally capacity and of zeal, I learned bleed with very litile trouble; and, by the to doctor Buchan's Domeftic help of which I cannot Medicine, a work (a) too carneftly recommend to the planters. I performed the office of fick negroes, aided by the labours phyfician to my and faithful Mari-Anna. of my intelligent I only called for the furgeon in cafes which required manual or when any one dangeroufly fick defired operations, fuch fiftance, but it was feldom of much avail, afinftances, Such however, were rare, and things in general went well, (a) It has beentranflated into French, no means unworthy the original, by Dr. and improved with notes, by rpyal highncis count d'Artois. Duplanit, phylician to his M 4 The faithful Mari-Anna. of my intelligent I only called for the furgeon in cafes which required manual or when any one dangeroufly fick defired operations, fuch fiftance, but it was feldom of much avail, afinftances, Such however, were rare, and things in general went well, (a) It has beentranflated into French, no means unworthy the original, by Dr. and improved with notes, by rpyal highncis count d'Artois. Duplanit, phylician to his M 4 The --- Page 184 --- THE COFFEE PLANTER, 16S of Children is ufually" a woman The: Keeper to whom an eafy employment KCI advanced in years, to be careful/patient; muft be afligned. She ought and fond ofthe ftate ofinfancy. is alfo an employmeit for 14.Ponl. The care of Poulry ealy. Ail the negroc women uyMad, old age; it is very well, on their own account; imanage it perfealy faithfulnefs and attention. for it requires only happens that, wherever there However, it generally and manage the bufine's, is not a landlady to direêt particularly inthe mountains; lictle good is obtained, have poultry in abundance, for, while the negroes mufter a chicken. the mafter perhaps cannot rabbits, and fattening The care cf the pigeons, hogs, falls into this employment. are alfo old The of previlfen-grounds 5. Keepers of fome exertion. They Kecpers, negroes, but ftill capabie and attended by a dog. are armed with a fpear, in the day and watch in the They ought to fleep sofboth the mafter and negroes. night, in the grounds faithful as wall as watchful, partiThey mull be new fettler, cr any planter culaily if thereis any the To in neighbourhoed in want of provifions, ofcutting the plantains, thefe is intrufted the charge for the fervants ofthe and of digging and replanting houfe and for the hofpital. bas people fet apart for In general an eftatc ifthe negroes employed on keeping of cattle; but weck, they become this duty are not changed the every are well inidle and licentious. if for paftures them, as the fervants clofed, there is no occafion in the morning, may drive who look after the cattle them of provifions, ofcutting the plantains, thefe is intrufted the charge for the fervants ofthe and of digging and replanting houfe and for the hofpital. bas people fet apart for In general an eftatc ifthe negroes employed on keeping of cattle; but weck, they become this duty are not changed the every are well inidle and licentious. if for paftures them, as the fervants clofed, there is no occafion in the morning, may drive who look after the cattle them --- Page 185 --- OF ST. DOMINGO, them in or out of the out paftures at ftated times, withinconvenience or much trouble ÇHAP, IV. Ip pafs now to the gang in (e). place, to what relates general, and, in the firft population. to the important article of - It,cannor be denied but that a dren occafion great lofs of labour number of chil- 16. Popewhich perhaps overbalances in the mothers, lation. ic muft be the actual bencfit. But of love, which confidered, that thefe children are bonds the mafter; and bind the negroes to the foil and to fatisfaction, nothing evinces fo Arongly the happinefs and, welfare of this people, as a great clafs of one day or other, furnifh population, which befides will, : fhort, humanicy recruits for the field. In upon this fubject, commands that care be beftowed andit affords, in reality, a fenfation, to be furrounded with pleafing thefe infants a black brood of liping out the word But though papa. population is defirable, it always an eafy matter to attain it. is not women have an averfion to a fituation Sometimes their amours, and they, which checks prevent confequently, endeavour to forced nieans. pregnancy, or to procure aburtion by is It is then that ftrict watchfulnefs neceffary. On the one hand, favour encouragements to pregnancy, on the other feverity to voluntary and carly prevent aware of this, if mifcarriages niuft be tried. Be fuddenf women come to the hofpital with floodings, and particularly if,in you find the alegate remote places, kind fripped of their pear-trees and others ofthat bark. I was witnefs to an sound. (a) If precipices are found in the favannas, they muit be fenced inltance On the one hand, favour encouragements to pregnancy, on the other feverity to voluntary and carly prevent aware of this, if mifcarriages niuft be tried. Be fuddenf women come to the hofpital with floodings, and particularly if,in you find the alegate remote places, kind fripped of their pear-trees and others ofthat bark. I was witnefs to an sound. (a) If precipices are found in the favannas, they muit be fenced inltance --- Page 186 --- THE COFFEE PLANTER method failed, till fuch time CHAP.IY. inftance where every bound to declare their fituation L - as the women were and regiftered, and month, which was verified every fixed thofe who mifcarried, an iron collar was upon was well afcertained; till their enfuing pregnancy was evident unlefs where the caufe of mifcarriage and well known. manners enjoin that the Both religion and good wedlock. But wedlock negroes be united in lawful and ficklenefs of this ill agrecs with the natural levity has fhown that reclais of people. would Nay, experience be the means cf converting gular marringe into adultery, difcords, and peaceable concubinage and his deadly feuds. Some evils are unavoidable, licenfe brothels at Holinefs himfelf is obliged to of fanc-i however repugnant to his charaSter Rome, tity. as much as is poflible, to procure It is neceffary, of men and women. Intercourfe an equal number be as much as can ofthe fexes fhould prevented, plantations; be done, between the neighbouring by fmall benefits and matches fhould be promoted maintained between man concord encouragements; pretending altogether to fetter and wife, without means muft be inconftancy. Here only gentle ofmen for the natural affeétions and pallions ufed; reftriéted by open force. : The women are feldom rewarded in their pregnant ftate, or oughr to be if the fathers are while rearing, more efpecially amongshemielves. is fo faradvanced in preg17. WoAs foon as a woman a mifcarmun with that hard labour might endanger Child. nancy, in woiks about the houfe, riage, fhe is employed coffce upon the platforms, as in picking or curning Of ofmen for the natural affeétions and pallions ufed; reftriéted by open force. : The women are feldom rewarded in their pregnant ftate, or oughr to be if the fathers are while rearing, more efpecially amongshemielves. is fo faradvanced in preg17. WoAs foon as a woman a mifcarmun with that hard labour might endanger Child. nancy, in woiks about the houfe, riage, fhe is employed coffce upon the platforms, as in picking or curning Of --- Page 187 --- OF ST. DOMINGO,, or in fewing for the negrocs; that fhe be not fuffered tO lift always taking care CHAP.JV. burthens. heavy weights or carry 1 When the pregnant negreffe approaches of her begins to feel the 18. In hofpital. Her labour, fhe is brought to the Child-bed. aired; but the wind room muft be without fire, well her bed. The. muft not blow direétly upon delivery is ufually very performed by the doctrefs, who is natural, and ftruéted in the bufinefs. In cafes generally ina furgeon is called to attend. of any dificulty, It is a praétice among the the breaft to the child before negroes not to offer give him, mean while, a certain time, and to Infants. 19. and oil. Thefe do different things, fuch as wine firft milk of the harm, ifthey doanyt thing. The mother, js the medicine by nature to purge off the prepared breafts are fuffered meconium; and if the dance of milk, to grow too big, by the abunconfequence. As great foon inconveniences may be the dreffed, and have as the mother and child are be offered, without taken fome reft, the breaft muft The child will waiting until fivelling comes on, at the fecond generally take to it, ifnot at the or third trial. firft, Upon the whole, the many groes (which are of the fame prejudices of the nelower ranks fort as among the againft; and ofpeople in Europe) muft be Dr. Buchan's guarded tended to. I alfo direétions clofely atan excellent finall treatife recommend, upon this fisbjeét, (avis aux mères ofMad. Anel le Rehours, Direétions for the qui veulent nourris leurs enfants) own Childien, Mothers who with to nurfe their It at the or third trial. firft, Upon the whole, the many groes (which are of the fame prejudices of the nelower ranks fort as among the againft; and ofpeople in Europe) muft be Dr. Buchan's guarded tended to. I alfo direétions clofely atan excellent finall treatife recommend, upon this fisbjeét, (avis aux mères ofMad. Anel le Rehours, Direétions for the qui veulent nourris leurs enfants) own Childien, Mothers who with to nurfe their It --- Page 188 --- THE COFFEE PLANTER laudable pra@tice to chriften provifionally CHAP.IV. It is a the church rites are not the children, as commonly entered into till after fometime. when every thing goes The mother and child, twelve or fourteen days, well, may be fent out after to be the term of the The ninth day is fuppofed critical period for the child. the midwife a fmall graIt is cuftomary to give delivery. The mother tuity, for every fuccefsful fuit of clean cloaths, either alfo receives a complete the firft dangers, or when when the child has pafied he is-weaned. in St. Domingo by the There is an evil known Ieisakind name of (mal de machoire)falla.jes. which affeéts the jaws and of tetanos or fpafm, the aétion of fwallowing, and throat, and cuts off It is an opinion too gethe pofmbility of fucking. this diforder originates exneraily entertained, that The fuffrom aétual malice or violence. of this clufively credit, from the frequency picion has gained while thofe in the neighmalndy on certain eftates, degree; as alfo, from bourhood did not fuffer in any means of watchfulentirely, when have its difappearing in punifhing it, nefs to preventit, and feverity of this happening canThe event been employed. but the truth 1s, fpafm may proceed not be denied; unfkilulnes of the pcople employed fom mere if the breaft is large and full, about the infant, as, its weight to pre(s upon the and the mother fufers alfo be occafioned by child's feeble chin. It may clofe and heated by a negie@t, as if, the room being praétice with negroes in great fire (as js the general ftreams of cold air are fuffered this fituation) fudden ta --- Page 189 --- OF ST. DOMINGO, to rufh in upon the child. human race feem to be Befides, this part of the CHAP.IF, affeétions than the whites. more liable to pafinodic ( owned, that fometimes It muft, however, be prefiure have been exterior marks of violent it is certain that difcovered on the throat; and gree, dangerous to preffure the life may be made, to a deleaving vifible ofa tender child, traces. In all cales, without fwelling, and incapacity of infammations, quence, and the fucking, is the confè. the power of unhappy little wretch is relief, and beyond malady, and of the neceffarily dies of the actual real caufe is hardly confequent inanition: but the it may have been, the difeoverable, becaufe, whatever It is cffeets are the fame, againft the extremely effeêts neceffary to take of awkwardnefs precautions well as bad intention. No and neglect, as the room, which muft fire muft be allowed in be taken that the be kept open, though care upon the bed of the current of air does not frike the firft nine mother and child. days, no one the During even the reputed father, muft except be nidwife, not the chamber. The midwife permitted to enter of giving the breaft, muft watch the manner night. Both fhe and chiefly in the drowzy hours of acquainted that the mother muft be made no excufes will be accidents of negledt overlooked, admitted, nor happen, the ordinary Ifaccidents fhould even fevere penalties gratuities will not be paid, and muft be mentioned may be inficted; but all this danger, and at only when the mother is out a time when it of execute the fentence. may be proper to The mafter fupplies the mother with a complete fet Both fhe and chiefly in the drowzy hours of acquainted that the mother muft be made no excufes will be accidents of negledt overlooked, admitted, nor happen, the ordinary Ifaccidents fhould even fevere penalties gratuities will not be paid, and muft be mentioned may be inficted; but all this danger, and at only when the mother is out a time when it of execute the fentence. may be proper to The mafter fupplies the mother with a complete fet --- Page 190 --- THE COFFEE PLANTER till linen, and he clothes the infant, CHAP.IV. fet of childbed cloaths of a coarfer texture. Perhaps; 1 he can wear naked, as foon as if negroe children were ftripped arrive at the age of they begin to crawl, until they better both in point of fix or feven, it would be cleanlinefs and of bodily ftrength. of fillen Belides, as foon as the.child is paft danget of his parents, he is allowed, for the benefit jaws, of cloth, falt, and falted provifionss an entire fhare the fame 2S other negroes. work till three or four 20. Negreffes do not go to while nurfing, do not apNurfes. wecks after delivery, and, after the reft of the gang, pear in it till an hour under the Thade, and one or The children are laid them. But as the nurfes do attend two negro girls under pretence of fuckbut little work in the field, them in the manufacture ling, it is better to employ and about the houfe. at home, or in the garden, to population, one As a farther encouragement mother, for each dayin the week is granted to every mother has fix, no living child, fo that when a ftate called here fervice is required of her; a the more different from legal bonjebold freedoim, and very labour on their In fuch cafes, the negroes to one. within the precinéts of the eftate, own account, ofwhich they are fubjeét, the police and difcipline and down at their will, not being allowed to g0 up of perfeét freedom. which is the privilege only months is the The age of fixteen or eighteen if are healthy; clildren. 21. period for weaning the Children they care, when after this, they are left to the keeper's takes them only at the mother goes to work. She leads thém The kecper her return in the evening. to within the precinéts of the eftate, own account, ofwhich they are fubjeét, the police and difcipline and down at their will, not being allowed to g0 up of perfeét freedom. which is the privilege only months is the The age of fixteen or eighteen if are healthy; clildren. 21. period for weaning the Children they care, when after this, they are left to the keeper's takes them only at the mother goes to work. She leads thém The kecper her return in the evening. to --- Page 191 --- OF ST. DOMINGO, tol bathe every day, and keepsthem clean ofvermin. When the mafter fits at breakfaft and dinner, CHAP.IV. - 1 them before the door, or into the and brings them the food prepared for them. gallery, No gives neceffary or proper. If an afternoon meal more is added, it would not prevent the parents fiom were ming them again in the evening, which cramhurtful. All day long they amufe might be mafter with noify or plague the playful tricks: thefe fhould be encouraged; but they muft not be fufered to upon the platforms, as they would Ipoil them in ya- go rious ways. The keeper does not omit to them repeat a fhort morning make When they arrive at the age prayer. of fix or feven they are at. the charge of their years, proper to begin parents; but it is other. The firft inftrusting them in fome work or may be fome ever be the fex; at nine or needle-work, whatin fome other manner, but ten, they are employed in a manner ing to the capacity. Where there correfpondnumber of boys and giris from is a fufficient is cuftomary to form them twelve to fixteen, it into.a fnaall gang, employed in weeding and in feparate As foon as they are of fuficient gathering coffce. they are transferred to the age and firength, houfes, utenfils, and two grear gang. Grounds, them; and hens, are then given they are at liberty to marry. come now to the Gang in general, One hour before day-light, the bell and 22. ofthe driver calls up the the whip Gang, breakfaft in time: then, negroes, all the doors chattheydrefstheir of their houfès fhould be thrown and windows them for going into the cold air. open, to prepare The . they are transferred to the age and firength, houfes, utenfils, and two grear gang. Grounds, them; and hens, are then given they are at liberty to marry. come now to the Gang in general, One hour before day-light, the bell and 22. ofthe driver calls up the the whip Gang, breakfaft in time: then, negroes, all the doors chattheydrefstheir of their houfès fhould be thrown and windows them for going into the cold air. open, to prepare The --- Page 192 --- THÉ COFFEE PLANTER of to their Work at the point The negroes repair who reckons Works.) 23. day, under the conduét of a driver, At nine or and fees that his number is complete. hour is allowed for half or three quarters of an labour till ten, they ceafe from their breakfaft; at noon, and continue till fun-fet. two; when they return order of things ; but, in Such is the more ufual mountains, the negroes prethe greater part of the hour and half before at work till an the maffer to continue alfo more profitable for fun-fet. This is of breakfaftis later, and ter. In this cafe the hour Except in the time of thé time allowed longer. their réturn in the evening, crop, they bring, on which they gather or cut in ftones or packs of grafs, ones go for the provifions; the fields. The young or dug for the which the keepers have gathered In crop times care is hofpital and houfe fervants. fach negroes as are emtaken that the wives of and prepare their proviployed at the mills, carry fions. but that if negroes would only There is no doubt, fun-rife, fome diftempers be fent to work after the daily lofs of an hour would be prevented: i; but foon as the fun is up, the is more attended to. As off. When the negroes jackets muft be thrown works more toilfome than havel been employed in been wet with rain, it is ufual, or when they have of rum; though in cuftomary to give them a glafs a warm arothe latter inftance, Dr. Buchan prefers and gives very matic infulion, as ofl lemon-tree tops, reafons for the preference. (parconvincing neceffary nor perhaps proper It is neither drivers are trufty and fkcilful) ticularly where the that the negroes jackets muft be thrown works more toilfome than havel been employed in been wet with rain, it is ufual, or when they have of rum; though in cuftomary to give them a glafs a warm arothe latter inftance, Dr. Buchan prefers and gives very matic infulion, as ofl lemon-tree tops, reafons for the preference. (parconvincing neceffary nor perhaps proper It is neither drivers are trufty and fkcilful) ticularly where the that --- Page 193 --- OF ST. DOMINGO, that the mafter or overfeer remain hind the negroes at work, and ftill lefs conftantly be- CHAP.IY, are weeding or gathering. It is when they 1 be there for an hour in the only ft that he manner they exert morning, to fee in what capable of doing themfelves, and what they are come again towards during the day. He ought to been loft, to view evening, to fee if time has thing has been every place, and obferve if any make the drivers negleâted or badly executed, and to the intervals of the refponfible for fuch negleét. In vifit the other day, it will be proper that he vannas, inclofures, plantations, and provifion grounds, fais moft roads, to fee where neceffary; : and he mult alfo labour tion upon the manufaéture of beftow attenpital. coffee and the hof. Thus the whole week is holidays with which our Roman employed; and thofe 24. charged with a profufion, calendar is over- Sundays, offenfive to culture induftry, are very iictle attended and is the Chrifian's day of to. But Sunday to. the negroes. If reft, and given in property render cf this circumftances compei a furby another privilege, amends are made, either day next week, or, in crep time, compenfation, and, even in the laft by a the Sunday is always allowed cafe a part of bulinefs. to them fortheir own On thefe days the at day-break, The firft negroes are called up only food. Next, the houfes care is the ketile and within and without. are to be cleaned, both infpect It is proper that the this, as alfo infpect that the beds mafter order, for thefe people muft are in good not be fuffered to Aeep N upon and, even in the laft by a the Sunday is always allowed cafe a part of bulinefs. to them fortheir own On thefe days the at day-break, The firft negroes are called up only food. Next, the houfes care is the ketile and within and without. are to be cleaned, both infpect It is proper that the this, as alfo infpect that the beds mafter order, for thefe people muft are in good not be fuffered to Aeep N upon --- Page 194 --- COFFEE PLANTER THE the fire, as they are difpofed to CHAP.IY. upon the ground by alfo that he examine if the 1 do. It will be well need of repair, and if fo houfes or roofs have any be made next day. to caufe the repair to to prayers upon the At feven the negroes repair for the wherc all the tools are produced follows the platforms, of the mafter. After this alexamination of falt or faltedl fth, on the Sundays examines diftribution Whilethisi is done, the doétrefs be ternately. and caufes the chigos to the feet of the Nothful, taken out. purfue their own bufinefs, as Then the negroes weeding, gathering wahing their cloaths, planting, At evening arranging their grounds. the provifions, of fuel for the hofpital, they bring a bundle the baker, and one of grals kitchen, the laundrefs, wood is gathered from planted for the cattle. This of trees remain; aftergrounds, as long as ftumps wards where it can be found. No. 43-) on the difW hat 1 have faid (Ch. I. nuft of the negroe grounds, tribution and planting that the mafter be carried in mind. It is proper while thefe plantations, occafionally walk through them, and form are prefent, to infpeêt the negroes in good order. regularions for their being kept the negroes are On Saturday or Sunday evening, never at their allowed to dance upon the platforms, But foreign negroes houfes, till nine o'clock. own muft not be admitted. to the next Towns or are fond of going and 25. Com- Negroes fell their fowls, and corn, nierce in Boroughs, to eggs, For this purpofe, a Tosmsand what they may want. certain Burongla. to buy the negroes in good order. regularions for their being kept the negroes are On Saturday or Sunday evening, never at their allowed to dance upon the platforms, But foreign negroes houfes, till nine o'clock. own muft not be admitted. to the next Towns or are fond of going and 25. Com- Negroes fell their fowls, and corn, nierce in Boroughs, to eggs, For this purpofe, a Tosmsand what they may want. certain Burongla. to buy --- Page 195 --- OF ST. eertain number DOMINGO, Sarurday night oftickets by or paffes are given off early in the rotation. They generally every fet CHAP.IV, ( fet. But, though morning, this and muft return at proved in is a general praétice, funexperience to be attended it is conveniences health to the mafter, and with heavy inof the negroe. It to be hurtful to the of is, in fact, a illuftration. corruption; ; a truth which, I believe, great fource wants no Though a fituation the landing places, is, in remote from town, or from venience, I confidered many refpeéts, an inconaccount of its diftance. mine as advantageous, on triét never went abroad. The negroes in my dif all the articles which Ibrougic from the they received at the my negroes defired, Cape of retail were faved firft coft, fo that ali the Thefe made in fowls, to them. The profits or market eggs, Or other payment was Prices, I kept productions, at ftated counts were always fairly notes, and our little acfaction. The negroes fettled to mutual fatischeap; and my table had good the general was fupplied with commodities foreign market, praétice, would have been what, in rule were It were to be wifhed, carried to a I obferve followed every wherc, that this that hawkers Under this head, mitted into eftates, and ought to be cautioully adinto, or to ftay, in the never be Permitted to enter often retailers of negroe houfes. They are inclinations, corruption, and promoters ofbad The Property to be, as it really oftheNegroe is, facred living or dead ought to the mafter, and his Negroes 26. The N 2 Preperty, exclufive carried to a I obferve followed every wherc, that this that hawkers Under this head, mitted into eftates, and ought to be cautioully adinto, or to ftay, in the never be Permitted to enter often retailers of negroe houfes. They are inclinations, corruption, and promoters ofbad The Property to be, as it really oftheNegroe is, facred living or dead ought to the mafter, and his Negroes 26. The N 2 Preperty, exclufive --- Page 196 --- COFFEE PLANTER THE (a). righrrohis wife Aill more o,ifpomible fo well EHAP.IY. exclufive to enlarge upon a matter as the 1 I have no occafion repefted: but underftood, and fo generally fuffered tb want any thing negroe ought not to be health and welfare, it is that is necelfary to his again(t the hurtful vanity equally material to guard infenmibly creeps in, him rich. Luxury Unwilling as I ofmaking follows in its train. and and corruption ofour misfortunes am to recal the memory that the foolith I cannot avoid obferving, and calamities, negrocs was but too common fancy of enriching The revolt was hatched, éxtravagant among us. among the and did actually make its faitspearances who were much negroes of Galifet's near the Cape, I have feen on this the richeft of all the plain. three hundred felplantation, on a Sunday evening, the moft elegant fervants dreffed as white lows as gaudily feen ten hampers of in town. I have even houfes. I have aifo feen an bread foldat the negroe davesofh her own 3 and who had two and fowls, old houfe-lave dining upon foup an old carpenter negrce fne cloth, napkins, filver fpoons the tablelaid witha and their chilforkss his wife fat at a diftance, a and was not upon Sunday. dren attended them; yetic valued himfelf upon this The attorney of the eftate of the flaves; but I comfort wealth and apparent regarding it as a fight of no aReéted, the firft vicwas otherwife man fell good omen. The rerpectable villins to whom be by the hands oft thole very tim, in thec citatece Upont thechtt anticle,t the mgammintrtt thewant of wlich has more than malte) (a) kept withiu great drercition, cunleguances. ence beens anended with fhocking had attorney of the eftate of the flaves; but I comfort wealth and apparent regarding it as a fight of no aReéted, the firft vicwas otherwife man fell good omen. The rerpectable villins to whom be by the hands oft thole very tim, in thec citatece Upont thechtt anticle,t the mgammintrtt thewant of wlich has more than malte) (a) kept withiu great drercition, cunleguances. ence beens anended with fhocking had --- Page 197 --- OF ST. DOMINGO, had afforded the means of 18r fluities. (Mr. Odelucq, attaining thofe fuper- CHAP.IY, friend.) my honeft and good 1 From the reafon above the deftruétion which mentioned, and becaufe hogs make in the vifions, as alfo their daily ground promine upon an eftate, maintenance, occafion fais abfolutely notwithtanding every care, it to prohibit neceffary to prohibit fuch fock, as alfo is encugh that having property in cOWs Or mares. It negroes have plenty of grounds, and every other fowls, ample the mafter's hands. afliftance neceffary from Icome now to the New Year's Day. mgfifimus annus, Nunc fer- 27. This is the day, but the Nawcar's Day, foftened into a chearful only one, of Saturnals OX has been killed the orderly diverfion (a). An provifion of viétuals precedling evening, and a vaft into prepared. The cloth is rations, the lots fet apart with the divided jackets. Munificence has paved the hats and and affeétion. The way to feltivicy when a hurricane ofd 'morning juft begins to dawn, African fongs, awake drums, ofdifcordant fhouts and When he the mafter from his comes forth, opening his fumbers, light, and his foul to eyes to the twiments and whimfical benevolence, ruftick compliin abundance. Pardons wifhes are poured upon him nefty takes place, The are granted, a gencral amcloathing ofthe year is dif. made (a) of A planter of St. Domingo can hardly give vour of outrageous Cbrifiman, riot, where for diffolute feitivity and drunkennes crelit to the reports as teeming with dangerous. three days together or more; and fecm toi fagerated. confequences, ifthe report ts are not appears cxagN 3 trib; ical benevolence, ruftick compliin abundance. Pardons wifhes are poured upon him nefty takes place, The are granted, a gencral amcloathing ofthe year is dif. made (a) of A planter of St. Domingo can hardly give vour of outrageous Cbrifiman, riot, where for diffolute feitivity and drunkennes crelit to the reports as teeming with dangerous. three days together or more; and fecm toi fagerated. confequences, ifthe report ts are not appears cxagN 3 trib; --- Page 198 --- THE COFFEE PLANTER the conclufion ofevery CHAP.IV. tributed, with a glafs ofrum, after fome frolicks, 1 ceremony of the day. They, their beft cloaths: they go to drefs themfelves in Meanwhile the kettles return and begin to dance. timc for breakboil, and the ball breaks up togive the fpirits. The faft. The glafs of rum re-animates redoubled alacrity. The dance is refamed with after which they are again time of dinner arrives, Meanwhile the fun treated with a dram of rum. coolnefs, favourdeclines, followed with a refrefhing of mirth exNow the goddefs able to exertion. over all. Every mind is gay tends her influence dilated. Love fies around, and every heart is and darting his arrows. Jack, Shaking his firebrand hard at work with Betfy, Tom, and Dick, are outvies the other, and all Sufan, and Anna. Onc ofthe day. A large croud contend for the praife match, and every one of gazers hang upon the lively of-viétory kecps his breath in anxious expe@lation A murmur for his friend. Tom feems to flacken. blufhing if fhe heard around. His fair Sufan, is ftruck at the heart. A glance is darted, could, is fhame, anger, and love. Tom expreflive of forrow, and takes the brifk gambole lafrefh. finds new ftrength, and twift their mates, make them The fparks grafp emulation. Then whirl and jump with contending and fwift. more and more lively the dance rages every exertion raifed to Every nerve is in motion, of youth and pleafure the utmoft. All the powers beating with tenkeep pace with the drums, now round, more atThe croud preffes fold quicknels. anxious. The knave tentive, more Gilent, more Jack bole lafrefh. finds new ftrength, and twift their mates, make them The fparks grafp emulation. Then whirl and jump with contending and fwift. more and more lively the dance rages every exertion raifed to Every nerve is in motion, of youth and pleafure the utmoft. All the powers beating with tenkeep pace with the drums, now round, more atThe croud preffes fold quicknels. anxious. The knave tentive, more Gilent, more Jack --- Page 199 --- OF ST. DOMINGO. Jack gives Dick the trip, and neath him. At the poor Anna falls be- CHAP.IY, thunders unexpedted trick the whole ) out a laughing and gang bell Arikes ten! The mafter fhouting, Lo! The cc Friends, it is comes forth and fays, Ce and let us enough; here is the laft dram, c row." go and reft forthe labour of to-morAt the awful voice and folemn filence follows; addrefs, deep fuing night is as every body withdraws; and the enWhat quiet as any in the year (a). fafhionable town affembly is this, to a man who feels that preferable to beftows upon others! He happinefs which he muft not, however, himfeifup blindly to the overflowings ofhis give lence, but moderate the exceffes benevomirth might which tumultuous will be beget. No quarrels, no excurfions turned permitted. Strangers will not be away; nay, they will fhare the rudely they will be watched and difmiffed dram; 5 but night. The with courtefy at the fcene ofall platforms this round the mafter's houfe are asit were, abandoned. gambol. The negroe huts are, not lofe fight The man at the helm muft ofany ofthe crew, The lot of a negroe is feven elns The women get eight, which makes (b) of cloth, needles and thread are added, two fuits, Some inftead of which fome with a woollen jacket, reafon) give in planters (perhaps with better preference a large linen fheet, though but (a) good Inthe watch towns the affeniblies are more puts a final ftop SRN to kept ail the every noife where; and no diforder numerousandr IS fufered 5 and motley; night ; elns (b) are An eln confifts ofthree feet feftivity. feven inches more than equal to of ten yards; and Our French and eighelines. Eight 3-4ths an ein. coarfe cloth is broad" by N 4 the (perhaps with better preference a large linen fheet, though but (a) good Inthe watch towns the affeniblies are more puts a final ftop SRN to kept ail the every noife where; and no diforder numerousandr IS fufered 5 and motley; night ; elns (b) are An eln confifts ofthree feet feftivity. feven inches more than equal to of ten yards; and Our French and eighelines. Eight 3-4ths an ein. coarfe cloth is broad" by N 4 the --- Page 200 --- THE COFFEB PLANTER 184. fond ofjackets. A hat alfo CHAP.IV, the negroes are more and to the other chiefnegroes, 1 is givenitot the drivers, Here to the mothers. and a couple ofhandkerchiefs I imported all the firft expence is a real faving. articles direétly from France, at a higher price, thefe better qualitys 5 fo that I had the pleafure but ofa cloaths of my people laft far into the of feeing the while the cloaths and jackets imported next year; ; fometimes of the worft kind. by merchants, were the malter is obliged to watch over But in all cafes of the cloaths, the negroes being, the prefervation naturally carelefs and unprovifor the greateft part, fome fuits made in dent. He is alfo obliged to get and nurfes, for fuch as the hofpital, or by the maids cannot do them themfelves. chearafter defcribing the preceding as. Difci- Itis painful, inftantly ofDifcipline and PuFsa ful fcene, to fpeak compels metoit. Parments. nifhments : but my fubjeét I Thall content ticulars would be too difgufting: myfelf to fketch out the general heads. crimes are The moft heinous mifdemeanours (for of in this fubjeét) are offences not comprehended firft to the mafter, and next to the infubordination, drivers. which I the negroes In the fecond place, the wrongs afault and oftowards one another, as by are guilty theft, adultery, and rape, 8zc. battery, never to be pardoned; and, The former ought muft have, for the latter, the party aggrieved made to ample amends or reparation moreover, him. the faults againft general order; as - Next come éxcurfions, introduétion of running away, noSturnai ftrangers and next to the infubordination, drivers. which I the negroes In the fecond place, the wrongs afault and oftowards one another, as by are guilty theft, adultery, and rape, 8zc. battery, never to be pardoned; and, The former ought muft have, for the latter, the party aggrieved made to ample amends or reparation moreover, him. the faults againft general order; as - Next come éxcurfions, introduétion of running away, noSturnai ftrangers --- Page 201 --- OF ST. DOMINGO, 18; ftrangers at night, clandeftine and forbidden commerce, thefts of valuable things CHAP. ) IV. mafter, as money, goods, furniture, belonging to the kinds, fowls, &cc. Thefe cattle of all are always liable to ment. punifhNext come thefts of fruits and provifions, and faults committed through lazinefs and negleét. Hére indulgence has more latitude. The third or the fourth is to be punifhed, ifignorance ofthe is pretended on plaufible grounds ; for the former muft be made to believe that the moft negroe will not efcape punifhment, if it falls trifing within faule notice ofthe mafter. the The ufital penalties are Rogging, fimple or in the ftocks, and confinement, lar, though the continued carrying a chain or colful. I am not fight ofthe latter is paininclined to recommend flopping allowances, which may be neceffary to the any health. negroe's Punifhments muft be certain, immediately infiéted, proportionable to the fault, and never Racks, tortures, mayhems, mutilations, and exceffive, are referved for crimes of an atrocious death, fall onlywithin the province ofthe nature, and though public magiftrate; perhaps more fpeedy exccutions, and cularly on the fpot, woull have partieffeét. But the laws have wifely more ftriking beyond the cognizance of the placed thofe powers fail to avenge the trefpaffes mafter, and do not committed againft their authority. A ftated price is paid to the from the public revenue, for fuch mafter, condemned to death or perpetual negroes as are In the management of private punifhment. difcipline, it is effential y exccutions, and cularly on the fpot, woull have partieffeét. But the laws have wifely more ftriking beyond the cognizance of the placed thofe powers fail to avenge the trefpaffes mafter, and do not committed againft their authority. A ftated price is paid to the from the public revenue, for fuch mafter, condemned to death or perpetual negroes as are In the management of private punifhment. difcipline, it is effential --- Page 202 --- COFFEE PLANTER T HE with the charaéter of the to be acquainted as CHAP, IV. effential fuch may be preferred offender, that punithment him from offending again. It js moft likely to deter that knowledge, you may is fortunate when, from ceremony of Rogging. venture to fpare the revolting punithing, hand ofthe driverto be employeding lafhes The worth obfervation. Twenty from is alfo a matter fevere than a hundred from one, may be more the whip muft alfo be new: another. The knots of blood of a man infeéted with knot, dipped in the evil to a perhaps communicate diftempers, may This is not fuffianother, by way of inoculation. ciently attended to. with punifhment Laftly, never threaten a negroe chaltife in anger, where ata future time ; and never bounds. The run a rifk ofexceeding the proper mafter increafes the you coolnefs and temper of the and a negroe meeffect of the chafifement: ; moral away, fo that punifhment naced may abfcond or run infiéted inftead of one. for two faults is to be code of regulations of the I am confident that a calculated to draw upon above tendency, is not which they have been the flanders, with who pianters philancthropilts, loaded, by thofe pretended offrionds to negroes, which, have ufurped the name belongs to us. in reality, more truly the fubject ofServants. I Thall be very fhort upon comfortable fituation. But 29.Menial Servants. Thefe are in the moft better; and it is a rule the fewer you have, the When the bufinefs of never to let them be idle. in affiftis finifhed, the men are employed or care the houfe works of manufaéture, the ing in the heavielt The women few for of the horfes and cattle. childrens name belongs to us. in reality, more truly the fubject ofServants. I Thall be very fhort upon comfortable fituation. But 29.Menial Servants. Thefe are in the moft better; and it is a rule the fewer you have, the When the bufinefs of never to let them be idle. in affiftis finifhed, the men are employed or care the houfe works of manufaéture, the ing in the heavielt The women few for of the horfes and cattle. childrens --- Page 203 --- OF ST. DOMINGO. the children, hofpiral, and new negroes, I garden, pick coffee, and the like: Both work in CHAP.I. come now to the - father fteps into the mafter's lureofSiekneb; ; and here the Never turn back any place, The 30. Sick, himfelf in the one, A negroe cc Sir, morning, efpecially on prefents his fkin Tamhcty" his eye is clear, his Mondays: but he cool, and his belly foft. It tongue is ciean, occafion pretends illnefs; yet, ten to one for a few days'reft, perhaps, he really has hofpital; ; take away the Let him go to the diet, with plenty of water Pipe; ; put him upon low be glad to be difiniffed after and clifters; and he will Let the drivers have two or three A good negroe is a watchful eye in this days, at bis meals: feen to facken at refpeét, tal, let him be fent work, or to fail and, of courfe, to the direétiy to the holpination, Another has a mafter's previous let hinn be fent fmall excoriation on the examibe the inftantly, otherwife a large leg: cured in conlequence, three 3 and what might fore may The fureft days may laft perhaps for have becn the ftocks. way, in fuch cafes, is to a month. Thefe accidents put the fick in fteep lands, Duft, are frequent in feratches to ulcers mud, and cew, flony the acrimony in a fbort time, aggravate immediate ofthe blood of the independent of the caufc. Negroes, fond individual, of a more watched, hofpital; and it is fuch that muft labour, dilike On the be principally irritate an accidental contrary, there arc others who purpofe, For thofc fore, the or actually form one O1l difagrecable as poflible, When holpital muf be made as they ought to be punifhed, cured and conviéted, The , aggravate immediate ofthe blood of the independent of the caufc. Negroes, fond individual, of a more watched, hofpital; and it is fuch that muft labour, dilike On the be principally irritate an accidental contrary, there arc others who purpofe, For thofc fore, the or actually form one O1l difagrecable as poflible, When holpital muf be made as they ought to be punifhed, cured and conviéted, The --- Page 204 --- THE COFFEE PLANTER The fexes, as has been faid, ought to be in CHAP.IV. 1 The different kinds of diftempers, rooms apart. thofe ofa contagious nature, muft not and efpecially All fevers, agues, itch, be mixed indiferiminately. from tetter, pox, and the like, muft be feparated the fores and other fimple difeafes. moft Every thing muft be kept in a ftate ofthe cleannefs. It is to be withed that the foor perfeét with bricks, that it may be occalionally were paved The beds Obould be fprinkled with boiling wafhed. vermin. Every couch for the fick water to deftroy of and a blanmuft have a palliaffe, two pair fheets, for ket. Hofpital fhirts or fhifts muft be furnifhed at entrance. They leave them at their the negroes If negroes in hofpital have no other departure. their ufual cloaths, they muft neceffarily be than and, for this reafon, the body dirty and bathed loufy; and the head fhaved, when they fhould be There muft be a are admitted into the hofpital. fufficient to provifion of kettles and potter's ware, make and contain drinks and ptifans, and for other purpofes. The mafter muft have, in his own clofet, a furnifhed with fmall quantities, but often pharmaly and compounded recruited, of the ufual fimple the medicinal drugs ; with two mortars and peftles, of one of brafs and the other cf marble, a balante middle fize, and a little one with their weights. night he himfelf weighs and gives the meE.very the doétrefs, taking care, by precife didicines to reétions, to prevent miftakes. in the hofpiral, A journal book is ufually kept where ifhed with fmall quantities, but often pharmaly and compounded recruited, of the ufual fimple the medicinal drugs ; with two mortars and peftles, of one of brafs and the other cf marble, a balante middle fize, and a little one with their weights. night he himfelf weighs and gives the meE.very the doétrefs, taking care, by precife didicines to reétions, to prevent miftakes. in the hofpiral, A journal book is ufually kept where --- Page 205 --- OF ST. DOMINGO. 18g where the dates of admiffion and difcharge of pa- CHAP.IV. tients are inferted, and where the furgeon writes his 1 prefcriptions for the following days. I have given my opinion (too frecly perhaps) of thelgy gentlemen. It admits of exceptions, among whom I beg thofe who will take offence to rank themfelves. But though often deficient in requifite knowledge and attention, they are always neceffary for luxations, fraétures, and other manual operations. Independent of cutaneous, venereal, and febrile diforders (the laft of which are not very common amongft the negroes in high mountains) the moft frequent difeafes are colds, Auxions on the breaft, worms, diarrhaeas, and dyfenteries, the latter are often epidemical. Inveterate fores are often venereal or fcorbutick. The marafmus or wafting, tending to diffolution, and dropfy of new negroes, generally proceed from cutaneous difeafes repreffed. It is then the fafeft way to reproduce the original diftemper. In the latter cafes wine and fubfantial food are highly neceflary. Ir neither am able, nor is this a ft place, to to treat of thefe difeafes. I Thall only fay attempt again, that an accurate ftudy of Dr. Buchan's work, will enable a man of tolerable difeernment, to cure all of them, with better fuccels than could be expeéted from the defultory vifits of common Dr. Tifot's advice to the peiple On2 bealtb, practitioners. is alfo a valuable book, but neither fo extenfive nor fo accurate as the other, particularly with the notes of the tranfator. In general, reliance on the vis illedicatrix nalttr.e, affifted with exaét obfervation of the , will enable a man of tolerable difeernment, to cure all of them, with better fuccels than could be expeéted from the defultory vifits of common Dr. Tifot's advice to the peiple On2 bealtb, practitioners. is alfo a valuable book, but neither fo extenfive nor fo accurate as the other, particularly with the notes of the tranfator. In general, reliance on the vis illedicatrix nalttr.e, affifted with exaét obfervation of the --- Page 206 --- THE COFFEE PLANTER of the difeafe, a good reCHAP. IV. the origin and progrefs at a proper time, and - gimen, few remedies given can do. The careful nurfing, does all that medicine muft not be of old women golliping preferiptions which the allowed, though there are many fimples, by no affords, and many well tried receipts, country means contemptible. before they are reccived into the The negroes, to the mafter. He cxamines hofpital, are prefented them. To him belongs (or to and preferibes for bleffed with one who does not his wife, if he is dircétion of his dinike the bufinefs) the exclufive bis firft care in the To vifit it is own hofpital. he as often as is necefmorning, which vifit repeats than one who fary. Ic could name more planters into their OWH when in danger, have taken patients, bedrooms. when in good health, ought Befides no negroe, come into or near the hofever to be permited to inform themfelves of the pital, unlefs merely to and paftate of their children, wife or hufband, that and it muft be particularly attended to, rents; with them neither pipes nor improper they bring food. wine, and bread of the mafter, The foup, broth, for thofe who are ferioufly ill. are never too good be thrice a week, A bullock's head may provided, of coarfe Aour for the others, with an allowance bread and ground provifions. attend our fick nelt is not in our power to and watchfulnefs as groes with the fame affiduity but, in the efiential we do our wives and children; The frames and lictle difference is made. things, diftempers they bring food. wine, and bread of the mafter, The foup, broth, for thofe who are ferioufly ill. are never too good be thrice a week, A bullock's head may provided, of coarfe Aour for the others, with an allowance bread and ground provifions. attend our fick nelt is not in our power to and watchfulnefs as groes with the fame affiduity but, in the efiential we do our wives and children; The frames and lictle difference is made. things, diftempers --- Page 207 --- OF ST. DOMINGO, diftempers are fimilar, except that bear low diet fo well negroes do not as whites. CHAP.IY. The convalelfcent before negroes muft not be they are able to work, Even difinifted two days are allowed them for then, one or Provifion ground in good order, putting their own time ic may have been without according to the I come now to Old Age. attention. Light employments (as has been The 31. Old, to negroes, as feen) are given years. they begin to fall into the decline of But as they fink into and reft, with affectionate decrepitude, retirement pains and hardfhips of ufage,. to alleviate the due to humanity, and bodily infirmities, are a debt fervices. A man of an acknowledgment for long not fail to be moved reflcétion and fenfibility, cancreature, who at the fight of that the after fulfilling, in an ufeful privileged funétions of his flation on manner, the periods of life, itands carth, through all about to be re-united upon the brink of Take to the Author of his eterniry, care, then, not to affict the being, by dragging him from his old good old man, and bis habits, under the idea manfion, his family, within the reach of of having him more better to make his houfe your care and attention. It is nifh him with more comfortable; to furwants warmer cloaths, and to partly from fupply his a glafs of wine, the your beft own table. Do not forger him often, If he milk of old age. Vifit his diftrefs. If he fuffers, is comfort him and relieve He. will blefs fick, encreafe the ufral care, old you, and the man will be blellings of a good placed to your account of credit before It is nifh him with more comfortable; to furwants warmer cloaths, and to partly from fupply his a glafs of wine, the your beft own table. Do not forger him often, If he milk of old age. Vifit his diftrefs. If he fuffers, is comfort him and relieve He. will blefs fick, encreafe the ufral care, old you, and the man will be blellings of a good placed to your account of credit before --- Page 208 --- THE COFFEE PLANTER be The youth will thus CHAP.IV. before the Almighry. and inclined to love you, à 1 encouraged to ferve you, placed before their eyes, profpeêt of comfort being ever defcend into after the toils of life. If you there you will find an inexprefiblé your own heart, fentiment of approbation. of Cattle and of Beafts I fhall,lafily, fpaak brielly Cattle. 32. of every kind. which are young; Thofe cattle muft be preferred have been bred up. in' the neighbourhood. and from dry places are with difficulty Such as ceme under the climate and on the kept in good plight, mountains. four paftures of the always under fhelters They malt neither be kept to dews, or to left entirely expofed to rain, nor weather of wintery and in the heat. In the fine fummer, they muft be nights and mornings of but they reabout and browze; fulfered to fray the ftables, in the moft burning quire to be kept in in the rains or chill nights hours.of fummer, and of the favannas; of winter. I have faid enough and of Stables, Ch. 2 Chap. I. No.44, and 46; No. 59has been faid, it is plain that a From what eftates 33of taking proper care ofhis Hulles. planter, defirous or make fhort vifitss can only ride out on bufinefs, with friends occafionally, for the fake éf intercourfe veiy finall and that, therefore, a or neighbours; will be fufficient for his purpofès. number of! Horfes care of them. He muft, however, take peculiar paccrs, are preHorfes from America, commoniy eafily fed and more ferred, but creoles are more certainly ferviceable. Hc Hulles. planter, defirous or make fhort vifitss can only ride out on bufinefs, with friends occafionally, for the fake éf intercourfe veiy finall and that, therefore, a or neighbours; will be fufficient for his purpofès. number of! Horfes care of them. He muft, however, take peculiar paccrs, are preHorfes from America, commoniy eafily fed and more ferred, but creoles are more certainly ferviceable. Hc --- Page 209 --- OF ST. He muft be careful DOMINGO. may be deemed to be Provided with of Mules. a morethan barely what 34. The ableft are referved fufficient number Muler, others for the mills, Ifan for cartinge, the ever fo flightly, he fhould animalis wounded, though hair fully covers the not be employed till the for inftance, wound; but if the fore ferve upon the back, he is, in the mills. may notvithflanding Mules, but particularly every morning and freed horfes, muft be curried then their mouths muft from ticks. Now and be prafs and barbles cut off. examined, and the lamthat they could be It' were to be wifhed bathed water, and efpecially in every noon in deep and when fea-water, when they are cool. attainable, If the place to which the not very diftant, particularly coffee is carried is 35, paffage of rivers on the road if there is no decp Ales, are more (in which cafe proper, as being taller, mules bags of coffee being to prevent the fervice as mules. wet) Affes will do the fame more eafily fed; but They are much cheaper and better and ftronger they require to be kept in A inclofures. great number of oxen and bulls incumbrance (a); but a are a needlefs tremely ufeful (b) for the good many cows are cx- Cows, 36. and all thofe douceurs holpital, the of milk, butter, and children, (a) I do not chcefe, Nay, flow feveral planters pretend have to refleet upon this honeft neral and at the fpoils the roads. employed him for cartiage; ufeful but animal, he one to go up Cape, to his eftate who, being hanember M. de L. an Attorney Ge- is on the mountains. excredingly big, tall, and heavy, rode Old (b) mules One and old cow is kept for the not deny them a horfes handfome are good for entertainment nothing, but a of new year's day, retreat in his paitures. gcod matter will which refleet upon this honeft neral and at the fpoils the roads. employed him for cartiage; ufeful but animal, he one to go up Cape, to his eftate who, being hanember M. de L. an Attorney Ge- is on the mountains. excredingly big, tall, and heavy, rode Old (b) mules One and old cow is kept for the not deny them a horfes handfome are good for entertainment nothing, but a of new year's day, retreat in his paitures. gcod matter will which --- Page 210 --- THE COFFEE PLANTER at the mafter's table, and CHAP.IV. which are comfortable fowls. The ticks muft alfo alfo for rearing young black cattle, and they require be taken from the fhelter in the chill or rainy nights to be put under the milcb COWNS to be fupof winter; and, at leaft, calves muft be kept apart. plied with grafs. Tbeir that the milk be not fmuggled. Care muft be taken by the kcepers or other negroes. fo well underftood here In general, milking is not relied upon, and in The negroes are milk as Europe. for a COW to let her they believe it impoffible that fhe cannot be ifthe calfis not by her, or is go A fteady determination milked after weaning. I can warthofe prejudices. neceffary to overcome that the coWS give rant, from my own experience, more with them, and milk after the calves are no the milk grows thin until they breed again; only be thrown away. By in the laft days, and it may than two COWS will be more profitable this means in the common method. four or fix, of the difeales to I will not enter into a detàil of which originate which the cattle is liable (fome rain and dews, and chicfly from expofure to cold nor of their alfo from the quality of the paflures) ufual ones, and for I refer myfelf, for the and cure. to the known receipts wounds and accidents, complicate, to the fimples 3 and, for the more Farrier and books upon the fubjedt, as our Perfeêt of the Weft Rufick Houfe, where even a planter though the Indies may find very ufeful particulars, hufbandry. work relates to European from plantations, Goats fhould be kept away They leap over Goatt, 37. and bred upon barren grounds. and and for I refer myfelf, for the and cure. to the known receipts wounds and accidents, complicate, to the fimples 3 and, for the more Farrier and books upon the fubjedt, as our Perfeêt of the Weft Rufick Houfe, where even a planter though the Indies may find very ufeful particulars, hufbandry. work relates to European from plantations, Goats fhould be kept away They leap over Goatt, 37. and bred upon barren grounds. and --- Page 211 --- OF ST. and go through DOMINGO, deal of wafte. every inclofure, and make a great CHAP.IV, Sheep have, in a great meafure, / venience. They, as has been the fame incongrounds. Befides, faid, fpoil the Shesp, 38. places, they ficceed but ill in pafture rainy As Hogs and Swine muft be negroes; the mafter fhould prohibited to the 39. about. He may only buy have none running Hogs Swine, and them in very clofe gelded hogs and fatten killed, and another pens, Every month one is refource. put in his place. This is a great mals, Icannot omit the two moft the The one fo brifk, fo domeflic of all ani- 40. other fo alert, and Dogs and - How can loving, fo faithful, both playful; Cats. a folitary man live fo ufeful, even a cat, where friends without a dog, and ought to be good are fo rare P The latter but not hunters; the former dangerous, on watchful, No pains fhould be account of the negroes. tity of Fowl of all fpared to breed a great ducks, and kinds, as hens, guinea hens, quan- Pigeoos, 41. Fowls, fine, and the turkeys. Young gecfe, ani Rab. it bird is the pride peacocks of aie very bits. fpoils the roofs. our yardsy-b but The cote and more delicate pigeons are the beft fpecies, better, than the others. larger and, as they never They breed to be deftroyed by the fly far, they are lefs liable to be better fed. negroes, They only require The domeftic rabbits When they are fed with are alfo a great refource, tick leaves, orange and other they are as good as the wild aromaO 2 ones. A fingle ocks of aie very bits. fpoils the roofs. our yardsy-b but The cote and more delicate pigeons are the beft fpecies, better, than the others. larger and, as they never They breed to be deftroyed by the fly far, they are lefs liable to be better fed. negroes, They only require The domeftic rabbits When they are fed with are alfo a great refource, tick leaves, orange and other they are as good as the wild aromaO 2 ones. A fingle --- Page 212 --- THE COFFEE PLANTER and the buck mut be left in each warren, CHAP.IY, A fingle be kept without his reach. 1 young muft comforts, the fruits, the greens With all thofe of coffec, from the new plantations which are got and orchard, with a negroe for or from the garden who may be formed (but who hunting and filhing, and fith are within muft be watched) where game little expence, find a may, with very reach, a planter very comfortable living, over my tafk, without being Con- Thus I have run fulfilled it in a 42. that I have clufion. able to Aatter myfelf however, endeavoured fatisfa@tory manner. I have, and concife, and to to be throughout perfricuous IfIhave not had fuccels, omit no effential point. forryll have not been able I beg indulgence. Iam that planters, who do better. I do not pretend to may here find any improvement; what they have experience, found to have only explined nay, ifI am I will begin to fet fome know as well as myfelf, defigned for fuch as, valuc upon a work idea merely of the culture, are obliged having little or no it on. from neceffity to carry very little of the overfeer I have affeéted to fpeak confounding them with the always while they or attorney, becaufe I withed to hint that, if owner; the fame refpeêt and authority, are enticled to fame zeal, the fame concern, the they'have not the the fame juftice and humanity, fame watchfulnefs, of a truft and ofa an emthey are quite unworthy Some are found who are, ployment fo honourable. both; but many others in-all refpeêts, deferving this will by no means be thought and entered are defeétive, all the details which I have furprifing, if into ufe I withed to hint that, if owner; the fame refpeêt and authority, are enticled to fame zeal, the fame concern, the they'have not the the fame juftice and humanity, fame watchfulnefs, of a truft and ofa an emthey are quite unworthy Some are found who are, ployment fo honourable. both; but many others in-all refpeêts, deferving this will by no means be thought and entered are defeétive, all the details which I have furprifing, if into --- Page 213 --- OF ST. DOMINGO, into are confidered; ifall the duties them, and the neceffity incumbent upon CHAP.IF. ofdedicating tirely to their themfelves en- ( But occupations, are felt. again, why fhould the owner refufe to upon himfelfthe care ofhis own and ofhis take fortune? The occupations I have family's no means unpleafant, and ift defcribed are by agree the better with a lifed of they are manifold, they retirement. Add to thefe, fome quict, uniformity, and few honeft intercourfe with a neighbours and friends, books, compaffes, pencils, pen and ink, the whole time maps, comfortably filled up. is and encreafes Perhaps a wife fhares your enjoyments ; grow round you. What then is perhaps children blifs? wanting for your of A good citizen owes to his country the that portion of land, which beft ufe afligned to him, in the territory of the Providence ftate, has a truft and Ist thac relponfibility to bc thrown away into mercenary hands? To enjoy, under a burning climate, to have all the true zone, a cool healthy all around convenient comforts oflife; to fee well-fettled manufaéture buildings in good order; a that anfiwver and houfhold ; plantations your advances, and abundantly your toils; happy feryants ; cattle in repay and to be able to fay to yourfelf, in the good plight; recolleétion of calm and Sc created all this, felf-applauding confeience : <Ihave <C Nature, heaven and earth, country, and my fellow my <C labour and fuccefs, If citizens, fmile at my ce pleafures of I am remote from the a alfo fromits a boifterous vain world, I am fecure intrigues and corruption, My days O 3 6 glide --- Page 214 --- THE COFFEE PLANTER, &c. CHAP.IV. cc glide along without trouble, my nights are free Y Cf fom the dreams of ambition and the pangs of Cc remorfes nothing, breaks my flumbers but the c tender caresdue ofif@singhumanity, the wifhes c of thofe around me are for the duration ofmy < exiftence, and when that Thall be peaceably terc6 minated, my fervants will fprinkle my grave with c tears; my children or heirs will blefs for ever the Cc good man, to whofe toils they find themfelves c indebted for their comforts and blifs." I aik any reafonable man, ifhappinefs does not exift in fuch a fituation, is there any under heaven where it can be found? > fortunatos nimium fua fi bona norint Agricolas. VIRG. --- Page 215 --- Ihite I I Tonls and iensils e'culturr aud Manutioturr. N C : a tir Prinin a L à - live in --- Page 216 --- --- Page 217 --- llare 2. TUAPN 38. pa Det D D Fig.S. A Tige 38. C A tio.2. Inge 27. Level WON EUA 6. Feet D - G - a ES M E - H A - F tmale 22, Level B Cooked Road Flp.3. Tage 23. urr. N C : a tir Prinin a L à - live in --- Page 216 --- --- Page 217 --- llare 2. TUAPN 38. pa Det D D Fig.S. A Tige 38. C A tio.2. Inge 27. Level WON EUA 6. Feet D - G - a ES M E - H A - F tmale 22, Level B Cooked Road Flp.3. Tage 23. --- Page 218 --- --- Page 219 --- Iotle F fistoile Lolngest Sonth Explanation A. Houses K- Settlemnents B Feruac Grounds C. Prrision 1)" D l'lantans and Roots Do F. Nayne Grvunds G. Soarus I1 (irite Plantatens I 1 Suundug Hood or ) Mied Land I S (; North = Iure Per' se'e ev --- Page 220 --- --- Page 221 --- Yustr / / - L. Li1h / nhs Sonth. Fig. * - CI Explanation. 2 & : A podigaltwursnaie Stere t - tariten. - orehunt. K K $ * D Nthen. outfonees, Hospital * * Hlegp.vont. * E. Millflonsr. e € $ hasntouush tie chme. G meoesmeuhrs e H. Pluibrm mrus * a Oanal e1 /'pr. K K a 4 - € a K. prvina Platihrms. 3 6 I. Npellouces S # a 2 4 M Poultv, vant, 1P hrtuse. C € * 4 - 2Piseon le t1rr and itamen, a $ t * 3.srampd Ivnrnriigs. N Statles antl'en. (; F 00 Kivr D PP Read. E Hett ) y - + f , 3 * lo - S s s * 7 - 5 * s - ls f s $ S 1. I. J. S - - th 1' Pour Iarutont Ai in ipautir. --- Page 222 --- --- Page 223 --- Leste Holl ENPLINATIOY, A pottingn lle mssridhiswhve - cermtiurMat + Zashwn N Tihspinal B Nihtost < enllvos 1 Nasontirdn ryhir 00/win thnt.tortidharinte inmiten 11 PgRv. Svumne c P! 1h te atorr Intle he 3 Evtope,unt a Dovinna Phhiyet 90 euul E 1t m Flatiorms 1C Iesbeowumiys R liell F fthons I Pn. uutabavex s: Rirl M 1rOr h, see 1s: 4a LESE 11a s131 11s - EAA A M Le L € FT M I K Nonli E I. a hum ECISM3 a 1e as HI 09 MSM asu - Aa - 4M1 LAAaLAa S E N - a R M M M ( L FAK . a K A A * AA J3 The Photntssunenprssml le telines 00.PP. aeh --- Page 224 --- --- Page 225 --- /it. l'o. Detarle er'thr hoad tirater mill A FT M I K Nonli E I. a hum ECISM3 a 1e as HI 09 MSM asu - Aa - 4M1 LAAaLAa S E N - a R M M M ( L FAK . a K A A * AA J3 The Photntssunenprssml le telines 00.PP. aeh --- Page 224 --- --- Page 225 --- /it. l'o. Detarle er'thr hoad tirater mill A D Fa a < G E K s à lg a Fu 1 C I T - P H - E --- Page 226 --- APUCB) --- Page 227 --- Plate - limoning. Wlill Perling. Ilill ( : - - M L 1y C . M B B G NE V I - n m 12 fe Ervnh.Mussurr tie --- Page 228 --- RPJCE --- Page 229 --- I'lte 8 Fa. Lime Nilns Put 1s B B n a A Fin. 1. Fgr.. F a D B D L Feet --- Page 230 --- A2SCOO --- Page 231 --- Plate 9. A A A A R A 4oFect Aralo Je, Smund. --- Page 232 --- A23C3 --- Page 233 --- - Cisle PR rFilustion F - Fid.t. K CBL K Jucher F.3. 12 Inches F Flevaten Lune 2. 3. 11 II H ru C G 1) --- Page 234 --- RPJC --- Page 235 --- Phale 1. F I E F D B D - C TI - A K F F - E B - G ( G Tar a LAN a A tit Frf p o 5 10 --- Page 236 --- RP3C --- Page 237 --- Plate I 2 Peline ANiomowing Will-heuse Fo A 110.3. Js C Fhasten et the Lines. 1.5. B B L B Elevatien Wi Ite - . Fw F --- Page 238 --- RPSC --- Page 239 --- itile /, additonal prees of-the Nater mills. Prircpal - :, - a à II - a H a - K - J o0ut AE A 1. I --- Page 240 --- CRPJOR --- Page 241 --- kir Plan thr Nater-mill M W PMOP0E - 2 & I. K V u --- Page 242 --- APJCB) --- Page 243 --- Phite ni Eleratino orthe Iinter, Mill b W W 2. a UAC N d TA Epl J I 12 Fr 1 --- Page 244 --- --- Page 245 --- Paste 16. Cattle Jfill N d b c.f F 7. W W D IIO A Fret --- Page 246 --- PJCB --- Page 247 --- llale . 30 Fret : P C7Z M F I (r F - B 0g9gnoo lI K F D E A - --- Page 248 --- JCB --- Page 249 --- IlutFigi Fig: 2 E B B I I B : - B - - 3E V Plate 90. B C r - 1) 1n 30 fect --- Page 250 --- APUCB) --- PJCB --- Page 247 --- llale . 30 Fret : P C7Z M F I (r F - B 0g9gnoo lI K F D E A - --- Page 248 --- JCB --- Page 249 --- IlutFigi Fig: 2 E B B I I B : - B - - 3E V Plate 90. B C r - 1) 1n 30 fect --- Page 250 --- APUCB) --- Page 251 --- Iaite 41 DWELLING AND COFFEE HOUSE. h a Naups F Faurtonr huant Rett lelthars thp Masterse liednem Is Tresugt IT aMre Uslibmug liomx tet Suinges . Premamle : Cerscers Ipartneent D "lwie ntns tor thte dulirent -ifiutie el MCI UNt Pietanny ( ).adl Herhont D IRoom Nr the Thrasees : Nutes eath d latde reemier the Ra.ss X undernouth triie Mr Glanlyres tor Wu Scumns Mnt P'kurgs M - plectrat Nar haurs a tiles L - - L C L TT M m Trfi ie Ie Y --- Page 252 --- --- Page 253 --- Plate 27. Quineune A A B - - B - C A Cs R D D K KE E Seole Strvernd. --- Page 254 --- --- Page 255 --- Piote D PRUNINC Fig' fig Fig 3 A --- Page 256 --- --- Page 257 --- E I I APP E N DI X. A REVIEW OF THE GOVERNMENT, LAWS AND STATE OF ST. CONSTITUTION, THE REVOLUTION, AND DOMINGO, BEFORE GOVERNMENT. UNDER THE BRITISH I HINTED all the above that, after I fhould have richeft and various moft particulars relative to one explained of the mingo, I fhould confiderable cultures ofSt. Doconflinution, laws, proceed and to give an account ofthe a government which, after government of that ifland; been found to be well calculated long experience, has fuccefs of hufbandry and to promote the cherifh the happinel oft the trade, and to proteét and has Though fome may be of planters.. that not fufficient connexion opinion, this enquiry fubject, fo as to the with the at leaft be allowed, appearin that it fàme work, precedling it muft of curiofiry to the is at alitimes an objeét may add, that the philofopher prefent and ftatefmnan; and, me to the eccafion LL affairs of St. tafk I have undertaken. particularly The nation, and demand, Domingo in a nearly moft' concern the Britih attention of adminiftration. prefling manner, the - 4 Ido --- Page 258 --- N D I X. APPE I do not dive into the womb offuturity, or pretend to foretell the confequences of the the prefent Alftate of affairs in Europe ; but I implore and mighty for the re-eftablithment cfmy country, the fuccefs of the Britifh forces and government, the leading motive of my writing the following difappages. If, however, I am unfortunately traét fill pointed in thefe my hopes, this fmall may ofthe be interefling, as exhibiting a faithful piéture Indies, fallen happieft and fineft colony in the Weft into a ftate of wretchednels little fhort ofdeftruction, recorded by the effeét ofthe moft fatal revolution in hiftory. re-eftablithment cfmy country, the fuccefs of the Britifh forces and government, the leading motive of my writing the following difappages. If, however, I am unfortunately traét fill pointed in thefe my hopes, this fmall may ofthe be interefling, as exhibiting a faithful piéture Indies, fallen happieft and fineft colony in the Weft into a ftate of wretchednels little fhort ofdeftruction, recorded by the effeét ofthe moft fatal revolution in hiftory. In order the better to arrange every object in its place, I fhall divide this fhort review under that REREL heads, comprehending all the articles thelegiflature- -the exeare moft effential; namcly, difcutive goverment-he courts ofjuftice-the ferent orders of inhabitants, and the populationthe revenues and taxes of all kinds - the culture and p:oduce-the differentl branches eftablifhments, ofcommerce- as well as the religion and religious iyftem and efablifhthofe of charity--the military the prefent ftatc ment- laftly, fome hints concerning ofthe Britith poffefions. ART. I. LEGISLATURE, If the word legifature is to be underftood in the it fenfe ufually applied to it by Engli(h writers, neither muft be obferved that, in reality, a legifature exifted in France nor in any ofher colonies. The King, with the affiftance ofhis privy council, The The King.. poffeffed the whole legifative authority. power of the French parliaments (not a extended legifature, no but merely a fupreme court ofjuftice) in record, farther than to verifs, that is to regitler the laws of his and make known to the public majely: --- Page 259 --- ARTICLE I. majefty. The right of to it; nay, that of rejccting was not allowed with limitation. remonftrating was only admitted by The this principle. government of St. Domingo was of the mother It fubmitted to the general regulated ftate, rights and kingdom, in what refpected the civil laws of acquiring and property tranfering of the fubject, the means private and public wrongs. property, ofredrefing I". Thofe laws of the written of his law or cuRoms ef Paris; kingdom the are the un- 2. General majefty, General Laws Lais of entails, actions civil concerning or criminal, marriages, wills, gifts, France, thereupon, and feveral and French fubjects, whether others; all binding proceedings foreign dominions and in France itfelf, or equally in the France, polleflions depending upon 2°, It fubmicted to thofe laws, which his majefty thought particular ediéts and 3. Coloni. occafions, to enaét for the proper, on différent al Ediés, of tion, and regulation of the government, adminiftrathe fovercign fometimes colony. Nay, the will material occurrences, in manifefted itelfin lefs as in a fimple letter ofthe even a lefs regular form, having previouly direéted minifter, a certain ediét in the name ofhis that thofe letters written law, to all intents and majefty, fhould be confidered as purpofes. 3". The governor and tatives ofhis Majefty, and intendant, the the Reprefen- 4. His ment in St. heads ofthe Majelty's jointly, fuch Domingo, provifional were impowered to govern- enaét, Reprefenexigencies of the colony regulations as the exifing tatives. minifter, a certain ediét in the name ofhis that thofe letters written law, to all intents and majefty, fhould be confidered as purpofes. 3". The governor and tatives ofhis Majefty, and intendant, the the Reprefen- 4. His ment in St. heads ofthe Majelty's jointly, fuch Domingo, provifional were impowered to govern- enaét, Reprefenexigencies of the colony regulations as the exifing tatives. power of law till repealed required, by his which had the The cuftoms of Paris, and majefty, duced France, applicible to the royal general laws of 5. Prointo it withour formal colony, had been intro- mulgation, a confequence of the connexion Promulgation, ; being fubfiting with the mother- --- Page 260 --- A P P E N D I X. mother-country, and applyingto all French fubjeéts at home colonial or abroad. laws, both the laws of his majefty, But required record and publicaand reprefentatives, This was made in the king's high courts of juftice, tion. or councils fuberior 3 it did not, however, give the law any additional degree of authority; it only made it public, fo that no fubjeat could, after this, pretend ignorance. The law was direéted to the attorney general, who prefented itl by a bill filed by himfelf on purpofe. It was recorded, printed, and pofted ups and then fent by the attorney-ge- infenerai, with the decree of the court, to all the rior courts or juri(dictions, where it was publickly read and recorded at the inftance of the king's attornies: After this, all the courrs and judges were bound to take notice of it ex offcio. 6. Repre- No caufes were fufficient to and poftpone ftilllefs promulga- execution, fentations, tion, after al law was prefented; recorded. The fuperior counwhen proclaimed and (if cils were allowed to make Reprefentation they found good caufe) either to his majefty or to his reprefentatives, but without, in the mean time, afthe courfe of fecting the validity or interrupting the the law, while the regard paid to reprefentation was entirely at the option of the legiflator. and intendant were authorized, by The governor inftructions, to ftop the execution of their private if they as well as the court were the king's laws, fenfible of material grievances. The liigh courts had the privilege alfo of makByelLaws, 7. ing fome Bye Laws (Reglements) their for profeffional fubordinate difcipline, for the regulation fometimes, of for the betor minifterial officers; of the laws. and, But this power was ter execution within narrow limits; and inftances are not confined where fome of thofe bye laws have been wanting, at the fame cancelled by his 1 'majcfly, though he, time, laws, fenfible of material grievances. The liigh courts had the privilege alfo of makByelLaws, 7. ing fome Bye Laws (Reglements) their for profeffional fubordinate difcipline, for the regulation fometimes, of for the betor minifterial officers; of the laws. and, But this power was ter execution within narrow limits; and inftances are not confined where fome of thofe bye laws have been wanting, at the fame cancelled by his 1 'majcfly, though he, time, --- Page 261 --- ARTICLE II. law time, of enacted the fubftance of the f regular form. regulation into a The colonial laws have been ber Moreau de St. Mery, down to the colleSted laft by M. 1785; therevolution of Decemther continuation of the work. having prevented the farLaftly, It muft be the above laws were not obferved, that in cafès where 8. Law was reforted fuffciently Civil or ta; Jikewife to, as rule of decifion, explicit, Civil Law, Canon of the courts Canon of Law, and the printed ratio decilions Jtripparliament. ART. II. ExECUTIVE MINISTRATION. GOVERNMENT AND ADThe Minifter ofthe the Colonies. He had Marine was alfo Minifter perintendance of the the whole direétion and fu- of Minifter, all the civil, military, government. The bufinefs of and ecclefiaffical adminiftrative, commercial, him, to and from departments, his was conveyed through times, in lieu of majefty. He was alfo, in latter lonirs. chancellor, with refpeét to the COwill Before be I fpeak of the interior St. proper to mention, that the government, it 2. Divifion vifions Domingo was divided into French part ofoft the Terand South; or grand departments, viz. three principal di- ritory. into leffer diftriéts each of which was again Well, North, a certain or jurifictions, fubdivided number of parifhes, as follows: comprehending Depart- ments. Diftriêts and Tewns. PARISHES, Port au Prince, Weft. fPortau Prince. Leogane. 3 Croix des Bouquets, Arcahaye, Mirbalais, Weft, --- Page 262 --- A P PE ENDIX DepartDiftrias and PARISHES. ments, Towns. [St. Marc. Vérétes. Saint Marc - Petite Riviere. Gonaives. rPetit Goave. Grand Goave. Petit Goave - Fond des Negres. Anfe Aveau. LPetit Trou. rCap François. Petite Anfe. Plaine Durord, Laeul. Limonade. Sainte Sufanne. Quartico Morin. (Cap François 1 Grande Riviere. Limbé, Dordon. Marmelade. Port Margo, Gros Morne. Plais Ance. LLe Borgne, [Fort Dauphin. North Ouanaminthe, Fort Dauphin 3 Valliere. Terrier Rouge, Le Trou. [Port Depaix et Tortue. St. Louis du Nord, Gros Morne. Port Depaix - 1 Jean Rabel, Le Mole. Bombarde, South, . Limonade. Sainte Sufanne. Quartico Morin. (Cap François 1 Grande Riviere. Limbé, Dordon. Marmelade. Port Margo, Gros Morne. Plais Ance. LLe Borgne, [Fort Dauphin. North Ouanaminthe, Fort Dauphin 3 Valliere. Terrier Rouge, Le Trou. [Port Depaix et Tortue. St. Louis du Nord, Gros Morne. Port Depaix - 1 Jean Rabel, Le Mole. Bombarde, South, --- Page 263 --- ARTICLE II: Depart. ments. Didriês and Towns. PARISHES. [Les Cayes St. (Les Cayes St. Lewis. Cap - Louis Tiburon. - Tes Coteaux, (Torbeck. Saint Louis Saint Louis. South Aquin, Cavaillon. (Jacmel, Jacmel - Cayes Jacmel, Baynet. Jeremie - - fJeremie. Cap-Dame Maric. The general form ofthe litary, The civil Government was mi- 3. G.. as well as other fubjeéts power, ofall courts and magiftrates, vernment, ftrictly fubordinate to and denominacions, were Vernor and the intendant, dependant Such upon the goniftration, though liable to a form ofadmi. was juftly confidered as beft great a great diftance from the feat fuited inconveniences, to a country at refort of people oft mixed of government; the as cultivated by flaves far charadters, out and, above ail, and free inhabitants. numbering the whites Some Checks, the arbitrary exertions however, ofd were provided againft 4. ift. All the branches dhiferetionary of power, Checks, general application, but public revenue, not of grand divifions, were not appropriated under the to particular executive. Nay, the ftatement and controul of the general taxes did not belong to it. affeffinent ofthe 2dly. The relpective limits of the miniftrative, and judicial powers inilitary, ad. (branches of the exccutive) free inhabitants. numbering the whites Some Checks, the arbitrary exertions however, ofd were provided againft 4. ift. All the branches dhiferetionary of power, Checks, general application, but public revenue, not of grand divifions, were not appropriated under the to particular executive. Nay, the ftatement and controul of the general taxes did not belong to it. affeffinent ofthe 2dly. The relpective limits of the miniftrative, and judicial powers inilitary, ad. (branches of the exccutive) --- Page 264 --- APPE N D I X. executive) were exaétly defined by the laws. The one was ftrictly prohibited not to encroach upon the cther; and, ifa fubject applied to government for redrefs of an injnry cognizable in the courts, he was liable to damages upon an action brought before - the court. This check, however indiredt, ferved in a great meafure to preventt treffpaffes. There were two Boards of Agriculture, one SRott Boards at the gdly. Cape for the North, the other at Portau Prince culture. for the Weft and South, compofed offeven principal planters and a fecretary. They had an agent held at Verfailles of their own appointment. They regular mcetings. Vacancies at the board were filled up by the exifting members. They had no falary. That ofthe fecretary was 5,200 livres(a), the agents from the whole colony 12,000 livres. Befides the privilege of tranfmitting to the minifter, in the moft full and unreferved manner, fuch information as they judged conducive to the benefit of the ifland and its inhabitants, they were bound in duty to convey to him, after the death or departure of ofevery governor or intendant, an exact account conduét the charaéter, the abilities, the views, the and probity, with a fcrutiny into and eftimate of the good or evil which had arifen from bis adminiitration This information was tranfmitted to the minifter, through the agent; but a copy was at the fame time fent to the exifting government, which to be with the newas likewife required forwarded, ceilary obfervations and remarks. to I need fcarcely mention the power referved the fubject, of applying individually to his majefty, for redrefs againft private ftretch of power. deftitute Such applications, though perhaps not entirely of influence, had but very feldom any direét public (a) Fort the underftandingof the feveral fums fec the mentioned comparative in table this Appendix, which are all in Celonial currency. 2t the end, effect, to be with the newas likewife required forwarded, ceilary obfervations and remarks. to I need fcarcely mention the power referved the fubject, of applying individually to his majefty, for redrefs againft private ftretch of power. deftitute Such applications, though perhaps not entirely of influence, had but very feldom any direét public (a) Fort the underftandingof the feveral fums fec the mentioned comparative in table this Appendix, which are all in Celonial currency. 2t the end, effect, --- Page 265 --- effest, under the ARTICLE II. idea confidence in the exccutive. ofweakening authority and check There to was, however, in the fervice of than any unwarrantable that conduét, ofgreater France, influence a mean' 'a certain political point of regulations could devife, I difinterefted fpirit, which honour, a certain liberal and the officers in the French reigned in the breafts of emulation character, to the opinion ofthe monarchy; regard to of public, and a who aéted ill advaneement was to rank. A great was fuperceded in feldom his brought to trial, governor but he him to his retreat, Such office; 2 contempt followed after fail to influence, in a high degree, confideration thofe couli not better thirty years fervice, believed men who, large rewarded by a diftinétion ofhonour themfelves to be penfion. than 3 Upon the whole it is government pofafled the juftice to fay, chat it was never fo in reality. Howerofbeing oppreffive, though might be deceived, and ifin Sometimes fome a governor they plaints have have been found to be inftances com. men, been found to be the grounded, railings in moft had fully complaining deferved. oftreatment which their ofenraged conduét the Government confilted of two ditinét was military and the Branches, 6. Twe functions. an officer at the adminiftrative. head of cach, Hence there Branches. I fhall firft mencion diftinét in their fiubordinates, I Thall next them with cheir duties. explain their powers and The Govemnor-General litary, He was was the head ofthe micither always an able experienced nor-Gene- 7. Goverde camp.) Heutenant-general or major-gencral (maréchal officer, ral, and time Sometimes a lieutenaneofwar,a governor; fometines, in under him. commanderin But this chiefofthe was not ufual, troops, were Thc diftinét in their fiubordinates, I Thall next them with cheir duties. explain their powers and The Govemnor-General litary, He was was the head ofthe micither always an able experienced nor-Gene- 7. Goverde camp.) Heutenant-general or major-gencral (maréchal officer, ral, and time Sometimes a lieutenaneofwar,a governor; fometines, in under him. commanderin But this chiefofthe was not ufual, troops, were Thc --- Page 266 --- APPENDIX X. Io was alfo infpeétor-general of the The governor militia, artillery, and fortifications. The troops, naval force (which in time of peace was not very confiderable) was alfo fubordinate to the governor, connexion of fea and land fervice reas far as the quired. The Officers fubordinate to the governor, were a fubordi- 8. His commnander en fecond at Port-au-Prince: fort the Weft, nate Ofi- one at the Cape for the North, and one at the Cayes ceis. for the South. They have been, in general, ofthe younger rank maréchals-de camp, fince the fuppreflion of brigadier. In default ofa lieutenant-governor, the fenior of thefe affumed the government provifionally, in cafe of the death of diftriets the governor. before menIn every one of the leffer Tiburoon, there was tioned, and at the Mole and ofa lieutenant of formerly an état-maje, compofed the king, a town major, and an adjutant commander, major but lately there was only a particular who was comand În the largeft towns an adjutant, Theauthority of monly an officer ofthe garrifon. the thefe commanders was extended to all parifhes within the diftriéts. The fenior officers ofmilitia had the chief command in their refpeétive parifhes; there and from all thefe, to the governor-general, and refponfifubordination, was correfpondence, channel, through the immediate bility, in a regular fuperior. The refidence of the governor (as well as ofthe as centre of the intendant) was at Port-au-Prince, at the, Cape, as thé moft coniflandin times ofpeace; affording proteétion to the reft in venient fituation, times of war. officers were removable at All the fubordinate of militia, who pleafure, (except the commanders continued in office for life) the govemnor-general the ftation (as well as the intendant) remainedin ofthe only for three years. This was one greateft faults idence of the governor (as well as ofthe as centre of the intendant) was at Port-au-Prince, at the, Cape, as thé moft coniflandin times ofpeace; affording proteétion to the reft in venient fituation, times of war. officers were removable at All the fubordinate of militia, who pleafure, (except the commanders continued in office for life) the govemnor-general the ftation (as well as the intendant) remainedin ofthe only for three years. This was one greateft faults --- Page 267 --- faults in our ARTICLE Il. from his confitution, the II difeharge the office, duties at the time he governor began to be retiring at the Cape had ofit. The board fitto that the government propofed, before the ofagriculeure three fhould devolve revolution, cond, who years, on the fenior ofthe of right, every thould commanders in years, in each ofthe previoully three have refided, for three Jeevery governor could be great departments. tunity of the furnifhed with the Thus, the colony, acquiring fo that moft perfeét opporgovernment a fettled and knowledge of might be better uniform plan of The powers and funétions purfued. expreffed in his of the intendant wvar, and nay. tide,tarendant Ashe was ofjuhices were 9. able and as this funétion was chierjutitec Asisofaome oft the Intendant, ahd his of all, he was ufrally deemed the moft ifand, judges ofthe king's taken from relpect mirable precaution; courts of among the ment, efentialy for, as all the parliament; ; an ad. mon between the affecling the fubject, powers were of govemufual feverity of governor and the in comby the more gentle military command was intendant, the the propenfity ofa methods ofthe tempered power was checked foldier to arbitrary civilian, and nefs ofa lawyer, by the more formal fretches of The cauticuf. (which was corps, alfo called tbe body gf tbe ports of France) an formed honourable adainifratisn 1o. oftheinentint) the employment in the Subordi. ries general, This corps fubordinate affiflants Officers, nate principal and commilfaries ordonator,. suihedercomtums Htore-keepers ordinary and the clerks of the marine. conmillrich, revenues were other receivers ofthe The grand departments fubordinate officers, prerognsise faries, either were aiminiftered Thet three cers were employed general or ordonstors, the by commif under them, cicher in other offi P the fame places, the employment in the Subordi. ries general, This corps fubordinate affiflants Officers, nate principal and commilfaries ordonator,. suihedercomtums Htore-keepers ordinary and the clerks of the marine. conmillrich, revenues were other receivers ofthe The grand departments fubordinate officers, prerognsise faries, either were aiminiftered Thet three cers were employed general or ordonstors, the by commif under them, cicher in other offi P the fame places, --- Page 268 --- APPE N 2 DIX. 1a placcs, or in the diftriets, as the intendant thought of to appoint. There was a regular chain corre/pondence proper and fubordination, every thing reforting ultimately to the general centre of power (the, intendant), as every order and direétion was originally derived from him. not omit to mention, În a particular manController. 11. I muft officer to this body, viz. tbe ner, an tbe belonging marine. The controller, though controller ef fubordinate to the intendant, and in fome refpeêts appointed by him, in cafe ofvaeven provilionally however, as the eye ofthe king in the cancy, was, His approbation and fignature adminiftration. in every tranfaction, even in every, were neceflàry of the intendant: he had the power of tranfaction it, informing the minifter ofhis motives. denying bargain, expence, payment, or purchafe, was Every recorded in his office. to affift There was a general verifier of of accounts, fuch accounts as the intendant in the fettlement Notaries public were fell under his in cognizance. all the diftriéts, to make and record alfoappointed 8c. relating to adminiall bargains, acquittances, ftration. (Notaries of the intendance.) There was alfo an office of record for the govern12. Greffe de I intendance), ofthe ment and intendance (greffe of intendance. where all grants, charters, and determinations A very the governor and intendant were the clerk regiftered. of the regifter moderate fee was paid to (greffier), on that account, In every department de la there, was an office of the fame kind, (greffe by the fubdelegation). All thefe were appointed intendant (a). if the extent This fyitem feems exten@ive, to. It be found, is not attended Pret of the colony (a). The minutes or records oft the furveyors of from Jands the were colony. depofited in thofe oflices at their death or final departure however, the regifter moderate fee was paid to (greffier), on that account, In every department de la there, was an office of the fame kind, (greffe by the fubdelegation). All thefe were appointed intendant (a). if the extent This fyitem feems exten@ive, to. It be found, is not attended Pret of the colony (a). The minutes or records oft the furveyors of from Jands the were colony. depofited in thofe oflices at their death or final departure however, --- Page 269 --- however, to have ARTICLE il: ment. been a very ceconomical The whole arrange. nor was falary of the goverThe intendant; Salaries, 13. N. B. They had 150,000 livres, gratuity for a no allowatices, 120,000 livres. The fingle tour through the only a fmall commifaries commarders en feconde and colony, The commanders general, commifaries, of diftriéts and 36,000 livres. N.B. The others in proportion. 9,000 livres. in the king's The houfes. governor and intendant had fum allowed, or a The next officers had lodgings a fices in which they lodging furnifhed where fated werc the of. The governor and employed were held. fpective fecretaries intendant were permiteed at their own fupported their re- 14. for grants, to be received, expence. No fces taries. Secred charters, nothing being any inftrument delivered pallports, nor paid at The fecretaries the commiltilons, for ries, but looked had, for the time, feeretary's office, profit, at the forward to a place very of fcanty truft falaconfcious ofhaving departure of their mafter, and It aéted well (a). ifthey were rience, appears that the from former and from ftrative branches divifion ofthe military prefent and expe- 15.Gover. fary. A military ofgoveromenc is admini- nor's the minute detail man is feldom found extremely necef. powers; that were the cafe, of civil bulinefs, and qualified for too extenfive for the two though even that, when a fingle perion; departments add would be actions may every be thing depends on him to which, arbitrary, as there is alone, his necellary. (a) The experienes of the no check; probability, The, is not hittory known of the PRESENT times makes this in Englani. tecretary's office of this ifland, obfervation in all P 2 whereas necef. powers; that were the cafe, of civil bulinefs, and qualified for too extenfive for the two though even that, when a fingle perion; departments add would be actions may every be thing depends on him to which, arbitrary, as there is alone, his necellary. (a) The experienes of the no check; probability, The, is not hittory known of the PRESENT times makes this in Englani. tecretary's office of this ifland, obfervation in all P 2 whereas --- Page 270 --- A P P E N D I X. whereas it will be different when two men of chain the fame bufinefs, or in raéter are concerned matters co-relative. here were either diftinét or they The powers and the boundaries ofboth were were in common, marked with precifion. e the The governor general was more State immediately and exterior reprefentative of his majefty. his He dignity of power were attached to When perfon. prefent was enticled to a guard of honour. with in the king's courts, after being introduced royal refpeét and ceremony, he fat in his when majefty's he did not chair, which was the unoccupied chief command over allofficers attend. He had either troops ofthe line, army, artilcommanding engineers, or militia. He granted provifional or lery, and in the above adting commiflfions appointments extended over the navy departments. His authority all the mafters and crews of and its officers, over in the harbours, and over all the the fhips and trading inhabitants ofthe colony. planters the of general peace, He was fupreme guardian charged to keep all fubjeéts in due allegiance, loyal- deand fubmiflion; entrufted with the external ty, fence of the inand, the proteétion of trade and juf- and tice, the execution of the laws and judgments, of thofe of admiralty courts. more particularly the exclufive right of giving the inHe pofitffed from the colony, taking habitants leave to depart were that fatisfaction or fecurity care previoully given to their creditors (a). as was, frf prefident 16. The intendant, chiefjuftice, watched the conduét Intendant's ofthe fuperior councils. He officers in the COpowers. of all the judges and minifterial (a) An intended departure muft be proclaimed Sundays after thrice fervice; in court, and in a the gazette, and at the church-door on be produced, cither that no claims certificite have bean ofthe mnade, courl's or that regiftermutt they have been latisfied. lony, to their creditors (a). as was, frf prefident 16. The intendant, chiefjuftice, watched the conduét Intendant's ofthe fuperior councils. He officers in the COpowers. of all the judges and minifterial (a) An intended departure muft be proclaimed Sundays after thrice fervice; in court, and in a the gazette, and at the church-door on be produced, cither that no claims certificite have bean ofthe mnade, courl's or that regiftermutt they have been latisfied. lony, --- Page 271 --- A RTICLE E II. lony, fions, to prevent or punifh being bribery and corruption, negleôts, frauds, extorAll given by the courts to and to enfure relief the officers plaintiffs. ately dependant oradininitratioen were in the feveral upon him. He immedi. in cafe of departments, as he thought ditribured them commifions, vacancy, which granted provifional fity and, majefty. were ufually confirmed or acting He by his and fuperintended the colleation, venue appropriation and taxes. of the general management, the He prerogative reHe former: : thefe were appointed the receivers of taxes, fettled with the accounts of accountable the to him only. the the alliftance oftwo receivers of colonial verificr fuperior council, after the commiflioners of general of accounrs. examination ofthe countants to his The debtors and alfo compelled, majefty, by his and to the colony, action. authority, to give fatisfac- were All bargains, the army, the purchafes, expenditures and navy, relating to falaries buildhings, as alfo the fortifications, public works All the of civil officers, pay were ofthe military, and tion. All ftores and hofpitals were ordered under by him. his mariners his difeipline. belonging to trade fell infpec- under All bargains, to be made purchafes, and payments lities 3 and, according in to fettled rules and required fyftem of ceconomy, general, there was an admirable formafpicuity in matters of account. expedition, fafety, and perIn matters of joint preponderance, was in cafe power, the the governor had the 17. Joint different, liable, opinion of the intendant Powers. mination of his majelty. however, to the final deterPublic works of were ordered in convenience or common, by the embelifhment P 3 governor and intendan, 3 and, according in to fettled rules and required fyftem of ceconomy, general, there was an admirable formafpicuity in matters of account. expedition, fafety, and perIn matters of joint preponderance, was in cafe power, the the governor had the 17. Joint different, liable, opinion of the intendant Powers. mination of his majelty. however, to the final deterPublic works of were ordered in convenience or common, by the embelifhment P 3 governor and intendan, --- Page 272 --- API P E N D I X. and devices were drawn and tendant. The plans in chief, who fuperinlaid down by thé engineer in his report. The tended the execution, and gave the of the were in province bargains and payments intendant. lands and waters (a); the The grants of demefne the opening, making, of flaves (b); and bridges; the emancipation of public roads boats; and repairing waftes, rivers, and ferry police of harbours, and not liable to rent lands or grants were wholly gratuitous, The furveyor of (a)Thefk The following were the formalities. fetting forth that fervices. delivered to the a ceitificate, exifted in demefne forthe land, parith of fuch figure, extent, PIDY the boundaries, officer commanding, and fuch lands. This was counterfigned Sundays, by at the church after, office Fe of claimed, for three fucceflive the was made and regiltered time. f The confervice. if Upon no claim this, had tany peferred in time, the mean and not to fell it before record, to fettle the land'in a given The furveyor of lands ditions were, under the penalty of forfeiture. funimons given to it was meafured fettled, the land, aftr information and legal by the courts after then whofe claims were buts determined were planted in the corners of the this; neighbours, or if no claim hadl been made, of the furveyor. The record and was the land, marked. with remained the cypher at his office, and a legal gave the land CEA the chart of him to the This was the lawful whereas entry, the charter delivered poficiion, jus in TEs a right FIY the AM legal title,jus ad rem. the forfeitures. Upon gaveonly following an imperfea was the mpde of adjudging the land was liable to forfciture, information The given by perlon that action in the inferior court. After attorney LE an the. his opinion the king's witnelfes and infpection, judge together pronouneed with the record, to trial by which was tran/mitted, of the governor, the (not a fentence) court (tribunal terrier) compoied who, determined the the land's and threej judges of the foperior council, in council. In 1787, that intendant, liable to anappeal to his majetty were determined by the queition, and thofe quellions court was fuprefied, iniendant, governor and Upon a petition (b) Thefe were the formalities intendant, of a emancipation. tax was fixed, and deed the before mafter a given to the governor and the flave, which was done different by days, at was authiorized to The manumit deedwas proclained, for or threc ifmade after it had notary, inferior public. court, and if no claim was made, and endorfed, the fatisfiecl, the frft warrant, the of decd the taxes prochamation being prefentel to the been and the reccipt ef the receiver the charter was granted, and I thall recorded treat the in governor and intendant, and thofe of the court. under a different the records of intendance in anuther place, and fubjcêt of emancipations yiew. thç clained, for or threc ifmade after it had notary, inferior public. court, and if no claim was made, and endorfed, the fatisfiecl, the frft warrant, the of decd the taxes prochamation being prefentel to the been and the reccipt ef the receiver the charter was granted, and I thall recorded treat the in governor and intendant, and thofe of the court. under a different the records of intendance in anuther place, and fubjcêt of emancipations yiew. thç --- Page 273 --- the ARTICLE II. general purveyance *; rivers; ; hunting in demefne ofviétuals; lands ; fithingin public inferior provifional appointment of the chief and others, the dinate and courts, and the final one of all officers the in the concerns ofjoint minifterial officers of the fame, fuborIf a auchority, were excufable culprit homicide had been fentenced to death fevere) they were jointly (the French laws being fo for far cution, with the confenc authorized of to till the king's the attorney arreft.exeIn cafe ofpublice pleafure was known. general, (after information neceflity, they were tation of flour and taken) to admit foreign empowered of fugar, cotton, bread, as well as importime. coffee, and indigo, for exportation a fpecified The difcipline of the terefts of the parithes and clergy, the temporal inas the ereétions of church for the church and parifhes, vicar the purchafe eftabhifhmeno, of land confiderable repairs of the houfe, the building and joint direétion. fame, fell under their death They the had the power to try and affifted fraudulent receivers of condemn to an by five judges of the public revenue, attorney for the crown. fuperior council and above I may have omitted fome are the chief minutize, bur the fyftem of government before powers, the and fuch was the In general, the year 1789. and intendant were determination of the by, or defired from given, after inforination governor 18, the grand their fubordinate broughe Powers fubordi- of Thefe were departments or petty diftriéts. officers, in nate oftrgent and provifional impowered to determine the moft ficers, with the exccution ofthe bufinefs. They were and with all the local warrants oftheir charged details of fuperiors, P 4 government and adminiftra- In general, the year 1789. and intendant were determination of the by, or defired from given, after inforination governor 18, the grand their fubordinate broughe Powers fubordi- of Thefe were departments or petty diftriéts. officers, in nate oftrgent and provifional impowered to determine the moft ficers, with the exccution ofthe bufinefs. They were and with all the local warrants oftheir charged details of fuperiors, P 4 government and adminiftra- --- Page 274 --- APPENDIX X. .18 for adminiftration. In other cafes they applied decifion or judgment. 19. Limits The greateft part of the ifland belongs to the and corre- niards. After feveral difputes on account of PISOEy fpondence with the commififaries were appointed by both governments, Spaniards. in the year 1776, to fettle and mark a boundary manner, and a treaty in a clear and unequivocal Infpectors of limits was made in confequence. both fides. The French inwere appointed by officer; his falary and the fpeétor was a general livres. amount ofhis lodging were 22,000 By the treaty, the reftitution of the runaway negrocs was reciprocally ftipulated, at a certain premium, with cofts. A commiffary of the French refided, for that purpofe, in the Spanifh territory. of the He had a fixed falary, paid by the mafters negroes. The Spanifh colonifts fupplied the French with cattle for the butcher. The merchants carried paffports from the government ; and the tolls paid in palling the limits were fixed at fo much per head. The treaty had adjufted all points in conteft. Mutual intercourfe and correfpondence took place, and no difpute has arifen fince. I (hall, in another place, mention another trade carried on between the two colonies. ART. III.-COURTS OF JUSTICE. BEFORE I give an account of our courts of juflice, and of courfe of.the proceedings preferibed it will by our laws in fuing for redrefs of injuries, be previoufly neceflary to give a concife but general idea of the laws relating to preperty, and of the mo.les of acquiring or conveying it. Per- in a fonal rights were fuch as might be expeéted mere I (hall, in another place, mention another trade carried on between the two colonies. ART. III.-COURTS OF JUSTICE. BEFORE I give an account of our courts of juflice, and of courfe of.the proceedings preferibed it will by our laws in fuing for redrefs of injuries, be previoufly neceflary to give a concife but general idea of the laws relating to preperty, and of the mo.les of acquiring or conveying it. Per- in a fonal rights were fuch as might be expeéted mere --- Page 275 --- ARTICLE III. mere monarchical fetclement, where every government, and yet in a remote ment, confiftent with indulgence and the fubjeét. public lafery, was encouragegranced to mixed. Our property was deemed real, things Real, in lands and tenements. perfonal, or I. Negrocs moveable. Mixed, in heirlooms, Porfinal, &c. in Property, in fome were, in fact, perfonal inftance, inftances, had the privilege property; of ; but, when the they could only be real. For land on which exccuted for debt, ployed was alfo under they were aétually emin queftion be exprefly exccution, for the unlefs the debt individual - negroes. purchafe of thofe Our incorporeal of feraitudes, cither hereditaments urbane confifted moftly acquired commons of paftures, &zc. In or pradiales, as ways, exprels only by the operation general, of the they were Our law agreement, but never by law, or by tinétions, nor was fo not free by in any means prefeription. fo nice in its dif Britifhdaw; and as our admitting of fiétions, as in nerally the of great value, there perfonal was property was gemodes of very little or perfonal. There conveying property, whether differcnce of difference in title were, however, fome inftanccs real of conveying by will by or defcent, and in the liberty remarked hereafter. by purchafe, which wiil be from Our the property in lands though really and fervices king, was not liable to thofe feudal originating z. Lands from a mere introduced fiction by the laws of tenures ments. and Tene. and tenements of that principle. All England, fee fimple, were held rather as our lands be From this fingle allodial than as fuppofed, that our fyftem muft circumftance it may ditaments great degree of fimplicity. Our have poffeffed a free from and tenements was not intereft in herethe general diltinctions indeed entirely incident to them 3 , was not liable to thofe feudal originating z. Lands from a mere introduced fiction by the laws of tenures ments. and Tene. and tenements of that principle. All England, fee fimple, were held rather as our lands be From this fingle allodial than as fuppofed, that our fyftem muft circumftance it may ditaments great degree of fimplicity. Our have poffeffed a free from and tenements was not intereft in herethe general diltinctions indeed entirely incident to them 3 --- Page 276 --- A P PI E NDIX. but the of the diftinétions them : here much confequences lefs intricacy than where the produced fyftem is borrowed from feudal law, however mitigated. The general diftinétion offour property, as t0 title, was by defcent or by purchafe. 3., Defcent was lineal or collateral. all the Title by At the death of a parent or progenitor, Delcent. children had an equal right to his or her inheritance, real and perfonal, without any preference of Reprefentation took place fex or primogeniture. in infnitomn. In collateral defcent, the next heir was preferred, without diftinétion of fex. Two or more heirs, in the fame degree, had equal rights. Here reprefen- of a tation took place only in fo far as the children were with their uncle or brother or ffter admitted, of another uncle or aunt, aunt, to the inheritance deceafed; but a diftinétion was admitted feodal (undoubt- law) in edly a confequence of the French left. Thefe real eftates of inheritance (propres) of the. line were inherited only by the heirs pafrom. which they were derived;. ternal or maternal paterna paternis, materna maternis. of the perfon deThe progenitors or children, parents were only entitled ceafed, dying without and real eflates of purchale. to his perfonal property The rule was propres ne remontent. liable to all debts and All heirs whatever were emolumenti, even without incumbrances, pro modo or menaffets, and though not exprefsly charged relief in tioned in the obligations ; but, by granted they chancery (lettres de benéfice affets d'inventaire) cnabled them were bound only as far as the to pay. collateral defcent,, the fevere diftinétion of whole In and of half blood was not admitted, as in the law of England. Purchafe, remontent. liable to all debts and All heirs whatever were emolumenti, even without incumbrances, pro modo or menaffets, and though not exprefsly charged relief in tioned in the obligations ; but, by granted they chancery (lettres de benéfice affets d'inventaire) cnabled them were bound only as far as the to pay. collateral defcent,, the fevere diftinétion of whole In and of half blood was not admitted, as in the law of England. Purchafe, --- Page 277 --- ARTICLE III. than Purchafe, that in general, fignified a1 veyed by by defeent; even the real any title other 4. This title a father, by or devife, eftate, con- Purchafs, was different ANE kind. was purchafe, their The parents were reftriéted in the which property every child by will, One half of the difpofal of 3. been left untouched. had a right by law, mult fhare, to Devifes, tion. Though lands of, There lincal was another reftric- have alienated inter vivos, they were inheritance might be bequeathed No other check by will only as far capable as the of being devifing, had been made on the fifth part. Devifes except in the cafe liberty of were either ofbaflares. inheritance, or of univerfal, that is,ofthe whole particular, that is, property of a certain of a certain kind; or thing, The devifee of eftate or certain to debts, but pro modo the former only was liable Heirs were vefted enclumenti, or with muft have been by law. Univerfal afets. amicably, or vefted by the right heir, devifees cither Wills and byjudgment of the court, One, codicils were of two kinds: figned by holograph, the teflator, that is, entirely written and Wills, 6. tions, if there were with the rafures and inferfeals was not admitted. any, approved. The ufe of fence Another, of another written by a notary public, in the figned with the notary, teftator, or of two witneffes, who predliated by him, and read the will having been written. over to him after it was the Wills court were of liable to a kind of probate, but do not admit common cf the law, as the laws of France in that account, and as juriftiction this of the ordinary on mitted in the colony in any jurifdiction was not adreal Executors were vefted of refpeét. or perfonal, for the the whole property, payment of legacies and debrs ary, teftator, or of two witneffes, who predliated by him, and read the will having been written. over to him after it was the Wills court were of liable to a kind of probate, but do not admit common cf the law, as the laws of France in that account, and as juriftiction this of the ordinary on mitted in the colony in any jurifdiction was not adreal Executors were vefted of refpeét. or perfonal, for the the whole property, payment of legacies and debrs --- Page 278 --- 1X. APPENDI debts, for one year; ; but if the heirs were abfent, they might be vefted for five years. Where there was no will or no executor appointed, the heirs being abfent, public adminiftrators were vefled; yet any relation, however remote, might claim the poffecurity. But all thefe were feflion, giving proper accountable to the heirs. only managers, our laws. All guarThere was a peculiarity in affifted with the dians were appointed by the judge, mother ofthe family. Progenitors, and even the The choice pupils, had a right to be preferred. but the made by the father's will was attended to; cleétion ftriétly lay with the judge. Executors, adminiftrators, and guardians, were obliged to conform to fettled rules, which the nature ofthis work does not permit to enumerate. or donalio was a conveyance, without a Gits. 7: valuable A gift confideration, of fome eftate, or of fome valuable thing, and even of the whole property. Thefe wereliable to referes,refvridtions, muft conditions, have been and reverfions, as devifes. They in court in a made by public notaries, and recorded of void. lirnited time, under the penalty being They alfo became void,ifthe donorafterwards the begot he had none at the time gift a child, provided was made. deeds of Marriages were ufually, preceded by 8., fettlement made by notaries public. ifthere was Marringes. the cuftoms of Paris fertled a commonalty of none, all moveables, and oflands purchafed duringwedlock in cafe ofher (conquets) and a dowry for the wife, furvivorfhip. allowed in the marriage There- was great liberty contraéts as to conditions or ftipulations. limited or The moft ufual were, a commonalty at all. The extended at pleafure, or no commonaity while hufband was perfcét lord of the commonalty will abridge his he lived, but he could not by wife's of Paris fertled a commonalty of none, all moveables, and oflands purchafed duringwedlock in cafe ofher (conquets) and a dowry for the wife, furvivorfhip. allowed in the marriage There- was great liberty contraéts as to conditions or ftipulations. limited or The moft ufual were, a commonalty at all. The extended at pleafure, or no commonaity while hufband was perfcét lord of the commonalty will abridge his he lived, but he could not by wife's --- Page 279 --- wife's fhare. ARTICLE III. had alfo the Vivit full ut dominus, moritur ut/focins. He £$ property, but it could management not be of his wife's other - common confent. alienated unlefs by refembled A dowry for the wife was ofthe the Englifh jointures entirely rather arbitrary, than and A common law. dowries prelibation for the furvivor, monalty, alfo arbitrary. upon the comfive, Laftiy, in cafe a gift, there mutual or not, more or lefs law, the were no children. By extenceding debts commonalty of the being liable to all common the trary was ufually parties, a provifion to the preany ofthe wife's cftates. made, as alfo in cafe of the fale con- of After marriage, in thofe flipulations, nothing could be added or altered tual gift, ift there were by gift or will, Canonical no children. except by mubut it could impediments be annulled rendered a marriage the death of one of the with morc dificulry void; after ; begotten. Baftards born parties, or ifchildren were legitimared and Per Julfquens before marriage were purpofes. matrinenium to all intents The legal marriage were, requifites mutual for the lawfulnefs of the minors under confent and capaciry alfo of twenty-five years (for church, parents or guardians) three ofage, the confent and the the prefence or confent ofpreprii proclamations in four witnefes, folemnization in the parifh parecbi, were church, before There was no divorce. necellary. by feparation the a menfa et tboro, Separation could ofp property, or courts for very ftrong caufes, only be adjudged Sublitutions fometimes vifes, or marriage took place in of the Englifh fectlemenes. They had gifts, de- 9. Sublitails, ufes and trufts, and fomething tutions. were much like witnefes, folemnization in the parifh parecbi, were church, before There was no divorce. necellary. by feparation the a menfa et tboro, Separation could ofp property, or courts for very ftrong caufes, only be adjudged Sublitutions fometimes vifes, or marriage took place in of the Englifh fectlemenes. They had gifts, de- 9. Sublitails, ufes and trufts, and fomething tutions. were much like --- Page 280 --- AP P P E N DI I X. commifa of the civil law. Ari eftate like the fidei. remainder to bis children, or to his was given to A. children, or to his heirs general, or malc or female or to his children or heirs, born to another perfon, or unborn. liable to nice formalities, and one This title was of our law; butit was of the moft intricate points feldom employed in St. Domingo. title where poffeflion and ufe There exifted a to anUles. 1O. were in one perfon, and property from belonged the preceding other. It derived frequencly, marriage contracts. It is titles, and chiefly of the from civil law. The ufigrastuarius the could ufufru8tus make or fuffer no wafte. from all the It muft be underftood, tenancies that might -OE ceding titles different joint-tenancy, or teas feveralty, coparcenary, Partition might be the confenancy in common. quence. obfervable, that the eftates of the Weft Here it is ruined by partitions, becaufe Indies are in general and the extent the fettlements are very expenfive, great. At of land ought to be have proportionably been prohibited, perhaps Martinico, partitions The inconvenience had not when it was too late, felt in St. Domingo ; but the been yet fenfibly when a fimilar provifion would period approached have been neceffary, found hurtful to the Leafes of lands have been took place, except for It. landlords, and they feldom ufed to Leafes. the eftates of wards, which the the guardians was bound to farm in open court. relponfible Then lelee as well as hinfelf, give two fecurities, and for the death of for the rents, for walte, and they might be arthe negroes and cattle, ofdebt ofrecord. refted in execution, for thatkind Notwith- period approached have been neceffary, found hurtful to the Leafes of lands have been took place, except for It. landlords, and they feldom ufed to Leafes. the eftates of wards, which the the guardians was bound to farm in open court. relponfible Then lelee as well as hinfelf, give two fecurities, and for the death of for the rents, for walte, and they might be arthe negroes and cattle, ofdebt ofrecord. refted in execution, for thatkind Notwith- --- Page 281 --- A RTICLE Iil. NoewiMlanding been feldom all thofe precautions, leafes ; Leafes ofhoufes found beneficial to wards (a). have very frequent. in towns were, on the contrary, In general no leafe exceeded nine Our laws feem to have been years. intereft of the pollefor; the more tender oft the 12. and the ftatute of limications, Englifh common law, feription, Preoriginal proprietor. more of that ofthe A debt, though the deed whatever, or was prefcribed by thirty years, The right obligation might exift. and one day, ofpofefion was acquired after one The right of year years, when the party property, had or been rigbt right, after ten when abfent, ifthe prefent, or twenty a good title, pofeffor was bona-fide and entry made, while fuppofe the a charter of grant and lawful had made no other with the fàme fettlement on the land. right had Property in land was ofthirty years, even withour acquired title, after a poffeffion Other limitations were rents were prefcribed after fhorter. five Actions. for merchandize' after one years; ofdebt for of the merchant and the year; but here, the books might ferve to admit or oath of the defendant The caufes of rejeét the limitation. plained. Other forfeitures forfeitures of lands have been extainders. Fincs were were effeéted by at- tures, 15.Forfe penalties, as alfo forfeitures adjudged, in fome cafes, as things ofthe famefpecies of goods and other Actions of qui tam were not néver admitted. forfeitures in money, years (a) of The age; wards then were cmaneipated by letters of could fell neither their they could adminitter their chancery at fixteea dians the were underthe clintes nor their Regroes, property, but tirey His chanealior. protedtion and infpection oft AALISTNSRET the courts, feodal, majefty haJ no right in, their cflates, which intealof right is merely There pecies of goods and other Actions of qui tam were not néver admitted. forfeitures in money, years (a) of The age; wards then were cmaneipated by letters of could fell neither their they could adminitter their chancery at fixteea dians the were underthe clintes nor their Regroes, property, but tirey His chanealior. protedtion and infpection oft AALISTNSRET the courts, feodal, majefty haJ no right in, their cflates, which intealof right is merely There --- Page 282 --- A PP E N D I X. There was no feodal efcheat. 14. inteftate, of aliens, of Efcheats. The inheritances ofbaftards were perfons who had no heirs, and had left no will, efcheats to his majefty. Now the word purcbafe bears a more limited 15. Sale and Pur- fenfe. both chafc. Oned of the moft ufual modes of conveyance, of real and of perfonal property, with almoft no diftination, was by fale and purchafe. The requifites for its validity were, res, pretium, confenfus, and traditio, either real or conventional. ifthere The warrantee ofthe vendor was ofright, affeét was no ac reement to the contrary, andi it would and the heirs and fucceffors of the vendor in general of courfe. offale in where the thing was of Deedls general, public notaries. But any valuc, were execured by between fubjeét they (as well as all other agreements' exccuted in private and fubject) might be ftrictly that writing. In this cafe, when fynallagmatick, cbligatory, two copies muft be made, is, mutually delivered. figned, and reciprocally A title of acquilition by cuftom may be the condemption. 15, Re- fequence of the former. Our laws were tender of vE preferving the eftates of inheritance in families, and where fuch an eftate had been fold, any relation ofthe vendor,in the line from which the eftate proceeded, might redeem ici in a year and a day, and full cofts. But Ean vided he repaid the price that time: expences made by the purchafer during in which were loft (a). An adtion Was neceflary, the proceedings were very nice and ftriét. Bonds (a) There was, in France, anather This right Mr. Smith of redemption, feems to havehad merely fcodal and helonging to the lord. of his Enquiry into tle Caufes cfthe in view, volume 2. 371. leive to obferve that he feems not to Wealth of Nations. "E Ibeg of when he fays, that have attended to the conlituiion St. Domingo, tbe noble terure d'cbicalry 46 jn tbe Frenib colonies the citatus beliby 6 and There was, in France, anather This right Mr. Smith of redemption, feems to havehad merely fcodal and helonging to the lord. of his Enquiry into tle Caufes cfthe in view, volume 2. 371. leive to obferve that he feems not to Wealth of Nations. "E Ibeg of when he fays, that have attended to the conlituiion St. Domingo, tbe noble terure d'cbicalry 46 jn tbe Frenib colonies the citatus beliby 6 and --- Page 283 --- ARTICLE E Ill. formed Bonds in or obligations, ofall kinds, though conditional private writing or by notaries, were alfo per- 17. bond of double the obligations often took But, Bonds, might be fum borrowed or place; a was a forfeited, if the real debt due, which Judicial fipulation bonds which our laws did nota was not paid; ufc. or recognizances admit, It is needlefs were not iri tracts. to fpeak ofcontracts or As to commercial quafi conwhich differs from the affairs, I have littlé to there were ten days of Englith fyitem; except that fay shepaymento and that ofbills ofe gracc, inftead ofthreé, for the laws of fexchange or promiffory means fo precife as in bankruptcy were not by notes; 5 Imuf England. any fimple: but now in fpeak of Courts, Thé muft be ditingnifhed. the hiftory of them, plan two wisvery 18: ginal, I fhail take The following was periods Courts; nal terrier, abrogated no farther notice of the the oripreceding note) nor of in thet 1787 (as I have faid tribu- in a governor tried in that and intendlant, of cognizance the given to the court ofa attribution. queltions formerly Ihave mentioned there was a court of ten Diftriéts, Ineach court, commen law and an ofthem 19. The firs admiralty Inferior, confifted ofa.j Tieutenane, three Julfitntes an attorney for judge, the king, a deputy judge or 20. Of fubfiture in cach refidiner at the court, wich and two or Common Law, and laftly, a court parils; bailif a recorder or another called the caufes at the bar (buiffor audhercier) regifer; who alfo Attornies, who were fort trial. counfcls, and fimple E maniged all the pradlitioners, were c: and by the hanrae heir of are, for a limited proceedings and Sscwhat I have the taid, P borior No. famiy, time, r liable Sc. to the 2. rigbssfrehaplion pleadings parils; bailif a recorder or another called the caufes at the bar (buiffor audhercier) regifer; who alfo Attornies, who were fort trial. counfcls, and fimple E maniged all the pradlitioners, were c: and by the hanrae heir of are, for a limited proceedings and Sscwhat I have the taid, P borior No. famiy, time, r liable Sc. to the 2. rigbssfrehaplion pleadings --- Page 284 --- APPEN D I X. Their numbers were pleadings for the parties. extent of the territory refixed according as the and fworn in, quired. They were of commiffioned five years in the bufinefs of after an attendance ferved alfo in the admiralty courts. thelaw. They number of bziliffs (buiffers, from the A French certain word buis, or door) were appointed to old fummon the parties, to notify and execute filence the pro- and ceedings and judgments, and minifterial to keep officers atorder in the court. all Thefe the courts. They had a tended by turns, where in ali the bufinefs was allotted, common fees office, received in common Thared every and the had put a ftop, or at month. This arrangement leaft a check, to many abufes. ofall civil aétions This court had the cognizance and merchants of between the planters, inhabitants, of the of the the diftriét in general; as alfo additional judges pleas were crown: but, in capital cafes, attornies. taken from among the fenior and more ccercive be21: Of Juftice more for expeditious the proteéion of fea trade, AdAJmiralty. ing neceffary eitablifhed. They confifted of miralty courts were ofa adiniralty, an attorney for a judge or lieutenant and a court bailift. the king, a regifter, towns, where the bufinefs In the two principal ail thefe officers were diftinét was more extenfive, of the other courts; but, in the leffer from thofe fame perfons ofiiciated, though the dittricts, the and fittings, were ftill difinét.. functions, courts, of all aétions of Thele courts had cegnizance and agents of debt due to mafters, fupercargoes, of maritime contraihips trading in the harbours ofall 3 maritime contraéts, band tracie or fmugaling, reltriéted, in that refpeét, as in which were not fo mifdemeanors and crimes comEngland; ofall of prizes made in mitted at fea, or in the-harbour; time of war, 8c. There ftill difinét.. functions, courts, of all aétions of Thele courts had cegnizance and agents of debt due to mafters, fupercargoes, of maritime contraihips trading in the harbours ofall 3 maritime contraéts, band tracie or fmugaling, reltriéted, in that refpeét, as in which were not fo mifdemeanors and crimes comEngland; ofall of prizes made in mitted at fea, or in the-harbour; time of war, 8c. There --- Page 285 --- There ARTICLE E ATI. by the was a recciver of certain thips to the lord great perquifites paid accounted the to his royal highnels; admiral; ; this perfon court, cleared out and and, together with There was alfo a licenfed the thips. der port) him. forthe order of harbour-malter the port, (capitaine de vernment But he was more who had pilots unAll the than on the court of dependent on the go. inferior judges and minifterial admiralty. rate, by tariff courts, had their fees oficers, ofboth the laws, or tables of fettled, rates. at a moderate The Colony had rior, one at the twohigh for courts or Councils au. Prince, for the Cape weft and the north, and one at Supe- 22, Supes In the earlieft fouth. Port. ricr ciis, Couns poled of planters, times, who thofe councils were indeed very lietle fkilled ferved gratis. They comthe higheft charaéter in law, but they were ifland. This reipedtable and greateft, wealth were in of great privileges, being affembly was endued with the tation ofthe colony. deemed a kind of reprefenpulation, When, by the progrefs of the increafe and culture, trade, and required more fkill and complication of polawyers were fent from more frequent bu@nefs fappored by falaries, France, who atendonces leges of the yet the required to be the bufinefs court were nct functions and priviably oflaw might, by abridged: this but, thiough trufted managed, into the intereft of the means, be more the hands of colony was enperiod.vounger have been fons of planters, firangers. Since that again luitably The admitted, educated, compofed courts, of at the period I now four aliftant judges, Reelvejuiges one of; whom deferibe, were ing. to the landed who were young men prefided, i three inperef, an belongfubititutes, a atoms-gengal with regilterand a court-bailif Q2 The eft of the means, be more the hands of colony was enperiod.vounger have been fons of planters, firangers. Since that again luitably The admitted, educated, compofed courts, of at the period I now four aliftant judges, Reelvejuiges one of; whom deferibe, were ing. to the landed who were young men prefided, i three inperef, an belongfubititutes, a atoms-gengal with regilterand a court-bailif Q2 The --- Page 286 --- KPPENDIX the commanders eit fecond, the The governor (a); commanders particular, the commiffaries general, and fenior commiffary of the place where the in court all refided, had the right of affifting and voting this tended determinations of whatever kind, and to enforce the of government. and attorney-general, The falary FOC prelident of the paidby his majefty, was 17,0co livres; ; that and counfellors, 13,500 livres; ; the affiftant judges ofthe attorney-general had only the proffubftitutes They, had no fees from the peêt of preferment. this means, they were more ftriét in parties. By exactions of fubordinate judges and checking the officers. The regifter and court-bailiff minifterial had fees fiom the parties, and no falary the (b). principal When a vacancy happened the among chief officers of the members (as well as among named three perfons (c), inferior courts) the council his majefty. The one of whom was appointed by, the affiftant governor and intendant appointed had alfo the right judlges and fubftitutes. They the members of the inof appointing provifionally ferior courts. The final Trmmtleptits of the lord majefty, who took thofe the recommendation of the courts of admiralty. greacadmiral, for number of counfellors A certain proportionable the alfo, to manage proceedings were commiffened for the parties. Thefe belonged to and pleadings of advocates of France, and muft (as alfo the body of the courts) have been fworn as all the members of the courts of parliament, after barrifters in one Thecommifions of thc governor and intendart were publickly rend-andiesieneal (a) in court, ofthe ufually councils in their were prefence. ablent from thecolony, (6) When the members and intendant, given only for indi@pendable by) leave of the governor or bulinefs, their falary was reduce:l to 2,4001 livres. realons of ficknefs officers, when abient by leave, had no pay, unlefs by an exprefsorder Then mnilitary from the miniflera ife afittan: judges and fubftitutes, the (Taken from among and the advecates. 6 heersofinferior conts, three their were prefence. ablent from thecolony, (6) When the members and intendant, given only for indi@pendable by) leave of the governor or bulinefs, their falary was reduce:l to 2,4001 livres. realons of ficknefs officers, when abient by leave, had no pay, unlefs by an exprefsorder Then mnilitary from the miniflera ife afittan: judges and fubftitutes, the (Taken from among and the advecates. 6 heersofinferior conts, three --- Page 287 --- three ARTICLE III. (licences) years in fludy, the and after taking their univerfities. degrees advocates rated in and their fees were They were entitled The each fentence by the court. fertled by Jaw, and original fuperior. actions, .council did not take diétion of.courts The refpective and grudual cognizance of determined the being much relpeéted. jurif civil or appeals of all the They only law and criminal, of of the inferior courts fentenees, cither ments, admiralty, in their of common refpective departtioned Independent of the in other places of privileges this which are menattomney-general, and review, the nobility, after twenty counfellors, acquired prefidert, This became tranfmifibie years actual perfonal continued the and hereditary, emplopment. fame time. profeffion, and ferved in it ifthe for fon The general Police the king's governor, But, here, ofthe by ifland belonged to the 23. nizance peace in cach police, we underfland the Police. of of fummary difpures, particular place, and the wine common people; the affaults and cogor ale-houles, of good order of batterics of common inns, of taverns, of the removal of proflizutes; filth the faming-hoyfes, and price of bread and common cicanneis of ftreets, and meafures in and meat; and the nuifance fitnefs (a); the province of the fhops, markets, êcc. This olweighrs inferior courts in judges, the and king's was the in the parithes. towns; and of attornies the ofthe The latter had fome Julfilues the fetting the feals of other judicial the deceafed, before the court upon the functions, as a proceeding like the legal Linventory was taken; cffeéts of corener's ingned, in cafe and ma Every public morning, tumbrels the freets were ofany ifany nuifance was found, took a fine away was the fivept flth and and cleaned. At feven levied upon the rubbifh; detingment. and then, Q3 fudden ies the ofthe The latter had fome Julfilues the fetting the feals of other judicial the deceafed, before the court upon the functions, as a proceeding like the legal Linventory was taken; cffeéts of corener's ingned, in cafe and ma Every public morning, tumbrels the freets were ofany ifany nuifance was found, took a fine away was the fivept flth and and cleaned. At feven levied upon the rubbifh; detingment. and then, Q3 fudden --- Page 288 --- A P P E N DI X. death. All that was liable to the fudden or violent of the attorney-general and fuperjor jurifdiction high court. of the courts were not limited to 24. The fittings as thofe Ferms. fixéd terms, nor were the judges itinerant, of the courts ofWeltminfler. through the whole year; viz. Courts fat regularly counciis thrice a weck, except one the fuperior fix weeks in fummer; the inferior courts wonth or every weck,, for one, two, or had public fittings the bufinefs required ; befides prithrec days, as day for fummary queftions, or vate fittings trial of every indiêtments and pleas of the crown. fr the only at Chriftmas and A few days reft were allowed, Eafter. courts in eyery diftrict, there were ss.Jails. As there were the civil and criminal prifoners alfo Jails, where Tothefe were carried the runaway were cunfined. taken without paffports. Thefe negrces, or negroes and employed in public iwere chained together. fentenced to perworks till claimer, as alfo durance. negroes Pounds for beafts petual or to temporary feafant, wére there alfo. The ftrayed, or damage certain laws; the difcipline of the gaolers obferved and the judges, jails followed fettled regulations;. and commiffaries of the thé attornies ofhis majetly, chicly for the relief high court, had an inipeétion, ofthe pr.foners. were alio fvorn in, and deSome civil officers pendent on the ccurts. Acilled, in the praftice Notaries Public were men sb. to tranfaét, more regularly, Notaries. oflaw, and appointed bergains offale, bonds, and the deeds, wills, between, gifis, the fubjeets. o:her continéts inftriment was left as recerdin the The original (andin latter timés another was fent notary's oflice; The copies to an office eftablifhed at Verfailles). notice ofby the delivered to the parties were taken courts curts. Acilled, in the praftice Notaries Public were men sb. to tranfaét, more regularly, Notaries. oflaw, and appointed bergains offale, bonds, and the deeds, wills, between, gifis, the fubjeets. o:her continéts inftriment was left as recerdin the The original (andin latter timés another was fent notary's oflice; The copies to an office eftablifhed at Verfailles). notice ofby the delivered to the parties were taken courts --- Page 289 --- ARTICIE UII. ceurts as authentic evidence. It a fecond notary, or two was neceffary that affited in drawing up the witnefès, fhould have fign them. inftruments, as alfo to This was a convenient prefervation oft the inftrument, inflitution, and both for the' could not write; as notaries for thofe who every parifh, and in all were tO be found in was attended with other quarters of great towns. Ic As thefe deeds hada public advantages. deniable date, they might indirecly charaéter, and an ununacquainted with the affect perfons alios aêta. Suppole a tranfaction, horfe fold though res inter claimed by B. was the cafe. by A. to C. and in As the hypatbeca ofthe civil laws our conffitution, the notary's record was admitted of thachypotheca, fo that the real (as well as the judgments of produced the debt, evenin efate the hands ofthe obligee was liable courts), to as in thofe of the obligec, his ofa heir polterior purchafer, There was a or devifee. a principal one in Surveyor each. diftrict, of Lands in every parifh, 27. each grand department. Their anda general one in Surveyors of have been alrcady taken notice of. principal funétions Lands. concerning property of lands, their In the astions reports were methods of trial, after infpection and Surveyors ofRoads, iffticjoined, had much the fame appointed in the fame places, and opening of the auchority new concerning the tracing OfRoads. 28. and the trial ofqueftions public and private roads, alo rated, every five relating to the fame. They of each planter, in the ycars, the proportional tafks parifh roads. repair and maintenance of There was alfo in every diftriét or ftandards, furveyor of Weights and Meafures, who jurifliction, a 29. Of tion of frauds verified the fame, and kept the Mealures. Weights and deficiencies. brought informaQ4 The ority new concerning the tracing OfRoads. 28. and the trial ofqueftions public and private roads, alo rated, every five relating to the fame. They of each planter, in the ycars, the proportional tafks parifh roads. repair and maintenance of There was alfo in every diftriét or ftandards, furveyor of Weights and Meafures, who jurifliction, a 29. Of tion of frauds verified the fame, and kept the Mealures. Weights and deficiencies. brought informaQ4 The --- Page 290 --- A PPENDIX Parifh The Parifh Vicars might alfo be conidered as 30. of Vicars. civil officers. ift, As they partook occafionally when the funétions ofpublic notaries, as to wills, the notary was not at hand. - 2dly, As they kept where the baptifins, marthree public and burials regifters, were recorded. One copy reriages, mained at the church; one was yearly depofited at the office ofthe ccurt; and the other was of fent thofe to the office at Verfailles. The abftraêts ofthe books, figned by the vicar or by the regifter off filiacourt, were legal evidence of age, ofdeath, tion and defcent, in trials. Laftly, Ihave mentioned the Public AdminiftraS1; Amini- Public tors, or guardians of vacant inberitances. who died fhrators. In France, the inheritance of a man the lord without heirs apparent, devolved on in the by efcheat (detherance). But, as many perfons five colonies had their natural heirs in France, have time years to were allowed to them, that they might where noticé, and to put in their claims : So, gain the public guardian there was no executor appointed, during which he was acwas vefted, for the time, and afterwards to his majefty, countable to the heirs, was then fold; as lord ofthe ifand. The claim property the from the but the heirs could ftill proceeds by the king. Thefe officers were appointed ten L rior councils (in every one ofthet diftriets) accountable proper fecurities, and were every year privifame. This was one ofthe original to the Thefe muft tftriétly leges ofthofe courts. and guardians could perform the conform to fettled rules; the relating funétions of attornies, in all queftions to their adminiftration. ofavards were quite different; and The guardians in thbeir property, as no his majefly had no intereft in the colony. frodal fyftem was admitted police of minifterial Police - In the largeft towns, a Corps the or confiderable, for C: was cftablifhed, more lels allift: * could perform the conform to fettled rules; the relating funétions of attornies, in all queftions to their adminiftration. ofavards were quite different; and The guardians in thbeir property, as no his majefly had no intereft in the colony. frodal fyftem was admitted police of minifterial Police - In the largeft towns, a Corps the or confiderable, for C: was cftablifhed, more lels allift: * --- Page 291 --- ARTICLE III. affiftance tions. It of the principal officers in thefe 3$ was compoled of their finegadiers and ferjeants. infpectors, exempts, brimake fummary records They were authorizél to quencies, and thus bring (procés verbal) of delinattorney ; to arreft rioters, information to the and battery, and thieves taken perfons guilty of afaule king's alfo were employed to fummon with the mainour. They vey them to jail, when fo ordered. parties, or conpointed by the courts. They were arms. They wore uniforms and apTheir pay was, Livres. independent of( Infpe@tors, . 35000 per.ann. fome perquilites Exempts, - 1,500 and fines, Brigadiers, - 1,000 Serjeants, - 800 defcription, Marlhalfea was another Corps, much formed in aid of ofthe fame 33. ferving on foot and donhorfeback. public juftice, and Marthal(ea authority both of It was under the which was indeed government and of the courts, It was compofed productive of of fome ditputes, in brigadier; the an exempt, brigades with the of rank five men, and a army, had the of lieutenant the provoft licutenaht, with commandoftwo the rank of brigades. A provoft fuperior command in the whole captain, had general, with the rank departmene. A pay, was only an ofmsjor, but without and he had no functions honorary commander or infpector, brigades were fucioned, lefs relating to citizens. The the towns and in fome or more in number, in Their funéions were parifhes. to watch tranquillicy and fafety of thc over the general factors, and negroes wan roads; to arreft malcfrom their mafters; to ailift sering wichou: paffports perfons indidtedsojufies, orint either the in bringing the 2nd criminal judgments, execucion ofcivil laitly, to intorce the colleétion ades were fucioned, lefs relating to citizens. The the towns and in fome or more in number, in Their funéions were parifhes. to watch tranquillicy and fafety of thc over the general factors, and negroes wan roads; to arreft malcfrom their mafters; to ailift sering wichou: paffports perfons indidtedsojufies, orint either the in bringing the 2nd criminal judgments, execucion ofcivil laitly, to intorce the colleétion --- Page 292 --- AI PPENDI I X. lection ofall direét taxes, and the execution of any warrants and orders from government or adminiAration. Provoft lieutenant, Livres. 2,000 per an. Their pay was, 1,200 Exempts, Brigadiers, Privates, 6co They had alfo fome perquilites, and were fupplied with horfes and cloathing. properly thefe two The dificuly of compofing from the fcantinefs oft their corps (partly proceeding felt,) but unavoidable in a country pay) was fenfibly kind ofhoneft induftry enabled a comwhere every ifon to make confiderable gain. mon peil the whole judicial fyftem, before the Such was year cighty-feven. view of re34. I now proceed to give a fummary and firft Actiene. medics againft public or private injuries; ofthe Jatter. admitted by the operation oflaw, as Some were remitter; fome by the act of parties, as retciner and arlitrations. But recapticn and abateaccords and tolerated, from fear of ment fmuifance were fcarcely wiolence. were unknown. Only Difrefes and replevins feafants were taken and cattle treipaffing, or damage A prize-muney or carried to the public though pound. there were no damage : if forfeit was paid, an aétion was open. there was damage, in remedies of Government could not interfere of any trefpafs, nuiinjuries, farther than in cafe The commandfance, wafte, or violent bound ejeêment. to caufe things to be ing officer was, then, in their former orre-inftated, as far as poflible, to fue for remedy in der, and to dircét the parties court, For prize-muney or carried to the public though pound. there were no damage : if forfeit was paid, an aétion was open. there was damage, in remedies of Government could not interfere of any trefpafs, nuiinjuries, farther than in cafe The commandfance, wafte, or violent bound ejeêment. to caufe things to be ing officer was, then, in their former orre-inftated, as far as poflible, to fue for remedy in der, and to dircét the parties court, For --- Page 293 --- ARTICLE III. but For everyinjury there was 3? our actions were neither fo certainly a remedy; precife and nicely multiplied, nor fo Our actions were diferiminaeed, only divided as in England. Real actions, where the into property of land. Thefe object were was poffefion or pofefory and petitory again divided into iff was oufed, the defendant actions; and, where the plaintbring his petitory action-( (writ or of ejeétor could not prior aétion was decided, and right), till the Spoliatus ante omnia refituendus. facisfaétion made. Perfenal actions were actions of debt, damages, for fpecific actions for Lafly, mixed actions fatisfaction, and the like. damages were fued for, and were," in where polleffion and Some actions might be other fimilar cafes. cary againft the purchafer indireét, of an as aétion hypotheAétions were liable to limitations eftate. of longeft of which was forty years, when time, the hypothecary actions were joined perfonal and Ihave perfon, namely an heir to a real eftate againft ofthe the fame to debts, obferved, thac heirs and ficceffors were obligee. but of right. though not expreffed in the liable Gerunt parfonan defunéti. obligation, It feems that, as the Englifh with complicated the aétions, and yet common law has 35. clerks great nicery, it has been diferiminated them Origunal of chancery fhould exert.ail neceffiry that the WViits. different formulas or writs their fkill to find one; buc it feems alfo, that appropriated the cafk to every ingenuiry; actions as we fec, on the one exceeded their are employed in cafes to which hand, thar certain naturally belong, as trover and they do not retinte, and ej-timert cenerfien inflead of Gn-the other hand, infteadofa that the writ rigbts ; and, writs being ftill nultislicit. or their ordinary inaclequate to all cafes, fiétions have been very extraefirefaats Gil theceje has been introdeces, andibecanit coatrived, as a general fup- exceeded their are employed in cafes to which hand, thar certain naturally belong, as trover and they do not retinte, and ej-timert cenerfien inflead of Gn-the other hand, infteadofa that the writ rigbts ; and, writs being ftill nultislicit. or their ordinary inaclequate to all cafes, fiétions have been very extraefirefaats Gil theceje has been introdeces, andibecanit coatrived, as a general fup- --- Page 294 --- A PPEN DI X. fupplement, to which fometimes a per quod is annexed. Our fyftem, on the contrary, was, at once plain, free from fiétions, adequate to all pofible cafes, and feemed to refemble exactly the actions 011 the cafe. Writs of chancery were neceflary in very few inftances; which have been or will be hinted at OCcafionally (a). In all cafes, a petition was given to the judge and by the plaincif, Rating tbe cafe, and fuing for Jucb frcb remedy, as pollefiion, property, payment, fpecifick refitution, performance of any obligation or demages: and it is cbfeivable that, whereas, in ofthe Englifh adtions, damages are the only remedy, many though 2 more direét one might be given; bere, damages were only given, either where no other remedy was attainable, or when a per quod 25, when the plaintiff had was eollaterally proved; ofthe fuffered from ejcétment, or non-performance fatisfaccontraét: then, he obtained the principal tion, as alfo damages; ofwhich hawever the courts were very the fparing, petition, the judge gave his warrant, that Upon the defendant be fummoned before him at a certain day. of s6.Procefs. The complication of Procefs, the hardfhips bails below and above, of diftreffes, attachments, capias, alias, plurias, end outlawries, were unknown and quite uleleis in our laws. that the liberty of I cannot alfo help obferving, in the Britifh the fubject, which is fo well guarded much conititution againft prerogative, feems to be in trifed with by the common law; whereas, France, the laws feemed to have thewn perfonal liberty the greateft tendernefs, perhaps in amends (a) The ceuncils fuperior were authorized to grant thofe wiits, inAead ofthe chancery. for and quite uleleis in our laws. that the liberty of I cannot alfo help obferving, in the Britifh the fubject, which is fo well guarded much conititution againft prerogative, feems to be in trifed with by the common law; whereas, France, the laws feemed to have thewn perfonal liberty the greateft tendernefs, perhaps in amends (a) The ceuncils fuperior were authorized to grant thofe wiits, inAead ofthe chancery. for --- Page 295 --- for its being ARTICLE III. power. This more inftance open to arbitrary ftretches of trate this obfervation. and fome others will illuf. The defendant was bailiff, and a copy of fummoned, the in writing, by a given to him, or lef at his petition houfe, and warrant was default Ifhc, or his attorney, did not was given, with a appear on the day, ifagain the he did not appear, continuance, and, then, acion appcared well judgment was given, if was notified; ; and, grounded. The be made of the defendant's cight days afer, execution fentence migtt might be arrefted, in proper property, cafts. and even he put Bur, in during thefe cight days, the defendant which hissposfitien,t was then arrefted by petition, againft thej judgment, might thod, the danger ofright In that plain mecious to force the ofexecution was quite as efficaofan outlawry. appearance, as even the hardfhip In theinferior courts, writs ofc neceffary where a deed had been chanicery were only 37. Wi's following caufes: : incapacity, cancelled, for the of Chancoverture, imbecility, proceeding from age, cery. like; ifa real eftate was violence, fold captation, and the value; if a for lefs than half wronged in a copartner, or tenant in common, its his fharc. partition of the quarter Or third was of dircêed Thofe the writs were termed letters of found to be truly judge to give remedy, ifthe refcifion; cafe they tion, warrant, and fated. The formalities of peti- was The procels, were the fame. Was continued carf, if not yet ready for continuance, from day to doy; and, determination, 38. but liable default or zonfeit during this Pleilings. onice onty to oppolition. might take placc, Lppue If the now that both parties were in queftion Was to be earneft. determined in public exdience, to give remedy, ifthe refcifion; cafe they tion, warrant, and fated. The formalities of peti- was The procels, were the fame. Was continued carf, if not yet ready for continuance, from day to doy; and, determination, 38. but liable default or zonfeit during this Pleilings. onice onty to oppolition. might take placc, Lppue If the now that both parties were in queftion Was to be earneft. determined in public exdience, --- Page 296 --- A PPE N D 1X the counfellors were refpedively heard in audience, and replies, till ifue was joined, or their pleadings enabled to determine. the judges of If the queftion depended on ofl a complication land, or in acwritten evidence, as in difputes carried on counts, the pleadings were reciprocally rébutter, &cc.); and, in writing (defence, rejeinder, made the report ofthe quefthen, one ofthe judges tion and procedings, and the court, privately aflembled, p:fled fentence. and abfolute, dePleas were fpecial, or general Pleas declinatory (a), dilatory, or peremptory. in limine litis. clinatory mult have been propoied If thofe were Dilatory before the the peremptory. caufe was difmiffed to the found grounded, or the defendant relealed for the competent judge, I prefent; atherwife there was a refpoudeat oufer. obferve that the irregularities of mifno nar or departure and phnfpetilic, were little attenried to. Senfails might were ofright. The party, before, judgment, as amend his declaration, defence, and procedings, become he pleafed, though fome avowals might faral. be interlocutory or final. The judgment migh: ufuaily neceffary. In the firft cale a trial was Interlocutory ju'gment was feldom neceffary, 39-Trisls. when the iffe was upon demurrer. modes of trial were by If it was of fact, the dangerous written evidence, orby witnefits, (which Agreements in incthod was much reitriéted). thing exceeding writing were required valuc; upon and every beyond it no oral one hundred livres in admnitted of. Yet, in fome inevidence could be could have ftances f mere fait, where no writing and, been made, trial by witnefes was unavoidable; (a), When tho court had: no cognizance as there was ratine no priv.lege materia or or commit- ratione demnicilii. Scldemyatior, jerfaue, EURS. then, which Agreements in incthod was much reitriéted). thing exceeding writing were required valuc; upon and every beyond it no oral one hundred livres in admnitted of. Yet, in fome inevidence could be could have ftances f mere fait, where no writing and, been made, trial by witnefes was unavoidable; (a), When tho court had: no cognizance as there was ratine no priv.lege materia or or commit- ratione demnicilii. Scldemyatior, jerfaue, EURS. then, --- Page 297 --- ARTICLE III. then, two unequivocal were miffary oft the court was necefiary. A comrecorded it; and the witnefles appointed for the trial, who propter incapacitaten, might be challenged deiétum. propter afeitum, alt propter. of The fecond method of trial was by other furveyors of lands or roads, or of inipection, as made their perfons fkilled in the object in artificers, or The report upcn oath. queftion, who mcft laft mode oftrial was by always of the defendant. wager eflaw, alIn all queftions church, the public, concerning the infants or wards, the 40. Judgattorney ofhis majelly (a) ablentees, iuft of the king, the ments, opinion, cither verbally or in neceffirily give his ment couldbe pronounced. writing, before Judgcaufe After the the trial, or if no trial was iffue was upon neceffiry, begiven. It was written by denurrer,isdgment the was books, a copy was regifter upon his it to be. notified deliveredtothe to the party, who caufed there was no appeal, execution other, who appealed; or if faction was not inftantly tendered, was made, if fatisIn the High Courts, the fame, exceptthat a writ of proccedings were the 4I. In appellor, or a writ of appeal was taken by the High in coufequence ofwhich anticipation the by the appellee, Cour.s. Here feven fummons were plurality carried judges at leaft were notified. the necelfary, and a was again determination. Ifthe to the king. condemuetl, The he was tined in tweive appellor livres judged to the party cofts, who in all actions, were addouble or treble cofls. was fltccefful, but never The methods the following: ofExccution ofcivil fentences were 42. (a) He might alio ba p'aintifere Ex.cution. defeudant cx sficis, Here at leaft were notified. the necelfary, and a was again determination. Ifthe to the king. condemuetl, The he was tined in tweive appellor livres judged to the party cofts, who in all actions, were addouble or treble cofls. was fltccefful, but never The methods the following: ofExccution ofcivil fentences were 42. (a) He might alio ba p'aintifere Ex.cution. defeudant cx sficis, Here --- Page 298 --- AP PENDIX Here our laws were ftill tender of the perfonal liberty of the fubjeét; for, fo far from permitting a man to be arrefted in execution of judgment, on for the contrary, ifhe had bound his perfon or where body the a debt, his bond was void in that refpeÉt, it. The cafes laws had not expreisly authorized debts due to the fpecified were bills of exchange, truft, debts public by receivers on account oftheir when the claufe was for leafes taken in open court, debts due to fea trade by fo fpecified in the record, which the creditor fentences of admiralty courts, giving might alfo execute non obftante appellatiene, fecurity for it. modes of execution were by feizure The fale other of the debtor's goods, furniture, money, and cloaths, cattle, and negroc fervants (fome jewels, however privileged) and by arreft of effcêts credits being in the hands of his own debtors. The his alfo be provifionally permited, by the latter might for rents, or where the title was original warrant, authentical. Real eftates might alfo be executed and fold with and cattle upon them. But eftates the negroes extenfivé and complicated nature, being of a very ofthe execution were very nice and the formalities and difintricate; the procefs, as being expenfive Here it muft ficult, was feldom ever attempted. feemed in favour be owned, that our fyftem partial rather afcribable of the planters. But the fault was the laws; and, in to the nature ofthings, than to as culfpite of that, trade was at leaft as profitable ture. laft refortwere never fufpended; 43. *Arreft Judgmentsinthel could be reverfed in two manners: ef Judg- but they after letters of chancery ment. ift. By the court itfelf, civile) when a formality taken (lettres de requete of the law had been violated. 2dly. afcribable of the planters. But the fault was the laws; and, in to the nature ofthings, than to as culfpite of that, trade was at leaft as profitable ture. laft refortwere never fufpended; 43. *Arreft Judgmentsinthel could be reverfed in two manners: ef Judg- but they after letters of chancery ment. ift. By the court itfelf, civile) when a formality taken (lettres de requete of the law had been violated. 2dly. --- Page 299 --- ARTICLE III. 2dly, By the fovereign council (voye the power ofhis majefty inhis In both infbances, caffation.) the ment was not confidered. intrinfick Ifit jullice ofthe judgflaws appearing on the face was reverled by the trial, either in the fame ofthe fecord, another would determine the court, or in anocher court, The execution ofthe queftion. A time was limited. but an aétion for judgment Was not fulpended; licyafter the final judgment. damages, with a per guod, might In the firft inftanices ifthe civil jeéted, fifty livres the plaintif paid a fine of four requeft was reto his majefty. hundred and I Thall make only fome curfory profteution, trial and judgment ofi remarks upon the Pleas prefentments, where the Britifh indictments and tht Crowa. great fuperiority. laws juftly boaft ofa dictment, The party but aggrieved might indeed ment ofthe only for damages; and bring the an inking's public wrong was fued for, punifhIn attorney and attorney-general. only by the condition, capital cafes, the perion accufed, of but, in indicaments-for might be arrefted from the beginnings whatever could be committed in mitlemcanours a tizen only after fummons an abrupt manner; vagabond a ciIn capital cafes, ifthe and non-appearance. and upon a no1 ef inventus, a kind perfon accufed abfconded bis whole eftate was ofoutlawry took placc, andj judged by contumacy, fequeftered. and Hc was tried appearance another reverfed the whole executed trial in efgy. But trial was granted of and attinder, and The form and manner ofthe right. ing. It was fecret. The trial feemed fhockcouncil. He was prifoner was allowed no too artfully. He interrogated had no in private, fometimes and indiétment. He copy oft the the witneffes; but he muft was, indeed, confronted procedings with R challenge them, and make his , fequeftered. and Hc was tried appearance another reverfed the whole executed trial in efgy. But trial was granted of and attinder, and The form and manner ofthe right. ing. It was fecret. The trial feemed fhockcouncil. He was prifoner was allowed no too artfully. He interrogated had no in private, fometimes and indiétment. He copy oft the the witneffes; but he muft was, indeed, confronted procedings with R challenge them, and make his --- Page 300 --- AP PPENDIX extemparc. He was feldom permitted his defence evidence of his own; and his oath ofvoyrto bring his life was at ftake. dirê was exaéted, though poflible was made to him on But every amends The body eibe crime mult be conthe judgment. confefion could not condemnhim. itant. Hlis own valens. Sufpicion fet a witnefs Non auditur perire fmalleft flaw in the proceedings made afide. The Two witnefies, univocal, de wijfi and them void.. overt act were neceffary. The pofitive upon any be luce meridiand clarior. A great evidence was to the appeal majority of the judges was neceffary,and was of right. had been fuppreffed by our The rack (quellion) Lewis XVI. good unhappy king veil overthe mode of execution, I fhall throw a the then chafometimes fhocking and unbecoming racter of the nation. of His majefty had the precious prerogative granting pardon and reprieve. fyftem, calculated for Such was our wholejudicial cheapnefs, expedition, and fafety. the minifter was unfortunately Alter- In the year 1787, He was +5. anonin betrayed into an inaufpicious of Alteration. oppolition, from the 1787. difgufted at fome inftances an excepfuperior council of the Cape, againft of Port-autionabie law. A crafty attorney-general of that difpofition, to enPrince took advantage and profits; and a law creafe his own jurifdiction which the two' councils fuperior was extorted, by eftablifhed at Port-auwere diffolved, and one Princé, for the whole colony. former falaries, the judges Independent of theallowed large fecs, indiand strorney-general were Public pleadings were reétly paidl by the parties. in writing fupprelied 5 more expenfive procedings were tried and dewere adopted, and the queftions termined in private. To enPrince took advantage and profits; and a law creafe his own jurifdiction which the two' councils fuperior was extorted, by eftablifhed at Port-auwere diffolved, and one Princé, for the whole colony. former falaries, the judges Independent of theallowed large fecs, indiand strorney-general were Public pleadings were reétly paidl by the parties. in writing fupprelied 5 more expenfive procedings were tried and dewere adopted, and the queftions termined in private. To --- Page 301 --- To leffen ARTICLE III. feen, the inferior the idconveriences which wére diétion in caufes not courts were allowed a final forein value; and in exceeding nine thoufand livres jurif flaves. In judgmenrs oflife and limb added to thofe confequence, three afliftant judges againtt and fees. courts, and were allowed both were Severe. falaries general conf@quences The public were felt by the in augmented. The expence of falaries Was colony hitherto unknown. parties The were charged with greatly ivere more expenfive. procedlings in fees tt the dark, inftcad Determinatinns were wriring given Lafily, poor ofbeing flaves decided in fair withour the relief ofan were actainted for But, appeal. TeT belides thofe north, from its diftance, general the The felt others idconvenionoes, juftice, hardfhip under of going fixty or more bitterly. a burning eighty leagues for country little climate, and pers and titles praéticable; the danger through a the poft, with ofproperoy, when fent by ofloling paknow of an expence fo fea; or a ifby livres on that fingle law-fuit charged confiderable, one that I Belides, fome very account, thoufand the management alterations ofthe became indifpenfible in additional municipal duty, which franchifes of grievances, thac part ofthe antl an abridgment of wera the offended Thofe innovations had a ifland. feeds of the inhabitants -of the frightful north, effeét, They revolution, difcontent, which, in the and laid the long before peedily the broke out into begianing an of the Thus, a foolifh reft of the colony was open revol, powers pcople having feized difturbed. in breaking Aargorermont thofe employed their upon firft all the blifhing the furperior new-fangled laws, and in actempt travagant as it was council, in a meafutre which re-efta- (exR point of lawfulnef) was confirmed , which, in the and laid the long before peedily the broke out into begianing an of the Thus, a foolifh reft of the colony was open revol, powers pcople having feized difturbed. in breaking Aargorermont thofe employed their upon firft all the blifhing the furperior new-fangled laws, and in actempt travagant as it was council, in a meafutre which re-efta- (exR point of lawfulnef) was confirmed --- Page 302 --- APPENDIX by both the national affembly and the confirmed king (12th October, 1790.) The falaries ofthe whole Toreturn to my fubjeét: whole adminiftration of the government, of the furgeons, and of all other courts, of phyficians, expences relatcivil officers, and the extraordinary in the public accounts, ing to the fame, were ftated, as follows: Livres. 12 2 1786 - 1,569,046 - 1,630,026 % 2,143:547 II 1789 a 1,866,468 13 Total - 7,209,088 17 8 Av verage - 1,802,272 4 5 ART. IV. THE DIFFERENT ORDERS OF INHABITANTS ANDTHE POPULATION. diftinétion of our population was The principal freemen and flaves; and, among the into that of that of white men, and people of colour. free, into diftinétion the White, the only legal 1. Among the offices which certain Whites. known, proceeded from adminiftration, or fubjects filled in the government, the execution of the rein the courts. Except in a marked place fpeative funétions, diftinétion andin occupying was little felt in the at church, fuch of fociety. In a rich country, ufual intercourfe fortune was the chief aim ofevery individual, where real weight than even places of wealth had more truft and power. other fide, as it was a point of policy to On the render the offices which certain Whites. known, proceeded from adminiftration, or fubjects filled in the government, the execution of the rein the courts. Except in a marked place fpeative funétions, diftinétion andin occupying was little felt in the at church, fuch of fociety. In a rich country, ufual intercourfe fortune was the chief aim ofevery individual, where real weight than even places of wealth had more truft and power. other fide, as it was a point of policy to On the render --- Page 303 --- A RTICLE IV. render the white colour common people of that generally relpestable, the upon a level wich deferipcion, though not above the rank they gentlemen, held in were ftill raifed much more upon a footing ofequality. France, and were treated, few Nobility families (a) had was not altogether unknown. of the fuperior their titles regiftered in the records Some be. done councils, which, however, could fter, given without after an exprefs order from the mini- not nealogilt, into the enquiry made, by the king's though tiles are wantonly genuinnefs of the titles; -Sr (a foolifh fancy which feems aflumed by many creoles creafed fince the revolution) rather to have enqualify himfelf fo much, as yet to affume no gentleman coukd . of elquire, in public deeds, except the aétual the title of perly government, regiftered. unlefs his family titles were officers fevere penalties, Laws exifted, prohibiting, under pronotaries, recorders, any vicars, indulgence and upon this point to but, even after this, thefe other public officers; any privilege over the other regiftered families had not taken notice of. fubjects worth being The planters, and this was undoubredly, bore the firft rank ; and eftablilhments. graduated The according to their fortune feldom lived upon their moft wealthy, however, fpend their forrunes in eftates, the rather choofing to which the capital offered luxuries and in the mean time them. Their eftates pleafures were perhaps, but poor and managed. by attornies, honeft of which was, that the colonial interefted; the conisquence try, as well as in the towns, intereft in the counperfons, who minded it was in the hands of care oft their own fortunes. very much lefs than the place to egotifmn and felfilhnefs, Public Ipirit thus gave and the influence theufual, (a) Nobility here does not fignify meaning of the word, mability. The Peerage, which, in England. is R acceptation is moreg general, of , honeft of which was, that the colonial interefted; the conisquence try, as well as in the towns, intereft in the counperfons, who minded it was in the hands of care oft their own fortunes. very much lefs than the place to egotifmn and felfilhnefs, Public Ipirit thus gave and the influence theufual, (a) Nobility here does not fignify meaning of the word, mability. The Peerage, which, in England. is R acceptation is moreg general, of --- Page 304 --- A P P E N D IX. ofthe rich planters, which might perhaps have oppofed, in fome meafure, the progrefs or the effects of the révolution, was entirely Joft. fo In general, political writers think of nothing much as of a population in a country: In a colony like earibd Domingo, every individual, who is not neceffary or ferviceable to culture, is a quifance; and, where the principal works can only of be carried on by flaves, a great population whites is by no means neceffary. Honeft merchants, tradefmen, and artificers, ought to be encouraged and confidered as next to planters; but idle men, as affording bad examples, and teachcorruption, fhould not be fuffered. The COing lonial fyftem was, no doubt, too indulgent in this refpeét. Multitudes of vagabonds, fcattered over the ifand, when the revolution broke out, deluged the towns. - Gangs of ricters appeared in fwarms, as if from under the ground. They menaced and and overawed the honeft well-meaning citizens, combined for the deftruction of government, order, and of courfe of the colony itielf. By People of Colour are underftood flaves emana People Colour. cipated, the feveral degrees of their offspring free by birth, as negroes, mulattoes, carteroons, mongrels, This &c. clafs of people has been remarked to encreafe, with a degrec of rapidity far exceeding Indies. that ofany other kind of population in the Weft with They have an advantage of native affimilation of climate, over European whites ; and of a life lefs labour, of. better feeding, and of certain other that moral caufes over the Nlaves; add to which, of the the incontinence they are recruited yearly by whites, and by new emancipations. liSuch an intermediate clafs of people, enjoying with berty and the rights of citizens, connected with flavcs by the ties of blood and familiarity, the exceeding Indies. that ofany other kind of population in the Weft with They have an advantage of native affimilation of climate, over European whites ; and of a life lefs labour, of. better feeding, and of certain other that moral caufes over the Nlaves; add to which, of the the incontinence they are recruited yearly by whites, and by new emancipations. liSuch an intermediate clafs of people, enjoying with berty and the rights of citizens, connected with flavcs by the ties of blood and familiarity, the --- Page 305 --- ARTICLE IV. the whites by the more feeble bonils tude, ought to have been an object of of gratiattention with the legiflature, The laws particular termined their political condition, whichedebeen framed upon a ought to have -beft colonial fyftem thorough knowledge of the be expeéted that this capable fyftem of exifling. It might the people by experience, ia would be revealed to that opinions would conform procefs of time, and Auence ofintereft, and of true to it, from the inif thofe, opinions are at political views; but, union, fubmiffion, and variance with the laws, danger. public order, muft be in Our laws were defeéive in this reafon, that they were framed point, for this The firft, namely, the ediét of at Lewis a period too carly. teenth, enaâted, in the year the Fourwhen the French colonies 1685, the black code, and the true colonial were ftill in the cradle; rience, was a general regulation fyftem, unrevealed of by expenew fetrlements. police for thofe regulated the condition Among and many other articles, it the liberty or power of ufage of the flaves; ; or condition of the individuals emancipating, and the ftate entitied fuch, and ftill more their emancipated. It the franchifes and privileges of other offpring, to all ing them only to pay great citizens, bindmafters, and to the familics of their refpect to their old articles of the civil law were mafters. Many culty. adopted. The fain fo ofemancipating abfolute and unlimited was granted to the maflers, minors under were a manner, that even flave appointed age exccutor of not his excepted; further, a of his children, was mafter, or guardian fame time: but the emancipated mafter who of right at the flave, was not bound to make a emancipated a tenance, A flave taken in wedlock provifion for mainfon, with the mafter's by a free perconfent, Was emancipated of R 4 righr, abfolute and unlimited was granted to the maflers, minors under were a manner, that even flave appointed age exccutor of not his excepted; further, a of his children, was mafter, or guardian fame time: but the emancipated mafter who of right at the flave, was not bound to make a emancipated a tenance, A flave taken in wedlock provifion for mainfon, with the mafter's by a free perconfent, Was emancipated of R 4 righr, --- Page 306 --- APPEND I X. right, and that privilege was extended to the baf-; tards of any wench; as, by the French laws, bafmatrimonium. tards were legitimated between per Jubfequens the mafters and their Though concubinage the execution of flaves was prohibited (a provifion, beyond the reach of which is, in-a great meafure, the magifrate) the mafter was formally permitted to marry his Alave; at the fame time, the property which the emancipated flaves and people ofcolcur might acquire, ty any title, was not limited; and thofe born of the aforefsid connexions, might inherit all the eftates of their fathers. The French Jaws, indeed, reftriéted the bequelts made to baftards in general; but, as that reftriction was not extended could to conveyances inter vivos, and as ftrangers bequeath any thing to baftards, the law was ealily ufes evaded, either direétly by or indireétly by mafter and and by deeds fale. Thus, a i could tyufts, emancipate all his negroes; he could marry his flave, and emancipate at once both her and her children, who became entitled to his inheritance. Any one could buy his concubine, and emancipate her and her offspring by wediock. by nature upon However, the mark impreffed people ofcolour, and the political neceflity ofkeepthen in a ftate of infericrity to the whites, CRelt is univerfaily adopted by all nations in their colonies, were feltand had their effedt in the public opinion. At the fame time, the num.bers of emancipated flaves, and of the people of colour, multirate. Their fortunes and their plied at a prodigious ill-fuited with inferiority ofconconfequentialpnide dition. Some of them educated in France, had acquired all the accomplihn ents which their natures, affifted with every means of expence, fenfe were of capable of receiving, and had imbibed a of cquality, in a fice intercourfe there with perfons of a rank. The neceffity of amending the defeêts premature of emancipated flaves, and of the people of colour, multirate. Their fortunes and their plied at a prodigious ill-fuited with inferiority ofconconfequentialpnide dition. Some of them educated in France, had acquired all the accomplihn ents which their natures, affifted with every means of expence, fenfe were of capable of receiving, and had imbibed a of cquality, in a fice intercourfe there with perfons of a rank. The neceffity of amending the defeêts premature --- Page 307 --- ARTICLE IV. premature Jaw was felt, but a bhnd 5* memory and it ofits author, did not permit refpeét to for the root. was, perhaps, too late to ftrike the evil annul at the it; The power of the following principles: emancipating ift. was abridged, upon deemed to be the reward ofhoneft Emancipation was that falary of ofproftitution ; the lot of faithful fervice, not the had concubines and baftards. fervants, not only the right Befides, mafters flave, but admiffion ofgiving into the uptheir rank property in the citizens was a matter of and privileges of grant ofliberty was prerogative, and the manumifion. neceflàry, as well as the king's courts adopted, 2dly. As to people of mafter's the more ftriély, theiyflem colour, the bequefts made to baftards, in the ofabriaging maintenance or annual alimony. limits ofmere gulations, alfo, declared the 3dly. Several re. civil qualified for the military rank people of ofcolour unforbidden employments of power and truft. officers, and for to take the They were to which they had furnames of the white families muft, in their deeds and originally belonged; and they çations indicative of their aétions, affume the qualifThe firft degree ofcolour. tiality of the provifion fathers. was eafily evaded by thej partendant for the tine Thent the governor and inlarge diferetionary tax being, laid (1776) fancied that a would be an effeétual upon the emancipations fhut the gate againft check; burito only fervedto could not afford the tax; poor but honeft fervants, who bines and baftards, who wanted leftit open to concu. Pay it. Nay, the tax and lawful not the means to were evaded' by very fhameful emancipation vagabond was bribed to praftices. Some legitimate the baflards, and marry the wench,and to more heard of The fecond after wedlock was no very inadequate check to the provifion wealth was but a of pcople of colour. --- Page 308 --- APPENDIX colour. The laft was more effeétual; but it had a very bad effeét. As the Jaw of 1685 was never back abolifhed, the people of colour always looked of the to it. They confidered all abridgments and a privileges granted by it, as an inconfiftency them grievances ; and their diffatisfaétion haveaétedi prepared in the for that monftrous part which they révolution. Upon the whole, one cannot help obferving, that the frame and conftitution of our colonies mult be delicate, when the mixture of our population, and the regard to their-fafety, beget political principles, to : and require pofitive laws, in direét contradiétion This the pafnions and natural affeétions ofmen. granted by it, as an inconfiftency them grievances ; and their diffatisfaétion haveaétedi prepared in the for that monftrous part which they révolution. Upon the whole, one cannot help obferving, that the frame and conftitution of our colonies mult be delicate, when the mixture of our population, and the regard to their-fafety, beget political principles, to : and require pofitive laws, in direét contradiétion This the pafnions and natural affeétions ofmen. wlrich is perhaps a lurking feed of deftruétion, ifall the cannot fail to germinate fooner or later, wifdom of the legillator is not from the beginning, and without intermiffion, applied to keep it under. that people of colour muft be kept It isi indifputable, with which great property. is, in a ftate ofinferiority, inconfiftent than any where elfe. It may here, be more allowed, that it isby no means neceffary or only that it be perpetual from generation to geproper, When nature has wafhed cut from their neration. all the marks of their origin, laws countenances fhould then cedfe to diftinguith, and they fhould confidered as whites, to all intents and be generally the advantages of which purpofes; a provifion, as are obvious. would be as material they before 1789. I return to the fyftem exifting of colour were On the one hand, the people for redrefs of private liable to no diferimination, of miflemeanours injuries, and in the profecution and however natural it and crimes, for or againfts in favour cf night be for judges to bc prejudiced On the their oWI colours theymade no difference. at of colour were kept great other hand, people dittance by planters aud inhabitants ofeducation; but --- Page 309 --- but ARTICLE E IV. they were treated by them even civility, They were, in with indulgence and felves very feldom general, alfo themperfons of that wanting either in refpect ttowards vernment, and even defeription, in zeal or in obedience to goand being confined to mechanical for the public fervice; number became very ufeful by their trades, a great vigilance, the loweft Ifthey fuffered any ill induftry and clafs of whites, who, after ulage, it was from familiarity with them, and often entering into pence, were apt to claim living at. their exexert it with infolence, their fuperiority, and to fhall mention again the ifany difpure happened. I ticle concerning the militia. people of colour, in the ar-. Thé Slaves ofall colours our population. The laws were allowed the loweft clafs of 3. rights. Whatever they them no civil Slaves, mafter's property, though poffeffed the was friétly their relpect, of their more indulgent than the mafters law, were, in' that mafters injuries, than was rather a right The redrefs they were tried their own; but, in criminal belonging to the the laws exaêly as the whites, chiefly indtictments, What 0f1787, I have faid which I have mentionel. before will make any further in the 4th chapter of this from their mafters details on the ufage they work, met gencral Much obfervations may unneceffiry. be taken However, fome has bcen faid notice of. and great debates have againft been flavery in lattert times; upon the queftion, cobetber carried on by writers, cannot Indies? be dipoxed witb, in our megroes andfaves can or I believe that latlenents in the as local and hiftorical the beft realonings, as Wek well the following knowledge, have that the fatal trials points; made and it may be boldly aicertained afferted, fet them beyond fince the Prenchrevolution, 1ft. has bcen faid notice of. and great debates have againft been flavery in lattert times; upon the queftion, cobetber carried on by writers, cannot Indies? be dipoxed witb, in our megroes andfaves can or I believe that latlenents in the as local and hiftorical the beft realonings, as Wek well the following knowledge, have that the fatal trials points; made and it may be boldly aicertained afferted, fet them beyond fince the Prenchrevolution, 1ft. The colonics coutradiction. arc a fource ofwealth and of articles --- Page 310 --- APPE N D I X, articies of confumption, which the European powers with. and nations can no longer climates difpenfe are fuch, that no other edly. The tropical bear the hardfhips ofculture men, than negrocs, çan in thofe fettlements. The habitual and local wants of our negroes 3dly. fo limited, the country affords them with fuch are abundance and facility, their natural indolence is fo that it is only in a ftate of flavery that any lagreat, bour, or at leaft fufficient labour, may be exacted from them. by fomc, that the plough It has been imagined the culture ofthe fugar-cane might be employed in and, ignorant of the nature with great advantege; they have fancied that, by means of our eftates, ofhands, chicfly flaves, might be of.it, a number faved. The ufe of the plough is knownin our culture. It has been employed in fugar eftates, the ufefully,in work of breaking ftiff grounds, and in making and there is little digging and planting more eafys of being carried doubt but, had it been capable are no further, it had been fo; as our planters hand by. lameans unfkilful or unattentive in fparing in wide deep bour: but canes require to be planted make. Thelabour holes, which the plough cannot where wild vegetation is of weeding, (in a country toil oft the crops and exuberant) and the immenfe the fame number manufadture, would ftill require ofhands; for then every other work confidered is fufpended. the cultiBefides, writers have only without attending to the vation of the fiugar-canc, other cultures; though,i in fact, as necellary,andwore after what I have extenfive and profitable. I have Yet no need to prove that faid in this work, is in our the fervice of the plough impradicable where the crops and mountains, and in our works, weedings immenfe the fame number manufadture, would ftill require ofhands; for then every other work confidered is fufpended. the cultiBefides, writers have only without attending to the vation of the fiugar-canc, other cultures; though,i in fact, as necellary,andwore after what I have extenfive and profitable. I have Yet no need to prove that faid in this work, is in our the fervice of the plough impradicable where the crops and mountains, and in our works, weedings --- Page 311 --- ARTICLE IV. weedings hands. require alfo fpeedy work and Thofe points fettled, it numerous that the ufage of Daves be only remains to without impairing their as humane as provide, fion. dependance and poflible, fubmiflam far from boafling the refpeat, on the fide of French ofany fuperiority, in this Author of the planters. Wealth ofNations, Inquiry into the However, national (who here cannot be Caulesofthe upon the partialitys) influence allows there is; and bis fiulpeéted of judicious. Itis of different remarks, mafter lies herc exaétly under true, that governments, the of are and of the the controul of power the the in latter times, governor; had and that exprefs laws, courts, bounds. reftriéted it wichin even However, proper and profecuted though prefentments ftances, even fo againft late mafters, in hasebemsbrougie very feldom put in practice, as in 1787, that check beinous was inimpaired. left fubmiffion fhould very be duced But more obvious and gentle the great effect, Itis certain caufes had proof ulage was much harder. Buc that, in carly times, humanity have as the have become more gained ground, as the principles the market caly in their planters an exceflive price of negroes has cireumflanees, as come more and height, the condition gradually off Alaves rifen to riod, alfo, their more comfortable. Since has bcannual population fervice has been more that pean additional has been encreafed. hearty, the by degrees, encouragement to good This was have faichfully things came to that fituation ufage; and, than the natural deieribed; a fituation, far which I ftate of the by a country; fituation (I beg leave negroes in their happier own to add) in many relpects anees, as come more and height, the condition gradually off Alaves rifen to riod, alfo, their more comfortable. Since has bcannual population fervice has been more that pean additional has been encreafed. hearty, the by degrees, encouragement to good This was have faichfully things came to that fituation ufage; and, than the natural deieribed; a fituation, far which I ftate of the by a country; fituation (I beg leave negroes in their happier own to add) in many relpects --- Page 312 --- APPEN D I X: refpedts preferable to that of moft of the poor peafantsofEurope. I have.already obferved, that the fubmiflion of our flaves, and the tranquillity of otir ifland, were never difturbed, which was not the cafe in other colonies. I have alfo hinted at one effential caufc of that difference, the form of our government exaétly refembling the ceconomy cf our eftates. The uniting of humanity and fteadinefs in domeftick difcipline, with great ftriétnels arrd rigour in publick police, was another caufe of great cficét. The great towns are, in general, fources and fchools of corruption. If the magiftrate is remifs and negliif drunkennefs, mobs, riots, faucinefs of negent, groes, are fuffered in towns ; while in plantations difcipline is overftrained, and ufage hard; even if they are fteady, 2S they ought to be, fabmifion and tranquillity muft needs be precarious. It remains (to make this article complete) to give 4. iation. Popu- an idea of the whole Population of the ifland, at different periods, and in its principal divifions, as far as it may be afcertaincd by the public returns. 20,229 Whites - 27,717 L1789 30,831 N. B. The troops, artillery, marfhalfeas police mariners belonging to French trade, coafters, corps, and people who, having no negroes, gave no returnss were not included in the above number. 13,257 People of colour 1788 - 21,848 L1789 24,848 N. B. A ftill greater number, who had no property, or negroes, are not included, no return being given. Slaves --- Page 313 --- ARTICLE IV. Slaves - - 1784 a 297,079 1788 - 405.528 L1789 - N. B. It muft not be ing great encreafe of imagined, that this féemSome planters had the population was altogether real, of their negroes, and that indelicacy cheat to fereen a parc M. meafure, prevented by the was, in a great De Marbois, the laft vigilance and feverity of capacity and zeal for the intendant, a man' of great muft be taken only that the public laft good; fo that it accuraté, though not yet entirely returns fo. were more Upon the beft colony in the year probabilities, the population of the been about 1789, may be fuppofed to have 1789. Whites 40,000 People of colour Slaves 32,000 - 500,000 Now the following is the fions population, of in the three great comparative review of the colony, after the departmencs or divireturns. 1789. - Whites-Wet North - 12,7987 11,996 South - 6,037J 30,831. 1789. People of colour - wet J - 139627 North South a 6,476J 51410 24,848. 1789. - Slaves-Weft - North - 1939617 164,656 South - 76,812J 434,429. N. B. The general comparatively fmall. That population of the in the fouth was people of colour was 9. - Whites-Wet North - 12,7987 11,996 South - 6,037J 30,831. 1789. People of colour - wet J - 139627 North South a 6,476J 51410 24,848. 1789. - Slaves-Weft - North - 1939617 164,656 South - 76,812J 434,429. N. B. The general comparatively fmall. That population of the in the fouth was people of colour was --- Page 314 --- APPENI D IX. much lefs in the north. It is alfo certain, that was richer in the weft and fouth, thefe were individually than in the north. ART. V.-REVENUE AND TAXES. Among the revenues, there exifted fome Others which of prerogative. were merely contingencles either direét or indireêt. Some were real taxes, to the general exof thefe were appropriated fome to the private expences pences of the colony, and fome only to the of the grand departments, fome public receipts expences of a parifh. Laftly, neither revenue nor taxes, were of a peculiar naturc, deftined I but only depofits for certain this purpofes. divifion of fhall more circumftantially explain accounts, for the revenue, as (tated in the colonial and firft, four years preccding the revolution ; SECTION L-Prerogatice Revenues. of demefne were inherent in the z.Demefie The rights of his either as king or as lord Rights. prerogative But majefty, he had moft graciouily refigned ofthe ifland. them to the ufe of the colony. fines, wrecks, treafures They confifted of eftrays, cicheats of inheritroves, forfeitures af attainder, of inteftate baftards, and of tances of aliens without (a); heirs, and alfo inteftate. men abfolutely the intendant for A receiver was appointed by He five years, in each of the ten jurifdiations. but he was alfo was accountable to the intendant; In France, fereral treaties had made no colonies, with forcign that naiiors (aypea-résbediss had exempted them. this But, ifand. when they Naturalization and legitiexemption was not extended to Aliens naturalized could not mation were in the king's for tradie, preregative. but this was not much attended to in tistly prsctice. be Baitards agents were not legitinnated to all heirs intents of the and father purpofes, and without the exprefs confent of the lawful mothers. fvorn fereral treaties had made no colonies, with forcign that naiiors (aypea-résbediss had exempted them. this But, ifand. when they Naturalization and legitiexemption was not extended to Aliens naturalized could not mation were in the king's for tradie, preregative. but this was not much attended to in tistly prsctice. be Baitards agents were not legitinnated to all heirs intents of the and father purpofes, and without the exprefs confent of the lawful mothers. fvorn --- Page 315 --- fworn in and ARTICLE v. his receipts in bound the to give proper fecurities 5s The charges Kings courts. for were ché debts and againft cofts the monies of of demefne, inheritances, fion and other efcheated and or falary of the cofts; the fmall forfeited of jails; the price of receiver; 3 the maintenance commif negrocs, claimed within eftrayed the cattle or owners, the famé limited time runaway by the limited time, at public having been previoufly expences for the auction in court; ; alfo fold, at a larly as admininration of feveral charge. indidaiments, were profecuted juftice, particuN. B. This at the king's receipt not very receiver was intrufted with in repair the houfes confiderable, another levied; at the where the appropriated courts to keep of negroes, rate of two per cent. fat. It was cattle, and other upon the auctions at the bar of the things fold at public price inferior courts. (a)Rectipte Expenceis. Surplus, 1,86 7 L. S. D. L. 1788 1787 I 5601358 o 2 526,033 S, D. L. S. - 1789 280.301 12 IO 3 9 34-340 16 S D; 508,304 6 7 766,115 702,382 2 5 77.919 1O 9 11 42,248 16 8 I have already smancipations A imentioned lingle the tax laid colony was receiver for the upon 2, Eman. he was appointed by the whole accountable, and intendant, to whom Pe bound to give Slaves fecurity, In the years 1785 emancipard, Taxes. 1786 - - Usknown. 6-523415 1788 - 297 273 463,02; 1789 - 206 - 547,892 465.206 preceding (a) In thia and in all the 1725. years are included, following receipts, tbe of furplics the S From --- Page 316 --- APPENDIX From this fund were paid the penlions allowed for encoumgement of population, by government, to the white fathers of twelve of 1,200 livres a and year of 1,000 livres to the people living children, and indemnities 5 fome of colour; fome gratuities works, as fountains, &cc. the expences of public eftablifhed at Por-au-Prinés,sc. botanical garden Receipts. Expencés. Surplus. L. S. D. L. S. D. I L. 15 S. 6 D. 1786 2 1,402,502 7 4 1350,859 II 10 51,642 I 6 1787 1788 654-908 IO 8 651,249 ,8. 2 5 3.659 6,226 1O 1 1789 717.396 6 61 711,169 ftock of demefne, General There was a fingle general the intendant, 3., Fuad. S. D. L. S. D. I L. 15 S. 6 D. 1786 2 1,402,502 7 4 1350,859 II 10 51,642 I 6 1787 1788 654-908 IO 8 651,249 ,8. 2 5 3.659 6,226 1O 1 1789 717.396 6 61 711,169 ftock of demefne, General There was a fingle general the intendant, 3., Fuad. where a receiver was appointed and where by the following and accountable to him, receipts were lodged: of the preceding monies. rit. All the furplus of all the royal ferry boats, and 2dly. The rents fhambles, when let to farm at of the principal public auétion. of The poft office was 3dly. The rent poftage. herc, for the farmer's farmed at home, and managed cf the intendant. account, under the infpection of the playhoufe at Port-auathly. The rent his That at the Prince, belonging to majefly. Cape was the property of a private the fale gentleman. ofinheritances, sthly, The proceeds from admini(trators, not claimed managed by the public but the proceeis ftill claimable within heirs five atl years law, 5 jf there were any. by the were, fome particular falaries, fome The expences the of inheritances claimed public works, proceeds of polage, of printing, of by heirs, tie expences &cc. for the offices of admipaper, books, quills, niftration --- Page 317 --- niftration ARTICLE v. vance to the and feveral governminent, and fome cafual 6t receivers of demelne. ad. Receipts, Expences. 1786 2 L. S. D. Surplus. 1787 1788 J 1,239.830 19 9 1,0793550 L. 19 S. D. L. S. D. 1789 1,171,293 O 7 159,886 O 2 667-773 13 3 1131,6;8 603,033 I 11 39.634 18 8 7 31 4-740 6 5 SECTION I 11.-Dpsiu of the thallin foreign a more proper place, ticular cuftoms trade of St. give the hiftory 4. tions and were levied Domingo. upon Some par- trade Forign or the threc cxportations; and there it, for importa- Fuad, entrepot principal places, was, in each of intendant, admitted, a recciver of the where foreigners were and fame, two commilioners accountable to him, appointed by the The of the fuperior together with different expences of this fund council, houfe oflicers, were the falaries eflabifhed for employed this at the office Or of was remitted home, for purpofe; and the cuflom encouragemenr certain fiurplus fo that this fund ofFrench premiums, for the was only importation a depofite, of falted fifh; Receipts, Sularies, L. S. D. L. Remittanees. 1787 250,553 291,178 ' 0 95,08; S. 8 D. L. S. D. 1788 459.079 14 5 991323 12 a 155,468 1789 576,715 9 a 112,397 6 O 446,682 191.854 $ 11 177,098 1O 8 459,016 8 3 18 IO When a mafter to France, he was carried with him, or of the treafurer of bound to conlign, fent, a flave 5. 178 ' 0 95,08; S. 8 D. L. S. D. 1788 459.079 14 5 991323 12 a 155,468 1789 576,715 9 a 112,397 6 O 446,682 191.854 $ 11 177,098 1O 8 459,016 8 3 18 IO When a mafter to France, he was carried with him, or of the treafurer of bound to conlign, fent, a flave 5. Conthe marine fund, into the hands figament S 2 three thouland Money. livres, --- Page 318 --- AF PPE NDIX: 6z forfeitable, if the Nlave did not livres, as a fecurity, limited time. If he returned, the fum return iri a was reimburfed. Receipts. Reimburfements. Surplus L. L. L. 1786 2 153,c00 70,5c0 82,500 1787 S 184500 81,c00 103-500 100,coo 150,500 256,500 of four deniers, per livre, 6. There was a ftoppage and falaries paid out of the Invalids. upon. all military pay to mention) for marine fund (which I am going mariners in the of invalid foldiers and the fupport fervice, and which was remitted home. king's Receipts. Remittances. L. S. D. L. S. D. 17861 2041766 I 9 204.766 I 9 1787 211,041 I 4 211,041 1 I 4 2 1788) 153.131 I 2 153-131 14 3 1789 175,103 14 3 175,103 French trading fhip was difinantled 7. When any due to the crew were fetScamen. in the ifand, the wages the hands of the commiffary tled, and depcfited in to be fent home charged with that department, belonged to, where the to the harbours the fhips payments were made. Receipts. Remirtances. L. S. D. L. s. D. 1788 430.972 9 11 430.972 11 9 IO II 1789 97-312 11.10 97.312 StcTION inantled 7. When any due to the crew were fetScamen. in the ifand, the wages the hands of the commiffary tled, and depcfited in to be fent home charged with that department, belonged to, where the to the harbours the fhips payments were made. Receipts. Remirtances. L. S. D. L. s. D. 1788 430.972 9 11 430.972 11 9 IO II 1789 97-312 11.10 97.312 StcTION --- Page 319 --- ARTICLE V. SECTION IIL.-Tiaes Now I ef general Application. direét or indireét, proceed to explain the general taxes, either It was a leading French be government, principle, that the in fifcal the fyftem of the 8. Fifeal mingo; heavy upon colonies of the hand fhould not fyftem, of home that an exclufive trade, nature and of St. Dowere the only manufictures, a benefit ofimmenfe the demand fhould derive advantage from which the mother profit, of fupporting that them; trade and that the only country means were to encourage and thofe of colonial culture, manuficures, vernment. indulgence and protection in the by all the means not taxed farther Upon this principle, the power of gointerior than was ftrictly colony was be lefs expence i and, even. that thefe neceffary for colleétion burthenfme, were the modes of taxes fhould cxtraordinary lefcat her own determination. afleffinent and ftrictly interior, expence, as or expence which was Nay, fary in time of war, reinfarcements and the of troops necef not by, ftation, were at his majefty's expences of the naval draughts or bills of charge, and paid treafurer, with the exchange, drawn by the fometimes royal treafutre. Jt oadenagesalar was to make upon the domaine d'occident) very confiderable, that up a that charge, ing and an additional daty (drait de levied together to feven and a half duty, amountinto the upon mother the produce of the per cent, were fapported by the kingdom; a tax, indeed, colony entering was either nor felt planter, or but fo ulrimately not indireét, that it The colonial tax was regarded, was as limple as it could fingle, fo that the a word implying fome kind bc. It was called fyftem means a grant made offranchifs, as it ofrei, Odret for the fupport of her by the colony to his ftrictly own expences, majefly, S 3 Evcry cent, were fapported by the kingdom; a tax, indeed, colony entering was either nor felt planter, or but fo ulrimately not indireét, that it The colonial tax was regarded, was as limple as it could fingle, fo that the a word implying fome kind bc. It was called fyftem means a grant made offranchifs, as it ofrei, Odret for the fupport of her by the colony to his ftrictly own expences, majefly, S 3 Evcry --- Page 320 --- APPENI DI X. the of St. Do10. Its Every five years, expenditures the inStatement. mingo were laid before his majefty by tendant, and through the minifter. Awrit or memoir, calculated upon the general lift of expences, fent both to the intendant and to the gowas ftating the tax defired by his majefty, and vernor, them to convene the colonial affembly for ordering and to regulate the mode of collecthe affefiment, tion after their own manner. That affembly was not one, of the democratical xI, ColoGod forbid ! nor eledtivé, which would nial Af- kind, which with the form of our governfembly. have been inconfiftent of who had a ment. It was compofed their perfons places; viz. the right to be members by the three commanders and governor and intendant, chiefofthe three grand departments, commiffaries in and two members of the two attornies generals, councils, and laftly, the twelve each of the fuperior commanders of the militia of the chief or fenior The who were alfo refpectable planters. parifhes, recorder of one of the courts ferved as fecretary oft the affembly. of the expences, the king's 1". The lift general the of the coAff.lirent. memeir's the returns of all produce of all the lony with the current prices, the returns their annual houfes in the different towns, ftating were. rents, and feveral other pieces of information, the and, after due examina-. produced to affembly, the afleffment and mode of tion and free debates, fettled. An aét was paffed, which colleétion were and recorded in the courts, as law i was proclaimed the intendant's province. the execution was in The laft affembly was held in the year 1776. 13. his majefty was. firve milliens In 1776. The tax defired by affefiment was calcucHrrencys and the following, to a fmall overplus : lated (as it ought to be) give Clayed leffment and mode of tion and free debates, fettled. An aét was paffed, which colleétion were and recorded in the courts, as law i was proclaimed the intendant's province. the execution was in The laft affembly was held in the year 1776. 13. his majefty was. firve milliens In 1776. The tax defired by affefiment was calcucHrrencys and the following, to a fmall overplus : lated (as it ought to be) give Clayed --- Page 321 --- ARTICLE V. Brown Clayed fugar fugar mufcovado 36 livres 6s per 1,0c0 Coffee (a) 18 - per Do Wgt. Indigo per Do Cotton Rum 1ofols per pound. Do or tafia 6livres 20 fols 2 den. per D. Melaffes I2 - per per hogthead, pipe. Raw Do leather 7. 3L. IOS. 15s. per hogthead. Tanned D. per per hide, pipe, I - per halfhide, In all thofe articles, the was direét in the law was indireét. It mode of colleétion. following, as will be feen in the The rents of houfcs in the The flave fervants, or Nlave towns arti- 21 per Cent. ficers, or thofe or manufactures, belonging to eftates which were not the produéts of dens and provifion exportable, as brick, and potter grounds, e kilns, and the like, 3 dollars each The principles made were, upon which that affeffinent That no taxes was 14. Its becaufe they fhould be laid upon Pinciples, really (though importarions people, who, having no indirectly) affcét the ufeful induftry, a fet of property, live from honeft encouraged, men who ought to be That, in the fyftem admitted only upon the true wealth, of the tax bears land and property, and namely, the produce of proportionatc. A land thus, is the moft equal and upon the negroes, has not tax, for inflance, or a tax The difference of foil is fo the fame advantage. double extent and number great, that an cftate of and managed with the fame of negroes and cattle, fkill, will often duce (a) is very Cacao was not taken notice of. It yield inconfiderable. pays as coffee. That proS 4 much wealth, of the tax bears land and property, and namely, the produce of proportionatc. A land thus, is the moft equal and upon the negroes, has not tax, for inflance, or a tax The difference of foil is fo the fame advantage. double extent and number great, that an cftate of and managed with the fame of negroes and cattle, fkill, will often duce (a) is very Cacao was not taken notice of. It yield inconfiderable. pays as coffee. That proS 4 much --- Page 322 --- APPENI DI X. much lefs than another, with half the premifes of the former; fo that the ultimate criterion. of fortune, and of poffibility of bearing the public taxes, is the annual That income, the colleétion, as will be feen, was the moft eafy and certain that could be devifed. wiz. Laftly, one part of the tax was direét indeed, that upon the houfes and negroes 3 but the greateft difpart was indircét. The planter, who did not who. burfe it, never minded it, and the merchant, paid it, made his purchafe fo. as to make the tax fall (as it ought to do) upon the planter, who,fold the commodity. affeffiment made, fince the. That there was no irregular but it was conyear 1776, may appear could be contrived : fidered that no better increafed, fyftem fince that time, in and, 2S commodities the duty, was found fufficient, though the quantities, and no neceflity. expences were rather and augmented,, affeffment was felt. How-. of a new it muft itatement be owned, that though no alteration ever, in ftatement, yet, new affeffments, was neceffary the have been proper, as the, every five years, might of different. commoditics muft refpective proportion and as a have varied in a long period,, which great: have number of houfes had been built, might been rated much higher than their actual eftimated rents.. But, where the tax was at leaft cqual to the the of enhancing it was little atwants, pofibility tended to., There was a receiver of thofe duties in each of: Collection. 15.. the ten jurifdictions, appointed for five years by the fuperior councils, upon oath, and with proper. fecurities. They were accountable to the intendant, with two members of the court delegated, by The it. method of raifing the duties was eafy and: plain. That much higher than their actual eftimated rents.. But, where the tax was at leaft cqual to the the of enhancing it was little atwants, pofibility tended to., There was a receiver of thofe duties in each of: Collection. 15.. the ten jurifdictions, appointed for five years by the fuperior councils, upon oath, and with proper. fecurities. They were accountable to the intendant, with two members of the court delegated, by The it. method of raifing the duties was eafy and: plain. That --- Page 323 --- That ARTICLE V. tion. The upon mafter produce was paid at the of the embarkaladling, quitted at the bottom of thip which prodiced his bill of. were ftrictly the ducy. At home, the the bill receiver acdemefne duty) verified and (on, account of the and cargo difcharged here, he if any. thing was found occident fraud. paid the duty double for not It muft be the dearth, the obferved, that when, in to import flour foreign and fhips were permitedpre times of colonial products, bread, and to export the tempore of which they. were Jiable both to chief demefhe Iam duty now (peaking, and to the the duty Their bills paid in France by national occident and all thele ofhiding duties were verified' by the fhips, receivers of oétroi, were paid into the hands fearchers, of the As to the duty fembly, a roll was upon made houfes; by previous to the af rents fuperior councils, wherein all commifioners of the wére flated, either the houfes and the delivered leafes, or by eftimares, by A the infpection of the duty to the receiver, that copy he of the roll was As agrecably to the thereto. might colleét the annual returns negroes which ; Thave already to give of their all the inhabitants mentioned were the certain formalities properties (a) and bound of the general and precautions. families, A with given to the receiver, reeapitulation of thofe returns copy alfo duty upon fuch that he might colleé was Upon negroes as were liable to it. the to and proclamation, the ficc pay the direét inhabitants were E a Jimited time dutics at the obliged compelled by the : and thole who receiver's did not ofunder ftated authority of the were penalties. fuperior council, (a) See alfo the article concerning the militia, Art.g. No.5. Here --- Page 324 --- A P PENI D I X. 6$ remarkable of the economy of our Here a proof be produced. The whole tben adminiftration of the falaries may of the ten receivers was amount but they were allowed a fmall gratuity 34,toolivres, each difcharged, from four to cight dolfrom fhip lars, in.proportion of the tonnage. in - The whole duty of exportations amounted, L. S. D. 1786, - 6,018,556 O LO 1787, - a 6,3130469 16 4 1788, 6,924,167 II 6,340,743 ' IO 1789, Total, 25,596,937 3 I Average, 6,399,234 5 9 The amnual duty upon the houfes and negroes be with the fame precifion, as cannot afcertained The following the colleétion was not fo punéual. and the are the receipts made upon the current preceding years : L. S. D. 1786, 296,137 8 3 1787, 344525 15 IO 1788, 957,178 5 8 1789, 478,532 13 4 Total, 2,076,474 3 I Average, 519,118 IO 9 L. S. D. (Exportations, 6,399,234 5 9 Average 519,118 IO 5 ofoétroi. Houlesandnegrocs, Total, 6,918,352 16 6 Here ing years : L. S. D. 1786, 296,137 8 3 1787, 344525 15 IO 1788, 957,178 5 8 1789, 478,532 13 4 Total, 2,076,474 3 I Average, 519,118 IO 9 L. S. D. (Exportations, 6,399,234 5 9 Average 519,118 IO 5 ofoétroi. Houlesandnegrocs, Total, 6,918,352 16 6 Here --- Page 325 --- Here there ARTICLE V. of the receivers, was no expence, but the fmall falary I muft However accurate the hands not omit to preceding ftatements are, of the prefent mention, thar there is, in the return (given him, Britifh commifary ftates the taxes by whom I donot know), general, which a 7:781,641 1. II upon fols. exportations, in it is not correét, 2d.; but I am 1788, at however, be As to exportations it fatisfied attention and vigilance, underftood, thar, in fpite of muft, gled out, without fome produce was every Americans, paying the duty, chiefly finugby the The general the receivers, in money the marine ofgétroi was lodged, by all hands ofan agent of the fund, tharis, in the 16.Marine Fund. majefly's navy, This general treafurers ofhis them, and had a perfon was grand departments, depury the in each of thic appointed-by two other countable to him. Cape and the to the intendant, and This treafurer was Cayes, acto the revifal of to the general accountable the treafirers, liable comptes) at home, exchequer (chambre des Funds lodged in tbat Depot. by Ordinary the receivers. receipts: : all the oétroi duties colleéted his Extrsondinary majefty, rents receipts of his : arrears and debts due king's ftores of houfes, fales made to to foldiers while things damaged, in the pages for the they were at the floppages of pay invalids, &cc. holpitals, ftopLaftly, the money proceeding from bills of exchange ) at home, exchequer (chambre des Funds lodged in tbat Depot. by Ordinary the receivers. receipts: : all the oétroi duties colleéted his Extrsondinary majefty, rents receipts of his : arrears and debts due king's ftores of houfes, fales made to to foldiers while things damaged, in the pages for the they were at the floppages of pay invalids, &cc. holpitals, ftopLaftly, the money proceeding from bills of exchange --- Page 326 --- APPEN DIX drawn upon the treafurers general of the change navy, which were, L. S. D. 1787, - 1,314.670 1S 8 1788, - 4 1,053,105 1O 4 1789, 1,829,907 3 1 Expences. offortifications, buildings and repairss Ordinary: of different kinds ; of falaries of miliof purchafes judicial, civil, and other of4 tary, adminiftrative, maintenance, rations, cloathing, ficers 5 of pay, relating to the troops, hofpital, and other expences and the like. indemnities, and chaExtraordinary : gratuities, barracks, lodgings, expences rities; hire ofhoufes, of of. offices; the naval ftation ; reinforcements troops in time of war, and the like. Thegeneral receipts, the former furplus included, and the expences, both ordinary and extraordinarys. were, General Receipts. General Expences. Surplus. L. S. D. L. S. D. 152,994 L. 13 8. D. 2. *786 - 9.228,398 18 4 71 9.075:403 8,528,273 1I 13 ol 51 935,160 1787 - 9.310,439 O 5 41 9.448,188 + O 1,390,162 a 4. 1788 - 10,838,351 12 61.489.583 o 1O: 1789 - 12,316,842 13 4110,827,259 It muft be obferved, that the amount much ofthe the taxes. reçeipts, in thefe four years, But exceeded this confifted partly of and ufual revenue. the intendby neglectofformer arrears accumulated the uncommon fkill and. ants, and colleéted by the laft intendant, who. vigilance of M. de Marbois, feveral eftablifhments of was thus enabled to make great : 1789 - 12,316,842 13 4110,827,259 It muft be obferved, that the amount much ofthe the taxes. reçeipts, in thefe four years, But exceeded this confifted partly of and ufual revenue. the intendby neglectofformer arrears accumulated the uncommon fkill and. ants, and colleéted by the laft intendant, who. vigilance of M. de Marbois, feveral eftablifhments of was thus enabled to make great --- Page 327 --- ARTICLE V. great fervice, Public roads, convenience, and bridges, fountains, keys, embellifhment, as &cc. all The following is the General funds. receipts, expences, and furplufes, Recapitulation of the of Generai 17. different Rerapiti. lation, 1786-1787. Receipts, Expences. Marine Fand, - L. S. D. L. Surplafes. General D. - 18,538.837 1,239.836 9 IO 17.603677 S. 4 D. L. S. D. Kmancipation Domain Do D. 19 9 19 5 935,160 5 - 1.402,502 7 4 1.079-930 1I 159,886 o 2 5 560,358 o 2 1350.359 al 51,642 536,033 3 9 34,304 : 6 1788. 21741,834 17 I :0560,540 S Marine 19 7 L180953 17 6 General Fund, D. - - 10.838.351 O 4 9.448,188 Kmansipation Domain Do 1171,293 O 1131,6;8 4 01390,162 16 D. - 6s+908 Ib a I 11 39.634 18 $ 780,301 Iz IO 651,249 702,382 9 2 2 3.659 I 6 1789. 134448;4 4 5 5 77.919 IO 5 11.933477 17 6 1511.376 6 Marine Fund, - II General Do. - 12316.843 13 Emaneipation Do 6570773 3 10,837259 12 6] o Domain Do - 717,395 ' 61 711,169 603,033 3 1489.538 4.740 6 IO 808,364 6 71 8 5 6,226 IO S 766,115 9 II 42,248 16 I 14.510377 O I 12:967.578 6 I 11542798 N.B. Foreign 14 o mariners trade, funds, are not confignment, invalid and depofites, with particular mentioned, as-being only deftinations, SECT, 4-Taxes of particular Application. lar Inow proceed to mention the terior application; and firft, thole taxes ofa particu- 1g. expences of each grand applied to the in- Municigal department, under Duty, the 42,248 16 I 14.510377 O I 12:967.578 6 I 11542798 N.B. Foreign 14 o mariners trade, funds, are not confignment, invalid and depofites, with particular mentioned, as-being only deftinations, SECT, 4-Taxes of particular Application. lar Inow proceed to mention the terior application; and firft, thole taxes ofa particu- 1g. expences of each grand applied to the in- Municigal department, under Duty, the --- Page 328 --- APPE N D I X. of duty. Here the adminiftrationt the name municipal fuperior was entirely in the hands ofthe refpeétive councils, in confequence oftheir ancient privileges. They appointed' a receiver forthe whole divifions took for five years, with proper fecurities,, and they excluhis oath ofgood conduét. The receiver was fively accountable laid to the court. all the flaves in general, This was a tax upon and to and the court rated it, now then, according the cxigencies. It never was under twenty As fols, the and feldom above thirty fols, per head. accounts ofthat adminiftration were never publifhed, be afcerthe whole' amount of the tax may only ftated in tained by the population of the negroes, the fourth article, No.4- the marfhalfea and police The expences were, dfiacol. paid to mafters, for corps; flaves an indemnity attainted of felony; the falaries ofthe their and two fecretaries ofthe boards of agriculagent ture; and fome expences. oft the fuperior councils, as a chaplain, a keeper, the mode 8zc. of colleétion immediI Thall mention ately. Parifh taxes were ofa nature and application ftill 19- Taxes. Parifh limited, wiz. for the maintenance ofthe vimore of the church, churchcar, the ordinary repairs the fimall charges of divine 2 yard, and vicar houfe, cor.fifted alfo of a poll tax upon worthip. rated They and affefied by the affembly of the negroes, freeholders (at leaft thirteen in number), and levied of warden, affifted with the authority by the church The church warden was accountable the courts. fucceffor, and to fome cemniffioners ofthe to his liable to the revifal and compulfion of the parifh, king's attorney. extraordinary expence was refolved When any a or vicar houfe, expenfive upon, as building fome çhurch other parifh expences (fuprepairs ofboth, gr pofc at leaft thirteen in number), and levied of warden, affifted with the authority by the church The church warden was accountable the courts. fucceffor, and to fome cemniffioners ofthe to his liable to the revifal and compulfion of the parifh, king's attorney. extraordinary expence was refolved When any a or vicar houfe, expenfive upon, as building fome çhurch other parifh expences (fuprepairs ofboth, gr pofc --- Page 329 --- ARTICLE VI. pofe a bridge), the could not be executed, determination, before of the meeting after due examination, by the it was approved, ant, and their warrant duly governor and intend. For the fake of regiflered in court." den colledted'the cconomy, parifh while tbe church warmunicipal duty, for which taxes, he alfo raifed the the receiver. he was accountable to In the alteration made : in the 1787, the government united judicial fyftem in were rated together at thefe two taxes, which tben fingle fuperior council 31. ofSt. per each negro. The management of both. The Domingo had the were fixed with fcandalous falaries of the vicars the expences of worhip. niggarellinefi, as well as were déprived ofthe direction Thus, of the frecholders affairs. However, the church their own private charged with the wardens were ftill at Port au Prince, collection, from the and obliged to account A commiffion, indeed, moft diftant they, in general, refufed was allowed them, parifhes. which vation, and breach of with fcorn; and this innoground of difguft. privilege, was a further Thus, I have explained all the inhabitants, St. or rather by the men taxes of paid by the from Domingo. the account How light they were, property, in of the principal I am going to give ofthe will appear culures ofthe colony. produce ART. VI. CULTURE AVD PRODUCE, hended The French part of St. tude, and between 18" 3, and Domingo 19" ofr is compre- I. Exlent gitude, between 7145, 57 north lati- theco", from the and74.6 ofwef lony. Is very irregular, meridian ofLondon. Its lon-. bay of Poreau-Prines being deeply indented by the figure Mole and Cape Donamaria, between Cape Nicholas great The colony. produce ART. VI. CULTURE AVD PRODUCE, hended The French part of St. tude, and between 18" 3, and Domingo 19" ofr is compre- I. Exlent gitude, between 7145, 57 north lati- theco", from the and74.6 ofwef lony. Is very irregular, meridian ofLondon. Its lon-. bay of Poreau-Prines being deeply indented by the figure Mole and Cape Donamaria, between Cape Nicholas great The --- Page 330 --- APPENDIX The divifion of the weft is about 1O8 miles in length, from Gros Morne to Eayes Jacmel, and 94 miles in average about breadth. miles in length, from the The north, the end 153 Nicholas, and 72 river Capotilla to ofCape miles in average about breadth. 156 miles in length, from The fouth; and 48 miles in average Jacmel to Irifh point, breadth. Thus, the furface of the miles. weft may be 10,162 fquare That ofthe north - 11,016 That of the fouth = - 7,488 In all 28,666 2. In this extent, the climate is variable. Upori Climate. the coaft great of the fea it is exceedingly hot. The heat would be intolerable were it not moderated by rebreezes, which blow from the fea during frefhing and from the land during the night, In the day, into the country, the coolnefs increafes; afcending mountains, the climate is not only and in the higheft cool. temperate but even rain extremely is more common on the Every where the country ; but mountains, than on In the champaign norih rain is frequent in there is a variety. Inthe weft and fouth, all the feafons of the year. becaufe what they call thère is feldom arain in winter, the, Rorm rains being the nortb rains are not known, diftricts, However the diftriét only rains of thefe The ftorm rains feem of Jeremy muft be excepted. attraéted by the furi to be formed by the the vapours lands ofSt. Domingo. and condenfated over high from the main landand The north rainsfeem Bahamas to come and the ifand of Cuba, Florida, along the from north weft, and by means of winds blowing reach ère is feldom arain in winter, the, Rorm rains being the nortb rains are not known, diftricts, However the diftriét only rains of thefe The ftorm rains feem of Jeremy muft be excepted. attraéted by the furi to be formed by the the vapours lands ofSt. Domingo. and condenfated over high from the main landand The north rainsfeem Bahamas to come and the ifand of Cuba, Florida, along the from north weft, and by means of winds blowing reach --- Page 331 --- reach only the ARTICLE VI. and north. parts ofSt. In Domingolying more weft fea coafts regard to healthinef, icis influence are very unhealehy, but remarked that that the made into diminifhes in this noxious the interior. proportion The as progrefs is clevation. healthy, and ftill more fo in mountains are very proportion of their of Then mountzins, in géneral, water prings, and more or lefs poffels: a Brenenumber - 3. below. (a), which ofcourfe form confiderable freams of Waters, In the north, thefe rivers in the ployed to turn rivers are plains is mills, as the ufally emwatering not praéice of except in the plain neceffary, of rains being never artificial the reft of the ifland, Fort Dolphin in the eaft. wanting, leaft in the fx dry watering is In with great fkill. The months, and it indhilpenfible, was at Cul de Sac, ncar Port diftribution of employed waters in might do honourto the au-Prince, is a work But none of our rivers richeft kingdom which and can hardly be of can be terne: d OfEurope, carriage; they any fervice for navigable, which they fail, rather fpoil the commerce and the current. by the fand and mud harbours, into brought by the There foil is quite as much as in the ftate variety in the is much better ofheat and health. quality of. 4. Lands tains. The richeft on the high than in the low Thefoil tures, and cul. plains are thofe which mounof (a) The mountains of are tracavated, jeremy, and and thofe perhaps fome Caymites others, and are New Plymouth, in the Inanner large openings are excarations found, where drain the waters. an exception. Even in They the are ditriét exto Theiland Iwallowed is liable to up, violent and conveyel therain to waters the fea and under torrents arei valleys, in a Sometimes hurricanes, hail lefs has felt been in the eartigunkes welt, and chieflyin the welt; the ; thef ground. Ipiders, infest or reptile is known in found the to-falli in almoft the unknown in the north. fouth which are fo only in a Ainall ifland, except mountains. centipees, fcorpions, No noxious degrce. and T verfed o Theiland Iwallowed is liable to up, violent and conveyel therain to waters the fea and under torrents arei valleys, in a Sometimes hurricanes, hail lefs has felt been in the eartigunkes welt, and chieflyin the welt; the ; thef ground. Ipiders, infest or reptile is known in found the to-falli in almoft the unknown in the north. fouth which are fo only in a Ainall ifland, except mountains. centipees, fcorpions, No noxious degrce. and T verfed --- Page 332 --- APPEN D I X: rivers, becaufe the verfed by the more confiderable a greater proportion overflowings have depolited and all the plains feem to be of flime or mould, from the depofition of mud. All originally formed immediately watered by rivers, are the eftates, the overflowings by, large caufeys, defended againft and very expenfive kind of work; alfo a beauriful are very fkilfully emand even the overflowings of Nuices made: in the caufeys, ployed, by means and toi improve thofe which to raife the low grounds, of the fea, by the addition of are open to the carried water by the rivers. mud and flime cultivated iri coffee, The mouncains are generally in fugar, cotton; and indigo, and the level grounds hills. The firft culas well as the little adjoining feems to have been tobacco and ture, in early times, dye. Gingerand pimento, rocow, a kind of purple have never been attended to. though not unknown; cultivated for a time, in fome diftricts, Cacao was almoft entirely abandoned. but it feems, at prefent, follow will give a diftinét idea ofall The returns that and of their proportions, in the the prefent cultures, different parts of the ifland. that, in the north, the manuIt wili be obferved is more extenfive than ini faéture of clayed fugar that the fouth and weft yield the fouth and weft; than the north. The fouth more indigo and cotton obferved to have a fmaller popuhas already been in proportion to its lation than the reft ofthe ifland, will be found to extent. Its preduce, in general, It is likely that obferve the rule ofits population. be onc reafon ofthiss the quality ofthe ground may may be found in its but another more fatisfactory The other parts ofthe remote fcuation to leeward. convenient reforts for commerce, colony being more meafure negleêted the fouth has been in a great have been granted by traders, though premiums of negroes into thac departfor the importation ment. The than the reft ofthe ifland, will be found to extent. Its preduce, in general, It is likely that obferve the rule ofits population. be onc reafon ofthiss the quality ofthe ground may may be found in its but another more fatisfactory The other parts ofthe remote fcuation to leeward. convenient reforts for commerce, colony being more meafure negleêted the fouth has been in a great have been granted by traders, though premiums of negroes into thac departfor the importation ment. The --- Page 333 --- The - A RTICLE E VI. wvith fuccell, principal plains, where Prince, are thofe of Cul de fugar Sac; was cultivated Arcahayc, including Croix des Bouquets, near Port-auThe plairi Vafes,and oft the Montrouis. Boucaflin, The leffer plain of Cayes is alfo confiderable: The plain of the Leogane. north Margo is immenfe, from and twelve toMaribaroux, in about fixty miles in Port the foil is of the average beft breadth, In fome length Quartier Morin, quality, as in places limbé, Jacquely, Limonade, In other Marbarous, and Bafwhere three places, or four fome fmall plains are Port Depaix, St, Lewis fugar eftates are found; others. in the north; dflablifhed, as The plainis of Jeremy, and Morne; and others, Gonaives, if Jean Rabel, would be very fit for fugar, capable of being Gros tempts have been and fome watered, was generally cotton made; but the fuccefful atThe largeft, and and indigo, culture there plains, is the plain perhaps the fineft of the river, which divides TorAribonite near St. all thè employed, it is probable the plain, could Marcs. bé If (already. pretty thar the produce ufefully much exceed thar confiderable) of in this traét of fugar éurrent is fo rapid, the the whole might fo vaft, that the overflowings colony; fo but the the danger of expence, and fudden and vented the execution carrying it above the perhaps level, an idea of been prelented. of feveral fchemes have preIndigo exhaufts the that have liable, as well as ground in a fhort feafons, from cotton, to fuffer time ; itis fiugar are produéts worms; and caterpillirs. great injury from returns; S but coffec more fafe and more Coffce and time, Coffee eflates grounds laft only for regular a ia are actually more certain T 2 produétive and execution carrying it above the perhaps level, an idea of been prelented. of feveral fchemes have preIndigo exhaufts the that have liable, as well as ground in a fhort feafons, from cotton, to fuffer time ; itis fiugar are produéts worms; and caterpillirs. great injury from returns; S but coffec more fafe and more Coffce and time, Coffee eflates grounds laft only for regular a ia are actually more certain T 2 produétive and --- Page 334 --- APPENDIS X. than fugar plantations; ; but as ând lefs expenfive in plains, where the the canes are generally wafhed planted away, and as the.leaves, mould is never fall and rot upon the ground, are which inceflantly the ufe and prefervation of which a good manure, underftood and managed in latter has been Akailfully other manures may be convetimes, and to which that culture is the moft lafting, and niently added, view the moft defirable. or in every Almoft all the plains are now without Some timber everi wood, even for fhingles the and cane ftaves. trafh, which has have no other fuel than mill. The virgin grounds, in paffed through the flill furnifhed with the beft fort the mountains, various are kinds, but it can feldom be of wood, of the Thefe are fupplied carried down to from plains. America, Louifiana, the with that commodity ifland, and from the fmall iflands Spanifs part ofche which I am going to depending on the colony,.of fpeak. fand, and common ftone, fit for Lime-ftone, abound almoft every where. building, mentions mines of The hiftory of St. Domingo chiely in the Spanith part ALaean gold, filver, and copper, is entertained by many, oft the ifland. The opinion exift in the French part; but that fome aétually nor the colonifts ever happily, neither government this fallacious fource of riches. paid any attention to in the cultivation of They have found more could profic ever attain by painfully the furface, than bowels they of the earth. digging into the on St. Domingo, are 6. The iflands depending to Port Depaix, TorLAands. In.the nortl, and oppofite miles in length, and five in tuga, about twenty-four cultivated there with fuccefs. breadth. Indigo anfwer is fo well, for want ofrin in Coffee does not fummer. Gonavas X --- Page 335 --- ARTICLE VI. five Gongoa, miles in in the vaft bay ofthe weft, about As there is length, and fixteen in fortyvery water only in one place, aferage and breadth.. affords fcanty, no culture has been even there (as well as attempted; but ic variery ofexcellent timber Tortuga) and a great quantity and cedar, gayae, 8cc. Caymites wood, as pofite to Jeremy. are fmall mahogany, iflands opTortuga, Laftly, where Meavacbe, in the fouth, much lcfs with tolerable fuccels. indigo and cotton are culivated than leries St. Domingo has fome brick of rum (inferior to manufaftures, as diftiland lime kilns, Jamaica rum) tanneries, breeding and of cattle, but not potteries; fufficient fome lands for conimption of the for the fervice towns, it has fmall eitates, ifand; laftly, abour the vegetables of all forts, milk, from which greens and fuel, and coals, are fupplied. butter, fruits, grals, majefty, Very few lands remain in the tains, and thele in the moft poffefion of his ifland or in the moft barren inacceflible mounofGonava, places, as the whole After thefe previous numberand fituation remarks, I fhall ftate the in St. Domingo, in ofthe different principal eftates. 1789, as follows: T 3 vegetables of all forts, milk, from which greens and fuel, and coals, are fupplied. butter, fruits, grals, majefty, Very few lands remain in the tains, and thele in the moft poffefion of his ifland or in the moft barren inacceflible mounofGonava, places, as the whole After thefe previous numberand fituation remarks, I fhall ftate the in St. Domingo, in ofthe different principal eftates. 1789, as follows: T 3 --- Page 336 --- APPENDIX LIST of the Eftates and Manufa@tures 7. GENERAL SUGAR ESTATES. Coffee and Clayed. Brown. Cocoa. 77 126 (Port-au-Prince Saint Marc a WVeft Leogane Goave d LPetit [The Cape 1 141 19 1357 - III Fort Dolphin North a Port Depaix Male St. Nicolas : 8; [The Cayes IO St. Louis Tiburon and Coteaux South e Cape I 6S Jacmel Jeremie 431 362 3.117 --- Page 337 --- in the ARTICLE VI. Colony of St. Domingo, in the Year 178g. Cotton. Indigo. Tanneries. Rum. Cacao. Lime Kilns. Potteries. Brick Kilns, 6. 327 1,189 I I IO S - 36g IO I - I 3,150 18z 54 370 The progrefs ofculture and returns of 1788 and 1789. induftry In appears from the Sugar eftate fettled that period of one comparative Elates improved from brown year, Coffee eflates fettled to clayed fugar Indigo ditto Cotton ditto - Tan houfes ditto - Lime Kilns ditto - Potter works ditto Brick kilns ditto I There I is have no particular mention of the other mentioned at the cnd oft the kinds of eflates, which previous remarks. T 4 I fhall --- Page 338 --- A PPENDIX £2 the exportable produce, as I fhall now enumerate falfc return ofexporters accurately as fmuzglingand Interior will permit, from the year 1786 to 1789. confomption is not taken into the account. Clayed fugar (a) 1736 - 71.c631067 Pds. 1737 - 58 182,676 1788 - 70,227.709 1789 - 47-516,531 246.990,883 61747-720P P.1:0. Average produce Brown ditto - 1785 - 61,987,814 1787 - 71,398,676 1788 - 93.177.515 1789 - 93.573-300 320,437-502 80,109,325 S Average produce Coffee - - 1786 - 52,180.311 1787 - 70,003,161 1788 - 68,151.191 1789 - ;6,035.219 267,169,872 Average produce - - C6,792.468 Cotton - 1786 - 5203.161 1787 - 6,8.0,174 1788 - 6,236,126 1789 - 7,004,27+ 25.299-735 6,324933 Average produce Indigo - 1786 - 1,103,907 1,166,117 1788 - 930,016 1789 - 758,628 3-958,668 989,667 Average producc - caufes for the great difference of clayed fugar proOfr many thefe 41 years, no othe: can be fatisfaétory, than the was infuence more a1 the in feafons in the dittriéts where that manufacture of general. Raw ,27+ 25.299-735 6,324933 Average produce Indigo - 1786 - 1,103,907 1,166,117 1788 - 930,016 1789 - 758,628 3-958,668 989,667 Average producc - caufes for the great difference of clayed fugar proOfr many thefe 41 years, no othe: can be fatisfaétory, than the was infuence more a1 the in feafons in the dittriéts where that manufacture of general. Raw --- Page 339 --- ARTICLE VI. Raw leather - 1786 - 1787 - 31462 hides. 3-931 7,807 9,080 Average manufature 24,250 Tanned ditto 6,0;o : 1786 - half 1787 - 6.90; 7-754 hides. - 5,188 1789 - Average manefaSure 31,291 - Molaffes - 1786 - 7.82z # 21,855 pipes, 1783 - 25,245 1789 - 29.503 25-794 Average exportation 102,398 Rum - 25:599 : 1786 - 4.26; 1787 - 4:450 hogtheads. 1788 - Average exportation N.E B. Scme wood, 2,404 fome caffia, and tortoife as thells, mahogany and others, ported, without were annually exrated, for the year paying any duty, which we find 1789, at It is obferved 1,200,000 L. demanded that, as our rum was fumed abroad, far the very little at home, and of courfe greater quantity was conmelafles, a vaft quantity of The diftriéts proportion of the 1s prefented in the produce in the different following return : 9. Compa- --- Page 340 --- A PPE ND I X. COMPARATIVE Return of 9. Clayed Sugar. Brown Ditto. Cofee. P. P. P. (Port-au-Prince 2.497321 44716,220 17,829.424 Saint Marc 3,065,047 7:931710 7,041.852 Weft 1932.952 Leogane 895,871 7,079,205 Petit Goave 27,090 655.187 807,865 The Cape 31,187,636 7,267:531 32,545-524 Fort Dolphin - 6,886,510 200,700 1,194750 North 1,957.618 Port Depaix 331,900 515.500 Mole St. Nicolas 265,616 Cayes 2:597,666 24:586,050 3,025.604 Cap Tiberon 377,800 600,002 South Saint Louis 120,665 jacmel 37,359 55,624 4,072,702 Jeremie 1,420) 247-760 51440,646 47:516,531 93.573-300 76,835,219 N. B. It will be obferved, that be fome afcribed diftriéts, to fold no molaffes, which can only --- Page 341 --- ARTICLE VI, Produce, in the different Diftriâs, 1789. Cotton. Indigo. Raw Leather. Farined Ditto. Molaffes. Rum. P. P. H. 1.5;8,999 157.951 2,643 f Hh. Piprs. Hgdls, 3.250,890 5.626 349.819 278 $ 17i0 139.887 59,53 Z10 t 4+ 269,240 245.117 3.600 8 3,200 7,481 10,903 1710 1:513 1 1,080 35-154 29,18: 1,651 298 $ 26,861 2,823 . P. H. 1.5;8,999 157.951 2,643 f Hh. Piprs. Hgdls, 3.250,890 5.626 349.819 278 $ 17i0 139.887 59,53 Z10 t 4+ 269,240 245.117 3.600 8 3,200 7,481 10,903 1710 1:513 1 1,080 35-154 29,18: 1,651 298 $ 26,861 2,823 855.447 169.50; 13.6;2 1,088 19,253 5.751 6; 460,832 10,45 8+ 54.786 te I2I 7.004.274 758,628 9.cSo % 11446 25-749 which made great quantities fmaggling, offrgar, appear to have Such --- Page 342 --- APPENDIX Such was the ftate of our culture and produce, rather ofour declared exportations, in 1789. The or another object of exportation, when dollars were The rents ofhoufes, the commodities went high. and different the produce in cattle, manufaétures, and were cohfimnali concerns cannot be afeertained, fiderable. Now the average of produce fated above, may which have been be eftimated at the following rates, The the average market prices in the four years. fraétions will be neglefted. Livres currency. W. Sugar, 61.747-720 P. 2t 7ol.pertih. 43,2234041. B. Sugar, 80,109:525 at 401. Ditto - 32,043:750 at P. 83.499,585 : Coffee 66,792,463 1hsal at 2col. Hd. 12,649,866 Cotton - 6,324-933 per Indigo - 989,667 at 101. perP. 9,896,670 R. Leather, 6,070 H. at 201 per Hh. 121,400 T. Leather, 7,822 Hh.at 201. por Hh. 156,440 Molaffes, 25-599 P. at 3001 per Pipe. 7,679:700 Hh. - Rum 2404 at180/. per 432,720Wood, caffia, tortoifethel 1,200,000 129,894515 Ncw an addition may fairly be made ofa tenth more, for fimuggling and for interior con- 18,989,451 fumption 208,883.966 Value of all exportations ART. VII. COMMERCE. Paragraph I. Frencb Trade. From the above, the commerce and navigation Frerch be fuppofed to be confiderable; Trade, of the colony might yet, um 2404 at180/. per 432,720Wood, caffia, tortoifethel 1,200,000 129,894515 Ncw an addition may fairly be made ofa tenth more, for fimuggling and for interior con- 18,989,451 fumption 208,883.966 Value of all exportations ART. VII. COMMERCE. Paragraph I. Frencb Trade. From the above, the commerce and navigation Frerch be fuppofed to be confiderable; Trade, of the colony might yet, --- Page 343 --- ARTICL'E VII. yet, I muft obferve, that as the was only direéted towards the venue publecinvetigtion and ofits expenditures, fatement the of the reduce, cannot be expeéted to be fo accurate information here However, from the hints as in the proaccounts, and from the authorities foundin the public colledted, relates I am enabled to flate which I have to commerce, and firft to pretty chat exaétly what country. ofthe mother The trade oft the colony was chants eftablithed in all the open to all the merwithour reftriction, the ports of the kingdom, Marfeilles, Bourdeaux, principal of which were onne, Nantz, Dunkirk, and Rochelle, St. Malo, BayThe merchants, in our Havre de Grace. general agents of the trade çolonial of ports, werein planters. They feldom France and ofthe own bottom. But theirbufinefs undertook affairs on their and profitable on this was the more fafe lowed that many of them account, and it muft be alferviceable to'the were very honeft and bre de commerce) planters. A kind of very patent. was feccled at the buse(cham. Cape, by The jealoufies and murual planters and of the traders had complaines of the formerlamented the no end. The of negroes, continualy claimed peREoaals againft the debts increafing, due The latter exthey pretended to be little fhort by the colony, which millions. The truth ofjt is, that of one hundred wrong. both were equally On the one fide, theincreafe modities was the effeét ofthe ofthe price ofcomtion, enhanced in the gradual demand and confamp. population, of. a more proportion ofal . creafe alfo of colonial extenlive culture, of an larger inand in price; and produce, both in quanticy Belides, it could not Hofcourf,ofd be denied, greater that profperity, however rich the --- Page 344 --- APPENDIX the foil was, however aétive and induftriouis thé planters might br, it was only by the advances of trade that the colony had been fettled and carried to that ftate of profperity which it enjoyed in 1789. On the other fides the debts were much reduced; 'in the laft twenty years, and would have been ftill more fo, if the revolution had not deftroyed the. Befides, after a J.ng and vaft train of colony. bufinefs, debts due to trade, fometinies from the and indelicacy ofplanters; but more often profufion accidents and loffes, had not prefrom unavoidable individuals from accurnulating immenfe vented fortunes in almoft every port of France, entirely refulting from traffic with the colony; and upon the whole, thofe debts which appeared to dilgrace the deferve to be confidered in the light ofrubcolony, which indifpenfibly remains after building a bih, vaft and ufeful fabrick. which have fold their cargoes; The French thips oft this ifland, were Shipping: in the different harbours Ships. Tons. Men. ffes, had not prefrom unavoidable individuals from accurnulating immenfe vented fortunes in almoft every port of France, entirely refulting from traffic with the colony; and upon the whole, thofe debts which appeared to dilgrace the deferve to be confidered in the light ofrubcolony, which indifpenfibly remains after building a bih, vaft and ufeful fabrick. which have fold their cargoes; The French thips oft this ifland, were Shipping: in the different harbours Ships. Tons. Men. 13,300 16.950 202,350 184525 J 14,125 the were Guineamen, and the S. Ofthefe following Negrocs. negroes imported by them were (a), Ships. Negroes, 30,839 29.566 27,212 N. B. A premium of 300 livres was granted the by, for every negro imported into his majefly, for promoting the culfouth, as an encouragement ture ofthat department. (a) The negroes wer e fold on bcardt the fhips. The --- Page 345 --- ARTICIE E VII, The importations were, 1788. Eatable provifions, 4. Importhe current prices according to Livres Curiency, tations, Drygoods 38,719,840 Sundry The: other articles 39,008,600 of negroes, 1. at the average price 8,685,600 granted 2,090 in the 2 fouth 5. the premium deduéted 60569.190 Total 146,973.230 1789. Eatable provifions Dry goods 29.862,145 Sundry other articles 25-572,000 Negroes as above 3,639.000 53,076,884 Total 119,408,029 Importations, 1788 146,973.280 119,208,029 s. Total Balanee, 265,181,249 Average proportion ofimportations The 133.090,624 IO amounted: exportations, to the as has been feen, ragerate of aveTicoapomaionsbe fo- 189,894515 livres, will reign be fhips, feen, muft which deducted be 6.426.106 17 3 Average Remainder L. s. D. importations 183.458,408 2 9 Bythe balance 133:090,629 IO (the dollars not ofwhich, incloded) the exportations importations by exceeded the 591377.773 12 6 Paragraph II. Foreign Trade, The toleration of of long difpute and forcign trade had been an objeét fruggle between the planters and , will reign be fhips, feen, muft which deducted be 6.426.106 17 3 Average Remainder L. s. D. importations 183.458,408 2 9 Bythe balance 133:090,629 IO (the dollars not ofwhich, incloded) the exportations importations by exceeded the 591377.773 12 6 Paragraph II. Foreign Trade, The toleration of of long difpute and forcign trade had been an objeét fruggle between the planters and --- Page 346 --- A P P E N DI X. mother- country, from the and the merchants,ofthe The on both fides aimed earlieft times. pretenfions at nothing lefs than abfolute liberty or abfolute exclufion. Government had in the beginning, much inclined to the laiter; but when informed by experience, ftecring a middle courfe, whatever but be regard it had to national trade, it could not fenfible that a certain indulgence of foreign imw'as effentially neccfiary to the welfare portations of the colony, and that ifit promoted culture, the profperity ofculture could not fail to turnin a great mealure to the advantage of national trade. But the blind intereft of the latter had the greateft as influence, the miniftry carried on the matter with cautioufnels, and made many trials, always great advancing, but by fow fteps, towards improvement. The exclufive prohibitions, in the early periods, ferved only to promote a contraband Thefe more preju- were dicial than a reafonable allowance. and taken off. Mole St. Nicholas was fertled, trade was admitted there under great reitriétions. foreign The Americans chiefly reforted to it, and they reforted in great numbers. Their goods were taken by coafters, who carried them to cvery of the ifland, from whence they conveyed to the part Mole molaffes and rum, the only articles of exportation allowed. The coailers increafed to great numbers and made great profits. The national of fhips fuffered from defertion, and were drained their men, becaufe a more profitable and lefs dannavigation was opened to them. Befides; gerous of this kind was by no means advanpopulation the cclonialintereft, police, anddifciplinea tageousto of the whole trade Laflly, as the greateft profits by the coafters, fmugwerein a manner engrofied with Without gling was faill carried on eagernefs. it the planters had been but badly (upplied. In defertion, and were drained their men, becaufe a more profitable and lefs dannavigation was opened to them. Befides; gerous of this kind was by no means advanpopulation the cclonialintereft, police, anddifciplinea tageousto of the whole trade Laflly, as the greateft profits by the coafters, fmugwerein a manner engrofied with Without gling was faill carried on eagernefs. it the planters had been but badly (upplied. In --- Page 347 --- In the ARTICLE VIK. plan, and a year law 1784, his majefly thele are the was enacted in his council, adopted of another 6. chiefarticles: which Laft, Law. into The the foreign three fhips, above lixty tons, the Cape,and the principal ports of were admitted The articles Cayes, in exclufion For-au-Princc ofall others. ihingles, timber, ofimporaton and all kinds were boards, flaves, cod-fith, dying, coals, live cattle of of wood, chicfly for peafe, and falted fifh; Indian every kind, falt becf; beans, and vegetables; corn and its fkins, rozin, tar; and raw or tanned four, The exportations pitch. leather, to molaffès and remained, as formerly, from France were rum; but goods of corfined The duty allowed to be re importation was one per cent. upon ofthe exportations and exported. livres per head value, and, importations fith. Thefe duties upon falt beef, cod-fifh, moreover, and three the importation of the were defigned as a premium falted for French, an abovc falted articles by the effect, as our encouragement which had very thofe more profitable navigation was expenfive, and wanted little were at hand. branches to fupport it, which A-kind of cuftom houfe fraud. eflablifhed, It eicher to colleét (bureau the d'entrepôe) was and of was compoled ofa duty or to prevent the naval fearchers, Frefh directions direétor, of a receiver to the domaine fation to watch over interlope were given to It is, but lloops maintained (as well as were not juttice flow to fay, that the officers by govermment). profits to obey, nor perhaps ofd our navy ever, be accruing from the captures. Itr averfe to the vent owned, thac no méans can muft, how. of, finall fnuggling bays in a coaft fo and extenfive, eiedualiype and fo By the law of creeks, as that ofSt. full the fame footing, 1784, all nations were Domingo. But the greateft placed upon U part of forcign trade flow to fay, that the officers by govermment). profits to obey, nor perhaps ofd our navy ever, be accruing from the captures. Itr averfe to the vent owned, thac no méans can muft, how. of, finall fnuggling bays in a coaft fo and extenfive, eiedualiype and fo By the law of creeks, as that ofSt. full the fame footing, 1784, all nations were Domingo. But the greateft placed upon U part of forcign trade --- Page 348 --- APP E NDI I X. trade was ftill carried on by the Americans. Sorne harveffels alfo from the Dutch iflands, tradedin our Cuba, bours. Butthe Spaniards, from theN Main! Land, Porto Rico, and from Hifpaniola, were particularly with its encouraged, as they fupplied the colony of the current fpecie, and with the greateft part cattle neceffary for the plantations. The Spaniards Guinea were even fometimes allowed to export negroes. Great importation indifpenfibly requires proporr that the tionable exportation ; andit muft be allowed in lilaw paid too much regard to national with refpeét trade, to the miting the exportations (chiefly and molaffes.. As amends Americans) folely to rum to the national trade, by were made, in fomc outlet degree, for all French commodities, opening a new wine, oil, foap, brandy, which the as dry goods, allowedto Americans were cperu@metinkenindal might have been granted. gence of our own been produce obferved, was little demanded Our rum, as has of molaffes could not pay the abroad. Cargoes even- when, in latter times, the price importations, double; the confequence ofwhich became morethan balance in cafh was annually exwas, that a great contributed to drain the colony of ported, which fpecie. The following are the returns offoreigntrade, in7., fome French fhips, coming from the north, Shipping, cluding with American cargoes. 1788 - 763 Veffels frem from the Danifh America iflands and 55-7+5 tons. 46 French ditto ditto - 153417 3-405 259 Spanith of all nations, 1,063 60,0;2 tons. 1789 - Ships Importations, --- Page 349 --- ARTICLE VII, Importations, value in cafh, L. S. D. tations. 8. Impor1789 I I 17,065.392 11 3 Balance 17,224-776 6 4 0f1789. Exportations Importations L. S. D. Balance, 9. 17.224.776 6.26.106 6 4 17 3 From that balance muf be deduéted the fol. 10,798,670 3 & lowing articles : Commiffions of agents 591,268 L. S. D. Charges and expences I 7 Duties Pilots, admiralty, &c, 1,168,400 - of all kinds 368,950 3 8 474,243 The real balance was 2,703,861 5 3 în favour of foreigners, 8,094,809 3 IO perted in fpecie. which the Americans muft have For the exvernor had encouragement permitted, of the South, the thority (May gth, perhaps withour proper all- gogroes by 1789) the importation a duty of foreigners into that of nenegroes imported 45 livres per head. department, We find liable to in that year, were 602. that the Sold for The dury amounted Livres. to - 1314,147 Balance alfo 19.755 exported in cafh, was 1,2941392 Paragraph III. Land Trade. Ihave mentioned thambles, carried a trade in black cattle Domingo, on with- the for the under the exprefs Spanifh part of St. U 2 authority of government, foreigners into that of nenegroes imported 45 livres per head. department, We find liable to in that year, were 602. that the Sold for The dury amounted Livres. to - 1314,147 Balance alfo 19.755 exported in cafh, was 1,2941392 Paragraph III. Land Trade. Ihave mentioned thambles, carried a trade in black cattle Domingo, on with- the for the under the exprefs Spanifh part of St. U 2 authority of government, --- Page 350 --- A PPE EN D I X. ment. Some ofthofe cattle were fold to the planters, for their proper ufe, by the butchers. another trade, But the Spaniards carried on and' fome namely in black cattle, mules, and horfes, and articles of lefs value, as tobacco, junk works, pitter-cords, land turtle, &c. On this acmats; and dry goods were exported, and count, provifions large balance was paid in cafh. But as a there pretty was no duty laid on that trade, it being only the tolerated in this country, and forbidden could by be obSpanith government, no information tained ofthe amount. Paragraph IV. Colonial Sea Trade. Some veffels, fitted out in our ports,, went to the coaftsand iflands ofthe Spanifh Main, in interlope, for mules, or, more openly, to Louifiana for wood, timber, boards, and fhingles. Thefe exported this French goods. I have no particulars upon fubject. their numbers became much re10. As to coafters, three ports were opened Coafters. duced, when the and the principal men of thefe veffels either to foreign trade, the homeward bound fhips, or engaged to man one way or other, in the to enter into employment, country. Some coafters carried the produce from Fort Port Depaix,St. Marcs, Jeremy, &c. to Dolphin, ports, and chiefly to the Cape, the three principal with drawbacks from where the market was better, the receivers ofoctroi. the coaft had its landing place, Every parith on and at which to which the produce was carried, had ftores to recestain agents, called paffengers, ceive, bound fhips, or engaged to man one way or other, in the to enter into employment, country. Some coafters carried the produce from Fort Port Depaix,St. Marcs, Jeremy, &c. to Dolphin, ports, and chiefly to the Cape, the three principal with drawbacks from where the market was better, the receivers ofoctroi. the coaft had its landing place, Every parith on and at which to which the produce was carried, had ftores to recestain agents, called paffengers, ceive, --- Page 351 --- ARTICLE VII. ceive, and veffels to to town, and carry back tranfport the the different articles freight and commifion. provifions, at a fated tions, All the thefe violation coafters were liable to certain by the admiralty ofwhich was cognizable, regula- cither law. court, or by that of common the Portuguefe principal gold, and Spanifh gold or confidered" current coins here. filver, were II. as - merchandizes, the Thefe were alfo Sposip, France, particularly, being an object of dollars more exportation to The ideal denominations deniers; the livre worth 20 were livres, fols and: livres deniers. The currency. was fuch, fols, that and the fol 12 As amounted here to three two French to effedtive money, it confifted livres. johannas, 66, and halfjohannas, and ofPortugusse 33 livres. quarters, worth 132, Spanifh gold confifted of bloons, and quarters. doubloons, half-dous Silver money ofdollars, Next, of bits, half-dollars, and double-bits, and half-bits. quarters. Some Formerly, the doubloons were rated were not milled, and however worth 120 livres. (as well as much adulevalue, and their fractions Portugueze coin) paffed at full the year 1772,it was enaéled in that proportion. Abour only for their value, both fhould pafs About the fame time according it to weight. inconfiderately adopted, that was imagined, and rather by which circulation exportation of eifeétually was hampered, would money, raifed. prevented if the nominal value be The doubloon were to 126 livres, and was its accordingly raifed from 120 dollar from 1O bits to I1, fractions or from in proportion; the U 3 7 livres IO fols, to 8 livres . Abour only for their value, both fhould pafs About the fame time according it to weight. inconfiderately adopted, that was imagined, and rather by which circulation exportation of eifeétually was hampered, would money, raifed. prevented if the nominal value be The doubloon were to 126 livres, and was its accordingly raifed from 120 dollar from 1O bits to I1, fractions or from in proportion; the U 3 7 livres IO fols, to 8 livres --- Page 352 --- APPEN DIX. fols. The bits remained at their former 8 livres 5 value of 15 fols. have been exThe confequence was (as might foon took the level peéted; that all eommodities while the merwith the aétual reprefentative fign; circumftances, more chants finding ftill, in fome the increafe benefit in exporting money than goods, of nominal value only became a benefit to the Spaniard-, and our own wealth in fpecie was encreafed in idea, not in reality. ART. VIII. RELIGION, RELIGIOUS AND OTHER ESTABLISHMENTS. Roman religion was exJe The catholick,apoftolicke, the çolony. The black code, or Religion. clufively that of mention the ediét of 1685, did not particularly the abfolute exclufion proteflants, but it prefcribed however had fallen inta of the Jews. Severity exercife of no religion, difufe; ; but the public religion of the çolony, was except the eftablifhed tolerated. confeffing, and in confeffing We cannot help was fallen into fo greatanegled, lament, thatreligion of it was treated almoft with rithat the exercife Where climate heightens the dicule and fcorn. fenfual where inrelifh of luxury and enjoyments, where means of citements are conftantly prefent, itrequires gratification are eafy, as in St., Domingo, refift the feductions more than common energy to the fmall fhare of of libertinifin; and unfortunately, knowiedge andphilofophy! Ptmeinau.nmiatem was ofp preferving the life purea and the moralscorreét, of fophiftry to employed in invei ting arguments combac and weaken the reftraints ofreligion. knowledge would Perhaps more folid or deeper thofe dangerous érrors. act as a prefervative againft But gratification are eafy, as in St., Domingo, refift the feductions more than common energy to the fmall fhare of of libertinifin; and unfortunately, knowiedge andphilofophy! Ptmeinau.nmiatem was ofp preferving the life purea and the moralscorreét, of fophiftry to employed in invei ting arguments combac and weaken the reftraints ofreligion. knowledge would Perhaps more folid or deeper thofe dangerous érrors. act as a prefervative againft But --- Page 353 --- ARTICL E VIII. But however that may be, itis certain that a contempt of religion, and general were fatal and unfortunate profigacy of manners, colonies. Planters circumftances in our moral influences ought to have confidered, that the beft means of ought to have. been employed, as flaves in fubjection; keeping for fo great a number of power over people of this as fuperftition has great fervance of religion, and a clafs, an exterior obwould have formed one of the regard to moral duties, and fubmiflion in domeftick fureft bonds of order The ceconomy. the colony. following was the religious eftablifhment of :: EfaThe milfions confifted bilhment, a certain number of ofan apofolick prefet and appointed in every parifh priefts. There was a vicar his direétion. The by the prefeét, and under by his majefty, and received prefedt himfeif was appointed of the leffer from the pope certain he had none difpenling of the powers of the bilhops ; but the parifhes where junifliction ofthe ordinary. In vicars had one or two population afiftant was confiderable, the Tithes were. entirely unknown priefts, in I have alrcady obferved, the colony (a) certain falary, fixed and that the vicars had a the refpective parifhes. paid by the freeholders of cafual perquifites for maffes They had alfo fome ftated for marriages and and burials. Gratuities From what I have baptifms faid were entirely voluntary. obvious that the freebold (Art. the sth, No. 19.) itis purtenances was vefted in ofthe the church and its apIn the country in general, the body of the parith, certain extent of land, and vicar had the ufe ofa grocs belonging to the church, fometimes of a few ne- < (a)Dr. Frencb, as Adam Smith (vol, 2. €c ticalg wcllasi in the Spanifh EAETA 374) exprefily fays, 46 thatintbe ( numerous Igoterment race 16 opprellive ; that Pontugucie tithes culonics, the ecclefiaf46 that clergy are the of mendicant friars, whoarea a take; place; that there is a information It is, to be lamented, greatelt that ingrullers the beft of land." chugeupon, poor pecple; 5 upon faéts, of which they cannot writers be receive themfelves too often wIong judges. The --- Page 354 --- A P,P E ND IX. The clergy were under the direétion of the who had CSRN vernor and intendant, power jointly home the prefeét, or rather with his advice, to fend fuch men ofthe church as proved oft bad charaéter and That canduét. each miffion might be better fupplied, it was the cuftom to truft it to certain orders of friars, who fent recruits from time to time. P When churches became vacant, they were filled by the appointment af the prefeét. --- A P,P E ND IX. The clergy were under the direétion of the who had CSRN vernor and intendant, power jointly home the prefeét, or rather with his advice, to fend fuch men ofthe church as proved oft bad charaéter and That canduét. each miffion might be better fupplied, it was the cuftom to truft it to certain orders of friars, who fent recruits from time to time. P When churches became vacant, they were filled by the appointment af the prefeét. Dominican There were two miflions, one of friars, formerly at Leogane and afterwards at Portau-Prince, for the weft and fouth; another, formerly of Jefuits, but fince the diffolution of that fociety, of Capuchines, at the Cape, for the north, I cannot help obferving that, whatever might be the political tenets of that fociety, as the lofs ofit has been felt in France in the eduçation of youth, it has alfo been regretted here on other accounts na lefs interefting. The manners oft this fociety were decent, and little attention feemed to be paid to an increafe of their cafual perquifites; but the matter of the greatcit importance was, that it was attentive in in improving the natural bias of fuperftition to refpect and fubmiffion due to their negrocs, not fo well fupplied by ics mafters; qualifications fucceffors. In the early times ofthe colony, the miffion did 3., Tempodifficulty, nor did it entirely negleét the ral Pro- not find The Domipeity. opportunity, of acquiring property. handfome nicans had, at Port au-Prince, a very houfe with convenient and comfortable appurtenances. As that town was fettled only in 1752, the miflion, previous to that period, was at Leogane, with where it had a héufe in town; a fugar eftate, two hundred negroes, of about I 50,000 pounds weight a year; a little eftate where provifions raifed, were --- Page 355 --- ARTICLE VIIT: for raifed, and another fugar 25,000 livres. eftate, at Cavillon, farmed fifted The in property a large of the Jefuits, in the north, were fold for the fugar benefit and in a coffee eftate, which: conhadalfo, at the of their creditors. ftarely houfe, which Cape, a large fpace of ground with They jefly, in which the afterwards belonged to his ma- a. the courts fat. As the governor was lodged, and where an annual Capuchines had no - them from fapply his of fix thoufand livres was property, majefty's treafure, allowed the There education was at the Cape a convent pretty extenfive of the fex. Their of nuns for 4. chapel, and houfe and property was a Edugation, where on the neareft mountain, garden, and a public their provifions and vegetables were a fmall eflate the penfions confimption. They principally fubfifted cultivated for their care. Paid by the young ladies committed from I fhall curforily to young home people of fortune, obferve, that the greater part of for their ofboth fexes, were fent education, a government, of the as tending to cement fyftem encournged the by public colony with the connedtion fchools, for modher-countrohy fo that were eftablifhed in reading, the writing, and arichmetick, infpection of the; police) principal towns (under the (as far as refpects a certain only in latter times, perhaps have been clafs of péople) it though not been permitted. ve, that the greater part of for their ofboth fexes, were fent education, a government, of the as tending to cement fyftem encournged the by public colony with the connedtion fchools, for modher-countrohy fo that were eftablifhed in reading, the writing, and arichmetick, infpection of the; police) principal towns (under the (as far as refpects a certain only in latter times, perhaps have been clafs of péople) it though not been permitted. better that fuch feminaries would had The Cape and managemént of the royal friars, and the Leogane, was in the hands holpitals, ofthe at the S. The intendant fupply was from the charity Honitals, officers, made a bargain with conventa at Paris. Cayes,and foldiers, other and feamen. At them for the The higheft rates places, there were other Porcau-Princs livres per day for the which I find recorded, contraétors. are oficers, 4 livres 8 fols for the 15 foldiers --- Page 356 --- toe APPENDIX foldiers and feamen, 6 livres for each burial. The king's phyficians and furgeons attended every day, as well as an officer of every corps, who reported the negleéts and complaints ofp patients. confifted in a vaft At the Cape, their property another for convenient fick houfe for the privates, with its the officers, and a beautiful dwelling from houfe, thetown, in a a mile diftant appurtenances, pleafant healthy fituation, and well watered, upon an eftate out of which two or three others were eftate let to farm, and, moreover, a good handfome, fugar four miles diftant. their confifted in an hofAt Leoganc, 18 property of good land; a fugar pital built upon fquares of pounds eftate with negroes, yielding 350,000 a brown fugar; a coffee eftate of 40,000 weight cultiyear, and a ground where provifions were vated. in thofe houfes, but that. Hofpitality was praétifed it was the favourite virtue of is not wonderful, as an honeft traveller the planters of St. the Domingo: whole ifland, finding in every might go through welcome entertainment, but plantation, not only The greateft horfes and carriages for conveyance. met with, difficulty, in fhort, which a man offigure was to obtain permiffion to depart. Government had an eftablifhment at the mineral 6. Piment in the north, for the Waters. hot waters of Port a the direétor of relief of the fick of the garrifons, which, however, was allowed to keep feparate lodgings for other perfons. Before this eftablich- of ment was made, the fick. wént to the waters Banica, in theSpanifh part ofthe ifland, three leagues diftant from the borough ofthat name. 7. ProviEarly in the prefent century, a reputable devifed merchant his dence at the Cape (Mr. Turc de Caftelveyre) Houfes. whole eftate for the fealement of two houfes, fhould where poor men and women coming from Europe find lodgings for other perfons. Before this eftablich- of ment was made, the fick. wént to the waters Banica, in theSpanifh part ofthe ifland, three leagues diftant from the borough ofthat name. 7. ProviEarly in the prefent century, a reputable devifed merchant his dence at the Cape (Mr. Turc de Caftelveyre) Houfes. whole eftate for the fealement of two houfes, fhould where poor men and women coming from Europe find --- Page 357 --- ARTICLE IX. themfelves. find maintenance till they were sor and Thefe houfes, by feveral capable ofhifing for grants from the gifts, bequefts, fiderable civil holpitals. government, were become conadminiftration of a board, They were under the general, a' few members ofboth compofed ofthe attorneyputable citizens, under the courts, and fome reintendant (a). fuperior authority of the of AsI public Thaver mentioned, in this article, printing houfes intruction, I fhall take notice eflablifhments 8. Royal Prince, and of fettled at the and ofroyal Society, 2 literary Cape Port-auwhich, in 1789, had been affociation at the under the ticle ofreyal favoured with. a charter, Cape, might, in procefs of Jociety effeionces and arts. It as to be offervice, ifits time, have been improved fo sunately to be properly direéted. enquiries had happened forART. IX. THE MILITARY EsTABLISHIMENT. in The time efltablifhment of of the army in St. and a brigade peace, of confifted oftwo regiments Domingo, offoot Aion Thefe fupplied the artillery, recruited from France. the ifand. garrifons in the different parts of There was a regiment known regiment of by the name ofthe 2. the Cape. The Port-au-Prince, uniform another by that of ments. Regi. vain parade of expenfive fhow, was plain, withour any cumbrance of lace, They and withour the inaughority of the minifter of the were entirely under the marine. Pri (a) ce by In the the commander yeer 1787,a fimilar eflablifhment was guratig. on account of the iu revolution, chiefand the intendant, made which at was Port-au. not of Thefe the 2. the Cape. The Port-au-Prince, uniform another by that of ments. Regi. vain parade of expenfive fhow, was plain, withour any cumbrance of lace, They and withour the inaughority of the minifter of the were entirely under the marine. Pri (a) ce by In the the commander yeer 1787,a fimilar eflablifhment was guratig. on account of the iu revolution, chiefand the intendant, made which at was Port-au. not of Thefe --- Page 358 --- APPEN DIX. Thefe regiments confifted of2 battalions. The firft battalion confifted of a company of and four of fufiliers; the fecond, of a grenadiers of chaffeurs and four of fufiliers, company In time of peace, each company offuliliers confifted of a captain in command, a fecond captain, a firft lieutenant, a fecond lieurenant, two enfigns or fub-lieutenants, a ferjeant major, a harbinger (fourier), intrufted with the funétions of quarter-mafter, sferjeants, IO corporals, IO appointees, 2 drummers, and 90 privates; in all 119 men and 6 commifioned officers. The companies were divided into ten detacheach of which had an appointee and a corments, at its head. A ferjeant commanded two de-. poral tachments. In time of war, the number was increafed to 3 drummers and 140 privates; reinforcements ofother regiments were alfo fent. and chaffeurs were The companies others. of grenadiers But they were, both in officered of as the and war, of only 5 ferjeants, 8 cortimes peace 72 privates, and 2 drumporals, 8 appointees, fix officers, and eight detachmers; in all 96 men, ments. The field officers were, a colonel, a lieutenant colonel, and a major. They had not companies of their own. of a with The ftaff was compofed quarter-mafter, bearers, who ranked thetankofleurenant, 21 ftandard furgeon major, an as youngeft enfigns, 2 adjutants,a with the rank of ferjeant armourer, a drum major major. The whole regiment, the officers 11837 men. included, was, in time of nt war 2,366) In timesof Pay --- Page 359 --- ARTICLE IX, to3 Pay Ofcers. Colonel Livres Licutenant colonel - 15,000 per an, Major 10,500 Quarter mafter treafurer 7,2c0 Standard bearers 2,700 Adjutants 1,890 The two firft captains in com- 1,230 mand The cight others 4:950 The two firft fecond 4,200 The cight others captains 3,600 Firft lieutenants Second lieutenants - 2,400 Enligns 2,250 2,100 In time of war, the sreafed by a quarter's preceding in rates were inThe officers had no pay addition. cloathing, and they were rations, liable no allowances, no The mercantile job of to no ttoppages, allowed to the colonel, was cloathing the regiment, fervice. unknown in the French Pay eftbe Fuzibiers and Cbefeurs. Serjeant majors L. s. D. Serjcants and harI 6 Bingers - perday, Corporals I I 6 Firt appointee 14 3 Other appointees 9 9 Fuliliers and drummers 8 3 Pay cloathing, and they were rations, liable no allowances, no The mercantile job of to no ttoppages, allowed to the colonel, was cloathing the regiment, fervice. unknown in the French Pay eftbe Fuzibiers and Cbefeurs. Serjeant majors L. s. D. Serjcants and harI 6 Bingers - perday, Corporals I I 6 Firt appointee 14 3 Other appointees 9 9 Fuliliers and drummers 8 3 Pay --- Page 360 --- APPENDIX Ic4 Pay of Grenadiérs. L. S. D. Serjeant major I 9 - per day Serjeants and harbingers I 5 8 Corporals Firt appointee 1 12 Other appointees 1O 9 Grenadiers and drummers io 6 Drum major I 6 Armourer 8 3 The ration of the non-commiflioned officers and privates was, every day, 24 ounces of freth bready or 20 of four; 8 ounces of frefh or falted meat. There was a ftoppage of twenty deniers per day, ferupon the pay of ferjeant majors, drum deniers majors, that jeants andi harbingers, and oftwelve upon ofall others, for linen and fhoes; and to that ftoppagé the king added a gratuity, in time of war, of cight deniers per day, in behalf of all non-commiffioned officers and privates. There was alfo a general mafs or floppage of45 livres livres per annum, in time of and 51 in time of war, upon the pay tPST all non commiffioned officers (the adjutants included) and privates, for the expences of cloathing, equipment, the the tax, to which they were .e tax, and that mafs invalid the drummers received an addition from of pay of 12 deniers per day, for the maintenance of their druns and fticks. of the nonThe cloathing, arms, and equipment and arms ofthe commiffioned officers and privates, officers, were at the king's coft, from the general mafs which belonged to him. The cloathings were fuitable to the climate. Linen fbhirts, fervice; a coat,jacket, a coat of trowfers of dowlafs, for the ufual cloth, --- Page 361 --- ARITICLE IX. cloth, and linen waifteoats, 1og gins, for the days of parade. breeches, and legful The barracks two regiments of were lodged în Prince. the king's, at the Cape and large beautiThe Port-audifeipline and ments were minutely fettled adminiftration of the cember Ioth, 1784. The by the ordinanceof Rt month,by the reviews were madee ment ofthe commiflary charged with every The war, to ftate the pay and the departgeneral governor,. of the as has been faid, was rations. cations. troops, artillery, militia, and infpeétor. fortifiThe colonialbrigade artillery ofFrance belonged tot the corps ber 24th, 1784-) (ordinance of the king's, royalof OGto- Anbiny, A brigade was compofed of camoneers four bembarders, at the head companies of immediately a of which but as the brigade brigade-mafter (chef de was diftributed in all the was French only part of a brigade); : field regiment oficers, a colonel direélor colonies, and which had adjutant major were ftationed in &. artillery and an Domingo, The companies confifted of a Captain in command A fecond captain A firft lieutenant A fecond lieutenant commiffioned A third lieutenant officers, A ferjeant major A ferjeant harbinger clerk Five ferjeants Five corporals non-commif. Five appointees fioned ditto. Five fire-workers Five the was French only part of a brigade); : field regiment oficers, a colonel direélor colonies, and which had adjutant major were ftationed in &. artillery and an Domingo, The companies confifted of a Captain in command A fecond captain A firft lieutenant A fecond lieutenant commiffioned A third lieutenant officers, A ferjeant major A ferjeant harbinger clerk Five ferjeants Five corporals non-commif. Five appointees fioned ditto. Five fire-workers Five --- Page 362 --- APPE NI DIX to6 Five canonecr-bombandets of the firft clafs Privates. Five ditto of the fecond ditto Forty appointees A drummer In all, five officers and 88 men 5 each company divided into five detachments (a). of The regiments had, befides, two. companies that the srtificers, compofed as the others, except privates were, Fiftcen artificers ofthe firft clafs Fifteen of the fecond Twenty-five apprentices One drummer. In all, five officers and 73 men.. detachment of one of the companies of artiA ficers was ftarioned at St. Domingo. or fchool There was, at the Cape, a polygone park, of artillery, and a fine arfenal, with a large for the ftores, and work-houfes; as alfo barracks brigade and artificers. it, the feveral parts When the fervice required from the brigade. The ofthe colony were fupplied fettled the fervice, diflaw above-mentioned had and reviews of that corps. cipline, adminiftration, The pays were as follow: Livres. Colonel direétor's - 18,000 per atle Brigade mafter's 8,100 Adjutant major's 3:750 improper to obferve, that our mT ititary corps (a) It ie not, perbnps, if not nuifance,of wives andwomen, werc free from the encumbrance, one of 300 foldiers or ofticers was not feen in o:her fervices. Perhaps feen to have a wife, Captains --- Page 363 --- ARTICLE IX. Captains in command (a). Livres. Second ditto 5,850 pér an. Firft lieutenants 4,050 Second ditto 3,000 Third ditto 2,850 2,700 Serjeant major Serjeant harbinger clerk 1;170 Corporals 769 i6 Appointees Fire-workers 364 IO Firft - cbn-Camoncmg-bon bardeers Second ditto-Ditto 283 IO Apprentices Drummers -283 IO Company of Arificers.. Serjeant major Serjeant harbinger clerk - Corporals 769 IO Appointees e Artificers -firlt clafs - Ditto fecond ditto - - 472 IO Apprentices 364 IO Drummer 283 IO in All time pay, of in general, was augmented a war. The fame ration by quarter, infantry. allowed to the In time of actual war, and under the field-fervice, an allowance aétivity of officers, at the pleafure of the was granted to the tendant. governor and inafarufieers, (a) To the an firt addition of themn, as alfo to the fenior of 450 livres was ailowed. captain in command X The rentices 364 IO Drummer 283 IO in All time pay, of in general, was augmented a war. The fame ration by quarter, infantry. allowed to the In time of actual war, and under the field-fervice, an allowance aétivity of officers, at the pleafure of the was granted to the tendant. governor and inafarufieers, (a) To the an firt addition of themn, as alfo to the fenior of 450 livres was ailowed. captain in command X The --- Page 364 --- 1c3 A PPENDIX The ftoppage for linen and fhoes was the fame as for the infantry. livres annum, for The general mafs was 84 per the non-commilioned officers and privates. The cloathing and equipment were fettled as for the infantry. The corps of Engineers was as follows: 4. Engineers, Officers. Pay. A dire@tor-general of fortifiLivres. cations 18,000 per an. Three engineers in chief - 7,500 each. Two engineers or more 5,160 ditto. Engineers geographers, when captains Ditto, when lieutenants 3,000 With no allowance or cloathing. The dire@tor-general had an office, where all the draughts of plans, offortifications, and works, were made and depofited, copies of which were fent to the general repofitory of plans at Verfailles. that in the laft I fhall here curforily obferve, direéted all the furveyors years, the government draw the had charts of the refpective paof lands marking, to by figure and name, all the planrifhes, tations, This had been performed, and, out ofall thofe charts, a general map was begun to be executed. That military fervice is a hardfhip for peaceable Alilitia. 3. planters cannot be denied; but if it were muft well confidered, that where near 500,000 of Alaves men, in a be kept in fubjection by a handful and in fome very extenfive territory, a well-fettled, muft appear to be the meafure difciplined, militia, only rifhes, tations, This had been performed, and, out ofall thofe charts, a general map was begun to be executed. That military fervice is a hardfhip for peaceable Alilitia. 3. planters cannot be denied; but if it were muft well confidered, that where near 500,000 of Alaves men, in a be kept in fubjection by a handful and in fome very extenfive territory, a well-fettled, muft appear to be the meafure difciplined, militia, only --- Page 365 --- ARTICLE IX. oniy. means to be depended tog account The no man ought. to repine upon, at and on that mildnefs of our thofe hardfhips. defeétive in this refpeét; government and was exceedlingly out, the inhabitants were when the revolt broke in fome found - places. The almoft defencelefs too late. inconvenience was felt, but to Our militia, in time of peace, tion appear at four annual was only bound oftheir arms, reviews, for the that wâs confidered ammunition, and uniform. in.fpecvidually calily difpenfed as a grievance, and was Even indithey were obliged to with. In time of war, the refpective forts guard for eight days, by turns; coafts, which fervice andbeteries was often diperfed over the voufes ofentertainment and turned into rendezThe eftabilihment of the jollity. many militia had once abolifhed alerationss it. Iwill even a foolifh governor fuffered had / blifhed in the year mention the fyftem eftawhich were preferibed 1768, in and fome modifications The whole ifland was 1787. ters ; five in che north, five divided in into fisteen quarwelft, each the fouth, fix in the parifhes, Each comprehending four or five a quarter furnifhed a contiguous commander, The a major, and an battalion, under companies adietant-maion. officered by a ofinfanry, in the parifhes, and confifted of caprain, 2 a lieutenant, and an were and a negro Or mulatto ferjeants, 8 corporals, soprivates, enfisgn, The companies drummer. a lieuténant, an enfign, ofhorle confifted of a diers, and 40 dragoons; 2 but quarter-mafters, 8 captain, and draguons could the number brigato. not always be Arictiy ofprivates adhered The fenior parifh, and was allowed captain had the command in an adjutant under him. his X 2 There were and a negro Or mulatto ferjeants, 8 corporals, soprivates, enfisgn, The companies drummer. a lieuténant, an enfign, ofhorle confifted of a diers, and 40 dragoons; 2 but quarter-mafters, 8 captain, and draguons could the number brigato. not always be Arictiy ofprivates adhered The fenior parifh, and was allowed captain had the command in an adjutant under him. his X 2 There --- Page 366 --- APP E N D I X. TiO fubordination and correThere was a gradual the different ranks, and of parich fpondence among the battalion officers. officers to parith there was analarm gun. In every the militia was on aétive fervice, in time When the officers of the line had command only of war, officers of the fame rank with themover militia of the militia being, fuperior to a felves, a captain but the militia was fuborlieutenant ofthe army; commanders of the departdinate to the military s ments and diftriéts. or even in time The militia had no pay cloathing, by the king, of war. The officers were appointed and provifionaliy by the governor. crofs ofSt. Lewis, viz. They were cntitled to the years fervice, the commanders after twenty-cight after thirty-two, the majors after thirty, the captains time of war being the licutenants after thirty-fix, reckoned double. had fome civil funétions in their The officers and verifying the returns of parithes, as of taking families of the inhabitants, upon the property forms and annually fent by government; 5 they prinied and returned the fufficiency ofthe proalfo infpeêted all the eftates in the parilca vilfion-grounds militia Hr not ferve out of their own difThe order from the governor. trifts, without an exprefs and people of colour ferved in The free negroes of foot, officered by white genfeparate companies Independent of the ordinary fervice, they tlemnen. in going after the run-away negrocs, were employed ditturbed the peace, but only by exprefs order who commander, and they were allowed certain ofthe in cafe of fuccefs. They, alfo ferved, ofthe by gratuitics Or orderly,.at the houfes turns, as plantoons and for a weck, to carry orders, admi- &cc. commanders, who had civil employments in All perfons fworn in courts, were exempted niftration, or were from tlemnen. in going after the run-away negrocs, were employed ditturbed the peace, but only by exprefs order who commander, and they were allowed certain ofthe in cafe of fuccefs. They, alfo ferved, ofthe by gratuitics Or orderly,.at the houfes turns, as plantoons and for a weck, to carry orders, admi- &cc. commanders, who had civil employments in All perfons fworn in courts, were exempted niftration, or were from --- Page 367 --- ARTIC L E IX. from this fervice, as well as the i13 and penfioned veteran officers of knights the ofSt. Lewis, members of the boards of army, and the were bound to keep two mufkets agriculture, but they four pounds of gunpowder, and in good order, and liable to twelve of bullets, gleôted, infpection, a regulation very much nein Iam St. not able to ftate the number of the militia fhort of Domingo ; but I fuppofe it had been little laws had eight been or ten thoufand men in 1789, if the In frictly executed. count 1787, of fome another regulation was made, on acflarted by the commanders pretenfions of a dangerous tendericy talions were fupprefled. The oft battalions. The batwas diftinét, and direétly militia of each parifh manders of the diftriéts. fubordinate A to the comparith was to be appointed, by commander the in each among the captains ofthe governor, from militia was to confift of companies thercof. The diers, fufiliers, artillery, and companies of foot, grenaof companies were fuppreffed, dragoons. and The enligns alfo took place in the numbers of fome alterations commifioned officers. The privates and nonfixed from 15 to 55 years. age of fervice was bound to fupply the militia with Every three planter was himfeifincloded, if he owned white men, upwards. eighty negroes and As all the towns of St. perhaps too large and Domingo (fome of them 6. Fortifio upon the coafts, for the populous) had been placed cations, all the fortifications convenience of cominerce, terior were alfo direéted defence, no other want towards exas forefeen Gr fufpeéted. Yet being thofe ever fo much fidered better the extent ofthe who had conmerous places where defcents coafts, could and the nuwithour poffibility of be effeéted, oppofing them eifectually, X 3 were them 6. Fortifio upon the coafts, for the populous) had been placed cations, all the fortifications convenience of cominerce, terior were alfo direéted defence, no other want towards exas forefeen Gr fufpeéted. Yet being thofe ever fo much fidered better the extent ofthe who had conmerous places where defcents coafts, could and the nuwithour poffibility of be effeéted, oppofing them eifectually, X 3 were --- Page 368 --- APPEN D I X. $12 were of opinion that fhips of the line were the only certain means of defence. and were However, fome forts were neceffary, creêted in all the principal harbours; and batteries were made at a great number of exterior landing places. A general view ofthis kind will only be expeéted from me. Leoganc, St. Lewis, in the fouth, Port-au-Princc, and the St. Marcs, Port Depaix, Fort Dolphin, but the Mole is Cape, have good forts of defence; ifall its forts and particularly remarkable; and, batteries were well-ferved, they might bid defiance to the moft formidable naval force, and actually keep it off. had, in a very fine and nuThe colony general, well mounted, and merous coaft artillery, perfealy keptin good order. ConcluThus I have given all the information in my and the fituation fon. power concerning the conftitution ofSt. Domingo, before 1739 (a). in faEvery nation is apt to claim a feperiority tranvour ofher own fyftem. The uninterrupted of this colony quillity and ever increaling profperity as might incline me to fome partiality; 3 however, Mr. Pope fays, ee For forms of governments let is fools beft." conteft, 66 Whate'eris beft adminiler'di In general, the knowledge of the laws only ofany country conveys to the mind a more favourable (a), The befteffect that can be wifhed from legiflature, this information and nation, being be pubinhid, fullys fartisfied, is, that that the no other Britif: fum government, of adminiftration can agree with Great the reforation and trarquillity of St. Domingo, alteration and that oughtt (if cver to be made Britain obtains poffefion cfthis illand) of no deniceracy mayhevery) proper in the Briuth formrscntinations colonies and for a Englifh mixture hends, but piju bic 207: eji omfor wiwm. idea information and nation, being be pubinhid, fullys fartisfied, is, that that the no other Britif: fum government, of adminiftration can agree with Great the reforation and trarquillity of St. Domingo, alteration and that oughtt (if cver to be made Britain obtains poffefion cfthis illand) of no deniceracy mayhevery) proper in the Briuth formrscntinations colonies and for a Englifh mixture hends, but piju bic 207: eji omfor wiwm. idea --- Page 369 --- ARTICLE IX. idea than the aftual fituation u3 however dificulcitis to frame warrants, ; hecaufe, eafier to find leginators good laws, it is fill and difengaged of endowed with meet with a whole paffion nation and felf intereft, knowledge, than to may thwart private views ready and to obey laws which trates cn every occafion interefts, or magif. pofes and affections in the faerificing execution their own purOur fertlements in the Welt oftheir duty. more liable to this Indies are, doubtlef, tries. They are at inconvenience a great than other counand fource of power. diftance from the centre forced from their homes Pecple, whom Want hach whom ill condust hath driven (not to fpeal of thofe acuated by ambirion to into the the fartheft extremities go in queft of colonies) riches to ftorms and dangers of ofthe the world, throngh the to return (peedily to their fea, and who are cager mulation of wealth, are much country with an accurefpeét for the laws than by leis infuenced by giffreres and oficers entrusted interefied views. Mawell be perfedtly free from this with power cannot The planters themfelves general with the arc, by difpolition. contagion, in as much degrees, infeéted to. France, wich the means of as the rage of going gree ofthe luxuries oflife and enjoying a higher depervades them, and alienates refinements of pieafure, their own country. them, as ic were, from Thus felfifhnels and public fpirit is not known. covetnufnefs take the lead; men are not heard of becaufe Robbers or highwayports men of low a fmall induftry to make the moft condition; of his but every one tries fupto raife peedily a large ficuation or of this favourite fortune, and in ensployment, the than the means. icheme the. efiect is more execution inflames other At the fame time, the regarded climate the paffions are paflions. obvious The means of and eaiy, gratifying X 4 Profligacy of manners are not heard of becaufe Robbers or highwayports men of low a fmall induftry to make the moft condition; of his but every one tries fupto raife peedily a large ficuation or of this favourite fortune, and in ensployment, the than the means. icheme the. efiect is more execution inflames other At the fame time, the regarded climate the paffions are paflions. obvious The means of and eaiy, gratifying X 4 Profligacy of manners --- Page 370 --- APPENI DIX X. #14 becomes general. Shame affords no longer manners The reltraints of religion might ftill be a effeêtual, check. but the rank weeds of vice fuffocate, fo of religious duty, inculcated that every principle is treated with fcorn. If, amidft in early youth, honeft fober men happen to the general fatires corruption, of the world, if magiftrates are be living enforcing the laws, ridicule, and ftriét and fevere in will fall upon them from all perhaps perfecution, and will fink them into defpondency. quarters, Thus, the beft laws fail of their aim and lofe their influence. Such was, in a great meafure, the cafe in in St. Domingo; fuch it muft be, I am afraid, colony of the Weft Indics, in proportion to every wealth and profperity. honefty, good manners, and However, Rriét execution religion, of the laws, are the only guara dians of all political focieties; and where things but into that ftate, which I have rapidly are fallen faithfully deferibed, the colony may fbll. fubGit too for fome time, but it will fink by degrees, cataf- and, perhaps, perifh at laft by fome frightful trophe. ARTICLE THE LAST. SOME HINTS CONCERNING THE PRESENT STATE Op THE BRITISH POSSESSIONS IN ST. DOMINGO. Here I had determined to put an end to my tafk; ftate but after the preceding account ofthe former readérs ofSt. Domingo, I am fenfible that Englith aétual fituawill expeét to find fome notice of its Under other tion under the Briti(h government. circumftances, perhaps, I would gladly enlarge upon this fubjeét; but, averfe as I am to blame, I fhall content CERNING THE PRESENT STATE Op THE BRITISH POSSESSIONS IN ST. DOMINGO. Here I had determined to put an end to my tafk; ftate but after the preceding account ofthe former readérs ofSt. Domingo, I am fenfible that Englith aétual fituawill expeét to find fome notice of its Under other tion under the Briti(h government. circumftances, perhaps, I would gladly enlarge upon this fubjeét; but, averfe as I am to blame, I fhall content --- Page 371 --- ARTICLE THE LAST. with content reluétance. myfelf with fome general remarks, and that ti5 fanatical Before the period of the French revolution, fociety exifted in a I. Revalu. the general emancipation of France, flaves. which aimed at tion. united itfelf with that of the This fociety out ftill more extenfive principles Jacobins, which held Agents were neceffary in the ofpolitical liberty. thefe views, and the people of colonies to forward known to be difgufted at their actual colour, who were preffion, were fuppofed to be ftate of dethis purpofe, The eyents, which inftruments fit for Domingo were unfortunately fuch happened as aided in St. fedtually in promoting their fcheme. too efarrived As foon as the news of the firft in St. Domingo, the revolt in Paris towns became infeéted with the populace of our great ped the mafk of fubordination. example, and dropand infolence overawed the Their numbers many men of property, but of mean government, and as intoxicated with the fpiric of education, were refleétion and forefight, who revolt, the few men of adminiftration, were unable ranged to on the fide of The democratic party took the lead refift in the torrent. affemblies that were then formed. the popular negroes fàw the dangerous In thefe, the bearing down authority formerly example of numbers ample moft impolitic and dangerous relpected; an exquences. in its confepretended The people of colour claimed a fhare in thofe whites promifed advantages themfelves which the ruling party of the infilted upon the equality of by the revolution, and of 1685 had afligned to them, rights, bur which the law never been permitted to enjoy. The which they had pride ofthe affemblies took the jealouly and ple of colour became the alarm. The peocution; but notin a objeéts of fevere perfefituation to hope for viétory by open epretended The people of colour claimed a fhare in thofe whites promifed advantages themfelves which the ruling party of the infilted upon the equality of by the revolution, and of 1685 had afligned to them, rights, bur which the law never been permitted to enjoy. The which they had pride ofthe affemblies took the jealouly and ple of colour became the alarm. The peocution; but notin a objeéts of fevere perfefituation to hope for viétory by open --- Page 372 --- APPEN N DIX open force, and chagrined at difappointment. they, readily gave ear to the infinuations of the Jacobins and their emifaries (a). The revolt of the negroes actually broke outin the north. The whole country became immediately a fene ofconfufion, demurder, and devaftation, which I refrain to fcribe. In the fouth and weft, the planters where joined the with the mulattoes againft the towns, the lead. whites of the low.eft rank had alfo taken but Civil war raged there with uncommon furys the negroes were only revolted in fome places The where the mulattoes wanted their affiftance. and the whole colony was then diftraéted by war, by oppofition of parties inflamed againft each other; negroes againft whites, whites againft mulattoes," aflemblies againft government, people of no property, under the n.me of parriors, againtt planters, even affemblies againft affemblies, Some attempts but were made,to fubdue the revolted negroes; confidence. there was no plan, no union, no murual The peaceabie and honeft planters were difgufited and a and dittreled at the miferies of the fituation, where emigration begrnt to take place. Even great had joined with the mulattoes, if the the planters had the of force, moft of the forJatter fuperiority more or leis visiencly, and the mer were expelled took poffeflion of their eftates. mulattoes The colony was in this fituation when the commiffaries, Santbonax and Polverels emiflaries cfthe Tacobins, the then ruling party, anivedint theifland, but in tact under pretence of reftoring tranquillicy, emancipation. to completc the fcheme .of generai the different They began by foothing and deceiving that Davery would be parcies ; by publicly declaring The fast is provedl bytbe emancipation, moft undoubted addreffes evidence. the Santhonax," negrues 1n in Q preclamation c6 Remen.ber of general fur ever, that it 1S to the people of'colour have thele terms: indebted for thole arms and neans by which you 6 66 you tought are for liberty,. and conqueredi it.' rigidly to completc the fcheme .of generai the different They began by foothing and deceiving that Davery would be parcies ; by publicly declaring The fast is provedl bytbe emancipation, moft undoubted addreffes evidence. the Santhonax," negrues 1n in Q preclamation c6 Remen.ber of general fur ever, that it 1S to the people of'colour have thele terms: indebted for thole arms and neans by which you 6 66 you tought are for liberty,. and conqueredi it.' rigidly --- Page 373 --- ARTICLE THE L'AST. ruin, rigidly by maintained. They then laid their oppofing the different plan of Firlt, government was overturned parties to each other. next, the patriots yielded to the by the patriots; towns of Port-au-Frince and the mulattoes. The pulous than at former Cape, more pothe commiffioners. They periods, gave umbrage to and put it under the abfolute attacked Port-au-Princey lattoes. Jeremy had dominion ofthe muthis clafs of men, and entirely thus fubdued or expelled the fubmifion of the preferved property and in the act of negroes. The called to the preparing to march againft commifarics, it, were formed by general Cape, where a Party was feemingly and overturn their Galbaud, to oppofe their views with a numerous train authority. of Arrived at this place negroes of the town, whom mulattoes, they affifted by the the prifoners taken out of the eafily corrupted, by brigands of the with gaol, and by the for a long time country, entered into whom they had moreover, affifted by thc incapacity, correfpondence; perhaps treachery ofgeneral Galbaud. cowardice, and plundered and reduced the town to himfeif, they entircly. A great number afhes almoft The greater part ofthe others ofwhites were butchered. with Galbaud, by means ofa efcaped to America, then in the harbour. The large Aect, which was remained was truly pitiable; : a fituation ofthofe who thofe who had been thocking Davery under The mulattoes were now formerly their own flaves. the fcheme of the no longer an obftacle to was proclaimed in che commifaries. north General liberty weft and fouth, fich by Santhonax. In the compelled by Polverel proprietors to as remained, were neral and perpetual emancipation. grant the negroes a gecommiffaries Confufion was now complete, the was almoft power ofthe 2. Intro. pulfion or deftruétion of uncontrouled what and the ex- duction of * remained ofwhite glith the Énproprietors no longer an obftacle to was proclaimed in che commifaries. north General liberty weft and fouth, fich by Santhonax. In the compelled by Polverel proprietors to as remained, were neral and perpetual emancipation. grant the negroes a gecommiffaries Confufion was now complete, the was almoft power ofthe 2. Intro. pulfion or deftruétion of uncontrouled what and the ex- duction of * remained ofwhite glith the Énproprietors --- Page 374 --- t18 APPENDIX proprietors was purfued with eagernefs, Jeremy remuined alone frec, but fenfible that it could not refift long, application was made to Jamaica for of proteétion, The Mole, where a great number whites had taken refuge, and Bombarde, followed diftriét the example. Thefe places, and the extenfive of Jeremy, were furrendered to commodore St. Marc John Ford, in the month of September 1793; were with its territory, Leogane, and Larcahaye, and Jean taken poffeffion of in the fame manner; Rabel was taken without refiftance, in the following fent month of January, Some forccs having been and from Jamaica and from England, Tiburoon and Port-au-Prince alfo yielded, with the, borough territory of Croix des Bouquets. 7 In the-mean time the Spaniards, having taken into Eahan and their pay a great number of our revolted Grand-bois, negroes, took poffeflion of Verites, Mirbalais, Wanaand Gonayves, in the weft; of Fort Dolphin, minth, Gros Morne, and the Borgne, in the north, by voluntary capirulations. They were, however, afterwards expelled from all thofe places, except wbich they furrendered at the conFort Dolphin, of with the French republick. In clufion their peace was at all times precarious, and - fact, power A great number of their intentions who fufpicious. had come from America to Fort Frenchmen, the negroes in the Dolphin, were maffacred by of 1000 Spanifh pay,, (July 7th, 1794) a garrifon on the men being, during this aêt, under arms and even parade, without attempting to prevent it, for driving back the poor wretches who fought fhelter in their ranks. the Mirbalais and Grand-bois were taken by Englifh, and afterwards Banica, a Spanifh territory accels of great importance, in the view ofgiving eafy by land into the north ofthe French colony. Ia acred by of 1000 Spanifh pay,, (July 7th, 1794) a garrifon on the men being, during this aêt, under arms and even parade, without attempting to prevent it, for driving back the poor wretches who fought fhelter in their ranks. the Mirbalais and Grand-bois were taken by Englifh, and afterwards Banica, a Spanifh territory accels of great importance, in the view ofgiving eafy by land into the north ofthe French colony. Ia --- Page 375 --- ARTICLE THE LAST. In the mean time, Jeanrabel, roon, and Leogane have been Bombarde, Tibuthe territory entirely loft; as alfo was narrowly belonging fàved to St. Marc, which itfelf colonel by the bravery oflieutenantand garrifon. Bri/bane, The and the zeal ef the inhabitants daily more circumferibed. limits of Jeremy become noyed by the incurfions of the It is frequently anburned a great number of brigands, who have the negroes. There are eftates and carried away tain near military polts in the mounCroix des Port-au.Princ, Bouquets, and in the territory of yet thefe diftriéts are Grand-bois, and Mirbalais; ; inroads. Culture juft by no means fecure from but it is attempted with now begins to be attempted, danger, in the rich plain difidence, of Croix dificulty, and where almoftall the eftates have des Bouquets, by our own troops, under been lately burned lurking places for the brigands. pretence that they were cahaye, Grand-bois, and the Mirbalais, Larare the only quarters where central the parts ofJeremy, tivated in peace; 3 and even the plantations are culare by no means fecured. limits of Larcahaye In the month of March, made againft Leogane, which 1796, an aitempt was Bombarde, an infignificant failed of fuccefs. month ofJune, but evacuated place, in lefs was taken in the Since that period, except in the than a month. fion of Banica, no accidental pollefinade. attempt to conqueft has been Such is the flate of the Britifh mingo, as far as refpeêts part ofSt. Doarms (March Ift, 1797). conqueft and progrefs of It is only fince the arrival Adam Wiliam/on, (May, ofhis excellency Sir 4. Britifa ment can be faid to have 1795) that-our govern- governtematic form. Previous alltumed any thing ment, to thac period, offf. every commanding pollefinade. attempt to conqueft has been Such is the flate of the Britifh mingo, as far as refpeêts part ofSt. Doarms (March Ift, 1797). conqueft and progrefs of It is only fince the arrival Adam Wiliam/on, (May, ofhis excellency Sir 4. Britifa ment can be faid to have 1795) that-our govern- governtematic form. Previous alltumed any thing ment, to thac period, offf. every commanding --- Page 376 --- A P P E N D I X, officer adopted, in his own diftriét, fuch commanding meafures as articles, he pleafed. fettled and figned at St. James's, Certain the month ofFebruary, 1793, between the miin and feveral refpedable planters of St.Doniftry and recommended to general Williamfon mingo, his mejefty, have been efteemed as a capitulation, by only of the places furrendered, but cfall thofe not hereaftert by any means whatever ( ome which may of Great Britain. By thofe arinto the poffefion rhat our religion, conticles it is exprefily as agreed, well as the taxes exining and flitution, and laws, before the year 1789, Thall luffer paid by the colony, It follows ofcourle that the former no alteration, Chould be comgovernment re-eftablifhed. and adminiftration - But this has been carried pletely only in fome parts, fo that a motley into effiedt and Englih inftitutions are mixed, fftemhasanien, fometimes ciafh with the French confitution. I and curforily examine the different heads mentioned fhall in the appendix. that the care of all the regulations, It appears circumftances may require, is tbort which the prefent entirely in the jurifdiction of the left by niniftry He is indeed, or ought to be, aflifted governor. taken from the three parts ofthe by fix planters, compole his privy council, for matters ifand, who policc. Thisis a new inftituof adiminittration.and plaufible in theory, but not fo ufeful ticn extremely Firft, becaufe it is now more difficult in practice. that council of men ofreal than ever to compofe free from felf intereft and abilities, and periealy Becaufe it has no authoritys the partinlities. adly. buthe is not boundto take its advice. governor had may, fome infuence under Sir Adam Wilgdly, It as many Englifh military liamfon; at other times; to fee a check in civil inftitumen are accuftomed tions, eful ticn extremely Firft, becaufe it is now more difficult in practice. that council of men ofreal than ever to compofe free from felf intereft and abilities, and periealy Becaufe it has no authoritys the partinlities. adly. buthe is not boundto take its advice. governor had may, fome infuence under Sir Adam Wilgdly, It as many Englifh military liamfon; at other times; to fee a check in civil inftitumen are accuftomed tions, --- Page 377 --- tions, ARTICLE THE L AST, coldnefs and neglet IZY on jealoufy or fcorn have fometimes been bordering uptimes, intruders and perceived. Arall weight than the privy intriguers have had more exift in the very records council; ofthe nay, regulations fuggefted corredted in the margin by the courr, written or nefit. and obtained them for milereants their whe own beThe governor has all the formerly the divided between the powers which were 6. whatever intendant ; a burthen too governor-general and Executive, military may be his abilities; heavy ftill for any man, to the laws, man, a ftranger in the more fo for a and fometimes to country, a franger period when all too when active war muft be the langunge, at a the branches of carried on, and require to be re-eflablilhed acminiftration and police Thus the oid fyftem of anew, altered. The agent our adminiftration is general oft general, or the but to thetreafury, has no other commifiary the general. pay accounts where he finds power the or charge Ifit fhould fignature of competent judge ofthe happen that he is not a either expence : if in the hurry propriery cfimmenfe or impropriety of miftaken or artfiully bufinefs he is general has no right to deceived, the no formalities makean commiffiry are objection. Befides, caken, at a time when preferibed, no precautions are necelfary. The money of they are more than ever by the governor exadly asifit his majedy is dipefed of fignatures may be were his own; and which may enable extorted, at unguarded themfelves. mifereants to fecure millions times, The for fees for fecretary all of the governer has Auence. This expeditions, has and alweys a very large the great caufes in a great meafure very great inof abulive cxpence, been ore of Civil places unhcard of they are more than ever by the governor exadly asifit his majedy is dipefed of fignatures may be were his own; and which may enable extorted, at unguarded themfelves. mifereants to fecure millions times, The for fees for fecretary all of the governer has Auence. This expeditions, has and alweys a very large the great caufes in a great meafure very great inof abulive cxpence, been ore of Civil places unhcard --- Page 378 --- APPEND I X. unheard of were created; military corps of officers formed and paid, which have few, or are without a foldier. Even commiffions, both civil and military; given for places which are yet in were ridiculoufly the power ofthe enemy (a). Thejudicial fftemhas! been re-eftablithed muchin Couits. 7. the fame form as formerly (as alfo all the minifterial officers belonging to it); a fuperior council at Port- law. au-Prince, as alfo an inferior court of common and Inferior courts likewife at Jeremy, at St. Marcs, the Mole, inftead of Port Depaix. The proat ceedings are the fame, in civil and criminal cafes, were before 1787. They are determined as they the ancient laws, as far as new regulations do not fuby The falaries of the members of the interfere. thofe of the prefiperior council are 20,000 had livres, been fettled at 25,000 dent and attorney indeed general had fecured to themlelves cerlivres; thefe fees, which mighthave become extain new fangled A chiefjuftice orbitant, but which were fupprelied. falary was pretended to was eftablifhed, and as his livres, the atbe fixed by the minifterat the 90,000 fame annual fum, and torney general claimed was not refufed. of have not been re-eftaThe courts admiralty has been appointed by blifhed ; only a of commiffion which the late agent general was the governor, member, tc decide upon the cafes of the principal interlope and fmuggling. ofthe of fome jealoufy or other s. Matial In confequence was betrayed into a law. civil powers government martial law (ofwhich the Britifh mns clamation of be fond) pretended to litary men feem to extremely the firft effeêt ofwhich be direéted by his majefty, fay) was to fufpend every (how warrantable I cannot (a) Namely, of cclonels of negro his for fec. almoft all the parithes in the nurth; ia: allih fe the feeretury AFATRN funétion confequence was betrayed into a law. civil powers government martial law (ofwhich the Britifh mns clamation of be fond) pretended to litary men feem to extremely the firft effeêt ofwhich be direéted by his majefty, fay) was to fufpend every (how warrantable I cannot (a) Namely, of cclonels of negro his for fec. almoft all the parithes in the nurth; ia: allih fe the feeretury AFATRN funétion --- Page 379 --- ARTICLE funétion of the courts. THELAST. has, after many complaints, But to thefe the governor precarious portion oftheir again alloweda The fmalleft fcanty our emsrjsiniatss government knowledige would of the The have prevented coniftiturion this of which promulgation it has been of martial law (in the miftake. fenfe in neceffary in a country underftood here) can only be rally where the mitted fubordinate under to the civil power, military and is natuauthority is emergencies where aétive and only adthis country, required to quell public diforders. forcible and the civil- government being entirely In martial law is power in ftriét military, as it would have an abfardicy; as fubordination much an to 1t, ment ofWilliam the been under the abfoluce abfurdity however, of martial Baftard, The formal governdrefs ofall civil or criminal law, puts a ftop to the exiftence, legal remay ftill expedt perfonal injuries. Ifthe fuffers in his property. fafety from the fword, fubject he fulting from its rule may Other be inconveniences rewrong upon reprefentation made, in an cafily perceived, as anfiver exertion of power had been inffance where. a governor returned was, that in time ef exercifed, the bad might do wbatever martial laz the 120 rigbito repreent. be pleafed, and tbe courts The dury of octroi is raifed at houfes: the a commiffion of five the Englifh cuftom colleétor; a charge much per cent. is granted to falary of Rakaas the receivers. greaterthan the former tions is the fame as The duty upon double for the Americans. formerly for Britifh veffeis, exporta- but occident duties preferibed by the law The of latter pay alfo the cent. demefne duty only, at the 1784, rate of and the The following 61 per good auchority, of is the a return, which I have from Y duties colleéted from the 2oth leétor; a charge much per cent. is granted to falary of Rakaas the receivers. greaterthan the former tions is the fame as The duty upon double for the Americans. formerly for Britifh veffeis, exporta- but occident duties preferibed by the law The of latter pay alfo the cent. demefne duty only, at the 1784, rate of and the The following 61 per good auchority, of is the a return, which I have from Y duties colleéted from the 2oth --- Page 380 --- A PPENDIX 2oth of February 1795 to the 2gth of February 1796: L. S. D. At Port-au-Prince - 1,447,088 6 5 Sterling 6.41763 3 I Jeremy about 42,000 Moleand St. Marcs 2,000 Total fterling - - K. 85.763 3 I The duty of oétroi upon houfes and negroes has never been colleéted. and curial duties are only colThe municipal and expended privately in the leéted 2t Jeremy, diftriét. It is obferved that Jeremy, Grand Bois, Mirbalais, and Larcahaye, very great voluntary taxes for the expences efoear defencc; at Jeremy, municipal adminiftration exifts on a pretty account. regular In the other places they are genethat colleéted and managed by the officers comrally At Port-au-Prince, a general infpeétor manding. ofMarethalfe, ofp police, who is alfo provoft general -houfes, railes taxes on the inns, taverns, gaming. the common retailers of liquors, and even upon of fellers at the market place, for fome purpofes the police. The public expeéts that thefe gentlemen will, one day or other, fairly account to authority for both the réceipts and expenproper diture. Farthe greater part ofthe expence is fupplied from the royal treafury of England. I cannot pofitively ftate the amount, but I am informed from proper authority, that it has fometimes exceeded 900,000 dollars a month. Williamfon, a man formedby nature to Governor comforter of misfortune, faw with pity the be the dittrefles police. The public expeéts that thefe gentlemen will, one day or other, fairly account to authority for both the réceipts and expenproper diture. Farthe greater part ofthe expence is fupplied from the royal treafury of England. I cannot pofitively ftate the amount, but I am informed from proper authority, that it has fometimes exceeded 900,000 dollars a month. Williamfon, a man formedby nature to Governor comforter of misfortune, faw with pity the be the dittrefles --- Page 381 --- ARTICLE TIE LAST. diftreffes of many families, fallen 12; he mifery and want. In alleviation from wealth into granted fuch a fmall ofthefe calamities, ticular allowance, which, from confiderations, and in fome inftances parofimportonity of fome Or impofition, was enlarged in by dint individuals; an fivour agent general ufed to fay) expence was which (as the late honourable for the Britifh very little, and too to attach the French to their nation, and too well fuited unmercifully witidrawn; yet in latter times government, it has to be ever andinjudiciouly been moft been proper objeéts of reform and abridged, though more meddled with, retrenchment have not eftates I mult here take notice of of ablentecs, aétually what relates to the have territory of the republic. The fuppofed to be in the fegueftered, been direÉed, by an act off proceeds ofthefe ment, for the and benefit depofited in the parliament, hands ofg to be which may afford a ofthe proprietors ; a govern- meafure expence, General Willamfon temporary aid in defraying of nagement of this had fettled the macording to the views bulinefs ofthe act as well as he could, acit. has fo happened, that the of parliament. But compelled to render an managers havenot been they all (except onc) had account; fo or, ift they have, bufinefs, that after admitting artfully arranged the appeared to be creditors; a great receipts, they ftill very extraordinary, but which cireumftance has certainly terefted properly invefigated. In never yet been perfons propofed another confequence ofthis, innagement, but namely, the method of maas the very fame farming ofall thofe eftates; : for this purpofe, they took perfons were to be appointed perfeét mafters of the care to make themfelves felves from the fhackles management, of to free themcontroul might reftrain them, formalities, and, that no hibition, forbidding the courts they to takc extorted a proY 2 cognizance of never yet been perfons propofed another confequence ofthis, innagement, but namely, the method of maas the very fame farming ofall thofe eftates; : for this purpofe, they took perfons were to be appointed perfeét mafters of the care to make themfelves felves from the fhackles management, of to free themcontroul might reftrain them, formalities, and, that no hibition, forbidding the courts they to takc extorted a proY 2 cognizance of --- Page 382 --- APPI E ND I X. of the affairs which concerned the abfentees. The leafcs- have been executed in a fuitable manner, in arbitrary and I will not a manner quite oppreflive. and complaints which take notice of the wrongs candidly, refound from all quarters 3 but I can fay fifth that the rents will nct amount to the fixth or of the real produce, and that, though the greater. number of ablentees may be ruined, the benefit accruing to the public will not be great. The above return ftates the exportations from Fiuduce. 10. Port. au-Prince, that is, from Larcahaye, Grandand Mitbalais, for the fane period ofa year bois, and nine days, as follows: Coffee 1 8,660,416 pds. wgt. Brown fugar from Larcahaye 9,846,439 Clayed ditto, fiom ditto 12,032 Melaffes, hoglheads - 3,229 Ditto, tierces 128 E Cotten - 609,3c0 6,072 Indigo 3,854 Hides at the Mole, or at St. There is no produce Marcs. not able to ftate the produce of Jeremy, I am entirely in coffee; but as it has which is almoft duties colleéted there exceed thofe been feen that the the produce muft be coileéted at Port-au-Prince, alfo more confiderable. of Port-au-Prince (in the period 11. CumThe produce has been exported by Brimerce. above mentioned) Britifh tifh veffels bound to ports ditto By forcign ditto, to foreign either of importations, or of I have no returns, the fhips trading in other places. Though entirely in coffee; but as it has which is almoft duties colleéted there exceed thofe been feen that the the produce muft be coileéted at Port-au-Prince, alfo more confiderable. of Port-au-Prince (in the period 11. CumThe produce has been exported by Brimerce. above mentioned) Britifh tifh veffels bound to ports ditto By forcign ditto, to foreign either of importations, or of I have no returns, the fhips trading in other places. Though --- Page 383 --- ARTICLE THE LAST. trade, Though which it feeds appears reafonable that the couraged, it lies the Britifh colony, fhould American be entions as to importations, actually under very great reftricindulged under general after having been much quence is, that, at the Willamfon. The confebread is' raifed more than prefent moment, the price of Jeremy and Port-au-Prince double, and the ftores at which there is no demand. are fuil ofprodocc, for hilated The colonial fea trade is almoft by the brigand entirely annibarges oFLeogane and privateers, and chiefly the in places where our thips Gonaives, which find fhelter by misfortune is, thar thele cannot purfue them. The by our very, failors, who barges are moftiy manned for want,of delerted to the have been employmens fitted while fimall veffels republick coafts. out for the proteétion of mighe Since the declaration our cattle and meat begin ofwar with thes Mole.S..Marcs to be very Spasiands(a), fcarce at the yet tolerably fupplied andJeremy, from Port-au-Prince and Grand-bois, the limits ofMitba'ais being All articles of lefs from fcarcity confumption than are excedingly of money, in from the diminithed value dear, brought into confequence of the immenfe of government. circulation, on account ofthe mafs expences in all The the population parts of ofthe whites is much from the the ifland, as might be decreafed lation. 12. Popugrations mafficres, which have the hardfhips, and the expected, have returned to the taken place; though emigra- feveral tifh, and a great number ports of in pofiefion of the Bricmigrants from France Sparilh (a) Great coloniit. hopes have lt been cntertainid affit them, they IS likeiy that if a ofthe good difpoftion of the now all our expetlations might on have that exeried 2ccoun: thenufeices grcat foreelal in our been reaty to have vanilhed, iavour's ; but Y 3 have returned to the taken place; though emigra- feveral tifh, and a great number ports of in pofiefion of the Bricmigrants from France Sparilh (a) Great coloniit. hopes have lt been cntertainid affit them, they IS likeiy that if a ofthe good difpoftion of the now all our expetlations might on have that exeried 2ccoun: thenufeices grcat foreelal in our been reaty to have vanilhed, iavour's ; but Y 3 have --- Page 384 --- A PP E N DIX in the colony, the popuhave fought employment inconfiderable. The lation is ftill comparacively in brave emigrants from Old France are, general, good officers, and in that refpect extremely ufeful; men, but not having property in the ifland, they have not the fame intereft in the fpeedy re-eftablithment of order and tranquillity as in the continuance of war,.during which they expeét to retain their employment and its profits. The planters, of ever regaining their eftates, are in a in defpair meafure under a fimilar influence. Prefent great have become the principal aim; the advantages intereft of the colony only a fecondary permanent object. The population of the people of colour, during the revolutien, cannot be fuppofed to be much diminifhed, Thofe expelled from Jeremy are in the boundaries of the republic. Though under the Britifh governinent they are, in general, treated with more kindnefs, and admitted to moré equality, than before the revolution; though in fome been places, ufed or under certain circumftances, chey of have them contiexaétly as the whites, a great part which have nued in the fame views and difpofitions deaétuated them during the revolution. Daily Even fertions, plots, and treacheries, are difcovered. who has the merit ofhaving preferved ole cfthem, to the Englith a very. rich parith, and furrendered has ftill the chief command of it, has been and obliged to ufe great feverity towards great numbers of people of this clafs. If ever the period comes, when durable peace is to be fettled in this colony, of the of niceft management will confitt one points the concerns of that intermediary tribe in arranging of men. unfettled ftate of the colony, ithad In the prefent fhould been thought proper that no emancipations Williambe granted by government, and governor € fon . rich parith, and furrendered has ftill the chief command of it, has been and obliged to ufe great feverity towards great numbers of people of this clafs. If ever the period comes, when durable peace is to be fettled in this colony, of the of niceft management will confitt one points the concerns of that intermediary tribe in arranging of men. unfettled ftate of the colony, ithad In the prefent fhould been thought proper that no emancipations Williambe granted by government, and governor € fon --- Page 385 --- ARTICLE THE fon had agreed to it; but fome LAST. by deception and have been extorted The population importunity. of the lony, than may be fiuppofed to negroes, be reduced in the whole COfrom one-half various of what it was before the to much lefs portation, from caufes, from war, from failure revolution out means ofa attendance diforders, and from ficknefs, ofim- withof fix years. In parts under and cure, during a courfe ment, fome of thefe caufes the Britith the eftates are greatly reduced have operated, govern- fo that from want of hands to work in point of produce, alteration may be remarke.l. them. in Thougb fome negroes, fifted yet it is that it the fubmiflion of as it has, amazing fhould have fuballurements of the notwithtznding the examples and under their cyes, republican fyftem daily, almoft, The principal religious gone no alteration, cftablifhment has underPrince. The churches Thereis a prefeét at Religion, 13. or fuch as have been are filled by the fame Port-auwith others, and the vacated have been fupplied priefts, formed as formerly. worfhip and fervice are perlonging to the However, all the eftates hands of the republicans, clergy, orto the hofpitals, are in be- the fionat Pont-au-Prince except the houfe of mi the Itis with grief one is vifitations of God have obliged been to obferve, that irreligion and profligacy of ineffectual not checked the habits manners, as mifery againft has corruption and libertinifin ofluxury. On the deeper roots, being cherifhed feem to have contrary, taken ciples preached by the French by the wicked prinWith revolutionifs, undeniable regard to the military a great that the prefent eftablithment, it is 14. defence alteration is from the circumftances old fyften. required Military, become needlefs, by the Exterior Y 4 fiperiority of the ineffectual not checked the habits manners, as mifery againft has corruption and libertinifin ofluxury. On the deeper roots, being cherifhed feem to have contrary, taken ciples preached by the French by the wicked prinWith revolutionifs, undeniable regard to the military a great that the prefent eftablithment, it is 14. defence alteration is from the circumftances old fyften. required Military, become needlefs, by the Exterior Y 4 fiperiority of the --- Page 386 --- A PPENDIX the Britith navy; but all the pofts require to be fortified againft interior attacks. A great colonial force Was alfo indifpenfible, as it was rightly forefeen that reinforcements adequate to our wants could not be expeéted from Europe. Happily, of the trial made of negroes, under the command .an excellent officer, has given great hopes of fuccefs from this quarter. of the Marfhalfea was new The ancient corps of cavalry. It was commodelled into a regiment of could pletely officercd; but the number privates not be completed, fo that it was extremely It expenfive, without being of any real fervice. has, therefore, been reduced to four companies of people of colour, and even thefe not complete. The Mar- the fhalfea was then re-eftablifhed, according to ancient plan, but much beyond the number. A legion was formed at Port-au-Prince, compofed of infantry, cavalry, artillery, and chevaux legers. Itis pretty numerous and very ferviceable, from time to time rebut not complete, though cruited from England. to be formed at St. Another but was it went attempted on flowly, and it is now fo -Marcs, weak, that the number of, officers is very little fhort of thac of the privates. Another at the Mole is aifo very weak. Laftly, one at Jeremy, which, as it could not be récruited, is now entirely fuppreffed. thofe caThe population of whites is very low; the fepable of ferving are, on one fide, averfe find to fo much vericy of difcipline, or, on the other, ferving with the more profitable employment defence in of a diftriet, planteis, for the particular that they do not think of enparticularly Jeremy, lifting. Emigrants fromL Leogane, and other republican quarters of the colony, have been formed into corps, but rather with a view of affiting then with pay, than , is now entirely fuppreffed. thofe caThe population of whites is very low; the fepable of ferving are, on one fide, averfe find to fo much vericy of difcipline, or, on the other, ferving with the more profitable employment defence in of a diftriet, planteis, for the particular that they do not think of enparticularly Jeremy, lifting. Emigrants fromL Leogane, and other republican quarters of the colony, have been formed into corps, but rather with a view of affiting then with pay, than --- Page 387 --- ARTICLE THE than for the fake of real LAST, have been appointed for thefe fervice: yet field officers deferve the appellation of corps, which fcarcely The eftablithment ofr companies. by governor Williamfon. negro corps was panies was, The fyftem of regulated perhaps, the moft free-comrefpect to aeconomy, or on proper, either with vice, but by reafons too acceunt of better ferupon to determine, that each obvious he was prevailed corps of chefeurs of five parifh fhould have a by white gentlemen. The hundred men, officered to be fupplied by the negroes were one out of fifteen, male planters, in the required be paid for by or female. They proportion of lars a head. government at the rate of were to 240 dolHowever, fome fo that the planters parifhes have two ofthefe contribute beyond what complain the of being forced corps, to fome of the corps alfo exceed regulation preferibes: : near a thoufand, while, the number, it muft be owned, others are being force of that kind that the neceffity incomplete of a ; yet, the rate, is an excufe for numerous There fretching our Prince, two are two corps in one at Croix des Jeremy, at Port-auhowever, is attached to the Bouquets, one of which, lais, two at St. legion, one at complete Marcs, two at Mirbacompanies at the Larcahaye, four uncorps (under the name of Mole, and, at prefent, a Banica (a). chaffeurs of the north) at tained The leave colonels of fome of thefe to form fome corps have obthe very expenfive charge, and companies of horfe, a purpofe of thefe corps, femingly which contrary to are deligned to (a) taken It was among a delieate the atiempt to form a whole Eom of them The laft accounts brigands, from however well affeéted corps entirely of nehave defertal to Binica ftate, that three or they four Remed to thorepublie, with their arnis and baggage. hundred purfue fome of thefe to form fome corps have obthe very expenfive charge, and companies of horfe, a purpofe of thefe corps, femingly which contrary to are deligned to (a) taken It was among a delieate the atiempt to form a whole Eom of them The laft accounts brigands, from however well affeéted corps entirely of nehave defertal to Binica ftate, that three or they four Remed to thorepublie, with their arnis and baggage. hundred purfue --- Page 388 --- A P P ENDIX purfuc the enemy through the mountains znd in the woods. It was in the original plan, that the officers fhould be, as much as poflible, chofen from amongft the planters, who were fuppofed to be better acquainted with the charaéter and mode of managing negroes, than men lately from Europe; ; but norwichftanding thisi intention, emigrants have been admitted in grear numbers, and even non-commiflioned officers of the regiments ferving here during the revolution (a). Thus it happens, that fome of thefe corps are neither fo properly difciplined nor fo trufty as it was expeéted. By the formation ofall thofe corps, the militia is both fallen into difcredit, and become veryill compoled, though, in fact, it was the moft refpectable co'onial corps before the revolutionsyet field-officers have been appointed to command it. Britifh pay has been allowed to both officers and privates; 5 but though it has becn accepted of by the officers, and by fome companies, others have declined it. This fervice is in general very irregular, a great number of citizens (particularly all the Englifh) be cither finding means to evade it, or caufing it to perforned by fubftitutes not very trufty. The whole ofthe colonial force is faid to amount to eight thoufand men in Britifh pay. How accurate the returns are I cannot warrant. for the colonial There are diftinét reform hofpitals has been lately made in troops 5 but fome this Fortifications expenfive department. have bcen ereéted, and perhaps more than were neceffary, at all the pofts. Such is, in general, the colonial military eftablifh- (a) Thus the battalion ofDillon (the former garrifon and the of ofhcer; the Mole) have has becn drained of all the men, who remained, been left without a man. ment returns are I cannot warrant. for the colonial There are diftinét reform hofpitals has been lately made in troops 5 but fome this Fortifications expenfive department. have bcen ereéted, and perhaps more than were neceffary, at all the pofts. Such is, in general, the colonial military eftablifh- (a) Thus the battalion ofDillon (the former garrifon and the of ofhcer; the Mole) have has becn drained of all the men, who remained, been left without a man. ment --- Page 389 --- ARTICLE THE LAST. of ment foreign at prefent, independent of Britifh troops in Britilh troops, and Such is alfo the general pay. ftate fefions in St. Domingo. Minute of the Britifh poftwo quire a large volume; ; yet I muft details would rethe pofts have been taken without add, that lately Spanifh part of the reiftance, in near Banica, and Neyba, inand, namely, Saint Tuan, communication with the a-place commanding the ftate of our forces, fouth; ; bur in the cannot be deemed perhaps fuch remote poffeilions prefent of. feeding them is immenfe. advantageous, and the expence the Itappears, that by the accounts colony, threc articles give tranfinitted from bitterly complained of in great difguft, and are London : Want of progrefs, Immenfe expence, and Mortality of troops. The truth of thefe The two former are entirely charges cannot be denied. cefive governor and attributed to the Want is impured commander in chief, the Jitc- d, progovernment only to the climate, It is latter grefs. right and the nation be necelfary that therefore, judgment on points fo enabled to form a been an, ocular candidly explain the true material; I mhall, With witnels of the caufes, as Ihave regard to want of cireumftances. of flating the fituation of the progrefs; a memorial, fecuring the colony, and the means miniftry fo conquef, was early as 1794. The communicated to the necefary was ftated at 15,000 number of troops recommended that they fhould be men ; but it was embarkation, that they and that it fhould difpatched be fo in one tober, a period might arrive about the calculated when the feafon beginning ofOcperate ; but this, unhappily, could begins to be templifhed, not be accomTwo refs; a memorial, fecuring the colony, and the means miniftry fo conquef, was early as 1794. The communicated to the necefary was ftated at 15,000 number of troops recommended that they fhould be men ; but it was embarkation, that they and that it fhould difpatched be fo in one tober, a period might arrive about the calculated when the feafon beginning ofOcperate ; but this, unhappily, could begins to be templifhed, not be accomTwo --- Page 390 --- A P PE - ND I X. Two fmall reinforcements, one of1,500 and one of 2,000 men, arrived at different periods. The of laft confifted of about 55000; but near 3,000 thefe were foreign cavalry, troops very little capable with of being ferviceable in a "country interfedted woods. It fteep mountains, and covered with thick not to mount them inftantly on was found pofible they could landing, and as by their terms offervice became in a not be forced to ferve on foot, they of the three manner ufclefs. The Britifh troops, reinforcements, were newly recruited foldiers, entirely raw and unformed, with the majority ofofficers all thofe jutt entered into the fervice. Laftly, feafon troops arrived in the beginning off fummer, a when the Englih fuppofe that every kind of exerand which, in falt, is the tion is fatal to Europeans, fervice ofthe field. Thus it leaft proper for the to wait a has been imagined that it was neceffary the feafon fitter than the prefent for operations; in the troops have confequently been quartered deftroyed them garrifons, and difeafe has invariably before they were ufefully the employed. chicf officers do not apOn the other hand, idea of the fpecies ofwar pear to have had a proper faw an extenfive calculated for this country. They difficult for military operation ; territory, apparently they eftimated the number ofthe enemy accordingto that they the number ofthe negroes, on a fuppofitien They do not were cqual to troops from Europe. between warhere appear to have made a difference perfuading and war in Europe, with difficulty of themfelves that a handful of whites is capable difrouting an army of negroes without courage or cipline, ill armed, and worfe commanded (a). Laftly, there does not appear to have been 1 Thofe advantages really exifted; but the more the agual operations (a) are delayed, the more they will becininifhed, as the brigands are daily difciplined, plan; were cqual to troops from Europe. between warhere appear to have made a difference perfuading and war in Europe, with difficulty of themfelves that a handful of whites is capable difrouting an army of negroes without courage or cipline, ill armed, and worfe commanded (a). Laftly, there does not appear to have been 1 Thofe advantages really exifted; but the more the agual operations (a) are delayed, the more they will becininifhed, as the brigands are daily difciplined, plan; --- Page 391 --- ARTICLE THE LAST. plan; private views feem to have thet operations which were direéted the few time that Port-au-Prince attempted; for inftance, at poffeffion of, the whole French was attacked and taken ment and force were at republican town was not then in a ftate of Port Depaix. govern- That was adtually flarving; it faw defencc; the garrifon treat, as the two no poflibility of refouth were in the acjoining hands of parifhes the to the eaft and Englih in poffeffion ofthe weft, Spaniards, and the was caf, and it would have Thus the off communication been decifive, by conqueft of the ifland; and it between further the north and the cutting reft had the republican may be obferved, that the negroesand government been had funk into mulattoes, a ftate of without head oneedefroyet, or direchion, ofthe wotild have become an eafy defpondency; the Cape firft reinfarcément, and conqueft its on thea arrival is ward, of by commanding the whole illand fituation to windgreat and the fea, none ofthofe confequence. advantages. Port-au-Prince offered bour preferred, becaufe there was Butthe a conqueft ofit was loaded with goods, rich large fleet in the harrors. The attempt againft booty for the ofl Bombarde, were alfo advifed Lcogane, the expedicion conqueviews of another kind. The by private interefted fortunate as former had very unto be refitting conféquences, at the admiral was ment arrived at the Jamaica Mole, when the laft reinforce- obliged the trcops fuffered, and became While he was expeéted, with fhips. During this time alfo a fickly on board the entered commillaries, into the troops, arms, republican and fquadron, The Cape without oppofition. ammunition, feeming great hindrance independanee to the land ofthe navy forms a operation of a flect is fervice, where the COenterprize. It is certain neceffiry ehat to the fuccefs was fuggefted a ofan to, and adopted very'excellent by general plan Forbes, after he was expeéted, with fhips. During this time alfo a fickly on board the entered commillaries, into the troops, arms, republican and fquadron, The Cape without oppofition. ammunition, feeming great hindrance independanee to the land ofthe navy forms a operation of a flect is fervice, where the COenterprize. It is certain neceffiry ehat to the fuccefs was fuggefted a ofan to, and adopted very'excellent by general plan Forbes, after --- Page 392 --- AI PPENDIX X. after the return of admiral William Parker from Jamaica; but partly difgufted at having been betrayed into the unfortunate attempt againft Leogane, partly deceived by the reports artfully fent abroad, of a naval armament expeéted at the Cape, the admiral could not be prevailed upon to affent. The troops were of courfe difperfed into the rather garrifons, than and fell viétims to idlenefs and inaétivity to the aétual effeéts oft the climate. With regard to expences, thefe have beeri imExpences," 16. moderate and exceffive. But ftill ftrong arguments may be pleaded in excufe ofthe neceffity. in this That grcat expences were indifpenfible Domingo undertaking, and that the conqueft ofSt, acceffion of was able to repay with intereft, by the contrawealth and of commerce, are facts beyond diétion. The necefity of fortifying the feveral pofts, of forming the colonial military eftablifhment, independant of the coft ofBritih and charges annexed to government, could Lerieite not to run high, efpecially when every article of materials, dear. cloathing, The and viétuals, were fcarce and exceflively negro corps were particularly expenfive, as they could not bet trufted if liberty was not granted the mafters them, and as they could not be taken from adminiftration without an indemnity. faved A careful fums ; but if fuch an had undoubtedly great the fault may be imadminiftration has not exifted, man with all puted to the plan ofloading a fingle and finance, the details of civil government, war, and ftill more a burthen too great for an individual, feldom be fuppofed fo for a military man, who can if has fit for intricate bufinels. Thus, and governmene frauds have been gone into excefs, if allowances impofitions Ahould be made for the pradtifed upon it, fituation in which it was placed. the moft virtuous, General Willian:fon, one of compallenate, and benevolent honeft, generous, men loading a fingle and finance, the details of civil government, war, and ftill more a burthen too great for an individual, feldom be fuppofed fo for a military man, who can if has fit for intricate bufinels. Thus, and governmene frauds have been gone into excefs, if allowances impofitions Ahould be made for the pradtifed upon it, fituation in which it was placed. the moft virtuous, General Willian:fon, one of compallenate, and benevolent honeft, generous, men --- Page 393 --- ARTICLE THE men exifting, had-a natural LAST, pofition benefits; and was too candid inclination to featter Britith in others. He had himfelf the to fulpectimwas arms in St. fuccefs of the fenfible that the Domingo beft much at hearr, were by means to and to the endeavouring fervice to attach fincercly accomplif this and the French Unhappily, the Britifh government of his Out thofc moral means, government does not majefty. tions and marks of honour namely the exterior difinc- hold fecure monarchy, were employed with which, in the French falaries attachment, and and without much fuccefs to couragements gratuities and are the only expence. or High and general Williamfon rewards in the Bricifh ordinary endifpofal, having no other fervice; granted determined the ufual to employ them. at his other allowances rates of che Britith Firlt, he follow of courfe, were reguefted, and pay; the efteemed a The clouthing of feemed to and the perquifite or right ofthe regiments is infifted purveyance of regimental colonel; this cumltances, upon, objeôts which, under the hofpitals were mounted to the mighe moft eafily amount, and prefent cirno Pollibility of extravagant gain. adually There athe army, The xefufing wbat was deemed ufual was lowed, and much abufed, plurality of places was alfo in where the fame officer Inftances might be al. corps, and colonel of another, was major Or captain quoted, ofa company. and It is faid, that all where the he had another livres, profits thofe of a company offoot pay allowances thofe of a of a company ofhorle amount to to 18,000 to 200,000 regiment livres, off foot to 100,000 36.ooolivres, hofpitals (the purveyance andofhorfe There included). is a and perhaps to much ofeloathing and fortunes are engrolled, great error in all this. more. by a few men, the or feandalous Immenfe to the ifland, whiile greater part of them expence made brave licutenants Arangers and cnligns can of a of a company ofhorle amount to to 18,000 to 200,000 regiment livres, off foot to 100,000 36.ooolivres, hofpitals (the purveyance andofhorfe There included). is a and perhaps to much ofeloathing and fortunes are engrolled, great error in all this. more. by a few men, the or feandalous Immenfe to the ifland, whiile greater part of them expence made brave licutenants Arangers and cnligns can --- Page 394 --- API P E N DI I X. maintain themfelves, and while refpeétcan fcercely wealthy with their faable and formerly from want. planters, This is even agmilies, are fuffering the circumftance, that the majority of gravated by thofe who reap fo great gains were in the beginning in indigence and diftrefs, would be glad to have béen employed for daily bread, and on this footing would have ferved with as much zeal, cheerfulnefs, and loyalty as they do at prefent (a). the the Money has been compared to dropfy; more the patient drinks the more he defires to e drink. The facility of obtaining has opened a door toambition and rapacity, and example has perverted thofe who were confidered as honeft and difinterefted. But even in excufe of this fome allowbe made. People fec that the efforts of ance England may in this colony are faint, that the progrefs is fow, that there is little hopes ofthe reftoration of culture and tranquillity. Some, who have not in expeétation, do hot look forward to property diftant profpeéts. After ruin, every body finds in fome meafure of repairing here an opportunity that willaft their loffes, and how long be opportunity owned, that more they cannot forefee. It would muft be neceffary to refift than common honefty the The temptation. French civilians are by no means free from the fame difpofition. Even it muft not be fuppofed that the Englih in officeare, during all this profufion of wealth, negligent of themfelves. That is not by means the cafe. They confider St. Domingo any and they argue, that as conquerors they 2S a conquieft, ought to fhare in the prize. the hired and The fortifications of the pofts, fhips of armed for the fervice of government, the carriage provifions and ammunition to the advanced pofts (a) I fuppofe if a more reafonable plan of ceconomyi will withdraw is now from attempted, it is ten to one that ali thofe gentlemen the fervice. form That is not by means the cafe. They confider St. Domingo any and they argue, that as conquerors they 2S a conquieft, ought to fhare in the prize. the hired and The fortifications of the pofts, fhips of armed for the fervice of government, the carriage provifions and ammunition to the advanced pofts (a) I fuppofe if a more reafonable plan of ceconomyi will withdraw is now from attempted, it is ten to one that ali thofe gentlemen the fervice. form --- Page 395 --- ARTICLE THE form a clafs of LAST. which there has expences been very enormous, and in remote places, where great abufe, fee with his own thegoverman,n not efpecially in tations of others. eyes, isobliged to truft being to able to General Forbes has reprefenof been but expence he ; he has made thocked fome at the is difficulted in trifing enormity remedy; for when once finding a more reforms ; and ftrength, however a tree has acquired effestual diipolition and wrong and irregular growth in hand to lop the diredtion, it requires a very its or parafitical branches, Okxilful i is deftroying the' exiftence ofthet withour hurtready arrived reported that governor tree itfelf. a plan of ftriét at the Mole, comes Simcoe, out to who is al. he may be endowed and regular ceconomy act ceffary forthis with all the (a); I Ree as a critical truly herculean tafk, qualifications which I nealarm is already operation fpread for the colony. confider Great penfioned, or in che among thole who are: public money. praétice of highly as ufval, Honeft weil engrolling the will, as preferve a relpeétful meaning men will, fheak into ufbal, alfo crowd round him, diftanue; intriguers his confidence. and contrive to fituation, I as Idid that ofhis I really Jameni his regret alfo that he is refpe@table predeceflor's, deligned to deprived ofthe aid It is accompany general Abercromby. ioftwo men Weft Indies generally is known that the climare ropcans (0). It noxious muft to the confitutions of ofthe 17. Mornot however be Eu- talityof under fa) Certainly aman of fuppoled troops. allitiance one from haff; England but the capacity plan taiked may of; reduce the cxpences, toanaclual defn uétion of to j00,000 1. Berling, bearing cown the perhape, annual niard, (b) There two is an old remark, theBrmah that' poffeffions out of amei.nis in St. in my opizion atimniation; Prenchunen, and the different and th:ee Englifhmen, a given w il number, Doningo. ene. nations, England, as well as the various temperatures of perilh in the aét r agree with this obiervation, degrees ofi intemyeraiee Spainy France, of the three and Z that --- Page 396 --- A P P ENDIX mortality of the troops, which that the uneommon is to be entirely imputed to the has taken place, With proper managedifficulty of affimilation. have been faved which ment, many Jives might the greater number of deaths have been loft ; effeêts nay ofa wrong treatment. are aétually the that as miniftry transfer the reIt would feem, and commanders, prefcribfponfibility to governors all operations to their own ing no plan, but leaving on their part, choice, governors or commanders, in entrufting the lives believe themfelves acquitted of the medical ftaff; yet of trcops to the care the charge of the aétual fick; phyficians have only entrufted with the the governors arc, in health, reality, by proper difcipline charge of preferving The general opinions, and management. that as miniftry transfer the reIt would feem, and commanders, prefcribfponfibility to governors all operations to their own ing no plan, but leaving on their part, choice, governors or commanders, in entrufting the lives believe themfelves acquitted of the medical ftaff; yet of trcops to the care the charge of the aétual fick; phyficians have only entrufted with the the governors arc, in health, reality, by proper difcipline charge of preferving The general opinions, and management. this fubject, are as wrong as among AEC Britith, upon they can be. Aannel, and are cloathedin very The foldiers wear woollen cloth. heavy cloaths allowed of full living, and a daily ration They are of rum. quartered in the towns upon They are generally unhealthy, and where the coafts, places particularly of the vices of drunkennefs and the gratifications attained. incontinence are eafily that exertions of every fort It being foppofed chicfly in fummer, the folare fatal to Europeans, ftate of inactivity and diers are kept in an ablolute of guards and fentries, idlenefs, except the duty of exercife or amufewhich affords no variety ment (a). raticns of run, the foldiers, get as (G) Independent of the daily The oflicers yever watch upon this ofdaily immiich of it as they pleafe. gyeat numbersof officers fetsheexample fever concs intemperance portant point 5 and nay, drunkennens. treated When in thus the hefpitals overheated, on a furpofition few upon them; itomach they, are is in debilitated;, general cordials are poured itate, jn; ifa a relapfe ahat their and they are not watched in their convalefeent Benérally ele pe, carries them to the grare. The --- Page 397 --- ARTISL E THE LAST. Domingo The experience of all the inhabitants of 1f1 able to add condemns an this praétice, to which I am St. phyfician of the opinion Britifh of profeffional authority, A fervice and ftaff; of fome length of moir which acquainrance I had the with climates, in a meproved, by conclufive opportunity of perufing, has perience, that the arguments drawn from exis fich as our enemies ordinary fyftem of of the ordinary might advife; managemene that, inftead lightly and loofely equipment, the foldier ought to be cold of night, when cloathed, and defended rather than a blanket; on duty, by a mantle from or cloak the full diet, and be that he fhould live upon lefs fional allowance permitted of only a fmall and hould be rum ; that European occaand efpecially quartered in the or cantoned in the country, foldiers healthy, the colonial mountnins, which are generally towns and plains; that troops thus being employed in the from opportunities of they would be vices and acquiring or precluded in cooler feafons licentioufrels oft towns i that, indulging the yet exertions of are preferable for the bufinefs though the times; and that, body and mind are ofwar, activity of the even in fiammer, the necelfary marches at all have fewer viétims field, under actual fervice, and adopted at prefent. than the fyftem of indolence would of fix men who Furher, he is of victim may fall in the country, opinion, that caufes of'climate, which the other five are ifonc is the he fays, and thet might truth in general be obviated. facrificed to are by no means formidables oficis obvious, that our enemies Laftly. managemnent, queft and a good plan and of that, with proper prefents little conduét, the conour future governors' difteulty. of indolence would of fix men who Furher, he is of victim may fall in the country, opinion, that caufes of'climate, which the other five are ifonc is the he fays, and thet might truth in general be obviated. facrificed to are by no means formidables oficis obvious, that our enemies Laftly. managemnent, queft and a good plan and of that, with proper prefents little conduét, the conour future governors' difteulty. to God that advice, may to this ury be Itis time to ftop. I with falutary ufeful to a government and this information may Z 2 to a nation to which Iam --- Page 398 --- AP P E N DIX. much indebted and heartily attached. Should I am individuals take offence at my obfervations, I any will allow that I have been hope the greater number and that I have taken care cautious and the cloak moderate, of charity over the fins of my to throw neighbours. March if, 1797. April 7th, 1797. P.S. I am happy that the time neceffary to review and correét this work leaves it in my power, after the preceding details, to give fome comiort to thofe who wifh for the fuccefs of the Britifh affumed arms the *in St. Doiingo. Governor Simcoe and it reins of about a month ago, fevere trials had been referved to put feems as of VEAET his abilities to the teft. Thepreceding fupinenefs forces fuffered the brigands to colleét government fome formed to difcipline. They have in degree in better order than ufual, feveral pofts. attacked, Simcoe has oppofed their efforts with General aétivity, and ipirit, and has checked judgment, effedtually, wherever he has been their progrels Where he has not been, things have prefent. fo affiéting, and fo extraordinary, that happened and ftriet enquiry into the faéts can time only difcretion to form a judgment of enable a man"of and ofthe conduét of fome officers. the real caufes, and capacity of the governor However, the confidence. fpirit Forces are arrived from infpire general from Jamaica. There Jeremy, others are expeéted loffes will be and the is no doubt but our repaired, Before the coninfolence of the enemy reprefied. Simcoe had began fufion of thefe events, governor to ftriet enquiry into the faéts can time only difcretion to form a judgment of enable a man"of and ofthe conduét of fome officers. the real caufes, and capacity of the governor However, the confidence. fpirit Forces are arrived from infpire general from Jamaica. There Jeremy, others are expeéted loffes will be and the is no doubt but our repaired, Before the coninfolence of the enemy reprefied. Simcoe had began fufion of thefe events, governor to --- Page 399 --- ARTICLE THE to penetrate into the bulinefs LAST. tion, to invefigate the of civil to inquire into the channels of adminiftraof means of expenditure, and Wigglefirorth, ceconomy, in which he is eflablibing ably a frftem man of elquire, the aflifted by J. attached capacity to the and integrity. commibiy-seneal, Thole a indifference the profperity of' St. Domlingo, lincerely fee with pecuniary approaching diminution of in the purfuit emoluments of (a), while thofe their alfo is reftored, gain are overawed. cager only to objeét Thofe who had Subortination irrefolute to, Or evade orders given been in accuftomed obey. Some manner, now a feebie and men of implicitly and merit, begin to lofe great name, bur oflittle inflantly on the mafk, lurk influence. Intriguers real means of accel; but about, and look for Aillpur and it is hoped that they are daily oblique lay hold of the reins they will not again diappointed, be able In thort, it is a rgoicnamenite to general fubject of univerfal however, Simcoe find Was not here two years regret, that critical period ourfelves (a happy in his ago, We, ftrustion of the Britifh period perhaps marked prefence, for the at de- a that if aflifted effectually colony) and we doubt not, under complifh the objedt of by England, he will acthe dominion of his putting the whole colony country, diminution (a) The of privy their council and the which their legroes could to ferve falarics; as the fiperior planters council of Culdelac hareofered a great chief, not be expetted foldiers; to happen initances under of zeni and have otleyed a leis popula: parriopiee and abie COMPARATIVE --- Page 400 --- T 144 j COMPARATIVE TABLE OF CURRENCIES. Jamaica St. Domingo In Dollars, Bits, Sterling. Currency. Currency. Sols, and Denicrs: E. s. d. %. S. d. Livres. Solse Den. Dil, Bits. S. Der: I 2 10:3 I 43 I 14 7 4 5 2 4 74 I I 8 34 13 2 3 IO 346 1O - e 28 - - 693 1 1 144 j COMPARATIVE TABLE OF CURRENCIES. Jamaica St. Domingo In Dollars, Bits, Sterling. Currency. Currency. Sols, and Denicrs: E. s. d. %. S. d. Livres. Solse Den. Dil, Bits. S. Der: I 2 10:3 I 43 I 14 7 4 5 2 4 74 I I 8 34 13 2 3 IO 346 1O - e 28 - - 693 1 1 1,039 IO 70 1 1,732 IO - 1OO 140 1 3.465 1 17,325 1 2,100 - 1,0co - - 1,400 34,650 - - 4,200 10,000 14,000 346,500 42,000 420,000 a - 100,000 140,000 31465,000 N. B. A --- Page 401 --- [ 145 J N.B. A livre St. as 693 to 20, therefore Domingo currency is to a pound and divide by multiply 2 fum ofSt. ferling 693, the quotient will bc Domingo by 20, fterling, and vice verfâ; the by 693 and divide by thatis, if you multiply correlponding a fum fum Domingo currency. 20, the quotient will be the fame fum ferling St, A pound Jamaica currency is to a A pound ftcrling, as 7 to 5. # to 99. pound Jamaica currency is to a livre of St, Domingo, as In both cafes, the rule is the famc. 99, and divide by 7 or by 4, and vice Maltiply by 5 or by verfâ. CONTENTS --- Page 402 --- --- Page 403 --- N T E 1 N T S OF THE A P P E N D I X. 05 tbe Goueramest, Laws, and 6. Two Confitation efSt. Daminge, beBranches fire tbe Revolatiea, and under 7. Governor General, and Page 9. Britip tbe 8. His fubordinase ib. Page I 9. Intendant and his Otficers IO ART. I. Ligifature IO. Subordinate 2 II. Controller Officers - ib. I. The King ib. 12. Greffe de I2 2. General Laws of France 13- Salaries l'Intendants ib. 3. Colonial Ediéts ib. 3 14. Secretaries - 13 4- Reprefentativese sofbis Ma- :5. Governor's Powers - ib. jefly ib. 16. Intendant's - ib. 5. Powers - - 6. Promulgation, - - ib. 17. Joint Powers Reprefentations - 18. Powers of 7. Bye Laws fubordinate 8. Civil or Canon - ib. Oicers Law - 5 19. Limits and Correfpon- 17 ART. II. dencc with the Spaniards 18 Executice Government and diminipration - - ib, ART.III. Courtt 9F Tufice ib. I. Minifter I. Property 2. Divifion of the ib, 2. Lands.and 3. Goverament Territory ib, 3. Title by Defcent Tenements ib. 4. Checks 7 4. Purchafe 5. Boards of - - ib. 5. Devifes - 21 Agriculture - 8 6, Wills - / ib. A a ib. 7. Gifts Spaniards 18 Executice Government and diminipration - - ib, ART.III. Courtt 9F Tufice ib. I. Minifter I. Property 2. Divifion of the ib, 2. Lands.and 3. Goverament Territory ib, 3. Title by Defcent Tenements ib. 4. Checks 7 4. Purchafe 5. Boards of - - ib. 5. Devifes - 21 Agriculture - 8 6, Wills - / ib. A a ib. 7. Gifts --- Page 404 --- C ON T E N T S OF THE F. Gifts 22 ART.IV. The difirent Or8. Marriages ib. dersef Inhabitants, and the 9. Sublitutions - - - 23 Population IO. Ufes 1 24 II. Leafes 1 ib. I. Whites - ib. - 2. People of Colour - 48 12. Prefcription 13. Forfeitures - - ib. 3. Slaves 14. Efcheats 4. Population 15. Sale and Purchafe = ib. 16. Redemption - - ib. ART. V. Revenzes and Taxes 58. 17. Bonds - 27 SECTION I. Re- - - 18. Courts - ib. Preregative 19. Inferior 1 ib. svenue ib. 20. Of Common Law - ib. Demefne ib. 21. Of Admiralty - 28 1. Rights 2. Emancipation Fund 22. Superior Councils - 29 General Fund 23. Police - 31 3. 24 Terms a - 32 25. Jails - ib. SECT. II. Depefis 26. Notaries 1 ib. 27. Surveyors of Lands - 33 4. Foreign Trade, or EntreFund ib. 28. of Roads ib. pot 29. of Weights and 5- Confignment Money ib. Meafures ib. 6. Invalids 6z 30. Parifh Vicars 7. Seamen ib. 31. Public Adminiftrators ib. 32. Police Corps - ib. SECT. III. Taxes gf genera! 33- Marfhalfea Application 34- Actions - 36 35. Original Writs - 37 8. Fifcal Syftem ib. 36. Procefs - 38 9 Oétroi ib, 37. Writs of Chancery - 39 1O. Its Statement 38. Pleadings - - ib. II. Colonial Affembly ib. 39. Trials 1 40 12. Affeffment = ib. 40. Judgments - 41 13- In 1776 - ib. 41. fn high Courts ib. 14 Its Principles - 6; 42 Execution ib. 15. Collection 4: Arrelt of Judgment - 42 16. Marine Fund 44- Pleas of the Crown - 43 17. General Recepitulation 45. Alteration in 1787 SECT, Pleadings - - ib. II. Colonial Affembly ib. 39. Trials 1 40 12. Affeffment = ib. 40. Judgments - 41 13- In 1776 - ib. 41. fn high Courts ib. 14 Its Principles - 6; 42 Execution ib. 15. Collection 4: Arrelt of Judgment - 42 16. Marine Fund 44- Pleas of the Crown - 43 17. General Recepitulation 45. Alteration in 1787 SECT, --- Page 405 --- AP PEN NDIX, Szer.IV. lar Taxes % particuAhplicatios PARAC.4 Cslonial Sta Trate 94 18. Municipal Duty 10, Coaflers 19. Parifh Taxes / ib. 11. Specie - ib. - 72 ART. VI. Calture andPreduce ART. VIIT. Religien. gious Reli. I. Extent ofthe EAablipmcat andctber 2, Climate Colony ib. Efabijbecens 3- Waters 74 I. 4. Lands and Cultures / 75 2, Religion - - ib. 5. Mines / ib. 3. Temporal Eflablifument - - 97 6. INands 78 4. Education Property - 98 7. General Lift of Efates ib. 5. Hofpitals - 99 8. Exportations 80 6. Waters / ib. 9. Comparative Return 82 7. Providence - 100 Produce of 8. Royal Houfes - ib. Socisty IOI ART. VII. Commerce ART. IX. Thbe tlifment Miltary EpaPARAG.I. Fiencb ib. Trade - ib. I. French Trade I., Army 2. / ib. 2. Regiments - ib, 1 3- Ssipging - - 88 3. Artillery - - ib. 4. Negroes - / io. 4. Engineers - 103 Importaions - 5. Militia - 103 5. Balance 8g 6. ib. ib, Fortifications III PARAG.. Foreiga Trade Conclafion ofuehat relates ib. tothe Period preceding 6. Laf Law the Revolution 7. - 91 8. Shipping - - 92 Importations ART.TRE LAST. 9. Balance - 93 cexcerning Sonre Ilints - ib. the Brinjfs theprjcat Starcef Damingo Peffiens in St. Paxac.3. LendTrade ib. 1. Revolution 2. Intro. --- Page 406 --- 135315, N 1274 CONTENTS OF THE APPENDIX: 2. Introduétion of thc EngIO, Produce lth 117 PI. Commerce ib. 3: And Spaniards 118" 12: Population 4- Briufh Government 119 13. Religion 5. Legilature 120 14- Military. ib. 6. The Executive 121 15. Want of Pregrefs 7. Courts 122 16. Expences - 8. Martial Law ib. 17. Mortality of Troops 9: Revenue PoAfcriptum Comparative Table of Currençies --- Page 407 --- --- Page 408 --- --- Page 409 --- --- Page 410 --- --- Page 411 --- E798 23 3e - --- Page 412 ---